Boring History For Sleep | These Weird Inventions Almost Changed Everything and more

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Hey everyone. 
Tonight we're dusting off the 

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shelves of Forgotten history to 
uncover inventions that almost 

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changed the world but didn't 
These are the wild clever. 

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Sometimes ridiculous Creations. 
That nearly rewrote the way we 

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lived. 
Before Vanishing Into Obscurity.

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So before you get comfortable, 
take a moment to like the video 

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and subscribe if you enjoy the 
greatness provided here all. 

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So, please let us know where 
you're watching from and what 

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time it is. 
Now, my friends dim those 

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lights, grab your blanket and 
let's start. you know, that 

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feeling when you're making 
dinner and you realize you've 

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gotten to defrost the chicken, 
Well, imagine if I told you that

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back in 1851, someone invented a
machine that could have solved 

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that problem and about 50 
others. 

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You didn't even know you had 
pull up your favorite chair. 

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Let me tell you about some 
inventions that were so close to

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changing everything. 
They practically had their bags 

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packed for fame. 
Doctor, John Gorey was sweating 

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bullets and Florida. 
Literally. 

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Not because he was nervous but 
because it was 1842 and air 

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conditioning was still a pipe 
dream. 

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This person was watching, 
yellow, fever. 

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Patients suffer in the humid 
heat and he thought there's got 

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to be a better way. 
So he built the first ice making

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machine. 
This was not the type of 

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machine, that simply drops ice 
cubes into your glass with the 

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satisfying plunk. 
Instead, it was an actual Ice 

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Factory capable of cooling. 
Entire buildings picture. 

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This gory's contraption looked 
like someone had crossed a steam

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engine with a grandfather clock 
and fed it too much coffee it, 

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compressed air that it expand 
and well are ice appeared like 

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magic. 
He was basically performing 

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Miracles with thermodynamics yet
somehow nobody cared the timing 

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was all wrong. 
People thought I was supposed to

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come from Frozen ponds in 
Winter, not from some mechanical

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beasts that made suspicious 
noises the really heartbreaking 

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part. 
Gory died broke and forgotten In

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1855, just as the world was 
starting to figure out that may 

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be just, maybe, controlling 
temperature might be useful. 

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If he'd invented his machine 50 
years later, he'd have been 

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richer than a chocolate fountain
at a weight loss convention. 

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Instead we had to wait until 
1902 for Willis carrier to 

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essentially reinvent. 
The same thing and become the 

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father of modern air 
conditioning. 

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But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

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Gory's ice machine could have 
changed everything about where 

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people lived how cities 
developed. 

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And even what we ate, The 
imagine the American South 

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becoming a population Center 
decades earlier or fresh food 

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being available, year-round 
everywhere, instead of the Great

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Migration North maybe we'd seen 
The Great Migration to Florida 

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and not just for retirement. 
The patent office didn't help 

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matters back then getting a 
patent was like trying to 

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convince your teenager to clean 
their room technically possible 

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but requiring supernatural 
patience. 

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Gory got his patent in 1851 but 
by then he was too exhausted and

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too poor to manufacture his 
machines. 

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It is akin to finally obtaining 
the recipe for the ideal 

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chocolate chip cookie only to 
discover that you lack, the 

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means to purchase the necessary 
ingredients. 

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What makes this scenario 
scenario? 

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Even more frustrating is that 
ice was already a big business. 

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Frederic Tudor. 
The Ice King was shipping ice 

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from Massachusetts to the 
Caribbean and making a fortune. 

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People knew ice was valuable, 
they just couldn't imagine 

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making it themselves. 
It was like having a money tree 

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in your backyard but insisting 
on walking to the bank instead, 

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the Ripple effects of gory's 
failure. 

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Touch everything around us 
today. 

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Hospital design food storage, 
urban planning. 

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All of it had to wait another 
half century to evolve Did the 

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scorching sudden Summers force 
people to migrate North? 

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They could have been sold before
the Civil War. 

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Did the seasonal food, shortages
that plagued Humanity for 

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Millennia ever get resolved gory
had the key, but the world 

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wasn't ready to turn the lock. 
Sometimes the best inventions 

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arrived like party guests. 
Either too early, when you're 

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still in your pajamas or too 
late, when you've already eaten,

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all the delicious snacks. 
Gory's ice machine was 

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definitely the pajamas scenario.
It was brilliant practical and 

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absolutely ahead of its time 
which in the world of invention 

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is sometimes the coolest fate of
all. 

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Speaking of timing, let's drift 
over to 1838 when Samuel Morse 

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was tapping out. 
His famous water, God, wrought 

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message, but here's something 
that will keep you up at night. 

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Another Telegraph system was 
already working perfectly and it

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might have prevented some of the
bloodiest conflicts in human 

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history. 
Claude chappe had built 

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something called the optical 
Telegraph across France in the 

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1790s. 
Pitcher a network of towers 

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stretching across the 
countryside. 

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Each one topped with mechanical 
arms that moved like a person 

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doing semaphore. 
These were just quaint windmill 

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decorations. 
They could send a message from 

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Paris to the Mediterranean 
faster than a horse could Gallop

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to the next Village. 
The entire system, functioned 

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akin to a highly Advanced 
version of the childhood 

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telephone game. 
But instead of mutilating 

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whispered words these Tower 
operators utilize telescopes to 

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interpret arm positions and 
transmit coded messages, the 

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communication that would take 
weeks on Horseback, could travel

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the length of France in hours. 
It was like having the internet,

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except it ran on human eyeballs 
and mechanical precision. 

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Now here's where your heart 
might break a little, the 

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chappie telegraph was so 
effective that Napoleon used it 

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to coordinate his military 
campaigns. 

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However the French government 
kept the telegraph technology 

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secret from other countries 
because they believed it 

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provided them with two 
significant and advantage 

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Imagine if they share the 
technology, instead, the Crimean

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War might have been settled over
a cup of tea rather than 14 

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churches. 
The American Civil War could 

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have been a series of strongly 
worded telegrams, and stead of a

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four-year Bloodbath The optical 
telegraphed a minor issue that 

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ultimately led to its demise. 
It required, favorable weather 

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conditions and daylight hours to
function Fog rain or nighttime 

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the most sophisticated 
communication Network in the 

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world into an expensive 
collection of wooden Towers. 

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It was like having a sports car 
that only worked on Tuesdays 

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when it wasn't cloudy. 
When morse's electrical 

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Telegraph came along, it worked 
in any weather day or night, the

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optical system became as 
obsolete as a sundial in a 

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smartphone world. 
But here's the thing that should

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make. 
You sit up in bed if someone had

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figured out how to make the 
optical system work in the dark,

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we might have had instant Global
Communication decades earlier. 

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The French had over 5,000 
kilometers of optical Telegraph 

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Lines. 
By the 1840s they could have 

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connected every major city in 
Europe. 

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If other countries had adopted 
the system, instead of treating 

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it like a military secret. 
Imagine the Congress of Vienna 

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in 1815 with delegates actually 
able to communicate with their 

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home countries in real time. 
Diplomatic crisis that escalated

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due to slow. 
In instructions, for ambassadors

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might have been resolved over 
lunch. 

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But the real tragedy is what 
happened to Claude? 

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Chappe himself. 
He watched his life's work at 

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overtaken by electrical systems 
and fell into such despair that 

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he took his life in 1805. 
He never got to see how his 

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optical Network inspired the 
development of modern 

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telecommunications. 
His Towers were the direct 

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ancestors of every cell phone 
tower. 

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Every fiber optic cable, and 
every satellite dish that keeps 

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our world connected today. 
The optical telegraph was like a

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bridge between the ancient world
of signal fires and smoke 

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signals and our modern world of 
instant Global Communication. 

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It proved that with enough 
clever engineering and human 

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cooperation, you could shrink 
the world down to a manageable 

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size, it took a century for that
lesson to sink in and by then 

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we'd fought Wars that better 
communication might have 

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prevented now reclining into 
your pillows as the upcoming 

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story May inspire you to rewrite
history, books. 

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Everyone knows the Wright 
brothers flew first at Kitty 

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Hawk in 1903, right? 
Well, grab your favorite warm 

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drink because I'm about to tell 
you about Gustav Whitehead, a 

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guy who might have been soaring 
through the Connecticut. 

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Sky two years before, Orville 
and Wilbur even got their Famous

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12 seconds off the ground. 
Whitehead was one of those 

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inventors who looked like he 
escaped from a steampunk novel. 

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Born in Bavaria, he immigrated 
To America with nothing but Big 

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Dreams and an obsession with 
anything that could fly. 

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While the Wright brothers were 
methodically, testing gliders, 

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and keeping details notes 
Whitehead was building flying 

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machines in these backyard, like
he was assembling furniture from

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a very complicated catalog on 
August 14th, 1901 Witnesses 

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claim. 
They saw. 

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Whiteheads number 21, aircraft 
fly for about half a mile at 50 

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feet of the ground near 
Bridgeport. 

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The local newspaper, reported it
the next day with the kind of 

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casual enthusiasm, you might use
to describe a particularly 

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excellent barbecue. 
Gustav Whitehead flew. 

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Yesterday essentially said, as 
if people took to the air every 

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Tuesday, here's where it gets 
frustrating enough to make you 

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kick your blankets. 
Unlike the Wright brothers, who 

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documented everything? 
Like, they were preparing for a 

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patent lawsuit. 
Whitehead was more of a, let's 

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see what happens if I attach 
this engine to These Wings kind 

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of guy, no, photographs, no 
official records, just 

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eyewitness accounts and one very
enthusiastic newspaper article. 

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The aircraft itself was a Marvel
of early 20th century, 

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engineering optimism. 
It had a lightweight motor that 

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Whitehead built himself 
silkwings and a control system 

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that required, the pilot to 
basically become one with the 

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machine flying. 
It was less like drive, driving 

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a car and more like riding a 
very Cooperative dragon. 

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The whole Contraption weighed 
about 800 pounds and looked 

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like, it had been designed by 
someone who'd seen birds flying,

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but had never actually met one 
personally. 

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What makes this story even more 
intriguing? 

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Is that several Aviation 
Pioneers visited Whitehead and 

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came away convinced he'd 
achieved powered flight. 

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These individuals were Not Mere 
passes by, but rather serious 

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engineers, and Aviation 
enthusiasts who understood the 

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distinction between mere flight 
and True Flight. 

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However, the Wright brothers, 
publicity overshadowed, their 

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testimonies, the problem was 
that Whitehead couldn't repeat 

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his success consistently. 
Whitehead's engines, exhibited 

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temperamental Behavior. 
His aircraft designs, underwent 

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constant changes. 
And his business Acumen was akin

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to that of a golden retriever. 
While the Wright brothers were 

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building? 
A sustainable flying program. 

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Whitehead was having what you 
might charitably? 

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Call Adventure flights 
impressive. 

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When they worked spectacular 
when they didn't. 

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Imagine if Whitehead had been a 
better record keeper, or if 

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someone with a camera had been 
there, that August morning. 

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We might be talking about 
Whitehead field, instead of 

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Wright Patterson Air Force Base,
the whole mythology of American 

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Aviation might have started in 
Connecticut rather than North 

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Carolina. 
Beach tourism might have 

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developed very differently. 
But here's the thing that might 

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keep you staring at the ceiling.
Even if Whitehead did fly first,

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the Wright Brothers, still 
deserve their Fame. 

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They didn't just achieve flight,
they made it reproducible 

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improvable and eventually 
practical Whitehead was like the

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person who accidentally 
discovers a great recipe but 

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forgets to write it down. 
The Wright brothers were the 

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ones who turned flying into 
something more than a 

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spectacular accident. 
The aviation World probably 

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needed both approaches 
whiteheads, Fearless 

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experimentation and the Wright 
brothers methodical development.

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One, pushed the limits of what 
was possible. 

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The other made sure those 
boundaries stayed pushed It's 

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just a shame. 
The history tends to remember 

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the finishes better than the 
Pioneers, who cleared the path. 

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Let's pull the covers up a bit 
higher and discuss something 

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that might change how you think 
about World War Two entirely. 

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While everyone was focused on 
radar and Rockets a brilliant. 

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German engineer named Konrad 
zuse was quietly building the 

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world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

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room. 
Indeed, he was building the 

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world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

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00:11:54,300 --> 00:11:56,600
room. 
Imagine trying to explain that 

234
00:11:56,600 --> 00:12:02,000
to your homeowners insurance. 
The Z3 completed in 1941 was 

235
00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:05,100
like someone had taken a pocket 
calculator and fed its steroids 

236
00:12:05,100 --> 00:12:07,700
for two years. 
It could perform floating Point 

237
00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:11,300
arithmetic, handle, conditional 
operations, and even run 

238
00:12:11,300 --> 00:12:14,900
programs stored on punched film.
This wasn't some glorified 

239
00:12:14,900 --> 00:12:17,500
adding machine. 
This was a genuine computer 

240
00:12:17,500 --> 00:12:21,100
complete with memory processing 
power and the ability to solve 

241
00:12:21,100 --> 00:12:24,100
complex, mathematical problems, 
that would have taken human 

242
00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:27,900
calculators weeks to figure out 
Zeus built this Marvel using 

243
00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:30,200
telephone. 
Relays the kind of switches that

244
00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:32,100
connected your long-distance 
calls back. 

245
00:12:32,100 --> 00:12:38,000
When operators asked number 
please, The Z3 had about 2,600, 

246
00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:41,400
relays clicking away like a 
mechanical Orchestra each one 

247
00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:44,700
making tiny decisions that added
up to genuine computational 

248
00:12:44,700 --> 00:12:47,700
power. 
The sound it made while working 

249
00:12:47,700 --> 00:12:51,000
was probably like being inside a
huge, very busy typewriter. 

250
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,100
Here's where your mind might 
start racing. 

251
00:12:53,900 --> 00:12:56,800
If the German military had 
recognized what Zusi had created

252
00:12:56,800 --> 00:12:58,900
and funded it properly. 
They could have had 

253
00:12:58,900 --> 00:13:01,600
computational advantages that 
might have changed the entire 

254
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:05,700
War, codebreaking ballistics 
calculations Logistics, 

255
00:13:05,700 --> 00:13:09,100
optimization all the number 
crunching nightmares that bogged

256
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:11,200
down military operations. 
Could have been sold by 

257
00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:14,700
machines, instead of rooms full 
of mathematicians with slide 

258
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:17,000
rules. 
But the German authorities 

259
00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:19,800
looked at Zeus's, computer and 
Shrugged. 

260
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:22,500
They were more interested in 
bigger tanks and faster. 

261
00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:25,600
Planes than in some clicking 
Contraption, solved math 

262
00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:28,200
problems. 
It was like being offered a 

263
00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:30,300
magic wand and asking if it came
in a different color. 

264
00:13:31,100 --> 00:13:33,000
The military applications were 
so obvious. 

265
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:35,900
They were invisible. 
Meanwhile, on the other side of 

266
00:13:35,900 --> 00:13:38,400
the Atlantic similar 
computational needs were driving

267
00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:42,500
the development of machines like
any and Colossus The difference 

268
00:13:42,500 --> 00:13:44,700
was that the Allies understood, 
they were fighting a war that 

269
00:13:44,708 --> 00:13:48,500
would be won by whoever could 
process information, faster and 

270
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:51,700
more accurately. 
The Germans had the technology 

271
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,400
first, we couldn't see past 
their traditional military 

272
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,100
thinking. 
Zeus's Workshop was eventually 

273
00:13:57,100 --> 00:14:01,800
destroyed in an Allied bombing 
raid in 1943 taking the Z3 with 

274
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,100
it. 
By then he'd already started 

275
00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:06,900
work on the Z4, which was even 
more advanced. 

276
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:10,800
But imagine if that bombing raid
had never happened or if Zeus 

277
00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:13,200
had been working in a properly 
funded well protected government

278
00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:15,300
facility instead of his parents 
living room. 

279
00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:19,300
The computational revolution 
might have started in the 1940s 

280
00:14:19,300 --> 00:14:22,000
Germany. 
In stead of the 1950s America. 

281
00:14:22,900 --> 00:14:24,800
The real tragedy is the zoo's 
understood. 

282
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:27,900
Exactly what he'd wrote. 
The first algorithmic 

283
00:14:27,900 --> 00:14:31,500
programming language developed 
floating Point arithmetic, and 

284
00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:34,500
even theorized about artificial 
intelligence decades before 

285
00:14:34,500 --> 00:14:36,700
anyone else was thinking 
seriously about machine 

286
00:14:36,700 --> 00:14:40,400
thinking, He was like a time 
traveler who brought back 

287
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,300
blueprints from the future 
except nobody believed. 

288
00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:47,100
The future was worth visiting. 
After the war, when the world 

289
00:14:47,100 --> 00:14:50,300
finally caught up to what Zeus 
had been doing the computer 

290
00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:53,800
Revolution exploded. 
For those crucial years, from 

291
00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:58,900
1941 to 1945 represented, a lost
opportunity that might have 

292
00:14:58,900 --> 00:15:01,600
reshaped everything, not just 
the war, but the entire 

293
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:04,400
development of computational 
Technology could have been 

294
00:15:04,408 --> 00:15:08,400
accelerated by a decade or more.
This is one of those historical 

295
00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:10,600
scenarios that can keep you 
awake at night. 

296
00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:14,200
What if the side with the moral 
High Ground also had the best 

297
00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:16,500
tech? 
What if the computational 

298
00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:18,900
revolution had started earlier 
and developed differently? 

299
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:22,200
The most important battles in 
history are sometimes fought 

300
00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:24,400
with ideas that don't get the 
attention they deserve. 

301
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:27,100
Now, let's talk about something 
that might make you grateful for

302
00:15:27,100 --> 00:15:29,900
modern medicine, in a whole new 
way picture. 

303
00:15:29,900 --> 00:15:33,900
This it's 1847, and women are 
dying in childbirth at 

304
00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:37,200
horrifying rates, not from 
complications during delivery, 

305
00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:40,000
but from something called 
childbed fever that strikes 

306
00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:42,300
afterward in Vienna's General 
Hospital. 

307
00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:46,400
One maternity ward has a death 
rate of 18% while another Ward 

308
00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:49,600
right down the hall. 
Has a death rate of only 2% Same

309
00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:53,800
Hospital, same city, same year 
but somehow one hallway is a 

310
00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:55,700
death trap while the other is 
relatively safe. 

311
00:15:56,900 --> 00:16:00,900
Entered Vice a Hungarian Doctor,
Who looked at this situation and

312
00:16:00,900 --> 00:16:03,300
thought. 
Something is very wrong here. 

313
00:16:03,300 --> 00:16:06,600
He was like a medical detective 
in an era when most doctors 

314
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:09,200
thought disease was caused by 
bad air or moral failing. 

315
00:16:10,100 --> 00:16:12,300
Seminole wise notice something 
that should have been obvious, 

316
00:16:12,300 --> 00:16:16,400
but somehow wasn't the deadly. 
Ward was by doctors and medical 

317
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:18,800
students. 
While the safe Ward was run by 

318
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:21,400
midwives. 
Here's where it gets intriguing 

319
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:22,800
enough to make you sit up in 
bed. 

320
00:16:23,900 --> 00:16:26,200
The doctors and medical 
students, spent their mornings 

321
00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:29,600
performing autopsies on women 
who had died from childbed fever

322
00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:33,200
then walked directly to the 
Maternity Ward to deliver babies

323
00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:36,600
without washing their hands. 
The Midwives, on the other hand 

324
00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:41,800
didn't do autopsies semis, put 
two and two together and got an 

325
00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:43,300
answer that nobody wanted to 
hear. 

326
00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:48,000
He instituted a simple policy. 
Everyone had to wash their hands

327
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:51,500
with chlorinated lime solution 
before examining patients. 

328
00:16:52,500 --> 00:16:54,700
The death rate in the doctors 
ward, in immediately dropped 

329
00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:58,800
from 18% to less than 2%. 
You'd think the change would 

330
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:01,200
have made semmel Vice the hero 
of Vienna General Hospital. 

331
00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:03,900
Maybe even gotten him a statue 
in the courtyard. 

332
00:17:03,900 --> 00:17:07,599
Instead it made him the most 
hated man in the medical 

333
00:17:07,599 --> 00:17:10,500
establishment. 
The other doctors were Furious. 

334
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:13,900
The idea that gentleman's hands 
could be unclean was insulting 

335
00:17:13,900 --> 00:17:16,900
to their social status. 
Doctors were supposed to be 

336
00:17:16,900 --> 00:17:20,099
learning men of science, not 
common workers, who needed to 

337
00:17:20,099 --> 00:17:23,099
scrub up like servers. 
The concept that invisible 

338
00:17:23,099 --> 00:17:26,300
particles on their hands could 
cause disease was so absurd. 

339
00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:30,300
It was practically offensive. 
They essentially told Vice that 

340
00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:32,300
his German theory was crazy 
talk. 

341
00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:34,600
What makes this even more 
heartbreaking? 

342
00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:37,000
Is that similes could prove his 
point with numbers. 

343
00:17:37,700 --> 00:17:41,000
Every month that hand washing 
was enforced, fewer women died. 

344
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,200
Every time the policy was 
relaxed, the death rate shot 

345
00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:47,500
back up, it was cause and effect
so clear you could teach it to a

346
00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:50,000
child yet the medical 
establishment treated it like 

347
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,400
dangerous nonsense. 
The pushback against Samurai was

348
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:56,200
so intense that he eventually 
suffered what we'd now probably 

349
00:17:56,200 --> 00:18:00,000
call a nervous breakdown. 
Became increasingly frustrated, 

350
00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,400
and confrontational writing, 
bitter letters to prominent 

351
00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:06,800
doctors, calling them murderers.
Technically, he was correct. 

352
00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:09,200
They were killing patients due 
to ignorance. 

353
00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:14,900
That he never excelled intact. 
In 1865, he was committed to an 

354
00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:17,900
asylum where he died. 
Just two weeks later, possibly 

355
00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:20,500
from the same kind of infection.
He'd spent his career fighting. 

356
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:24,200
Here's the part that might keep 
you staring at the ceiling. 

357
00:18:25,100 --> 00:18:27,900
If the medical world had 
accepted his hand washing 

358
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:31,600
protocol in 1847, millions of 
lives, could have been saved. 

359
00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:34,900
The concept of antiseptic 
surgery wouldn't have had to 

360
00:18:34,900 --> 00:18:37,800
wait for Joseph. 
Lister in the 1860s German 

361
00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:40,100
Theory wouldn't have needed 
Louis Pasteur to make it 

362
00:18:40,100 --> 00:18:43,000
respectable the entire 
development of modern medicine 

363
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:46,700
could have accelerated by 
decades. imagine Civil War 

364
00:18:46,700 --> 00:18:49,400
Field, hospitals were doctors 
wash their hands between 

365
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:53,800
patients Imagine surgery 
becoming safer 20 years earlier 

366
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:56,600
than it actually did. 
Imagine all the mothers and 

367
00:18:56,600 --> 00:18:59,400
babies who could have lived if 
the medical establishment had 

368
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:03,300
been willing to consider that. 
Maybe just maybe a Hungarian 

369
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:06,100
doctored figured out something 
important about invisible 

370
00:19:06,100 --> 00:19:09,500
killers. 
Instead semmelweis became a 

371
00:19:09,500 --> 00:19:13,300
tragic footnote Vindicated only 
after his death when pastor and 

372
00:19:13,308 --> 00:19:15,100
Lister made germ Theory 
fashionable. 

373
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:18,200
Occasionally the most important 
discoveries aren't rejected 

374
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:21,100
because they're wrong but 
because they're so right. 

375
00:19:21,100 --> 00:19:24,100
They threaten everything. 
People think they know about how

376
00:19:24,100 --> 00:19:26,800
the world Works. 
Let's shift gears again and talk

377
00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:28,900
about something that could have 
made your daily commute. 

378
00:19:28,900 --> 00:19:32,300
Look very different While 
everyone was getting excited 

379
00:19:32,300 --> 00:19:35,500
about cars and airplanes. 
In the early 1900s, there was 

380
00:19:35,500 --> 00:19:38,100
another Transportation 
Revolution Brewing that most 

381
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:41,500
people have never heard of It 
involved pneumatic tubes. 

382
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:44,800
Basically shooting capsules 
through pressurized air systems.

383
00:19:44,800 --> 00:19:46,600
Like you are emailing yourself 
across the city. 

384
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,500
The beach new Matic transit 
system in New York, was like 

385
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,700
something out of a jewels Verne 
novel, except it actually 

386
00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:57,900
worked. 
In 1870 Alfred Ely Beach built a

387
00:19:57,900 --> 00:20:00,600
300 to 12 foot. 
Demonstration tunnel under broad

388
00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:04,000
way and shot a cylindrical car 
carrying passengers through it. 

389
00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:07,800
Using nothing but air pressure. 
The car was plushie appointed 

390
00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:11,300
with upholstered seats and 
Elegant Lighting, making it feel

391
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:14,300
more like riding in a Victorian 
parlor than being shot through 

392
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:17,800
an underground tube. 
Passengers described the 

393
00:20:17,808 --> 00:20:20,200
experience as surprisingly 
smooth and quiet. 

394
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:24,000
The car would whoosh through the
tunnel carried Along by a giant 

395
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:27,700
fan, that created air pressure 
behind it and suction in front. 

396
00:20:28,700 --> 00:20:31,400
At the end of the line, the 
process reversed and the car 

397
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:33,400
would slide gently back to the 
starting point. 

398
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:37,000
It was like being inside a huge,
very comfortable pneumatic 

399
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,700
message system. 
Each envisioned and network of 

400
00:20:39,700 --> 00:20:43,100
these pneumatic Railways, Criss 
Crossing Manhattan, transporting

401
00:20:43,100 --> 00:20:44,900
passengers at speeds. 
That would rival. 

402
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:49,500
Those of modern Subway systems. 
No noise, no smoke, no horses. 

403
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:51,400
Dropping inconvenient packages 
on the street. 

404
00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:55,500
Just clean quiet. 
Efficient Transportation powered

405
00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:58,300
by compressed air, the whole 
system could have been running 

406
00:20:58,300 --> 00:21:01,000
on renewable energy, if they 
connected the fans to win Mills 

407
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:03,800
or water wheels. 
But here's where the story takes

408
00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:06,100
a turn that might make you want 
to throw your pillow across the 

409
00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:09,200
room. 
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall New 

410
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:12,200
York's notoriously, corrupt 
political machine were heavily 

411
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:15,500
invested in street level 
Transportation Systems, horse 

412
00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:19,100
drawn omnibuses, elevated 
Railways, and eventually street 

413
00:21:19,100 --> 00:21:23,000
cars, the pneumatic system that 
bypass street level corruption 

414
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,600
and kick back opportunities was 
about as welcome as a tax audit.

415
00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:31,100
Political opposition to beaches 
system was so intense that he 

416
00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:34,300
had to build his demonstration 
tunnel in secret working at 

417
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:37,800
night and disposing of excavated
dirt through a basement in a 

418
00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:40,300
nearby building. 
He was literally conducting an 

419
00:21:40,300 --> 00:21:43,400
underground Transportation 
Revolution underground in both 

420
00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:45,200
the physical and political 
sense. 

421
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:49,700
When Beach Finally Revealed his 
system to the public, it was an 

422
00:21:49,700 --> 00:21:54,000
instant sensation over. 400,000 
people paid to ride the 

423
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,300
demonstration line in its first 
year of operation. 

424
00:21:57,100 --> 00:22:00,000
The public loved it, the Press 
praised, it and Engineering 

425
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:02,600
experts confirmed, it was 
completely feasible. 

426
00:22:02,600 --> 00:22:05,800
Everything was perfect, except 
for the small matter of 

427
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:07,400
political approval for 
expansion. 

428
00:22:08,500 --> 00:22:11,500
Tweed and his cronies made sure 
that beaches request for permits

429
00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:14,000
and funding got buried deeper 
than his tunnel. 

430
00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:17,000
They wanted to Transportation 
Systems, they could control 

431
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,300
profit from and use a sources of
political patronage. 

432
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:24,800
The pneumatic system that could 
be quickly and operated 

433
00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:27,800
efficiently offered two few 
opportunities for the kind of 

434
00:22:27,808 --> 00:22:30,200
Creative Accounting that kept 
political machines running. 

435
00:22:31,100 --> 00:22:34,000
The beach tunnel eventually 
closed, not because the 

436
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:36,500
technology didn't work, but 
because the politics didn't 

437
00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:38,700
work. 
The demonstration tunnel was 

438
00:22:38,700 --> 00:22:41,700
sealed up and forgotten until it
was accidentally rediscovered. 

439
00:22:41,700 --> 00:22:45,600
During Subway Construction in 
1912 by then the window for 

440
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:47,900
pneumatic Transit. 
Had closed a New York was 

441
00:22:47,900 --> 00:22:49,700
committed to the electric subway
system. 

442
00:22:49,700 --> 00:22:53,800
We know today, Imagine if 
beaches succeeded Manhattan. 

443
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,200
Might have had a transportation 
Network that was faster quieter 

444
00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:59,200
and cleaner than what we ended 
up with. 

445
00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:02,800
The whole development of urban 
Transportation could have taken 

446
00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:07,000
an entirely different path. 
Instead of noisy elevated trains

447
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:09,100
and crowded. 
Subways cities might have 

448
00:23:09,100 --> 00:23:11,600
developed silent smooth, 
pneumatic networks. 

449
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:14,300
That shot people around like 
packages in a delivery system. 

450
00:23:14,300 --> 00:23:16,500
The technology wasn't the 
problem. 

451
00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:19,300
Pneumatic tube systems were 
already being used successfully 

452
00:23:19,300 --> 00:23:21,100
for male delivery in major 
cities. 

453
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:25,300
The problem was that beneficial 
technology isn't enough if the 

454
00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:28,000
political and economic systems 
aren't ready to support it. 

455
00:23:28,700 --> 00:23:30,300
Sometimes the best invention 
fail. 

456
00:23:30,300 --> 00:23:33,700
Not because they don't work but 
because they work too well for 

457
00:23:33,700 --> 00:23:36,300
the wrong people. 
Now as we settle in for the 

458
00:23:36,300 --> 00:23:38,900
final part of our journey 
through forgotten invention's, 

459
00:23:38,900 --> 00:23:41,700
let's talk about something that 
could have changed the entire 

460
00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:45,800
course of the 20th century. 
While Thomas Edison and Nikola 

461
00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:47,700
Tesla were having their famous 
war of currents. 

462
00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:50,800
Another inventor was quietly 
working on something that could 

463
00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:53,000
have made both of their 
electrical systems look like 

464
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:55,900
child's toys. 
Nikola Tesla. 

465
00:23:55,900 --> 00:23:59,700
Yes, the same Tesla who won the 
ACDC battle hadn't. 

466
00:23:59,700 --> 00:24:01,600
Even bigger idea brewing in His 
Brilliant. 

467
00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:05,400
Slightly obsessive mind. 
He believed he could transmit 

468
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:07,900
electrical power. 
Wirelessly through the Earth 

469
00:24:07,900 --> 00:24:10,700
itself. 
Making power lines as obsolete 

470
00:24:10,700 --> 00:24:14,000
as carrier pigeons. 
His Warden Cliff tower on Long 

471
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:16,400
Island, wasn't just an 
experimental radio station. 

472
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:19,800
It was supposed to be the 
prototype for a Global Wireless 

473
00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:24,300
power system picture this 
instead of cities crisscrossed 

474
00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:27,000
with power lines. 
You'd have Elegant Towers space 

475
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,200
to cross the landscape beaming 
electricity through the ground 

476
00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:31,800
to receive his anywhere in the 
world. 

477
00:24:32,700 --> 00:24:36,300
No more power, outages from 
Fallen Lines, no more unsightly,

478
00:24:36,300 --> 00:24:39,600
electrical infrastructure, and 
no more limitations on where you

479
00:24:39,600 --> 00:24:41,800
could build things. 
Based on how close they were to 

480
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:44,300
power sources. 
The whole planet would become 

481
00:24:44,300 --> 00:24:47,900
one giant electrical grid test 
Tesla system worked on the 

482
00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:51,000
principle that the Earth itself 
could act as a conductor. 

483
00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:54,500
By pumping electrical energy 
into the ground at specific 

484
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:56,900
frequencies. 
He believed he could create 

485
00:24:56,900 --> 00:24:58,900
standing waves. 
That would allow power to be 

486
00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:00,500
extracted anywhere on the 
planet. 

487
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:04,400
Sound like science fiction. 
The Tesla had already 

488
00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:07,400
demonstrated Wireless power 
transmission on a smaller scale,

489
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:10,900
lighting, bulbs from miles away 
without any connecting wires. 

490
00:25:11,900 --> 00:25:15,000
The financial backing for 
wardenclyffe came from JP Morgan

491
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:17,900
who initially thought he was 
funding and improved Wireless 

492
00:25:17,900 --> 00:25:21,300
communication system. 
When Tesla revealed his true 

493
00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:25,600
intention free wireless power 
for everyone Morgan's enthusiasm

494
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:27,400
cooled. 
Faster than coffee left on a 

495
00:25:27,408 --> 00:25:29,900
porch in January. 
Free Power meant. 

496
00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,800
No metered usage, which meant no
way to charge customers, which 

497
00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:36,400
meant no profit. 
Morgan pulled his funding in 

498
00:25:36,408 --> 00:25:39,900
1906 and Tesla's Wireless power 
dreams died with it. 

499
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:42,800
Here's where you might want to 
pull the blankets, over your 

500
00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:46,500
head and contemplated 
alternative timelines. if 

501
00:25:46,508 --> 00:25:49,800
Tesla's Wireless power system 
had worked as intended, the 

502
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:53,400
entire 20th century could have 
unfolded differently There would

503
00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:56,000
have been no necessity for 
large-scale power plants in each

504
00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:57,900
region. 
The system would have been 

505
00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:00,500
immune to attacks on 
infrastructure during wartime. 

506
00:26:00,500 --> 00:26:03,900
There would be no environmental 
issues associated with power 

507
00:26:03,900 --> 00:26:06,500
transmission lines passing 
through Wilderness areas. 

508
00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:10,600
Rural electrification, which 
didn't reach many parts of 

509
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:13,700
America until the 1930s and 
1940s could have happened 

510
00:26:13,700 --> 00:26:16,700
immediately. 
Developing countries wouldn't 

511
00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:19,200
have needed to build expensive 
power infrastructure to 

512
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,400
modernize electric vehicles. 
Might have become practical 

513
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:25,500
decades earlier since you could 
power them anywhere without 

514
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:28,900
needing charging stations. 
But Tesla's Wireless power 

515
00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:32,200
system, had one crucial, flaw, 
that probably doomed it from the

516
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:34,100
start. 
It would have been almost 

517
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:37,600
impossible to control who used 
the power unlike electrical 

518
00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:38,900
lines. 
That could be metered and 

519
00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:41,300
disconnected. 
Wireless power beam through the 

520
00:26:41,300 --> 00:26:43,400
Earth would have been available 
to anyone with the right 

521
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,700
receiving equipment. 
It was socialism through physics

522
00:26:46,700 --> 00:26:49,400
which was never going to fly 
with the business Community. 

523
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:52,500
The irony is that Tesla's 
Wireless power transmission. 

524
00:26:52,500 --> 00:26:57,100
Actually worked on a small 
scale, his Colorado Springs 

525
00:26:57,100 --> 00:27:00,500
laboratory successfully 
transmitted power wirelessly 

526
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:03,300
across significant distances. 
The problem wasn't the 

527
00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:05,300
technology. 
It was the economics and 

528
00:27:05,308 --> 00:27:07,600
politics of giving away 
something that people were used 

529
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:12,000
to paying for After Warden. 
Cliff failed, Tesla spent the 

530
00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:14,700
rest of his life as a brilliant,
but increasingly eccentric, 

531
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:17,800
figure living in hotel rooms and
feeding pigeons. 

532
00:27:17,800 --> 00:27:21,000
While the world moved on to more
conventional electrical systems.

533
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:25,700
He died in 1943 just as the 
world was discovering that many 

534
00:27:25,700 --> 00:27:28,800
of his seemingly. 
Impossible ideas like radar and 

535
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:33,200
Robotics were not only possible,
but as essential as you drift 

536
00:27:33,200 --> 00:27:36,300
off to sleep tonight, think 
about all these inventors who 

537
00:27:36,300 --> 00:27:37,900
are so close to changing 
everything. 

538
00:27:37,900 --> 00:27:41,100
They remind us that history 
isn't just about what happened 

539
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:43,800
but about all the fascinating 
things that almost happened. 

540
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:47,100
Sometimes the most important 
stories are the ones about the 

541
00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:51,000
roads not taken the inventions 
that were too early, too radical

542
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:53,900
or too threatening. 
To the way things were, these 

543
00:27:53,900 --> 00:27:57,000
forgotten Pioneers prove that 
the future is always closer than

544
00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:00,000
we think it's just waiting for 
the right combination of 

545
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:03,300
Technology timing and the 
courage to believe that 

546
00:28:03,300 --> 00:28:07,100
impossible things might not be 
impossible after all sweet 

547
00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:09,500
dreams. 
And remember, tomorrow's 

548
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:12,700
impossibility might just be 
tonight's bedtime story waiting 

549
00:28:12,700 --> 00:28:18,500
to come true. 
Napoleon bonaparte's story opens

550
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:21,200
not in the halls of Parisian 
power, but on a rugged 

551
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:26,600
Mediterranean island, he was 
born Napoleon Bonaparte in 1769 

552
00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:30,500
in a jack SEO, Corsica only 
months after France sees the 

553
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:34,300
island from Genoa. as a boy, he 
spoke the Italian Corsican 

554
00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:38,100
dialect and Harvard Fierce pride
in his course at Heritage Sent 

555
00:28:38,100 --> 00:28:40,100
to Mainland France for schooling
at age 9. 

556
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:44,100
He arrived a thin intense child 
who felt himself very much an 

557
00:28:44,100 --> 00:28:47,200
outside her classmates, mocked 
his accent and provincial 

558
00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:50,000
manners. 
In Quiet Moments under the 

559
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:53,900
ancient Oaks of priene Academy, 
young Bonaparte dreamed of home,

560
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:57,200
the smell of the Mackie shrubs. 
On course can hillsides and 

561
00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:00,400
tales of heroism by horse 
compatriot Pasquale Paoli. 

562
00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:04,100
These memories fueled, a 
lifelong resentment in a drive 

563
00:29:04,100 --> 00:29:06,300
to prove himself in a world, 
that perceived him as a 

564
00:29:06,300 --> 00:29:08,900
foreigner. 
Yet France also open New 

565
00:29:08,900 --> 00:29:12,300
Horizons for him at the Royal 
military school in Paris 

566
00:29:12,300 --> 00:29:15,300
Napoleon. 
As he still signed his name, 

567
00:29:15,300 --> 00:29:18,200
immersed himself in 
Enlightenment ideas and Military

568
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:20,300
texts. 
He was a voracious reader of 

569
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:22,300
Rousseau and Voltaire 
cultivating. 

570
00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:24,300
Radical Notions about meriton 
reason. 

571
00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:28,000
Commissioned, as a young 
artillery officer, he honed a 

572
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:30,200
mathematical Precision in 
ballistics and a Steely. 

573
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:33,500
Calm under pressure Still in the
late 1780s. 

574
00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:36,800
The ambitious left tenant found 
himself idling on half-pay in 

575
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:40,900
provincial Garrison's chafing at
the lack of opportunity, letters

576
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:42,800
to his family. 
Betray a Restless mind. 

577
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:46,100
He wrote an unfinished story and
essays on course can history 

578
00:29:46,100 --> 00:29:48,100
longing to carve out a place for
himself. 

579
00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:52,900
By 1789, the French revolution's
fiery rhetoric gripped. 

580
00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:56,200
Him the revolution's eruption 
promised career opportunities 

581
00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:58,700
for talented individuals and 
Bonaparte. 

582
00:29:58,700 --> 00:30:02,200
Now known as Bonaparte in French
was determined to capitalize on 

583
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:04,900
this opportunity. 
He returned to Corsica during 

584
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:07,800
the early Revolution hoping to 
spread the new ideals. 

585
00:30:08,700 --> 00:30:12,600
However, Ireland politics turned
against him, the revered power 

586
00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:14,900
lead deemed Napoleon a traitor 
for siding with the French 

587
00:30:14,900 --> 00:30:18,500
Republic. 
In 1793 after a bit of falling 

588
00:30:18,500 --> 00:30:21,300
out and an attempt to depose 
Palace course, in government, 

589
00:30:21,300 --> 00:30:24,600
the Bonaparte family, fled their
Homeland under threat. 

590
00:30:25,500 --> 00:30:28,600
The 24 year old artillery, 
Captain arrived back in France 

591
00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:31,800
as a refugee but also as a 
staunch Republican officer 

592
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,400
hungry for action. 
He soon got his chance at the 

593
00:30:35,408 --> 00:30:39,000
end of 1793 royalists, in the 
southern Port of too long 

594
00:30:39,008 --> 00:30:41,200
revolted and welcomed British 
forces. 

595
00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:46,000
The besieging Revolutionary Army
halted until Bonaparte through a

596
00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:48,900
mix of Corsican connections. 
And sheer assertiveness was 

597
00:30:48,900 --> 00:30:50,200
assigned to direct the 
artillery. 

598
00:30:51,300 --> 00:30:54,700
Amidst the Thunder of cannons 
and acid, smoke and Napoleon, 

599
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:59,100
Sean, he embraced batteries with
lethal, Effectiveness, blasting,

600
00:30:59,100 --> 00:31:01,000
the harbor and forcing the 
British to flee. 

601
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:05,500
In the final assault of bayonet 
wound scarred his thigh but 

602
00:31:05,500 --> 00:31:08,200
victory was complete, the 
achievement was stunning. 

603
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:11,100
A little known Corsica had 
masterminded the recapture of 

604
00:31:11,108 --> 00:31:13,800
too long word of his brilliant's
travel to Paris. 

605
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:17,000
And Stage 24 Bonaparte was 
promoted to Brigadier General, 

606
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:19,800
the center of gunpowder at too 
long signaled. 

607
00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:23,100
His assent to prominent, but 
revolutionary Fortune shifted 

608
00:31:23,100 --> 00:31:26,100
quickly. 
Just months later Robespierre 

609
00:31:26,100 --> 00:31:27,900
and the radical Jacobins fell 
from Power. 

610
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:32,100
Napoleon considered a 
Robespierre Ally by association 

611
00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:35,200
was arrested. 
He was briefly jailed in a dank 

612
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:38,300
sell at Fort Carey. 
The omniscient Fates that 

613
00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:41,200
elevated him. 
Now threatened to cut short his 

614
00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:43,500
assent. 
He emerged unscaled but 

615
00:31:43,508 --> 00:31:46,400
unemployed pacing. 
The Paris streets in a 

616
00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:48,400
threadbare coat. 
Surviving on meager rations. 

617
00:31:49,300 --> 00:31:53,200
During this low ebb in 1795, he 
even toyed with leaving France 

618
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:56,500
to serve the ottoman Sultan and 
ironic Prospect for one who 

619
00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:58,300
would one day, humble the great 
powers of Europe. 

620
00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:03,000
Opportunity, however, knocked 
again, that October royalist 

621
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:06,300
mobs stormed, toward the ruling 
convention aiming to topple The 

622
00:32:06,300 --> 00:32:10,800
Fragile Republic. 
General Paul Barras in desperate

623
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:13,600
to save the revolution taped the
only artillery expert. 

624
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:16,900
He knew who could be ruthless 
enough, Napoleon Bonaparte. 

625
00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:20,900
Napoleon did not hesitate 
stationing canon in the streets 

626
00:32:20,900 --> 00:32:22,800
of Paris. 
He met the royalist charged with

627
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:25,000
blasts of great shot at Point 
Blank Range. 

628
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:28,500
The cobblestones of the Roof 
Center shook with the thunderous

629
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:31,300
volley, shredding the Insurgent 
columns and sending the 

630
00:32:31,300 --> 00:32:35,700
survivors into Panic Flight. 
A whiff of great shot one, 

631
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:39,000
witness called it cost to clean.
Describing how shred banners and

632
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:40,800
bodies littered the Smoky 
Avenue's. 

633
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:45,100
Bonapartes decisive action, save
the Revolutionary government in 

634
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:49,200
a single brutal afternoon, he 
became the Republic Savior, and 

635
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:51,900
also earned a reputation for 
cold blooded efficiency that 

636
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,300
some would not forget Paris grew
quiet at dusk. 

637
00:32:55,300 --> 00:32:58,600
The are heavy with the Tang of 
spent gunpowder and a new 

638
00:32:58,608 --> 00:33:01,000
awareness, a young General had 
shown. 

639
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:03,700
He would not hesitate to fire on
his fellow Frenchmen to secure 

640
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:05,600
order. 
Far from hiding. 

641
00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:09,000
This bloody episode Napoleon 
later, had it celebrated each 

642
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:12,800
year, defending himself with the
remark that a soldier is only a 

643
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:15,700
machine to obey orders. 
The reward for this loyal 

644
00:33:15,700 --> 00:33:18,200
service was extraordinary, 
within weeks. 

645
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:22,100
The directory, the new executive
body gave 26 year old Bonaparte 

646
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:25,900
command of the army of Italy, A 
post that season generals had 

647
00:33:25,900 --> 00:33:28,700
covered it. 
Around the same time, he met 

648
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:32,500
Josephine debate on a glamorous 
Creole Widow six years, his 

649
00:33:32,500 --> 00:33:34,300
senior, who was connected to 
Paris. 

650
00:33:34,300 --> 00:33:39,500
The attraction was immediate and
consuming In March 1796 just 

651
00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:43,000
days before departing to take up
his new command Napoleon married

652
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:45,000
Josephine in a private civil 
ceremony. 

653
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:47,800
He adored her with an Earnest 
impassioned. 

654
00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:49,400
Love that. 
Blazed through the letters. 

655
00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:52,700
He would soon send daily from 
the Italian front Josephine, 

656
00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:54,700
provided the social polish and 
connections. 

657
00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:57,800
He lacked gave her devotion and 
the promise of Destiny. 

658
00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:01,900
As he rode out of Paris in the 
spring rain, in Napoleon 

659
00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:05,700
Bonaparte, was a curious figure,
a Corsican Outsider turned 

660
00:34:05,700 --> 00:34:08,600
Republican General, recently a 
penniless Outkast. 

661
00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:11,600
Now, head of an army. 
His Ambitions were boundless 

662
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:15,100
France had given him an army and
a beautiful wife, he intended to

663
00:34:15,108 --> 00:34:19,400
repay both with Glory, the dye 
was cast the little corporals 

664
00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:20,800
rapid Ascent was about to 
commence. 

665
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:23,699
The Slender young General who 
arrived to lead, the army of 

666
00:34:23,699 --> 00:34:28,699
Italy in 1796, founded 
dispirited ragtag Force, clad in

667
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:30,699
rags and hungry for both food 
and Victory. 

668
00:34:31,699 --> 00:34:34,600
Napoleon's predecessors had 
achieved little in the grinding 

669
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:37,199
war against Austria. 
But the new Commander 

670
00:34:37,199 --> 00:34:39,300
electrified, his men from the 
outset. 

671
00:34:40,100 --> 00:34:42,699
Gathering, the troops who looked
skeptically at his slight 

672
00:34:42,699 --> 00:34:45,900
stature, and Youthful face, he 
pointed towards the enemies. 

673
00:34:45,900 --> 00:34:49,000
Richlands beyond the Alps 
soldiers, he cried, you are 

674
00:34:49,007 --> 00:34:52,199
ill-fed and almost naked. 
I will lead you into the most 

675
00:34:52,199 --> 00:34:56,600
fertile Plains in the world. 
Rich province's and great cities

676
00:34:56,600 --> 00:35:00,300
will lie in your power in them. 
You will find honor glory and 

677
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:05,000
riches the soldiers erupted in. 
Cheers skepticism gave way to 

678
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,200
further as he promised to 
transform their thread 

679
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:10,600
desperation into Triumph. 
During the early days of the 

680
00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:14,100
campaign, in The Damp foot hills
of Piedmont men who were on the 

681
00:35:14,100 --> 00:35:16,600
verge of deserting in Stead 
found themselves prepared, to 

682
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:19,400
follow this fiery, little 
general to the farthest reaches 

683
00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:22,400
of the Earth. 
Napoleon promptly fulfilled his 

684
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:24,900
promise. 
He moved with startling speed 

685
00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:28,100
and aggression catching, 
Austrian and piedmontese armies 

686
00:35:28,100 --> 00:35:31,900
off-balance with bold, tactics 
in a whirlwind of Battles, 

687
00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:34,700
Through the mountain passes. 
He demonstrated a Predators 

688
00:35:34,700 --> 00:35:38,800
Instinct striking, where least 
expected and driving his 

689
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:41,600
exhausted troops forward with 
sheer force of will. 

690
00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:46,300
That mountain naughty Dago, 
malisimo and Mondovi French, 

691
00:35:46,300 --> 00:35:48,400
Canon and bayonets rooted 
forces. 

692
00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:51,500
That months before would have 
sent them reeling the Austrian, 

693
00:35:51,500 --> 00:35:54,700
generals, many twice bonapartes 
as age were confounded by his 

694
00:35:54,700 --> 00:35:57,700
unpredictable maneuvers. 
They haven't seen anything yet. 

695
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:01,500
Napoleon boasted confidently, 
after one victory in our time. 

696
00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:03,600
No one has the slightest 
conception of what is great. 

697
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:05,700
It is up to me to give them an 
example. 

698
00:36:06,900 --> 00:36:08,600
His bravado was backed by 
action. 

699
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,700
He negotiated piedmont's 
withdrawal from the war within 

700
00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:13,700
weeks. 
Then turn the army of Italy 

701
00:36:13,700 --> 00:36:15,700
against the austrians occupying 
Lombardy. 

702
00:36:15,700 --> 00:36:20,100
In May 1796 Napoleon cemented 
his Legend at the bridge over, 

703
00:36:20,100 --> 00:36:22,300
the Ada river near the town of 
Lodi. 

704
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:25,900
The Austrian guard had taken up 
a strong position across the 

705
00:36:25,900 --> 00:36:28,600
river Canon covering the narrow 
wooden spare. 

706
00:36:29,500 --> 00:36:31,800
Rather than wait for a safer 
Crossing Bonaparte. 

707
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:34,000
Decided on a frontal, assault 
that defied. 

708
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:37,400
All conventional scents. 
Amidst the deafening Roar of 

709
00:36:37,408 --> 00:36:39,700
enemy guns. 
You personally helped aim French

710
00:36:39,700 --> 00:36:43,100
cannons and rallied a column of 
grenadiers for a head-on charge.

711
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:46,300
Tricolor flag in hand. 
He plunged onto the bridge at 

712
00:36:46,300 --> 00:36:50,100
the head of his men grapeshot 
whistled past, his ears planks 

713
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:52,000
splintered under the blast of 
artillery. 

714
00:36:52,600 --> 00:36:55,100
For an instant the attacked 
under withering fire. 

715
00:36:55,100 --> 00:36:58,600
But Napoleon stood firm in the 
Smoke his sword drawn and his 

716
00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:01,600
uniform powdered with Gunsmoke. 
Presence. 

717
00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:06,500
Ignited, the troops with a final
yell honor the troops surged 

718
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:11,300
forward here for more 
overrunning, the Austrian guns 

719
00:37:11,300 --> 00:37:15,500
on the far Bank, the stunned 
enemy broke, and fled loading 

720
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,100
was a small battle that in its 
drama. 

721
00:37:18,100 --> 00:37:22,000
Lay the seed of a myth. 
The soldiers made by their 

722
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,400
generals Fearless exposure to 
Fire and his willingness to do a

723
00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:27,900
corporal's Work. 
Loading guns, affectionately, 

724
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:30,500
dubbed him, Liberty Caporal. 
The little corporal. 

725
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:33,400
That night, as the exhausted 
French. 

726
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:36,100
Camped under a moonlit sky. 
In Poland, could not sleep. 

727
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:40,000
He adrenaline of Victory and 
survival course through him in 

728
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:42,100
later years. 
He would recall that at Lodi 

729
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:46,200
from that moment on I thought 
what I might be Already, I felt 

730
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:48,700
the Earth flea from beneath me 
as if I were being carried into 

731
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:51,700
the sky. 
It was at Lodi that Napoleon 

732
00:37:51,700 --> 00:37:54,600
Bonaparte began to believe 
unequivocally in his destiny. 

733
00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:59,100
Through the Summer, and Autumn 
of 1796 Napoleon LED his army on

734
00:37:59,100 --> 00:38:02,000
a Relentless offensive that read
like something out of Caesar's 

735
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:04,800
commentaries Napoleon. 
Swiftly crossed the Po River 

736
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:08,200
flanked enemy positions using 
Mountain tracks and repeatedly 

737
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,500
encircle the austrians in 
battle. 

738
00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:14,200
After battle castiglioni are 
called Rivoli, the French over. 

739
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:17,800
Came Superior numbers through 
Bonaparte imaginative tactics 

740
00:38:17,800 --> 00:38:21,200
and the Esprit de corps. 
He instilled his troops marched 

741
00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:24,500
hungry and Barefoot over the 
Alps referring to him as father,

742
00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:27,900
Violet due to his unexpected 
arrival, much like the first 

743
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:30,800
Violet of spring, they came to 
believe he could do. 

744
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:34,800
It could take any Fortress and 
defeat any Foe and often he did.

745
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:40,600
After a grueling seeded Napoleon
captured manure in early 1797 

746
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:43,000
breaking Austrian resistance in 
Italy. 

747
00:38:43,700 --> 00:38:46,400
By that spring, he had Advanced 
to the very edge of Austrian 

748
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:49,100
territory. 
The once Mighty Habsburg Empire,

749
00:38:49,100 --> 00:38:53,100
shocked by the string of defeats
inflicted by this, upstart sued 

750
00:38:53,100 --> 00:38:55,100
for peace. 
Rather than CVS threatened, 

751
00:38:55,100 --> 00:38:59,400
Bernard dictated terms, like a 
seasoned statement in the Treaty

752
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:04,100
of Campo formio October 1797. 
He reshaped the map of Northern 

753
00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:07,700
Italy creating new republics 
under French influence and 

754
00:39:07,700 --> 00:39:09,900
seeded Venetia to Austria as 
compensation. 

755
00:39:10,900 --> 00:39:14,400
Remarkably, he negotiated this 
piece directly outshining the 

756
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:17,500
politicians back in Paris. 
He was a general taking the 

757
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:21,000
initiative to formulate foreign 
policy, a sign of The Growing 

758
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,900
Power. 
He was accumulating meanwhile in

759
00:39:23,908 --> 00:39:27,100
the territories he conquered 
Napoleon revealed other facets. 

760
00:39:27,100 --> 00:39:30,800
He presented himself as a 
liberator, abolishing feudal, 

761
00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:33,200
Privileges, and spreading 
revolutionary principles in 

762
00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:35,400
Italy. 
But he also levied heavy 

763
00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:38,600
contributions and sent convoys 
of looted art back to France. 

764
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:42,200
Wagon, loads of paintings and 
sculptures spoils from Milan 

765
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:44,500
Verona and Venice trundled over 
the Alps Bound. 

766
00:39:44,500 --> 00:39:47,300
For the Louvre evidence that 
Napoleon understood the 

767
00:39:47,300 --> 00:39:50,700
propaganda value of culture 
parisians, were thrilled at the 

768
00:39:50,700 --> 00:39:53,600
arrival of masterpieces and the 
news of Victory. 

769
00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:57,300
The directors in Paris found 
themselves a Clips by the glory 

770
00:39:57,300 --> 00:39:59,800
of their young General. 
As his Fame grew. 

771
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:03,400
So did the complexity of his 
character Napoleon the Romantic 

772
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:07,200
for instance, was on full 
display in Italy separated, from

773
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:09,400
Josephine. 
He wrote her letters almost 

774
00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:12,000
nightly pouring out his heart in
unguarded Pros. 

775
00:40:12,900 --> 00:40:14,300
I have loved you for a long 
time. 

776
00:40:14,300 --> 00:40:17,600
He wrote off to one battle and I
feel that I love you more each 

777
00:40:17,600 --> 00:40:20,200
day. 
I thought I loved you a few days

778
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:22,900
ago but since I saw you, I feel 
that I love you. 

779
00:40:22,900 --> 00:40:25,600
A thousand times more words that
reveal a passionate even 

780
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:28,000
obsessive attachment on the 
battlefield. 

781
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:30,900
He was icy and calculated, but 
alone in his tent by 

782
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:33,600
candlelight, he could be almost 
feverish with longing. 

783
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:36,500
Unbeknownst to him. 
Josephine's replies were 

784
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:38,200
infrequent and often 
perfunctory. 

785
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:42,400
The worldly Creole was enjoying 
Paris society and a discrete 

786
00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:45,500
affair on the side. 
This imbalance of affection, the

787
00:40:45,500 --> 00:40:48,100
Conqueror of Italy begging for 
love was a poignant 

788
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:50,900
contradiction. 
The soldiers saw their General 

789
00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:53,100
as a demigod yet in matters of 
the heart. 

790
00:40:53,100 --> 00:40:55,900
He could be as vulnerable as any
man Napoleon. 

791
00:40:55,900 --> 00:40:58,400
Was the most renowned figure in 
France by the time he returned 

792
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:01,800
to Paris at the end of 1797 
newspapers. 

793
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:05,600
Hailed him as Italy. 
The Italian hero, extolling, his

794
00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:10,400
triumph over challenges Walking 
through the wheelies Gardens 

795
00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:14,300
civilians gate and officers snap
to attention the energy. 

796
00:41:14,300 --> 00:41:17,200
He exuded had altered the course
of a continent in a matter of 

797
00:41:17,208 --> 00:41:20,100
months. 
Yet the directory grew where he 

798
00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:24,600
was a general, whose popularity 
rivaled their legitimacy. in 

799
00:41:24,600 --> 00:41:28,100
Napoleon's piercing gray eyes 
and Kurt self-confidence, some 

800
00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:31,500
directory members, Glimpse to 
Potential Threat, For the time 

801
00:41:31,500 --> 00:41:34,400
being, they showered him with 
honors, inviting him to dine, 

802
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:37,300
with directors and seeking his 
advice on Grand strategy. 

803
00:41:38,300 --> 00:41:41,100
However, these politicians 
secretly felt a sense of relief 

804
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:44,600
when Bonaparte accepted a new 
assignment that took him far 

805
00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:46,900
from Paris. 
The Restless general. 

806
00:41:46,900 --> 00:41:49,700
Just 28 was already looking 
Beyond Italy. 

807
00:41:50,400 --> 00:41:53,300
In his omnivorous mind. 
The next Grand Adventure was 

808
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:55,900
forming. 
He spoke of an expedition to 

809
00:41:55,900 --> 00:41:59,000
Egypt a bold, strike aimed in 
directly at England. 

810
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:01,500
It was audacious and full of 
risk. 

811
00:42:01,500 --> 00:42:05,000
Perfectly suited to Napoleon 
Bonaparte who by now believe 

812
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,000
Destiny. 
Had extraordinary plans for him.

813
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:10,000
Napoleon embarked on his 
campaign in the east, as both 

814
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:12,300
conqueror and Visionary 
determined to etch. 

815
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:14,100
His name, alongside Alexander 
the Great. 

816
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:18,300
In May 1798. 
He set sail from France with a 

817
00:42:18,308 --> 00:42:22,100
fleet of soldiers, Scholars and 
dreams leaving the Comforts of 

818
00:42:22,108 --> 00:42:23,900
Europe. 
For the fabled, Sands of Egypt, 

819
00:42:23,900 --> 00:42:28,000
The Voyage itself felt like a 
journey into Legend on Deck 

820
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:29,900
Under the Stars. 
Napoleon would point out 

821
00:42:29,900 --> 00:42:33,000
constellation's to his salvant 
and news about the glory of 

822
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:36,600
antiquity by day. 
He devoured books on the Orient 

823
00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:40,100
He was not merely leading an 
army, he was crafting an image 

824
00:42:40,100 --> 00:42:44,000
of himself as an enlightened 
Liberator and a new season of 

825
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:47,100
the East. 
The soldiers packed tightly in 

826
00:42:47,100 --> 00:42:49,800
the sweltering holds were Regale
with their generals 

827
00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:51,700
proclamations. 
That they were Bound for 

828
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:55,000
Immortal Glory. 
Many were seasick and anxious. 

829
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:58,500
They believed in him. 
It was said that as their ships 

830
00:42:58,500 --> 00:43:01,800
passed by the Great Pyramids. 
Visible on the horizon, Napoleon

831
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:05,500
dramatically addressed his 
troops soldiers, from the summit

832
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:08,900
of these pyramids. 40 centuries 
looked down upon you, the line 

833
00:43:08,900 --> 00:43:11,900
echoing across the Desert Wind 
sent shivers down the ranks. 

834
00:43:11,900 --> 00:43:15,400
It was bombastic, historically 
dubious and utterly effective 

835
00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:18,600
and stirring, men's Souls 
Bonaparte was scripting his 

836
00:43:18,600 --> 00:43:22,500
mythology, even as it unfolded. 
After a swift conquest of the 

837
00:43:22,500 --> 00:43:26,000
port of Alexandria Napoleon 
marched his army, Inland to 

838
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:27,600
confront the ruling mamluk 
Warlords. 

839
00:43:28,500 --> 00:43:33,100
On July 21st, 1798 near the 
village of Ember Bay Napoleon 

840
00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:36,600
deployed his troops in massive 
squares with the hazy outline of

841
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:40,000
pyramids in the distance. 
The battle of the pyramids as it

842
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:42,400
came to be known as much theater
as combat. 

843
00:43:43,300 --> 00:43:47,000
Malik Cavalry, in colorful silk 
and Armour charged repeatedly 

844
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:50,300
renowned for their ferocity. 
But the shattered against the 

845
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:53,600
disciplined French squares, 
bristling with bayonets amid, 

846
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:57,200
the volleys and Canon smoke, 
French drummers beat a steady 

847
00:43:57,200 --> 00:43:59,800
Rhythm that mingled with the 
distant cries of camels and the 

848
00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:03,000
clang of summits. 
Napoleon seated, atop a gray 

849
00:44:03,008 --> 00:44:05,700
Arabian, charger surveyed the 
battlefield, through his 

850
00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:09,600
Spyglass. 
Outwardly, calm, When the dust 

851
00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:13,100
settled by late afternoon, 
thousands of mamluk riders, lay 

852
00:44:13,100 --> 00:44:14,800
dead or dying in the Nile 
marshes. 

853
00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:18,400
The French losses were 
relatively light word spread 

854
00:44:18,400 --> 00:44:21,100
among the locals that the young 
General had Supernatural Powers.

855
00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:24,000
How else could one explain such 
a lopsided victory. 

856
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:28,300
Napoleon encouraged these 
Whispers, he established himself

857
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:32,400
in Cairo and convened, a diwan 
council of local notables 

858
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:37,000
pledging respect for Islam and 
the people In proclamations, he 

859
00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:39,900
professed admiration for the 
prophet Muhammad and claimed the

860
00:44:39,900 --> 00:44:43,000
French were friends of Muslims 
even inventing a tale of a 

861
00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:45,100
mystical conversation with his 
arms in a pyramid. 

862
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:49,500
Such declarations were cynical 
but shrewd aimed at pacifying a 

863
00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:52,100
land. 
He knew little about Bonaparte, 

864
00:44:52,100 --> 00:44:54,900
the chameleon was adapting once 
more in Cairo. 

865
00:44:54,900 --> 00:44:57,500
He appeared draped in an 
oriental robot time's. 

866
00:44:57,500 --> 00:44:59,600
Playing the part of the 
Liberator of the East. 

867
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:05,300
However, reality intruded on his
grandiose plans, in August 1798,

868
00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:08,600
mere weeks after the Triumph at 
the pyramids disaster, struck at

869
00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:10,700
Sea. 
The British Admiral Horatio 

870
00:45:10,700 --> 00:45:12,700
Nelson caught. 
The French Fleet anchored in a 

871
00:45:12,700 --> 00:45:16,300
bouquet Bay and annihilated it 
in a fiery night, long battle. 

872
00:45:17,300 --> 00:45:20,200
In one night, Napoleon's 
communication with France was 

873
00:45:20,200 --> 00:45:25,200
severed, his army was stranded 
in Egypt, unfazed outwardly, he 

874
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:27,100
doubled down on forging a new 
narrative. 

875
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:31,000
If returned to Europe was cut 
off, he would turn his Conquest 

876
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:34,700
into a transformative mission. 
He established the Institute 

877
00:45:34,700 --> 00:45:38,600
desert in Cairo, where scholar 
studied everything from ancient 

878
00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:41,400
hieroglyphs, the Rosetta Stone 
would soon be on Earth by his 

879
00:45:41,400 --> 00:45:45,700
team, to Modern irrigation, 
French officers strolled the 

880
00:45:45,700 --> 00:45:48,900
streets with notebooks instead 
of only muskets the occupation 

881
00:45:48,900 --> 00:45:52,300
took on a curious. 
Dual nature brutal military rule

882
00:45:52,300 --> 00:45:56,000
on one hand, suppressing revolts
with mass executions when needed

883
00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:58,400
and enlightened exploration on 
the other. 

884
00:45:59,800 --> 00:46:02,400
Holy and ordered local printers 
to produce a French Arabic 

885
00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:05,000
newspaper. 
Created legit praising french 

886
00:46:05,000 --> 00:46:09,100
fries and reforms. 
Commissioned artists to sketch, 

887
00:46:09,100 --> 00:46:12,300
ruins, and scientists to 
catalog, Egypt's, flora and 

888
00:46:12,308 --> 00:46:15,800
fauna. under the glow of 
lanterns in cairo's palaces 

889
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:18,800
conversations about philosophy 
and governance unfolded in both 

890
00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:22,500
French and Arabic This blend of 
force and charm offensive was 

891
00:46:22,500 --> 00:46:25,700
bonapartes approached to Empire 
Building floor through both 

892
00:46:25,700 --> 00:46:28,800
sword and pain yet. 
Egypt would test Napoleon as 

893
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:32,700
never before. 
In early 1799, Hungary for 

894
00:46:32,700 --> 00:46:35,000
further Laurel's, and concerned 
by an impending ottoman 

895
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:37,800
counter-attack. 
He marched North in Syria 

896
00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:41,000
today's Israel. 
Palestine an Overland Journeys 

897
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:43,700
through sinai's deserts into a 
crucible of hardship. 

898
00:46:44,500 --> 00:46:47,400
The campaign swiftly turned into
a terrifying ordeal. 

899
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:52,600
The sun above was merciless, 
water was scarce plague stalked,

900
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:55,300
the ranks still Napoleon pushed 
on capturing. 

901
00:46:55,300 --> 00:46:58,400
Coastal towns, like, el-arish 
and Gaza and then storming 

902
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:03,100
Jaffrey in March 1799. 
At Jaffa, a horrifying incident 

903
00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:06,700
tarnished, his reputation after 
the city fell, thousands of 

904
00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:09,800
Ottoman, soldiers, who had 
surrendered including a Garrison

905
00:47:09,800 --> 00:47:12,300
previously, paroled by the 
French were executed under 

906
00:47:12,300 --> 00:47:15,100
Napoleon's orders most by 
shooting or bayonet. 

907
00:47:15,100 --> 00:47:17,500
It was an act of Ruthless 
expedience. 

908
00:47:17,500 --> 00:47:21,100
He could neither feed nor guard.
So many prisoners, while enemy 

909
00:47:21,100 --> 00:47:24,400
forces, gathered nearby. 
The beach outside, Jaffa became 

910
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:27,600
a field of death later. 
Accounts described Columns of 

911
00:47:27,608 --> 00:47:31,200
prisoners being led out under 
guard forced to kneel in the 

912
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:34,800
dunes and the crackle of musket 
fire mingling with screams 

913
00:47:34,800 --> 00:47:37,300
Napoleon. 
Never publicly acknowledged, 

914
00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:41,300
this massacre within days, he 
had moved on That some of his 

915
00:47:41,300 --> 00:47:44,500
officers were sickened by it. 
The general who spoke of 

916
00:47:44,500 --> 00:47:46,900
Enlightenment had shown. 
He would also cross any moral 

917
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:51,600
line for military days later in 
the same city and other scene 

918
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:55,200
emerged immortalized in paint 
and propaganda as a Counterpoint

919
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:58,000
to the Bloodshed. 
A vicious outbreak of Bubonic. 

920
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:00,300
Plague ravaged, the French Camp 
after Jaffer. 

921
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:03,000
Soldiers, lay moaning in a 
makeshift Hospital. 

922
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:07,200
Housed in an old Caravan, 
Surrey, fear of contagious read 

923
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:09,800
even faster than the disease. 
Many troops. 

924
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:13,800
Dare not go near the stricken. 
Napoleon understood that fear, 

925
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:16,300
could destroy his army faster 
than plague itself. 

926
00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:19,700
So on a warm morning in 
mid-march, he visited the play 

927
00:48:19,700 --> 00:48:23,000
hospital in Jaffa. 
According to accounts, he Strode

928
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:25,600
through the low, archways of the
mosque turned infirmary with a 

929
00:48:25,608 --> 00:48:28,300
calm expression. 
As a raise of light pierced, the

930
00:48:28,300 --> 00:48:31,000
dusty are rows of the second 
line. 

931
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:32,900
The walls. 
Their face is etched with 

932
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:36,900
feverish agony. 
Napoleon showed no hesitation he

933
00:48:36,900 --> 00:48:39,900
moved from cot to cot speaking 
softly, even touching one 

934
00:48:39,900 --> 00:48:42,600
soldiers in flame bubo with his 
bare hand in a gesture of 

935
00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:45,600
compassion and courage. 
The men watched in astonishment 

936
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:48,700
as their General, the same man 
who had ordered Prisoners shot 

937
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:52,200
days before now, comforted The 
Afflicted with near saintly 

938
00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:54,800
composure. 
One soldier, reportedly tried 

939
00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:58,400
weekly to rise, and salute 
Napoleon, gently made him, rest 

940
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:02,400
this visit became legendary 
later back in France. 

941
00:49:02,400 --> 00:49:04,400
The event would be commemorated 
by artist. 

942
00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:08,200
Antoine grow in a massive 
painting depicting Bonaparte as 

943
00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:10,000
a Fearless healer. 
Reaching out to the plague 

944
00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:12,900
Striker bathed in a quasi 
religious glow. 

945
00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:17,300
The painting glossed over the 
Grimmer context, yet its power 

946
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:19,300
endures. 
It was propaganda. 

947
00:49:19,300 --> 00:49:23,100
As much as compassion, Napoleon 
crafting, the myth of himself as

948
00:49:23,100 --> 00:49:26,200
both ruthless conqueror and 
benevolent hero that spring, 

949
00:49:26,200 --> 00:49:30,000
however, military is were harsh 
Napoleon's Advance Into the 

950
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:32,800
Heart of Syria encountered. 
The formidable walls, of Accra 

951
00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:36,300
British warships, aided the 
ottoman Defenders, and despite 

952
00:49:36,300 --> 00:49:39,300
repeated assaults The Fortress 
of Akron did not fall. 

953
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:44,400
Bonapartes Army grew weaker by 
the day, plague heat and stiff 

954
00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:47,900
resistance sap their strength. 
After two months of frustration 

955
00:49:47,900 --> 00:49:51,400
and Napoleon, finally lifted The
Siege in May 1799. 

956
00:49:52,300 --> 00:49:56,700
On a grueling Retreat. 
Back to Egypt harassed by a 

957
00:49:56,700 --> 00:49:59,900
mounted ottoman forces, and 
bedeviled by the merciless 

958
00:49:59,900 --> 00:50:02,500
climate. 
The omniscient narrator of 

959
00:50:02,500 --> 00:50:05,100
History might note that the 
event was the first serious 

960
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:08,700
setback in Napoleon's career. 
Outside the walls of Accra. 

961
00:50:08,700 --> 00:50:12,100
The limits of his fortune became
evident in one point. 

962
00:50:12,100 --> 00:50:15,200
Incident during the retreat 
French soldier, too. 

963
00:50:15,200 --> 00:50:16,800
Sick to walk. 
Begged not to be left behind 

964
00:50:16,800 --> 00:50:20,000
Napoleon paused and in a red 
display of quiet. 

965
00:50:20,000 --> 00:50:23,200
Mercy ordered that a horse. 
Be left for the man, a small 

966
00:50:23,208 --> 00:50:28,700
Redemption for jaffer's Horror. 
By late, 1799, Cairo Napoleon 

967
00:50:28,700 --> 00:50:31,500
received word of political 
turmoil in France and the threat

968
00:50:31,500 --> 00:50:33,400
of invasion by European 
coalitions. 

969
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:36,800
Sensing that his moment on the 
larger World stage had arrived. 

970
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:40,100
He made a fateful decision, he 
would abandon the Egyptian 

971
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:42,000
Enterprise and returned to Paris
post haste. 

972
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:45,800
He left general kleber in charge
of the army with secret 

973
00:50:45,800 --> 00:50:48,900
instructions to negotiate 
withdrawal and slipped out of 

974
00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:53,200
Egypt with a few close aides. 
In August 1799 by lucken 

975
00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:55,700
stealth, he navigated through 
the British blockades and 

976
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:58,400
arrived in France in October 
where he was greeted as a hero. 

977
00:50:59,300 --> 00:51:02,500
Astonishingly the disasters, The
Fleets destruction and the 

978
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:05,500
failure at Echo were largely 
suppressed or ignored in the 

979
00:51:05,500 --> 00:51:08,300
news instead. 
France, heard only of the 

980
00:51:08,300 --> 00:51:10,700
triumphs, the battle of the 
pyramids, the scientific 

981
00:51:10,700 --> 00:51:14,600
discoveries and the Bold Eastern
Adventure in the public eye. 

982
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:19,100
The Napoleon returned from Egypt
draped in Oriental mystery and 

983
00:51:19,100 --> 00:51:22,400
Glory. 
As he intended he brought home 

984
00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:26,700
Scholars, reports exotic animals
and art further, fueling the 

985
00:51:26,700 --> 00:51:29,900
legend he was weaving around 
himself, The Egyptian 

986
00:51:29,900 --> 00:51:32,500
Expedition, ultimately was a 
mixed success at Best in 

987
00:51:32,500 --> 00:51:36,500
Practical terms, but in terms of
Napoleon's self-made mythology, 

988
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:40,000
it was a Triumph. 
He had shown France, not only a 

989
00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:43,500
general of Battlefield genius, 
but also a leader who aspire to 

990
00:51:43,508 --> 00:51:45,500
Greatness on a civilizational 
scale. 

991
00:51:46,300 --> 00:51:49,300
He cast himself as a new 
Alexander, a law giver and 

992
00:51:49,300 --> 00:51:51,300
Patron of knowledge as well as a
warrior. 

993
00:51:51,300 --> 00:51:55,500
The contradictions were Stark 
The same man who executed 

994
00:51:55,500 --> 00:51:58,700
prisoners and poisoned plague 
victims also posed as an 

995
00:51:58,700 --> 00:52:00,200
emancipator and enlightened 
ruler. 

996
00:52:01,300 --> 00:52:04,200
Julian seemed aware that to 
achieve immortality, a leader, 

997
00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:06,800
had to shape his narrative. 
In Egypt. 

998
00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:08,600
He learned the power of image 
and propaganda. 

999
00:52:09,300 --> 00:52:12,000
From the grandiose proclamations
and commissioned paintings to 

1000
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:14,200
the curated flow of news back to
Europe. 

1001
00:52:14,200 --> 00:52:17,900
He ensured that he Napoleon 
Bonaparte would not be 

1002
00:52:17,900 --> 00:52:19,700
considered merely another French
General. 

1003
00:52:20,300 --> 00:52:23,300
He would become a figure worthy 
of epochs a man who conquered 

1004
00:52:23,300 --> 00:52:25,900
ancient lands and engaged in 
conversation with the pyramids 

1005
00:52:25,900 --> 00:52:29,200
as he returned to France. 
He prepared for his next daring 

1006
00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:33,900
action, seizing political power,
The Savior France had returned 

1007
00:52:33,900 --> 00:52:36,400
from the deserts burnished by 
Sun and fame. 

1008
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:38,700
Ready to dictate the next 
chapter of the Revolution. 

1009
00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:43,300
The France. 
Napoleon returned to in 1799 was

1010
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:46,700
right for change. 
In it, the directory government 

1011
00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:51,800
was deeply unpopular marred by 
corruption economic troubles and

1012
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:54,000
Military setbacks in Europe 
during his absence. 

1013
00:52:55,100 --> 00:52:58,900
Paris buzzed with rumors of 
coups and conspiracies Emmanuel 

1014
00:52:58,900 --> 00:53:01,300
caes. 
One of the directors famously 

1015
00:53:01,300 --> 00:53:04,800
muttered that France needed 
ahead a sword to complete the 

1016
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:07,500
revolution's work. 
Fresh from his Egyptian, 

1017
00:53:07,500 --> 00:53:10,700
mystique and Italian Laurels 
Napoleon appeared to many as the

1018
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:14,500
ideal candidate for this role. 
Ever the political opportunist, 

1019
00:53:14,500 --> 00:53:18,900
he quietly aligned with plotters
including caes Taliah and his 

1020
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:23,900
Savvy younger brother Lucien 
Bonaparte Behind closed doors in

1021
00:53:23,900 --> 00:53:27,900
prison salons with cigar smoke, 
the plot of scheme to topple the

1022
00:53:27,900 --> 00:53:30,000
directory throughout October 
1799. 

1023
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:34,500
Napoleon was cautious at first, 
assessing every detail like a 

1024
00:53:34,500 --> 00:53:37,600
battlefield plan. 
But as the crowds cheered him in

1025
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:40,500
the streets, and even the fickle
newspapers, hailed him, he 

1026
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:42,300
realized that now was The 
crucial moment. 

1027
00:53:43,100 --> 00:53:45,200
We command get caught in the 
current of events. 

1028
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:48,500
He confided to a friend, but I 
will direct events myself. 

1029
00:53:49,900 --> 00:53:52,800
The omniscient, narrator might 
observe that fortune was once 

1030
00:53:52,800 --> 00:53:56,500
again favoring him Napoleon put 
his plan in motion on the 

1031
00:53:56,500 --> 00:54:02,200
morning of 18 Premier year. 8 
November 9th 1799 by the 

1032
00:54:02,208 --> 00:54:06,200
Republican calendar under the 
pretext of a supposed jacket in 

1033
00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:08,500
threat. 
He persuaded the counsels 

1034
00:54:08,500 --> 00:54:11,800
France's legislature to move 
their session out of volatile 

1035
00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:15,400
Paris to the Suburban. 
Chateau of Saint clue where his 

1036
00:54:15,400 --> 00:54:16,800
loyal troops could surround 
them. 

1037
00:54:17,900 --> 00:54:20,200
The air was tense and thick with
the Intrigue. 

1038
00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:23,000
As Bonaparte, donned his 
generals uniform, mounted, a 

1039
00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:25,500
horse and trotted through the 
Paris streets flanked by 

1040
00:54:25,508 --> 00:54:27,800
grenadiers. 
He had told Josephine to be 

1041
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:30,700
ready for any outcome success, 
or his death or imprisonment. 

1042
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:33,600
If I fail, I shall be outlawed 
tomorrow. 

1043
00:54:33,600 --> 00:54:38,600
He said Flatley by afternoon 
under grain November Skies 

1044
00:54:38,600 --> 00:54:41,600
soldiers, occupied key positions
around San Luis. 

1045
00:54:41,600 --> 00:54:45,200
Inside bewildered deputies, 
gathered in gilded Chambers. 

1046
00:54:45,200 --> 00:54:49,500
Suspecting something was amiss 
Napoleon paste in an 

1047
00:54:49,500 --> 00:54:52,000
anti-chamber 
uncharacteristically nervous. 

1048
00:54:52,800 --> 00:54:56,300
He was a man used to commanding 
armies, not quelling politicians

1049
00:54:56,300 --> 00:54:58,800
and for perhaps the first time 
out at him. 

1050
00:54:59,600 --> 00:55:02,600
Nonetheless, he stealed himself 
and strahd in to the Hall of the

1051
00:55:02,600 --> 00:55:06,100
Council of ancients head high. 
He addressed the Ancients with 

1052
00:55:06,100 --> 00:55:10,300
controlled passion, decrying the
incapable directory and the 

1053
00:55:10,300 --> 00:55:14,300
perils facing France. 
His hands trembled slightly as 

1054
00:55:14,300 --> 00:55:16,800
he gestured. 
This was no Battlefield. 

1055
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:19,600
And the Hostile stares of 
elected. 

1056
00:55:19,600 --> 00:55:21,200
Deputies were a new kind of 
danger. 

1057
00:55:22,000 --> 00:55:24,600
Some applauded. 
But others murmured in descent. 

1058
00:55:25,400 --> 00:55:27,300
Napoleon next move to the 
Council of 500. 

1059
00:55:27,308 --> 00:55:30,700
The lower house where things 
would soon descend into chaos. 

1060
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:34,300
The moment, he entered the 
orangery where 500 legislators 

1061
00:55:34,300 --> 00:55:38,400
were meeting a hostile raw rose 
up down with the Tyrant Outlaw 

1062
00:55:38,400 --> 00:55:39,900
him. 
Jacobin deputies screamed upon 

1063
00:55:39,900 --> 00:55:43,400
seeing soldiers at his back, 
Napoleon momentarily, stumbled, 

1064
00:55:43,400 --> 00:55:46,600
over his words, declaring, that 
his only goal was to preserve 

1065
00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:49,700
the Republic. 
Presence in flamed the assembly 

1066
00:55:49,700 --> 00:55:53,800
and not of deputies rushed him 
one even lunging as if to stab 

1067
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:57,100
him with a paper knife. 
Amid shouts of hauler, lower 

1068
00:55:57,100 --> 00:56:01,300
Outlaw him Napoleon. 
Turned pale and reportedly began

1069
00:56:01,300 --> 00:56:03,300
to shake. 
For heartbeat. 

1070
00:56:03,300 --> 00:56:05,700
It seemed his carefully laid 
Kumite collapse in 

1071
00:56:05,708 --> 00:56:08,500
embarrassment. 
Grenadiers hustled him out as 

1072
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:11,800
the hall erupted in pandemonium 
outside, in the palace, 

1073
00:56:11,800 --> 00:56:15,100
Courtyard, and Napoleon Court, 
his breath, sweat beading on his

1074
00:56:15,100 --> 00:56:17,300
forehead. 
In the cool automator, he was 

1075
00:56:17,308 --> 00:56:20,500
used to Battlefield Glory, but 
this was raw political theater 

1076
00:56:20,500 --> 00:56:23,800
and it was almost lost. 
The day was saved by a 

1077
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:26,200
combination of military force 
and his brothers, quick wits. 

1078
00:56:26,900 --> 00:56:29,900
Lucien Bonaparte decisively, 
took the stage as president of 

1079
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:33,300
the Council of 500. 
He Slipped Away in addressed the

1080
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:36,500
soldiers waiting outside. 
With the dramatic flourish, 

1081
00:56:36,500 --> 00:56:39,800
Lucian drew his sword and 
pointed it at Napoleon's chest 

1082
00:56:39,800 --> 00:56:41,600
shouting. 
The his brothers being attacked 

1083
00:56:41,600 --> 00:56:44,600
by assassins inside and that he 
would strike in, Napoleon down 

1084
00:56:44,600 --> 00:56:46,400
himself. 
If ever the general betrayed, 

1085
00:56:46,400 --> 00:56:50,300
the people, The grenadiers 
perplexed but swayed by lucian's

1086
00:56:50,300 --> 00:56:53,200
bravado rallied. 
They burst into the hall with 

1087
00:56:53,200 --> 00:56:56,400
fixed bayonets clearing, it of 
recalcitrant, deputies and 

1088
00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:59,508
minutes legislators scrambled 
out windows or bolted for the 

1089
00:56:59,516 --> 00:57:01,500
doors as soldiers occupied the 
chamber. 

1090
00:57:02,100 --> 00:57:05,000
Like evening Santa clue was 
silent save for the measured 

1091
00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:08,800
Tramp of boots on marble floors.
A rump of hand-picked deputies 

1092
00:57:08,800 --> 00:57:10,800
brought back under bayonet 
guard. 

1093
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:13,900
Voted to abolish the directory 
and appointed a three-man 

1094
00:57:13,900 --> 00:57:15,200
consulate to govern. 
France. 

1095
00:57:16,300 --> 00:57:19,000
The coup a far messier than 
planned had succeeded. 

1096
00:57:19,800 --> 00:57:22,700
Napoleon was named first Consul 
the dominant position in the new

1097
00:57:22,700 --> 00:57:25,200
government. 
As he rode back to Paris that 

1098
00:57:25,200 --> 00:57:28,100
night under escort. 
He was exhausted, but exalted. 

1099
00:57:28,900 --> 00:57:31,500
The revolution is over declared 
to Aid with quiet. 

1100
00:57:31,500 --> 00:57:33,500
Triumph, I am the revolution 
now. 

1101
00:57:34,600 --> 00:57:37,600
In reality, it was a new 
beginning, the 30 year old 

1102
00:57:37,600 --> 00:57:39,900
General had seized control of 
the nation. 

1103
00:57:40,700 --> 00:57:43,800
Over the next month's Napoleon. 
Solidified, his power with 

1104
00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:45,900
breathtaking speed and 
shrewdness. 

1105
00:57:46,700 --> 00:57:49,700
While Sierra's and Decor, the 
other two consoles were shunted,

1106
00:57:49,700 --> 00:57:52,800
aside into a relevance 
bonapartes set up residence. 

1107
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:56,300
In the tweezers Palace, the 
former Royal residents signaling

1108
00:57:56,300 --> 00:57:58,100
that a new kind of ruler had 
arrived. 

1109
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:02,000
He worked for oceanly, sometimes
18 hours a day, overseeing 

1110
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:04,500
everything from military 
operations to administrative 

1111
00:58:04,500 --> 00:58:07,200
reforms. 
The third person omniscient view

1112
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:10,600
allows a glimpse into his 
private routine Rising Before 

1113
00:58:10,600 --> 00:58:13,400
Dawn he would dictate letters to
multiple secretaries and 

1114
00:58:13,400 --> 00:58:15,900
succession his mind leaping from
topic to topic. 

1115
00:58:15,900 --> 00:58:19,000
Then meet ministers then 
generals sorting each issue with

1116
00:58:19,008 --> 00:58:22,200
a decisive Clarity. 
He seemed to scarcely need sleep

1117
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:24,800
running on ambition and endless 
cups of strong coffee. 

1118
00:58:25,600 --> 00:58:27,400
France, weary of a decade of 
revolutionary. 

1119
00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:30,800
Chaos responded enthusiastically
to firmly the ship. 

1120
00:58:30,800 --> 00:58:34,700
Even as Napoleon Titan 
censorship on the press and set 

1121
00:58:34,700 --> 00:58:36,700
up an efficient secret police 
under Joseph. 

1122
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:39,100
Fouche, many welcome the 
stability. 

1123
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:43,100
These measures brought a new 
slogan appeared Authority, not 

1124
00:58:43,100 --> 00:58:46,500
Liberty. 
The very people who had once 

1125
00:58:46,500 --> 00:58:48,200
shouted for Freedom now craved 
order. 

1126
00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:51,900
Bonaparte delivered, it. 
Abroad. 

1127
00:58:51,900 --> 00:58:54,100
He can continue to prove his 
genius on the battlefield 

1128
00:58:54,100 --> 00:58:56,600
further cementing his position 
at home. 

1129
00:58:57,900 --> 00:59:01,100
In 1800 when Austria threatened 
to overturn the gains of the 

1130
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:04,200
Revolution Napoleon, led a 
dramatic crossing of the Alps, 

1131
00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:07,200
guiding the army of the reserve 
through the high passes with 

1132
00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:09,700
Canon dragged by mules and men 
in scenes. 

1133
00:59:09,700 --> 00:59:12,400
That would later be immortalized
in art or be it with a white 

1134
00:59:12,400 --> 00:59:16,200
charger, he likely never Rodeo. 
he surprised the austrians in 

1135
00:59:16,200 --> 00:59:18,900
Northern Italy by securing a 
victory at Marengo, in June, 

1136
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:23,300
1800 Fierce battle where a 
midday crisis almost led to the 

1137
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:26,900
French's defeat but a timely 
cavalry charge reversed, the 

1138
00:59:26,900 --> 00:59:30,600
outcome Marengo became Mythic in
France Napoleon. 

1139
00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:34,300
Spun it as a grand Triumph of 
his personal leadership, indeed 

1140
00:59:34,300 --> 00:59:37,408
when his exhausted troops. 
Cheered Viva Bonaparte on the 

1141
00:59:37,416 --> 00:59:40,700
blood soaked fields of Marengo. 
It reinforced his near 

1142
00:59:40,700 --> 00:59:44,900
Messianic, status Austria sued 
for peace and Britain, 2 signed 

1143
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:48,300
the Treaty of Amy and 1802, a 
rare moment of General European,

1144
00:59:48,300 --> 00:59:51,400
peace that the first console 
used to consolidate his regime. 

1145
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:54,600
During these years. 
Napoleon revealed himself, not 

1146
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:57,600
just as a brilliant General, but
as a statement of extraordinary 

1147
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:01,900
talent and contradictions, he 
set about rebuilding France, the

1148
01:00:01,900 --> 01:00:04,800
consulate saw sweeping reforms 
and new legal code. 

1149
01:00:04,800 --> 01:00:09,000
The code civil Napoleonic Code 
was, drafted to shine a quality 

1150
01:00:09,000 --> 01:00:12,000
before the law property rights 
and secular Authority. 

1151
01:00:12,900 --> 01:00:16,300
Napoleon took a direct hand. 
In its formulation personally, 

1152
01:00:16,300 --> 01:00:18,100
chairing. 
Many sessions of the Council of 

1153
01:00:18,100 --> 01:00:21,200
State quill in hand, debating 
points of contract law 

1154
01:00:21,200 --> 01:00:24,400
inheritance. 
The code completed in 1804 

1155
01:00:24,400 --> 01:00:27,100
eliminated, feudal, remnants and
became one of Napoleon's 

1156
01:00:27,100 --> 01:00:30,400
proudest achievements. 
A lasting framework of Justice. 

1157
01:00:31,300 --> 01:00:34,000
At the same time, he broke at a 
reconciliation with the Catholic

1158
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:38,500
Church through the concordat of 
1801 healing, the rift caused by

1159
01:00:38,500 --> 01:00:39,800
a revolutionary 
de-christianization. 

1160
01:00:41,300 --> 01:00:44,700
To the horror of ideologues this
pragmatic deal recognized 

1161
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:47,700
Catholicism as the religion of 
most Frenchmen though, not the 

1162
01:00:47,708 --> 01:00:50,600
state, religion and restored 
some church influence. 

1163
01:00:50,600 --> 01:00:54,600
But under Napoleon's terms The 
once anti-clerical General 

1164
01:00:54,600 --> 01:00:57,600
understood that to pacify 
France, he must placate her 

1165
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:00,800
Believers thus in Notre. 
Dame Cathedral where 

1166
01:01:00,800 --> 01:01:03,900
revolutionaries had. 
Once exalted reason Mass was 

1167
01:01:03,900 --> 01:01:06,000
celebrated Again, by order of 
the first console. 

1168
01:01:06,600 --> 01:01:09,800
No detail of governance. 
Escaped him, he created the bank

1169
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:12,500
of France to stabilize. 
The currency overhauled 

1170
01:01:12,500 --> 01:01:15,600
educational with newly says, and
scholarships and reformed 

1171
01:01:15,600 --> 01:01:19,400
taxation, so revenues flowed, 
reliably roads and bridges were 

1172
01:01:19,400 --> 01:01:23,000
built or a cross the country. 
In the Twilight Halls of the 

1173
01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:25,000
twillery. 
Courtiers once again, danced at 

1174
01:01:25,000 --> 01:01:26,900
balls. 
But this time, honoring a 

1175
01:01:26,900 --> 01:01:30,300
soldier in place of a king. 
France was regaining prosperity 

1176
01:01:30,300 --> 01:01:33,900
in confidence under Napoleon's 
firm hand, all the wild 

1177
01:01:33,900 --> 01:01:36,800
bonapartes, personal power grew,
ever more concentrated. 

1178
01:01:37,800 --> 01:01:42,200
In 1802 a national plebiscite. 
We may carefully managed by his 

1179
01:01:42,200 --> 01:01:44,800
officials. 
Made him first consul for life. 

1180
01:01:45,600 --> 01:01:49,800
The result was announced with 
Fanfare, an implausible majority

1181
01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:53,400
of Voters in favor which 
flattered him immensely, he 

1182
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:55,800
would famously dismiss 
objections by pointing to such 

1183
01:01:55,800 --> 01:02:00,400
plebiscites claiming. 
He had the people's mandate An 

1184
01:02:00,400 --> 01:02:03,000
emperor in Waiting in all, but 
name he began to Envision a 

1185
01:02:03,000 --> 01:02:05,100
dynasty. 
In the quiet of his private 

1186
01:02:05,100 --> 01:02:08,100
study and pondered the fates of 
Caesar and Charlemagne 

1187
01:02:08,100 --> 01:02:10,300
concluding that the revolution 
needed the permanence of 

1188
01:02:10,308 --> 01:02:13,300
monarchy in a new form. 
His siblings were given honors 

1189
01:02:13,300 --> 01:02:16,300
and arranged advantageous, 
marriages Napoleon was 

1190
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:19,700
positioning the bonapartes as 
France's new royal family, much 

1191
01:02:19,700 --> 01:02:22,500
to the ridicule of some old 
revolutionaries who muttered 

1192
01:02:22,500 --> 01:02:26,000
that we did not destroy one 
aristocracy to create another 

1193
01:02:27,000 --> 01:02:30,100
But many others went along 
legally trading, ideological 

1194
01:02:30,100 --> 01:02:34,900
Purity for the trappings of a 
renewed Court. by 1804 foiled 

1195
01:02:34,900 --> 01:02:38,900
plot against his life, such as 
the infernal machine bomb on a 

1196
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:42,600
Paris Street in 1800 And 
royalist intrigues, provided the

1197
01:02:42,600 --> 01:02:47,900
pretext to take the final step. 
In the spring of 1804 evidence 

1198
01:02:47,900 --> 01:02:50,500
of a bourbon Prince's 
involvement in a conspiracy. 

1199
01:02:50,500 --> 01:02:54,900
Let Napoleon to order the Duke 
of Angie Yen seized from neutral

1200
01:02:54,900 --> 01:02:58,100
territory, and executed and 
action that sent a chill through

1201
01:02:58,100 --> 01:03:00,700
Europe's aristocracy but 
eliminated a potential 

1202
01:03:00,700 --> 01:03:04,100
figurehead for monarchists. 
Soon after the Senate petition 

1203
01:03:04,100 --> 01:03:06,700
Napoleon to assume the title of 
Emperor to stabilize the 

1204
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:09,200
government, it was staged, 
managed yet. 

1205
01:03:09,200 --> 01:03:12,400
It answered a real yearning, 
among the French for continuity 

1206
01:03:12,400 --> 01:03:15,100
and Glory. 
Napoleon accepted. 

1207
01:03:15,100 --> 01:03:17,400
Another plebiscite was held 
again. 

1208
01:03:17,400 --> 01:03:20,200
Approving by an overwhelming 
margin, that Bonaparte become 

1209
01:03:20,200 --> 01:03:24,600
emperor of the French On 
December 2nd, 1804 Notre Dame 

1210
01:03:24,600 --> 01:03:27,300
cathedral in Paris hosted a 
coronation the likes of which 

1211
01:03:27,300 --> 01:03:31,000
Europe had not seen in decades. 
The medieval edifice wants to 

1212
01:03:31,000 --> 01:03:33,400
face and neglected, in the 
Revolutionary turmoil was 

1213
01:03:33,400 --> 01:03:36,400
lavishly restored and raped in 
crimson and gold for the 

1214
01:03:36,408 --> 01:03:39,000
occasion dignitaries from across
Europe. 

1215
01:03:39,000 --> 01:03:42,000
Some grudging others, curious, 
attended. 

1216
01:03:42,700 --> 01:03:45,600
Pope Pius, the seventh himself 
was brought from Rome to bless 

1217
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:49,000
the ceremony, a stunning coup 
that led to mantle of ancient 

1218
01:03:49,000 --> 01:03:52,400
legitimacy, the atmosphere 
inside, Notre Dame mixed 

1219
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:55,400
Grandeur. 
With spectacle incense wafted 

1220
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:58,900
through the air hundreds of 
candles illuminated the naive 

1221
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:02,800
and the 35 year old Napoleon 
Robes of velvet. 

1222
01:04:02,800 --> 01:04:06,900
And in process down the aisle to
the strains of Glorious music. 

1223
01:04:07,900 --> 01:04:11,000
But true to his character, he 
subtly upended, traditional at 

1224
01:04:11,000 --> 01:04:13,800
the climactic moment. 
Because the pope prepared to 

1225
01:04:13,800 --> 01:04:17,500
anoint and Crown Him Napoleon, 
stepped forward, took the crown 

1226
01:04:17,500 --> 01:04:21,900
and new golden diadem modeled on
Charlemagne's into his hands and

1227
01:04:21,900 --> 01:04:25,100
placed it upon his head. 
The audience gasped, softly was 

1228
01:04:25,100 --> 01:04:28,100
unheard of from a monarch to 
Crown himself, then Napoleon. 

1229
01:04:28,100 --> 01:04:31,800
Crowned Josephine, as empress 
gently setting, a small crown on

1230
01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:34,600
her bowed head. 
Even as tears of emotion, filled

1231
01:04:34,600 --> 01:04:37,600
her eyes, their marriage had 
been Rocky over the issue of an 

1232
01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:40,000
air. 
But today, they presented a 

1233
01:04:40,000 --> 01:04:43,200
united front in Majesty. 
The pope raised a hand in 

1234
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:45,800
blessing effectively ratifying 
what had already occurred. 

1235
01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:50,500
Observers noted the symbolism 
Napoleon signaled, that he owed 

1236
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:52,800
his throne to no one. 
But himself in the French people

1237
01:04:52,800 --> 01:04:56,300
by the grace of God and the 
constitution of the Republic as 

1238
01:04:56,300 --> 01:04:59,200
the formula ran. 
Some detractors whispered it was

1239
01:04:59,208 --> 01:05:02,200
the ultimate Act of bonapartes 
arrogance, others saw in it. 

1240
01:05:02,200 --> 01:05:04,900
The genius of a man who made and
recognized his own destiny. 

1241
01:05:04,900 --> 01:05:08,700
Either way Napoleon had risen 
from Corsica and obscurity to 

1242
01:05:08,700 --> 01:05:10,600
Imperial Zenith in just 15 
years. 

1243
01:05:11,800 --> 01:05:15,200
The Cannons boomed, a 21 gun 
salute across Paris and the 

1244
01:05:15,200 --> 01:05:18,000
newly crowned Empress stepped 
out on the cathedral steps. 

1245
01:05:18,000 --> 01:05:21,300
In the same uniform, he wore at 
moringo beneath the Imperial 

1246
01:05:21,300 --> 01:05:25,400
mantle the crowds acclaimed him 
wildly many had tears in their 

1247
01:05:25,408 --> 01:05:29,000
eyes believing they beheld the 
savior of France, crowned in 

1248
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:32,500
glory, Thus, the French Republic
gave way to the French Empire 

1249
01:05:32,500 --> 01:05:36,000
with Napoleon the first on the 
throne in him. 

1250
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:38,800
He saw a rare combination of 
revolutionary change and 

1251
01:05:38,808 --> 01:05:41,500
traditional Authority. 
He kept the slogan, Liberty, 

1252
01:05:41,500 --> 01:05:45,000
equality, fraternity, on his 
lips even as he founded a new 

1253
01:05:45,008 --> 01:05:48,800
nobility, granted Marshalls 
princely titles and sat on the 

1254
01:05:48,800 --> 01:05:51,100
throne. 
The third person, omniscient 

1255
01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:54,600
perspective discerns in Napoleon
a consciousness of this Paradox.

1256
01:05:54,600 --> 01:05:57,800
He sincerely viewed himself as 
the guarantor of the 

1257
01:05:57,800 --> 01:06:01,200
revolution's core games. 
Even while accumulating power 

1258
01:06:01,200 --> 01:06:03,400
more, absolute than any of them 
before him. 

1259
01:06:04,600 --> 01:06:07,200
On the night, after the 
coronation in theory Palace, the

1260
01:06:07,200 --> 01:06:11,000
emperor, sat long awake. 
The Imperial Crown rested on a 

1261
01:06:11,008 --> 01:06:13,900
table nearby. 
Did he feel Triumph while the 

1262
01:06:13,900 --> 01:06:17,500
white of what he had assumed 
perhaps both, he had achieved 

1263
01:06:17,500 --> 01:06:20,300
Grandeur but the drive that 
fueled him did not Abate. 

1264
01:06:20,300 --> 01:06:25,000
He murmured to one that evening.
I have crown Josephine but is 

1265
01:06:25,000 --> 01:06:28,200
only a wreath on a journey. 
I refuse to slack off on the 

1266
01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:29,900
throne. 
We have only begun. 

1267
01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:35,200
Indeed, New Horizons of power 
stretched out before him King's,

1268
01:06:35,200 --> 01:06:38,800
to topple nation's to fail, and 
an Empire that at its height. 

1269
01:06:38,808 --> 01:06:42,400
Would redraw the map of Europe 
and leave an indelible mark on 

1270
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:45,000
History. 
Napoleon's empire burst onto the

1271
01:06:45,000 --> 01:06:48,700
world stage with all the pomp of
a revived Roman Empire and the 

1272
01:06:48,708 --> 01:06:52,700
energy of a modern nation state.
By 1805, the newly. 

1273
01:06:52,700 --> 01:06:55,600
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

1274
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:58,100
and Charisma. 
He had transformed France 

1275
01:06:58,100 --> 01:07:00,700
internally. 
And now he set out to reshape 

1276
01:07:00,700 --> 01:07:05,200
Europe in France's image and 
under France's domination courts

1277
01:07:05,200 --> 01:07:07,800
across the continent yet from 
Vienna to Berlin. 

1278
01:07:07,800 --> 01:07:11,400
Watch the self-made Monarch with
a mix of all fear and loathing 

1279
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:14,900
they dubbed him, the Corsican 
ogre in private yet could not 

1280
01:07:14,908 --> 01:07:17,000
deny his Brilliance in war and 
governance. 

1281
01:07:17,000 --> 01:07:20,400
Napoleon's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

1282
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:23,800
A child of Revolution who donned
a crown, a promoter of a 

1283
01:07:23,800 --> 01:07:28,000
galatian law, who married into 
the ancient regime in 1809, he 

1284
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:30,500
divorced Josephine who had 
failed to produce an heir. 

1285
01:07:30,500 --> 01:07:34,000
A married Marie, Louise and 
Austrian harder and 

1286
01:07:34,000 --> 01:07:36,600
architecture. 
Thus aligning himself to the 

1287
01:07:36,600 --> 01:07:40,600
habsburgs. 
At the Empire Zenith roughly 

1288
01:07:40,600 --> 01:07:44,200
1807 to 1809. 
It seemed nothing could stand 

1289
01:07:44,200 --> 01:07:46,700
against him. 
His Empire stretched from the 

1290
01:07:46,700 --> 01:07:49,700
Atlantic to the Russian border 
from the north Seton Naples. 

1291
01:07:49,700 --> 01:07:54,200
His brother Joseph sat on the 
throne in Naples Joseph ruled in

1292
01:07:54,200 --> 01:07:56,700
Spain. 
After 1808, his brother Louie, 

1293
01:07:56,700 --> 01:07:59,200
governed in Holland. 
His brothers Yeoman reigned in 

1294
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:01,700
Westphalia. 
And initially, he himself wore 

1295
01:08:01,700 --> 01:08:05,400
the iron crown of Lombardy. 
A veritable family system of 

1296
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:08,600
bonapartes replaced. 
Old dynasties, Napoleon's, 

1297
01:08:08,600 --> 01:08:11,100
Marshals once commoners and 
Soldiers of Fortune. 

1298
01:08:11,100 --> 01:08:15,000
Now, ruled as Dukes over 
conquered provinces, The map of 

1299
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:18,300
Europe was redrawn with French 
client, republics and kingdoms 

1300
01:08:18,300 --> 01:08:20,500
Napoleon. 
Dismantled the ancient. 

1301
01:08:20,500 --> 01:08:23,899
Holy Roman Empire in the German 
Heartland in 1806. 

1302
01:08:23,899 --> 01:08:27,899
A millennium of history in the 
process in its place. 

1303
01:08:27,899 --> 01:08:30,500
He created the confederation of 
the Rhine under his protection. 

1304
01:08:31,700 --> 01:08:35,100
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly
the whole of Continental Europe.

1305
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:38,399
Either lay under his Direct 
Control or dance to his tune. 

1306
01:08:38,399 --> 01:08:42,200
These years saw Napoleon's 
military genius at its 

1307
01:08:42,200 --> 01:08:45,800
Undisputed Peak. 
The war of the third Coalition 

1308
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:48,800
in 1805, brought France, 
head-to-head with Austria, 

1309
01:08:48,800 --> 01:08:51,899
Russia and Britain. 
Napoleon's response was 

1310
01:08:51,899 --> 01:08:55,200
characteristically or dacious, 
he abandoned his frequently 

1311
01:08:55,200 --> 01:08:58,399
discussed his plan to invade 
Britain as the Royal Navy still 

1312
01:08:58,399 --> 01:09:01,800
held sway over the seas. 
And instead he swiftly marched, 

1313
01:09:01,800 --> 01:09:05,600
his Grand Army, Eastwood in a 
master stroke of maneuver, he 

1314
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:09,200
encircled an Austrian Army at 
all in October, 1805 with a 

1315
01:09:09,200 --> 01:09:12,600
major fight, forcing its 
surrender then as an Austrian 

1316
01:09:12,600 --> 01:09:14,800
and Russian combined full 
attempted to regroup. 

1317
01:09:14,800 --> 01:09:18,000
Napoleon lured them into a trap 
on the fields of Australia's in 

1318
01:09:18,008 --> 01:09:22,600
Moravia on December 2nd. 1805 
exactly one year after his 

1319
01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:24,600
coronation, he delivered what he
himself. 

1320
01:09:24,600 --> 01:09:27,600
Regarded as his tactical 
Masterpiece, the Battle of 

1321
01:09:27,608 --> 01:09:30,600
austerlitz also called The 
Battle of the three emperors. 

1322
01:09:31,500 --> 01:09:35,500
Adorn, a gentle fog blanket in 
the plane concealing parts of 

1323
01:09:35,500 --> 01:09:38,899
the French positions. 
Napoleon intentionally exposed 

1324
01:09:38,899 --> 01:09:41,700
his right flank to the Allies 
attack, and when they succumbed 

1325
01:09:41,700 --> 01:09:44,200
to his deception, he launched an
attack on their Center. 

1326
01:09:45,100 --> 01:09:48,399
As the mid-morning Sun, the 
famed son of austerlitz burned 

1327
01:09:48,399 --> 01:09:51,600
through the Mist. 
The French seized the high 

1328
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:54,900
pratts and Heights splitting. 
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 

1329
01:09:54,900 --> 01:09:57,900
galloped past cheering columns 
as they rolled up the Allied 

1330
01:09:57,900 --> 01:10:01,100
Lines by early afternoon. 
The Coalition Army was in full 

1331
01:10:01,108 --> 01:10:03,200
Retreat and thousands of enemy 
soldiers. 

1332
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:06,100
Drowned in the ice of frozen 
lakes that the French artillery 

1333
01:10:06,100 --> 01:10:08,300
shattered. 
The victory was complete. 

1334
01:10:09,300 --> 01:10:11,900
Watching the remnants of the 
Russian army in Napoleon 

1335
01:10:11,900 --> 01:10:14,600
remarked to his Marshals with 
pride gentlemen. 

1336
01:10:14,600 --> 01:10:18,500
Remember this day in May well be
the greatest of my life indeed 

1337
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:21,300
Austin served as the crowning 
achievement of his Imperial 

1338
01:10:21,300 --> 01:10:24,700
Reign Austria. 
Capitulated signing the Treaty 

1339
01:10:24,700 --> 01:10:26,100
of pressburg and ceding 
territory. 

1340
01:10:26,100 --> 01:10:29,500
The Holy Roman Emperor, 
abdicated his ancient title 

1341
01:10:29,500 --> 01:10:32,700
shortly after effectively ending
the Holy Roman Empire. 

1342
01:10:33,700 --> 01:10:37,400
In gratitude Napoleon soldiers, 
nicknamed him, the Soleil Dusty 

1343
01:10:37,400 --> 01:10:40,500
the son of austerlitz. 
The symbol of the glory. 

1344
01:10:40,500 --> 01:10:43,900
He had brought them. 
With Austria cowed Napoleon 

1345
01:10:43,900 --> 01:10:47,900
turned on Prussia in 1806. 
When that Kingdom belatedly and 

1346
01:10:47,900 --> 01:10:51,300
unwisely challenged French 
dominance The emperor's response

1347
01:10:51,300 --> 01:10:55,700
was Swift and devastating in 
October 1806 and crushed, the 

1348
01:10:55,708 --> 01:10:59,300
proud Prussian Army in a twin 
battle on the same day Jana and 

1349
01:10:59,300 --> 01:11:02,600
our state outside Jenna 
Napoleon's forces routed, 

1350
01:11:02,600 --> 01:11:04,600
oppression Army while on a 
nearby Field. 

1351
01:11:04,600 --> 01:11:07,800
Marshal davout with a smaller 
French Corps, defeated the main 

1352
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:11,100
Prussian Army at our state 
Frederick the great Smith of 

1353
01:11:11,100 --> 01:11:14,100
Prussian military prowess 
crumbled in a single morning. 

1354
01:11:14,900 --> 01:11:18,200
The French marched into Berlin 
and Napoleon visited the tomb of

1355
01:11:18,200 --> 01:11:19,700
Frederick contemplatively 
marking. 

1356
01:11:19,700 --> 01:11:22,700
If you were alive, we wouldn't 
be here today. 

1357
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:26,100
In a display of both magnanimity
and shrewdness. 

1358
01:11:26,100 --> 01:11:29,200
He took the sword of Frederick 
the great as a Yoder that the 

1359
01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:31,600
Fallen Prussian officers be 
respectfully buried. 

1360
01:11:31,600 --> 01:11:35,300
Despite the trophy Napoleon's 
empire burst onto the world 

1361
01:11:35,300 --> 01:11:38,300
stage with all the pomp of a 
revived Roman Empire and the 

1362
01:11:38,308 --> 01:11:42,800
energy of a modern nation state.
By 1805, the newly. 

1363
01:11:42,800 --> 01:11:45,400
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

1364
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:47,600
and Charisma. 
He had transformed France 

1365
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:50,100
internally. 
And now he set out to reshape 

1366
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:53,100
Europe in France's image and 
under France's domination. 

1367
01:11:54,100 --> 01:11:56,700
Courts are crossed the continent
from Vienna to Berlin. 

1368
01:11:56,700 --> 01:12:00,100
Watched the self-made Monarch 
with a mix of all fear and 

1369
01:12:00,100 --> 01:12:04,200
loathing he dubbed him, the 
Corsican ogre in private yet 

1370
01:12:04,200 --> 01:12:06,400
could not deny his Brilliance 
and War and governance. 

1371
01:12:06,400 --> 01:12:09,700
Napoleon's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

1372
01:12:09,700 --> 01:12:13,400
A child of Revolution who donned
a crown, a promoter of a 

1373
01:12:13,400 --> 01:12:18,700
galatian law, who married into 
the ancient regime in 1809, who 

1374
01:12:18,700 --> 01:12:21,500
had failed to produce an heir 
and married Louise. 

1375
01:12:21,500 --> 01:12:25,200
An Austrian arched Duchess, 
that's a lion himself to the 

1376
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:30,600
habsburg's at the Empire Zenith 
roughly 1807 to 1809. 

1377
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:33,000
It seemed nothing could stand 
against him. 

1378
01:12:33,000 --> 01:12:36,000
His Empire stretched from the 
Atlantic to the Russian border 

1379
01:12:36,000 --> 01:12:39,800
from the North Sea to Naples. 
His brother Joseph sat on the 

1380
01:12:39,800 --> 01:12:42,600
throne in Naples Joseph, ruled 
in Spain. 

1381
01:12:42,600 --> 01:12:46,400
After 1808, his brother Louie, 
governed in Holland, his brother

1382
01:12:46,400 --> 01:12:49,800
Jehan reigned in Westphalia. 
And in Italy, he himself wore 

1383
01:12:49,800 --> 01:12:53,600
the iron crown of Lombardy A 
veritable family system of 

1384
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:57,500
bonaparte's replaced old 
dynasties Napoleon's, Marshals 

1385
01:12:57,500 --> 01:12:59,800
once commoners and Soldiers of 
Fortune. 

1386
01:12:59,800 --> 01:13:03,400
Now, ruled as Duke's over 
conquered provinces, the map of 

1387
01:13:03,408 --> 01:13:06,500
Europe was redrawn with French 
client, republics and kingdoms. 

1388
01:13:07,400 --> 01:13:10,500
Napoleon dismantled the ancient.
Holy Roman Empire in the German 

1389
01:13:10,500 --> 01:13:14,300
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 
millennium of history in the 

1390
01:13:14,300 --> 01:13:15,700
process. 
In its place. 

1391
01:13:15,700 --> 01:13:18,300
He created the confederation of 
the Rhine under his protection. 

1392
01:13:19,500 --> 01:13:22,400
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly
the whole of Continental Europe.

1393
01:13:22,400 --> 01:13:25,500
Either lay under his Direct 
Control or dance to his tune. 

1394
01:13:26,300 --> 01:13:29,300
These years saw Napoleon's 
military genius at his 

1395
01:13:29,300 --> 01:13:32,400
Undisputed Peak. 
The war of the third Coalition 

1396
01:13:32,400 --> 01:13:36,200
in 1805, brought France, head to
head with Austria, Russia and 

1397
01:13:36,200 --> 01:13:38,700
Britain. 
Napoleon's response was 

1398
01:13:38,700 --> 01:13:42,200
characteristically or audacious,
he abandoned his frequently 

1399
01:13:42,200 --> 01:13:45,500
discussed plan to invade Britain
as the Royal Navy still held 

1400
01:13:45,500 --> 01:13:48,500
sway over the seas. 
And instead he swiftly marched, 

1401
01:13:48,500 --> 01:13:52,300
his Grand Army, Eastwood in a 
master stroke of maneuver, he 

1402
01:13:52,300 --> 01:13:56,300
encircled an Austrian Army at 
all, in October 1805, without a 

1403
01:13:56,300 --> 01:13:58,100
major fight, forcing its 
surrender. 

1404
01:13:59,100 --> 01:14:01,700
Then, as an Austrian and Russian
combined Force, attempted to 

1405
01:14:01,708 --> 01:14:04,700
regroup, Napoleon lured them 
into a trap on the fields of 

1406
01:14:04,708 --> 01:14:09,800
Australia in Moravia. 
On December 2nd, 1805 exactly 

1407
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:12,100
one year. 
After his coronation, he 

1408
01:14:12,100 --> 01:14:14,400
delivered what he himself, 
regarded as his tactical 

1409
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:17,500
Masterpiece, the Battle of 
austerlitz also called The 

1410
01:14:17,500 --> 01:14:20,900
Battle of the three Emperors 
that Dawn, a gentle fog, 

1411
01:14:20,900 --> 01:14:24,100
blanketed the plane concealing 
parts of the French positions. 

1412
01:14:24,100 --> 01:14:27,700
Napoleon intentionally exposed 
his right flank to the Allies 

1413
01:14:27,700 --> 01:14:31,300
attack, and when they succumbed 
to his deception, he launched an

1414
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:34,600
attack on their Center. 
As the mid-morning Sun, the 

1415
01:14:34,600 --> 01:14:38,300
famed son of austerlitz burned 
Through The Mists the French, 

1416
01:14:38,300 --> 01:14:40,400
seized the highs, and highs 
splitting. 

1417
01:14:40,400 --> 01:14:43,700
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 
galloped past cheering columns, 

1418
01:14:43,700 --> 01:14:46,700
as they rolled up, the Allied 
lines play early afternoon. 

1419
01:14:46,700 --> 01:14:50,200
The Coalition Army was in full 
Retreat and thousands of enemy 

1420
01:14:50,200 --> 01:14:52,000
soldiers. 
Drowned in the ice of frozen 

1421
01:14:52,000 --> 01:14:53,900
lakes, that the French artillery
shattered. 

1422
01:14:53,900 --> 01:14:57,900
The victory was complete. 
Watching the remnants of the 

1423
01:14:57,900 --> 01:15:00,000
Russian army. 
Limp away in Napoleon remarked 

1424
01:15:00,000 --> 01:15:02,400
his Marshals with pride 
gentlemen. 

1425
01:15:02,400 --> 01:15:05,800
Remember this day it may well be
the greatest of my life. 

1426
01:15:06,900 --> 01:15:10,200
Indeed, Austin served as the 
crowning achievement of his 

1427
01:15:10,200 --> 01:15:13,900
Imperial range. 
Austria, capitulated signing the

1428
01:15:13,900 --> 01:15:15,800
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 
territory. 

1429
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:19,100
The Holy Roman Emperor, 
abdicated his ancient title 

1430
01:15:19,100 --> 01:15:23,000
shortly after effectively ending
the Holy Roman Empire in 

1431
01:15:23,000 --> 01:15:26,800
gratitude, Napoleon soldiers, 
nicknamed him, the Soleil Dusty 

1432
01:15:26,800 --> 01:15:29,500
Lititz. 
The son of Australia's a symbol 

1433
01:15:29,500 --> 01:15:32,300
of the glory. 
He had brought them with Austria

1434
01:15:32,300 --> 01:15:35,600
cowd Napoleon turned on pressure
in 1806, when that Kingdom, 

1435
01:15:35,600 --> 01:15:40,000
relatedly and unwisely 
challenged French dominance, The

1436
01:15:40,000 --> 01:15:44,100
emperor's response was Swift and
devastating in October 1806. 

1437
01:15:44,100 --> 01:15:46,100
He crushed the proud Prussian 
Army. 

1438
01:15:46,100 --> 01:15:51,100
In a twin battle on the same day
Jenner and our Stead. outside 

1439
01:15:51,100 --> 01:15:55,100
jaina Napoleon's, forces routed,
oppression Army while on a 

1440
01:15:55,100 --> 01:15:58,200
nearby Field Marshal davout with
a smaller French Corps, defeated

1441
01:15:58,200 --> 01:16:02,000
the main Prussian Army at our 
state Frederick the Great's myth

1442
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:04,900
of Prussian military, prowess 
crumbled in a single morning. 

1443
01:16:05,800 --> 01:16:09,100
The French marched into Berlin 
and Napoleon visited the tomb of

1444
01:16:09,100 --> 01:16:10,600
Frederick contemplatively 
remarking. 

1445
01:16:10,600 --> 01:16:13,200
If he were alive, we wouldn't be
here today. 

1446
01:16:14,200 --> 01:16:16,600
In a display of both magnanimity
and shrewdness. 

1447
01:16:16,600 --> 01:16:19,900
He took the sword of Frederick 
the great as he ordered that the

1448
01:16:19,900 --> 01:16:22,300
fall of Prussian officers be 
respectfully buried. 

1449
01:16:22,300 --> 01:16:25,400
Despite the trophy, the 
peninsula War as the conflict. 

1450
01:16:25,400 --> 01:16:28,600
In Spain, came to be known the 
game of vicious years-long, 

1451
01:16:28,600 --> 01:16:31,700
Guerrilla struggle that Napoleon
later referred to, as the 

1452
01:16:32,700 --> 01:16:35,700
Spanish ulcer. 
Draining his resources. 

1453
01:16:36,800 --> 01:16:38,600
It was the first major crack in 
his Empire. 

1454
01:16:38,600 --> 01:16:42,200
The mighty French arm designed 
for set piece battles. 

1455
01:16:42,200 --> 01:16:45,800
Found itself bleeding in a 
symmetric war of ambushes and 

1456
01:16:45,800 --> 01:16:50,500
reprisals in the Spanish Hills. 
Napoleon himself traveled to 

1457
01:16:50,500 --> 01:16:54,400
Spain in late 1808 to Blitz, the
resisting Spanish armies and did

1458
01:16:54,400 --> 01:16:57,700
win conventional battles with 
typical Brilliance but he could 

1459
01:16:57,700 --> 01:17:00,600
not pacify the proud and hostile
populace indefinitely. 

1460
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:05,000
The British seized the chance 
and landed forces under Arthur 

1461
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:08,200
Wellesley the future Duke of 
Wellington to support the 

1462
01:17:08,200 --> 01:17:11,600
Spaniards and Portuguese. 
For the first time Napoleon's 

1463
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:15,200
Aura of invincibility was under 
Threat by an Insurrection and a 

1464
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:18,400
foreign Expedition on his flank.
Still at the Empire's height, 

1465
01:17:18,400 --> 01:17:21,300
these troubles seemed minor 
compared to the Grand canvas of 

1466
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:25,400
Napoleon's dominance. 
In 1809 Austria, encouraged by 

1467
01:17:25,400 --> 01:17:28,700
French difficulties in Spain. 
Dared to challenge, Napoleon 

1468
01:17:28,700 --> 01:17:32,600
once more, the emperor responded
with swift Fury though, the 

1469
01:17:32,600 --> 01:17:34,500
Austrian surprise him and handed
him. 

1470
01:17:34,500 --> 01:17:37,800
His first personal defeat in a 
pitched battle at Aspen essling 

1471
01:17:37,800 --> 01:17:41,400
just outside Vienna. 
Where in May 1809 Archduke, 

1472
01:17:41,400 --> 01:17:44,500
Charles inflicted heavy losses 
as Napoleon's attempt to cross 

1473
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:47,300
the Danube was repelled, the 
French regrouped. 

1474
01:17:48,100 --> 01:17:51,400
In July Napoleon spearheaded a 
significant attack during the 

1475
01:17:51,400 --> 01:17:54,000
Battle of wagon. 
The two-day intense battle on 

1476
01:17:54,000 --> 01:17:57,400
the plane's close to Vienna. 
It was a grim attritional battle

1477
01:17:57,400 --> 01:17:59,200
lacking. 
The elegant maneuvers of 

1478
01:17:59,208 --> 01:18:02,500
Australis that Napoleon's larger
reserve of men and artillery 

1479
01:18:02,500 --> 01:18:05,300
prevailed. 
Austria sued for peace again, 

1480
01:18:05,300 --> 01:18:07,700
after wagon as part of the 
settlement. 

1481
01:18:07,700 --> 01:18:12,000
And to solidify the new Franco 
Austrian Amity, Napoleon took 

1482
01:18:12,000 --> 01:18:14,500
the dramatic step of divorcing 
Josephine. 

1483
01:18:14,500 --> 01:18:19,000
His beloved, but now 46 year old
Empress who would give him no 

1484
01:18:19,000 --> 01:18:21,500
children and marrying 
archduchess Marie Louise of 

1485
01:18:21,508 --> 01:18:24,500
Austria. 
The Act was a profound personal 

1486
01:18:24,500 --> 01:18:28,100
sacrifice for him, both he and 
Josephine wept bitterly at their

1487
01:18:28,108 --> 01:18:31,700
formal parting, despite past 
infidelities, on both sides. 

1488
01:18:32,700 --> 01:18:36,000
Yet Napoleon ever pragmatic 
about power new. 

1489
01:18:36,000 --> 01:18:39,000
The Bonaparte Legacy needed an 
air of his own blood and an 

1490
01:18:39,000 --> 01:18:41,400
Austrian princess would bring 
legitimacy in the eyes of 

1491
01:18:41,400 --> 01:18:44,700
Europe. 
In 1811, Mary, Louise bore him, 

1492
01:18:44,700 --> 01:18:49,300
a son, who Napoleon grandly 
titled, the king of Rome. 42. 

1493
01:18:49,300 --> 01:18:52,000
The emperor had a healthy male, 
Heir, that year marked the 

1494
01:18:52,000 --> 01:18:53,700
Pinnacle of Napoleonic 
confidence. 

1495
01:18:54,600 --> 01:18:57,300
He spoke a founding a dynasty 
that would last 100 years. 

1496
01:18:58,300 --> 01:19:00,500
One evening, holding the infant 
prints in his arms. 

1497
01:19:00,500 --> 01:19:03,700
Beneath the glow of chandelier 
light is said to have murmured. 

1498
01:19:03,700 --> 01:19:07,600
You will be my living trophy, 
you will inherit all I have made

1499
01:19:07,600 --> 01:19:11,400
amidst, these triumphs 
Napoleon's influence went beyond

1500
01:19:11,400 --> 01:19:15,100
Warfare and politics leaving an 
imprint on society and even 

1501
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:18,400
distant continents, he spread 
the Napoleonic Code to the 

1502
01:19:18,400 --> 01:19:20,700
lands. 
He conquered laying foundations 

1503
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:24,200
for legal systems from Italy to 
the Rhineland systems that 

1504
01:19:24,200 --> 01:19:28,200
emphasized clear laws and the 
end of feudal practices, he 

1505
01:19:28,200 --> 01:19:30,600
abolished surfed him in Poland 
and introduced religious 

1506
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:34,000
toleration and secular education
in many backward corners of 

1507
01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:36,300
Europe. 
In the German State and 

1508
01:19:36,300 --> 01:19:39,300
elsewhere, his rule 
inadvertently sparked feeling of

1509
01:19:39,300 --> 01:19:42,900
nationalism subject. 
People's even as they resented 

1510
01:19:42,900 --> 01:19:46,000
French domination. 
Also, absorbed the ideas of the 

1511
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:49,000
French Revolution that Napoleon 
carried with his armies. 

1512
01:19:49,900 --> 01:19:53,800
A young German or Italian in 
1810 might at once hate 

1513
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:57,700
Napoleon's, oppressive taxes, 
and conscription yet be inspired

1514
01:19:57,700 --> 01:20:00,400
by the new concepts of Liberty 
and nationhood that came in his 

1515
01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:02,800
wake. 
The consequences of his Reign 

1516
01:20:02,800 --> 01:20:04,300
also rippled across the 
Atlantic. 

1517
01:20:05,200 --> 01:20:09,100
In 1803 needing funds for war 
and sensing that holding 

1518
01:20:09,100 --> 01:20:12,100
territory in America was 
untenable after losing Haiti to 

1519
01:20:12,100 --> 01:20:15,200
a slave rebellion, Napoleon 
sold, the vast Louisiana, 

1520
01:20:15,200 --> 01:20:18,800
territory to the United States. 
An act that doubled the size of 

1521
01:20:18,800 --> 01:20:21,900
the young American Republic and 
reshaped, Global geopolitics 

1522
01:20:21,900 --> 01:20:24,900
equipped that this sale would 
forever thwart, British 

1523
01:20:24,900 --> 01:20:27,900
Ambitions in the new world and 
ensuring American power that 

1524
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:31,200
could rival England. 
In a way, he was crafting the 

1525
01:20:31,200 --> 01:20:34,700
future Beyond his own Empire. 
Similarly his toppling of the 

1526
01:20:34,700 --> 01:20:37,300
Spanish regime jolted Spain's 
colonies in Latin. 

1527
01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:40,500
America leaders like Simon 
believer would soon take 

1528
01:20:40,500 --> 01:20:42,400
advantage of the chaos to fight 
for independence. 

1529
01:20:42,400 --> 01:20:45,800
Indirectly influenced by 
Napoleonic upheaval. 

1530
01:20:45,800 --> 01:20:50,200
However at the beginning of the 
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 

1531
01:20:50,200 --> 01:20:53,000
to be completely focused on him.
He'd achieved something 

1532
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:57,200
unprecedented a French Empire 
that dominated Europe in a 

1533
01:20:57,200 --> 01:20:58,700
manner. 
Not seen since Roman times 

1534
01:20:59,700 --> 01:21:01,900
flanked by his Marshals at Grand
Victory parades. 

1535
01:21:01,900 --> 01:21:05,100
The emperor would stand on a 
reviewing platform in his 

1536
01:21:05,100 --> 01:21:07,300
iconic. 
Buy corn hat, and simple green 

1537
01:21:07,300 --> 01:21:10,600
uniform of the Imperial Guard 
while thousands of troops passed

1538
01:21:10,600 --> 01:21:14,100
in martial splendor. 
Bands played LA marseille's and 

1539
01:21:14,100 --> 01:21:17,800
other patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

1540
01:21:17,800 --> 01:21:19,700
were Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor. 

1541
01:21:20,400 --> 01:21:23,700
To observe as in London or 
Vienna it might have looked as 

1542
01:21:23,700 --> 01:21:26,600
if Europe was lost in a trance 
of Napoleonic Glory. 

1543
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:31,100
And indeed, many of the common 
folk in France and a satellite 

1544
01:21:31,100 --> 01:21:33,900
States revered. 
Napoleon sincerely, crediting 

1545
01:21:33,900 --> 01:21:35,300
him with delivering efficient 
government. 

1546
01:21:35,300 --> 01:21:39,600
National pride and victory after
Victory yet within Napoleon's. 

1547
01:21:39,600 --> 01:21:41,600
Tight Circle. 
There were those who sensed the 

1548
01:21:41,608 --> 01:21:44,300
dangers of hubris creeping in 
Talia. 

1549
01:21:44,300 --> 01:21:48,200
His Wily foreign minister till 
Napoleon dismissed him once. 

1550
01:21:48,200 --> 01:21:51,100
Remarked acidly, that Napoleon's
downfall would be his inability 

1551
01:21:51,100 --> 01:21:55,100
to stop himself ill, napada 
limits, he warned a colleague. 

1552
01:21:55,100 --> 01:21:59,600
The man knows no limits. 
Fouche, the police Minister kept

1553
01:21:59,600 --> 01:22:01,500
secret. 
Dozier's mapping discontent and 

1554
01:22:01,500 --> 01:22:04,800
conspiracies aware that not all 
Hearts will with the emperor. 

1555
01:22:04,800 --> 01:22:08,000
Even some Marshals grumbled 
about the endless Wars and their

1556
01:22:08,000 --> 01:22:11,500
human costs mothers across 
France, quite likely cursed, the

1557
01:22:11,500 --> 01:22:14,000
Emperor who took their sons year
after year, for his 

1558
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:17,500
granddaughter Army The empire 
was powerful but brittle in 

1559
01:22:17,500 --> 01:22:21,800
places Reliant entirely on one 
man's brilliant and Charisma in 

1560
01:22:21,800 --> 01:22:23,900
1812 at the height of his 
control. 

1561
01:22:23,900 --> 01:22:26,900
Napoleon assembled, the largest 
army Europe had ever seen over 

1562
01:22:26,900 --> 01:22:29,700
half a million men drawn from 
every corner of his domains. 

1563
01:22:29,700 --> 01:22:32,700
Let them Eastward in a campaign 
that he believed would secure 

1564
01:22:32,700 --> 01:22:35,600
his dominance once. 
And for all the target, his 

1565
01:22:35,600 --> 01:22:38,700
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 
who had drifted out of the 

1566
01:22:38,700 --> 01:22:42,200
continental system and defied 
French influence confident, in 

1567
01:22:42,200 --> 01:22:45,200
his Destiny, in a custom to 
Rapid victories Napoleon. 

1568
01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:47,600
Wagered everything on one more 
lightning War. 

1569
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:53,000
The Grand Army, a Cosmopolitan 
host of Frenchmen Italians 

1570
01:22:53,000 --> 01:22:57,400
Germans polls and others marched
off with singing and high 

1571
01:22:57,400 --> 01:22:59,600
morale. 
And a summer Skies, it was the 

1572
01:22:59,600 --> 01:23:03,100
apogee of Napoleon's hubris an 
emperor at the peak of his 

1573
01:23:03,108 --> 01:23:04,600
power. 
Thinking, the conquest of the 

1574
01:23:04,608 --> 01:23:08,200
vast Russian planes would be, 
but another Triumph to notch on 

1575
01:23:08,200 --> 01:23:11,100
his belt. 
He told a diplomat we should be 

1576
01:23:11,100 --> 01:23:15,600
in Moscow in two months. 
As the column, snaked drummers 

1577
01:23:15,600 --> 01:23:18,700
tapping out, the Cadence on 
Dusty Rhodes, an eagle's 

1578
01:23:18,700 --> 01:23:22,000
glinting in the sun, none could 
imagine that the Zenith of the 

1579
01:23:22,008 --> 01:23:24,500
empire was also the beginning of
a catastrophic decline. 

1580
01:23:24,500 --> 01:23:28,200
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

1581
01:23:28,200 --> 01:23:30,000
Sun. 
The minds of many. 

1582
01:23:30,000 --> 01:23:33,000
He was the master of Europe 
perhaps even Invincible. 

1583
01:23:33,000 --> 01:23:36,200
The thought that this supreme 
height might precede a fall had 

1584
01:23:36,208 --> 01:23:38,208
not yet troubled. 
The dreams of the emperor of the

1585
01:23:38,216 --> 01:23:40,400
French. 
However the beginning of the 

1586
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:44,400
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 
to be completely focused on him.

1587
01:23:44,400 --> 01:23:48,500
He had achieved something 
unprecedented, a French Empire 

1588
01:23:48,500 --> 01:23:51,500
that dominated Europe in a man 
and not seen since Roman times. 

1589
01:23:52,500 --> 01:23:54,600
Flanked by his Marshals at Grand
Victory parades. 

1590
01:23:54,600 --> 01:23:57,900
The emperor would stand on a 
reviewing platform in his 

1591
01:23:57,900 --> 01:24:00,100
iconic. 
Buy corn hat, and simple green 

1592
01:24:00,100 --> 01:24:03,400
uniform of the Imperial Guard 
while thousands of troops passed

1593
01:24:03,400 --> 01:24:06,900
in martial splendor. 
Fans played LA marseillaise and 

1594
01:24:06,900 --> 01:24:10,400
other patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

1595
01:24:10,400 --> 01:24:12,500
were Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor. 

1596
01:24:13,300 --> 01:24:16,400
To observe as in London or 
Vienna it might have looked as 

1597
01:24:16,400 --> 01:24:19,400
if Europe was lost in a trance 
of Napoleonic Glory. 

1598
01:24:20,100 --> 01:24:23,700
And indeed, many of the common 
folk in France and a satellite 

1599
01:24:23,700 --> 01:24:26,700
States revered. 
Napoleon sincerely, crediting 

1600
01:24:26,700 --> 01:24:28,000
him with delivering efficient 
government. 

1601
01:24:28,000 --> 01:24:32,300
National pride and victory after
Victory yet within Napoleon's. 

1602
01:24:32,300 --> 01:24:34,300
Tight Circle. 
There were those who sensed the 

1603
01:24:34,308 --> 01:24:38,100
dangers of hubris creeping in, 
tally around his Wily foreign 

1604
01:24:38,100 --> 01:24:40,900
minister till Napoleon dismissed
him once. 

1605
01:24:40,900 --> 01:24:43,900
Remarked acidly, that Napoleon's
downfall would be his inability 

1606
01:24:43,900 --> 01:24:48,300
to stop himself ill, napada 
limits, he wander colleague, the

1607
01:24:48,300 --> 01:24:52,300
man knows no limits. 
Fouche, the police Minister kept

1608
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:54,900
secret dossi's mapping 
discontent and conspiracies 

1609
01:24:54,900 --> 01:24:57,500
aware that not all Hearts will 
with the emperor. 

1610
01:24:57,500 --> 01:25:01,000
Even some Marshals grumbled 
about the endless Wars and their

1611
01:25:01,000 --> 01:25:04,300
human costs mothers across 
France, quite likely cursed, the

1612
01:25:04,308 --> 01:25:07,300
Emperor who took their sons year
after year for his granddaughter

1613
01:25:07,300 --> 01:25:11,500
May the empire was powerful but 
Gretel in places Reliant 

1614
01:25:11,500 --> 01:25:15,800
entirely on one man's brilliant 
and Charisma in 1812 at the 

1615
01:25:15,800 --> 01:25:18,200
height of his control. 
Napoleon assembled, the largest 

1616
01:25:18,200 --> 01:25:21,100
army Europe had ever seen over 
half a million men drawn from 

1617
01:25:21,100 --> 01:25:24,500
every corner of his domains LED 
them Eastward in a campaign that

1618
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:26,800
he believed would secure his 
dominance once and for all. 

1619
01:25:27,700 --> 01:25:31,300
The target, his former Ally, the
Russian Tsar who had drifted out

1620
01:25:31,300 --> 01:25:33,900
of the continental system and 
defied French influence 

1621
01:25:33,900 --> 01:25:37,100
confident, in his Destiny in a 
custom to Rapid victories 

1622
01:25:37,100 --> 01:25:39,600
Napoleon. 
Wagered everything on one more 

1623
01:25:39,600 --> 01:25:43,600
lightning War. 
The Grand Army, a Cosmopolitan 

1624
01:25:43,600 --> 01:25:48,700
host of Frenchmen Italians 
Germans polls and others marched

1625
01:25:48,700 --> 01:25:51,400
off with singing and high morale
under summer Skies. 

1626
01:25:51,400 --> 01:25:55,700
It was the apogee of Napoleon's 
hubris and Emperor at the peak 

1627
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:57,400
of his power. 
Thinking the conquest of the 

1628
01:25:57,400 --> 01:26:00,900
vast Russian planes would be, 
but another Triumph to notch on 

1629
01:26:00,908 --> 01:26:03,900
his belt. 
He told a diplomat we shall be 

1630
01:26:03,900 --> 01:26:07,800
in two months. 
As the column, snake deed East, 

1631
01:26:07,808 --> 01:26:10,300
drummers tapping out, the 
Cadence on Dusty Rhodes. 

1632
01:26:10,300 --> 01:26:14,600
An eagle's glinting in the sun, 
none could imagine that Zenith 

1633
01:26:14,600 --> 01:26:16,700
of the empire was also the 
beginning of a catastrophic 

1634
01:26:16,700 --> 01:26:19,500
decline. 
For now though, Napoleon star 

1635
01:26:19,500 --> 01:26:21,300
blazed as bright as the midday 
Sun. 

1636
01:26:21,300 --> 01:26:24,100
The minds of many. 
He was the master of Europe 

1637
01:26:24,100 --> 01:26:27,600
perhaps even Invincible. 
The thought that this supreme 

1638
01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:29,800
height might precede a fall had 
not yet troubled. 

1639
01:26:29,800 --> 01:26:32,700
The dreams of the emperor of the
French, the ACT left thousands 

1640
01:26:32,700 --> 01:26:35,500
on the far Bank, who shouted as 
the remaining Escape path. 

1641
01:26:35,500 --> 01:26:38,500
Burned, early December saw the 
grand amay. 

1642
01:26:38,500 --> 01:26:42,100
Possibly 20,000 ragged 
frostbitten survivors from 

1643
01:26:42,100 --> 01:26:45,400
600,000 stagger into Poland and 
Prussia. 

1644
01:26:46,300 --> 01:26:48,500
Napoleon's side with 
satisfaction when he entered 

1645
01:26:48,500 --> 01:26:51,400
friendly territory after 
narrowly escaping arrest 

1646
01:26:51,400 --> 01:26:54,900
multiple times during the 
retreat, the cost was nearly 

1647
01:26:54,900 --> 01:26:59,300
unfathomable the Russian winter 
attacks and starvation reduced. 

1648
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:03,200
The overwhelming Force entering 
Russia less than 10% survived. 

1649
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:07,600
Snow shattered, Napoleon's 
European invincibility Paris, 

1650
01:27:07,600 --> 01:27:09,400
rumors about the disaster for 
shadowed. 

1651
01:27:09,400 --> 01:27:13,300
His return Napoleon, abandoned 
the remaining troops and rode a 

1652
01:27:13,300 --> 01:27:16,600
sled, back to France and Cognito
and quickly in December 1812. 

1653
01:27:17,700 --> 01:27:21,700
He left Marshal, Ney and others 
to oversee the terrible retreat.

1654
01:27:22,700 --> 01:27:26,700
Poland, left his forces to avert
a domestic coup, a general named

1655
01:27:26,700 --> 01:27:28,800
melaye had launched a strange 
coup in Paris. 

1656
01:27:28,800 --> 01:27:32,900
Falsely announced in Napoleon's 
death illustrating how delicate 

1657
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:36,600
things were. 
Napoleon crossed blizzards day 

1658
01:27:36,600 --> 01:27:39,300
and night to Paris. 
Before the year's end, made the 

1659
01:27:39,300 --> 01:27:42,500
country, believe everything was 
fine masking the devastation. 

1660
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:45,500
Short lived for sorrowed after 
Russia. 

1661
01:27:45,500 --> 01:27:48,600
Won Europe's rulers, formed a 
coalition to destroy the weaker 

1662
01:27:48,600 --> 01:27:51,100
Empire. 
Crusher joined Russia, against 

1663
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:55,900
France in early 1813 Austria, 
prepared to jump in Napoleon 

1664
01:27:55,900 --> 01:27:59,100
quickly, recruited youngsters 
Last Resort reserves to replace 

1665
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:02,300
his veterans. 
As before he examined maps and 

1666
01:28:02,300 --> 01:28:06,000
made massive plans to defeat the
Allies, he was still alive, but 

1667
01:28:06,000 --> 01:28:09,400
reality was looming his Marshals
feared, he could win an 

1668
01:28:09,400 --> 01:28:11,400
interminable War because the 
French were exhausted. 

1669
01:28:12,500 --> 01:28:17,100
Napoleon returned triumphantly 
in mid 1813 in March 1813. 

1670
01:28:17,100 --> 01:28:20,200
He was beat the Russo, Prussian 
Army at Lutsen and bouts and 

1671
01:28:20,208 --> 01:28:23,100
with hardly trained conscripts 
demonstrating his operational 

1672
01:28:23,100 --> 01:28:25,800
competence. 
He hoped to prevent catastrophe 

1673
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:30,300
again, too many odds were 
against him, October 1813 saw 

1674
01:28:30,300 --> 01:28:33,100
the Battle of Leipzig later, 
renamed, the Battle of nations 

1675
01:28:33,100 --> 01:28:36,700
in Saxony three days of fierce 
fighting between Napoleon's, 

1676
01:28:36,700 --> 01:28:40,000
Marshals and guard and a 
combined Russian Austrian and 

1677
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:43,100
Swedish army. 
Napoleon was outnumbered roughly

1678
01:28:43,100 --> 01:28:45,800
two to one Patrician and hostile
teamwork. 

1679
01:28:45,800 --> 01:28:48,200
Defeated him despite his 
expertise and bravery. 

1680
01:28:49,500 --> 01:28:52,100
Scared French, officer blue 
upper crucial bridge to early 

1681
01:28:52,100 --> 01:28:55,000
trapping a rear guard on the 
wrong side of the river to be 

1682
01:28:55,000 --> 01:28:57,400
captured. 
Napoleon lost the biggest battle

1683
01:28:57,400 --> 01:28:59,200
in European history. 
In French. 

1684
01:28:59,200 --> 01:29:02,300
Rule in Germany, many of 
Napoleon's German allies to 

1685
01:29:02,300 --> 01:29:06,300
affected the Rhine Confederation
fell while retreating over the 

1686
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:08,300
Elder River. 
His beloved polish hero, 

1687
01:29:08,300 --> 01:29:12,300
martial, Pontius drowned 
Napoleon, retreated. 

1688
01:29:12,300 --> 01:29:16,000
France with this 7000 defeated 
soldiers, resolved to fight. 

1689
01:29:16,900 --> 01:29:20,100
In early 1814, the Allies 
invaded France, expecting a 

1690
01:29:20,100 --> 01:29:23,100
quick march to Paris. 
Napoleon's little Force, 

1691
01:29:23,100 --> 01:29:26,200
defeated elements of the bigger 
Allied soldiers in the six days 

1692
01:29:26,208 --> 01:29:29,900
campaign in February. 1814 one 
of his most successful defensive

1693
01:29:29,900 --> 01:29:33,500
campaigns often overlooked. 
His youthful mobility and 

1694
01:29:33,500 --> 01:29:37,000
skilled surprised his opponents 
at Champa, bear Monty and 

1695
01:29:37,000 --> 01:29:39,400
Montero. 
Seeing the emperor Sprint. 

1696
01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:41,300
Like a firefighter gave French 
peasants. 

1697
01:29:41,300 --> 01:29:44,200
Hope math told him. 
He was two outnumbered to win. 

1698
01:29:45,300 --> 01:29:48,300
Despite his few victories, the 
Allies reached Paris by late 

1699
01:29:48,300 --> 01:29:51,400
March 1814. 
After Marshall's marmor and 

1700
01:29:51,400 --> 01:29:55,000
Morty left to defend Paris 
concluded resistance was 

1701
01:29:55,000 --> 01:29:57,100
pointless. 
The Coalition Army, took it 

1702
01:29:57,100 --> 01:30:00,800
practically and peace. after 
centuries without foreign rule, 

1703
01:30:00,800 --> 01:30:05,000
the Victoria's Alexander King 
Frederick William of Prussia and

1704
01:30:05,000 --> 01:30:10,000
other dignitaries entered Paris 
on March 31st 1814 Parisians 

1705
01:30:10,000 --> 01:30:12,800
flocked to the boulevards in 
despair or relief as Napoleon's 

1706
01:30:12,800 --> 01:30:16,200
epic adventure ended. 
Napoleon was outraged and 

1707
01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:18,800
unhappy and Fontainebleau 
following paris's loss. 

1708
01:30:19,500 --> 01:30:22,100
He pondered marching his 
remaining men to seize the city,

1709
01:30:22,100 --> 01:30:25,400
his Marshals, confronted him 
exhausted and honest for the 

1710
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:29,800
first time, Marshalls nay, odeno
and LeFevre who had followed him

1711
01:30:29,800 --> 01:30:32,300
across Europe. 
Advised him to reason they 

1712
01:30:32,300 --> 01:30:35,100
claimed France was defeated and 
resistance would be fatal 

1713
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:39,500
Napoleon was Furious, accusing 
them of cowardice and betrayal. 

1714
01:30:39,500 --> 01:30:43,400
He faced a reality alone in 
Fontainebleau at night the 

1715
01:30:43,400 --> 01:30:47,100
Allies sought his unconditional 
surrender, even his stepson and 

1716
01:30:47,100 --> 01:30:49,500
Brother Joseph persuaded him to 
submit for the nation. 

1717
01:30:50,300 --> 01:30:53,100
Marshall's name and MacDonald 
issued a stunning ultimate on 

1718
01:30:53,100 --> 01:30:57,400
April 4th 1814 Philippe must 
abdicate before the Army could 

1719
01:30:57,400 --> 01:31:00,500
march on Paris Napoleon 
abdicated for his son. 

1720
01:31:00,500 --> 01:31:04,300
Expecting an Allied Regency, 
when rejected, he realized the 

1721
01:31:04,300 --> 01:31:08,300
game was over Napoleon abdicated
on April 11th, 1814 

1722
01:31:08,300 --> 01:31:11,800
relinquishing, French Regal 
rights, he received an annual 

1723
01:31:11,800 --> 01:31:13,800
stipend and a modest guard on 
Elba. 

1724
01:31:13,800 --> 01:31:17,800
A small Italian Island from the 
Allies, a beautiful prison, for 

1725
01:31:17,800 --> 01:31:21,800
a Fallen King, Napoleon said 
goodbye to his old guard in 

1726
01:31:21,800 --> 01:31:24,700
fontaine's, Courtyard on April 
20th, 1814. 

1727
01:31:24,700 --> 01:31:29,000
France would remember a touching
scene Napoleon continued 

1728
01:31:29,000 --> 01:31:32,700
speaking with a steady 
impassioned voice saying to the 

1729
01:31:32,700 --> 01:31:36,600
soldiers of my old guard? 
I bid you farewell You've been 

1730
01:31:36,608 --> 01:31:40,000
my constant companion on the 
path to honor and glory for 20 

1731
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:44,100
years do not mourn my fate. 
I want to document our wonderful

1732
01:31:44,100 --> 01:31:45,700
Deeds. 
Sweet kids. 

1733
01:31:45,700 --> 01:31:51,400
Goodbye Napoleon veteran 
grenadiers of 12 campaigns cried

1734
01:31:51,400 --> 01:31:55,400
the emperor, kissed the Imperial
Eagle flag one last time and 

1735
01:31:55,400 --> 01:31:58,300
hugged General, Petty, who was 
holding the regimental Eagle. 

1736
01:31:58,300 --> 01:32:03,600
He said goodbye kids raising his
hand in salutation Napoleon. 

1737
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:07,000
Despite his best efforts jumped 
into a carriage crying that 

1738
01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:10,200
night, many jaded soldiers, lay 
under the stars unsure of 

1739
01:32:10,200 --> 01:32:13,600
France's or their future without
long Peru, a veteran mermaid. 

1740
01:32:13,600 --> 01:32:16,400
It's over a wonderful person 
left. 

1741
01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:20,200
An imaginary Kingdom held 
European ruler. 

1742
01:32:20,200 --> 01:32:25,000
Napoleon Bonaparte captive. 
He arrived at Elba 19 square 

1743
01:32:25,000 --> 01:32:28,200
miles of rugged terrain and 
Vineyards in Tuscany in late, 

1744
01:32:28,200 --> 01:32:31,700
April 1814. 
He was rarely self-pitying, 

1745
01:32:31,700 --> 01:32:35,100
keeping the title Emperor, the 
Allies gave from the name as a 

1746
01:32:35,100 --> 01:32:37,700
polite fiction. 
He established a small Court in 

1747
01:32:37,700 --> 01:32:41,500
Port of ferrario elba's main 
town and rained like France in 

1748
01:32:41,500 --> 01:32:44,500
miniature. 
Napoleon was Restless on Elbert 

1749
01:32:44,500 --> 01:32:49,000
for 9 months, he studied Lila's 
iron mines and quarries plan to 

1750
01:32:49,008 --> 01:32:51,400
modernize Agriculture. 
And designed a flag. 

1751
01:32:51,400 --> 01:32:54,900
A diagonal band of white with 
red and bees symbolizing 

1752
01:32:54,900 --> 01:32:57,900
industriousness, and potentially
nodding to his Imperial emblem. 

1753
01:32:58,800 --> 01:33:01,600
He formed a small Navy and army 
with a few ships and hundreds of

1754
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:03,900
people including a loyal Old 
Guard Detachment. 

1755
01:33:03,900 --> 01:33:07,900
He wrote tight routes inspected,
Olive, Orchards and talked to 

1756
01:33:07,900 --> 01:33:10,000
Port. 
Fisherman Villages said his 

1757
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:12,800
micromanagement. 
Improved roads, built a small 

1758
01:33:12,808 --> 01:33:16,800
hospital and accelerated tax 
collection elba's, people were 

1759
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:20,400
amazed and perplexed that this 
powerful man cared about their 

1760
01:33:20,400 --> 01:33:23,300
humble life. 
A friendly Alban, Elder joke. 

1761
01:33:23,300 --> 01:33:25,400
You thinks he's still ruling, 
the world. 

1762
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:30,700
Poland's Vigor, overwhelmed, 
Alberta appearance, connections 

1763
01:33:30,700 --> 01:33:32,900
and newspapers kept him, abreast
of French and European 

1764
01:33:32,900 --> 01:33:37,000
happenings this information. 
Ordered him the restored bourbon

1765
01:33:37,000 --> 01:33:39,200
Monarch Louis, the 18th was 
unpopular in France. 

1766
01:33:39,200 --> 01:33:42,500
The Arrogant Return of the old 
aristocracy led to dismissal of 

1767
01:33:42,508 --> 01:33:46,100
many Napoleon Affiliated French 
officers, and bureaucrats rumors

1768
01:33:46,100 --> 01:33:48,200
of royalist Revenge and economic
recession. 

1769
01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:51,400
Circulated peasants, feared, the
Bourbons would retake their 

1770
01:33:51,400 --> 01:33:55,000
gains after Napoleon's reign. 
During a Congress of the great 

1771
01:33:55,000 --> 01:33:57,900
countries in Vienna to redraw 
Europe's map off to Napoleon's 

1772
01:33:57,900 --> 01:34:00,300
Falls. 
The British may send Napoleon to

1773
01:34:00,300 --> 01:34:02,900
a remote Atlantic Rock. 
If he becomes too difficult in 

1774
01:34:02,900 --> 01:34:05,500
Elba the island felt like a 
guilded prison. 

1775
01:34:05,500 --> 01:34:08,700
The Bonaparte family was 
Infamous for their infighting 

1776
01:34:08,700 --> 01:34:12,300
and Napoleon's mother and sister
clashed off and Napoleon's. 

1777
01:34:12,300 --> 01:34:14,500
Busy mind was born. 
He was sad. 

1778
01:34:14,500 --> 01:34:17,300
Looking at the sea via a 
telescope from elba's, Cliffs in

1779
01:34:17,300 --> 01:34:20,400
early 1815. 
I live like a sleeping volcano. 

1780
01:34:20,400 --> 01:34:23,300
Read one letter. 
He could not bear the world 

1781
01:34:23,300 --> 01:34:26,600
going on without him his 
insatiable ambition and Fate 

1782
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:29,700
One. 
In late February 1815, Napoleon 

1783
01:34:29,700 --> 01:34:31,300
returned to France, to reclaim 
his crown. 

1784
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:34,200
After hearing, the Congress of 
Vienna was in disorder and 

1785
01:34:34,200 --> 01:34:36,400
France's anger, with Louis, the 
18th was growing. 

1786
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:39,700
It appeared impossible and 
expelled Emperor. 

1787
01:34:39,700 --> 01:34:42,300
Escorted by Allied ships, trying
to incite a civilian 

1788
01:34:42,300 --> 01:34:44,900
Insurrection to overthrow a 
reconstituted. 

1789
01:34:44,900 --> 01:34:48,400
Monarchy Napoleon had the 
ability to bring dreams to life.

1790
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:54,800
Napoleon fled Elba on February 
26th, 1815 and a loose guards. 

1791
01:34:55,400 --> 01:34:58,400
Traveled to France with several 
hundred loyal Warriors, aboard 

1792
01:34:58,400 --> 01:35:01,000
the ship in constant and on 
numerous small of vessels to 

1793
01:35:01,000 --> 01:35:04,400
evade British surveillance. 
He escaped capture on the voyage

1794
01:35:04,400 --> 01:35:08,500
by chance and daring. 
Napoleon stared at the proud 

1795
01:35:08,500 --> 01:35:11,300
with a familiar fire as the coat
does Europe appeared. 

1796
01:35:12,100 --> 01:35:14,800
France is ours. 
He informed his troops own 

1797
01:35:14,800 --> 01:35:16,500
apartment. 
Believed Louis, the 18th France 

1798
01:35:16,500 --> 01:35:20,600
would fail on March 1st 1815, 
the French Riviera witnessed an 

1799
01:35:20,600 --> 01:35:23,700
astonishing sight Napoleon 
Bonaparte. 

1800
01:35:23,700 --> 01:35:27,400
The exiled Empress landed near 
can with a tiny force and unfold

1801
01:35:27,400 --> 01:35:31,100
his tricolor flag once more. 
Dressed in his trademark grey 

1802
01:35:31,100 --> 01:35:33,500
coat and cocked hat. 
He stepped ashore and 

1803
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:36,000
proclaimed. 
I have come to save France. 

1804
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:41,100
Thus began the episode known as 
the 100 days a final blaze of 

1805
01:35:41,100 --> 01:35:45,300
Napoleon's meteoric, life. 
He marched northward avoiding 

1806
01:35:45,300 --> 01:35:47,700
the royalist stronghold of 
Provence accusing. 

1807
01:35:47,700 --> 01:35:51,200
The Alpine route through the 
Dopey Nae His band was small, 

1808
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:55,000
barely a thousand men. 
But as they Advanced Napoleon's,

1809
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:57,800
Charisma and Francis simmering 
discontent began to work 

1810
01:35:57,800 --> 01:36:01,700
miracles, a town after town 
locals, especially veterans and 

1811
01:36:01,708 --> 01:36:04,700
peasants turned out with 
curiosity and growing 

1812
01:36:04,700 --> 01:36:07,700
enthusiasm. 
To many, the news of his return 

1813
01:36:07,700 --> 01:36:09,700
felt like a long-lost family 
member coming home. 

1814
01:36:09,700 --> 01:36:13,500
A pivotal moment, came on March,
7th near the mountain town of 

1815
01:36:13,500 --> 01:36:16,800
loughrey, Royal troops of the 
5th, regiment and orders to 

1816
01:36:16,800 --> 01:36:20,200
arrest the user confronted, 
Napoleon on the road, the two 

1817
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:23,500
forces faced each other nervous 
and Silent Napoleon. 

1818
01:36:23,500 --> 01:36:26,800
Fearless Strode forward. 
Alone flung open his coat to 

1819
01:36:26,800 --> 01:36:29,600
bear his chest and shouted to 
the soldiers, arrayed against 

1820
01:36:29,600 --> 01:36:32,200
him soldiers. 
If there is one among you, who 

1821
01:36:32,200 --> 01:36:34,500
wants to kill his General, his 
Emperor here. 

1822
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:37,000
I am for a tent heartbeat, no 
one moved. 

1823
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:40,600
Then in an emotional Rush, the 
Royal troops erupted in. 

1824
01:36:40,600 --> 01:36:44,400
Cheers Vivo rang out. 
As they threw down their white 

1825
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:46,700
bourbon cocaines and serged 
toward Napoleon. 

1826
01:36:46,700 --> 01:36:49,900
The men of the 5th, joined 
Napoleon's ranks in unison. 

1827
01:36:50,200 --> 01:36:53,300
I Witnesses saw veterans, crying
and laughing as they embraced, 

1828
01:36:53,300 --> 01:36:56,300
their former leader word 
quickly, spread throughout the 

1829
01:36:56,300 --> 01:36:59,800
countryside, Napoleon had 
returned, and the Army was 

1830
01:36:59,800 --> 01:37:03,600
United in. 
King Louis the 18th attempts to 

1831
01:37:03,608 --> 01:37:07,100
muster resistance faltered as 
one regiment after another, 

1832
01:37:07,100 --> 01:37:09,300
either went over to Bonaparte or
melted away. 

1833
01:37:09,300 --> 01:37:13,400
So it'll nay once Napoleon's. 
Trusted bravest of the Brave had

1834
01:37:13,400 --> 01:37:15,500
initially promised. 
The king he would bring Napoleon

1835
01:37:15,500 --> 01:37:18,400
back in an iron cage but 
confronted with the fur of his 

1836
01:37:18,400 --> 01:37:22,300
troops for the emperor, nay too 
defected overmeld buy old 

1837
01:37:22,300 --> 01:37:25,200
loyalties and perhaps the 
irresistible tide of sentiment 

1838
01:37:26,200 --> 01:37:28,500
By March 20th, Napoleon reached 
Paris. 

1839
01:37:28,500 --> 01:37:32,800
Louis the 18th had already fled 
into Exile supposedly leaving so

1840
01:37:32,800 --> 01:37:36,200
hastily that, he lost a shoe. 
Thus, giving a touch of fast to 

1841
01:37:36,200 --> 01:37:38,900
the bourbon. 
King's second departure, that 

1842
01:37:38,900 --> 01:37:42,500
night Napoleon entered the 
Wheeler's to the ecstatic war of

1843
01:37:42,508 --> 01:37:45,100
parisians. 
Who, just weeks earlier, had 

1844
01:37:45,100 --> 01:37:48,400
been murmuring against him as 
the ogre public opinion had. 

1845
01:37:48,400 --> 01:37:52,100
Once again, whiplashed 
remarkably in a matter of 20 

1846
01:37:52,100 --> 01:37:54,600
days without a single shot fired
in Anger. 

1847
01:37:54,600 --> 01:37:57,000
Napoleon had regular regained, 
his throne. 

1848
01:37:57,000 --> 01:38:01,000
It was one of the most dramatic 
political The Comebacks in 

1849
01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:03,700
history servers are Testament to
his unequaled, ability to 

1850
01:38:03,708 --> 01:38:07,300
inspire or intimidate and they 
also reflect the French people's

1851
01:38:07,300 --> 01:38:11,300
and bivalent of the restored. 
Monarchy The tricolor flew once 

1852
01:38:11,300 --> 01:38:14,500
more from public buildings in 
the streets people sang La 

1853
01:38:14,500 --> 01:38:17,500
marseillaise and lip. 
Bonfires Napoleon moved quickly 

1854
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:21,100
to consolidate this unexpected. 
Second chance he sent letters 

1855
01:38:21,100 --> 01:38:23,700
professing peaceful intentions 
and offering new alliances. 

1856
01:38:23,700 --> 01:38:27,400
He even adopted a more liberal 
tone, promulgating a revised 

1857
01:38:27,400 --> 01:38:29,800
Constitution. 
The additional act that granted 

1858
01:38:29,800 --> 01:38:32,200
a free oppress, and a 
constitutional monarchy style 

1859
01:38:32,200 --> 01:38:34,700
government. 
An olive branch to liberals and 

1860
01:38:34,700 --> 01:38:36,700
moderates in France, who wanted 
reform. 

1861
01:38:36,700 --> 01:38:39,700
The emperor claimed he had 
learned from Exile and now 

1862
01:38:39,700 --> 01:38:43,200
desired, to be a benign, ruler 
of a free people, many were 

1863
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:45,900
skeptical of this late hour 
conversion to liberalism that 

1864
01:38:45,900 --> 01:38:47,700
they preferred him to the 
Bourbons regardless. 

1865
01:38:47,700 --> 01:38:52,100
However, Napoleon's escape and 
restoration shook Europe. the 

1866
01:38:52,100 --> 01:38:55,300
crowned heads at the Congress of
Vienna were aghast and Furious, 

1867
01:38:56,200 --> 01:38:59,200
Coalition of practically every 
other European power, Britain 

1868
01:38:59,200 --> 01:39:02,400
Prussia, Austria, Russia and 
others immediately formed 

1869
01:39:02,400 --> 01:39:05,000
declaring Napoleon and Outlaw 
and enemy of World Peace. 

1870
01:39:06,200 --> 01:39:09,000
The devil has been Unchained. 
So the Austrian foreign minister

1871
01:39:09,000 --> 01:39:13,700
Nick insulating the shocked 
outrage of the aristocracies the

1872
01:39:13,700 --> 01:39:15,900
aristocracies quickly mobilized 
their Idol armies. 

1873
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:19,100
To decisively crush and 
Napoleon, Napoleon aware that 

1874
01:39:19,100 --> 01:39:21,400
diplomacy was hopeless? 
The Allies refused anything 

1875
01:39:21,400 --> 01:39:24,600
short of his second application,
prepared for war with a mix of 

1876
01:39:24,608 --> 01:39:29,000
urgency and confidence yet. 
Perhaps 125,000 soldiers of the 

1877
01:39:29,000 --> 01:39:31,500
regular army, immediately it and
plus volunteers. 

1878
01:39:31,500 --> 01:39:34,300
Swelling. 
The ranks daily Both veterans 

1879
01:39:34,300 --> 01:39:37,900
and new recruits were present, 
many driven by a patriotic Zeal 

1880
01:39:37,900 --> 01:39:40,400
to ensure that foreign monarchs 
would not dictate to France. 

1881
01:39:40,400 --> 01:39:44,600
He also reconstituted the 
formidable Imperial Guard Still 

1882
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:47,900
facing him would soon be several
massive Allied armies converging

1883
01:39:47,900 --> 01:39:50,900
from all sides, potentially over
half a million men. 

1884
01:39:51,700 --> 01:39:54,600
Napoleon strategic Instinct 
guided him to swiftly and 

1885
01:39:54,608 --> 01:39:57,400
forcefully attack the closest 
adversaries before the Coalition

1886
01:39:57,400 --> 01:39:59,900
could fully unite. 
He famously said, to his 

1887
01:39:59,900 --> 01:40:02,900
Marshals, we must make a 
campaign that is prompt and 

1888
01:40:02,900 --> 01:40:05,200
energetic as in the days of our 
youth. 

1889
01:40:06,200 --> 01:40:09,500
In June 1815, he marched into. 
What is now Belgium then part of

1890
01:40:09,508 --> 01:40:12,400
the United Kingdom of the 
Netherlands, to preempt the 

1891
01:40:12,400 --> 01:40:15,500
anglo-dutch Army under the Duke 
of Wellington and the Russian 

1892
01:40:15,500 --> 01:40:20,200
army under martial blusher, 
hoping to feed in turn On June 

1893
01:40:20,200 --> 01:40:24,400
the 16th 1815, Napoleon's are 
made new Nord clashed with the 

1894
01:40:24,400 --> 01:40:29,200
crushing at Linney and the Anglo
Allied Forces at Napoleon. 

1895
01:40:29,200 --> 01:40:32,100
Defeated blue here marking it as
his last victory. 

1896
01:40:32,100 --> 01:40:35,900
However it was not a route since
bouquets prussians with Drew in 

1897
01:40:35,900 --> 01:40:38,000
good order bruised but not 
broken. 

1898
01:40:38,900 --> 01:40:42,000
Marshal's fight at cockroach 
against Wellington's, forces was

1899
01:40:42,000 --> 01:40:45,400
inconclusive neighbors, unable 
to prevent Wellington from 

1900
01:40:45,400 --> 01:40:46,900
later. 
Pulling back to a defensive 

1901
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:48,600
position near the village of 
Waterloo. 

1902
01:40:49,400 --> 01:40:54,000
Two days later on June 1815, 
Napoleon faced Wellington's. 

1903
01:40:54,000 --> 01:40:57,300
British-led Allied Army on the 
rolling plateau of monsen, Jean 

1904
01:40:57,300 --> 01:41:00,200
just south of Waterloo. 
The ground had been soaked by 

1905
01:41:00,208 --> 01:41:02,400
heavy rains, the night before 
delaying. 

1906
01:41:02,400 --> 01:41:04,000
Napoleon's attack until late 
morning. 

1907
01:41:04,000 --> 01:41:07,900
While it dried Napoleon's fate 
would be decided on a field of 

1908
01:41:07,900 --> 01:41:10,900
clover and Rye. 
One mile long and three miles 

1909
01:41:10,900 --> 01:41:14,600
wide with Wellington Scarlet. 
Coated infantry in Union, Jack 

1910
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:17,100
flags are raided together 
against the tricolor standards 

1911
01:41:17,100 --> 01:41:20,300
of France. 
Wellington an experienced 

1912
01:41:20,300 --> 01:41:24,200
defensive, General had a raid, 
his 68,000 troops behind gentle 

1913
01:41:24,200 --> 01:41:27,900
ridges and in strong points, 
like the farm of lahaye sant and

1914
01:41:27,900 --> 01:41:31,100
he anxiously awaited the arrival
of bucher's prussians to bolster

1915
01:41:31,100 --> 01:41:34,900
him. 
Napoleon had around 72,000 

1916
01:41:34,900 --> 01:41:38,600
troops including the red out of 
Imperial Guard, but he too was 

1917
01:41:38,600 --> 01:41:41,000
looking over his shoulder for 
the prussians, hoping his 

1918
01:41:41,000 --> 01:41:43,200
subordinate Marshal grouchy 
would keep him at Bay. 

1919
01:41:44,100 --> 01:41:47,700
As Battle of Waterloo was fears 
and unrelenting a true end game 

1920
01:41:47,700 --> 01:41:49,400
between the year as greatest 
commanders. 

1921
01:41:49,400 --> 01:41:53,300
Napoleon launched a midday 
assault with a grand battery of 

1922
01:41:53,300 --> 01:41:56,700
artillery and a main attack 
against the Allied Center while 

1923
01:41:56,700 --> 01:41:59,600
they lead, Cavalry Charges that 
thundered against Wellington's. 

1924
01:41:59,600 --> 01:42:03,200
Infantry Square's, The British 
and their allies held firm on 

1925
01:42:03,208 --> 01:42:04,900
the ridge despite horrific 
losses. 

1926
01:42:05,800 --> 01:42:08,600
By late afternoon, Nei 
misunderstanding an enemy 

1927
01:42:08,600 --> 01:42:11,200
movement mistakenly believed. 
The Anglo Allied line was 

1928
01:42:11,200 --> 01:42:13,600
faltering and led one of 
military history's. 

1929
01:42:13,600 --> 01:42:17,500
Most infamous Mass Cavalry 
Charges dozens of squadrons with

1930
01:42:17,500 --> 01:42:19,900
glittering quranism. 
Penance thundering over the 

1931
01:42:19,900 --> 01:42:21,800
ridge without infantry or 
artillery support. 

1932
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:24,800
They were met by the Resolute. 
Infantry squares. 

1933
01:42:24,800 --> 01:42:28,100
Wellington soldiers and Silent 
rows behind bayonets. 

1934
01:42:28,100 --> 01:42:31,600
Endured repeated waves of French
Horseman swirling around their 

1935
01:42:31,600 --> 01:42:33,800
bristling squares unable to 
break them. 

1936
01:42:34,800 --> 01:42:38,000
Days Valor was undeniable, his 
horse was shot from under him 

1937
01:42:38,000 --> 01:42:40,500
five times that day, but the 
Chargers game, nothing. 

1938
01:42:40,500 --> 01:42:42,200
But heaps of dead, men and 
horses. 

1939
01:42:42,200 --> 01:42:46,500
Napoleon watched the spectacle 
and reportedly explained that he

1940
01:42:46,500 --> 01:42:49,800
had gone mad. 
As the afternoon wore on news 

1941
01:42:49,800 --> 01:42:52,300
reached Napoleon that to 
crushing forces were approaching

1942
01:42:52,300 --> 01:42:54,900
from the East coming. 
Fulfilling his promise to 

1943
01:42:54,900 --> 01:42:57,500
Wellington. 
For the love of God, come as 

1944
01:42:57,500 --> 01:42:59,800
fast as you can, will fight to 
the last man. 

1945
01:43:00,600 --> 01:43:04,100
Indeed by early evening, 
Prussian Advanced units under 

1946
01:43:04,100 --> 01:43:06,600
Buu attack the French. 
Right? 

1947
01:43:06,600 --> 01:43:10,700
Flank of the village of Plankton
Napoleon to divert troops 

1948
01:43:10,700 --> 01:43:13,800
including part of the young 
guard, to hold them off the iron

1949
01:43:13,800 --> 01:43:17,600
Vice was closing. 
Timed dwindling Napoleon took a 

1950
01:43:17,600 --> 01:43:20,700
final risk, he committed his 
Imperial Guard, his most loyal 

1951
01:43:20,700 --> 01:43:24,100
and Elite battalions in a final 
bid to break Wellington center 

1952
01:43:24,100 --> 01:43:26,500
before the prussians could fully
Unite with the Allies. 

1953
01:43:26,500 --> 01:43:30,300
These battle-hardened, veterans 
short, but tall and reputation 

1954
01:43:30,300 --> 01:43:33,500
marched up the ridge in solid 
columns, drums, beating the 

1955
01:43:33,500 --> 01:43:37,800
pasta charges Viva, they cried 
as Napoleon, watched them go. 

1956
01:43:37,800 --> 01:43:41,700
These men who had never tasted 
defeat, the Allied line buckled 

1957
01:43:41,700 --> 01:43:44,600
under the initial impact, but 
Wellington had kept some units 

1958
01:43:44,600 --> 01:43:46,400
in reserve lying down behind the
ridge. 

1959
01:43:47,400 --> 01:43:49,700
At his command, the British 
guards and other units. 

1960
01:43:49,700 --> 01:43:52,300
Stood up close range, and 
poured, volleys into the flanks 

1961
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:56,400
of the advancing guard columns, 
A brutal firefight ensued near 

1962
01:43:56,400 --> 01:43:59,700
the summit of the ridge. 
Under hail storms of musket 

1963
01:43:59,700 --> 01:44:02,700
balls and great shots for the 
first time in memory, the 

1964
01:44:02,700 --> 01:44:05,900
Imperial Guard recoiled. 
The cry went up among the Allied

1965
01:44:05,900 --> 01:44:09,500
troops Lagarde. 
The cool which means regard is 

1966
01:44:09,508 --> 01:44:12,200
falling back. 
Shock rippled through the French

1967
01:44:12,200 --> 01:44:15,000
lines, disbelief turned to 
panic, as the guards, Retreat 

1968
01:44:15,000 --> 01:44:18,200
became General. 
Wellington seized the moment, 

1969
01:44:18,200 --> 01:44:21,300
waving his hat and ordering a 
general Advance all along the 

1970
01:44:21,300 --> 01:44:24,800
line looking as prussians. 
Now, arriving in force to the 

1971
01:44:24,800 --> 01:44:27,300
French, right? 
Napoleon's Army exhausted. 

1972
01:44:27,300 --> 01:44:30,800
And with its morale shattered, 
began to disintegrate on a 

1973
01:44:30,800 --> 01:44:32,500
gentle slope. 
A square of the Old Guard, 

1974
01:44:32,500 --> 01:44:34,300
formed to act as a rear guard 
for the fleeing Army. 

1975
01:44:35,200 --> 01:44:37,900
Surrounded by Allied Forces. 
They were given a chance to 

1976
01:44:37,908 --> 01:44:41,300
surrender. 
One apocryphal version tells 

1977
01:44:41,300 --> 01:44:45,100
that when called to yield a 
Guard general perhaps, come on, 

1978
01:44:45,100 --> 01:44:48,800
retorted. 
Legarda Mehran PA. 

1979
01:44:49,600 --> 01:44:51,400
The guard dies but does not 
surrender. 

1980
01:44:52,300 --> 01:44:56,600
Followed by a defiant mad. 
When eventually overwhelmed, 

1981
01:44:56,600 --> 01:45:00,000
many of these steadfast 
grenadiers indeed died where 

1982
01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:04,400
they stood rather than 
capitulate. among the chaos in 

1983
01:45:04,400 --> 01:45:07,900
Napoleon who had remained on the
field and the guards repulsed, 

1984
01:45:07,900 --> 01:45:12,400
almost fell into enemy hands, as
all seemed lost his Marshals, 

1985
01:45:12,400 --> 01:45:15,900
persuaded him to depart He fled 
the field in a carriage. 

1986
01:45:15,900 --> 01:45:19,800
As Darkness fell racing back 
toward Paris, his dream of 

1987
01:45:19,800 --> 01:45:23,200
renewed Glory shattered, the 
Battle of Waterloo was over 

1988
01:45:23,200 --> 01:45:28,800
Napoleon's final gambled. 
Napoleon reportedly said for me 

1989
01:45:28,800 --> 01:45:34,500
or it's finished then as he 
left, Back in Paris, Napoleon 

1990
01:45:34,500 --> 01:45:36,800
attempted to Rally support for 
continuing resistance. 

1991
01:45:38,000 --> 01:45:41,500
But the political will was gone 
the legend of turned against him

1992
01:45:41,500 --> 01:45:43,600
and even the ever-loyal martial 
name. 

1993
01:45:43,600 --> 01:45:46,900
Now urged up to Nation saying 
another round of Civil War would

1994
01:45:46,900 --> 01:45:51,200
ruin France. 
On June 22nd 1815 Napoleon 

1995
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:54,000
abdicated for the second time 
and in favor of his young son, 

1996
01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:56,900
Napoleon the second though the 
Allies ignored this and restored

1997
01:45:56,900 --> 01:46:00,000
Louis the 18th again. 
He then made his way to the 

1998
01:46:00,000 --> 01:46:03,700
Atlantic coast initially hoping 
to escape the United States. 

1999
01:46:03,700 --> 01:46:06,900
For weeks, he lingered at 
rochefort with two British 

2000
01:46:06,900 --> 01:46:08,900
warships, blocking any attempt 
to sail. 

2001
01:46:09,600 --> 01:46:12,700
Finally, realizing he could not 
allude the global reach of 

2002
01:46:12,700 --> 01:46:15,500
British Sea power, Napoleon 
surrendered himself to the 

2003
01:46:15,500 --> 01:46:20,300
British captain Maitland of HMS 
bellerophon on July 15th 1815. 

2004
01:46:20,300 --> 01:46:24,300
He would be treated as a former 
head of state and allowed 

2005
01:46:24,300 --> 01:46:25,800
retirement in Britain or 
elsewhere. 

2006
01:46:26,700 --> 01:46:29,600
Instead the British driven by 
their governments resolved that 

2007
01:46:29,600 --> 01:46:32,500
he never troubled the world 
again, decided to send him to 

2008
01:46:32,500 --> 01:46:35,900
the remote, South Atlantic 
island of Saint Helena far from 

2009
01:46:35,900 --> 01:46:40,100
any European Shore. 
In October 1815, Napoleon 

2010
01:46:40,100 --> 01:46:44,300
arrived at this start volcanic 
island, roughly 1200 miles from 

2011
01:46:44,300 --> 01:46:47,500
the coast of Africa. 
Thus began his second final 

2012
01:46:47,500 --> 01:46:50,400
Exile on a speck of land. 
That was essentially an open-air

2013
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:54,000
prison. 
He was 46 years old, the climate

2014
01:46:54,000 --> 01:46:57,400
was dammed the terrain rugged 
but confined there would be no 

2015
01:46:57,400 --> 01:47:00,500
dramatic Escape or return from 
this place, the British 

2016
01:47:00,500 --> 01:47:02,400
Governor. 
So Hudson low was due to full of

2017
01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:06,200
watchful restricting, Napoleon's
movements, to prevent any chance

2018
01:47:06,200 --> 01:47:08,900
of rescue. 
Napoleon was given a residents 

2019
01:47:08,900 --> 01:47:12,100
Longwood house, which was damp 
wind, swept and hardly 

2020
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:13,600
comfortable by Imperial 
standards. 

2021
01:47:13,600 --> 01:47:18,300
He passed the next almost six 
years in a strange half-life The

2022
01:47:18,300 --> 01:47:21,100
small cohort of loyal followers 
voluntarily accompanied him 

2023
01:47:21,108 --> 01:47:24,700
General's, Bertrand and 
month-long counter Locka, says 

2024
01:47:24,700 --> 01:47:26,500
and his valet Marshawn among 
others. 

2025
01:47:26,500 --> 01:47:30,900
And if they formed a tiny Court 
in Exile, Napoleon established a

2026
01:47:30,900 --> 01:47:33,200
daily routine. 
Dictating his Memoirs and 

2027
01:47:33,200 --> 01:47:36,300
thoughts to his companions. 
Specially less cases, who 

2028
01:47:36,300 --> 01:47:39,000
recorded his conversations in, 
what would become the memorial 

2029
01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:42,200
of Saint Helena. tending, a 
small garden, reading, 

2030
01:47:42,200 --> 01:47:45,300
voraciously history, and 
literature, and the newspapers 

2031
01:47:45,300 --> 01:47:48,000
when he could get them and 
taking the occasional ride or 

2032
01:47:48,000 --> 01:47:51,100
walk, when his health allowed, 
Over time his robust 

2033
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:54,200
Constitution began to fail. 
He grew Stout from lack of 

2034
01:47:54,200 --> 01:47:57,400
exercise and rich food. 
He still dined formerly each 

2035
01:47:57,400 --> 01:48:00,200
night on Silver Plate. 
Maintaining pretenses of an 

2036
01:48:00,200 --> 01:48:03,100
imperial household. 
He suffered from what appeared 

2037
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:06,200
to be a stomach ailment. 
Perhaps an ulcer or ultimately 

2038
01:48:06,200 --> 01:48:08,400
stomach cancer. 
His father had died of stomach, 

2039
01:48:08,400 --> 01:48:11,200
cancer 2. 
Some speculated he was being 

2040
01:48:11,200 --> 01:48:13,500
slowly poisoned in indeed. 
Arsenic was later. 

2041
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:16,500
Found in hair samples, though. 
Modern historians, leaned 

2042
01:48:16,500 --> 01:48:19,200
towards natural illness, 
exacerbated by the conditions 

2043
01:48:19,200 --> 01:48:22,500
and possibly the Arsenic present
in things like the wallpaper 

2044
01:48:22,500 --> 01:48:25,100
die. 
Emotionally and intellectually 

2045
01:48:25,100 --> 01:48:29,500
Napoleon oscillated between 
border bitterness and reflective

2046
01:48:29,500 --> 01:48:31,800
car. 
He would spend hours mapping 

2047
01:48:31,800 --> 01:48:33,800
out. 
Alternative history is what he 

2048
01:48:33,800 --> 01:48:36,600
should have done at Waterloo or 
regretting not crushing the 

2049
01:48:36,600 --> 01:48:39,600
crush on his more decisively 
earlier all lamenting the Folly 

2050
01:48:39,600 --> 01:48:42,900
of the Russian campaign. 
At other times, he would delve 

2051
01:48:42,900 --> 01:48:45,100
into philosophical discussions 
about fate in the future 

2052
01:48:45,108 --> 01:48:48,500
Generations. 
He once stated they wanted me to

2053
01:48:48,500 --> 01:48:51,300
be another Washington referring 
to how Britain might have 

2054
01:48:51,308 --> 01:48:54,600
expected him to quietly retire 
and farm, but they will not find

2055
01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:58,800
another Washington in me. 
As months turned to years, 

2056
01:48:58,800 --> 01:49:03,200
Napoleon became preoccupied with
shaping his legacy in dictation 

2057
01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:04,900
sessions. 
He portrayed himself as the 

2058
01:49:04,900 --> 01:49:08,000
champion of the people's rights 
against reactionary monarchs and

2059
01:49:08,000 --> 01:49:12,000
as a soldier philosopher, who 
spread revolutionary ideals He 

2060
01:49:12,000 --> 01:49:14,100
insisted that his True Glory was
not the 40 battles. 

2061
01:49:14,100 --> 01:49:16,500
He won the defeat at Waterloo, 
overshadowed them. 

2062
01:49:16,500 --> 01:49:20,500
But what will live forever is my
civil code, the administrative 

2063
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:24,000
reforms, the memory of a Nation.
I transformed, he described the 

2064
01:49:24,000 --> 01:49:27,200
Grande Army as a Band of 
Brothers who achieved The 

2065
01:49:27,208 --> 01:49:30,800
Impossible out of love for 
France, even expressed some 

2066
01:49:30,800 --> 01:49:33,800
remorse or at least sadness over
the human cost of his Ambitions 

2067
01:49:33,800 --> 01:49:37,500
at times sitting on the porch. 
At Longwood gazing at the 

2068
01:49:37,500 --> 01:49:39,200
Atlantic rollers under a gray 
sky. 

2069
01:49:39,200 --> 01:49:43,200
One imagines Napoleon pondering 
the ultimate futility of worldly

2070
01:49:43,200 --> 01:49:45,800
power. 
Nevertheless he never lost a 

2071
01:49:45,800 --> 01:49:49,100
certain pride and combativeness 
when sir Hudson low would visit 

2072
01:49:49,100 --> 01:49:51,800
with Petty or regulations or 
refuse him, the title of Emperor

2073
01:49:51,800 --> 01:49:54,200
and correspondence. 
The British addressed him as 

2074
01:49:54,200 --> 01:49:57,200
general Bonaparte, Napoleon 
would bristle with anger. 

2075
01:49:57,200 --> 01:50:00,000
Sometimes refusing to see the 
governor at all, cloaking 

2076
01:50:00,000 --> 01:50:03,500
himself in dignified, silence 
his Entourage remained fiercely 

2077
01:50:03,500 --> 01:50:07,700
loyal, sharing in these 
indigenous in 1818, Las Casas 

2078
01:50:07,700 --> 01:50:11,100
was deported by the new for 
allegedly, trying to smuggle. 

2079
01:50:11,100 --> 01:50:15,700
Let To Europe Napoleon was 
outraged but he continued his 

2080
01:50:15,700 --> 01:50:19,100
dictations with others over time
reports of his declining Health 

2081
01:50:19,100 --> 01:50:20,900
reached Europe and softened some
hearts. 

2082
01:50:20,900 --> 01:50:24,500
Even royalists in France, became
less harsh and a simmering 

2083
01:50:24,500 --> 01:50:28,700
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,

2084
01:50:28,700 --> 01:50:32,000
worsened constant abdominal 
pain, nausea and physical 

2085
01:50:32,000 --> 01:50:34,800
weakening. 
He took to bed in April, he 

2086
01:50:34,800 --> 01:50:38,000
sensed the end was near and made
a will famously asking to be 

2087
01:50:38,000 --> 01:50:41,500
buried on the banks of the sin, 
among the French people who may 

2088
01:50:41,500 --> 01:50:45,300
have loved so much. 
On May the 5th 1821 during a 

2089
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:49,100
ferocious storm, Napoleon died. 
His last words mermaid in 

2090
01:50:49,100 --> 01:50:52,400
Delirium, were recorded by those
at his bedside, as France, 

2091
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:57,400
jewelry Army. 
Tech dummy, Josephine. 

2092
01:50:59,500 --> 01:51:01,200
France. 
The army. 

2093
01:51:02,300 --> 01:51:04,500
Head of the army. 
Josephine. 

2094
01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:09,400
Even at the final moment, his 
mind clung to what he cherished,

2095
01:51:09,400 --> 01:51:13,300
his country, his soldiers, his 
glory and perhaps a fleeting 

2096
01:51:13,300 --> 01:51:17,000
thought of the first wife, he 
had loved Napoleon was buried on

2097
01:51:17,000 --> 01:51:19,700
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,
in a modest. 

2098
01:51:19,700 --> 01:51:23,200
Grave marked only by a simple, 
Tombstone, the British wary of 

2099
01:51:23,200 --> 01:51:26,700
any symbol left at nameless. 
The death only magnified the 

2100
01:51:26,708 --> 01:51:30,200
legend within years, Memoirs, 
like the memorial of Saint 

2101
01:51:30,200 --> 01:51:33,500
Helena spread across Europe, 
painting Napoleon is a romantic 

2102
01:51:33,500 --> 01:51:37,600
hero and Martyr of of sorts. 
The great man by fate and the 

2103
01:51:37,600 --> 01:51:41,100
malice of lesser men, The term 
Napoleon complex would come to 

2104
01:51:41,100 --> 01:51:44,000
describe, not psychological 
height issues but the complexity

2105
01:51:44,000 --> 01:51:48,100
of his historical image Tyrant 
or enlightened ruler military 

2106
01:51:48,100 --> 01:51:52,400
genius or Reckless conqueror. 
In 1840, the political Tides 

2107
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:55,600
changed in France, King Louis 
Philippe obtained permission to 

2108
01:51:55,600 --> 01:51:59,200
bring Napoleon's remains home. 
The grand State ceremony, 

2109
01:51:59,200 --> 01:52:02,900
Napoleon's body was exhumed 
found remarkably well preserved,

2110
01:52:02,900 --> 01:52:07,000
and transported to Paris lined 
by hundreds of thousands of 

2111
01:52:07,000 --> 01:52:10,300
Silent onlookers, his coffin 
passed under the Arctic Tree on 

2112
01:52:10,300 --> 01:52:12,900
that Monument. 
He commissioned at the height of

2113
01:52:12,900 --> 01:52:16,100
his power and he was finally 
laid to rest with full honors in

2114
01:52:16,100 --> 01:52:20,200
a red, poor Fury sarcophagus at 
France, thus symbolically 

2115
01:52:20,200 --> 01:52:21,800
reconciled with her. 
Prodigal son. 

2116
01:52:21,800 --> 01:52:26,200
He described the grand amay as a
Band of Brothers who achieve the

2117
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:29,500
impossible out of love for 
France, even expressed some 

2118
01:52:29,500 --> 01:52:32,700
remorse or at least sadness over
the human cost of his Ambitions 

2119
01:52:32,700 --> 01:52:36,500
at times sitting on the porch. 
At Longwood gazing at the 

2120
01:52:36,500 --> 01:52:38,200
Atlantic rollers under a gray 
sky. 

2121
01:52:38,200 --> 01:52:42,200
One imagines Napoleon pondering 
the ultimate futility of worldly

2122
01:52:42,200 --> 01:52:44,800
power. 
Nevertheless he never lost a 

2123
01:52:44,800 --> 01:52:48,100
certain pride and combativeness 
when sir Hudson low would visit 

2124
01:52:48,100 --> 01:52:50,100
with Petty or regulations or 
refuse him. 

2125
01:52:50,100 --> 01:52:51,700
Title of Emperor and 
correspondence. 

2126
01:52:51,700 --> 01:52:54,800
The British addressed him as 
general Bonaparte, Napoleon 

2127
01:52:54,800 --> 01:52:57,900
would bristle with anger. 
Sometimes refusing to see the 

2128
01:52:57,900 --> 01:53:00,500
governor at all, cloaking 
himself in dignified, silence 

2129
01:53:00,500 --> 01:53:03,700
his Entourage remained fiercely 
loyal, sharing in these 

2130
01:53:03,700 --> 01:53:07,300
indignities. 
In 1818, less cases was deported

2131
01:53:07,300 --> 01:53:10,700
by Latin milieu for allegedly, 
trying to smuggle letters to 

2132
01:53:10,700 --> 01:53:13,800
Europe. 
Napoleon was outraged but he 

2133
01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:17,400
continued his dictations with 
others over time reports of his 

2134
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:19,900
declining Health reached Europe 
and softened some hearts. 

2135
01:53:19,900 --> 01:53:23,500
Even royalists in France, became
less harsh and a simmering 

2136
01:53:23,500 --> 01:53:27,700
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,

2137
01:53:27,700 --> 01:53:31,000
worsened constant abdominal 
pain, nausea and physical 

2138
01:53:31,000 --> 01:53:34,000
weakening. 
He took to bed in April, he sent

2139
01:53:34,000 --> 01:53:37,500
the end was near and made a will
famously asking to be buried on 

2140
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:40,600
the banks of the sand, among the
French people who may have loved

2141
01:53:40,608 --> 01:53:44,300
so much. 
On May the 5th 1821 during a 

2142
01:53:44,300 --> 01:53:46,100
ferocious storm. 
Napoleon died. 

2143
01:53:46,100 --> 01:53:49,700
His last words in Delirium were 
recorded by those at his 

2144
01:53:49,708 --> 01:53:53,000
bedside, as France, schooly 
Army. 

2145
01:53:54,400 --> 01:54:00,200
Tech army Josephine. 
France, the army. 

2146
01:54:01,300 --> 01:54:03,600
Head of the army. 
Josephine. 

2147
01:54:05,200 --> 01:54:08,300
Even at the final moment, his 
mind clung to what he cherished,

2148
01:54:08,300 --> 01:54:12,400
his country, his soldiers, his 
glory and perhaps a fleeting 

2149
01:54:12,400 --> 01:54:16,100
thought of the first wife, he 
had loved Napoleon was buried on

2150
01:54:16,100 --> 01:54:18,900
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,
in a modest. 

2151
01:54:18,900 --> 01:54:22,400
Grave marked only by a simple, 
Tombstone, the British wary of 

2152
01:54:22,400 --> 01:54:25,700
any symbol left it nameless. 
But death, only magnified the 

2153
01:54:25,700 --> 01:54:29,100
legend within years, Memoirs, 
like the memorial of Saint 

2154
01:54:29,100 --> 01:54:32,400
Helena spread across Europe, 
painting Napoleon as a romantic 

2155
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:36,200
hero, and Martyr of sorts the 
great, man and done by fate and 

2156
01:54:36,200 --> 01:54:39,800
the malice of lesser men. 
The term Napoleon complex would 

2157
01:54:39,800 --> 01:54:42,500
come to describe, not 
psychological height issues that

2158
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:45,900
the complexity of his historical
image Tyrant or enlightened 

2159
01:54:45,900 --> 01:54:48,500
ruler military genius, or 
Reckless conqueror. 

2160
01:54:49,200 --> 01:54:53,200
In 1840, as political Tides 
changed in France, King Louis 

2161
01:54:53,200 --> 01:54:57,100
Philippe obtained permission to 
bring Napoleon's remains home in

2162
01:54:57,100 --> 01:55:00,100
a grande State ceremony. 
Napoleon's body was exhumed 

2163
01:55:00,100 --> 01:55:03,600
found remarkably well-preserved 
and transported to Paris. 

2164
01:55:04,300 --> 01:55:08,000
Lined by hundreds of thousands 
of Silent onlookers, his coffin 

2165
01:55:08,000 --> 01:55:10,500
passed under the Arctic Tree on 
that Monument. 

2166
01:55:10,500 --> 01:55:13,500
He commissioned at the height of
his power and he was finally 

2167
01:55:13,500 --> 01:55:18,800
laid to rest with full honors in
a red porir France, thus 

2168
01:55:18,800 --> 01:55:20,900
symbolically reconciled with 
her, Prodigal Son. 

2169
01:55:24,300 --> 01:55:27,700
Frederic Chopin's Story begins 
in the modest Village of jealous

2170
01:55:27,700 --> 01:55:32,100
over Waller Poland, where he was
born around March 1st. 1810 

2171
01:55:32,100 --> 01:55:33,700
though. 
Some documents Note. 

2172
01:55:33,700 --> 01:55:36,400
February 22nd. 
The region was steeped in 

2173
01:55:36,400 --> 01:55:40,000
cultural richness and political 
upheaval with Warsaw nearby and 

2174
01:55:40,000 --> 01:55:42,000
the territory, under the shadow 
of the Russian Empire. 

2175
01:55:42,800 --> 01:55:46,700
Chopin's father, Nicholas was a 
Frenchman teaching language and 

2176
01:55:46,700 --> 01:55:50,500
manners to polish nobility while
his mother Justina was a Polish 

2177
01:55:50,500 --> 01:55:53,400
gentlewoman, whose calm sense of
tradition anchored, their 

2178
01:55:53,400 --> 01:55:57,000
household, in that setting 
polish folklore, mingled with 

2179
01:55:57,000 --> 01:56:00,000
European musical forms even in 
infancy. 

2180
01:56:00,000 --> 01:56:03,000
Chopin, absorbed these 
influences, as if, the rhythmic 

2181
01:56:03,000 --> 01:56:06,000
foot steps of villagers and 
distant folk Melodies woven to 

2182
01:56:06,000 --> 01:56:10,000
his subconscious, the 
unremarkable at first glance The

2183
01:56:10,000 --> 01:56:13,500
family small home resonated. 
With reverence for art the 

2184
01:56:13,500 --> 01:56:16,900
piano, a battered upright became
young Frederick's. 

2185
01:56:16,900 --> 01:56:20,700
First loved companion opening 
onto a imaginative worlds, he'd 

2186
01:56:20,700 --> 01:56:24,900
come during quiet mornings. 
Around six, shops prodigious 

2187
01:56:24,900 --> 01:56:27,300
Talent, Drew attention from 
family, friends and local 

2188
01:56:27,300 --> 01:56:31,900
Aristocrats in a society that 
revered Salon culture a gifted 

2189
01:56:31,900 --> 01:56:34,400
child. 
At the piano was Mythic, he 

2190
01:56:34,400 --> 01:56:37,500
played Short pieces at 
Gatherings shyly but assuredly 

2191
01:56:37,500 --> 01:56:41,000
winning over curious onlookers 
who watched in mild disbelief 

2192
01:56:41,000 --> 01:56:45,100
even then his playing 
transcended near youthful charm.

2193
01:56:45,900 --> 01:56:49,800
Displayed a depth that hinted at
Hidden Wells of sensitivity, his

2194
01:56:49,800 --> 01:56:53,600
teacher vojak, Jivani noted, the
boys special relationship with 

2195
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:55,900
Melody, which seemed to flow 
through him. 

2196
01:56:55,900 --> 01:57:00,000
Without the stiffness of child. 
Prodigies Beyond his domestic 

2197
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:02,900
sphere. 
Poland itself was navigating a 

2198
01:57:02,900 --> 01:57:06,300
fragile identity, the Napoleonic
Wars had left scars across 

2199
01:57:06,300 --> 01:57:08,500
Europe. 
Although two young to Grass 

2200
01:57:08,500 --> 01:57:12,000
politics Chopin, sensed the 
patriotism and longing carried 

2201
01:57:12,000 --> 01:57:14,100
by adults around him through his
mother's. 

2202
01:57:14,100 --> 01:57:17,200
Lullabies and whispered family 
Stories, the notion of a lost 

2203
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:20,100
Homeland and came a melodic 
thread weaving through his 

2204
01:57:20,100 --> 01:57:22,600
emerging Consciousness. 
Chopin's sister. 

2205
01:57:22,600 --> 01:57:27,000
Ludica often joined him at the 
piano family Duets turned into 

2206
01:57:27,000 --> 01:57:30,500
moments of shared, creativity 
honing, Frederick's, ability to 

2207
01:57:30,500 --> 01:57:33,400
communicate through sound here 
is early. 

2208
01:57:33,400 --> 01:57:37,100
As compositions took shape short
sometimes clumsy, priorities to 

2209
01:57:37,100 --> 01:57:40,600
the refined expression. 
He would like to craft These 

2210
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:42,700
embryonic Works already. 
Displayed, what would become his

2211
01:57:42,700 --> 01:57:46,000
Hallmark graceful lines and a 
certain Bitter. 

2212
01:57:46,000 --> 01:57:48,700
Sweet tension between major and 
minor. 

2213
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:51,800
He performed publicly for the 
first time around age seven, 

2214
01:57:51,800 --> 01:57:54,100
playing a concert in Warsaw 
though. 

2215
01:57:54,100 --> 01:57:57,100
Such appearances could be 
dismissed as novelty Chopin. 

2216
01:57:57,100 --> 01:57:59,700
Avoided, the fate of child 
prodigies who fade once the 

2217
01:57:59,700 --> 01:58:02,700
novelty wanes. 
He possessed a seriousness and 

2218
01:58:02,700 --> 01:58:04,400
poetic restraint rare in 
children. 

2219
01:58:04,400 --> 01:58:08,300
Observers began to regard him as
a symbol of Poland's hopes. 

2220
01:58:08,300 --> 01:58:12,400
A delicate steadfast light for a
land, overshadowed by external 

2221
01:58:12,400 --> 01:58:16,300
forces, despite the growing 
Acclaim the shop and household 

2222
01:58:16,300 --> 01:58:20,700
valued stability, Nicholas and 
Justina refused to exploit their

2223
01:58:20,700 --> 01:58:24,300
son's Talent, allowing only 
select performance is while in a

2224
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:29,300
rigorous academic education. 
Literature history and language 

2225
01:58:29,300 --> 01:58:31,300
formed, the backdrop to Chopin's
musical. 

2226
01:58:31,300 --> 01:58:34,700
Studies broadening his 
imagination and refining his 

2227
01:58:34,700 --> 01:58:39,000
sensibilities piano practice 
remained constant punctuating 

2228
01:58:39,000 --> 01:58:42,800
daily life occasionally, he 
would present a short pollinate 

2229
01:58:42,800 --> 01:58:46,200
or Missouri at Family. 
Gathering's, each piece, tinged 

2230
01:58:46,200 --> 01:58:49,300
with local rhythms reframe 
through his evolving Style, 

2231
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:53,800
Youthful curiosity, led him 
Beyond his surroundings grief 

2232
01:58:53,800 --> 01:58:56,700
visits to Warsaw introduced a 
more, Cosmopolitan musical. 

2233
01:58:56,700 --> 01:59:00,100
Seen those still young in 
countered professional 

2234
01:59:00,100 --> 01:59:03,100
musicians, Aristocrats 
intellectuals and salons. 

2235
01:59:03,900 --> 01:59:06,200
He's glimpses of city life left 
a strong impression. 

2236
01:59:06,200 --> 01:59:09,700
He realized that an artistic 
future might extend beyond 

2237
01:59:09,700 --> 01:59:12,800
Village confines yet. 
He retained a deep. 

2238
01:59:12,800 --> 01:59:17,800
Tie to Poland's cultural Soul 
this Duality rooted in Poland's 

2239
01:59:17,800 --> 01:59:20,800
provincial heart while edging 
toward Europe's, wider 

2240
01:59:20,800 --> 01:59:23,200
possibilities would shape his 
entire career. 

2241
01:59:24,100 --> 01:59:26,900
For the moment though, he was 
just a boy at the piano 

2242
01:59:26,908 --> 01:59:28,600
enthralled, by the promise of 
Music. 

2243
01:59:28,600 --> 01:59:30,600
The echoed far beyond any single
room. 

2244
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:35,100
Whispers about this gentle 
Prodigy, stood questions, could 

2245
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:38,400
he be Poland's next, great 
musical figure, a voice of 

2246
01:59:38,400 --> 01:59:43,300
national identity in delicate 
harmonies only time and show 

2247
01:59:43,300 --> 01:59:47,500
pounds unfolding genius would 
reveal the answer in these 

2248
01:59:47,500 --> 01:59:50,000
formative years? 
No one could anticipate the 

2249
01:59:50,000 --> 01:59:51,700
complex trajectory that layer 
ahead. 

2250
01:59:52,700 --> 01:59:56,200
But in The Whispers of the local
Gathering where merchants and 

2251
01:59:56,200 --> 02:00:00,100
traveling performers, converged 
and unspoken consensus emerged. 

2252
02:00:00,100 --> 02:00:04,000
Young Frederick was different 
from the typical parlor show 

2253
02:00:04,000 --> 02:00:06,100
off. 
He conveyed a delicate empathy 

2254
02:00:06,100 --> 02:00:09,000
through his keyboard that spoke 
to people's private Joys and 

2255
02:00:09,000 --> 02:00:12,600
Sorrows each naughty played seem
to carry a gentle sense of 

2256
02:00:12,600 --> 02:00:16,200
Yearning as though, Bridging the
Gap between a femoral childhood 

2257
02:00:16,200 --> 02:00:18,800
and the adult complexities 
lurking Beyond the Horizon. 

2258
02:00:18,800 --> 02:00:23,500
His parents though please by the
modest celebrity garnered with 

2259
02:00:23,500 --> 02:00:27,100
deeply protective those who 
watched felt stirred in his 

2260
02:00:27,100 --> 02:00:30,000
recitals as if Poland spoke 
through his hands. 

2261
02:00:31,300 --> 02:00:34,800
Chopin's teenage years were 
marked by a widening world one, 

2262
02:00:34,800 --> 02:00:37,300
in which he began to see the 
possibilities and pressures that

2263
02:00:37,300 --> 02:00:38,600
came with his growing 
reputation. 

2264
02:00:39,700 --> 02:00:43,800
By the time he was in his early 
teens Warsaw itself had become a

2265
02:00:43,800 --> 02:00:46,800
kind of secondary classroom. 
You frequented the city more 

2266
02:00:46,800 --> 02:00:50,200
often absorbing the salon 
culture in ways that surpassed 

2267
02:00:50,200 --> 02:00:53,600
me a piano demonstrations. 
He observed how Aristocrats 

2268
02:00:53,600 --> 02:00:57,200
intellectuals and artists 
interacted, not just in the 

2269
02:00:57,200 --> 02:01:00,700
formal sense of performance, but
in their private candid 

2270
02:01:00,700 --> 02:01:04,100
conversations about politics 
literature and the future of the

2271
02:01:04,100 --> 02:01:08,000
nation perpetually under watch. 
In these Salon, Gatherings 

2272
02:01:08,000 --> 02:01:11,900
Chappelle was at first 
curiosity, an unassuming, some 

2273
02:01:11,900 --> 02:01:15,000
what delicate figure, who 
produced music that seemed too 

2274
02:01:15,000 --> 02:01:16,500
profound for his youthful 
appearance. 

2275
02:01:17,500 --> 02:01:20,600
But as he refined his style, he 
earned respect as a musician 

2276
02:01:20,600 --> 02:01:24,700
rather than just a novelty. 
His performance is often 

2277
02:01:24,700 --> 02:01:27,400
intimate Affairs. 
Displayed a sensitivity that was

2278
02:01:27,400 --> 02:01:30,700
starting to take shape in his 
original compositions while 

2279
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:32,500
still shaped by the classical 
Frameworks. 

2280
02:01:32,500 --> 02:01:36,500
He'd studied his work called 
Blended polish, musical elements

2281
02:01:36,500 --> 02:01:40,000
with the new harmonic language. 
This Evolution thrilled those 

2282
02:01:40,000 --> 02:01:43,500
who heard him and the novelty of
his youth, gave way to genuine 

2283
02:01:43,500 --> 02:01:48,800
admiration of his craft by 1826 
Chopin enrolled at the Warsaw 

2284
02:01:48,800 --> 02:01:51,700
Conservatory, under Josef 
elsner, elsner. 

2285
02:01:51,700 --> 02:01:55,200
A composer of some Renown 
recognized, the uniqueness of 

2286
02:01:55,200 --> 02:01:59,000
his students musical instincts, 
rather than imposing rigid 

2287
02:01:59,000 --> 02:02:00,800
expectations. 
Elsner fostered. 

2288
02:02:00,800 --> 02:02:03,600
A gentle discipline guiding 
Chappelle toward an 

2289
02:02:03,600 --> 02:02:06,400
understanding of form and 
Counterpoint that would serve as

2290
02:02:06,400 --> 02:02:09,600
the backbone for his stylistic 
experimentation in. 

2291
02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:12,300
So doing Elsa fulfilled. 
Two, crucial roles. 

2292
02:02:12,300 --> 02:02:16,400
He acted both as a guardrail 
preventing Chopin from drifting 

2293
02:02:16,400 --> 02:02:18,200
into mere pants for 
improvisation. 

2294
02:02:18,200 --> 02:02:22,100
And as a doorway encouraging, 
the Young musician to trust his 

2295
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:26,200
own artistic, impulses, Yet 
Chopin's life in Warsaw was not 

2296
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:29,900
all about study. 
Mingled with peers engaged in 

2297
02:02:29,900 --> 02:02:34,600
Spirited debates, and according 
to some letters, even enjoyed 

2298
02:02:34,600 --> 02:02:37,800
the light-hearted distractions. 
Typical of Youth dance is 

2299
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:42,200
outdoor, excursions, late night 
banter, This balance between 

2300
02:02:42,200 --> 02:02:45,000
Earnest scholarship and playful 
socializing and kept him 

2301
02:02:45,000 --> 02:02:47,400
grounded. 
Friends who remembered him from 

2302
02:02:47,400 --> 02:02:50,900
that time recalled, a gentle 
witty personality who could draw

2303
02:02:50,900 --> 02:02:54,000
out laughed at just as easily as
tears with his piano playing. 

2304
02:02:54,900 --> 02:02:57,300
Still a restlessness stirred 
within him. 

2305
02:02:57,300 --> 02:03:00,800
Poland's political situation. 
Seemed forever precarious. 

2306
02:03:00,800 --> 02:03:04,400
And he felt a tug to experience.
Life beyond warsaw's boundaries.

2307
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:08,900
Trip to Berlin in 1828, offered 
a hint of what awaited him 

2308
02:03:08,900 --> 02:03:11,300
outside. 
His homeland though, brief it 

2309
02:03:11,300 --> 02:03:13,700
introduced him to broader 
Circles of culture and music. 

2310
02:03:13,700 --> 02:03:16,800
Sparking a sense of wonderlust 
Upon returning. 

2311
02:03:16,800 --> 02:03:19,700
He began formulating plans to 
travel more extensively. 

2312
02:03:19,700 --> 02:03:23,600
Both for artistic growth and for
practical reasons Warsaw 

2313
02:03:23,600 --> 02:03:26,600
supportive though, it was could 
only offer so much in terms of 

2314
02:03:26,600 --> 02:03:30,000
career. 
Prospects in 1829 journey to 

2315
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:33,200
Vienna Austrian Capital with its
illustrious musical. 

2316
02:03:33,200 --> 02:03:37,100
Lineage Mozart Beethoven 
Schubert was a magnet for 

2317
02:03:37,100 --> 02:03:40,000
ambitious young composers. 
Chopin found himself in a 

2318
02:03:40,008 --> 02:03:43,500
bustling Hub where concerts and 
operas were daily fare over 

2319
02:03:43,500 --> 02:03:44,200
WellMed. 
Yet. 

2320
02:03:44,200 --> 02:03:48,500
Inspired he tested his mettle by
giving performance is each 

2321
02:03:48,500 --> 02:03:51,300
carefully arranged to capitalize
on the city's appetite for 

2322
02:03:51,300 --> 02:03:53,300
novelty. 
Well though, he was met with 

2323
02:03:53,300 --> 02:03:56,800
critical approval. 
He also confronted the reality 

2324
02:03:56,800 --> 02:03:59,800
that audience is here were 
accustomed to spectacle and 

2325
02:03:59,800 --> 02:04:04,400
virtuosity on a grand scale. 
Chopin style intimate. 

2326
02:04:04,400 --> 02:04:06,900
And subtly shaded was unusual by
comparison. 

2327
02:04:06,900 --> 02:04:11,100
Nonetheless, local critics 
praised his nuanced touch in 

2328
02:04:11,100 --> 02:04:14,100
originality. 
Encouraged he contemplated 

2329
02:04:14,100 --> 02:04:17,700
making Vienna his base for a 
longer stretch, but events in 

2330
02:04:17,700 --> 02:04:19,200
Poland. 
Soon, demanded his attention 

2331
02:04:19,200 --> 02:04:23,000
rumors of upheaval. 
Floated through Europe, hinting 

2332
02:04:23,000 --> 02:04:24,600
that the Polish struggle. 
For autonomy. 

2333
02:04:24,600 --> 02:04:28,300
Might erupt into open conflict. 
Torn between an ambition to 

2334
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:31,300
explore foreign stages and 
loyalty to his homeland. 

2335
02:04:31,300 --> 02:04:36,000
Briefly returned to Warsaw in 
late 1830 around that time. 

2336
02:04:36,000 --> 02:04:39,700
The November Uprising, an armed 
Rebellion, against Russian rule 

2337
02:04:39,700 --> 02:04:44,000
shattered, the foundations of 
Polish Society while debated. 

2338
02:04:44,000 --> 02:04:47,000
His next steps, friends and 
family urged him to secure his 

2339
02:04:47,000 --> 02:04:50,300
future abroad believing that 
fulfilling his musical potential

2340
02:04:50,300 --> 02:04:53,300
would serve Poland's cultural 
Pride just as effectively as 

2341
02:04:53,300 --> 02:04:56,200
taking up arms. 
Thus began the departure that 

2342
02:04:56,200 --> 02:04:59,700
would define his life. 
In the Autumn of 1830. 

2343
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:03,000
Champions left Poland, for 
Vienna. 

2344
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:06,000
Once again, carrying with him a 
small box of Earth from his 

2345
02:05:06,000 --> 02:05:09,400
native soil, an emblem of his 
deep attachment to his homeland.

2346
02:05:09,400 --> 02:05:13,400
As he traveled, he felt a swirl 
of emotions excitement, 

2347
02:05:13,400 --> 02:05:17,200
trepidation sorrow. 
You watch the Landscapes shift 

2348
02:05:17,200 --> 02:05:20,700
as he crossed borders, his piano
improvisations, echoing, the 

2349
02:05:20,700 --> 02:05:22,500
uncertainties of a life in 
transit. 

2350
02:05:23,300 --> 02:05:26,700
Yet at this point if you 
realized how profoundly the step

2351
02:05:26,700 --> 02:05:31,900
would echo in Chopin's life. 
By the early 1830s Paris had 

2352
02:05:31,900 --> 02:05:34,500
emerged as the glittering 
epicenter of European art. 

2353
02:05:34,500 --> 02:05:38,900
Intellect and Revolution for 
Frederick Chopper who recently 

2354
02:05:38,900 --> 02:05:42,800
arrived from Poland in turmoil. 
The city felt both overwhelming 

2355
02:05:42,800 --> 02:05:45,200
and inviting. 
He entered a community of 

2356
02:05:45,200 --> 02:05:47,800
writers painters and fellow 
composers. 

2357
02:05:47,800 --> 02:05:50,200
All converging in the capitals 
salons. 

2358
02:05:50,200 --> 02:05:53,300
Those vibrant often 
unpredictable hives of 

2359
02:05:53,300 --> 02:05:57,100
conversation and performance, To
a young Exile burden by home 

2360
02:05:57,100 --> 02:06:00,100
sickness Paris. 
Offered both The Refuge and a 

2361
02:06:00,100 --> 02:06:02,200
blank hand on which, to shape 
his public identity. 

2362
02:06:02,200 --> 02:06:06,300
Almost immediately. 
Sensed the city's dual nature. 

2363
02:06:06,300 --> 02:06:09,500
It was as much a whirlwind of 
self-promotion and social 

2364
02:06:09,500 --> 02:06:11,800
maneuvering, as it was a 
crucible of high art. 

2365
02:06:12,600 --> 02:06:16,100
Hostesses of these, gatherings 
vied for intriguing guests, and 

2366
02:06:16,100 --> 02:06:19,500
initially Chopin's polish 
Origins, and refined keyboard 

2367
02:06:19,500 --> 02:06:22,300
approach made him assault after 
novelty, yet. 

2368
02:06:22,300 --> 02:06:24,100
He soon learned that success in 
Paris. 

2369
02:06:24,100 --> 02:06:27,600
Demanded more than Raw Talent. 
It required a flair for 

2370
02:06:27,600 --> 02:06:31,300
presentation in the ability to 
navigate cleeks to turn into 

2371
02:06:31,300 --> 02:06:33,400
avoid being overshadowed by, 
showing a performance. 

2372
02:06:34,200 --> 02:06:37,500
He maintained his intimate style
while allowing curious audiences

2373
02:06:37,500 --> 02:06:41,500
to glimpses romantic Mystique. 
Fortunately, his music spoke on 

2374
02:06:41,500 --> 02:06:44,100
his behalf. 
Listeners were entranced by the 

2375
02:06:44,108 --> 02:06:47,200
delicate interplay of Melody. 
And Harmony that defined his 

2376
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:51,700
early, Works Paris still reeling
from the July Revolution and 

2377
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:55,700
swept up in a romantic further. 
Was primed to celebrate emotion 

2378
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:58,500
in art. 
Chopin's pieces, simultaneously,

2379
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:01,700
subtle and impassioned, fit this
cultural moment. 

2380
02:07:02,700 --> 02:07:06,000
Amid the murmur of conversation.
In cramped drawing rooms, he 

2381
02:07:06,000 --> 02:07:09,700
introduced a distinctly polish 
flavor through his Missouri's 

2382
02:07:09,700 --> 02:07:13,300
and pollinators. 
He's forms colored by folk, 

2383
02:07:13,300 --> 02:07:16,700
rhythms and patriotic longing. 
Offered a window into a 

2384
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:17,800
Homeland. 
Many Provisions. 

2385
02:07:17,800 --> 02:07:21,500
Knew little about however 
achieving Financial stability 

2386
02:07:21,500 --> 02:07:24,200
was. 
Not an effortless task Chopin 

2387
02:07:24,200 --> 02:07:26,600
turned to teaching piano and 
Enterprise. 

2388
02:07:26,600 --> 02:07:28,700
He approached with meticulous 
care. 

2389
02:07:28,700 --> 02:07:32,600
Unlike typical drills his 
lessons emphasized musical. 

2390
02:07:32,600 --> 02:07:35,700
Poetry guiding students to hear 
the emotional under current in 

2391
02:07:35,700 --> 02:07:38,600
every phrase. 
News of his abilities as an 

2392
02:07:38,600 --> 02:07:41,800
instructor sprayed and soon 
wealthy families sought him out.

2393
02:07:42,600 --> 02:07:45,800
Teaching though, time consuming 
ensured a steady income that 

2394
02:07:45,800 --> 02:07:48,900
freed him from the strain of 
large-scale concerts a format. 

2395
02:07:48,900 --> 02:07:52,900
He never fully embraced. 
Indeed Chopin's preferred venue 

2396
02:07:52,900 --> 02:07:56,400
was not the grand Concert Hall, 
but the intimate Salon where he 

2397
02:07:56,408 --> 02:07:58,700
could sense the subtle reactions
of a small audience. 

2398
02:07:59,700 --> 02:08:03,400
His approach sometimes described
as whisper-like asked listeners 

2399
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:07,200
to lean in, rather than lean 
back critics, who anticipated 

2400
02:08:07,200 --> 02:08:10,300
bravura criticized him for his 
lack of force yet. 

2401
02:08:10,300 --> 02:08:13,300
Among the growing group of 
admirers, there was consensus 

2402
02:08:13,300 --> 02:08:16,900
that force was never his aim in 
an error and thrall, by tal 

2403
02:08:16,900 --> 02:08:19,400
personal expression, Chappelle's
delicate, phrasing. 

2404
02:08:19,400 --> 02:08:22,500
Offered a different kind of 
power one, that was internal 

2405
02:08:22,500 --> 02:08:25,200
reflective and quietly 
revolutionary. 

2406
02:08:26,100 --> 02:08:27,600
During these formative years in 
Paris. 

2407
02:08:29,100 --> 02:08:31,500
He forged relationships that 
would shape his legacy. 

2408
02:08:32,300 --> 02:08:36,800
One such Bond of France list. 
A flamboyant Hungarian pianist, 

2409
02:08:36,800 --> 02:08:40,400
whose colossal sound and stage 
theatrics contrasted sharply 

2410
02:08:40,400 --> 02:08:43,700
with the Chopin's Reserve. 
Nevertheless, the two men found 

2411
02:08:43,700 --> 02:08:46,600
Common Ground? 
Admiring each other's Artistry 

2412
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:47,800
and occasionally playing 
together. 

2413
02:08:48,600 --> 02:08:51,000
Their contrasting Style's 
reflected the diversity of 

2414
02:08:51,000 --> 02:08:53,800
romantic. 
Music lists dramatic scale 

2415
02:08:53,800 --> 02:08:56,100
balanced by the Chopin's 
interior landscape. 

2416
02:08:57,000 --> 02:09:00,700
Chopin also crossed paths with 
figures like Hector berlioz, who

2417
02:09:00,700 --> 02:09:03,200
sweeping Symphonies embodied, 
the ears, the first for 

2418
02:09:03,200 --> 02:09:05,700
grandchild. 
While their Creative Visions. 

2419
02:09:05,700 --> 02:09:09,600
Diverged, these encounters 
deepen Chopin's understanding of

2420
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:13,400
music's many possibilities in a 
city teeming with Restless 

2421
02:09:13,400 --> 02:09:15,800
Minds. 
He soaked up, discussions of 

2422
02:09:15,800 --> 02:09:19,400
Aesthetics politics and 
philosophy late night. 

2423
02:09:19,400 --> 02:09:21,600
Gatherings could spark 
friendships or feuds. 

2424
02:09:21,600 --> 02:09:24,700
But for Chopin, they offered 
continual insight into the 

2425
02:09:24,700 --> 02:09:26,400
forces shaping contemporary 
thought. 

2426
02:09:27,100 --> 02:09:29,500
Yet under the polished routine 
of teaching and Performing 

2427
02:09:29,500 --> 02:09:32,000
Chopin carried. 
The weight of displacement 

2428
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:36,200
letters reveal his lingering 
sorrow over Poland struggles and

2429
02:09:36,200 --> 02:09:40,100
ache that wove itself into his 
most poignant compositions, even

2430
02:09:40,100 --> 02:09:43,100
as he gained a claim in Paris, 
he wrestled with Gilt at having 

2431
02:09:43,100 --> 02:09:46,700
left his homeland. 
This tension between a new life 

2432
02:09:46,700 --> 02:09:50,100
of opportunity and an old world 
in turmoil, fueled his artistic 

2433
02:09:50,100 --> 02:09:52,900
spirit. 
Ultimately it was the Confluence

2434
02:09:52,900 --> 02:09:55,600
of Exile and acceptance longing 
and fulfillment. 

2435
02:09:55,600 --> 02:09:59,300
That birth is most enduring 
works in the midst of this 

2436
02:09:59,300 --> 02:10:02,400
growing success. 
However, had no inkling that a 

2437
02:10:02,400 --> 02:10:05,300
dramatic personal relationship 
would soon reshape his life in 

2438
02:10:05,300 --> 02:10:07,000
ways. 
Even his music could barely 

2439
02:10:07,000 --> 02:10:09,900
foretell. 
It was Within These Circles of 

2440
02:10:09,900 --> 02:10:12,900
artists and intellectuals that 
show playing countered, the 

2441
02:10:12,900 --> 02:10:16,500
writer, George sand. 
Presence is paradoxical and 

2442
02:10:16,500 --> 02:10:19,900
complexes the city itself born 
or raw duper. 

2443
02:10:19,900 --> 02:10:22,400
She had already garnered, both 
Fame and notoriety for her 

2444
02:10:22,400 --> 02:10:25,200
unconventional. 
Lifestyle adopting, a man's 

2445
02:10:25,200 --> 02:10:27,400
attire and openly criticizing 
social norms. 

2446
02:10:28,100 --> 02:10:31,300
At first meeting arranged by 
mutual friends was anything but 

2447
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:34,300
ideal. 
Sounds boldness, startled 

2448
02:10:34,300 --> 02:10:37,700
Chopin, likewise his delicate 
demeanor, struck her as a feet. 

2449
02:10:38,400 --> 02:10:41,600
Yet beneath this awkward, first 
impression a shared sensibility,

2450
02:10:41,600 --> 02:10:45,000
lingard hinting that fate had 
set them on a path of 

2451
02:10:45,000 --> 02:10:47,200
entanglement. 
Though their initial 

2452
02:10:47,200 --> 02:10:50,700
interactions were marked by 
tension curiosity, eventually 

2453
02:10:50,700 --> 02:10:55,100
eroded Warehouse. 
Salon listen to Chappelle's 

2454
02:10:55,100 --> 02:10:58,300
performance is with quiet, 
intensity fascinated by the 

2455
02:10:58,300 --> 02:11:02,100
subtle passion, woven into his 
nocturne's and preludes for her 

2456
02:11:02,100 --> 02:11:04,000
partner. 
Chopin discovered in sound's 

2457
02:11:04,000 --> 02:11:06,900
writing a candle that both 
unsettled and intrigued him. 

2458
02:11:07,700 --> 02:11:10,800
She wrote with emotional Force 
challenging, societal 

2459
02:11:10,800 --> 02:11:15,000
expectations, in a way he a more
introverted figure could only 

2460
02:11:15,000 --> 02:11:19,000
express through music. 
In time, this Mutual fascination

2461
02:11:19,000 --> 02:11:22,100
of evolved, in to a relationship
that defied easy, classification

2462
02:11:22,100 --> 02:11:26,400
of some sort of scandalous, 
others romanticized. 

2463
02:11:26,400 --> 02:11:30,300
It envisioning, two rebellious. 
Souls United under the banner of

2464
02:11:30,300 --> 02:11:33,200
Art. 
Sounds familiar obligations. 

2465
02:11:33,200 --> 02:11:36,700
She was a mother with complex 
ties to past lovers clashed with

2466
02:11:36,700 --> 02:11:40,600
Chopin's need for a stable 
tranquil environment yet for 

2467
02:11:40,600 --> 02:11:43,000
several years. 
They carved out a shared 

2468
02:11:43,000 --> 02:11:46,100
existence. 
Spending summers at Sands. 

2469
02:11:46,100 --> 02:11:48,600
Estate in Hall. 
Where so power found the kind of

2470
02:11:48,600 --> 02:11:50,500
Peace impossible to attain in 
Paris. 

2471
02:11:51,400 --> 02:11:53,900
The man has sprawling Gardens 
and rustic atmosphere. 

2472
02:11:53,900 --> 02:11:57,100
Gave him the space to compose 
free from Urban pressures. 

2473
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:00,800
Meanwhile Saint continued to 
write feverishly. 

2474
02:12:00,800 --> 02:12:02,900
Fueling her own literary output 
in parallel. 

2475
02:12:04,100 --> 02:12:06,500
This period yielded, some of 
Chopin's most refined 

2476
02:12:06,500 --> 02:12:08,900
compositions. 
He built upon his previous 

2477
02:12:08,900 --> 02:12:12,200
Works, deepening. 
Their emotional range, while 

2478
02:12:12,200 --> 02:12:15,800
drawing further on polish 
influences, especially in his 

2479
02:12:15,800 --> 02:12:19,400
Mercer's, The Synergy with sand 
took a curious form. 

2480
02:12:19,400 --> 02:12:23,400
She stoked his creative fires by
allowing him Solitude yet 

2481
02:12:23,400 --> 02:12:25,400
providing companionship when he 
needed it. 

2482
02:12:26,400 --> 02:12:29,300
The letters from that era reveal
a mixture of affection and 

2483
02:12:29,300 --> 02:12:33,000
exasperation as they attempted 
to reconcile two strong-willed 

2484
02:12:33,000 --> 02:12:34,900
temperaments with distinct 
worldviews. 

2485
02:12:35,600 --> 02:12:39,700
Shows Health already delicate 
showed further signs of strain. 

2486
02:12:40,300 --> 02:12:43,300
He suffered from persistent 
coughing fits and fevers like 

2487
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:46,100
likely tied to a chronic 
pulmonary ailment the exact 

2488
02:12:46,100 --> 02:12:49,200
nature of his condition remains 
debated though to book your 

2489
02:12:49,200 --> 02:12:51,200
losses as the commonly suggested
culprit. 

2490
02:12:51,200 --> 02:12:56,000
At nohan took on the role of 
caregiver, even as she juggled 

2491
02:12:56,000 --> 02:12:59,600
her responsibility to her 
children, The Tranquil setting 

2492
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:01,900
was both therapeutic and 
creatively stimulating. 

2493
02:13:02,600 --> 02:13:05,900
However, the underlying tensions
in their partnership never fully

2494
02:13:05,900 --> 02:13:08,200
disappeared despite these 
strains. 

2495
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:11,600
They managed to maintain 
assemblance of Harmony returning

2496
02:13:11,600 --> 02:13:14,100
to Paris for the social season 
and hosting a circle of 

2497
02:13:14,108 --> 02:13:17,100
admirers, including artists who 
found their Alliance 

2498
02:13:17,100 --> 02:13:20,000
captivating. 
Rumors and speculations made the

2499
02:13:20,000 --> 02:13:24,900
rounds, some exaggerated others 
tinged With Envy Chopper quieter

2500
02:13:24,900 --> 02:13:28,700
by Nature, often let Sam handle 
social, negotiations, a 

2501
02:13:28,700 --> 02:13:31,300
judgment-free nature and 
abilities to navigate Bohemian 

2502
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:34,800
Society made her well, suited to
do so during their years 

2503
02:13:34,800 --> 02:13:38,700
together, Chopin continued to 
refine his technique, his works 

2504
02:13:38,700 --> 02:13:42,300
from this phase. 
Nocturnes waltzes impromptu 

2505
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:45,800
resonate with a delicate balance
between introspection and 

2506
02:13:45,800 --> 02:13:48,700
Theatrical Flair. 
You push the boundaries of 

2507
02:13:48,700 --> 02:13:52,700
Harmony exploring key changes 
that felt a subtle as shifting 

2508
02:13:52,700 --> 02:13:57,100
moods audiences in Paris who buy
then revered him as a singular 

2509
02:13:57,100 --> 02:14:01,000
voice on the piano Embrace these
developments eagerly however 

2510
02:14:01,000 --> 02:14:05,000
when personal Conflicts flared, 
the same artistic Brilliance 

2511
02:14:05,000 --> 02:14:08,000
that flowed in times of Peace, 
could also come to a halt. 

2512
02:14:08,700 --> 02:14:11,900
Gradually the relationship 
showed signs of fracture. 

2513
02:14:12,600 --> 02:14:16,000
Sans practicality clashed with 
Chopin's artistic fragility. 

2514
02:14:16,800 --> 02:14:19,700
specially as financial and 
familial burdens multiplied, 

2515
02:14:19,700 --> 02:14:22,500
their differing life 
philosophies became harder to 

2516
02:14:22,500 --> 02:14:26,600
reconcile sand championed 
unconstrained freedom while 

2517
02:14:26,600 --> 02:14:28,600
shipping yearned for emotional 
security. 

2518
02:14:29,400 --> 02:14:32,900
Friends, noticed simmering 
tension, Chopin Circle, worried 

2519
02:14:32,900 --> 02:14:35,200
about his health. 
Sans acquaintances, questioned 

2520
02:14:35,200 --> 02:14:38,000
her choices, neither could 
ignore the Gathering clouds 

2521
02:14:38,000 --> 02:14:41,800
still for a while longer a 
sustained, a delicate 

2522
02:14:41,800 --> 02:14:45,600
equilibrium each day at tapestry
of quite idols and small 

2523
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:48,800
quarrels softened by the hush of
the French Countryside. 

2524
02:14:49,700 --> 02:14:52,400
Their bond gave birth to 
cultural ripples that extended 

2525
02:14:52,400 --> 02:14:56,200
beyond their personal story, the
fusion of literary, boldness and

2526
02:14:56,200 --> 02:14:58,400
musical. 
Nuanced sparked curiosity, and 

2527
02:14:58,400 --> 02:15:01,400
those who orbited their world, 
the question was not if they 

2528
02:15:01,400 --> 02:15:04,900
Union would end but how the 
inevitable parting would unfold.

2529
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:09,300
And what told it would take on 
the Chopin Spirit which had 

2530
02:15:09,300 --> 02:15:11,900
grown accustomed to sound 
presence as both news and 

2531
02:15:11,908 --> 02:15:17,200
caretaker Has the 1840s Advanced
tensions between Chopin and 

2532
02:15:17,200 --> 02:15:20,900
George sand and deeper and 
conflicting needs frayed their 

2533
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:23,900
once productive. 
Coexistence culminating and 

2534
02:15:23,900 --> 02:15:25,900
disagreements. 
That seem trivial to outside as 

2535
02:15:25,900 --> 02:15:29,900
but deeply impacted their bond. 
Financial strains became more 

2536
02:15:29,900 --> 02:15:32,900
pronounced though. 
Chopin was still giving private 

2537
02:15:32,900 --> 02:15:36,200
lessons and occasionally 
performing his medical expenses 

2538
02:15:36,200 --> 02:15:39,600
increased and his capacity to 
maintain the rigorous schedule 

2539
02:15:39,600 --> 02:15:43,200
of a sought-after musician 
waned. sounds responsibilities 

2540
02:15:43,200 --> 02:15:46,800
piled higher, she was not just 
in a claim novelist, but also a 

2541
02:15:46,800 --> 02:15:50,400
mother, whose children demanded 
her attention Their seasonal 

2542
02:15:50,400 --> 02:15:54,000
retreats to hand were initially 
meant to be restorative yet. 

2543
02:15:54,000 --> 02:15:55,700
The countryside that once 
soothed them. 

2544
02:15:55,700 --> 02:15:58,500
Now became a backdrop for 
brooding silences and unspoken 

2545
02:15:58,500 --> 02:16:02,400
resentments Chopper increasingly
played by ill health found. 

2546
02:16:02,400 --> 02:16:05,600
It difficult to cope with the 
emotional upheavals, sand for 

2547
02:16:05,600 --> 02:16:07,500
her. 
Part struggled to reconcile her 

2548
02:16:07,500 --> 02:16:10,300
desire for independence with the
role of caregiver and mediator. 

2549
02:16:11,700 --> 02:16:15,200
The early Idol of two artists 
and sparing each other gave way 

2550
02:16:15,200 --> 02:16:18,200
to a fragile piece held together
by habit and reluctant to 

2551
02:16:18,200 --> 02:16:22,400
confront the inevitable. 
By 1846 arguments over the 

2552
02:16:22,400 --> 02:16:25,100
upbringing of Sam's children. 
Particularly her daughter. 

2553
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:29,600
Salon magnified the couple's 
disparities Saint believed 

2554
02:16:29,600 --> 02:16:31,400
Chopin was overstepping his 
boundaries. 

2555
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:34,900
He in turn felt marginalized in 
a household, he had come to 

2556
02:16:34,900 --> 02:16:38,500
consider partly as own as from 
this period painter of two 

2557
02:16:38,500 --> 02:16:41,100
individuals trying to salvage 
your relationship that had lost.

2558
02:16:41,100 --> 02:16:44,900
Its guiding clarity. 
The closeness that once nurtured

2559
02:16:44,900 --> 02:16:47,500
Chopin's compositions and fueled
sounds writing. 

2560
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:51,299
Now, felt stifling each partner 
perceiving the other as a 

2561
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:55,400
barrier, to personal freedom. 
When the final break came, it 

2562
02:16:55,400 --> 02:16:59,100
was less an explosive rupture 
than a slow unraveling They were

2563
02:16:59,108 --> 02:17:04,200
practically living apart by 1847
their friends, once Enchanted by

2564
02:17:04,208 --> 02:17:08,799
the Bohemian Aura of their Union
looked on with sympathy or weary

2565
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:11,200
resignation depending on whose 
side. 

2566
02:17:11,200 --> 02:17:15,000
They took though, not bitterly 
acrimonious, the separation 

2567
02:17:15,000 --> 02:17:15,600
left. 
Japan. 

2568
02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:18,600
Emotionally drained at a time 
when he most needed stability. 

2569
02:17:19,600 --> 02:17:22,400
And then broader European unrest
intervened. 

2570
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:25,700
The year 1848, ushered in 
revolution's across the 

2571
02:17:25,708 --> 02:17:30,100
continent, France, Austria and 
various Italian states erupted 

2572
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:34,799
in anti-monkey called further. 
Paris was engulfed by turmoil 

2573
02:17:34,799 --> 02:17:38,200
with barricade springing up and 
many aristocratic families 

2574
02:17:38,200 --> 02:17:40,900
fleeing. 
Chopin's student base, shrank 

2575
02:17:40,900 --> 02:17:44,600
dramatically intensifying his 
financial worries weakened and 

2576
02:17:44,600 --> 02:17:46,400
anxious. 
He began to consider leaving the

2577
02:17:46,400 --> 02:17:50,400
city when a British had Myra 
Jane Sterling, invited him to 

2578
02:17:50,407 --> 02:17:52,799
London. 
Promising, new opportunities for

2579
02:17:52,799 --> 02:17:55,900
performance and patronage Chopin
decided to accept. 

2580
02:17:55,900 --> 02:17:58,900
Despite reservations about 
travel with his frail Health 

2581
02:17:58,900 --> 02:18:01,000
London. 
Welcome to him with a mix of 

2582
02:18:01,008 --> 02:18:04,600
curiosity and skepticism in a 
musical scene dominated by 

2583
02:18:04,600 --> 02:18:07,700
large-scale concerts Chappelle's
subtle approach found, 

2584
02:18:07,700 --> 02:18:10,799
appreciative audiences, but did 
not ignite a mainstream 

2585
02:18:10,799 --> 02:18:13,200
Friendzy. 
He gave a handful of performance

2586
02:18:13,200 --> 02:18:16,600
is enough to Dazzle connoisseurs
and uphold his reputation 

2587
02:18:16,600 --> 02:18:19,200
though. 
The city's bustling pace and 

2588
02:18:19,200 --> 02:18:22,900
cold damp climate took a toll. 
Searching for respite. 

2589
02:18:22,900 --> 02:18:26,200
He traveled North to Scotland, 
where patrons offered lodging in

2590
02:18:26,200 --> 02:18:29,500
their country homes. 
The Bleak Landscapes while novel

2591
02:18:29,500 --> 02:18:33,299
did little to alleviate his 
mounting exhaustion Letters from

2592
02:18:33,299 --> 02:18:36,799
the period reveal his despair 
over deteriorating health and 

2593
02:18:36,799 --> 02:18:39,000
the emotional wounds of 
separation from Sand. 

2594
02:18:39,000 --> 02:18:42,500
He was haunted by memories of 
earlier more optimistic days. 

2595
02:18:42,500 --> 02:18:45,400
In Paris, the sense of Exile. 
He wants fell upon leaving 

2596
02:18:45,400 --> 02:18:48,000
Poland. 
Now, returned, with even greater

2597
02:18:48,000 --> 02:18:50,600
poignancy. 
Ironically, he was closer 

2598
02:18:50,600 --> 02:18:54,200
geographically to his home land 
that ever before yet felt more 

2599
02:18:54,200 --> 02:18:58,200
spiritually adrift. 
His performance is though still 

2600
02:18:58,200 --> 02:19:01,000
meticulous lack the spark of 
early years. 

2601
02:19:01,000 --> 02:19:04,400
Composing came in fits and 
starts yielding. 

2602
02:19:04,400 --> 02:19:08,000
A few remarkable late works, but
each effort drained his waning 

2603
02:19:08,000 --> 02:19:12,400
strength by late 1848, champagne
concluded that London could not 

2604
02:19:12,400 --> 02:19:15,400
be a permanent Refuge. 
He returned to Paris early the 

2605
02:19:15,400 --> 02:19:18,600
following year and ailing figure
who could no longer rely on 

2606
02:19:18,600 --> 02:19:21,200
teaching or concerts to sustain 
himself. 

2607
02:19:22,299 --> 02:19:25,900
Friends, rallied to his Aid 
offering financial support and 

2608
02:19:25,900 --> 02:19:29,299
companionship. 
Still each passing week, saw him

2609
02:19:29,299 --> 02:19:33,400
grow weaker confined mostly to 
his apartment occasional. 

2610
02:19:33,400 --> 02:19:35,600
Visitors recalled. 
The quiet dignity with the, 

2611
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:38,799
which he faced his final 
decline, maintaining a gentle 

2612
02:19:38,799 --> 02:19:40,700
politeness and concern for 
others comfort. 

2613
02:19:41,600 --> 02:19:44,600
The clung to whatever creative, 
impulses remained, sometimes 

2614
02:19:44,600 --> 02:19:46,200
improvising a few notes of the 
piano. 

2615
02:19:46,200 --> 02:19:50,200
The coughing fits often cut 
these session short aware of the

2616
02:19:50,200 --> 02:19:53,200
seriousness of his condition. 
Champagne said to have asked for

2617
02:19:53,200 --> 02:19:55,500
Mozart's Requiem to be performed
at his funeral. 

2618
02:19:56,300 --> 02:20:01,400
The end came on October 17th 
1849, when he died at age 39 

2619
02:20:01,400 --> 02:20:05,500
mourners gather at the church of
the Madeline to pay tribute his 

2620
02:20:05,500 --> 02:20:08,300
sister dude, weaker who had 
journeyed from Poland to be with

2621
02:20:08,300 --> 02:20:11,400
him arranged for his heart to be
returned to Warsaw. 

2622
02:20:12,100 --> 02:20:14,300
Final Testament. 
The love he bought for his home 

2623
02:20:14,300 --> 02:20:16,600
land. 
The rest of his remains were 

2624
02:20:16,600 --> 02:20:20,100
interred at Pearla shares, 
Cemetery, in Paris in the hush, 

2625
02:20:20,100 --> 02:20:23,300
that followed those who knew him
contemplated the delicate 

2626
02:20:23,300 --> 02:20:25,900
threads. 
He wove between Poland, France 

2627
02:20:25,900 --> 02:20:28,200
and the universal language of 
music. 

2628
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:32,500
A history that now with his 
passing felt both achingly 

2629
02:20:32,500 --> 02:20:36,000
complete and painful unfinished.
In the days and weeks. 

2630
02:20:36,000 --> 02:20:39,400
After shippens, death Parisian 
Society buzzed with 

2631
02:20:39,400 --> 02:20:44,000
reminiscences myths and debates 
over his true nature, was he the

2632
02:20:44,000 --> 02:20:46,700
epitome of the Romantic willing 
to sacrifice his health? 

2633
02:20:46,700 --> 02:20:49,500
For the sake of Art? 
Or was he a more measured figure

2634
02:20:49,500 --> 02:20:52,100
quietly shaping? 
The course of piano music 

2635
02:20:52,100 --> 02:20:55,800
without Fanfare, his friends, 
former lovers and students 

2636
02:20:55,800 --> 02:20:59,300
offered conflicting portraits a 
mosaic of Impressions that 

2637
02:20:59,300 --> 02:21:02,500
underscored the complexity of a 
life lived in the margins 

2638
02:21:02,500 --> 02:21:05,000
between public scrutiny and 
private longing. 

2639
02:21:05,000 --> 02:21:08,600
Already fellow composers and 
critics were assessing his 

2640
02:21:08,600 --> 02:21:12,400
legacy France list who had 
championships Works. 

2641
02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:15,400
Pender biography that Blended 
admiration with the certain 

2642
02:21:15,400 --> 02:21:19,500
poetic license. ha barely owes 
credited him with renewing, the 

2643
02:21:19,500 --> 02:21:23,700
expressive power of the piano, 
Robert Schumann based in Germany

2644
02:21:23,700 --> 02:21:27,600
had long praised Chopin's gift 
for capturing entire worlds of 

2645
02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:30,900
feeling in miniature forums, 
While the scope of Chappelle's 

2646
02:21:30,900 --> 02:21:34,200
output was modest compared to 
symphonists or Opera composers. 

2647
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:38,400
Its influence, proved outside a 
testament to the intimacy. 

2648
02:21:38,400 --> 02:21:42,100
He brought to every bar of Music
pianists Marvel's at the 

2649
02:21:42,108 --> 02:21:45,700
technical innovations in bedded 
in his etudes preludes and not 

2650
02:21:45,700 --> 02:21:48,500
turns. 
Chopin transformed the piano 

2651
02:21:48,500 --> 02:21:51,400
into an instrument of whispered 
confidence rather than a 

2652
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:55,300
bombastic display. 
His approach to fingering pedal 

2653
02:21:55,300 --> 02:21:58,100
usage and freezing. 
Forced performers to abandon 

2654
02:21:58,100 --> 02:22:01,400
purely mechanical methods. 
Instead they were compelled to 

2655
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:03,300
inhabit. 
The emotional core of each 

2656
02:22:03,300 --> 02:22:05,900
piece. 
A requirement that made playing 

2657
02:22:05,900 --> 02:22:08,300
Chopin, both a challenge and a 
revelation. 

2658
02:22:09,400 --> 02:22:11,500
Yet, not everyone grasped his 
significance. 

2659
02:22:11,500 --> 02:22:15,200
Immediately, some critics, 
particularly those captivated by

2660
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:18,000
Grand orchestral. 
Works perceived, his Hoover was 

2661
02:22:18,000 --> 02:22:20,700
devoid of grandia. 
They questioned whether these 

2662
02:22:20,700 --> 02:22:23,300
delicate sketches deserve the 
same reverence according to 

2663
02:22:23,308 --> 02:22:27,200
Symphony Over time. 
However that perspective of 

2664
02:22:27,200 --> 02:22:30,500
older, younger generations of 
composers recognized, that 

2665
02:22:30,500 --> 02:22:34,300
Chopin's genius lay precisely in
his ability to convey epic 

2666
02:22:34,300 --> 02:22:39,100
feeling through slender forms. 
The preludes each a miniature 

2667
02:22:39,100 --> 02:22:43,300
Universe gained particular clay 
for their structural, and 

2668
02:22:43,300 --> 02:22:46,400
harmonic daring. 
Even lists transcriptions of 

2669
02:22:46,400 --> 02:22:49,200
Chopin's works, could not 
replicate the subtlety that 

2670
02:22:49,200 --> 02:22:53,100
Define Chopin's own playing. 
In Poland, still grappling with 

2671
02:22:53,100 --> 02:22:56,500
political subjugation. 
Chopin's music became a beacon 

2672
02:22:56,500 --> 02:23:00,000
of cultural identity. 
His pollinators with their Regal

2673
02:23:00,000 --> 02:23:03,600
March like rhythms and mazurkas 
echoing. 

2674
02:23:03,600 --> 02:23:07,500
The Rustic, dance forms of rural
Poland, resonated with those 

2675
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:10,200
yearning for National dignity 
over time. 

2676
02:23:10,200 --> 02:23:13,800
Entire generations, of poles 
would point to show Power as the

2677
02:23:13,800 --> 02:23:16,800
embodiment of a spirit and 
broken by Foreign rule. 

2678
02:23:17,600 --> 02:23:20,900
In this sense. 
His legacy took on a patriotic 

2679
02:23:20,900 --> 02:23:23,500
dimension. 
Turning him into a symbolic 

2680
02:23:23,500 --> 02:23:26,400
guardian of the Polish Soul 
while he spent much of his 

2681
02:23:26,400 --> 02:23:30,100
adulthood in Paris, his heart, 
both literally and figuratively 

2682
02:23:30,100 --> 02:23:34,000
remained in Warsaw ensuring that
his reputation at home was 

2683
02:23:34,000 --> 02:23:35,700
burnished by an almost holy 
reverence. 

2684
02:23:36,700 --> 02:23:39,700
Beyond Poland's borders, 
Chopin's influence, quietly, 

2685
02:23:39,700 --> 02:23:43,200
seeped into the DNA of western 
music, Claude Debussy, and 

2686
02:23:43,200 --> 02:23:47,000
Gabriel, faure major French 
composers of the late 19th and 

2687
02:23:47,000 --> 02:23:50,800
early 20th, centuries Drew upon 
his nuanced approach to Harmony.

2688
02:23:51,500 --> 02:23:54,400
Even Russian composers like, 
Alexander Street in found 

2689
02:23:54,400 --> 02:23:57,200
inspiration. 
In Chopin's colorist chords in 

2690
02:23:57,200 --> 02:24:00,500
the realm of piano performance, 
his legacy manifested, in the 

2691
02:24:00,508 --> 02:24:04,000
demand that interpretation be a 
delicate of shading and personal

2692
02:24:04,000 --> 02:24:08,200
expression pianist from across 
Europe and eventually the world 

2693
02:24:08,200 --> 02:24:11,400
traveled to Paris or Warsaw to 
study show, open Style 

2694
02:24:11,400 --> 02:24:14,400
first-hand. 
One of the more intriguing 

2695
02:24:14,400 --> 02:24:17,800
aspects of his posthumous Fame 
was the almost hallowed Aura 

2696
02:24:17,800 --> 02:24:21,300
surrounding his personal relics 
beyond the fame transport of his

2697
02:24:21,300 --> 02:24:23,500
heart. 
To Warsaw people preserved, his 

2698
02:24:23,500 --> 02:24:28,300
letters of his hair and even the
pianos, he played memorials and 

2699
02:24:28,300 --> 02:24:32,000
statues appeared, especially 
after political shifts, allowed 

2700
02:24:32,000 --> 02:24:33,700
Poland to honor its favorite 
son. 

2701
02:24:33,700 --> 02:24:37,300
Openly festivals sprang up, 
celebrating his birth day and 

2702
02:24:37,300 --> 02:24:41,000
revisiting his repertoire. 
A certain romantic Mystique 

2703
02:24:41,000 --> 02:24:45,000
enveloped His image. 
Frail poetic Exile, whose life 

2704
02:24:45,000 --> 02:24:47,200
and death parallel. 
The vulnerable beauty of his 

2705
02:24:47,200 --> 02:24:49,900
music. 
Yet, for all the mythologizing 

2706
02:24:49,900 --> 02:24:53,000
Chopin's Legacy rests squarely 
on the strength of his 

2707
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:55,600
compositions. 
They remained Staples and 

2708
02:24:55,600 --> 02:24:59,100
concert halls and teaching 
Studios prize not only for their

2709
02:24:59,100 --> 02:25:01,600
emotive power, but also for 
their technical demands. 

2710
02:25:02,600 --> 02:25:06,500
Students labor over the walls is
not turns and a Tunes learning 

2711
02:25:06,500 --> 02:25:09,000
to tell stories through Roboto 
and carefully. 

2712
02:25:09,000 --> 02:25:11,900
Weighted chords seasoned 
performers return to the 

2713
02:25:11,900 --> 02:25:15,000
repeatedly, finding fresh Nuance
with each pass. 

2714
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:18,400
In every corner of the world 
from Grand Theaters. 

2715
02:25:18,400 --> 02:25:21,400
In Majora capitals to modest 
Community recital spaces, 

2716
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:24,500
Chopin's notes. 
Continue to ring out bridging 

2717
02:25:24,500 --> 02:25:29,400
gaps and thin language culture 
and time through it. 

2718
02:25:29,400 --> 02:25:32,200
All the composer retains an aura
of intimate mysticism. 

2719
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:35,800
His music, often described as 
capturing the Soul's gentle, 

2720
02:25:35,800 --> 02:25:39,700
confessions remains deeply 
personal to each interpreter and

2721
02:25:39,700 --> 02:25:42,900
that may be his greatest gift to
posterity, the invitation to 

2722
02:25:42,900 --> 02:25:45,800
find our own unspoken yearnings 
mirrored in his quietly 

2723
02:25:45,800 --> 02:25:48,400
revolutionary idiom. 
He left no Grand. 

2724
02:25:48,400 --> 02:25:53,600
Manifesto know, flamboyant stage
persona, but rather a carefully 

2725
02:25:53,600 --> 02:25:55,700
wrought tapestry of sound that 
persists. 

2726
02:25:55,700 --> 02:25:58,700
In reminding us how powerful the
softest voice can be when it 

2727
02:25:58,708 --> 02:26:01,800
speaks of Truth. 
In the Modern Age, Chopin, 

2728
02:26:01,800 --> 02:26:04,600
significance in jurors 
transcending, the boundaries of 

2729
02:26:04,608 --> 02:26:06,800
Poland and France to Captivate 
listeners worldwide. 

2730
02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:11,000
Yet the way we understand him 
today, has expanded well beyond 

2731
02:26:11,000 --> 02:26:14,300
the initial romantic framework. 
Scholars, delve into his 

2732
02:26:14,300 --> 02:26:17,000
manuscripts, tracing the 
evolution of harmonic 

2733
02:26:17,000 --> 02:26:18,500
progression and fingering 
patterns. 

2734
02:26:19,300 --> 02:26:21,900
Historians consider the 
political and social milieus 

2735
02:26:21,900 --> 02:26:25,100
that shaped him noting. 
How Exile sharp and his sense of

2736
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:27,700
cultural identity at in 
international piano. 

2737
02:26:27,700 --> 02:26:31,200
Competitions from warsaw's, 
prestigious, open competition to

2738
02:26:31,200 --> 02:26:34,700
events in Asia and the Americas 
contestants V to interpret. 

2739
02:26:34,700 --> 02:26:36,100
His works. 
With the Perfect Blend of 

2740
02:26:36,108 --> 02:26:40,500
fidelity and personal insight. 
In Poland, Chopin remains a 

2741
02:26:40,500 --> 02:26:43,300
National Treasure. 
Streets airports and music 

2742
02:26:43,300 --> 02:26:47,200
schools bear his name. 
The annual festivals dedicated 

2743
02:26:47,200 --> 02:26:49,800
to his music attract visitors 
from every continent. 

2744
02:26:50,600 --> 02:26:53,500
Turning the performance of 
nocturnes and ballads into a 

2745
02:26:53,500 --> 02:26:57,600
communal pilgrimage. 
His heart encased in a pillar at

2746
02:26:57,600 --> 02:27:00,900
the Church of the Holy Cross in 
Warsaw is a poignant reminder of

2747
02:27:00,900 --> 02:27:03,700
his last wishes locals and 
tourists alike. 

2748
02:27:03,700 --> 02:27:06,300
Pause there reflecting on a 
life. 

2749
02:27:06,300 --> 02:27:11,000
That despite its brevity 
resonates across centuries, the 

2750
02:27:11,000 --> 02:27:15,300
pole, C and Chopin, a symbol of 
resilience Estimate that beauty 

2751
02:27:15,300 --> 02:27:19,500
can Thrive even under pressure 
in France, his longtime adoptive

2752
02:27:19,500 --> 02:27:22,000
home Chopin's Legacy flourishes,
as well. 

2753
02:27:22,800 --> 02:27:25,100
Visitors to Paris can pay homage
at Payless shares. 

2754
02:27:25,100 --> 02:27:28,400
Cemetery where he rests among 
luminaries such as Jim Morrison 

2755
02:27:28,400 --> 02:27:32,000
and Oscar Wilde in the city's 
Music Academy is in concert 

2756
02:27:32,000 --> 02:27:34,200
Halls. 
His name is spoken with a 

2757
02:27:34,200 --> 02:27:38,000
reverence reserved for those who
shake to nearer His Image, the 

2758
02:27:38,000 --> 02:27:40,700
elegantly dressed yet. 
Fragile composer forever, 

2759
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:44,800
purchased at a piano persists in
cultural memory each year. 

2760
02:27:44,800 --> 02:27:48,400
Recitals commemorate, his 
arrival in Paris, recalling the 

2761
02:27:48,400 --> 02:27:50,700
sense of astonishment. 
He wants sparked in those 

2762
02:27:50,700 --> 02:27:54,600
crowded salons. 
Meanwhile interpretations of his

2763
02:27:54,600 --> 02:27:56,800
music have branched and 
countless directions. 

2764
02:27:56,800 --> 02:28:01,800
The early Decades of the 20th 
century saw pianists like ignasi

2765
02:28:01,800 --> 02:28:05,500
yam paderi Champion, his work 
with a grand romantic flourish. 

2766
02:28:06,200 --> 02:28:09,800
Later Arthur Rubinstein 
emphasized An Elegant Simplicity

2767
02:28:09,800 --> 02:28:14,400
stripping away, sentimental 
excess contemporary virtuoso's. 

2768
02:28:14,400 --> 02:28:17,500
Bolstered by historically, 
informed performance techniques 

2769
02:28:17,500 --> 02:28:20,900
debate, over pedal usage and 
Tempo Roboto. 

2770
02:28:21,500 --> 02:28:25,100
Chasing an elusive authenticity 
that might approximate Chopin's 

2771
02:28:25,100 --> 02:28:27,500
own sound. 
Yet the essence of his 

2772
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:29,400
composition, resists rigid 
definition. 

2773
02:28:29,400 --> 02:28:33,500
Each generation finds something 
new in them and unexpected 

2774
02:28:33,500 --> 02:28:35,600
harmonic pivot or a melodic 
gesture. 

2775
02:28:35,600 --> 02:28:39,200
That resonates with modern ears,
while classical music circles. 

2776
02:28:39,200 --> 02:28:43,300
Revere Chopin, other genres, 
occasionally claim him too Jazz 

2777
02:28:43,300 --> 02:28:46,000
pianists adapt. 
His Harmony is weaving. 

2778
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:49,300
His Cordell language into 
improvisation film composers 

2779
02:28:49,300 --> 02:28:52,900
Borough Snippets of his melodic 
style to evoke Nostalgia or 

2780
02:28:52,900 --> 02:28:56,600
refined emotion even pop and 
rock musicians of patriot in 

2781
02:28:56,600 --> 02:28:59,100
their ways. 
Sampling themes, or referencing 

2782
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:02,600
him as a beacon of Artistic 
integrity that a 19th Century. 

2783
02:29:02,600 --> 02:29:06,200
Polish ex-patriot, continues to 
surface and such varied contexts

2784
02:29:06,200 --> 02:29:09,100
under scores the universal pull 
of his sale. 

2785
02:29:10,100 --> 02:29:12,200
At the same time. 
Fresh biographical. 

2786
02:29:12,200 --> 02:29:16,100
Insights continue to surface. 
Historians of Unearthed letters 

2787
02:29:16,100 --> 02:29:19,000
and diaries that shed light on 
his experiences in Exile. 

2788
02:29:19,000 --> 02:29:23,000
His struggles with illness and 
is sometimes overlooked humor. 

2789
02:29:23,800 --> 02:29:26,500
Discussions of his personal 
relationships, particularly his 

2790
02:29:26,500 --> 02:29:29,700
partnership with George sand. 
Have shifted from scandalized 

2791
02:29:29,700 --> 02:29:33,100
Whispers to nuanced examinations
of how to creative forces. 

2792
02:29:33,100 --> 02:29:36,800
Can both nurture and wound each 
other modern scholarship probes.

2793
02:29:36,800 --> 02:29:39,500
The idea that Chopin's poor 
health was not merely a tragic 

2794
02:29:39,500 --> 02:29:43,300
backdrop but a driving factor in
his Artistry compelling him to 

2795
02:29:43,300 --> 02:29:45,900
still profound emotion into 
concise forms. 

2796
02:29:46,900 --> 02:29:49,000
One cannot Overlook the 
importance of nostalgia and 

2797
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:51,200
memory. 
In Chopin's ongoing alure, his 

2798
02:29:51,200 --> 02:29:54,900
nocturnes waltzes and Missouri's
possessor Westville quality that

2799
02:29:54,900 --> 02:29:57,500
resonates with anyone whose 
experience love and lost. 

2800
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:01,700
Yearns for home or contemplates,
the transient nature of life. 

2801
02:30:02,400 --> 02:30:06,000
That sense of longing. 
So Central to the Romantic Era 

2802
02:30:06,000 --> 02:30:08,400
feels surprisingly. 
Fresh in a world where 

2803
02:30:08,400 --> 02:30:10,600
technology often accelerates our
daily existence. 

2804
02:30:12,000 --> 02:30:15,000
Through Chopin's music, many 
listeners, find a space to 

2805
02:30:15,000 --> 02:30:18,300
breathe to contemplate subtle 
shades of emotionless easily 

2806
02:30:18,300 --> 02:30:21,600
expressed in words. 
In a sense, the Chopin story is 

2807
02:30:21,600 --> 02:30:25,600
a bridge between epochs He lived
in the age of candle that salons

2808
02:30:25,600 --> 02:30:28,800
and quill penned letters. 
Yet his art continues to find 

2809
02:30:28,800 --> 02:30:31,600
renewed relevance Grand 
competitions. 

2810
02:30:31,600 --> 02:30:35,600
See, young pianists from Seoul, 
Buenos Aires, Cape Town and 

2811
02:30:35,600 --> 02:30:38,700
Beyond interpret his schools, 
with riveting originality 

2812
02:30:38,700 --> 02:30:43,100
proving that music transcends 
geography and time the constant 

2813
02:30:43,100 --> 02:30:46,200
re-imagination of his work 
through performance scholarship 

2814
02:30:46,200 --> 02:30:49,100
and even casual listening. 
Testifies to the enduring power 

2815
02:30:49,100 --> 02:30:52,700
of a gentle soul, who spoke most
eloquently when seated before a 

2816
02:30:52,700 --> 02:30:57,700
piano from jealous over volar to
Paris and Back Again, Chopin's 

2817
02:30:57,700 --> 02:31:00,700
Journey, resonates as a 
narrative of Exile, creativity, 

2818
02:31:00,700 --> 02:31:04,300
love and loss. 
He remains a figure both deeply 

2819
02:31:04,300 --> 02:31:07,700
cherished and endlessly, debated
his Spirit, woven into the 

2820
02:31:07,708 --> 02:31:09,400
collective memory of Western 
culture. 

2821
02:31:09,400 --> 02:31:13,900
Each generation rediscovers him 
on its terms drawn in by music 

2822
02:31:13,900 --> 02:31:17,000
that Whispers truths about the 
human condition and thus 

2823
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:21,800
Frederic Chopin lives on a quiet
but potent Force reminding us 

2824
02:31:21,800 --> 02:31:24,600
that even the softest voice can 
reverberate through his history.

2825
02:31:28,200 --> 02:31:30,800
Picture yourself standing 
outside a towering Manhattan 

2826
02:31:30,800 --> 02:31:34,900
mansion in 1885, clutching a 
Warn carpetbag and wearing your 

2827
02:31:34,900 --> 02:31:38,200
own decent dress. 
The marble step stretch up like 

2828
02:31:38,200 --> 02:31:40,300
a mountain, but you're not 
headed that way. 

2829
02:31:41,200 --> 02:31:43,700
Your entrance is around back 
through a narrow door. 

2830
02:31:43,700 --> 02:31:46,700
Marked only by the constant 
stream of delivery Boys in other

2831
02:31:46,708 --> 02:31:49,500
working, folks. 
Welcome to your new life as a 

2832
02:31:49,500 --> 02:31:52,700
housemaid in America's Gilded 
Age where the rich got richer 

2833
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:55,100
and you got to scrub their 
chamber pots. 

2834
02:31:56,100 --> 02:31:59,100
The servants entrance opens into
a different Universe entirely. 

2835
02:32:00,000 --> 02:32:03,000
While the family upstairs lives,
surrounded by velvet, drapes, 

2836
02:32:03,000 --> 02:32:06,100
and crystal chandeliers, your 
entering, a maze of narrow 

2837
02:32:06,100 --> 02:32:09,900
hallways steep staircases and 
rooms that never see proper 

2838
02:32:09,900 --> 02:32:12,300
sunlight. 
The basement kitchen feels like 

2839
02:32:12,300 --> 02:32:16,200
a ship's Galley, cramped hot and
buzzing with activity. 

2840
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:20,200
The downstairs is your world now
and it operates by rules as 

2841
02:32:20,200 --> 02:32:24,000
rigid as any Royal Court. 
Your first shot comes, when the 

2842
02:32:24,000 --> 02:32:27,400
housekeeper Mrs. Paterson hands.
You a list of Duties longer than

2843
02:32:27,400 --> 02:32:29,700
your arm. 
Did you assume that housework 

2844
02:32:29,700 --> 02:32:31,200
only involved sweeping and 
dusting? 

2845
02:32:31,200 --> 02:32:34,900
Think, again, your responsible 
for everything from blackening, 

2846
02:32:34,900 --> 02:32:38,200
the coal stoves Before Dawn to 
polishing door handles with such

2847
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:41,200
Precision that the Master of the
House, shouldn't see a single 

2848
02:32:41,200 --> 02:32:43,400
fingerprint and that's just 
Monday. 

2849
02:32:43,400 --> 02:32:46,700
Uniform comes next a gray wall 
dressed. 

2850
02:32:46,700 --> 02:32:49,500
That itches something fierce 
covered by a white apron that 

2851
02:32:49,500 --> 02:32:52,300
must remain spotless. 
Despite the fact that you'll be 

2852
02:32:52,300 --> 02:32:55,600
cleaning fireplaces scrubbing, 
floors and Hauling buckets of 

2853
02:32:55,600 --> 02:32:57,200
water up, three flights of 
stairs. 

2854
02:32:58,100 --> 02:33:00,800
The little white cap perched on 
your head serves as both 

2855
02:33:00,800 --> 02:33:04,800
identification and humiliation. 
Your invisible until you're 

2856
02:33:04,800 --> 02:33:06,700
needed and needed until the job 
is perfect. 

2857
02:33:07,500 --> 02:33:10,900
Your bedroom is a closet sized 
space under the eaves shared 

2858
02:33:10,900 --> 02:33:14,200
with another Maiden named, Sarah
who snores like a freight train.

2859
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:18,100
The single window faces an air 
shaft offering a view of 

2860
02:33:18,100 --> 02:33:21,400
absolutely nothing except the 
brick wall of the house next 

2861
02:33:21,400 --> 02:33:23,700
door. 
But hey, at least you get your 

2862
02:33:23,708 --> 02:33:26,900
own chamber pod though, you'll 
be emptying everyone else's too.

2863
02:33:27,900 --> 02:33:31,100
The pace sounds decent at first 
maybe eight dollars a month plus

2864
02:33:31,100 --> 02:33:34,000
room and board. 
But then you discover the board 

2865
02:33:34,000 --> 02:33:37,600
consists of whatever leftovers. 
The family doesn't want served 

2866
02:33:37,600 --> 02:33:38,800
at a wooden table in the 
kitchen. 

2867
02:33:38,800 --> 02:33:41,500
After the family has finished, 
their elaborate meals up stairs.

2868
02:33:41,500 --> 02:33:45,100
You'll need a lot of bread and 
gravy and you'll be grateful for

2869
02:33:45,100 --> 02:33:48,300
it because jobs are scarce and 
this beats, the factory work 

2870
02:33:48,300 --> 02:33:50,300
that slowly killing your cousin 
back home. 

2871
02:33:51,200 --> 02:33:53,700
What nobody tells you is, how 
the hierarchy Works below 

2872
02:33:53,700 --> 02:33:55,900
stairs. 
The butler rules like a king. 

2873
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:58,900
The housekeeper like a queen, 
and you're somewhere near the 

2874
02:33:58,908 --> 02:34:01,000
bottom of the pecking order with
the scholarly made. 

2875
02:34:01,000 --> 02:34:04,100
And the boot boy everyone has a 
boss and someone else bosses 

2876
02:34:04,100 --> 02:34:06,400
them around. 
It's like a pyramid scheme 

2877
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:08,500
except instead of selling 
overpriced vitamins. 

2878
02:34:08,500 --> 02:34:11,300
You're all selling your dignity 
one scrubbed floor at a time. 

2879
02:34:12,300 --> 02:34:15,400
Strangest part isn't the work. 
It's becoming a ghost in your 

2880
02:34:15,408 --> 02:34:17,800
life. 
You dust around the family as 

2881
02:34:17,800 --> 02:34:20,000
they eat breakfast. 
Invisible as Furniture. 

2882
02:34:20,000 --> 02:34:23,800
You change sheets while they're 
at the Opera racing, any sign 

2883
02:34:23,800 --> 02:34:26,800
that you exist. 
You know, intimate details about

2884
02:34:26,800 --> 02:34:28,900
their lives. 
Who's having Affairs, who's 

2885
02:34:28,900 --> 02:34:31,900
losing money at cards, who can't
sleep without Lord and them, but

2886
02:34:31,900 --> 02:34:33,700
they couldn't pick you out of a 
police lineup. 

2887
02:34:34,400 --> 02:34:37,800
Yet somehow in this strange 
never World between upstairs and

2888
02:34:37,800 --> 02:34:40,900
downstairs. 
You'll find a community, the 

2889
02:34:40,900 --> 02:34:43,600
other servants become your 
family, sharing gossip over 

2890
02:34:43,600 --> 02:34:47,100
Stolen Moments, and leftover 
cake, you'll discover that Mrs. 

2891
02:34:47,100 --> 02:34:50,400
Patterson isn't a Stern as she 
seems and that even the stuffy 

2892
02:34:50,400 --> 02:34:52,800
Butler wants sneaked you an 
extra blanket during cold. 

2893
02:34:52,800 --> 02:34:56,300
Snap, your hands will become 
rough and read your back. 

2894
02:34:56,300 --> 02:34:59,000
Will ache from bending over 
scrub brushes and you'll fall 

2895
02:34:59,000 --> 02:35:02,500
into bed each night exhausted. 
But you'll also develop muscles,

2896
02:35:02,500 --> 02:35:05,000
you never need. 
You had learned skills that 

2897
02:35:05,000 --> 02:35:08,200
would impress, any modern 
efficiency expert and gain a 

2898
02:35:08,200 --> 02:35:10,500
perspective on wealth and 
privilege that few people ever 

2899
02:35:10,500 --> 02:35:13,500
get to see from the inside. 
Five in the morning marks the 

2900
02:35:13,508 --> 02:35:16,900
start of your day with the 
world, still in darkness and the

2901
02:35:16,900 --> 02:35:18,900
house. 
Enveloped in a quiet that Echoes

2902
02:35:18,900 --> 02:35:22,200
with every footstep you've 
learned to dress by field 

2903
02:35:22,200 --> 02:35:25,800
fumbling for your uniform in the
pitch black because lighting, a 

2904
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:28,700
candle would wake Sarah. 
And a cranky roommate makes an 

2905
02:35:28,700 --> 02:35:30,900
already difficult day. 
Downright miserable. 

2906
02:35:32,000 --> 02:35:35,100
First task is creeping down 
stairs, like a burglar in your 

2907
02:35:35,108 --> 02:35:38,000
workplace. 
Those beautiful hardwood floors,

2908
02:35:38,000 --> 02:35:41,200
that the family walks on. 
So elegantly, become your enemy 

2909
02:35:41,200 --> 02:35:44,700
in the pre-dawn hours every 
board seems designed to Creak at

2910
02:35:44,700 --> 02:35:47,600
the worst possible moment. 
You've mapped out the quiet 

2911
02:35:47,600 --> 02:35:50,900
spots like a criminal planning, 
a heist stepping only where the 

2912
02:35:50,900 --> 02:35:54,100
floorboards meet the joists. 
Once you reach the kitchen, it's

2913
02:35:54,100 --> 02:35:56,600
time for the morning miracle 
bringing the house to life 

2914
02:35:56,600 --> 02:35:58,700
without anyone upstairs, knowing
how it happens. 

2915
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:02,400
The Cold Stone needs to be 
cleaned out fresh coal added and

2916
02:36:02,400 --> 02:36:06,300
the fire coaxed back to life, 
your hands turn black within 

2917
02:36:06,300 --> 02:36:09,100
minutes and you'll spend the 
rest of the day trying to scrub 

2918
02:36:09,100 --> 02:36:10,800
the evidence from under your 
fingernails. 

2919
02:36:11,600 --> 02:36:14,100
But this temperamental iron 
Beast is your life line. 

2920
02:36:14,100 --> 02:36:18,700
No, fire means no hot water, no 
cooking and no heat for the 

2921
02:36:18,700 --> 02:36:19,900
families. 
Mourning comfort. 

2922
02:36:20,800 --> 02:36:23,600
While the stove heats up your 
racing against time to complete 

2923
02:36:23,600 --> 02:36:25,600
what servants called The 
Invisible ballet. 

2924
02:36:26,400 --> 02:36:29,200
Every surface that the family 
might touch needs to be perfect 

2925
02:36:29,200 --> 02:36:31,600
before. 
They wake up door, knobs become 

2926
02:36:31,600 --> 02:36:34,800
polished until they glean 
carpets become beaten free of 

2927
02:36:34,800 --> 02:36:37,900
yesterday's dust, and windows 
are cleaned with a mixture of 

2928
02:36:37,900 --> 02:36:40,700
vinegar and newspaper. 
That leaves your hands, smelling

2929
02:36:40,700 --> 02:36:44,400
like a Pickle Factory. 
The state of the bathroom 

2930
02:36:44,400 --> 02:36:47,700
warrants a separate narrative 
indoor, plumbing is still a 

2931
02:36:47,700 --> 02:36:50,700
luxury even in wealthy homes. 
So you're dealing with chamber 

2932
02:36:50,700 --> 02:36:53,800
pots, wash basins, and the 
occasional newfangled water 

2933
02:36:53,800 --> 02:36:56,300
closet that breaks down more 
often than it works. 

2934
02:36:57,200 --> 02:36:59,900
Emptying and cleaning chamber. 
Pots becomes as routine as 

2935
02:36:59,908 --> 02:37:02,700
brushing your teeth though, 
considerably less Pleasant. 

2936
02:37:02,700 --> 02:37:06,200
You develop a technique that 
involves holding your breath and

2937
02:37:06,200 --> 02:37:09,100
contemplating, literally 
anything else breakfast. 

2938
02:37:09,100 --> 02:37:11,100
Preparation happens in 
Controlled Chaos. 

2939
02:37:11,900 --> 02:37:14,000
We cook maintain strict 
Authority in the kitchen 

2940
02:37:14,000 --> 02:37:15,800
wielding. 
A wooden spoon with 

2941
02:37:15,800 --> 02:37:18,800
determination to ensure that 
anyone who obstructs her efforts

2942
02:37:18,800 --> 02:37:23,100
is swiftly dealt with. your 
responsible for setting the 

2943
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:27,200
dining room table with military 
precision, Every Fork exactly 

2944
02:37:27,200 --> 02:37:28,700
one inch from the edge of the 
plate. 

2945
02:37:28,700 --> 02:37:33,200
Every napkin folded into perfect
triangles, the family's 

2946
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:34,900
breakfast. 
Must be delivered up stairs as 

2947
02:37:34,900 --> 02:37:37,700
if by Magic hot and impeccably 
arranged. 

2948
02:37:37,700 --> 02:37:41,600
While you hastily grab cold 
leftover, biscuits and hope your

2949
02:37:41,600 --> 02:37:43,400
stomach remains silent enough to
go unnoticed. 

2950
02:37:44,800 --> 02:37:48,000
The washing routine would make a
modern person, week, everything 

2951
02:37:48,000 --> 02:37:51,000
is scrubbed by hand with a lie 
soap, that could strip paint 

2952
02:37:51,000 --> 02:37:54,200
from a barn door. 
Bed sheets of boiled in large 

2953
02:37:54,200 --> 02:37:57,500
copper tubs and stirred, with 
wooden paddles, reminiscent of 

2954
02:37:57,500 --> 02:37:59,800
preparing and exceedingly, 
tedious stew. 

2955
02:37:59,800 --> 02:38:02,300
Your hands develop calluses in 
places. 

2956
02:38:02,300 --> 02:38:05,000
You didn't know could grow 
blisters and the constant 

2957
02:38:05,000 --> 02:38:07,400
moisture makes your skin crack 
like dried leather. 

2958
02:38:08,200 --> 02:38:11,500
Laundry day transforms the 
basement into a steamy jungle. 

2959
02:38:12,000 --> 02:38:16,100
Clothesline stretch everywhere. 
Creating a maze of damp, Linens 

2960
02:38:16,100 --> 02:38:18,500
and undergarments. 
You learn to navigate this. 

2961
02:38:18,500 --> 02:38:22,000
Textile, obstacle course or 
carrying baskets of wet laundry 

2962
02:38:22,000 --> 02:38:23,500
that weigh more than small 
children. 

2963
02:38:24,400 --> 02:38:27,400
The air becomes so thick with 
moisture that breathing feels 

2964
02:38:27,400 --> 02:38:31,000
like drowning in slow motion and
your hair escapes from your cap.

2965
02:38:31,000 --> 02:38:33,100
In rebellious wisps that make 
you look like, you've been 

2966
02:38:33,108 --> 02:38:36,700
struck by lightning. 
The ironing comes next using 

2967
02:38:36,700 --> 02:38:39,600
heavy metal. 
Ions heated on the stove, these 

2968
02:38:39,600 --> 02:38:42,600
weapons of, domestic destruction
way about five pounds, each and 

2969
02:38:42,600 --> 02:38:46,200
retain heat like, tiny furnaces.
You'll burn yourself at least 

2970
02:38:46,200 --> 02:38:49,500
once a week, developing a 
collection of small scars that 

2971
02:38:49,500 --> 02:38:51,200
Mark, you as permanently as any 
Sailors. 

2972
02:38:51,200 --> 02:38:54,700
Tattoos, the family's clothes 
must emerge crisp and perfect 

2973
02:38:54,700 --> 02:38:57,700
while your own uniform looks 
like you slept in it, which 

2974
02:38:57,700 --> 02:39:01,400
somedays you practically did. 
Between all these tasks, your 

2975
02:39:01,400 --> 02:39:03,100
constantly running up and down 
stairs. 

2976
02:39:03,100 --> 02:39:05,700
That seemed to designed by 
someone, who hated servant's, 

2977
02:39:05,700 --> 02:39:09,500
your legs have the strength of a
mountain climber, but you'll 

2978
02:39:09,500 --> 02:39:13,700
need start protesting before you
turn. 205 each trip up stairs, 

2979
02:39:13,700 --> 02:39:15,400
feels like scaling Mount 
Everest. 

2980
02:39:15,400 --> 02:39:18,600
Especially when your carrying 
heavy buckets, or baskets of 

2981
02:39:18,600 --> 02:39:22,200
clean laundry. 
The morning routine ends around 

2982
02:39:22,200 --> 02:39:25,300
9 when the family finally makes 
their grand appearance 

2983
02:39:25,300 --> 02:39:28,500
downstairs by. 
Then you've been working for 

2984
02:39:28,500 --> 02:39:32,200
four hours accomplished enough, 
tasks to exhaust a small army 

2985
02:39:32,200 --> 02:39:34,700
and somehow managed to make it 
all look effortless. 

2986
02:39:35,600 --> 02:39:38,300
The family effortlessly 
navigates their morning, routine

2987
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:41,400
unaware that a team of servants 
has been working tirelessly 

2988
02:39:41,400 --> 02:39:43,300
behind the scenes to ensure 
their comfort. 

2989
02:39:43,300 --> 02:39:46,300
The invisible line between 
upstairs and downstairs isn't 

2990
02:39:46,300 --> 02:39:49,900
marked on any blueprint, but it 
might as well be painted in neon

2991
02:39:49,900 --> 02:39:52,400
cross it at the wrong time, or 
in the wrong way. 

2992
02:39:52,400 --> 02:39:55,700
And you'll face consequences 
ranging from sharp words to 

2993
02:39:55,700 --> 02:39:59,000
outright dismissal. 
Learning to navigate this social

2994
02:39:59,000 --> 02:40:02,000
Minefield becomes, as crucial as
mastering the art of silver 

2995
02:40:02,000 --> 02:40:04,400
polish. 
Your training in invisibility 

2996
02:40:04,400 --> 02:40:08,300
starts in immediately. when 
family members enter a room, you

2997
02:40:08,300 --> 02:40:11,800
become a piece of furniture 
useful when needed ignored 

2998
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:15,000
otherwise You learned to dust 
around conversations about 

2999
02:40:15,000 --> 02:40:18,300
family, finances, clean 
fireplaces, while dramatic 

3000
02:40:18,300 --> 02:40:20,400
arguments on fold and change 
bed. 

3001
02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:23,000
Linens while pretending not to 
notice the Love Letter hidden 

3002
02:40:23,000 --> 02:40:25,700
under pillows. 
It's akin to operating as a 

3003
02:40:25,708 --> 02:40:27,400
secret agent. 
Within your own organization 

3004
02:40:27,400 --> 02:40:31,700
yet, the information you collect
is utterly insignificant and 

3005
02:40:31,700 --> 02:40:34,600
could pose a threat if to 
discovered The bail system 

3006
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:38,300
becomes your master. 
Every room has a cord that 

3007
02:40:38,308 --> 02:40:40,700
connects to a series of bells in
the servants Hall. 

3008
02:40:40,700 --> 02:40:43,400
Each with a different tone that 
you must memorize, like a 

3009
02:40:43,400 --> 02:40:45,900
musical scale. 
The library bell sounds 

3010
02:40:45,900 --> 02:40:48,500
different from the morning room 
Bell, which sounds different 

3011
02:40:48,500 --> 02:40:51,700
from the master bedroom bell. 
Every room is equipped with a 

3012
02:40:51,700 --> 02:40:54,600
cord that connects to a series 
of bells located in the servants

3013
02:40:54,600 --> 02:40:56,900
Hall. 
Each producing a distinct tone, 

3014
02:40:56,900 --> 02:40:59,200
that one must memorize akin to a
musical scale. 

3015
02:41:00,200 --> 02:41:02,600
The bell in the library, has a 
different sound than that of the

3016
02:41:02,600 --> 02:41:05,000
morning room, which in turn 
differs from the bell in the 

3017
02:41:05,000 --> 02:41:07,200
master bedroom. 
Should you make an error? 

3018
02:41:07,200 --> 02:41:09,800
You may find yourself in the 
position of having to explain 

3019
02:41:09,800 --> 02:41:13,100
why you deliver tea service to 
someone who actually desired 

3020
02:41:13,100 --> 02:41:16,100
their boots to be polished. 
Engaging in conversation with 

3021
02:41:16,100 --> 02:41:19,200
family members and necessitate 
its own set of protocols. 

3022
02:41:19,200 --> 02:41:22,400
One should never initiate 
dialogue and unless there is an 

3023
02:41:22,400 --> 02:41:25,700
urgent situation such as 
someone's hair being on fire, 

3024
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:29,000
Speaking to family members 
requires its own protocol. 

3025
02:41:29,700 --> 02:41:31,700
He should never start a 
conversation unless someone's 

3026
02:41:31,700 --> 02:41:35,100
hair is in danger. 
When spoken to you respond with?

3027
02:41:35,100 --> 02:41:37,300
Yes sir or yes? 
Ma'am. 

3028
02:41:37,300 --> 02:41:39,200
Followed by a media attack 
action. 

3029
02:41:40,300 --> 02:41:43,400
Extended conversations are 
forbidden, even if the family 

3030
02:41:43,400 --> 02:41:46,700
member seems friendly, they 
might ask about your family back

3031
02:41:46,700 --> 02:41:49,800
home or comment on the weather, 
but these aren't invitations for

3032
02:41:49,800 --> 02:41:52,800
genuine human connection. 
They're just rich people being 

3033
02:41:52,800 --> 02:41:55,200
polite in the same way, they 
might Pat a world behaved, dog. 

3034
02:41:56,000 --> 02:41:57,300
The children of the house 
presents. 

3035
02:41:57,300 --> 02:41:59,500
Special challenges little 
Master. 

3036
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,600
Timothy might be adorable in his
sailor suit, but he's also a 

3037
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:05,600
tiny dictator who's never heard 
the word know applied to 

3038
02:42:05,608 --> 02:42:07,900
himself. 
He'll demand that you drop. 

3039
02:42:07,900 --> 02:42:10,900
Everything to build him a fort 
out of dining room, chairs, then

3040
02:42:10,900 --> 02:42:13,000
cry to his mother. 
When you explain that, you need 

3041
02:42:13,000 --> 02:42:15,900
to finish your actual work. 
First, the result. 

3042
02:42:16,700 --> 02:42:19,400
You'll build the fort and work 
twice as fast to catch up 

3043
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:22,800
because Rich children's tears, 
carry more weight than servants 

3044
02:42:22,800 --> 02:42:25,700
explanations. 
Privacy becomes a foreign 

3045
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:28,700
concept, your employers expect 
you to see in here. 

3046
02:42:28,700 --> 02:42:31,200
Everything while somehow 
remaining mentally absent. 

3047
02:42:32,000 --> 02:42:34,800
You'll witness family fights 
that would scan the neighbors, 

3048
02:42:34,800 --> 02:42:38,500
observe personal habits that 
range from quirky to discussing 

3049
02:42:38,500 --> 02:42:41,800
and over here Financial 
discussions that could tax stock

3050
02:42:41,800 --> 02:42:43,900
prices. 
But you're not supposed to 

3051
02:42:43,900 --> 02:42:46,400
remember discuss or use any of 
it. 

3052
02:42:47,300 --> 02:42:50,500
The family's guest provide their
own entertainment, wealthy 

3053
02:42:50,500 --> 02:42:52,900
guests, treat their servants, 
like interactive wallpaper. 

3054
02:42:53,600 --> 02:42:56,100
Discussing intimate details of 
their lives as if they've left 

3055
02:42:56,100 --> 02:42:59,900
you deaf and mute you'll learn 
about Affairs, business deals 

3056
02:42:59,900 --> 02:43:02,800
and family, scandals, that would
fill a dozen gossip columns. 

3057
02:43:02,800 --> 02:43:06,000
All while polishing silver or 
arranging flowers with the 

3058
02:43:06,000 --> 02:43:09,300
focused concentration of a monk 
meal, service becomes a 

3059
02:43:09,300 --> 02:43:12,100
choreographed dance where one 
wrong step can ruin the entire 

3060
02:43:12,100 --> 02:43:15,500
performance must appear at 
exactly the right moment with 

3061
02:43:15,500 --> 02:43:17,900
the right item served from the 
correct side. 

3062
02:43:17,900 --> 02:43:20,000
And vanish. 
Before anyone notices, you are 

3063
02:43:20,008 --> 02:43:24,100
there, drop a fork and the 
entire table Falls, silent spill

3064
02:43:24,100 --> 02:43:26,200
wine on a guest. 
And you'll be lucky to find work

3065
02:43:26,200 --> 02:43:29,300
cleaning Stables, the Family 
schedule, dictates your entire 

3066
02:43:29,300 --> 02:43:32,000
existence. 
When they decide to host a 

3067
02:43:32,000 --> 02:43:35,600
dinner party for 20 people, your
schedule explodes in to 16-hour 

3068
02:43:35,600 --> 02:43:38,500
days of preparation either. 
Pacquiao long like luggage or 

3069
02:43:38,500 --> 02:43:41,400
leave you behind to maintain an 
empty house when they travel to 

3070
02:43:41,400 --> 02:43:44,100
their summer house. 
Your needs for rest. 

3071
02:43:44,100 --> 02:43:47,300
So, social contact or personal 
time, simply don't factor into 

3072
02:43:47,300 --> 02:43:51,000
their calculations yet within 
this rigid system, small 

3073
02:43:51,000 --> 02:43:53,900
rebellions blue. 
Servants develop their own 

3074
02:43:53,900 --> 02:43:57,000
communication networks. 
Passing information through a 

3075
02:43:57,000 --> 02:44:00,200
complex system of glances 
gestures and carefully. 

3076
02:44:00,200 --> 02:44:03,100
Coded conversations. 
You learn to read the subtle 

3077
02:44:03,100 --> 02:44:05,500
signs that indicate when cook is
in a poor mood. 

3078
02:44:05,500 --> 02:44:08,700
When the butler has been 
sampling, the wine when Mrs, 

3079
02:44:08,700 --> 02:44:11,500
Patterson is actually pleased 
with your work despite her Stern

3080
02:44:11,500 --> 02:44:13,700
expression. 
The hypocrisy becomes almost 

3081
02:44:13,700 --> 02:44:17,300
comical once you adjust to it. 
The same family that lectures, 

3082
02:44:17,300 --> 02:44:20,300
their children about honesty 
will lie, smoothly to social 

3083
02:44:20,300 --> 02:44:23,200
callers about their whereabouts.
They'll preach Christian. 

3084
02:44:23,200 --> 02:44:26,500
Charity at Sunday dinner and 
dock your wages for breaking a 

3085
02:44:26,500 --> 02:44:28,400
plate. 
They'll discuss the moral 

3086
02:44:28,400 --> 02:44:30,900
degradation of the working 
classes, while running their 

3087
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:33,600
household through a system that 
would make a medieval Lord 

3088
02:44:33,600 --> 02:44:38,000
blush. your fellow servants, 
become your real family, united 

3089
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:41,600
by shared exhaustion, and mutual
understanding of the 

3090
02:44:41,600 --> 02:44:45,700
absurdities, you witness daily 
late night conversations in the 

3091
02:44:45,700 --> 02:44:48,200
servants Hall. 
Create bonds, stronger than 

3092
02:44:48,200 --> 02:44:51,500
blood forged by the knowledge 
that you're all of surviving the

3093
02:44:51,500 --> 02:44:54,800
same bizarre, social experiment 
together below stairs operates, 

3094
02:44:54,800 --> 02:44:57,600
like, its own small Kingdom 
complete with rigid, social 

3095
02:44:57,600 --> 02:45:01,000
rankings, unspoken rules and 
enough political Intrigue to 

3096
02:45:01,008 --> 02:45:02,300
rival. 
Any Royal Court? 

3097
02:45:03,300 --> 02:45:06,200
Understanding your place in this
hierarchy becomes crucial for 

3098
02:45:06,200 --> 02:45:09,200
survival because stepping out of
a line can make your already 

3099
02:45:09,200 --> 02:45:11,200
difficult life absolutely 
miserable. 

3100
02:45:12,600 --> 02:45:15,000
At the top of this domestic 
pyramid sits the butler. 

3101
02:45:15,000 --> 02:45:18,500
A man who carries himself with 
more dignity than most senators 

3102
02:45:18,500 --> 02:45:21,600
and considerably more Authority 
than the average Army General. 

3103
02:45:22,300 --> 02:45:25,600
He controls The Wine, Cellar. 
Manages the male servants and 

3104
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:28,000
serves as the family's public 
face when they are receiving 

3105
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:31,000
guests. 
His perfectly pressed uniform 

3106
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:33,600
and white gloves, he Glides 
through the house. 

3107
02:45:33,600 --> 02:45:39,100
Like he owns it which in many 
practical ways he does cross him

3108
02:45:39,100 --> 02:45:42,300
and you'll find yourself a sign 
to the worst jobs until you 

3109
02:45:42,300 --> 02:45:44,200
either quit or learn proper 
respect. 

3110
02:45:45,400 --> 02:45:47,700
The housekeeper holds a dominant
position among the female 

3111
02:45:47,700 --> 02:45:49,800
servants. 
Dictating everything from 

3112
02:45:49,800 --> 02:45:52,000
uniform standards to rumors 
assignments. 

3113
02:45:52,800 --> 02:45:56,400
Mrs. Patterson may appear as a 
gentle grandmother to sum yet. 

3114
02:45:56,400 --> 02:45:58,900
She manages her domain with the 
efficiency of a military 

3115
02:45:58,900 --> 02:46:02,300
commander and the meticulousness
of a Swiss watch maker. 

3116
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:06,200
She keeps track of every towel, 
every bar of soap, and every 

3117
02:46:06,200 --> 02:46:09,200
minute of your day. 
Her approval means protection 

3118
02:46:09,200 --> 02:46:13,200
and slightly better assignments.
Her disapproval means scrubbing 

3119
02:46:13,200 --> 02:46:16,600
flaws into your knees. 
Bleed cook occupies her own 

3120
02:46:16,600 --> 02:46:19,800
special category, technically 
below the housekeeper in rank, 

3121
02:46:19,800 --> 02:46:23,200
but wielding enormous practical 
power because she controls the 

3122
02:46:23,200 --> 02:46:27,500
food Skilled cook has the power 
to shape the social status of a 

3123
02:46:27,500 --> 02:46:31,400
wealthy family, inspiring, both 
respect and fear in everyone. 

3124
02:46:32,200 --> 02:46:35,500
Including the family members 
themselves, she rules her 

3125
02:46:35,500 --> 02:46:37,000
kitchen. 
Like a benevolent dictator 

3126
02:46:37,000 --> 02:46:40,600
capable of creating masterpieces
with one hand, while boxing 

3127
02:46:40,600 --> 02:46:42,500
ears. 
With the other, if you manage to

3128
02:46:42,500 --> 02:46:44,800
gain her favor, you'll never 
face hunger. 

3129
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:48,200
If you provoke her anger, you'll
have to rely on bread, crusts 

3130
02:46:48,200 --> 02:46:51,900
and regret. 
Ladies maids and valleys occupy,

3131
02:46:51,900 --> 02:46:55,600
the aristocracy of servant land 
these personal attendants dress,

3132
02:46:55,600 --> 02:46:57,300
their employers style, their 
hair. 

3133
02:46:57,300 --> 02:47:01,200
No, intimate details about their
daily lives, they earn higher 

3134
02:47:01,200 --> 02:47:03,600
wages. 
Where better uniforms and often 

3135
02:47:03,600 --> 02:47:06,300
receive cast off clothing worth 
more than your annual salary. 

3136
02:47:06,300 --> 02:47:10,300
They also tend to adopt an air 
of superiority behaving as 

3137
02:47:10,300 --> 02:47:12,000
though, they are somehow 
elevated above others. 

3138
02:47:12,000 --> 02:47:15,500
Simply because they assist a 
fluent individuals in dressing 

3139
02:47:15,500 --> 02:47:17,700
rather than performing more 
menial tasks. 

3140
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:20,500
Footman. 
Represent the peacocks of the 

3141
02:47:20,500 --> 02:47:23,400
servant World chose chosen more 
for their appearance than their 

3142
02:47:23,400 --> 02:47:26,100
skills. 
They need to be tall handsome 

3143
02:47:26,100 --> 02:47:28,900
and capable of standing 
motionless for hours while 

3144
02:47:28,900 --> 02:47:31,800
looking decorative. 
Their primary duties include 

3145
02:47:31,800 --> 02:47:35,500
opening, doors serving meals and
providing visual stimulation for

3146
02:47:35,500 --> 02:47:39,200
the families, female guests. 
The Beneficial news is, they're 

3147
02:47:39,200 --> 02:47:40,700
often too, pretty to be truly 
bright. 

3148
02:47:40,700 --> 02:47:44,200
The adverse news is they know 
they're pretty and act 

3149
02:47:44,200 --> 02:47:46,900
accordingly. 
You occupy the vast Middle 

3150
02:47:46,900 --> 02:47:50,100
Ground of General housemates, 
along with your fellow soldiers,

3151
02:47:50,100 --> 02:47:52,400
in the war against dust dirt and
disorder. 

3152
02:47:53,000 --> 02:47:56,100
You're above the scullery maid, 
who spends her entire existence,

3153
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:57,800
washing dishes, and scrubbing 
pots. 

3154
02:47:57,800 --> 02:48:00,300
And the boot boy whose life 
revolves around. 

3155
02:48:00,300 --> 02:48:03,500
Making leather shine, but below 
practically everyone else. 

3156
02:48:04,300 --> 02:48:06,400
It's like being middle 
management in a company that 

3157
02:48:06,400 --> 02:48:09,400
specializes in thankless labor 
kitchen politics. 

3158
02:48:09,400 --> 02:48:11,400
Make international diplomacy 
look simple. 

3159
02:48:12,200 --> 02:48:13,500
Cook in the housekeeper 
maintained. 

3160
02:48:13,500 --> 02:48:16,500
An uneasy Alliance based on 
mutual respect, and territorial 

3161
02:48:16,500 --> 02:48:19,100
boundaries that shifted like 
Desert Sands. 

3162
02:48:19,900 --> 02:48:23,400
A butler considers himself above
such Petty concerns, which makes

3163
02:48:23,400 --> 02:48:26,000
everyone else consider him an 
arrogant peacock. 

3164
02:48:26,800 --> 02:48:29,800
Personal Maids gossip about 
their employers while somehow 

3165
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:32,800
maintaining superiority over 
everyone who doesn't have access

3166
02:48:32,800 --> 02:48:36,400
to such intimate information. 
Mills in the servants Hall, 

3167
02:48:36,400 --> 02:48:39,700
follow protocols to the state 
dinners at the head of the 

3168
02:48:39,700 --> 02:48:41,800
table, the Butler and 
housekeeper received the first 

3169
02:48:41,800 --> 02:48:44,300
service and consume the tastiest
portions. 

3170
02:48:45,200 --> 02:48:48,600
Personal servants are seated 
next then upper housemaids then 

3171
02:48:48,600 --> 02:48:52,700
lower housemaids and lastly the 
truly unfortunate individuals 

3172
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:56,400
who clean pots and polish boots.
Conversation follows equally 

3173
02:48:56,400 --> 02:48:59,100
rigid rules no discussion of 
family business. 

3174
02:48:59,100 --> 02:49:03,200
No complaints about working 
conditions and absolutely no 

3175
02:49:03,200 --> 02:49:05,700
questioning of decisions made by
your superiors. 

3176
02:49:06,400 --> 02:49:08,600
Romance below stairs. 
Provides endless. 

3177
02:49:08,600 --> 02:49:10,900
Entertainment and occasional 
heartbreak. 

3178
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:15,500
Relationships between servants 
face constant scrutiny from both

3179
02:49:15,500 --> 02:49:18,200
the staff hierarchy and the 
family upstairs. 

3180
02:49:19,000 --> 02:49:21,100
A housemaid dating. 
A footman might find herself 

3181
02:49:21,100 --> 02:49:23,900
reassigned to less desirable 
duties if the housekeeper 

3182
02:49:23,900 --> 02:49:26,400
disapproves. 
Marriage, usually, means one 

3183
02:49:26,400 --> 02:49:29,300
partner must locate employment 
elsewhere, since most families 

3184
02:49:29,300 --> 02:49:32,300
won't employ married couples who
might prioritize each other over

3185
02:49:32,300 --> 02:49:35,700
their duties, the contrast 
between your circumstances, and 

3186
02:49:35,700 --> 02:49:38,900
those of the family creates its 
own psychological challenges, 

3187
02:49:38,900 --> 02:49:41,900
you handle their money, while 
learning a fraction of what they

3188
02:49:41,900 --> 02:49:45,100
spend on a single dinner party. 
You maintain their beautiful 

3189
02:49:45,100 --> 02:49:48,800
clothes while wearing the same 
grey dress day after day, you 

3190
02:49:48,800 --> 02:49:51,500
prepare their luxurious meals 
while eating leftovers that 

3191
02:49:51,500 --> 02:49:56,200
wouldn't satisfy a prison inmate
The irony thickens to such an 

3192
02:49:56,200 --> 02:49:58,700
extent that it could be sliced. 
With the silver knives, you 

3193
02:49:58,700 --> 02:50:02,700
meticulously polish every day, 
Yet, within this strange system.

3194
02:50:02,700 --> 02:50:08,300
Genuine friendships develop Sara
your snoring roommate, become 

3195
02:50:08,300 --> 02:50:11,700
your closest confidant. 
The scholarly made, despite her 

3196
02:50:11,700 --> 02:50:14,500
lowly status, possesses a wicked
sense of humor. 

3197
02:50:14,500 --> 02:50:18,100
That makes even the worst days 
bearable even, Mrs. Patterson 

3198
02:50:18,100 --> 02:50:21,700
for all her Stern, efficiency. 
Occasionally shows flashes of 

3199
02:50:21,700 --> 02:50:23,700
motherly concerned that remind 
us. 

3200
02:50:23,700 --> 02:50:25,400
She was once young and 
overwhelmed too. 

3201
02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:29,700
Information becomes currency in 
this closed World knowing which 

3202
02:50:29,700 --> 02:50:33,200
family members are traveling. 
Which guests are expected, or 

3203
02:50:33,200 --> 02:50:35,200
Which social events require 
extra. 

3204
02:50:35,200 --> 02:50:37,300
Preparation provides you 
leverage and protection. 

3205
02:50:38,200 --> 02:50:41,100
The servant to overhears plans 
for a dinner party can prepare 

3206
02:50:41,100 --> 02:50:43,700
accordingly. 
The one caught off guard ends up

3207
02:50:43,700 --> 02:50:45,700
working until midnight with no 
warning. 

3208
02:50:45,700 --> 02:50:48,700
Nothing tests, a servants 
endurance, quite like the social

3209
02:50:48,700 --> 02:50:50,700
season. 
When wealthy families 

3210
02:50:50,700 --> 02:50:53,900
transformed from merely 
demanding employers into social 

3211
02:50:53,900 --> 02:50:57,200
climbing tornadoes that sweep 
through your life, leaving 

3212
02:50:57,200 --> 02:51:00,600
chaos, exhaustion, and 
occasionally broken china, in 

3213
02:51:00,600 --> 02:51:03,100
their wake. 
From November, through February,

3214
02:51:03,100 --> 02:51:06,100
your employers shed, any 
pretense of normal living and 

3215
02:51:06,100 --> 02:51:10,000
dive head first into a whirlwind
of dinner parties, balls, and 

3216
02:51:10,000 --> 02:51:11,800
social events. 
That would exhaust a 

3217
02:51:11,800 --> 02:51:14,500
professional athlete. 
Preparing for a dinner party, 

3218
02:51:14,500 --> 02:51:17,900
feels like planning, a military 
Invasion, two days before the 

3219
02:51:17,900 --> 02:51:20,600
event, the house, erupts, and 
controlled pandemonium. 

3220
02:51:20,600 --> 02:51:23,700
Every piece of silver must be 
polished until it blind. 

3221
02:51:23,700 --> 02:51:26,000
Anyone foolish enough to look 
directly at it. 

3222
02:51:26,000 --> 02:51:29,800
Crystal glasses, get washed in 
special solutions that cost more

3223
02:51:29,800 --> 02:51:31,200
per bottle than you earn in a 
week. 

3224
02:51:32,000 --> 02:51:35,600
Mrs. Paterson meticulously 
scrubs polishes and inspect 

3225
02:51:35,600 --> 02:51:37,300
every surface in the dining 
room. 

3226
02:51:37,300 --> 02:51:41,400
A process typically reserved for
operating, Theatres the floral 

3227
02:51:41,400 --> 02:51:44,500
arrangements alone could drive 
you to drink if you had access 

3228
02:51:44,500 --> 02:51:46,700
to anything stronger than Cooks 
cooking Sherry. 

3229
02:51:47,500 --> 02:51:50,800
Flowers arrive from the florist 
and carefully packed boxes each 

3230
02:51:50,800 --> 02:51:52,800
Bloom worth more than your 
monthly wages. 

3231
02:51:52,800 --> 02:51:56,900
You'll spend hours, arranging 
roses lilies and exotic blooms 

3232
02:51:56,900 --> 02:52:00,600
whose names you can't pronounce 
creating centerpieces that will 

3233
02:52:00,600 --> 02:52:04,300
be admired for precisely three 
hours before being relegated to 

3234
02:52:04,300 --> 02:52:07,100
the servants Hall, where they'll
brighten your Drury meals for 

3235
02:52:07,100 --> 02:52:10,000
the rest of the week. 
Planning the menu turns into a 

3236
02:52:10,008 --> 02:52:13,800
challenging exercise in culinary
mathematics comparable to that 

3237
02:52:13,800 --> 02:52:16,800
of a university Professor. 
The family wants to impress 

3238
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:19,800
their guests without appearing 
to try too hard serve 

3239
02:52:19,800 --> 02:52:22,900
sophisticated food without being
pretentious and accommodate 

3240
02:52:22,900 --> 02:52:25,900
dietary, restrictions, that 
change daily based on the latest

3241
02:52:25,900 --> 02:52:28,900
medical fans. 
Cook transforms into a 

3242
02:52:28,900 --> 02:52:31,400
temperamental artists creating 
elaborate dishes. 

3243
02:52:31,400 --> 02:52:34,500
While simultaneously managing a 
kitchen staff that multiplies 

3244
02:52:34,500 --> 02:52:38,800
mysteriously during party 
preparations, Your uniform gets 

3245
02:52:38,800 --> 02:52:42,700
upgraded for special events. 
A slightly better dress a 

3246
02:52:42,700 --> 02:52:45,300
crisper apron and shoes that 
haven't been resolved. 

3247
02:52:45,300 --> 02:52:49,200
Three times your expected to 
serve guests with the grace of a

3248
02:52:49,200 --> 02:52:52,100
ballet dancer and the efficiency
of a factory worker while 

3249
02:52:52,100 --> 02:52:53,700
remaining, as invisible as 
furniture. 

3250
02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:57,700
Spillway on a guest gown and 
you'll find yourself explaining 

3251
02:52:57,700 --> 02:53:01,400
to potential future employers 
why your last position ended so 

3252
02:53:01,400 --> 02:53:03,900
abruptly. 
The guest bedrooms become 

3253
02:53:03,900 --> 02:53:07,500
monuments to excessive 
Hospitality fresh Linens appear 

3254
02:53:07,500 --> 02:53:10,800
on beds that may not even be 
used but the possibility that 

3255
02:53:10,800 --> 02:53:13,200
the Vanderbilt's cousin might 
need a place to rest between 

3256
02:53:13,200 --> 02:53:16,600
courses requires preparation, 
worthy of visiting royalty, 

3257
02:53:16,600 --> 02:53:20,400
you'll arrange flowers, stock 
wash basins with the finest 

3258
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:23,700
soaps and ensure that chamber 
pots are spotless and discreetly

3259
02:53:23,700 --> 02:53:26,500
positioned, because nothing, 
ruins a socially evening. 

3260
02:53:26,500 --> 02:53:28,300
Like an adequate bathroom 
facilities. 

3261
02:53:28,300 --> 02:53:32,400
Christmas season multiplies, the
Insanity by roughly 10,000 

3262
02:53:32,400 --> 02:53:34,700
percent. 
The families gift-giving 

3263
02:53:34,700 --> 02:53:37,100
requires military level 
Logistics coordination. 

3264
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:40,700
You'll spend December wrapping 
presents with paper that costs. 

3265
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:43,800
More than most people's winter 
coats arranging, elaborate 

3266
02:53:43,800 --> 02:53:46,300
displays that transformed the 
house into something. 

3267
02:53:46,300 --> 02:53:49,600
Resembling a particularly 
expensive Museum and somehow 

3268
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:52,400
maintaining normal daily 
operations while accommodating. 

3269
02:53:52,400 --> 02:53:55,800
The constant stream of 
deliveries social calls and 

3270
02:53:55,800 --> 02:53:59,200
holiday preparations. 
Holiday, entertaining reaches 

3271
02:53:59,200 --> 02:54:01,800
levels of absurdity, that would 
impress Roman emperors. 

3272
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:06,100
New Year's Eve party stretch 
until dawn require requiring you

3273
02:54:06,100 --> 02:54:08,300
to work shifts. 
That would violate modern labor 

3274
02:54:08,300 --> 02:54:11,600
laws by several decades. 
You'll serve champagne that 

3275
02:54:11,600 --> 02:54:15,200
costs more per bottle, the new 
earning three months clean up 

3276
02:54:15,200 --> 02:54:18,000
after revelers, whose idea of 
fun involves considerable 

3277
02:54:18,000 --> 02:54:20,700
property damage and somehow 
maintain a pleasant demeanor 

3278
02:54:20,700 --> 02:54:22,500
while running on three hours of 
sleep. 

3279
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:25,000
And pure caffeine the laundry 
situation. 

3280
02:54:25,000 --> 02:54:27,700
During the social season, 
deserves its own chapter, in the

3281
02:54:27,708 --> 02:54:31,200
annals of human suffering. 
Evening gowns, require special 

3282
02:54:31,200 --> 02:54:35,000
handling with beading lace and 
fabric so delicate that 

3283
02:54:35,008 --> 02:54:36,900
breathing on them. 
Wrong could cause a reputable 

3284
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:39,300
damage. 
Men's Formal Wear involves 

3285
02:54:39,300 --> 02:54:41,400
starching shirts to cardboard 
stiffness. 

3286
02:54:41,400 --> 02:54:45,200
Pressing tales that must hang 
perfectly and managing White 

3287
02:54:45,200 --> 02:54:48,300
Tiles, that require the 
Precision of a Swiss clockmaker.

3288
02:54:49,100 --> 02:54:51,800
Guest management becomes a 
diplomatic challenge, that would

3289
02:54:51,800 --> 02:54:55,400
stump professional ambassadors. 
Well, the visitors arrive with 

3290
02:54:55,400 --> 02:54:58,300
their servants, creating 
temporary hierarchies and 

3291
02:54:58,300 --> 02:55:00,800
territorial disputes that make 
international border 

3292
02:55:00,800 --> 02:55:02,200
negotiations. 
Look, simple. 

3293
02:55:02,900 --> 02:55:05,900
Sharing already cramped quarters
with lady's-maids who consider 

3294
02:55:05,900 --> 02:55:09,800
themselves your social superiors
competing for kitchen space with

3295
02:55:09,800 --> 02:55:12,600
visiting Cooks who have strong 
opinions about proper techniques

3296
02:55:12,600 --> 02:55:15,200
and navigating personality 
conflicts, that could 

3297
02:55:15,200 --> 02:55:19,000
destabilize small governments 
are all common experiences, the 

3298
02:55:19,000 --> 02:55:21,900
aftermath of large parties, 
resembles Battlefield cleanup 

3299
02:55:21,900 --> 02:55:26,200
wines on Persian carpets, 
require immediate attention with

3300
02:55:26,200 --> 02:55:29,200
special cleaning solutions and 
techniques passed down through 

3301
02:55:29,200 --> 02:55:32,900
generation of servants. 
Broken crystal is collected with

3302
02:55:32,900 --> 02:55:35,500
the reverend's usually reserved 
for Gathering fragments of 

3303
02:55:35,500 --> 02:55:38,400
religious relics. 
Leftover food will be 

3304
02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:41,300
redistributed through a complex 
system that ensures nothing 

3305
02:55:41,300 --> 02:55:44,500
edible goes to waste though. 
The definition of edible is 

3306
02:55:44,500 --> 02:55:46,300
stretched considerably after 
midnight. 

3307
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:49,900
Your social life disappears 
entirely during party season, 

3308
02:55:49,900 --> 02:55:53,700
any hope of personal time of 
evaporates under the constant 

3309
02:55:53,700 --> 02:55:56,000
demands of preparation, service 
and cleanup. 

3310
02:55:56,800 --> 02:56:00,200
Letters from home pile up unread
friendships with other servants.

3311
02:56:00,200 --> 02:56:03,300
Get reduced to exhausted, nods 
in hallways and your health 

3312
02:56:03,300 --> 02:56:04,900
become. 
Secondary to maintaining the 

3313
02:56:04,900 --> 02:56:08,500
family's social standing yet 
somehow you develop skills that 

3314
02:56:08,508 --> 02:56:11,500
would impress. 
Modern event planners, you learn

3315
02:56:11,500 --> 02:56:13,900
to coordinate complex Logistics 
management. 

3316
02:56:13,900 --> 02:56:16,700
Multiple tasks simultaneously 
and solve problems with 

3317
02:56:16,700 --> 02:56:18,600
creativity born from 
desperation. 

3318
02:56:18,600 --> 02:56:21,000
You can estimate quantities for 
50. 

3319
02:56:21,000 --> 02:56:23,600
People arrange flowers that 
would make professional 

3320
02:56:23,600 --> 02:56:26,900
florists, weep with envy and 
serve formal meals with 

3321
02:56:26,900 --> 02:56:29,500
Precision, that would satisfy 
military inspection. 

3322
02:56:30,600 --> 02:56:32,400
Strangers. 
Part is how normal It all 

3323
02:56:32,400 --> 02:56:35,500
becomes after. 
Your first social season, you 

3324
02:56:35,500 --> 02:56:37,300
develop the stamina of a 
marathon runner. 

3325
02:56:37,300 --> 02:56:41,800
And the organizational skills of
a general staff officer Once 

3326
02:56:41,800 --> 02:56:45,200
seemed impossible becomes merely
exhausting and what once seemed 

3327
02:56:45,200 --> 02:56:48,200
exhausting becomes, just another
Tuesday in the life of a Gilded 

3328
02:56:48,200 --> 02:56:50,300
Age. 
Housemaid finding space for your

3329
02:56:50,308 --> 02:56:53,000
Humanity within the rigid 
structure of domestic service 

3330
02:56:53,000 --> 02:56:56,600
requires the Ingenuity of a 
master criminal and the stealth 

3331
02:56:56,600 --> 02:57:00,500
of a professional spy, your 
personal life exists in 

3332
02:57:00,500 --> 02:57:04,600
fragments Stolen Moments between
duties, whispered conversations 

3333
02:57:04,600 --> 02:57:07,700
in hallways and relationships 
that bloom in the shadows of 

3334
02:57:07,700 --> 02:57:11,200
other people's Grand lives, your
correspondence become a 

3335
02:57:11,200 --> 02:57:13,400
Lifeline, to the world, beyond 
the servants door. 

3336
02:57:14,400 --> 02:57:17,300
Let us from home arrives 
sporadically, their contents, 

3337
02:57:17,300 --> 02:57:18,900
both comforting and 
heartbreaking. 

3338
02:57:19,800 --> 02:57:22,100
Your mother writes about crops 
and weather and neighbors. 

3339
02:57:22,100 --> 02:57:24,700
Who have married or died 
painting, pictures of a life 

3340
02:57:24,700 --> 02:57:28,200
that feels simultaneously 
familiar and impossibly distant,

3341
02:57:28,200 --> 02:57:31,700
you save your pennies to send 
money home knowing that your 

3342
02:57:31,700 --> 02:57:34,200
wages, might mean the difference
between your youngest siblings 

3343
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:37,300
eating, well or going hungry, 
even as you survive on kitchen 

3344
02:57:37,300 --> 02:57:41,100
scraps, and leftover bread. 
Romance and service requires 

3345
02:57:41,100 --> 02:57:43,700
navigating obstacles that were 
challenged diplomat. 

3346
02:57:44,600 --> 02:57:47,100
Meeting someone from outside the
household means coordinating 

3347
02:57:47,100 --> 02:57:49,800
schedules. 
That change daily finding time 

3348
02:57:49,800 --> 02:57:53,100
when you're not exhausted from 
14 hour work days and somehow 

3349
02:57:53,100 --> 02:57:55,800
maintaining a relationship when 
you can't predict whether you'll

3350
02:57:55,800 --> 02:57:58,300
have an evening free until about
five minutes before it happens. 

3351
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:03,000
Dating fellow servants creates 
its own complications, workplace

3352
02:58:03,000 --> 02:58:06,100
relationships under the constant
scrutiny of superiors who view 

3353
02:58:06,100 --> 02:58:09,100
any personal attachment as a 
potential distraction from Duty.

3354
02:58:09,800 --> 02:58:12,800
Your half-day off becomes more 
precious than gold and twice as 

3355
02:58:12,800 --> 02:58:16,600
rare every other Sunday 
afternoon from 2 until 10 in the

3356
02:58:16,608 --> 02:58:19,100
evening, your theoretically free
to live your life. 

3357
02:58:19,900 --> 02:58:22,500
In reality, you are often too 
exhausted to do anything. 

3358
02:58:22,500 --> 02:58:25,800
More ambitious than sleeping in 
a real bed, or taking a bath 

3359
02:58:25,800 --> 02:58:28,000
without worrying about someone 
needing immediate service. 

3360
02:58:29,100 --> 02:58:31,800
When you do venture outside, the
world feels foreign after 

3361
02:58:31,800 --> 02:58:34,300
spending weeks in the artificial
environment of wealth and 

3362
02:58:34,300 --> 02:58:36,500
privilege. 
Friendships among servants 

3363
02:58:36,500 --> 02:58:38,300
develop their own peculiar 
intensity. 

3364
02:58:38,300 --> 02:58:41,800
Shared hardship, forges bonds, 
that might not otherwise exist. 

3365
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:44,900
The scullery maid transforms 
into your Confidant. 

3366
02:58:44,900 --> 02:58:48,900
The boot boy provides you with 
comedic relief and Sarah becomes

3367
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:52,500
your sister Beyond blood. 
These relationships sustain you 

3368
02:58:52,500 --> 02:58:55,600
through the worst moments, make 
the best moments worth 

3369
02:58:55,600 --> 02:58:59,200
celebrating, even if celebration
means sharing a stolen apple 

3370
02:58:59,200 --> 02:59:02,400
tart in the servants Hall. 
After midnight, reading becomes 

3371
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:05,300
a form of rebellion and Escape 
You Squirrel away. 

3372
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:08,300
Penny novels and yesterday's 
newspapers reading by 

3373
02:59:08,300 --> 02:59:11,200
candlelight until your eyes 
strain and your candle budget 

3374
02:59:11,200 --> 02:59:14,100
disappears. 
Books transport you to Worlds, 

3375
02:59:14,100 --> 02:59:17,700
where women have choices, where 
love, overcomes social barriers,

3376
02:59:17,700 --> 02:59:20,600
and where hardworking people 
sometimes find happiness. 

3377
02:59:21,400 --> 02:59:24,100
The family's discarded 
magazines, provide glimpses into

3378
02:59:24,100 --> 02:59:27,500
Fashions and Lifestyles that 
seem as exotic as Tales From 

3379
02:59:27,500 --> 02:59:30,300
distant countries. 
Your health suffers in ways, 

3380
02:59:30,300 --> 02:59:33,700
both obvious and subtle the 
constant physical labor, 

3381
02:59:33,700 --> 02:59:36,200
strengthens your muscles but 
wears down your joints. 

3382
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:39,400
Poor nutrition leaves you 
vulnerable to every passing 

3383
02:59:39,400 --> 02:59:41,900
illness. 
The lack of sunlight and fresh 

3384
02:59:41,900 --> 02:59:44,400
air creates a power that marks 
you as any uniform. 

3385
02:59:45,100 --> 02:59:47,000
Back pain. 
Becomes your constant companion,

3386
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:50,900
along with hands that crack and 
bleed from exposure to harsh, 

3387
02:59:50,900 --> 02:59:55,100
cleaning, chemicals and cold 
water. personal hygiene presents

3388
02:59:55,100 --> 02:59:58,200
its challenges in an era when 
hot water is a luxury and 

3389
02:59:58,200 --> 03:00:02,400
privacy is non-existent Your 
weekly bath become a cherished 

3390
03:00:02,400 --> 03:00:05,400
ritual, even if it takes place 
in a tin tub in the kitchen, 

3391
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:07,700
after everyone else has finished
their evening duties. 

3392
03:00:08,700 --> 03:00:11,100
Washing your hair requires 
planning and coordination, 

3393
03:00:11,100 --> 03:00:13,900
worthy of a military operation, 
since you need access to hot 

3394
03:00:13,900 --> 03:00:16,300
water. 
Sufficient time for drying and 

3395
03:00:16,300 --> 03:00:18,100
privacy, that's rare than 
diamonds. 

3396
03:00:18,100 --> 03:00:21,900
Your few personal possessions 
take on enormous significant. 

3397
03:00:21,900 --> 03:00:26,000
A locket from your mother, a 
pressed flower from your last 

3398
03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:29,200
walk in the countryside or a 
photograph of family members 

3399
03:00:29,200 --> 03:00:31,600
becomes a treasure guarded more 
carefully than the family 

3400
03:00:31,600 --> 03:00:34,200
silver. 
These small tokens represent, 

3401
03:00:34,200 --> 03:00:37,700
your identity beyond, the gray, 
uniform and White Cap reminders 

3402
03:00:37,700 --> 03:00:39,800
that you exist. 
As More Than Just A Pair of 

3403
03:00:39,808 --> 03:00:43,700
Hands that scrub and clean. 
Dreams and aspirations are 

3404
03:00:43,700 --> 03:00:47,200
modified rather than abandoned 
instead of opening your shop, 

3405
03:00:47,200 --> 03:00:50,000
you dream of becoming a 
housekeeper with authority over 

3406
03:00:50,000 --> 03:00:52,900
your staff. 
Instead of marrying a prosperous

3407
03:00:52,900 --> 03:00:56,700
farmer, you hope to locate a 
butler or valet whose combined 

3408
03:00:56,700 --> 03:00:59,500
income might allow for a small 
apartment and maybe even 

3409
03:00:59,500 --> 03:01:03,200
children someday. 
Your goals shrink to fit reality

3410
03:01:03,200 --> 03:01:07,100
but they don't disappear 
entirely the seasonal rhythms of

3411
03:01:07,100 --> 03:01:09,900
the household create their own 
calendar of anticipation and 

3412
03:01:09,900 --> 03:01:12,800
Dread. 
Summer might bring opportunities

3413
03:01:12,800 --> 03:01:16,000
to accompany the family to their
country house, offering glimpses

3414
03:01:16,000 --> 03:01:18,700
of different scenery and 
slightly modified routines. 

3415
03:01:19,700 --> 03:01:22,700
Winter social season means 
exhausting work, but also 

3416
03:01:22,700 --> 03:01:26,200
excitement and the possibility 
of glimpsing famous guests. 

3417
03:01:27,600 --> 03:01:31,200
Bringing represents weeks of 
back-breaking labor, but also 

3418
03:01:31,200 --> 03:01:33,300
the satisfaction of 
transformation and renewal. 

3419
03:01:34,000 --> 03:01:36,200
Small Pleasures. 
Take on enormous importance. 

3420
03:01:37,000 --> 03:01:39,900
A compliment from Mrs. Patterson
carries more weight than praise 

3421
03:01:39,900 --> 03:01:43,000
from royalty. 
An evening when cooked shares 

3422
03:01:43,000 --> 03:01:45,000
left over desert feels like 
Christmas morning. 

3423
03:01:45,800 --> 03:01:48,200
The Sunday when your healthy 
enough to walk to the park and 

3424
03:01:48,200 --> 03:01:51,700
sit under actual trees becomes a
memory to sustain you through 

3425
03:01:51,700 --> 03:01:55,100
difficult weeks ahead. 
Your relationship with money 

3426
03:01:55,100 --> 03:01:58,100
becomes complex, and 
contradictory you handle more 

3427
03:01:58,100 --> 03:02:00,600
wealth daily than most people 
see in their entire lives. 

3428
03:02:00,600 --> 03:02:03,500
Yet your own financial situation
remains precarious. 

3429
03:02:04,500 --> 03:02:08,600
Every penny saved represents 
enormous sacrifice less food, 

3430
03:02:08,600 --> 03:02:11,500
fewer letters home and no small 
luxuries. 

3431
03:02:11,500 --> 03:02:13,300
That might make your hard life 
slightly more. 

3432
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:16,700
Bearable, your bank account 
grows slowly while your hands 

3433
03:02:16,700 --> 03:02:20,600
grow rough and your back grows, 
crooked The strange intimacy of 

3434
03:02:20,600 --> 03:02:22,800
service creates its own 
emotional complications. 

3435
03:02:22,800 --> 03:02:26,000
You know, details about your 
employer's lives that their 

3436
03:02:26,000 --> 03:02:28,300
relatives. 
Don't share, yet, they remain 

3437
03:02:28,300 --> 03:02:30,800
strangers, who could dismiss you
without reference. 

3438
03:02:30,800 --> 03:02:35,000
And barely remember your name 
This one side is intimacy breeds

3439
03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:38,400
both affection and resentment 
creating relationships that are 

3440
03:02:38,400 --> 03:02:42,400
simultaneously personal, and 
completely impersonal as the 

3441
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:46,000
1890s draw to a close. 
You've survived nearly a decade 

3442
03:02:46,000 --> 03:02:49,500
of service, in the grand houses,
of America's wealthy Elite, and 

3443
03:02:49,500 --> 03:02:52,600
the world around you is changing
in ways, both subtle and 

3444
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:55,900
dramatic from your perspective. 
In the servants quarters. 

3445
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:58,900
These changes feel both 
impossibly distant and 

3446
03:02:58,900 --> 03:03:03,000
intimately personal technology 
creeps into the household like a

3447
03:03:03,000 --> 03:03:06,800
slow-moving Revolution, electric
lights, begin replacing gas 

3448
03:03:06,800 --> 03:03:10,100
fixtures transforming your 
morning routine of lamp cleaning

3449
03:03:10,100 --> 03:03:12,900
but introducing new mysteries of
switches and bulbs that 

3450
03:03:12,900 --> 03:03:16,500
sometimes work and sometimes 
don't Telephone appears in the 

3451
03:03:16,508 --> 03:03:19,500
front hall, like a magical 
device, bringing the outside 

3452
03:03:19,500 --> 03:03:22,000
world directly into the house 
while creating new 

3453
03:03:22,000 --> 03:03:25,000
responsibilities. 
Someone must answer it and that 

3454
03:03:25,000 --> 03:03:28,700
person often turns out to be you
Your body tells the story of 

3455
03:03:28,700 --> 03:03:31,600
your service in ways that no 
employment record could capture 

3456
03:03:31,600 --> 03:03:35,200
your hands bear, the permanent 
stains and scars of countless 

3457
03:03:35,200 --> 03:03:38,500
cleaning chemicals and burns 
from Hot Iron your shoulders, 

3458
03:03:38,500 --> 03:03:41,600
curve slightly forward from 
years of bending over scrub 

3459
03:03:41,600 --> 03:03:45,300
brushes and laundry tubs, you'll
need is protest when climbing 

3460
03:03:45,300 --> 03:03:47,800
the endless flights of stairs 
that connect your basement world

3461
03:03:47,800 --> 03:03:50,900
to the families, elevated 
existence, these marks of 

3462
03:03:50,900 --> 03:03:53,500
service will stay with you long.
After you've left domestic work 

3463
03:03:53,500 --> 03:03:56,400
behind the skills you've 
developed would impress, any 

3464
03:03:56,400 --> 03:03:59,700
modern efficiency expert? 
You can manage complex household

3465
03:03:59,700 --> 03:04:03,300
Logistics coordinate, multiple 
tasks simultaneously and 

3466
03:04:03,300 --> 03:04:05,700
maintain impossibly high 
standards under constant 

3467
03:04:05,700 --> 03:04:07,800
pressure. 
You've learned to read people's 

3468
03:04:07,800 --> 03:04:10,600
moods and needs from subtle cues
mastered. 

3469
03:04:10,600 --> 03:04:13,300
The art of diplomatic problem 
solving and developed the 

3470
03:04:13,308 --> 03:04:15,300
physical stamina of a 
professional athlete. 

3471
03:04:15,300 --> 03:04:18,900
These abilities will serve you. 
Well whether you can continue in

3472
03:04:18,900 --> 03:04:22,900
service or Venture into other 
forms of work, Daily proximity 

3473
03:04:22,900 --> 03:04:26,200
to extreme luxury and the labor 
required, to maintain it, to 

3474
03:04:26,200 --> 03:04:28,100
shape, your perspective on 
wealth and privilege. 

3475
03:04:29,100 --> 03:04:31,900
Have witnessed the ease with 
which one can spend money and 

3476
03:04:31,900 --> 03:04:34,900
the challenge of earning it, 
you've witnessed the isolation 

3477
03:04:34,900 --> 03:04:38,100
that wealth can create even as 
you've experienced the 

3478
03:04:38,100 --> 03:04:42,100
exhaustion that poverty demands.
this understanding of both sides

3479
03:04:42,100 --> 03:04:44,900
of America's growing economic 
divide provides you insights 

3480
03:04:44,900 --> 03:04:49,100
that few people possess the 
friendships forged in service. 

3481
03:04:49,100 --> 03:04:52,300
Carry a special intensity born 
from shared hardship and mutual 

3482
03:04:52,300 --> 03:04:54,900
dependence. 
Sarah, your long-suffering 

3483
03:04:54,900 --> 03:04:58,000
roommate has become closer than 
any sister cook. 

3484
03:04:58,000 --> 03:05:01,700
Despite her graphic stereo has 
served as a mentor and mother 

3485
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:06,100
figure even Mrs. Patterson with 
all her Stern efficiency as 

3486
03:05:06,100 --> 03:05:09,100
shown moments of genuine care 
that transcended the employer 

3487
03:05:09,100 --> 03:05:12,300
employee relationship. 
These bonds will Outlast your 

3488
03:05:12,300 --> 03:05:15,700
employment and provide emotional
support for decades to come. 

3489
03:05:16,600 --> 03:05:19,600
Years of separation and 
financial responsibilities have 

3490
03:05:19,600 --> 03:05:21,800
complicated, your relationship 
with your own family. 

3491
03:05:22,800 --> 03:05:26,100
The money you've sent home has 
made real difference, is your 

3492
03:05:26,100 --> 03:05:28,200
youngest brother, finish school 
in stead of working in 

3493
03:05:28,200 --> 03:05:31,900
factories, your sister avoided 
and unfortunate marriage and 

3494
03:05:31,900 --> 03:05:33,400
your parents kept their small 
farm. 

3495
03:05:33,400 --> 03:05:37,300
Despite several bad harvests Yet
the physical and emotional 

3496
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:40,600
distance is created gaps that 
letters can't entirely Bridge. 

3497
03:05:40,600 --> 03:05:44,700
You've become someone or Origins
shaped by experiences, your 

3498
03:05:44,700 --> 03:05:48,100
family can't fully understand 
marriage and family planning in 

3499
03:05:48,100 --> 03:05:50,600
service posts special 
difficulties that will influence

3500
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:52,700
your future choices. 
If you marry. 

3501
03:05:52,700 --> 03:05:54,700
Another servant, you'll 
understand each other's 

3502
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:56,700
experiences. 
But face continued economic 

3503
03:05:56,700 --> 03:05:59,500
uncertainty. 
If you marry outside, domestic 

3504
03:05:59,500 --> 03:06:01,200
service, you'll need to explain 
a world. 

3505
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:04,000
That sounds almost fictional to 
people who haven't lived it 

3506
03:06:04,000 --> 03:06:07,800
children complicate everything 
servants with families obtain 

3507
03:06:07,800 --> 03:06:11,000
fewer employment opportunities, 
and face the constant struggle 

3508
03:06:11,000 --> 03:06:13,000
of balancing parental 
responsibilities with 

3509
03:06:13,000 --> 03:06:16,200
professional demands. 
The broader social changes 

3510
03:06:16,200 --> 03:06:17,800
Rippling through American 
society. 

3511
03:06:17,800 --> 03:06:20,400
Will eventually transform 
domestic Services itself. 

3512
03:06:20,400 --> 03:06:23,500
Women are beginning to discover 
other employment opportunities, 

3513
03:06:23,500 --> 03:06:27,300
and offices, shops and factories
labor. 

3514
03:06:27,300 --> 03:06:29,800
Movements are questioning the 
working conditions that you've 

3515
03:06:29,800 --> 03:06:33,600
simply accepted as natural. 
New technologies, will gradually

3516
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:35,700
reduce the need for armies of 
servants to maintain. 

3517
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:39,000
Wealthy households, your 
generation represents the peak 

3518
03:06:39,000 --> 03:06:40,500
of an era that won't last 
forever. 

3519
03:06:41,300 --> 03:06:44,900
Your dreams have evolved through
your years of service, the naive

3520
03:06:44,900 --> 03:06:46,700
girl, who first walked through 
the servants. 

3521
03:06:46,700 --> 03:06:49,800
Entrance has been replaced by a 
woman who understands both her 

3522
03:06:49,800 --> 03:06:52,300
capabilities and the realistic 
limits of our opportunities. 

3523
03:06:52,300 --> 03:06:55,900
Even when your hard work remains
largely unnoticed, you've 

3524
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:57,400
learned to find satisfaction in 
it. 

3525
03:06:57,408 --> 03:07:00,800
You've discovered that dignity 
can be maintained even in 

3526
03:07:00,800 --> 03:07:02,600
situations designed to minimize 
it. 

3527
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:06,000
The education you've received 
through observation and 

3528
03:07:06,000 --> 03:07:08,700
experience Rivals anything 
offered in formal schools. 

3529
03:07:08,700 --> 03:07:12,100
You've learned about art by 
dusting Priceless paintings 

3530
03:07:12,100 --> 03:07:15,200
about music by overhearing. 
Private concerts about 

3531
03:07:15,200 --> 03:07:18,800
literature by reading discarded 
books and about human nature by 

3532
03:07:18,800 --> 03:07:21,200
witnessing how people behave 
when they think no one important

3533
03:07:21,200 --> 03:07:23,900
is watching. 
This informal education has 

3534
03:07:23,900 --> 03:07:27,100
expanded your mind in ways that 
will continue paying dividends 

3535
03:07:27,100 --> 03:07:29,700
throughout your life. 
Looking back on your years and 

3536
03:07:29,700 --> 03:07:32,000
service. 
The Experience defies, simple 

3537
03:07:32,000 --> 03:07:35,700
categorization, it has been 
simultaneously degrading and 

3538
03:07:35,700 --> 03:07:39,000
nobling, exhausting and 
educational, and isolating and 

3539
03:07:39,000 --> 03:07:41,700
Community Building. 
You've sacrificed your Youth and

3540
03:07:41,708 --> 03:07:44,300
health to maintain other 
people's Comfort yet. 

3541
03:07:44,300 --> 03:07:47,000
You've also developed strengths 
and skills that you might never 

3542
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:50,000
have discovered otherwise, 
You've lived through one of the 

3543
03:07:50,000 --> 03:07:52,500
most economically unequal 
periods in American history. 

3544
03:07:52,500 --> 03:07:56,800
Not as a victim or a hero. 
But as a working woman doing 

3545
03:07:56,800 --> 03:08:00,200
what was necessary to survive 
and help your family survive? 

3546
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:04,300
As you consider your future 
where the continuing in service 

3547
03:08:04,300 --> 03:08:06,900
marrying and starting your 
family or venturing into the 

3548
03:08:06,900 --> 03:08:09,600
changing world of women's work, 
you carry with you, the 

3549
03:08:09,600 --> 03:08:12,300
knowledge that you've already 
overcome challenges that would 

3550
03:08:12,300 --> 03:08:15,600
break weaker sprits, you've 
maintained your Humanity in a 

3551
03:08:15,608 --> 03:08:18,900
system designed to reduce you to
a function, you found friendship

3552
03:08:18,900 --> 03:08:22,700
in unlikely, places, dignity and
humble work, and strengthen 

3553
03:08:22,700 --> 03:08:26,400
circumstances that seem designed
to crush it, the Gilded ages 

3554
03:08:26,400 --> 03:08:29,900
ending taking with it. 
Some of the extreme social rigid

3555
03:08:29,900 --> 03:08:33,200
structures that Define your 
working life but the lessons 

3556
03:08:33,200 --> 03:08:37,000
you've learned about resilience 
community and the true nature of

3557
03:08:37,000 --> 03:08:39,200
both wealth and poverty will 
serve you. 

3558
03:08:39,200 --> 03:08:42,300
Well, in whatever comes next, 
you've been invisible to the 

3559
03:08:42,300 --> 03:08:45,800
wealthy families, you've served,
but your story and the stories 

3560
03:08:45,800 --> 03:08:49,600
of millions of women, like you 
represents the real Foundation 

3561
03:08:49,600 --> 03:08:56,900
upon which America's grandest 
era was built, Born in the port 

3562
03:08:56,900 --> 03:08:59,700
city of Genoa, Christopher 
Columbus entered, the world 

3563
03:08:59,700 --> 03:09:02,600
under a roof that smelled of 
Salt Air and fish scales. 

3564
03:09:02,600 --> 03:09:06,900
His father a woolweaver by 
trade, held lofty aspirations 

3565
03:09:06,900 --> 03:09:10,600
that his son might avoid the 
repetitive grinding tasks of 

3566
03:09:10,608 --> 03:09:15,000
carding spinning and weaving the
bustle of people coming to trade

3567
03:09:15,000 --> 03:09:17,000
in the harbor yelling over each 
other. 

3568
03:09:17,000 --> 03:09:21,000
In half a dozen dialects, made 
an indelible impression on young

3569
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:23,900
Christopher. 
As he wandered the narrow alleys

3570
03:09:23,900 --> 03:09:26,800
that snaked through the city. 
He would often pause beside 

3571
03:09:26,800 --> 03:09:29,700
ships being loaded with cargo's 
bound foreign Horizons. 

3572
03:09:29,700 --> 03:09:32,900
No matter the dampness, or the 
fierce winds rolling in from the

3573
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:36,100
ligurian sea, he remained in 
trance by the idea of distant 

3574
03:09:36,100 --> 03:09:38,700
lands. 
This Fascination set him apart 

3575
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:42,100
from others, his age, He was far
less interested in the local 

3576
03:09:42,100 --> 03:09:44,900
gossip about the new bishop or 
who had marry into which family 

3577
03:09:44,900 --> 03:09:49,000
instead, he chased fleeting 
rumors about gold in Shores, 

3578
03:09:49,000 --> 03:09:51,900
where people spoke in languages 
sounding like music. 

3579
03:09:52,800 --> 03:09:55,900
When he was old enough to leave 
home, Columbus began to sail 

3580
03:09:55,900 --> 03:09:59,600
modestly short voyages, in which
he served as a messenger or a 

3581
03:09:59,600 --> 03:10:04,100
humble hand making sure to note 
every detail once, while aboard 

3582
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:07,200
a small merchant ship, he 
encountered a fierce storm, that

3583
03:10:07,208 --> 03:10:10,000
pitched, the vessels. 
So violently several men were 

3584
03:10:10,000 --> 03:10:13,800
lost at sea yet, Columbus, 
persevered occasionally 

3585
03:10:13,800 --> 03:10:16,500
gripping, the rigging and 
feeling both dread and a certain

3586
03:10:16,508 --> 03:10:19,000
strange Euphoria. 
He later recalled. 

3587
03:10:19,000 --> 03:10:22,800
This episode as the exact moment
he realized that fortune 

3588
03:10:22,800 --> 03:10:27,400
favoured Risk Takers the wind 
stung his face but he felt alive

3589
03:10:27,400 --> 03:10:31,500
in a way that overshadowed the 
fear At that time, the known 

3590
03:10:31,500 --> 03:10:34,400
world for most Europeans was 
bracketed by misunderstandings 

3591
03:10:34,400 --> 03:10:38,000
about what labia on the horizon 
Maps were often imaginative 

3592
03:10:38,000 --> 03:10:41,300
featuring sea monsters, 
swirling, vortexes, or vast? 

3593
03:10:41,308 --> 03:10:43,600
Empty spaces. 
Labeled Terror, Incognito 

3594
03:10:43,600 --> 03:10:47,300
Columbus devoured any chart or 
ragged bit of parchment he could

3595
03:10:47,308 --> 03:10:50,800
find in taverns. 
He listened to Old Sailors speak

3596
03:10:50,800 --> 03:10:54,300
of land Glimpse through schools 
and thick fog and not shown on 

3597
03:10:54,300 --> 03:10:57,700
official charts while some 
dismissed, these tall, tales as 

3598
03:10:57,700 --> 03:11:01,200
Barbara's, fables Columbus, tuck
them away in his mind, like 

3599
03:11:01,200 --> 03:11:03,600
Precious Cargo. 
He made sure to learn from the 

3600
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:06,300
best navigational minds of 
available by day. 

3601
03:11:06,300 --> 03:11:09,100
He subjected himself to the 
strict discipline of mathematics

3602
03:11:09,100 --> 03:11:14,000
angles distance how to track the
sun and stars by night. 

3603
03:11:14,000 --> 03:11:17,400
He pulled over translation of 
Ptolemy or any scraps 

3604
03:11:17,400 --> 03:11:21,100
referencing far off kingdoms. 
His curiosity was insatiable, 

3605
03:11:21,100 --> 03:11:24,700
but always tinged with 
pragmatism, even as he immersed 

3606
03:11:24,700 --> 03:11:26,900
himself in Daydreams of unknown 
continents. 

3607
03:11:26,900 --> 03:11:29,600
He meticulously built his 
fundamental knowledge. 

3608
03:11:30,600 --> 03:11:33,000
The pursuit of novelty was 
anchored in the discipline of 

3609
03:11:33,000 --> 03:11:36,400
rigorous study. 
Lesson known, anecdote concerns 

3610
03:11:36,400 --> 03:11:39,300
a letter Columbus received from 
the Venetian traveler whose name

3611
03:11:39,300 --> 03:11:41,700
has been large forgotten by 
mainstream history. 

3612
03:11:42,800 --> 03:11:46,300
This Venetian, teased glimpses 
of a rumored, passage a route, 

3613
03:11:46,300 --> 03:11:49,700
leading west across the Atlantic
to Asia's richest, the letter 

3614
03:11:49,700 --> 03:11:52,500
wasn't coated with the fluoride 
hyperbole common in travel 

3615
03:11:52,500 --> 03:11:55,600
Accounts at that time. 
Instead it was almost stark 

3616
03:11:55,600 --> 03:11:59,600
describing a place where the sun
set over expanses of water a few

3617
03:11:59,608 --> 03:12:03,900
dead Traverse Columbus cherished
that letter convinced it held 

3618
03:12:03,900 --> 03:12:06,800
the kernel of a secret known, 
only to a handful of Traders or 

3619
03:12:06,800 --> 03:12:09,100
explorers, who lack. 
The means to follow up on it. 

3620
03:12:09,900 --> 03:12:12,600
The Venetian might never have 
expected his words to incite one

3621
03:12:12,600 --> 03:12:14,600
of the most daring Voyages of 
the age. 

3622
03:12:15,200 --> 03:12:19,100
Yet, for Columbus that letter 
represented, a subtle push a 

3623
03:12:19,100 --> 03:12:20,600
sign that the improbable might 
be real. 

3624
03:12:21,600 --> 03:12:24,800
In the decades leading up to his
famous Expeditions Europe. 

3625
03:12:24,800 --> 03:12:28,100
Wrestled, with power shifts, 
Italy, city states squabbled 

3626
03:12:28,100 --> 03:12:30,600
with each other. 
The Ottoman Empire Flex control 

3627
03:12:30,600 --> 03:12:33,900
over trade routes and Portugal 
angled for maritime dominance. 

3628
03:12:34,900 --> 03:12:37,400
People in Columbus's circles 
debated, the viability of 

3629
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:39,500
sailing west to reach the spice 
Laden East. 

3630
03:12:40,400 --> 03:12:42,500
The question was more than 
academic curiosity. 

3631
03:12:42,500 --> 03:12:46,400
It came down to wealth 
alliances, and bending the map 

3632
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:50,400
to serve Power Genoa, sitting at
the crossroads of so many 

3633
03:12:50,408 --> 03:12:54,100
trading arteries was itself, a 
testament to how Maritime Acumen

3634
03:12:54,100 --> 03:12:57,500
could drive Prosperity. 
Columbus, was neither the best 

3635
03:12:57,500 --> 03:13:00,800
educated nor the wealthiest 
Visionary of his time, but he 

3636
03:13:00,800 --> 03:13:03,900
excelled in marrying lofty, 
dreams with a canny political 

3637
03:13:03,900 --> 03:13:06,300
sense. 
It became apparent to him. 

3638
03:13:06,308 --> 03:13:10,100
That some power, be it, Portugal
Spain, or another kingdom. 

3639
03:13:10,100 --> 03:13:13,200
Would eventually roll the dice 
on a transatlantic venture. 

3640
03:13:14,000 --> 03:13:16,600
He? 
Poised with a solid track record

3641
03:13:16,600 --> 03:13:20,000
of smaller voyages, aimed to be 
the chosen instrument of that 

3642
03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:22,600
Gamble. 
He saw himself as indispensable 

3643
03:13:22,600 --> 03:13:24,900
in Bridging, the Gap between the
idea and the deed. 

3644
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:30,200
Others might excel in and 
theorizing or Finance in the 

3645
03:13:30,200 --> 03:13:32,600
Columbus believed he alone. 
Carried the peculiar mix of 

3646
03:13:32,600 --> 03:13:36,300
unwavering faith and nautical 
competence necessary for Success

3647
03:13:36,300 --> 03:13:40,100
during these formative years. 
What truly set Columbus apart 

3648
03:13:40,100 --> 03:13:43,100
was not just his willingness to 
take leaps but his ability to 

3649
03:13:43,100 --> 03:13:47,100
accumulate allies and supporters
behind closed doors, yet a gift 

3650
03:13:47,108 --> 03:13:50,700
for Speed, particularly when 
discussing navigation or 

3651
03:13:50,700 --> 03:13:53,100
potential Wonders that might lie
across the Atlantic. 

3652
03:13:54,000 --> 03:13:56,100
People described him as a 
steadfast man. 

3653
03:13:56,100 --> 03:13:59,600
Perhaps even stubborn whose 
Vision Shone through in 

3654
03:13:59,600 --> 03:14:01,800
conversation. 
Some dismissed him as 

3655
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:03,900
overzealous. 
Others were swept up in his 

3656
03:14:03,900 --> 03:14:07,600
unwavering confidence. 
Either way, they remembered him 

3657
03:14:07,600 --> 03:14:10,600
in a society where reputations 
were currency. 

3658
03:14:10,600 --> 03:14:13,200
That was the first step toward 
finding patrons. 

3659
03:14:13,200 --> 03:14:15,700
Who could turn imagination into 
tangible backing? 

3660
03:14:16,500 --> 03:14:19,500
Stories about Columbus often 
skip from his boyhood in Genoa, 

3661
03:14:19,500 --> 03:14:21,500
straight to his lobbying at the 
Spanish Court. 

3662
03:14:22,600 --> 03:14:25,500
Yet these in between years 
during which he sharpened his 

3663
03:14:25,500 --> 03:14:30,000
craft cultivated friendships and
scouted every port for whispered

3664
03:14:30,000 --> 03:14:33,600
Tales were pivotal. 
They formed a crucible in which 

3665
03:14:33,600 --> 03:14:36,100
the idea of sailing west to 
reach what Europe called the 

3666
03:14:36,100 --> 03:14:38,900
Indies, hardened into a driving 
obsession. 

3667
03:14:39,800 --> 03:14:42,300
By the time, he embarked on the 
journeys, that would etch his 

3668
03:14:42,300 --> 03:14:44,800
name into his history. 
He was already a seasoned 

3669
03:14:44,800 --> 03:14:47,100
Navigator with Connections in 
multiple courts. 

3670
03:14:47,100 --> 03:14:50,300
Many might have possessed 
theoretical knowledge, or raw 

3671
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:53,300
courage, but Columbus, combined 
them with a strategic sense of 

3672
03:14:53,308 --> 03:14:56,700
timing and persuasion. 
Ultimately the sum of these 

3673
03:14:56,700 --> 03:15:00,400
experiences, the near death 
storms, the Midnight Confessions

3674
03:15:00,400 --> 03:15:03,500
of old Sailors, the letters, 
penned by obscure Travelers, 

3675
03:15:03,500 --> 03:15:07,300
wove together. 
Columbus, stood, as a man on the

3676
03:15:07,300 --> 03:15:11,100
cusp of forging something vast. 
He was ready to propose a 

3677
03:15:11,100 --> 03:15:13,600
radical plan to whichever 
monarchy had the audacity to 

3678
03:15:13,600 --> 03:15:16,600
endorse him. 
And that moment was inching 

3679
03:15:16,600 --> 03:15:19,500
closer, every time he set foot 
on a dock, every time he 

3680
03:15:19,500 --> 03:15:22,200
gathered new bits of 
intelligence and every time he 

3681
03:15:22,200 --> 03:15:25,300
closed his eyes at night 
visions, of Uncharted Coast 

3682
03:15:25,300 --> 03:15:27,000
dancing, just beyond the 
darkness. 

3683
03:15:28,000 --> 03:15:31,600
Spain in the late 15th century 
was an agitated, tapestry of 

3684
03:15:31,600 --> 03:15:35,800
ambition religious devotion and 
a desire to surpass other 

3685
03:15:35,800 --> 03:15:39,500
emerging European powers. 
After the Reconquista, the 

3686
03:15:39,500 --> 03:15:42,700
unification, under the Catholic,
monarchs King, Ferdinand and 

3687
03:15:42,700 --> 03:15:46,100
Queen Isabella Swan new ways to 
Smith their place in the world. 

3688
03:15:46,100 --> 03:15:50,000
While pourcho was establishing 
itself along the African Coast 

3689
03:15:50,000 --> 03:15:53,900
using caravels to probe new 
water's, Spain faced the 

3690
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:57,700
possibility of being left behind
Columbus perceived this anxiety,

3691
03:15:57,700 --> 03:15:59,700
like a cat sniffing out 
opportunity. 

3692
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:02,100
He had tried pitching. 
His Westwood plan to the 

3693
03:16:02,100 --> 03:16:06,000
Portuguese Crown previously, but
was met with hesitation some say

3694
03:16:06,000 --> 03:16:10,100
scorn, his proposition sounded, 
suspiciously like gambling with 

3695
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:13,300
the unknown Portugal. 
After all already had an 

3696
03:16:13,300 --> 03:16:17,000
established route, circling 
Africa But the Spanish Corp was 

3697
03:16:17,000 --> 03:16:19,800
more impressionable. 
Because they were eager to 

3698
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:23,000
LeapFrog over rivals in the 
exploration, race Columbus, 

3699
03:16:23,000 --> 03:16:26,400
bided his time in Andalusian. 
Port Towns forging friendships 

3700
03:16:26,400 --> 03:16:28,900
with local captains 
cartographers, and the 

3701
03:16:28,900 --> 03:16:32,300
occasional monk with an interest
in exotic geography, in 

3702
03:16:32,300 --> 03:16:35,800
cultivated a sense of Mystique 
around himself, dropping hints, 

3703
03:16:35,800 --> 03:16:39,600
about rumored Islands, Beyond 
the Horizon, and yet winning 

3704
03:16:39,600 --> 03:16:42,000
over the Catholic monarchs 
demanded more than Grand 

3705
03:16:42,000 --> 03:16:45,200
promises Columbus needed to 
demonstrate some shred of 

3706
03:16:45,208 --> 03:16:48,300
credibility. 
So he appeared at court armed 

3707
03:16:48,300 --> 03:16:51,400
with numbers and references will
though many modern experts 

3708
03:16:51,400 --> 03:16:53,200
debate the accuracy of his 
calculations. 

3709
03:16:53,200 --> 03:16:55,700
The specially his 
underestimation of Earth's 

3710
03:16:55,700 --> 03:16:58,600
circumference, he was 
undoubtedly passionate about the

3711
03:16:59,400 --> 03:17:02,100
Insisted that the distance 
Westwood to Asia wasn't as 

3712
03:17:02,100 --> 03:17:04,100
colossal as mainstream Scholars 
maintained. 

3713
03:17:04,100 --> 03:17:08,500
Moreover, he insisted on titles 
and privileges for himself if he

3714
03:17:08,500 --> 03:17:11,000
was successful, this wasnt Mia 
hubris. 

3715
03:17:11,000 --> 03:17:13,500
He believed that if he 
discovered new lands or 

3716
03:17:13,500 --> 03:17:17,300
profitable routes, he deserved 
recognition and well It's worth 

3717
03:17:17,300 --> 03:17:20,300
noting that Columbus has a man 
of his era cloaked his 

3718
03:17:20,300 --> 03:17:22,200
intentioned in religious 
justifications. 

3719
03:17:22,200 --> 03:17:25,700
He talked about bringing 
Christianity to the far reaches 

3720
03:17:25,700 --> 03:17:28,400
of the world. 
This approach resonated with an 

3721
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:31,800
Iberian Court fresh from the 
triumph, over Granada and eager 

3722
03:17:31,800 --> 03:17:33,500
to spread Catholic influence 
abroad. 

3723
03:17:34,400 --> 03:17:37,100
But behind the religious 
language, there was also a 

3724
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:40,300
shrewd negotiator who understood
that spiritual rhetoric often 

3725
03:17:40,300 --> 03:17:42,200
smoothed the path toward 
funding. 

3726
03:17:42,200 --> 03:17:45,800
If you could count your proposed
Voyage in terms of Salvation or 

3727
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:48,900
the glory of God, you'd find 
fewer obstacles in the corridors

3728
03:17:48,900 --> 03:17:51,700
of power. 
What followed were months some 

3729
03:17:51,700 --> 03:17:55,600
say years of haggling Advisors, 
to the crown debated, whether 

3730
03:17:55,600 --> 03:17:59,100
Columbus was an inspired Savant 
or a full traditional 

3731
03:17:59,100 --> 03:18:01,700
geographers. 
Scoffed, referencing ancient 

3732
03:18:01,700 --> 03:18:05,000
authorities, who argued that, 
the Atlantic was vast filled 

3733
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:07,400
with unknown dangers, a few 
mermaid. 

3734
03:18:07,400 --> 03:18:09,700
That even if Columbus did find 
land, it could be an 

3735
03:18:09,700 --> 03:18:12,000
inhospitable Wilderness. 
Unworthy of the trouble 

3736
03:18:12,000 --> 03:18:14,800
Columbus. 
However, radiated a calm sense 

3737
03:18:14,800 --> 03:18:18,200
of certainly, the occasionally 
flashed a map though have 

3738
03:18:18,200 --> 03:18:20,000
detail. 
These charts, were remains a 

3739
03:18:20,000 --> 03:18:23,700
mystery Scholars have speculated
for centuries about the source 

3740
03:18:23,700 --> 03:18:27,000
of his unwavering Assurance, 
some posit hidden documents or 

3741
03:18:27,000 --> 03:18:30,200
secret Knowledge gleaned from 
seafarers who stumbled upon 

3742
03:18:30,200 --> 03:18:33,700
unknown islets, others assumed, 
it was sheer stubbornness and 

3743
03:18:33,700 --> 03:18:36,700
unshakable conviction that a 
western sea route must exist. 

3744
03:18:37,500 --> 03:18:41,300
Eventually the Catholic monarchs
took a calculated risk. 

3745
03:18:41,900 --> 03:18:44,700
They granted Columbus, the 
funds, for three ships, and 

3746
03:18:44,700 --> 03:18:46,700
modest investment from their 
perspective. 

3747
03:18:46,700 --> 03:18:50,400
The arrangement was that if he 
found nothing, the loss would be

3748
03:18:50,408 --> 03:18:53,900
brushed aside by the Spanish 
treasury, but if he succeeded 

3749
03:18:53,900 --> 03:18:57,500
Spain would catapult her head in
the Scramble for Newlands and 

3750
03:18:57,500 --> 03:19:00,800
trading routes the recollection 
of Portugal's Prosperity from 

3751
03:19:00,800 --> 03:19:03,500
gold and spices weighed heavily 
on their minds. 

3752
03:19:03,500 --> 03:19:07,500
Nobody wanted to miss out on the
next wave of riches, Columbus. 

3753
03:19:07,500 --> 03:19:11,000
Exultant with the Royal nod 
hurried to assemble a crew. 

3754
03:19:12,000 --> 03:19:14,200
People often Overlook the 
question of how Columbus 

3755
03:19:14,200 --> 03:19:16,000
gathered those men. 
It's true. 

3756
03:19:16,000 --> 03:19:18,700
Many were from modders 
backgrounds with some rumored to

3757
03:19:18,708 --> 03:19:21,700
be on the run from the law, 
hoping to escape their past in 

3758
03:19:21,700 --> 03:19:25,100
the expanse of the ocean, but it
wasn't just desperado's who 

3759
03:19:25,100 --> 03:19:29,600
signed up skilled Navigators 
from Palos and Beyond joined 

3760
03:19:29,600 --> 03:19:31,900
intrigued by the potential for 
fortune. 

3761
03:19:32,800 --> 03:19:36,000
The ship's commonly referred to 
in simplified form as the Nina, 

3762
03:19:36,000 --> 03:19:39,200
the Pinta, and the Santa. 
Maria were repurposed commercial

3763
03:19:39,200 --> 03:19:42,800
vessels, not the grand 
specialized craft of some Modern

3764
03:19:42,800 --> 03:19:45,800
imagination. 
In those final days before 

3765
03:19:45,800 --> 03:19:49,100
departure, Columbus prayed 
publicly at small monasteries 

3766
03:19:49,100 --> 03:19:52,400
and confided in a handful of 
confidence, the air crackled 

3767
03:19:52,400 --> 03:19:54,700
with anticipation Coastal 
communities. 

3768
03:19:54,700 --> 03:19:57,600
Whispered about the boldness of 
it, all some saw it as an act of

3769
03:19:57,608 --> 03:20:00,800
Madness or vanity, others felt 
the giddiness of perhaps 

3770
03:20:00,800 --> 03:20:03,700
witnessing, the dawn of a new 
era, though, they likely didn't 

3771
03:20:03,700 --> 03:20:06,900
phase it that way. 
For his part, Columbus 

3772
03:20:06,900 --> 03:20:09,600
maintained a controlled 
composure, but one can imagine 

3773
03:20:09,600 --> 03:20:11,000
the swirl of thoughts in his 
head. 

3774
03:20:11,000 --> 03:20:14,100
What if the critics were right? 
And Asia? 

3775
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:15,700
Lay much farther than he had 
predicted? 

3776
03:20:15,700 --> 03:20:19,300
What if the currents were too 
treacherous or the men mutinied 

3777
03:20:19,300 --> 03:20:23,200
out of fear? 
Despite the swirling uncertainty

3778
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:27,500
Columbus pressed on in the 
context of the times caution 

3779
03:20:27,500 --> 03:20:31,300
often yielded smaller gains. 
While boldness, specially an 

3780
03:20:31,300 --> 03:20:34,300
exploration could reshape 
kingdoms and redefine maps. 

3781
03:20:34,300 --> 03:20:39,500
And so in August of 1492 with 
the last fleeting gusts of 

3782
03:20:39,500 --> 03:20:43,600
Summer Wind, he led his ragtag 
Armada out of Palace, de La 

3783
03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:46,600
Frontera. 
Spain's Coastline faded behind 

3784
03:20:46,600 --> 03:20:50,000
the, under a brilliant sky and 
all that remained was The 

3785
03:20:50,000 --> 03:20:53,200
Emptiness of the Atlantic. 
No one aboard. 

3786
03:20:53,200 --> 03:20:56,200
Those three ships fully grasped 
the magnitude of what they were 

3787
03:20:56,200 --> 03:20:59,900
about to set in motion. 
Columbus was convinced that on 

3788
03:20:59,900 --> 03:21:03,800
the other side of that endless 
Horizon layer gateway to Asia. 

3789
03:21:04,700 --> 03:21:07,500
What he actually found would 
Ripple through history in ways. 

3790
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:11,500
Neither he nor his Patron's 
could have been visited, Yeah, 

3791
03:21:11,500 --> 03:21:15,400
that departure day so often 
depicted in simplified paintings

3792
03:21:15,400 --> 03:21:19,500
was anything but routine the 
tension on Deck, the unspoken 

3793
03:21:19,500 --> 03:21:23,000
prayers of the men, the Specter 
of turning back of storms 

3794
03:21:23,000 --> 03:21:26,500
threatened, it all brewed a 
potent, mix of Hope and Dread 

3795
03:21:26,500 --> 03:21:30,300
Columbus. 
Unwavering stood near the ship's

3796
03:21:30,300 --> 03:21:33,400
Helm mentally rehearsing his 
route, like he feeling the 

3797
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:36,600
weight of his deal with Spain's,
monarchy on his shoulders, but 

3798
03:21:36,600 --> 03:21:39,100
as a faint Breeze, pushed them 
out to open sea. 

3799
03:21:39,100 --> 03:21:44,000
He also might have felt an in 
toxic of possibility, sailing 

3800
03:21:44,000 --> 03:21:47,400
into the unknown demanded more 
than bravado, it demanded, an 

3801
03:21:47,400 --> 03:21:50,200
unspoken agreement among the 
crew that they would trust 

3802
03:21:50,200 --> 03:21:54,200
Columbus's instincts For Better 
or Worse for weeks. 

3803
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:57,400
The men heard nothing, but the 
wind snapping the sails and the 

3804
03:21:57,400 --> 03:21:59,900
whole creaking under the 
pressure of the Open Sea. 

3805
03:22:00,900 --> 03:22:03,500
Fears of sea monsters, and 
bottomless World Pools. 

3806
03:22:03,500 --> 03:22:06,500
Circulated in hushed 
conversations each day. 

3807
03:22:06,500 --> 03:22:09,000
Columbus measured. 
The sun's position with the 

3808
03:22:09,000 --> 03:22:12,000
astral Aid. 
Jotting figures in a logbook he 

3809
03:22:12,000 --> 03:22:14,600
kept hidden from prying eyes, 
rumor has it. 

3810
03:22:14,600 --> 03:22:16,100
He maintained two sets of 
Records. 

3811
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:19,200
One. 
Genuine one skewed to soothe 

3812
03:22:19,200 --> 03:22:23,800
anxious Sailors As Time wore on 
their diet initially bred 

3813
03:22:23,800 --> 03:22:27,100
onions. 
Salted meat became stale and 

3814
03:22:27,100 --> 03:22:31,800
monotonous water turned brackish
tempers flared as frustrations. 

3815
03:22:31,800 --> 03:22:34,900
Boiled over the sense of 
distance from any known Shore 

3816
03:22:34,900 --> 03:22:37,800
was paralyzing for some a few 
men muttered that they should 

3817
03:22:37,800 --> 03:22:41,300
force Columbus to reverse course
yet each evening. 

3818
03:22:41,300 --> 03:22:45,000
Columbus delivered, a kind of 
pep, talk reminding them of the 

3819
03:22:45,000 --> 03:22:48,300
wealth rumored to be waiting, 
just Beyond the Horizon of the 

3820
03:22:48,300 --> 03:22:50,500
possibility. 
That each day sale, brought them

3821
03:22:50,500 --> 03:22:54,900
closer to Asia's spice markets, 
From a modern perspective such 

3822
03:22:54,900 --> 03:22:58,200
promises might seem manipulative
but within their historical 

3823
03:22:58,200 --> 03:23:00,900
context. 
Columbus was playing the 

3824
03:23:00,900 --> 03:23:02,500
necessary role of morale 
Builder. 

3825
03:23:02,500 --> 03:23:06,400
Along the voyage certain signs 
stirred fleeting moments of 

3826
03:23:06,408 --> 03:23:10,200
optimism floating clusters of 
seaweed stray. 

3827
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:13,600
Birds overhead, even the faint 
smell of unfamiliar vegetation 

3828
03:23:13,600 --> 03:23:16,300
on the breeze. 
Sailors, latched onto these 

3829
03:23:16,300 --> 03:23:19,300
Clues like lifeline's 
interpreting them as evidence. 

3830
03:23:19,300 --> 03:23:22,800
That land must be near. 
Some historians argue that these

3831
03:23:22,800 --> 03:23:25,800
were the crucial threads holding
the Expedition together when 

3832
03:23:25,800 --> 03:23:30,300
mine's threaten to unravel, 
Columbus however, rarely 

3833
03:23:30,300 --> 03:23:33,500
displayed his own doubts, his 
journals hint at the internal 

3834
03:23:33,500 --> 03:23:35,600
turmoil. 
He felt when days stretched into

3835
03:23:35,600 --> 03:23:40,400
weeks and no solid Coastline 
materialized but to the men he 

3836
03:23:40,400 --> 03:23:43,900
projected unwavering 
determination Then came a 

3837
03:23:43,900 --> 03:23:46,600
fateful night in October. 
When the Cry of Tierra. 

3838
03:23:46,600 --> 03:23:48,600
Tierra, finally broke the 
silence. 

3839
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:52,400
The men scrambled to the side of
the ship eyes, scanning the dark

3840
03:23:52,400 --> 03:23:54,000
Horizon. 
Shrouded. 

3841
03:23:54,000 --> 03:23:57,700
And Moonlight was a low dark 
outline that could only be land 

3842
03:23:57,700 --> 03:24:01,900
relief, excitement and a twinge 
of disbelief Shot Through The 

3843
03:24:01,900 --> 03:24:03,900
Crew. 
They had survived the dreaded 

3844
03:24:03,900 --> 03:24:05,600
emptiness. 
When morning came. 

3845
03:24:05,600 --> 03:24:08,700
They saw a lush Island beaches 
gleaming Under the Sun. 

3846
03:24:08,700 --> 03:24:13,500
Columbus convinced he was near 
Asia unfold, the Spanish flag 

3847
03:24:13,500 --> 03:24:15,200
and claimed the land for the 
crown. 

3848
03:24:15,200 --> 03:24:19,000
In his diary, he described the 
islands inhabitants as friendly,

3849
03:24:19,000 --> 03:24:23,000
curious and naive about European
ways, though. 

3850
03:24:23,000 --> 03:24:25,800
He likely wrote with the tinted 
lens of an outside or imposing 

3851
03:24:25,800 --> 03:24:28,500
his own worldview. 
The early interactions between 

3852
03:24:28,500 --> 03:24:31,800
Columbus and the indigenous. 
People often referred to as the 

3853
03:24:31,800 --> 03:24:34,200
Taino began with gestures of 
Goodwill. 

3854
03:24:35,200 --> 03:24:37,900
Small Gifts of glass beads and 
trinkets were exchanged for 

3855
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:41,100
parrots cotton and rudimentary 
gold ornaments. 

3856
03:24:42,100 --> 03:24:45,100
Columbus interpreted these 
gestures in a context shaped by 

3857
03:24:45,100 --> 03:24:47,500
centuries of European feudal and
Mercantile culture. 

3858
03:24:48,500 --> 03:24:52,000
He wrote excitedly about the 
potential for future riches and 

3859
03:24:52,000 --> 03:24:54,800
the ease with which Spain might 
extend its reach across these 

3860
03:24:54,800 --> 03:24:57,500
lands. 
That initial moment of Wonder 

3861
03:24:57,500 --> 03:25:01,500
two, distinct worlds meeting for
the first time held a fragile 

3862
03:25:01,500 --> 03:25:04,800
promise of mutual discovery. 
Yet history shows us how 

3863
03:25:04,800 --> 03:25:08,000
Illusions can fracture under the
weight of greed and cultural 

3864
03:25:08,000 --> 03:25:11,100
misunderstanding. 
Columbus recorded that some of 

3865
03:25:11,100 --> 03:25:13,600
the Islanders directed him 
farther to the South and West 

3866
03:25:13,600 --> 03:25:18,300
mentioning places with greater 
well, so he pressed on now 

3867
03:25:18,300 --> 03:25:19,900
navigating among the islands of 
what we now. 

3868
03:25:19,900 --> 03:25:23,300
Call the Caribbean, the further 
he traveled, the more he 

3869
03:25:23,300 --> 03:25:26,100
convinced himself that. 
The grandsons palaces might lie 

3870
03:25:26,100 --> 03:25:29,700
just around the next Coastline, 
heard stories and interpreted 

3871
03:25:29,700 --> 03:25:32,200
them through his own lands and 
wrote letters back to Spain. 

3872
03:25:32,200 --> 03:25:35,600
Brimming with excitement, 
However, the land was not the 

3873
03:25:35,600 --> 03:25:39,000
Asia of silks and spices. 
He had imagined, the mistake was

3874
03:25:39,000 --> 03:25:42,100
largely geographical the world 
was Far bigger than he had 

3875
03:25:42,108 --> 03:25:46,200
presumed unwittingly Columbus 
would stumble upon a separate 

3876
03:25:46,200 --> 03:25:48,100
continent. 
That was new only to Europeans 

3877
03:25:48,100 --> 03:25:50,400
though, not to the millions who 
are already live there. 

3878
03:25:51,300 --> 03:25:54,100
Seeds of future. 
Conflict was sown in these early

3879
03:25:54,100 --> 03:25:58,600
encounters, the Spanish, crowns 
policy was expansionist steeped 

3880
03:25:58,600 --> 03:26:01,800
in an ideology of superiority in
Columbus's reports about 

3881
03:26:01,800 --> 03:26:05,700
malleable Islanders, only fueled
the monarchs Ambitions, he built

3882
03:26:05,700 --> 03:26:09,100
a makeshift fort on Hispaniola 
leaving some men behind while he

3883
03:26:09,100 --> 03:26:11,600
returned to Spain with captured 
Islanders as evidence of his 

3884
03:26:11,600 --> 03:26:15,800
discoveries. in Modern Eyes, 
that action signals a grim for 

3885
03:26:15,800 --> 03:26:18,800
shadowing of how the new worlds 
inhabitants would be treated as 

3886
03:26:18,800 --> 03:26:23,900
Curiosities labor sources or 
impediments to Colonial aims But

3887
03:26:23,900 --> 03:26:26,600
in Columbus's time such 
Maneuvers were considered 

3888
03:26:26,600 --> 03:26:29,000
strategic. 
He wanted to ensure further 

3889
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:31,200
funding by demonstrating 
tangible results. 

3890
03:26:31,200 --> 03:26:35,000
Returning with Native though, 
entirely unethical by 

3891
03:26:35,000 --> 03:26:37,400
contemporary standards. 
Served as proof that he wasn't 

3892
03:26:37,400 --> 03:26:41,000
just spinning tall. 
Tales as he sailed back Columbus

3893
03:26:41,000 --> 03:26:44,600
already envisioned, subsequent 
Expeditions, likely anticipated,

3894
03:26:44,600 --> 03:26:47,700
wealth honors and a permanent 
place in the aristocracy. 

3895
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:50,600
He had entered the islands as an
emissary of a new Empire in the 

3896
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:53,600
making much like a businessman, 
presenting a prototype to 

3897
03:26:53,600 --> 03:26:55,400
investors. 
He came back with enough 

3898
03:26:55,400 --> 03:26:57,700
evidence. 
The Cure additional patronage 

3899
03:26:57,700 --> 03:27:01,700
from Spain, Royal receptions 
greeted him upon his return and 

3900
03:27:01,700 --> 03:27:04,900
he responded by describing the 
islands as Paradise is brimming 

3901
03:27:04,900 --> 03:27:07,200
with potential for Christian 
conversion and resource 

3902
03:27:07,200 --> 03:27:09,300
extraction. 
The tailor. 

3903
03:27:09,300 --> 03:27:12,400
First Contact is often 
romanticized but the reality was

3904
03:27:12,400 --> 03:27:15,900
more complex, an ominous 
Suspicion looked beneath the 

3905
03:27:15,900 --> 03:27:18,000
surface. 
Both from the Spanish who found 

3906
03:27:18,000 --> 03:27:21,300
less gold than rumored and from 
the indigenous peoples, who now 

3907
03:27:21,300 --> 03:27:24,100
witness the arrival of more 
foreigners seeking land and 

3908
03:27:24,100 --> 03:27:26,800
labor, Columbus is navigational,
Victory. 

3909
03:27:26,800 --> 03:27:28,900
Had unknowingly unlocked a door,
that would soon. 

3910
03:27:28,900 --> 03:27:32,900
See, waves of conquistadors, 
missionaries and Fortune Seekers

3911
03:27:32,900 --> 03:27:35,800
flood. 
These Shores for now, though, in

3912
03:27:35,800 --> 03:27:38,700
the immediate aftermath of that 
first voyage Europe, saw, 

3913
03:27:38,700 --> 03:27:41,400
Columbus as a triumphant 
Discoverer, who validated the 

3914
03:27:41,400 --> 03:27:44,600
Westwood route. 
The next chapter would unveil 

3915
03:27:44,600 --> 03:27:45,900
the consequences of that 
discovery. 

3916
03:27:47,000 --> 03:27:50,100
For a brief flickering moment 
there existed and in between 

3917
03:27:50,108 --> 03:27:54,200
time when Europeans and Native 
elanders engaged with without 

3918
03:27:54,200 --> 03:27:56,300
fully understanding. 
What was at stake? 

3919
03:27:57,400 --> 03:28:00,100
Your of curiosity pervaded their
interactions. 

3920
03:28:00,100 --> 03:28:04,000
But behind the Curiosity layer 
of cultural difference and the 

3921
03:28:04,000 --> 03:28:08,200
looming possibility of violence,
Columbus for all his Zeal and 

3922
03:28:08,208 --> 03:28:11,100
cunning remain somewhat 
oblivious to the Pandora's Box 

3923
03:28:11,100 --> 03:28:14,500
here at Pride open. 
His mind was fixed on proving to

3924
03:28:14,500 --> 03:28:17,600
the Spanish crown that he was 
the man to lead the next wave of

3925
03:28:17,600 --> 03:28:19,600
expeditions in to these 
unfamiliar Waters. 

3926
03:28:19,600 --> 03:28:23,500
Confident that wealth and Glory 
lay just over the horizon and 

3927
03:28:24,200 --> 03:28:26,000
Not long. 
After Columbus's, celebrated 

3928
03:28:26,000 --> 03:28:29,300
returned to Spain words, spread 
throughout Europe about the new 

3929
03:28:29,300 --> 03:28:32,900
lands, the name Indies stuck 
reflecting Columbus's ongoing 

3930
03:28:32,900 --> 03:28:35,700
misbelief that he had neared. 
The outskirts of Asia in 

3931
03:28:35,700 --> 03:28:38,000
response, the Spanish Crown 
organized. 

3932
03:28:38,000 --> 03:28:40,400
A second Expedition on a much 
grander scale. 

3933
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:43,800
Columbus would no longer command
a modest Trio of ships, but 

3934
03:28:43,800 --> 03:28:46,500
rather a flotilla aimed at 
establishing a permanent 

3935
03:28:46,500 --> 03:28:49,700
foothold. 
Soldiers, settlers and clergy 

3936
03:28:49,700 --> 03:28:51,900
accompanied him each with their 
own agenda. 

3937
03:28:51,900 --> 03:28:55,800
What was the ultimate objective?
Transformed these islands into 

3938
03:28:55,800 --> 03:28:57,900
profitable colonies for the 
Spanish Realm. 

3939
03:28:58,800 --> 03:29:01,700
The spectacle of this second 
voyage, contrasted sharply with 

3940
03:29:01,700 --> 03:29:04,800
the tentative nature of the 
first resources, flowed in 

3941
03:29:04,800 --> 03:29:09,400
Canon's, livestock seeds, for 
European crops, the monarchy and

3942
03:29:09,400 --> 03:29:12,000
vision these Distant Shores. 
As an extension of Spanish 

3943
03:29:12,000 --> 03:29:15,700
civilization in Columbus's, 
eyes, project was both an 

3944
03:29:15,700 --> 03:29:18,800
opportunity and a test He 
welcomed the chance to govern as

3945
03:29:18,800 --> 03:29:22,900
a vice Roy of sorts but the 
weight of responsibility on his 

3946
03:29:22,900 --> 03:29:26,900
shoulders yet to turn on charted
Islands in functioning colonies,

3947
03:29:26,900 --> 03:29:30,400
maintained favor with the crowd 
and keep the natives from 

3948
03:29:30,400 --> 03:29:34,600
slipping out of Spanish control.
Upon arrival back in Hispano. 

3949
03:29:34,600 --> 03:29:38,400
The atmosphere was palpably 
different where before there had

3950
03:29:38,400 --> 03:29:40,400
been curiosity, now, there was 
tension. 

3951
03:29:41,200 --> 03:29:44,200
The men Columbus had left behind
in the makeshift Fort had 

3952
03:29:44,200 --> 03:29:47,100
engaged in violent conflicts 
with locals straining. 

3953
03:29:47,100 --> 03:29:50,900
Relations, the Taino were not a 
monolithic group, they had their

3954
03:29:50,900 --> 03:29:53,600
own leadership alliances and 
internal politics. 

3955
03:29:53,600 --> 03:29:56,900
But collectively, they 
recognized that these foreigners

3956
03:29:56,900 --> 03:29:59,900
sought to climb land and 
resources as their own ignoring 

3957
03:29:59,900 --> 03:30:04,900
existing structures discontent 
and confusion spread on both 

3958
03:30:04,900 --> 03:30:07,900
sides often fueled by the 
language Gap. 

3959
03:30:08,900 --> 03:30:12,200
Columbus tried to govern but the
role required more than just 

3960
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:16,300
navigation skills administering.
A settlement demanded diplomacy 

3961
03:30:16,300 --> 03:30:20,800
patients. 
Foresight pressed by the Spanish

3962
03:30:20,800 --> 03:30:23,900
crown for gold. 
He imposed demands on the Taino 

3963
03:30:23,900 --> 03:30:26,700
for tribute. 
This policy, alienated them 

3964
03:30:26,700 --> 03:30:30,000
transforming a guarded tolerance
into outright hostility 

3965
03:30:30,000 --> 03:30:33,500
rebellion's flared and the 
Spanish met them with harsh. 

3966
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:36,200
Reprisals, Columbus found 
himself caught between his 

3967
03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:39,700
promise to Spain that these 
territories would yield well and

3968
03:30:39,700 --> 03:30:42,400
the reality that extracting 
riches from these communities 

3969
03:30:42,400 --> 03:30:47,900
required force or at the very 
least intimidation, Meanwhile, 

3970
03:30:47,900 --> 03:30:50,800
frictional arose among the 
Spanish settlers themselves. 

3971
03:30:50,800 --> 03:30:55,100
Not everyone respected, 
Columbus, Aristocrats resented, 

3972
03:30:55,100 --> 03:30:58,900
taking orders from a generous 
outside soldiers, chafed under 

3973
03:30:58,900 --> 03:31:01,000
what they viewed as incompetent 
leadership. 

3974
03:31:01,000 --> 03:31:04,800
A swirl of accusations 
circulated, mismanagement of 

3975
03:31:04,800 --> 03:31:08,900
supplies, favoritism and even 
cruelty toward both settlers and

3976
03:31:08,900 --> 03:31:12,100
mint on natives. 
Columbus strove to maintain a 

3977
03:31:12,108 --> 03:31:15,700
grip on the situation, but a 
ships came and went, they cared 

3978
03:31:15,700 --> 03:31:18,200
back to Spain letters and rumors
that cast him in a questionable 

3979
03:31:18,200 --> 03:31:20,800
light. 
People who once heralded him as 

3980
03:31:20,800 --> 03:31:24,000
a Visionary began to wonder if 
he was a tyrant and yet, 

3981
03:31:24,000 --> 03:31:27,200
Columbus managed to launch 
further exploration from these 

3982
03:31:27,200 --> 03:31:29,800
Colonial. 
Footholds, he navigated around 

3983
03:31:29,800 --> 03:31:33,000
Cuba ventured into Jamaica and 
glimpsed. 

3984
03:31:33,000 --> 03:31:36,700
More of the Caribbean's island 
chain, each landfall brought new

3985
03:31:36,700 --> 03:31:38,900
interactions with indigenous 
populations. 

3986
03:31:38,900 --> 03:31:42,800
Some initial encounters seemed 
peaceful enough featuring small 

3987
03:31:42,800 --> 03:31:46,500
exchanges of goods or gestures 
of Amity but a Spanish 

3988
03:31:46,500 --> 03:31:49,500
Ambitions, grew tension's 
invariably escalated into 

3989
03:31:49,500 --> 03:31:52,800
conflict even. 
So Columbus's spirit for 

3990
03:31:52,800 --> 03:31:54,400
exploration. 
Never truly dimmed. 

3991
03:31:55,300 --> 03:31:58,300
He continued sketching rough 
Maps confiding in his journals 

3992
03:31:58,300 --> 03:32:00,800
about how these islands, might 
connect to the broader Asian 

3993
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:04,000
continent. 
One underappreciated dimension 

3994
03:32:04,000 --> 03:32:06,000
of Columbus's. 
Second voyage was the attempt to

3995
03:32:06,008 --> 03:32:09,000
introduce European Agriculture 
and husbandry to the new world. 

3996
03:32:09,900 --> 03:32:12,900
Horses, pigs and cattle. 
Unloaded from Spanish ships, 

3997
03:32:12,900 --> 03:32:15,300
trotted cross, Caribbean Shores 
for the first time. 

3998
03:32:15,300 --> 03:32:18,800
Weeton sugarcane seeds were 
planted with the hope that they 

3999
03:32:18,800 --> 03:32:21,200
would Thrive. 
These experiments would 

4000
03:32:21,200 --> 03:32:24,700
eventually reshape local, 
ecosystems low Columbus, and his

4001
03:32:24,700 --> 03:32:27,500
contemporaries didn't foresee, 
how foreign plants and animals 

4002
03:32:27,500 --> 03:32:30,600
could disrupt native habitats. 
They also didn't foresee the 

4003
03:32:30,600 --> 03:32:33,800
profound demographic collapse. 
That would be the team know due 

4004
03:32:33,800 --> 03:32:36,900
to disease forced labor and 
armed confrontation. 

4005
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:39,600
Commit. 
The daily swirl of colonial 

4006
03:32:39,600 --> 03:32:42,400
Administration. 
Columbus, also wrestled with 

4007
03:32:42,408 --> 03:32:45,900
personal disappointment. 
Precious metals seemed less 

4008
03:32:45,900 --> 03:32:48,000
abundant than he had hinted in 
his early letters. 

4009
03:32:48,000 --> 03:32:52,200
The dream of easy gold faded. 
Forcing him to tighten the 

4010
03:32:52,200 --> 03:32:54,600
screws on both colonists and 
Native populations to meet 

4011
03:32:54,608 --> 03:32:57,600
Spain's expectations. 
This pressure fueled further 

4012
03:32:57,600 --> 03:33:01,500
discontent, Some settlers 
plotted against him, drafting 

4013
03:33:01,500 --> 03:33:05,200
scathing reports to Royal 
officials Columbus responded 

4014
03:33:05,200 --> 03:33:08,500
with imprisonments and strict 
measures hoping to maintain 

4015
03:33:08,500 --> 03:33:11,800
order and proved he could handle
the responsibilities vested in 

4016
03:33:11,800 --> 03:33:14,300
him. 
He was not entirely oblivious to

4017
03:33:14,300 --> 03:33:16,600
the unraveling situation 
letters. 

4018
03:33:16,600 --> 03:33:19,200
He penned to the Spanish Crown 
reveal a weary individual 

4019
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:22,900
pleading, for more support 
complaining that rebellious 

4020
03:33:22,900 --> 03:33:26,100
colonists undermined his 
policies and defending his harsh

4021
03:33:26,100 --> 03:33:27,600
treatment of natives as 
necessary. 

4022
03:33:27,600 --> 03:33:30,900
Under the circumstances 
historians continue to debate 

4023
03:33:30,900 --> 03:33:34,400
whether these please stemmed 
from genuine concern or 

4024
03:33:34,400 --> 03:33:36,400
desperate attempt to preserve 
his authority. 

4025
03:33:36,400 --> 03:33:40,500
Possibly, it was both by this 
stage Columbus was no longer. 

4026
03:33:40,500 --> 03:33:44,000
Just the triumphant Mariner, who
had revealed Islands to Europe. 

4027
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:48,100
He was an embattled Governor 
pinned between Colonial, demands

4028
03:33:48,100 --> 03:33:51,900
rebellious factions and 
Indigenous resistance eventually

4029
03:33:51,900 --> 03:33:55,400
the tensions reached a point 
where the Spanish Crown could no

4030
03:33:55,400 --> 03:33:57,600
longer. 
Ignore the colonial chaos, the 

4031
03:33:57,600 --> 03:34:00,300
Spanish Crown, dispatched 
officials across the Atlantic to

4032
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:02,900
conduct an investigation 
Columbus's name. 

4033
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:06,400
Once applauded in Royal Halls 
started to be whispered with 

4034
03:34:06,400 --> 03:34:10,400
skepticism, the monarchy needed 
order and profit, not unending 

4035
03:34:10,400 --> 03:34:12,300
complaints and allegations of 
brutality. 

4036
03:34:12,700 --> 03:34:15,600
Columbus for his part and 
assisted he remained. 

4037
03:34:15,600 --> 03:34:18,900
Steadfast in his loyalty, that 
his measures were misrepresented

4038
03:34:18,900 --> 03:34:22,800
that others were so in Discord 
against him, but the drum beat 

4039
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:26,300
of criticism was relentless, 
These were pivotal years in 

4040
03:34:26,300 --> 03:34:28,800
which the promise of new lands 
collided with the Practical 

4041
03:34:28,800 --> 03:34:32,400
realities of Conquest. 
The idea of finding a paradise 

4042
03:34:32,400 --> 03:34:34,900
was replaced by the harsh 
realities of colonization. 

4043
03:34:35,800 --> 03:34:38,300
Columbus's navigational, 
achievements could not Shield 

4044
03:34:38,300 --> 03:34:41,000
him from the complexities of 
trying to rule a far-flung. 

4045
03:34:41,000 --> 03:34:44,400
Colony under the watchful profit
Hungry Eyes of the skull of 

4046
03:34:44,400 --> 03:34:47,800
Spanish crown and so amid 
fractious settlers and 

4047
03:34:47,800 --> 03:34:49,400
Indigenous communities on the 
brink. 

4048
03:34:50,200 --> 03:34:51,700
The stage was set for a 
reckoning. 

4049
03:34:51,700 --> 03:34:55,300
The once celebrated Admiral, 
whose unwavering conviction had 

4050
03:34:55,300 --> 03:34:58,100
brought him so far, found 
himself in snare, in the 

4051
03:34:58,100 --> 03:35:01,600
bureaucracy and violence of 
Empire building, an empire that 

4052
03:35:01,600 --> 03:35:04,600
demanded more than a dream as 
Spirit could easily deliver. 

4053
03:35:04,600 --> 03:35:08,000
When people talk about 
Christopher Columbus today, they

4054
03:35:08,000 --> 03:35:12,000
often reduce him to a single act
that of discovering America. in 

4055
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:15,400
that narrative, the Nuance of 
his multiple voyages and the 

4056
03:35:15,400 --> 03:35:18,400
complexity of his tenure as a 
colonial administrator often 

4057
03:35:18,400 --> 03:35:22,600
vanish Yet it's precisely in the
aftermath of these voyages that 

4058
03:35:22,600 --> 03:35:26,100
the full dimensions of his 
influence and his failures come 

4059
03:35:26,100 --> 03:35:30,300
into Stark relief. 
As Columbus initiated further. 

4060
03:35:30,300 --> 03:35:33,500
Journeys some leading him toward
the coast of Central and South 

4061
03:35:33,500 --> 03:35:35,800
America. 
He found himself increasingly 

4062
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:37,600
marginalized by Spanish 
bureaucracy. 

4063
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:41,900
This shift manifested most 
dramatically in the arrival of 

4064
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:43,400
Francesco. 
Dear. 

4065
03:35:44,000 --> 03:35:47,100
A royal commissioner tasked with
investigating complaints about 

4066
03:35:47,100 --> 03:35:50,400
Columbus's governorship. 
The new bureaucrat carrying the 

4067
03:35:50,408 --> 03:35:53,700
weight of Royal Authority wasted
little time in gathering 

4068
03:35:53,700 --> 03:35:57,100
testimony Both Spaniards and 
local Islanders were counted 

4069
03:35:57,100 --> 03:36:01,300
episodes of Cruelty nepotism and
questionable decisions. 

4070
03:36:02,100 --> 03:36:05,800
Roberta was a so appalled that 
he arrested Columbus and his 

4071
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:08,700
brothers sending them back to 
Spain in Chains. 

4072
03:36:09,400 --> 03:36:13,200
Legend has it that Columbus wore
his shackles defiantly even when

4073
03:36:13,200 --> 03:36:15,000
given the chance to remove them 
on the ship. 

4074
03:36:15,800 --> 03:36:18,400
He saw them as a symbol of 
Injustice proof that his loyalty

4075
03:36:18,400 --> 03:36:20,500
and service were being raped 
with humiliation. 

4076
03:36:21,600 --> 03:36:24,300
It was a potent image for 
someone who wants to try up for 

4077
03:36:24,300 --> 03:36:27,000
the same crown that now, 
authorized his imprisonment. 

4078
03:36:28,100 --> 03:36:30,600
The question of guilt remains 
Tangled in his historical 

4079
03:36:30,600 --> 03:36:32,800
debate. 
Some accounts suggest that 

4080
03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:36,400
Columbus overwhelmed by the 
Labyrinth of colonial Politics 

4081
03:36:36,400 --> 03:36:39,400
on the pressure for gold 
resorted to Extreme Measures 

4082
03:36:39,400 --> 03:36:42,800
others argue bobadilla's actions
were all so politically 

4083
03:36:42,800 --> 03:36:46,500
motivated using Columbus as a 
scapegoat to appease the crowns 

4084
03:36:46,500 --> 03:36:48,600
to satisfaction with the columns
performance. 

4085
03:36:49,700 --> 03:36:51,500
Pain returning to Spain in 
disgrace. 

4086
03:36:51,500 --> 03:36:54,500
Columbus managed to secure an 
audience with Queen. 

4087
03:36:54,500 --> 03:36:58,100
Isabella Accounts from the time 
suggests that he pleaded his 

4088
03:36:58,100 --> 03:37:01,100
case with tears. 
In his eyes, lamenting how he 

4089
03:37:01,100 --> 03:37:04,200
had been treated. 
The queen who once supported 

4090
03:37:04,200 --> 03:37:07,800
him, so fervently was moved 
enough to release him. 

4091
03:37:07,800 --> 03:37:11,200
However, his authority over the 
new world territories would 

4092
03:37:11,200 --> 03:37:14,700
never be fully restored. 
The monarchy recognized his 

4093
03:37:14,700 --> 03:37:18,000
contributions as an Explorer, 
but deemed his administrative 

4094
03:37:18,000 --> 03:37:21,000
methods unacceptable, or at 
least two fraught with 

4095
03:37:21,000 --> 03:37:23,100
controversy to continue under 
his leadership. 

4096
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:27,700
Despite these setbacks Columbus 
managed to mount a fourth voyage

4097
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:32,100
albeit with far, fewer resources
and a more modest mission to 

4098
03:37:32,100 --> 03:37:33,800
find a passage to the Indian 
Ocean. 

4099
03:37:33,800 --> 03:37:37,700
He skirted the coast of Central 
America enduring Hurricane's, 

4100
03:37:37,700 --> 03:37:42,200
shipwrecks, near mutinies, This 
journey carried a distinct sense

4101
03:37:42,200 --> 03:37:47,100
of desperation Columbus remained
convinced he could una Maritime 

4102
03:37:47,100 --> 03:37:50,200
straight, that would vindicate. 
His original thesis that these 

4103
03:37:50,200 --> 03:37:53,900
lands were indeed part of Asia's
outskirts, he found no such 

4104
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:57,000
passage of course and ended up 
stranded in Jamaica for a Time 

4105
03:37:57,008 --> 03:38:00,500
relying on the uneasy Goodwill 
of local community to survive. 

4106
03:38:02,000 --> 03:38:04,800
During that ordeal Columbus 
famously exploited, his 

4107
03:38:04,800 --> 03:38:07,800
knowledge of an upcoming lunar. 
Eclipse to secure Provisions. 

4108
03:38:07,800 --> 03:38:11,600
From the indigenous, people by 
predicting, the moon would turn 

4109
03:38:11,600 --> 03:38:14,100
dark as a sign of divine 
displeasure. 

4110
03:38:14,100 --> 03:38:17,400
If they withheld supplies, he 
manipulated the local 

4111
03:38:17,400 --> 03:38:20,700
population, this episode 
underscores the lengths, he 

4112
03:38:20,700 --> 03:38:23,100
would go to make Authority and 
precarious circumstances. 

4113
03:38:23,100 --> 03:38:27,100
And it also points to the 
lopsided power dynamics at Play.

4114
03:38:27,800 --> 03:38:31,400
Even when cut off from Spanish 
support, Columbus, found ways to

4115
03:38:31,400 --> 03:38:34,400
leverage Advanced European 
knowledge like astronomy for 

4116
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:37,800
short-term advantage. 
Eventually he managed to return 

4117
03:38:37,800 --> 03:38:39,500
to Spain in failing Health 
battered. 

4118
03:38:39,500 --> 03:38:42,600
By the years at Sea, the 
illusions that he might still be

4119
03:38:42,600 --> 03:38:45,600
recognized as the Viceroy of a 
new Empire, or that he might 

4120
03:38:45,600 --> 03:38:48,000
uncover the golden cities of 
Asia had diminished. 

4121
03:38:49,100 --> 03:38:53,100
Queen Isabella's death in 1504 
further eroded his political 

4122
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:55,900
support. 
King, Ferdinand was far more 

4123
03:38:55,900 --> 03:38:59,000
pragmatic and less inclined to 
indulge Columbus's petitions for

4124
03:38:59,000 --> 03:39:03,100
power or wealth. 
Over time other explorers, such 

4125
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:06,200
as AmeriGas, but she began to 
map The Contours of the 

4126
03:39:06,200 --> 03:39:09,000
so-called New World 
inadvertently, challenging 

4127
03:39:09,000 --> 03:39:12,200
Columbus's fixation on Asia in 
his later years. 

4128
03:39:12,200 --> 03:39:15,400
Columbus lived in 
semi-retirement dogged by 

4129
03:39:15,400 --> 03:39:17,700
lawsuits over revenues. 
He believed were owed to him 

4130
03:39:17,700 --> 03:39:20,000
based on his original contract 
with the crown. 

4131
03:39:20,800 --> 03:39:23,200
The once bold dreamer was 
reduced to lodging legal 

4132
03:39:23,200 --> 03:39:25,900
complaints, he penned letters 
that oscillated between 

4133
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:29,000
self-justification and appeals 
to higher Christian purposes. 

4134
03:39:29,000 --> 03:39:33,400
Even on his deathbed in 1506, he
seemed unwilling to let go of 

4135
03:39:33,400 --> 03:39:36,000
the conviction that he had. 
Indeed found a western route to 

4136
03:39:36,000 --> 03:39:38,700
Asia. 
From a purely human perspective,

4137
03:39:38,700 --> 03:39:42,700
his final chapters present. 
A poignant figure, a man once 

4138
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:46,600
lauded as an unrivaled, Pioneer 
brought Low by the Machinery of 

4139
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:50,300
the Empire, he helped expand 
Tempting to cast him as either 

4140
03:39:50,300 --> 03:39:52,800
victim or villain. 
He was in truth. 

4141
03:39:52,800 --> 03:39:56,800
A complex amalgamation of 
ambition, Faith, calculation, 

4142
03:39:56,800 --> 03:40:00,400
and tunnel vision, His voyages 
are leashed colossal 

4143
03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:03,500
consequences for countless 
indigenous people's Who Bore the

4144
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:06,800
brunt of colonization's 
brutality, Z's, and cultural 

4145
03:40:06,800 --> 03:40:09,000
upheaval. 
And yet from European 

4146
03:40:09,000 --> 03:40:12,800
standpoint, he undeniably 
altered the map and opened a 

4147
03:40:12,800 --> 03:40:14,900
nearer of unprecedented Maritime
expansion. 

4148
03:40:15,900 --> 03:40:18,400
One might argue that his 
ultimate downfall was that he 

4149
03:40:18,400 --> 03:40:21,200
neither adapted or let go of his
initial misconceptions? 

4150
03:40:21,200 --> 03:40:23,800
Had he recognized these 
territories as a separate 

4151
03:40:23,800 --> 03:40:27,400
landmass you might have adjusted
his strategies perhaps forging 

4152
03:40:27,400 --> 03:40:29,800
alliance's or seeking more 
sustainable ways to govern. 

4153
03:40:30,600 --> 03:40:34,700
Instead he persisted year after 
year and claiming the Asia was 

4154
03:40:34,700 --> 03:40:37,600
just around the corner, the 
destroyed or a city of gold 

4155
03:40:37,600 --> 03:40:41,500
would validate his calculations.
This inflexibility collided with

4156
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:43,200
the messy reality of Empire 
Building. 

4157
03:40:44,200 --> 03:40:46,800
The monarchy demanded tangible 
riches and stability. 

4158
03:40:46,800 --> 03:40:50,100
Not unending, quests, based on 
outdated assumptions. 

4159
03:40:50,100 --> 03:40:54,000
By the time Columbus died. 
He had seen only fragments of 

4160
03:40:54,008 --> 03:40:57,900
his Grand Vision realized the 
world had indeed changed, but 

4161
03:40:57,900 --> 03:41:01,000
largely Beyond his personal 
control ships from other. 

4162
03:41:01,000 --> 03:41:03,900
European nations would soon 
arrive each with their own 

4163
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:06,300
agendas as the scramble to 
exploit. 

4164
03:41:06,300 --> 03:41:10,200
The newly unveiled continents 
gained momentum Columbus's name 

4165
03:41:10,200 --> 03:41:13,400
would echo through centuries, 
but his latter days were marked 

4166
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:15,400
by a troubled sense of having 
been eclipse. 

4167
03:41:16,200 --> 03:41:19,200
The shimmering illusions that 
guided him across unknown Waters

4168
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:23,000
faded into a legacy, far more 
complicated and far more 

4169
03:41:23,000 --> 03:41:26,200
transformative than even, he 
could have imagined The 

4170
03:41:26,200 --> 03:41:29,100
ramifications of Columbus's 
Journeys extended far beyond the

4171
03:41:29,108 --> 03:41:32,100
man himself and leashing. 
A chain of events that would 

4172
03:41:32,100 --> 03:41:35,100
reshape the globe with each 
subsequent, ship, sailing 

4173
03:41:35,100 --> 03:41:38,700
Westwood more European, settlers
landed on Caribbean, Shores, and

4174
03:41:38,700 --> 03:41:42,200
eventually the mainland. 
While the Spanish Crown, 

4175
03:41:42,200 --> 03:41:44,700
extracted, gold and silver from 
mine's carved. 

4176
03:41:44,700 --> 03:41:48,200
Out of the soil indigenous 
societies buckled under forced 

4177
03:41:48,200 --> 03:41:50,500
labor and diseases like smallpox
measles. 

4178
03:41:50,500 --> 03:41:54,300
And influenza these illnesses 
new to the Westin hemisphere 

4179
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:58,800
devastated population, who had 
no immunity community that had 

4180
03:41:58,800 --> 03:42:02,900
Thrive for Generations collapse,
the cultural practices disrupted

4181
03:42:02,900 --> 03:42:06,000
or arrays Within a single 
generation. 

4182
03:42:06,000 --> 03:42:09,200
The vibrant tapestry of the 
Taino and other native groups 

4183
03:42:09,200 --> 03:42:11,800
was forever. 
Transformed some Scholars 

4184
03:42:11,800 --> 03:42:14,200
estimate mortality rates well 
over 70%. 

4185
03:42:14,200 --> 03:42:16,300
In certain areas due to 
epidemics alone. 

4186
03:42:17,100 --> 03:42:20,400
The Spanish approach was 
typically to establishing Comey 

4187
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:22,600
Enders. 
System in which settlers were 

4188
03:42:22,608 --> 03:42:24,600
granted control over local 
communities. 

4189
03:42:24,600 --> 03:42:27,400
They were supposed to protect 
and educate them in 

4190
03:42:27,408 --> 03:42:30,400
Christianity. 
But in practice, the system 

4191
03:42:30,400 --> 03:42:33,600
turned into a form of 
enslavement extracting labor, 

4192
03:42:33,600 --> 03:42:37,300
while paying minimal heat to 
well-being, Columbus is initial 

4193
03:42:37,300 --> 03:42:39,700
governance might not have 
single-handedly created these 

4194
03:42:39,700 --> 03:42:42,700
policies, but his methods and 
the crowns encouragement of 

4195
03:42:42,700 --> 03:42:44,600
resource exploitation. 
Set the tone. 

4196
03:42:44,600 --> 03:42:48,400
The idea of the Columbian 
Exchange is often used to 

4197
03:42:48,400 --> 03:42:52,900
describe the massive transfer of
plants, animals, people and 

4198
03:42:52,900 --> 03:42:54,800
ideas between the old and new 
worlds. 

4199
03:42:55,600 --> 03:42:59,600
From the Americas came crops 
like Maize potatoes tomatoes and

4200
03:42:59,600 --> 03:43:02,500
cacao which would revolutionize 
European Cuisine and 

4201
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:05,400
agriculture. 
Conversely old world animals 

4202
03:43:05,400 --> 03:43:08,900
like horses cattle and pigs 
quickly became fixtures in the 

4203
03:43:08,900 --> 03:43:12,400
Americas, changing Landscapes 
and Indigenous livelihoods this 

4204
03:43:12,400 --> 03:43:14,200
exchangeable. 
Also included the force 

4205
03:43:14,200 --> 03:43:17,100
migration of African slaves, who
were brought in to replace 

4206
03:43:17,100 --> 03:43:20,200
decimated, local labor forces, 
Grimes escalation that Columbus 

4207
03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:21,900
may never have directly 
orchestrated. 

4208
03:43:21,900 --> 03:43:24,400
But that followed from the 
colonial blueprint, he helped 

4209
03:43:24,400 --> 03:43:27,500
layout in a broader sense. 
Columbus's voyages sparked the 

4210
03:43:27,500 --> 03:43:30,500
European imagination, Portugal, 
England, France. 

4211
03:43:30,500 --> 03:43:33,300
And the Netherlands soon, 
launched, their own missions 

4212
03:43:33,300 --> 03:43:36,700
across the Atlantic driven by 
rumors of riches and conquered 

4213
03:43:36,700 --> 03:43:38,800
lands. 
Competing claims ignited, 

4214
03:43:38,800 --> 03:43:42,100
conflicts over territory, 
opening a new age of Imperial 

4215
03:43:42,100 --> 03:43:44,900
rivalry. 
The lines on maps were redrawn 

4216
03:43:44,900 --> 03:43:49,200
countless times each iteration 
leaving a trail of treaties Wars

4217
03:43:49,200 --> 03:43:53,000
and Boundary disputes and so the
impetus that began with 

4218
03:43:53,000 --> 03:43:55,200
Columbus's belief in a Westwood 
path to Asia. 

4219
03:43:55,600 --> 03:43:58,800
Spiraled into a global upheaval,
that reached far beyond the 

4220
03:43:58,800 --> 03:44:03,300
Caribbean. has these powers 
jostled for control indigenous 

4221
03:44:03,300 --> 03:44:06,300
Nations across two, continents, 
faced waves of new arrivals, 

4222
03:44:06,300 --> 03:44:10,200
some groups formed alliances 
with Europeans leveraging 

4223
03:44:10,200 --> 03:44:13,600
firearms and trade relationships
to gain Regional advantages, 

4224
03:44:13,600 --> 03:44:17,100
others resisted colonization 
with every means at their 

4225
03:44:17,100 --> 03:44:21,500
disposal whether through Warfare
or diplomatic negotiation in 

4226
03:44:21,500 --> 03:44:26,400
that unfolding drama Columbus's 
role was recast overshadowed by 

4227
03:44:26,408 --> 03:44:29,900
conquerors like Cortes and 
Pizarro whose direct subjugation

4228
03:44:29,900 --> 03:44:34,000
of massive civilizations as Tech
and Inca dwarf, the swallow 

4229
03:44:34,000 --> 03:44:37,800
scale conquest of the first 
Islands, yet the initial Spark, 

4230
03:44:38,600 --> 03:44:40,800
The template for claiming land 
on the Royal charters. 

4231
03:44:41,600 --> 03:44:44,100
Trace back to Columbus's 
insistence that these lands 

4232
03:44:44,100 --> 03:44:47,500
belong to Spain. 
Over the centuries, his 

4233
03:44:47,500 --> 03:44:51,700
reputation, waxed and waned in 
Spain, he was intermittently 

4234
03:44:51,700 --> 03:44:56,000
lionized as a national hero. 
He was Italian born in the 

4235
03:44:56,000 --> 03:45:00,000
emerging United States. 
Columbus was mythologized as an 

4236
03:45:00,000 --> 03:45:03,500
emblem of pioneering spirit. 
Particularly during the 19th 

4237
03:45:03,500 --> 03:45:05,800
century. 
When a young Nation sought 

4238
03:45:05,800 --> 03:45:08,400
founding myths, disconnected 
from British colonial rule, 

4239
03:45:09,300 --> 03:45:12,900
Monument sprouted in his name 
poets and chroniclers Polished 

4240
03:45:12,900 --> 03:45:14,000
away. 
The unseemly. 

4241
03:45:14,000 --> 03:45:17,700
Details painting him as a 
Visionary chosen by Fate, but as

4242
03:45:17,700 --> 03:45:20,800
the modern era approached the 
historians began to piece 

4243
03:45:20,800 --> 03:45:24,000
together, the darker facets, the
enslavement of native peoples, 

4244
03:45:24,000 --> 03:45:27,600
the ruthless tactics to extract 
tribute and the catastrophic 

4245
03:45:27,600 --> 03:45:30,200
demographic collapse that 
accompanied European arrival. 

4246
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:34,800
Within academic circles 
Columbus's identity has been 

4247
03:45:34,808 --> 03:45:38,500
dissected with increasing rigor.
Was he a brilliant if flawed 

4248
03:45:38,500 --> 03:45:41,300
Mariner Court in the Unstoppable
tide of Empire? 

4249
03:45:42,400 --> 03:45:45,400
Cunning opportunist who used 
Royal favour to pursue his quest

4250
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:48,800
for personal Glory, or a tragic 
figure who stumbled into a 

4251
03:45:48,808 --> 03:45:51,400
continent. 
He never understood living long.

4252
03:45:51,400 --> 03:45:55,300
Enough to see his illusion 
crumble, the man's diary's the 

4253
03:45:55,300 --> 03:45:57,400
letters. 
He exchanged with monarchs and 

4254
03:45:57,400 --> 03:45:59,800
the records of those who 
traveled with him, reveal 

4255
03:45:59,800 --> 03:46:03,000
contradictions, and complexities
that defy easy categorization, 

4256
03:46:03,000 --> 03:46:06,500
social movements in the late 
20th and early 21st. 

4257
03:46:06,500 --> 03:46:09,900
Centuries further, heightened 
scrutiny protesters targeted 

4258
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:13,200
Columbus Day Celebrations 
calling attention to the brutal 

4259
03:46:13,200 --> 03:46:15,200
Legacy of colonization for 
indigenous. 

4260
03:46:15,200 --> 03:46:20,100
People's statues were defaced, 
public debates, raged and local 

4261
03:46:20,100 --> 03:46:22,500
governments declared alternative
holidays like indigenous 

4262
03:46:22,500 --> 03:46:25,200
people's day. 
The conversation shifted from 

4263
03:46:25,200 --> 03:46:27,900
glorifying Columbus's 
navigational, triumphs to 

4264
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:30,200
examining the price others paid 
for his endeavors. 

4265
03:46:30,900 --> 03:46:34,100
Some people clung to the older 
narrative, seeing him as an icon

4266
03:46:34,100 --> 03:46:37,300
of exploration and progress. 
While others demanded a more 

4267
03:46:37,300 --> 03:46:40,200
candid acknowledgment of the 
suffering woven into his story. 

4268
03:46:40,900 --> 03:46:45,300
In many ways, Columbus, embodies
the Paradox of exploration, a 

4269
03:46:45,300 --> 03:46:48,100
thirst for new knowledge and 
wealth coupled with the violent 

4270
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:50,000
imposition of power over those 
encountered. 

4271
03:46:50,000 --> 03:46:53,300
Modern sentiments, often try to 
reduce historical figures to 

4272
03:46:53,300 --> 03:46:57,400
moral absolutes hero or villain 
that people and particularly 

4273
03:46:57,400 --> 03:47:00,500
those who lived centuries ago 
exist in moral Shades shaped by 

4274
03:47:00,500 --> 03:47:04,700
the context of their times. 
Columbus was no exception, he 

4275
03:47:04,700 --> 03:47:08,400
followed the traditions of his 
Society, exploitation religious 

4276
03:47:08,400 --> 03:47:12,000
Zeal, hierarchical rule while 
also forging New Paths. 

4277
03:47:12,000 --> 03:47:15,800
The derivatively altered, the 
world's trajectory Reflecting on

4278
03:47:15,800 --> 03:47:18,100
this one. 
Sees that the significance of 

4279
03:47:18,100 --> 03:47:20,000
Columbus's voyages, cannot be 
understated. 

4280
03:47:20,000 --> 03:47:24,900
Regardless of how a one judges, 
his personal character, entire 

4281
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:27,800
continents were thrust into a 
new era of connectivity and 

4282
03:47:27,800 --> 03:47:31,900
strife Commodities, pathogens 
and cultural practices. 

4283
03:47:31,900 --> 03:47:35,700
Mingled in a transoceanic dance 
with consequences that continue 

4284
03:47:35,700 --> 03:47:38,900
to unfold. 
That Global transformation can 

4285
03:47:38,900 --> 03:47:42,100
be traced to this determined 
Navigator, who despite incorrect

4286
03:47:42,100 --> 03:47:45,700
assumptions and an inflexible 
mindset, was the Catalyst for an

4287
03:47:45,700 --> 03:47:50,300
epochal shift history for all 
its tumult and tragedy. 

4288
03:47:50,300 --> 03:47:53,300
Hinged on that moment. 
He in his crew, sighted land in 

4289
03:47:53,300 --> 03:47:56,700
won 1492. 
With the benefit of hindsight. 

4290
03:47:56,700 --> 03:47:59,300
We might picture Columbus 
standing at a symbolic 

4291
03:47:59,300 --> 03:48:02,900
Crossroads holding the map of 
his flawed calculations in one 

4292
03:48:02,900 --> 03:48:06,900
hand and a fervent sense of 
Destiny in the other to some he 

4293
03:48:06,900 --> 03:48:09,500
remains an adventurer who proved
the feasibility of crossing the 

4294
03:48:09,500 --> 03:48:12,300
Atlantic. 
Bridging worlds that for 

4295
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:16,000
thousands of years had developed
independently to others, he 

4296
03:48:16,000 --> 03:48:20,100
represents the darkest impulses 
of colonial ambition, unleashing

4297
03:48:20,100 --> 03:48:23,700
oppression and subjugation on 
societies that neither desired 

4298
03:48:23,700 --> 03:48:27,400
nor invited his arrival. 
Through the prism of five 

4299
03:48:27,400 --> 03:48:30,100
centuries. 
Perhaps both views, hold Merit 

4300
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:34,700
in to twined in the complexities
of historical momentum, And 

4301
03:48:34,700 --> 03:48:37,200
contemporary time's, the story 
of Columbus resonates 

4302
03:48:37,200 --> 03:48:40,600
differently, depending on 
cultural educational and 

4303
03:48:40,600 --> 03:48:44,000
National perspectives. 
For those, whose ancestors hail 

4304
03:48:44,000 --> 03:48:47,600
from Europe, his voyages might 
be Hail to the door of a new 

4305
03:48:47,608 --> 03:48:50,100
chapter. 
In global Affairs, an invitation

4306
03:48:50,100 --> 03:48:54,000
to expand her eyes and sharing 
cultural exchanges for the 

4307
03:48:54,000 --> 03:48:57,000
descendants of indigenous. 
People's, it can symbolize the 

4308
03:48:57,000 --> 03:48:59,500
devastating onset of invasion 
and loss of sovereignty. 

4309
03:49:00,700 --> 03:49:03,100
And for countless African 
families Columbus's, 

4310
03:49:03,100 --> 03:49:05,900
breakthroughs in navigation, 
would pave the way for a 

4311
03:49:05,900 --> 03:49:09,300
transatlantic slave trade. 
Forcibly uprooting Millions from

4312
03:49:09,300 --> 03:49:12,200
their homelands to labor in 
plantations across the Americas.

4313
03:49:12,200 --> 03:49:16,000
If we peel away the Mythic 
layers, we find a man, both 

4314
03:49:16,000 --> 03:49:19,600
guided and blinded by the 
convictions of his era Columbus 

4315
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:23,600
believed in a cosmology that 
insisted earth size was smaller 

4316
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:26,900
than many experts claimed. 
He also adhered to the 

4317
03:49:26,900 --> 03:49:30,500
conviction that Christianity had
a mission to spread to every 

4318
03:49:30,500 --> 03:49:33,700
corner of the globe by force if 
persuasion failed. 

4319
03:49:33,700 --> 03:49:37,900
Even as a young boy haunted by 
the brine centered are of 

4320
03:49:37,900 --> 03:49:41,400
genoa's, docks He likely never 
pictured how far reaching the 

4321
03:49:41,400 --> 03:49:45,000
consequences of his Ambitions 
would be if anything his early 

4322
03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:48,500
dream was to find a direct route
to Asia, as well, not to become 

4323
03:49:48,500 --> 03:49:51,400
the instigator of a massive 
reordering of human societies. 

4324
03:49:52,300 --> 03:49:55,600
His navigational prowess remains
under eyeball crossing. 

4325
03:49:55,600 --> 03:49:58,100
The Atlantic in those small 
vessels demanded skill. 

4326
03:49:58,900 --> 03:50:02,300
Courage and an uncanny ability 
to Rally, terrified, Cruise 

4327
03:50:02,300 --> 03:50:05,900
navigated, with rudimentary 
tools under harsh conditions 

4328
03:50:05,900 --> 03:50:08,800
forging routes. 
That would later become standard

4329
03:50:08,800 --> 03:50:11,700
passages for ships of 
exploration, trade, and 

4330
03:50:11,700 --> 03:50:14,800
Conquest. 
Indeed the staying power of His 

4331
03:50:14,800 --> 03:50:17,500
Story rests partly on the 
maritime accomplishment itself, 

4332
03:50:17,500 --> 03:50:21,400
proving that a trans, Oceanic 
Crossing could be repeated and 

4333
03:50:21,400 --> 03:50:25,200
systematized yet the same 
willpower that made him persist 

4334
03:50:25,200 --> 03:50:28,200
in the face of skepticism. 
Also, fueled his unwillingness 

4335
03:50:28,200 --> 03:50:30,800
to abandon his original 
assertion that he was in Asia. 

4336
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:34,800
this insistence might appear 
almost comical, given our modern

4337
03:50:34,800 --> 03:50:38,700
knowledge, but in his time, 
admitting error could jeopardize

4338
03:50:38,700 --> 03:50:41,500
not just personal Pride, but the
entire framework of Royal 

4339
03:50:41,500 --> 03:50:45,800
patronage, Stubbornness 
ironically became a tool for 

4340
03:50:45,800 --> 03:50:47,900
survival in a Cutthroat 
political environment. 

4341
03:50:49,300 --> 03:50:51,900
Historians continue to unearth 
documents that color in the 

4342
03:50:51,908 --> 03:50:53,800
details of Columbus's 
relationships. 

4343
03:50:53,800 --> 03:50:55,800
With both the Spanish monarchy 
and his relatives. 

4344
03:50:56,600 --> 03:50:59,100
Personal letters reveal a man 
vexed by the shifting. 

4345
03:50:59,100 --> 03:51:02,000
Allegiances at court and haunted
by Financial concerns. 

4346
03:51:02,000 --> 03:51:05,300
Yearned for the wealth and 
social status that successful. 

4347
03:51:05,300 --> 03:51:08,700
Explorers could attain believing
that Divine Providence had 

4348
03:51:08,700 --> 03:51:11,000
chosen him to fulfill a 
Monumental role in human 

4349
03:51:11,000 --> 03:51:13,300
Destiny. 
This near Miss ionic, 

4350
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:15,900
self-perception sometimes 
contradicted, the messy and 

4351
03:51:15,900 --> 03:51:18,600
often brutal realities. 
He oversaw in the colonies, 

4352
03:51:19,600 --> 03:51:22,900
Whether reviled or revered 
Columbus stands as a testament 

4353
03:51:22,900 --> 03:51:25,100
to how individual actions can 
reverberate through the 

4354
03:51:25,100 --> 03:51:27,400
centuries. 
The controversies surrounding 

4355
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:30,700
how modern societies. 
Commemorate him reflect broader 

4356
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:33,400
debate about how we confront our
Collective passed. 

4357
03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:36,600
How do we honor navigational 
Feats, while acknowledging the 

4358
03:51:36,600 --> 03:51:38,800
suffering inflicted by Colonial,
Pursuits. 

4359
03:51:38,800 --> 03:51:42,100
How do we teach the achievements
of exploration, alongside the 

4360
03:51:42,100 --> 03:51:43,800
tragedies that followed in its 
wake? 

4361
03:51:44,700 --> 03:51:47,400
The question of where Columbus 
fits within the moral landscape 

4362
03:51:47,400 --> 03:51:51,900
of History has no simple answer.
For people in their middle years

4363
03:51:51,900 --> 03:51:56,208
like those between 45 and 54 
revisiting Columbus can be a 

4364
03:51:56,216 --> 03:51:58,300
striking exercise in 
reevaluation. 

4365
03:51:58,300 --> 03:52:00,900
Many of us learned a sanitized 
version. 

4366
03:52:00,900 --> 03:52:05,400
In our youth, a simplistic epic 
of heroic Discovery over time, 

4367
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:08,300
reading more broadly or hearing 
stories from descendants of 

4368
03:52:08,300 --> 03:52:10,700
colonized communities. 
Might challenge those old 

4369
03:52:10,700 --> 03:52:13,600
narrative The Hallmark of 
historical awareness. 

4370
03:52:13,600 --> 03:52:16,800
In one's middle years, offered 
involves reconciling childhood 

4371
03:52:16,800 --> 03:52:19,900
lessons with a more nuanced and 
frequently uncomfortable. 

4372
03:52:20,600 --> 03:52:23,000
Truth. 
Columbus's story exemplifies 

4373
03:52:23,000 --> 03:52:27,200
this process today, the 
technology allows us near 

4374
03:52:27,200 --> 03:52:29,000
instant access to the world's 
knowledge. 

4375
03:52:29,000 --> 03:52:32,300
It's sobering to recall the Day 
Columbus ventured into the 

4376
03:52:32,300 --> 03:52:35,800
unknown with only sales and 
unwavering belief that leap 

4377
03:52:35,800 --> 03:52:38,200
underpinned by flawed 
assumptions. 

4378
03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:41,100
Still gave birth to our 
interconnected modern world. 

4379
03:52:41,900 --> 03:52:44,600
A world where the Ripple effects
of his Crossing shape, our 

4380
03:52:44,600 --> 03:52:46,600
politics cultures and 
environment. 

4381
03:52:47,300 --> 03:52:50,200
Whether we choose to cast him as
a Visionary, a reckless 

4382
03:52:50,200 --> 03:52:53,800
conqueror or both. 
The fact remains his voyages 

4383
03:52:53,800 --> 03:52:57,100
forever altered the course of 
history and in contemplating his

4384
03:52:57,100 --> 03:53:01,000
legacy, WE peer into the broader
quandary of how Explorations 

4385
03:53:01,000 --> 03:53:04,100
well-intentioned or not. 
Can unleash forces that 

4386
03:53:04,100 --> 03:53:06,500
transcend the visions of those 
who first set them in motion? 

4387
03:53:07,500 --> 03:53:10,400
In closing, the life of 
Christopher Columbus offers us 

4388
03:53:10,400 --> 03:53:13,200
know, tidy. 
Moral resolution only an 

4389
03:53:13,200 --> 03:53:16,300
evolving dialogue about 
exploration Legacy, and the 

4390
03:53:16,300 --> 03:53:19,300
burdensome complexity of the 
past, If there's a final 

4391
03:53:19,300 --> 03:53:22,400
takeaway, it might be this to 
remember that progress and 

4392
03:53:22,400 --> 03:53:26,100
tragedy can arrive hand in hand,
Columbus, dared to sail into the

4393
03:53:26,100 --> 03:53:28,300
unknown. 
And act that simultaneously 

4394
03:53:28,300 --> 03:53:32,100
expanded Horizons and contracted
the future of countless. 

4395
03:53:32,100 --> 03:53:36,400
Others through his story. 
We see the power and Peril of 

4396
03:53:36,408 --> 03:53:40,400
Bolden deaths, reminding us that
behind every famous voyage 

4397
03:53:40,400 --> 03:53:43,600
stands in Mosaic of human lives.
Some forging Destiny. 

4398
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:50,600
Others swept aside by its 
Relentless tide Benjamin 

4399
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:53,300
Franklin's, life began, not in 
luxury, but in the bustling 

4400
03:53:53,300 --> 03:53:57,400
precincts of colonial Boston 
Port City shaped by rigorous 

4401
03:53:57,400 --> 03:54:02,600
pieties and Hardy trade. 
He was born on January 1706, the

4402
03:54:02,600 --> 03:54:06,400
15th child in a family that 
struggled with limited means his

4403
03:54:06,400 --> 03:54:09,800
father Josiah, a Tallow Chandler
and emigrated from England 

4404
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:13,100
hoping to build a modest 
livelihood, young Benjamin's 

4405
03:54:13,100 --> 03:54:15,700
earliest memories, likely 
featured the pungent smell of 

4406
03:54:15,700 --> 03:54:18,800
rendered fat in candle making 
Vats and attention of a crowded 

4407
03:54:18,800 --> 03:54:21,200
household. 
But beneath those humble 

4408
03:54:21,200 --> 03:54:23,600
beginnings stirred, a Restless 
mind that refused to be 

4409
03:54:23,608 --> 03:54:26,300
confined. 
In many standard biographies 

4410
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:29,600
Franklin pops up as an 
unflappable genius, who saw it 

4411
03:54:29,600 --> 03:54:31,900
easily from a cramped 
apprenticeship to transatlantic 

4412
03:54:31,900 --> 03:54:34,400
Fame. 
Yet the real story is a tangle 

4413
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:37,600
of near failures. 
Calculated risk-taking and 

4414
03:54:37,600 --> 03:54:42,300
heated disputes with family at 
age 12, Benjamin began an 

4415
03:54:42,300 --> 03:54:43,500
apprenticeship under his older, 
brother. 

4416
03:54:43,500 --> 03:54:46,600
James a printer whose temper 
matched his drive for high 

4417
03:54:46,600 --> 03:54:50,400
profile pamphlets, initially 
enthusiastic Benjamin soon 

4418
03:54:50,400 --> 03:54:52,400
chafed at James's authoritarian 
Style. 

4419
03:54:53,400 --> 03:54:56,100
Printing presses, demanded 
skilled hands and an eye for 

4420
03:54:56,100 --> 03:54:58,800
detail, but also a willingness 
to handle punishing hours. 

4421
03:54:58,800 --> 03:55:02,900
Moreover James often undercut 
Benjamin's ideas about editorial

4422
03:55:02,900 --> 03:55:06,600
Direction, Tension built behind 
shop doors until Benjamin 

4423
03:55:06,600 --> 03:55:09,500
clandestinely penned letters to 
the local newspaper under the 

4424
03:55:09,500 --> 03:55:14,500
pseudonym silence dogood. those 
witty essays garnered attention 

4425
03:55:14,500 --> 03:55:17,300
all while James remained 
ignorant of the true author, 

4426
03:55:18,200 --> 03:55:22,000
that Escapade half mischief and 
half aspiration sparked 

4427
03:55:22,000 --> 03:55:24,500
Franklin's lifelong Devotion to 
shaping public opinion. 

4428
03:55:25,400 --> 03:55:28,300
The Columns criticized Colonial 
authorities and championed free 

4429
03:55:28,308 --> 03:55:31,100
expression. 
Forging a path that later would 

4430
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:32,500
turn him into a master 
communicator. 

4431
03:55:33,500 --> 03:55:36,700
However, James's discovery of 
Benjamin's secret authorship, 

4432
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:41,900
precipitated ugly quarrels. 
In 1723 weary of conflicts and 

4433
03:55:41,900 --> 03:55:44,300
the constraints of 
apprenticeship Benjamin, fled 

4434
03:55:44,300 --> 03:55:48,200
Boston for Philadelphia that 
covert departure on a leaky 

4435
03:55:48,200 --> 03:55:49,800
Sloop. 
The signaled the first of his 

4436
03:55:49,800 --> 03:55:52,900
many reinventions Philadelphia 
at the time, offered a more 

4437
03:55:52,908 --> 03:55:56,600
Cosmopolitan atmosphere than 
Boston Quaker Merchants German 

4438
03:55:56,600 --> 03:55:59,800
artists and bustling Wars gave 
the city a distinctly commercial

4439
03:55:59,800 --> 03:56:03,300
but tolerant flavor. 
Franked through its streets 

4440
03:56:03,300 --> 03:56:07,200
jobless and nearly broke 
searching for any printer who 

4441
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:10,400
might hire him. 
A few local contacts pointed him

4442
03:56:10,400 --> 03:56:12,400
to Samuel. 
Kymer, who ran a small 

4443
03:56:12,408 --> 03:56:16,200
disorganized print shop, 
recognizing Benjamin's Talent, 

4444
03:56:16,200 --> 03:56:17,600
kymer. 
Agreed to take him on. 

4445
03:56:18,300 --> 03:56:20,400
Franklyn, it was a step towards 
self-sufficiency. 

4446
03:56:20,400 --> 03:56:22,700
He found lodging in a humble 
room. 

4447
03:56:22,700 --> 03:56:26,100
Subsisted on bread rolls, and 
saved every spare coin for 

4448
03:56:26,100 --> 03:56:28,600
books. 
Those books typically borrowed 

4449
03:56:28,600 --> 03:56:32,300
or secondhand opened vistas of 
scientific philosophical and 

4450
03:56:32,300 --> 03:56:34,700
political thought. 
Well, other young men in 

4451
03:56:34,700 --> 03:56:37,800
colonial, America might idle at 
Heaven's after work Franklin 

4452
03:56:37,800 --> 03:56:39,500
poured, over essays on natural 
philosophy. 

4453
03:56:39,500 --> 03:56:42,800
He also taught himself 
rudimentary French and Italian 

4454
03:56:42,800 --> 03:56:45,900
believing that knowledge of 
languages could catapult him to 

4455
03:56:45,900 --> 03:56:47,200
a broader understanding of the 
world. 

4456
03:56:48,100 --> 03:56:49,700
Eager to refine his social 
skills. 

4457
03:56:50,600 --> 03:56:53,000
He adopted a system of 
self-improvement based on 

4458
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:54,900
virtues. 
He listed in a little notebook. 

4459
03:56:55,900 --> 03:56:59,200
This daily practice strikingly, 
systematic for the era. 

4460
03:56:59,200 --> 03:57:01,800
Kept him alert to personal 
discipline. 

4461
03:57:01,800 --> 03:57:04,900
They're not always successful in
defeating Temptations. 

4462
03:57:04,900 --> 03:57:09,500
Still, frankly was an ambitious 
Tradesman at the juncture, not 

4463
03:57:09,500 --> 03:57:12,300
the seasons statement or 
scientists we envisioned today, 

4464
03:57:12,300 --> 03:57:16,600
but he planted the seeds of a 
strong passion for reading a 

4465
03:57:16,600 --> 03:57:20,000
fixation on bettering oneself 
and a Readiness to go against 

4466
03:57:20,000 --> 03:57:23,600
the grain. 
Joined local clubs, most notably

4467
03:57:23,600 --> 03:57:27,700
the hunter a form of curious 
individuals, who debated Civic 

4468
03:57:27,700 --> 03:57:30,900
improvements and swap knowledge 
Franklin thrived in that 

4469
03:57:30,900 --> 03:57:33,200
environment. 
Forging friendships with Rising 

4470
03:57:33,200 --> 03:57:36,700
Merchants teachers and Artisans.
The hunters premise. 

4471
03:57:36,700 --> 03:57:39,200
That every day citizens could 
shape Community policies. 

4472
03:57:39,200 --> 03:57:42,800
Resonated deeply with him. 
He began drafting proposals for 

4473
03:57:42,800 --> 03:57:45,700
better Street lighting 
suggesting the establishment of 

4474
03:57:45,700 --> 03:57:49,100
a lending library and even 
championing Volunteer Fire 

4475
03:57:49,100 --> 03:57:51,900
brigades, the small-scale 
Innovations signaled, the 

4476
03:57:51,900 --> 03:57:54,100
mindset that would later produce
loftier Feats. 

4477
03:57:54,100 --> 03:57:58,100
Thus by his mid-20s frankly was 
already a figure to watch him 

4478
03:57:58,100 --> 03:58:00,100
for Philadelphia. 
The young printer with an 

4479
03:58:00,100 --> 03:58:02,900
entrepreneurial streak, a 
pamphleteer unafraid of 

4480
03:58:02,908 --> 03:58:06,700
challenging norms and a network 
skilled at binding like-minded 

4481
03:58:06,700 --> 03:58:09,800
Souls together. 
However, Financial Security was 

4482
03:58:09,800 --> 03:58:13,800
still a Lucifer His personal 
life was complicated and his 

4483
03:58:13,800 --> 03:58:16,900
religious skepticism set him 
apart in an era of strict 

4484
03:58:16,900 --> 03:58:19,400
Orthodoxy. 
The next year's would see him 

4485
03:58:19,400 --> 03:58:22,400
expand these early experiments 
slowly weaving. 

4486
03:58:22,400 --> 03:58:24,900
The Persona, that would one day 
grace, the global stage. 

4487
03:58:26,000 --> 03:58:29,000
Early in the 17th century 
franklyn's Printing, Shop, 

4488
03:58:29,000 --> 03:58:31,900
gained stability, due to its 
growing reputation for punctual 

4489
03:58:31,900 --> 03:58:35,000
delivery and sharp content. 
His production range from 

4490
03:58:35,000 --> 03:58:37,600
political leaflets to visiting 
cards yet. 

4491
03:58:37,600 --> 03:58:42,000
Almanacs proved to be his most 
profitable venture. 1732 he 

4492
03:58:42,000 --> 03:58:44,500
introduced. 
Poor Richard's Almanac. 

4493
03:58:45,200 --> 03:58:48,600
A cheeky insightful publication 
under the pseudonym of Richard 

4494
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:51,300
Saunders. 
Unlike stayed almanacs that 

4495
03:58:51,308 --> 03:58:53,500
listed only lunar cycles and 
harvest tips. 

4496
03:58:53,500 --> 03:58:57,000
Franklin's version featured. 
Witty maxims, satirical 

4497
03:58:57,000 --> 03:58:59,800
commentary and personal Jabs 
that made each additional 

4498
03:58:59,800 --> 03:59:02,600
eagerly awaited Staple in 
households across the colonies. 

4499
03:59:02,600 --> 03:59:06,600
Yet while poor Richard minted, 
his reputation Franklin's 

4500
03:59:06,600 --> 03:59:08,100
day-to-day life was more 
complex. 

4501
03:59:08,100 --> 03:59:11,000
He navigated a personal 
relationship with Deborah Reid 

4502
03:59:11,000 --> 03:59:13,500
who would want to be in a 
neighbor's daughter, their 

4503
03:59:13,500 --> 03:59:16,500
common law marriage, not 
formally solemnized for various 

4504
03:59:16,500 --> 03:59:19,200
reasons, gave frankly in 
assemblance of domestic 

4505
03:59:19,200 --> 03:59:21,400
stability though. 
The arrangement lacked, the 

4506
03:59:21,408 --> 03:59:24,600
official Aura of conventional 
unions, they raise children 

4507
03:59:24,600 --> 03:59:27,800
together, but the demands of his
printing, press and swirl of 

4508
03:59:27,800 --> 03:59:30,700
Civic projects often kept him 
away from extended familial 

4509
03:59:30,700 --> 03:59:33,500
devotion. 
Franklins thirst for civic 

4510
03:59:33,500 --> 03:59:38,000
improvements seemed boundless in
1731 before the library company 

4511
03:59:38,000 --> 03:59:41,300
of Philadelphia an idea born 
from the hunters discussions, 

4512
03:59:41,300 --> 03:59:44,900
subscribing members, pulled 
funds to buy books establishing.

4513
03:59:44,900 --> 03:59:47,900
One of America's first lending, 
libraries, this approach 

4514
03:59:47,900 --> 03:59:51,900
crystallized Franklins method, 
Harness Collective contributions

4515
03:59:51,900 --> 03:59:54,500
to uplift public life. 
Where other saw Financial 

4516
03:59:54,500 --> 03:59:57,200
hurdles? 
Franklyn leveraged group effort.

4517
03:59:58,000 --> 04:00:01,000
The concept proved so successful
that it sparked similar Ventures

4518
04:00:01,000 --> 04:00:04,800
elsewhere bolstering literacy in
an era and many colonists had 

4519
04:00:04,808 --> 04:00:07,500
limited access to texts as a 
publisher. 

4520
04:00:07,500 --> 04:00:10,200
You also became a de facto 
influencer in shaping public 

4521
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:12,400
sentiment. 
He printed currency for 

4522
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:15,700
Pennsylvania bolstering. 
Trust in local finances. 

4523
04:00:15,700 --> 04:00:19,400
He took up the cause of paper 
money arguing, that a stable 

4524
04:00:19,400 --> 04:00:21,500
local currency could invigorate 
commas. 

4525
04:00:22,200 --> 04:00:25,500
Through editorials under assumed
names, debated with political 

4526
04:00:25,500 --> 04:00:29,300
Rivals, championing a pragmatic 
Outlook, if a policy boosted 

4527
04:00:29,300 --> 04:00:31,200
trade and enriched Community 
Resources. 

4528
04:00:31,200 --> 04:00:35,000
It merited consideration. 
Irrespective of dogmatic 

4529
04:00:35,000 --> 04:00:37,300
leanings. 
This flexibility would later 

4530
04:00:37,300 --> 04:00:39,700
mark his diplomatic engagements 
yet. 

4531
04:00:39,700 --> 04:00:43,400
It sometimes. 
Riled parties out Beyond the 

4532
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:46,000
printing realm. 
Franklyn dabbled in volunteer 

4533
04:00:46,000 --> 04:00:48,600
projects like establishing 
Philadelphia's Union Fire 

4534
04:00:48,600 --> 04:00:53,400
Company in 1736 fire disaster, 
have played the city wiping out 

4535
04:00:53,400 --> 04:00:56,800
blocks of wooden structures 
Franklin's Brigade staffed by 

4536
04:00:56,808 --> 04:00:59,900
volunteers offered assemblance 
of organized response. 

4537
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:03,500
Where previously chaos reigned 
this Forward Thinking approach 

4538
04:01:03,500 --> 04:01:09,100
spread, birthing additional fire
companies that cooperated Ever 

4539
04:01:09,100 --> 04:01:12,400
the organizer Franklin helped 
shape guidelines for equipment 

4540
04:01:12,400 --> 04:01:15,700
sharing and mutual Aid. 
Forging a model admired in other

4541
04:01:15,700 --> 04:01:18,400
colonies. 
Yet success is alone, didn't 

4542
04:01:18,400 --> 04:01:21,500
insulate him from adversity, the
colonial landscape could be 

4543
04:01:21,508 --> 04:01:24,100
unforgiving to those who 
ventured unpopular opinions. 

4544
04:01:24,100 --> 04:01:27,900
Franklin, sometimes rankled 
conservative church leaders by 

4545
04:01:27,900 --> 04:01:31,100
printing texts that veered two, 
secular or criticize certain 

4546
04:01:31,100 --> 04:01:33,500
dogmas. 
He also faced tension with other

4547
04:01:33,500 --> 04:01:36,600
printers who resented his rapid 
Ascension, and willingness to 

4548
04:01:36,600 --> 04:01:39,500
mock Rivals. 
Still his knack for bridging 

4549
04:01:39,500 --> 04:01:40,700
differences. 
Often prevailed. 

4550
04:01:41,400 --> 04:01:45,000
When Rumours of a severe 
smallpox outbreak loomed used 

4551
04:01:45,000 --> 04:01:47,600
his press to advocate for an 
inoculation though. 

4552
04:01:47,600 --> 04:01:50,400
He personally endured heartbreak
when one of his sons died of the

4553
04:01:50,400 --> 04:01:54,200
disease, the tragedy deepened 
Franklins resolve to promote 

4554
04:01:54,200 --> 04:01:56,700
evidence based Solutions over 
Superstition or fear. 

4555
04:01:57,700 --> 04:02:01,200
Simultaneously franklyn 
scientific curiosity blossomed. 

4556
04:02:01,200 --> 04:02:03,700
He embarked on rudimentary 
experiments. 

4557
04:02:03,700 --> 04:02:05,000
Observing local weather 
patterns. 

4558
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:09,100
Speculating that storms and 
winds might follow distinct 

4559
04:02:09,100 --> 04:02:10,500
trajectories across the 
colonies. 

4560
04:02:10,500 --> 04:02:13,800
A dinner. 
Gathering's speculated about 

4561
04:02:13,800 --> 04:02:17,100
electricity and obscure for 
phenomenon, rarely studied in 

4562
04:02:17,100 --> 04:02:19,100
depth outside Europe's learned 
societies. 

4563
04:02:19,100 --> 04:02:22,200
While his main energy is still 
lay in publishing and Civic 

4564
04:02:22,200 --> 04:02:25,600
activism that spark of Interest 
hinted at Future breakthroughs. 

4565
04:02:26,600 --> 04:02:28,700
He collected, glass tubes, and 
rods from ships. 

4566
04:02:28,700 --> 04:02:32,400
Arriving from England, quietly, 
testing ways to generate static 

4567
04:02:32,400 --> 04:02:34,800
charges. 
It was Uncharted Territory in 

4568
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:37,800
the North American context. 
Through these Endeavors 

4569
04:02:37,800 --> 04:02:41,500
Franklin, cultivated an image as
a problem, solver and afraid of 

4570
04:02:41,508 --> 04:02:45,900
multiple hats, publisher, social
entrepreneur, Proto scientist. 

4571
04:02:46,900 --> 04:02:48,900
Approach remained anchored in 
practicality. 

4572
04:02:48,900 --> 04:02:51,900
He believed knowledge mattered, 
chiefly when applied to real 

4573
04:02:51,900 --> 04:02:54,000
life challenges. 
Whether refining printing 

4574
04:02:54,000 --> 04:02:56,500
techniques or organizing 
communities to fight fires. 

4575
04:02:56,500 --> 04:03:00,400
Meanwhile Poor Richard's Almanac
soared in popularity. 

4576
04:03:01,500 --> 04:03:02,800
Its aphorisms turning into every
day. 

4577
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:06,700
Proverbs phrases, like early to 
bed and early to rise, makes a 

4578
04:03:06,700 --> 04:03:10,800
man healthy wealthy and wise to 
Casual speech shaping, the moral

4579
04:03:10,800 --> 04:03:13,800
of the day. 
Many readers had no idea that 

4580
04:03:13,800 --> 04:03:16,800
franklyn behind the comedic mask
of Richard Saunders, 

4581
04:03:16,800 --> 04:03:20,100
orchestrated each aphorism with 
a shrewd sense of what the 

4582
04:03:20,100 --> 04:03:24,200
public would embrace. 
By the mid 1730, he was no 

4583
04:03:24,200 --> 04:03:27,600
longer just a scrappy printer. 
He was emerging as a Civic 

4584
04:03:27,600 --> 04:03:30,300
figure recognized for Bridging 
the divides of a fractious, 

4585
04:03:30,300 --> 04:03:33,600
colonial society. 
His illusions of grandeur were 

4586
04:03:33,600 --> 04:03:36,700
subdued, though. 
He remained humble enough to 

4587
04:03:36,700 --> 04:03:39,500
realize that the bigger the 
stage, the steeper, the 

4588
04:03:39,500 --> 04:03:41,900
criticisms. 
Nevertheless the path ahead 

4589
04:03:41,900 --> 04:03:45,100
beckoned him to new Realms, both
scientific, and political that 

4590
04:03:45,100 --> 04:03:48,600
would redefine his standing in 
the colonies and Beyond as the 

4591
04:03:48,600 --> 04:03:52,300
1740s unfolded Franklin 
expanded, his repertoire of 

4592
04:03:52,308 --> 04:03:55,300
Ventures, moving beyond the 
realm of printing, presses, and 

4593
04:03:55,300 --> 04:03:58,400
local libraries. 
He began a foreign to public 

4594
04:03:58,400 --> 04:04:00,900
office. 
First as caca, the Pennsylvania 

4595
04:04:00,900 --> 04:04:04,900
assembly then as a Justice of 
the Peace though, these roles 

4596
04:04:04,900 --> 04:04:07,700
brought little direct power. 
The introduced him to the 

4597
04:04:07,700 --> 04:04:11,200
mechanics of governance and 
legislative procedures Franklin 

4598
04:04:11,200 --> 04:04:14,200
quickly grasped that influence 
often arose, not from formal 

4599
04:04:14,200 --> 04:04:16,800
titles but from credibility and 
discourse. 

4600
04:04:17,700 --> 04:04:19,400
Where the drafting petitions or 
speaking? 

4601
04:04:19,400 --> 04:04:22,800
Softly behind the scenes. 
He proved a depth at galvanizing

4602
04:04:22,800 --> 04:04:26,200
votes around pragmatic 
Solutions, his philanthropic 

4603
04:04:26,200 --> 04:04:28,100
instincts. 
Also guided him to found what he

4604
04:04:28,108 --> 04:04:29,500
called him. 
Academy. 

4605
04:04:31,100 --> 04:04:35,100
Conceived in the mid 1740s. 
This initiative eventually 

4606
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:38,500
evolved into the University of 
Pennsylvania, dissatisfied with 

4607
04:04:38,500 --> 04:04:41,600
narrow classical, curricula 
Franklin, yearned for an 

4608
04:04:41,600 --> 04:04:43,900
institution that melded, 
theoretical knowledge with 

4609
04:04:43,900 --> 04:04:46,900
practical Arts. 
He envisioned courses in modern 

4610
04:04:46,900 --> 04:04:51,700
languages commas, and applied 
sciences strikingly Progressive.

4611
04:04:51,700 --> 04:04:53,800
When many were still clung to 
Latin and Greek. 

4612
04:04:53,800 --> 04:04:56,700
As the backbone of learning, 
Gathering donations from 

4613
04:04:56,700 --> 04:04:58,900
merchants and Mild support from 
local leaders. 

4614
04:04:58,900 --> 04:05:03,400
He opened the academy in 1751 
students arrive from various 

4615
04:05:03,400 --> 04:05:07,200
Colonial towns forging, a new 
generation steeped in the Sin of

4616
04:05:07,200 --> 04:05:09,500
classical ideals and real world 
problem solving. 

4617
04:05:10,500 --> 04:05:13,000
Meanwhile, Franklin's 
fascination with electricity 

4618
04:05:13,000 --> 04:05:15,800
escalated news. 
Reached him of the European 

4619
04:05:15,800 --> 04:05:18,600
experiments generating Sparks 
from friction machines. 

4620
04:05:18,600 --> 04:05:21,500
Intrigued improvised his 
apparatus. 

4621
04:05:21,500 --> 04:05:25,400
He discovered that after rubbing
a glass tube bits of cork or 

4622
04:05:25,400 --> 04:05:29,000
paper jumped toward it, 
revealing hidden charges he took

4623
04:05:29,008 --> 04:05:32,700
copious notes meticulously 
describing how certain materials

4624
04:05:32,700 --> 04:05:36,900
attracted or repelled Over time,
he concluded that electricity 

4625
04:05:36,900 --> 04:05:39,000
involved. 
A single fluid that could move 

4626
04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:41,900
from one object to another 
revolutionary concept for the 

4627
04:05:41,900 --> 04:05:44,000
era. 
He even coined terms like 

4628
04:05:44,000 --> 04:05:46,900
battery positive and negative 
charges. 

4629
04:05:46,900 --> 04:05:49,900
These insights published in 
pamphlets. 

4630
04:05:49,900 --> 04:05:53,600
Reach, the Royal Society. 
In London catapulting, frankly 

4631
04:05:53,600 --> 04:05:57,600
in the realm of serious science,
His legendary kite experiment, 

4632
04:05:57,600 --> 04:06:01,200
while dramatized in modern 
retellings, indeed occurred 

4633
04:06:01,200 --> 04:06:05,700
around 1752 concerned that 
Europe's official experimenters 

4634
04:06:05,700 --> 04:06:08,100
might beat him to proof that 
lightning was Electric. 

4635
04:06:08,800 --> 04:06:11,900
Franklin prepared, a kite made 
from silk and a conductive metal

4636
04:06:11,900 --> 04:06:14,700
wire planning to fly it during a
thunderstorm. 

4637
04:06:15,500 --> 04:06:19,400
Observers often. 
Imagine dramatic flashes, but 

4638
04:06:19,400 --> 04:06:23,000
Franklin took precautions. 
He stood, under shelter holding 

4639
04:06:23,000 --> 04:06:25,700
the kite string, only through a 
key, attached near the bottom. 

4640
04:06:26,600 --> 04:06:30,400
The moment the kite soared into 
stormi clouds, the strands of 

4641
04:06:30,408 --> 04:06:33,500
the string, group wrestling 
signaling that electric charge 

4642
04:06:33,500 --> 04:06:37,000
was traveling downward. 
Small spark from the key to his 

4643
04:06:37,000 --> 04:06:38,500
knuckle of filmed his 
hypothesis. 

4644
04:06:38,500 --> 04:06:41,000
This demonstration led him to 
propose. 

4645
04:06:41,000 --> 04:06:44,000
The lightning rod. 
An iron Rod, placed atop 

4646
04:06:44,000 --> 04:06:47,200
buildings to direct lightning to
force safely into the ground. 

4647
04:06:48,200 --> 04:06:50,800
His success in explaining 
Lightnings nature elevated. 

4648
04:06:50,800 --> 04:06:55,300
His reputation overseas soon 
letters from eminent European 

4649
04:06:55,300 --> 04:07:02,100
volts in the ingenious Mr. Frank
to Frankton of Philadelphia Yet 

4650
04:07:02,100 --> 04:07:05,100
at home is daily. 
Responsibilities continued 

4651
04:07:05,100 --> 04:07:09,600
unabated, running a busy print 
shop, publishing a newspaper, an

4652
04:07:09,600 --> 04:07:13,400
encouraging, local improvements.
Scarcely, had time to Revel in 

4653
04:07:13,400 --> 04:07:15,600
his scientific achievements. 
Indeed. 

4654
04:07:15,600 --> 04:07:17,900
Franklin. 
Expressed surprise that his 

4655
04:07:17,900 --> 04:07:21,100
experiments won him so much. 
Acclaim abroad, while many 

4656
04:07:21,100 --> 04:07:24,100
neighbors remained unimpressed 
or simply confused by his 

4657
04:07:24,100 --> 04:07:27,200
lightning games. 
As if science and commerce 

4658
04:07:27,200 --> 04:07:30,000
weren't enough Franklin became, 
increasingly involved in 

4659
04:07:30,000 --> 04:07:32,900
Frontier politics. 
Tensions flared between 

4660
04:07:32,900 --> 04:07:35,600
Pennsylvania's Quaker. 
Dominated assembly in the pain 

4661
04:07:35,600 --> 04:07:37,500
for Molly Proprietors of the 
colony. 

4662
04:07:38,100 --> 04:07:41,100
Franklin believed in Fair, 
taxation, including taxes on the

4663
04:07:41,108 --> 04:07:44,000
Proprietors vast. 
A state's a view that had put 

4664
04:07:44,008 --> 04:07:45,700
him at odds with the privileged 
few. 

4665
04:07:45,700 --> 04:07:49,400
Additionally British French 
competition in North America was

4666
04:07:49,400 --> 04:07:51,900
heating up, culminating in the 
French and Indian War. 

4667
04:07:51,900 --> 04:07:55,400
Franklyn convinced that defense 
required Unity among colonies 

4668
04:07:55,400 --> 04:07:58,400
proposed his famous Join or Die 
cartoon. 

4669
04:07:58,400 --> 04:08:02,700
A segmented, snake representing 
the separate colonies, though. 

4670
04:08:02,700 --> 04:08:06,000
It's spurred, dialogue 
intercolonial Unity remained 

4671
04:08:06,000 --> 04:08:10,600
elusive, This interplay of local
squabbles and looming War tested

4672
04:08:10,600 --> 04:08:13,400
Franklins, political 
adaptability amid. 

4673
04:08:13,400 --> 04:08:16,400
These swirling commitments, 
Franklins, personal Circle 

4674
04:08:16,400 --> 04:08:19,000
change. 
His partnership with Deborah 

4675
04:08:19,000 --> 04:08:21,000
Reid. 
Persisted though they'd never 

4676
04:08:21,000 --> 04:08:24,000
married in a conventional 
ceremony, he fathered children 

4677
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:27,200
including William Franklin. 
Who would later become a royal 

4678
04:08:27,208 --> 04:08:29,200
governor? 
A Twist that would strain their 

4679
04:08:29,200 --> 04:08:30,800
bond as the revolution of 
approached. 

4680
04:08:31,500 --> 04:08:34,600
Franklin for all his rational 
thinking faced heartbreak and 

4681
04:08:34,600 --> 04:08:37,700
family tensions. 
You also enjoyed comedic relief 

4682
04:08:37,700 --> 04:08:41,200
hosting Gatherings, where Brandy
laced conversation, turned to 

4683
04:08:41,200 --> 04:08:44,500
improbable ideas like 
controlling storms, or forging 

4684
04:08:44,500 --> 04:08:46,700
alliances with Iroquois 
confederacies. 

4685
04:08:47,500 --> 04:08:49,800
Those evenings captured the 
spirit of a man at once. 

4686
04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:52,600
Playful and profoundly serious, 
about shaping a better Society 

4687
04:08:52,600 --> 04:08:56,100
by 1755, Franklin's name 
carried. 

4688
04:08:56,100 --> 04:09:00,300
Weight across multiple spheres 
inventor publisher, Civic 

4689
04:09:00,300 --> 04:09:02,700
organizer and budding political 
presence. 

4690
04:09:04,000 --> 04:09:06,700
The complexities of colonial 
life demanded more from him 

4691
04:09:06,700 --> 04:09:10,100
especially as War clouds loomed 
on the horizon. 

4692
04:09:10,100 --> 04:09:13,400
And he read these Omens. 
Suspecting that events in 

4693
04:09:13,400 --> 04:09:14,900
Europe. 
Would soon Ripple through the 

4694
04:09:14,900 --> 04:09:19,200
colonies in forceful ways. 
His intellectual curiosity sharp

4695
04:09:19,200 --> 04:09:22,200
and by successes in science 
prepared him to tackle these 

4696
04:09:22,200 --> 04:09:25,200
challenges yet. 
Even Frankling couldn't foresee 

4697
04:09:25,200 --> 04:09:27,700
how drastically the next decade 
would alter his path. 

4698
04:09:28,400 --> 04:09:32,000
The mid 1750s ushered in the 
French and Indian War pitting. 

4699
04:09:32,000 --> 04:09:34,500
British colonists, and their 
native allies against French 

4700
04:09:34,500 --> 04:09:36,300
forces. 
For control of North American 

4701
04:09:36,300 --> 04:09:40,100
Frontiers suddenly Franklin's 
calls for coordinated defense, 

4702
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:43,100
took on new urgency. 
Pennsylvania traditionally, 

4703
04:09:43,100 --> 04:09:46,900
pacifist under Quaker influence 
hesitated to fund a militia 

4704
04:09:46,900 --> 04:09:49,200
Franklin. 
Intervened by rallying the 

4705
04:09:49,200 --> 04:09:52,100
public to support the 
fortification of the colonies 

4706
04:09:52,100 --> 04:09:56,400
Western borders, even Trek to 
the Lehigh Valley, supervising 

4707
04:09:56,400 --> 04:09:58,700
the construction of simple 
stock, AIDS, and negotiating 

4708
04:09:58,700 --> 04:10:01,900
Provisions with Frontier 
settlers This experience 

4709
04:10:01,900 --> 04:10:04,700
deepened, his conviction that 
decentralized Colonial 

4710
04:10:04,700 --> 04:10:07,100
governance invited Peril in 
times of crisis. 

4711
04:10:08,100 --> 04:10:10,600
During this tumult, the 
Pennsylvania assembly 

4712
04:10:10,600 --> 04:10:14,100
dispatched, franklyn to London 
as a colonial agent hoping he 

4713
04:10:14,100 --> 04:10:16,500
could Lobby, British officials 
for favorable policies. 

4714
04:10:16,500 --> 04:10:22,200
Arriving in 1757, he was struck 
by London's vastness, teaming, 

4715
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:26,300
Commerce, or Nate architecture, 
and a lively intellectual scene.

4716
04:10:27,000 --> 04:10:30,400
No mere tourist Franklin got 
into the city's Coffee, House 

4717
04:10:30,400 --> 04:10:34,000
culture mingling with writers 
scientists and members of 

4718
04:10:34,000 --> 04:10:37,700
parliament. he soon realized 
that British politicians often 

4719
04:10:37,700 --> 04:10:40,700
held the colonies in lower 
regard, seeing them as sources 

4720
04:10:40,700 --> 04:10:43,500
of revenue or strategic buffers 
rather than partners 

4721
04:10:44,300 --> 04:10:47,800
Nevertheless Franklin's wit and 
scientific reputation eased his 

4722
04:10:47,800 --> 04:10:51,200
entry into Elite circles. 
He garnered invitations to 

4723
04:10:51,200 --> 04:10:54,100
electron electricity 
demonstration in hand. 

4724
04:10:54,100 --> 04:10:57,400
Wowing Aristocrats, who marveled
at the American electrician? 

4725
04:10:57,400 --> 04:11:01,500
Some found his plane, Quaker, 
like dress refreshing in a world

4726
04:11:01,508 --> 04:11:03,400
of powdered wigs and ruffled 
cuffs. 

4727
04:11:04,200 --> 04:11:07,500
Truly Franklin, leveraged these 
social encounters to address. 

4728
04:11:07,500 --> 04:11:11,600
Colonial concerns lobbied for 
fairer, trade regulations, and 

4729
04:11:11,600 --> 04:11:14,100
tried to persuade the Penn 
family to shoulder their share 

4730
04:11:14,100 --> 04:11:17,300
of taxes and Pennsylvania. 
Though the mission advanced in 

4731
04:11:17,300 --> 04:11:20,400
small increments, franklyn 
chafed at the slow pace of 

4732
04:11:20,408 --> 04:11:24,100
British bureaucracy over time he
witnessed the seeds of 

4733
04:11:24,100 --> 04:11:26,500
paternalistic attitudes. 
That would later spark, 

4734
04:11:26,500 --> 04:11:30,000
full-blown Colonial resentment, 
he wrote letters back to 

4735
04:11:30,000 --> 04:11:32,800
Philadelphia, warning that 
British officials seemed 

4736
04:11:32,800 --> 04:11:36,300
oblivious to Colonial 
capacities, He also recognized 

4737
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:39,200
that in trenched Aristocrats in 
Parliament viewed, Colonial 

4738
04:11:39,200 --> 04:11:41,800
assemblies as subservient in 
subtle ways. 

4739
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:45,100
These experiences eroded 
Franklins, loyalty to the 

4740
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:48,600
Empire's status quo, Franklin 
spent five years, in London, 

4741
04:11:48,600 --> 04:11:53,100
returning home in 1762 reunited 
with Deborah and his family. 

4742
04:11:53,100 --> 04:11:56,100
He found that Philadelphia had 
grown in population and 

4743
04:11:56,100 --> 04:11:58,800
ambition, despite success in 
resolving. 

4744
04:11:58,800 --> 04:12:03,000
Some pencil Vanya disputes, new 
controversies loomed, The 

4745
04:12:03,000 --> 04:12:05,900
British government having 
incurred massive debts from the 

4746
04:12:05,900 --> 04:12:09,800
war considered imposing taxes on
the colonies to recoup costs. 

4747
04:12:09,800 --> 04:12:12,100
Franklin saw the probable 
friction. 

4748
04:12:12,100 --> 04:12:15,200
That would result Before he 
could settle in. 

4749
04:12:15,200 --> 04:12:19,200
However the assembly again, 
tapped him for diplomatic tasks.

4750
04:12:19,200 --> 04:12:23,100
Sure enough. 
In 1764 with the Stamp Act on 

4751
04:12:23,100 --> 04:12:26,000
the horizon, Franklin was sent 
back to London to represent 

4752
04:12:26,000 --> 04:12:29,100
Pennsylvania's opposition to 
direct taxation without Colonial

4753
04:12:29,100 --> 04:12:31,900
input. 
Stamp Act crisis erupted in 

4754
04:12:31,900 --> 04:12:35,000
1765. 
Igniting unrest, across the 

4755
04:12:35,000 --> 04:12:39,200
colonies Critics on both sides. 
Hammond Park Franklin from his 

4756
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:42,100
vantage point in Britain, 
colonists suspected. 

4757
04:12:42,100 --> 04:12:45,800
He'd been complacent about the 
axe drafting londoners accused 

4758
04:12:45,800 --> 04:12:47,700
him of stirring rebellious 
sentiments. 

4759
04:12:47,700 --> 04:12:52,300
He testified before the House of
Commons, in 1766, offering a 

4760
04:12:52,300 --> 04:12:54,900
measured but firm explanation of
why the colonies believed. 

4761
04:12:54,900 --> 04:12:57,500
They should not be taxed by 
Parliament, where they had no 

4762
04:12:57,500 --> 04:13:01,200
elected representatives, his 
argument phrased in calm, 

4763
04:13:01,200 --> 04:13:03,400
logical terms. 
Suede, summer opinion 

4764
04:13:03,400 --> 04:13:06,600
contributing to the Stamp Acts 
of ventral repeal. 

4765
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:10,400
Yet tensions didn't subside 
fully the declaratory act 

4766
04:13:10,400 --> 04:13:13,100
followed asserting Britain's 
right to legislate for the 

4767
04:13:13,100 --> 04:13:14,300
colonies in all cases, 
whatsoever. 

4768
04:13:15,700 --> 04:13:18,400
Franklin, lingard in Britain, 
dividing his time between 

4769
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:21,300
official negotiations and 
private scientific Pursuits. 

4770
04:13:21,300 --> 04:13:24,800
He joined the Royal Society. 
Forging friendships with 

4771
04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:26,500
luminaries like Joseph 
Priestley. 

4772
04:13:26,500 --> 04:13:30,200
They debated the nature of gases
the possibility of manned 

4773
04:13:30,200 --> 04:13:34,000
flight, a new Mechanical 
Devices, Franklin's add at mind 

4774
04:13:34,000 --> 04:13:37,100
roved freely, in these circles 
producing incremental 

4775
04:13:37,100 --> 04:13:39,700
contributions to Fields like 
meteorology and oceanography. 

4776
04:13:40,900 --> 04:13:43,400
Map, The Gulfstream after 
hearing whaling, captains 

4777
04:13:43,400 --> 04:13:46,100
discussed warm, Atlantic 
currents, guiding ships to 

4778
04:13:46,100 --> 04:13:47,900
exploit faster routes across the
ocean. 

4779
04:13:48,700 --> 04:13:52,800
Yet personal heartbreak struck, 
Deborah passed away in 1774. 

4780
04:13:53,700 --> 04:13:57,000
Franklyn, who'd been abroad for 
years, felt deep regret not 

4781
04:13:57,000 --> 04:14:00,600
seeing her in her final days. 
Meanwhile, political storms at 

4782
04:14:00,600 --> 04:14:04,300
home intensified. 
The Boston Tea Party erupted, 

4783
04:14:04,300 --> 04:14:06,500
prompting harsh, British 
retaliation. 

4784
04:14:07,500 --> 04:14:11,000
Franklyn found himself once more
the target of criticism even 

4785
04:14:11,000 --> 04:14:13,900
singled out by the British privy
Council for public Century in 

4786
04:14:13,908 --> 04:14:17,700
1774 over leaked letters, 
slanted and humiliated and 

4787
04:14:17,700 --> 04:14:21,400
humiliating here in he sent that
reconciliation might be doomed 

4788
04:14:21,400 --> 04:14:25,300
in that humiliating moment, the 
cracks in his hope for a 

4789
04:14:25,300 --> 04:14:28,100
peaceful resolution to the 
Imperial crisis, widened into a 

4790
04:14:28,100 --> 04:14:33,400
chasm. when he finally sailed 
back to America in 1775 War, 

4791
04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:36,800
seemed likely Franklyn had left 
the colonies as a patient 

4792
04:14:36,808 --> 04:14:40,300
mediator seeking compromise. 
He returned an embittered 

4793
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:43,100
observer convinced that 
Britain's Ministry, would never 

4794
04:14:43,100 --> 04:14:46,500
treat the colonies fairly this 
pivot, would chart the next 

4795
04:14:46,500 --> 04:14:49,100
phase of his life. 
Transforming him from loyal, 

4796
04:14:49,100 --> 04:14:52,400
Colonial agent into a champion 
of Independence a role that 

4797
04:14:52,400 --> 04:14:55,300
ironically few might have 
predicted a decade earlier. 

4798
04:14:56,100 --> 04:14:59,200
Franklin landed in Philadelphia 
into May 1775. 

4799
04:14:59,200 --> 04:15:03,100
Greeted by an unfolding 
Revolution, Lexington, and 

4800
04:15:03,100 --> 04:15:04,900
Concord and battles had already 
erupted. 

4801
04:15:04,900 --> 04:15:08,900
Mobilizing militias across the 
colonies the Second Continental 

4802
04:15:08,900 --> 04:15:10,200
Congress. 
Convened. 

4803
04:15:10,200 --> 04:15:14,400
Grappling, with whether to seek 
reconciliation or assert 

4804
04:15:14,400 --> 04:15:17,600
Independence, Franklins arrive 
injected, a seasoned 

4805
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:19,800
perspective. 
He had been at the heart of 

4806
04:15:19,808 --> 04:15:22,700
negotiations with Britain and 
felt the monarchies and transgen

4807
04:15:22,700 --> 04:15:25,500
for first-hand. 
He saw little choice but to 

4808
04:15:25,500 --> 04:15:27,700
prepare for armed conflict, 
Nonetheless. 

4809
04:15:27,700 --> 04:15:29,800
He did not rush to declare 
separation. 

4810
04:15:30,600 --> 04:15:33,700
Like many delegates franklyn 
believed that a unified approach

4811
04:15:33,700 --> 04:15:36,100
was imperative. 
The Congress formed the 

4812
04:15:36,108 --> 04:15:39,300
Continental Army, naming George 
Washington, as Commander in 

4813
04:15:39,300 --> 04:15:42,500
Chief, meanwhile Franklin. 
Chaired committees on Postal 

4814
04:15:42,500 --> 04:15:45,100
Service leading and hand him 
becoming America's first 

4815
04:15:45,100 --> 04:15:47,800
Postmaster General. 
And on forging alliances with 

4816
04:15:47,800 --> 04:15:50,500
Native groups, his pragmatic 
style. 

4817
04:15:50,500 --> 04:15:53,300
Listening intently forging 
consensus helped nudge the 

4818
04:15:53,300 --> 04:15:55,900
Congress forward. 
He also made time to communicate

4819
04:15:55,900 --> 04:15:58,900
with friends in Britain, who 
supported Colonial rights 

4820
04:15:58,900 --> 04:16:03,000
regretting, the delay in 
reaching a consensus Crucially, 

4821
04:16:03,000 --> 04:16:06,100
franklyn joined a committee 
tasked with drafting a 

4822
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:10,200
declaration of independence in 
mid 1776 that small group 

4823
04:16:10,200 --> 04:16:12,300
included, Thomas Jefferson John 
Adams. 

4824
04:16:12,300 --> 04:16:15,500
Roger Sherman. 
And Robert Livingston Jefferson 

4825
04:16:15,500 --> 04:16:18,500
known for his eloquent. 
Pain, took the primary writing 

4826
04:16:18,500 --> 04:16:21,800
role yet franklyn's edits shape 
the final text. 

4827
04:16:22,600 --> 04:16:24,900
He proposed changes to some of 
Jefferson's more Florida. 

4828
04:16:24,900 --> 04:16:27,100
Passages seeking crisp 
directness. 

4829
04:16:28,000 --> 04:16:31,400
When the Declaration was 
ratified on July 4th 1776 

4830
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:35,400
Franklins signature joined 
others at the bottom marking him

4831
04:16:35,400 --> 04:16:38,400
as one of the founding signers 
equipped afterward. 

4832
04:16:38,400 --> 04:16:41,200
We must all hang together or 
most assuredly. 

4833
04:16:41,200 --> 04:16:44,400
We shall all hang separately. 
Capturing the precarious Unity 

4834
04:16:44,400 --> 04:16:46,900
of the moment. 
The next challenge was 

4835
04:16:46,900 --> 04:16:50,600
international support. 
Diplomatic ties, specially with 

4836
04:16:50,608 --> 04:16:54,900
France, were critical for the 
rebel cause having spent ample 

4837
04:16:54,900 --> 04:16:57,500
time in Europe and possessing a 
flair for interpersonal charm. 

4838
04:16:57,500 --> 04:17:02,100
Franklin was the natural Envoy 
in late. 1776, he crossed the 

4839
04:17:02,100 --> 04:17:04,600
Atlantic again. 
Braving winter Seas to reach 

4840
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:06,800
Paris. 
There he took up residence in 

4841
04:17:06,808 --> 04:17:11,000
passing near the city's 
outskirts clad in a Firkin of a 

4842
04:17:11,000 --> 04:17:14,600
wig, Franklin, arresting 
cigarette, French salon's 

4843
04:17:14,600 --> 04:17:18,200
Aristocrats, found him both 
amusing and wise and rolled by 

4844
04:17:18,208 --> 04:17:20,900
the notion of a plain spoke and 
philosopher from the new world, 

4845
04:17:20,900 --> 04:17:24,800
Franklin's Mission transcended, 
mere socializing, he needed 

4846
04:17:24,800 --> 04:17:28,300
French backing money arms, 
possibly direct military 

4847
04:17:28,300 --> 04:17:30,700
intervention. 
Yet the French Court while 

4848
04:17:30,700 --> 04:17:33,600
sympathetic to humiliating moved
cautiously. 

4849
04:17:34,600 --> 04:17:36,600
Franklyn leveraged his 
scientific renowned, 

4850
04:17:36,600 --> 04:17:39,200
intellectual banter, and a 
subtle sense of theater. 

4851
04:17:39,200 --> 04:17:42,300
You Regale guests with 
experiments on static 

4852
04:17:42,300 --> 04:17:45,900
electricity offered. 
Whitney aphorisms and prized 

4853
04:17:45,900 --> 04:17:53,700
French art over dinners. 
He described the Quest for 

4854
04:17:53,700 --> 04:17:56,400
Liberty. 
Painting it as a, global 

4855
04:17:56,400 --> 04:17:58,800
struggle, pitting Orchestra 
against enlightenment. 

4856
04:18:00,200 --> 04:18:03,800
Over time Franklin became a 
sensation in prison circles. 

4857
04:18:04,400 --> 04:18:08,200
Political alliances blossomed 
behind the scenes culminating in

4858
04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:11,200
the 1778 franco-american Treaty 
of Alliance. 

4859
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:14,800
This partnership significant, 
the Triumph for the nascent 

4860
04:18:14,800 --> 04:18:17,600
United States, fundamentally 
altered the course of events. 

4861
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:21,000
French naval and Military 
Support hammered British 

4862
04:18:21,000 --> 04:18:24,600
positions, Franklin continued to
refine the arrangement pressing 

4863
04:18:24,600 --> 04:18:27,100
for loans and suppliers letters 
from American. 

4864
04:18:27,100 --> 04:18:30,300
Generals describing dire needs 
arrived weekly. 

4865
04:18:31,100 --> 04:18:33,900
Franklyn juggled these please 
with the in trekkies of French 

4866
04:18:33,900 --> 04:18:36,800
Court politics, while some 
younger French officers, like 

4867
04:18:36,800 --> 04:18:39,700
Lafayette romanticized, the 
revolution, King, Louis, the 

4868
04:18:39,700 --> 04:18:42,100
16th weighed the risk of 
bankrupting his Treasury. 

4869
04:18:43,000 --> 04:18:45,400
Franklyn navigated these 
cross-currents with a plum 

4870
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:47,900
offering gracious. 
Thanks for every concession 

4871
04:18:47,900 --> 04:18:52,800
while quietly pressing for more.
Amid these negotiations franklyn

4872
04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:54,700
also displayed his renowned 
since of humor. 

4873
04:18:55,400 --> 04:18:58,600
One anecdote recounted dinner at
which a French Noble expressed 

4874
04:18:58,600 --> 04:19:01,900
doubt that a new Republic could 
succeed, franklyn. 

4875
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:04,900
Allegedly responded with a 
Whimsical analogy about a rising

4876
04:19:04,900 --> 04:19:07,600
balloon that might wobble. 
But ultimately float leaving 

4877
04:19:07,600 --> 04:19:11,400
doubters behind, he understood 
that small symbolic gestures 

4878
04:19:11,400 --> 04:19:14,000
combined. 
With rational argument often 

4879
04:19:14,000 --> 04:19:17,900
wielded outside influence in 
diplomatic circles, the Synergy 

4880
04:19:17,900 --> 04:19:20,900
of warmth intelligence and 
subtle persuasion proved 

4881
04:19:20,900 --> 04:19:25,400
invaluable By 1781 the 
franco-american alliance had 

4882
04:19:25,400 --> 04:19:27,800
turned the walls. 
Momentum Victory at Yorktown. 

4883
04:19:27,800 --> 04:19:31,900
Aided by French forces ended 
major hostilities yet? 

4884
04:19:31,900 --> 04:19:35,200
Formal piece, took time, 
Franklin joined the American 

4885
04:19:35,200 --> 04:19:39,000
Peace Commission with John Adams
and John Jay forging, the 1783 

4886
04:19:39,000 --> 04:19:42,200
Treaty of Paris. 
The negotiations tested 

4887
04:19:42,200 --> 04:19:45,600
Franklin's patients as British 
officials jockeyed for favorable

4888
04:19:45,600 --> 04:19:49,400
terms, in the end, the treaty 
recognized us, independence, and

4889
04:19:49,400 --> 04:19:51,900
set boundaries, that shape. 
The young Nations prospects. 

4890
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:55,600
Franklin found satisfaction in 
receiving British diplomats at 

4891
04:19:55,600 --> 04:19:58,000
the same city where the monarchy
at once scorned him. 

4892
04:19:58,800 --> 04:20:01,200
Yet, he did not gloat. 
The end of War. 

4893
04:20:01,200 --> 04:20:04,500
Demanded reconciliation. 
He believed that forging stable 

4894
04:20:04,500 --> 04:20:06,900
commerce between Britain and 
America would benefit both. 

4895
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:10,900
Having secured Independence, 
franklyn lingard in France as an

4896
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:13,300
unofficial cultural Ambassador 
relishing. 

4897
04:20:13,300 --> 04:20:16,900
The city's intellectual ferment.
His final years in Europe were 

4898
04:20:16,900 --> 04:20:19,900
busy with banquet's. 
Scientific forums and visits 

4899
04:20:19,900 --> 04:20:22,700
from Luminaires yet. 
Philadelphia Beckham. 

4900
04:20:23,400 --> 04:20:26,400
He would soon return home to a 
new set of challenges shaping, 

4901
04:20:26,400 --> 04:20:28,500
the Constitution and the future 
of a republic. 

4902
04:20:28,500 --> 04:20:33,500
He had helped birth And 17805, 
Franklin, last returned to the 

4903
04:20:33,500 --> 04:20:37,100
United States docking in 
Philadelphia to warm receptions,

4904
04:20:37,100 --> 04:20:40,900
local citizens, lionized him as 
the architect of a triumphant 

4905
04:20:40,900 --> 04:20:43,700
Alliance. 
The wise Elder Statesman, who 

4906
04:20:43,700 --> 04:20:45,600
Charmed Paris into aiding the 
revolution. 

4907
04:20:46,500 --> 04:20:50,700
Yet franklyn, then in his late 
70s, knew the war's end and 

4908
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:53,600
settle how these United Colonies
would operate as a cohesive 

4909
04:20:53,600 --> 04:20:56,500
Nation. 
A shaky Confederation still 

4910
04:20:56,500 --> 04:20:59,800
governed lacking the power to 
regulate commerce or unify 

4911
04:20:59,800 --> 04:21:02,700
States. 
Disputes Royal over boundaries 

4912
04:21:02,700 --> 04:21:07,500
tariffs and War debts. 
Despite his age Franklin 

4913
04:21:07,500 --> 04:21:10,300
accepted election as president, 
governor of Pennsylvania. 

4914
04:21:11,400 --> 04:21:13,800
Stepping into a largely 
ceremonial but symbolically 

4915
04:21:13,800 --> 04:21:16,600
important post. 
He wielded the role to Champion 

4916
04:21:16,600 --> 04:21:20,800
policies for civic Improvement, 
roads, firefighting expansions, 

4917
04:21:20,800 --> 04:21:24,300
and education. 
However, an even more pressing 

4918
04:21:24,300 --> 04:21:26,800
matter loomed. 
Forging a stronger Federal 

4919
04:21:26,800 --> 04:21:32,100
framework in 17805 1787 
delegates convened in 

4920
04:21:32,100 --> 04:21:34,800
Philadelphia for what became the
Constitutional Convention. 

4921
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:39,600
Franklin, physically, frail 
arrived each day in a sedan 

4922
04:21:39,600 --> 04:21:41,600
checked by prisoners from the 
local jail. 

4923
04:21:41,600 --> 04:21:45,300
They were assigned to him as a 
courtesy nevertheless his 

4924
04:21:45,300 --> 04:21:48,300
presence galvanized. 
Participants although James 

4925
04:21:48,300 --> 04:21:51,500
Madison and others led the 
drafting Franklin's influence 

4926
04:21:51,500 --> 04:21:55,300
often smoothed bitter disputes 
during the sweltering debates, 

4927
04:21:55,300 --> 04:21:59,100
tempers flared, small states. 
Feared dominance by large 

4928
04:21:59,100 --> 04:22:02,300
states, While others demanded 
checks on federal Authority. 

4929
04:22:02,300 --> 04:22:05,600
Franklin rarely took the floor 
for extended speeches. 

4930
04:22:05,600 --> 04:22:08,900
His hearing was poor and he 
tired easily when he did speak 

4931
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:11,700
used by anecdotes to defuse 
tension. 

4932
04:22:12,400 --> 04:22:16,100
Urged compromise cautioning that
no perfect Constitution could be

4933
04:22:16,108 --> 04:22:19,700
formed by flawed human's. 
One famous incident saw him 

4934
04:22:19,700 --> 04:22:23,800
proposed daily prayers, not out 
of strict religiosity, but to 

4935
04:22:23,800 --> 04:22:25,600
remind delegates of shared 
humility. 

4936
04:22:26,400 --> 04:22:29,900
His mediation plus behind the 
scenes Coke, singing helped 

4937
04:22:29,900 --> 04:22:33,500
shape the final product. a 
constitution granting enough 

4938
04:22:33,500 --> 04:22:36,400
central power, to unify the 
state's without trampling local 

4939
04:22:36,400 --> 04:22:39,900
progressives at the 
convention's, close, a bicep and

4940
04:22:39,908 --> 04:22:42,900
asked franklyn, what form of 
government had emerged, he 

4941
04:22:42,900 --> 04:22:48,300
famously replied a republic if 
you can keep it, That quips, 

4942
04:22:48,300 --> 04:22:51,800
summarized his Outlook, the new 
structure, demanded vigilance 

4943
04:22:51,800 --> 04:22:54,500
moral leadership, and an 
informed citizenry. 

4944
04:22:55,300 --> 04:22:56,700
A lesser known note from that 
day. 

4945
04:22:56,700 --> 04:23:00,400
Is that Franklin also commented 
on an emblem, carved into George

4946
04:23:00,400 --> 04:23:03,300
Washington's chair, a son 
perched on the horizon. 

4947
04:23:04,300 --> 04:23:06,600
Franklin said, he had long 
wondered whether that sun was 

4948
04:23:06,608 --> 04:23:10,400
rising or setting. 
Now he can concluded, it was a 

4949
04:23:10,400 --> 04:23:13,000
Rising Sun, a symbol of renewed 
hope. 

4950
04:23:13,700 --> 04:23:16,700
Once the Constitution was 
ratified Franklin's Health. 

4951
04:23:16,700 --> 04:23:20,600
Deteriorated further. 
Gout plagued him confining him 

4952
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:24,000
to bed for stretches yet. 
He remained cognitively sharp 

4953
04:23:24,000 --> 04:23:27,100
continuing to correspond with 
Scientists abroad. 

4954
04:23:27,100 --> 04:23:31,000
Exploring everything from ocean 
currents, to Refrigeration 

4955
04:23:31,000 --> 04:23:33,900
theories. 
He also engaged in philanthropic

4956
04:23:33,900 --> 04:23:37,800
efforts donating funds to local 
charities and urging the city to

4957
04:23:37,800 --> 04:23:40,900
create better public sanitation 
slavery, weighed on his 

4958
04:23:40,900 --> 04:23:43,400
conscience. 
Having once owned a couple of 

4959
04:23:43,400 --> 04:23:46,000
household slaves in early a 
decades, a practice. 

4960
04:23:46,000 --> 04:23:49,200
He eventually came to deploy 
franklyn in his final years 

4961
04:23:49,200 --> 04:23:51,700
served as president of the 
Pennsylvania Society for 

4962
04:23:51,700 --> 04:23:53,300
promoting the abolition of 
slavery. 

4963
04:23:54,200 --> 04:23:55,800
In petition. 
The first Congress, under the 

4964
04:23:55,808 --> 04:24:00,000
Constitution to Halt the trade, 
a bold stars that provoked Anger

4965
04:24:00,000 --> 04:24:03,700
from Southern Representatives 
But frankly was Resolute 

4966
04:24:03,700 --> 04:24:06,300
believing that moral 
consistency, required. 

4967
04:24:06,300 --> 04:24:10,800
Confronting America's hypocrisy 
on Liberty, In 1789, the 

4968
04:24:10,800 --> 04:24:13,600
Constitution took effect. 
Franklin witnessed the 

4969
04:24:13,600 --> 04:24:15,600
inauguration of George 
Washington as the first 

4970
04:24:15,600 --> 04:24:17,000
president under the new 
government. 

4971
04:24:17,000 --> 04:24:20,600
Reaffirming that the experiment,
he helped launch would be led by

4972
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:21,800
a figure. 
He respected. 

4973
04:24:22,700 --> 04:24:25,900
That same year, the elderly 
Statesman penned a famous letter

4974
04:24:25,900 --> 04:24:27,600
to a friend about life 
certainties. 

4975
04:24:28,600 --> 04:24:31,800
Concluding that in this world, 
nothing can be said to be 

4976
04:24:31,800 --> 04:24:37,600
certain except death and taxes. 
The phrase typically repeated in

4977
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:41,400
Jets captured franklyn's blend 
of realism and wit. 

4978
04:24:42,100 --> 04:24:45,800
Like April, 1790 Franklins, 
Health had reached a terminal 

4979
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:49,400
stage on his deathbed. 
He asked visitors about the new 

4980
04:24:49,400 --> 04:24:52,400
Congress, expressed hope that 
reason might eventually and 

4981
04:24:52,400 --> 04:24:55,200
slavery and in a final flourish 
of humor. 

4982
04:24:55,200 --> 04:24:59,000
Reportedly teased that living 
longer might upset immortalities

4983
04:24:59,000 --> 04:25:05,200
ground plan, he died on April, 
7th 1790 at age, 84 mourners 

4984
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:08,000
flocked his funeral filming 
Philadelphia streets. 

4985
04:25:08,000 --> 04:25:11,400
Eulogies came from Paris where 
he was still adored. 

4986
04:25:11,400 --> 04:25:14,800
And from London acknowledging, 
the loss of a man who though 

4987
04:25:14,800 --> 04:25:18,000
pivotal in severing British rule
at also sought Peaceable 

4988
04:25:18,000 --> 04:25:22,200
relations His will reflected a 
strategic mind, even in death 

4989
04:25:22,200 --> 04:25:26,300
besides bequests to family and 
Charities, Franklin left money, 

4990
04:25:26,300 --> 04:25:29,100
and Trust for Boston and 
Philadelphia to be invested over

4991
04:25:29,100 --> 04:25:32,400
centuries. 
The funds supported public works

4992
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:34,600
such as scholarships and 
building improvements. 

4993
04:25:35,400 --> 04:25:37,700
That final philanthropic. 
Gesture mirrored. 

4994
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:41,000
His life's ethos sow seeds. 
That future Generations might 

4995
04:25:41,000 --> 04:25:43,000
Harvest. 
He left behind a blueprint for 

4996
04:25:43,000 --> 04:25:45,000
how curiosity practical 
invention. 

4997
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:48,500
Civic collaboration and 
diplomacy confused into a single

4998
04:25:48,500 --> 04:25:51,900
expansive life. 
Benjamin Franklin's Legacy has 

4999
04:25:51,900 --> 04:25:55,200
often been condensed into tidy. 
Vignettes the perspective 

5000
04:25:55,200 --> 04:25:58,800
founder with a Titan, a storm, 
the slide Diplomat at 

5001
04:25:58,800 --> 04:26:01,400
Versailles. 
The venerable signature of key 

5002
04:26:01,400 --> 04:26:04,800
documents, However, these brief 
portrayals run, the risk of 

5003
04:26:04,800 --> 04:26:08,100
reducing the complexity of a man
who embodied contradiction and 

5004
04:26:08,100 --> 04:26:10,300
experimentation, in every aspect
of his life. 

5005
04:26:11,100 --> 04:26:12,700
In the centuries since his 
passing. 

5006
04:26:13,400 --> 04:26:16,700
Scholars and admirers of 
uncovered layers of nuance, a 

5007
04:26:16,700 --> 04:26:19,400
contradictory figure, balance 
and skepticism with moral 

5008
04:26:19,400 --> 04:26:23,400
ambition, vanity with genuine 
altruism and personal failings 

5009
04:26:23,400 --> 04:26:27,000
with public Triumph, In some 
respects, franklyn was a 

5010
04:26:27,000 --> 04:26:29,000
champion of the enlightenment's 
ideals. 

5011
04:26:29,000 --> 04:26:33,300
Believing that human progress. 
Hinged on reason science and 

5012
04:26:33,300 --> 04:26:36,300
ethical collaboration. 
The organized scientific 

5013
04:26:36,300 --> 04:26:40,400
societies, teased out, electric 
laws and improved everyday items

5014
04:26:40,400 --> 04:26:42,900
like stove's. 
Yet, he could also indulge 

5015
04:26:42,900 --> 04:26:46,700
himself promotion, spinning, 
anecdotes to burnish his folksy 

5016
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:48,900
persona. 
He was cunning in political 

5017
04:26:48,900 --> 04:26:51,800
maneuvering, employing 
pseudonyms to nudge public 

5018
04:26:51,800 --> 04:26:54,600
debates. 
Critics sometimes paint him as a

5019
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:56,700
manipulator who rarely disclosed
raw emotions. 

5020
04:26:56,700 --> 04:27:00,400
Despite that Detachment, he 
rallied communities toward 

5021
04:27:00,400 --> 04:27:03,900
philanthropic causes Advanced 
Civic infrastructure and 

5022
04:27:03,900 --> 04:27:06,800
invented practical solutions 
that ease daily toil. 

5023
04:27:08,100 --> 04:27:11,100
The Synergy of personal drive, 
and social Vision remains a 

5024
04:27:11,100 --> 04:27:14,600
Hallmark of his story. 
Educational institutions across 

5025
04:27:14,600 --> 04:27:17,900
the United States and Beyond 
lionized franklyn as a 

5026
04:27:17,900 --> 04:27:21,100
Renaissance figure, an 
inspiration for self-starters, 

5027
04:27:21,100 --> 04:27:25,200
the Franklin myth, however, 
glosses over the hardships, he 

5028
04:27:25,200 --> 04:27:29,300
faced familial estrangements 
heartbreak at losing children, 

5029
04:27:29,300 --> 04:27:32,900
the compromise laiden reality of
forging alliance's. 

5030
04:27:32,900 --> 04:27:37,400
He also wrestled with ethical 
dilemmas notably regarding 

5031
04:27:37,400 --> 04:27:41,800
slavery early in life. 
He accepted it only in late 

5032
04:27:41,800 --> 04:27:43,300
Year's. 
Did he vocally oppose the 

5033
04:27:43,300 --> 04:27:46,000
institution? 
that Evolution typifies 

5034
04:27:46,000 --> 04:27:49,200
Franklin's Journey, he rarely 
arrived at morale starts, his 

5035
04:27:49,200 --> 04:27:53,500
instantly but Advanced through 
observational dialogue and 

5036
04:27:53,500 --> 04:27:58,600
reflection Moreover, Franklin's 
personal brand of diplomacy, a 

5037
04:27:58,600 --> 04:28:02,300
blend of charm, data-driven 
argument, and comedic Flair laid

5038
04:28:02,300 --> 04:28:05,700
down a blueprint for modern 
foreign relations in France. 

5039
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:08,400
He recognized that wooing, 
allies transcended, formal 

5040
04:28:08,400 --> 04:28:12,500
treaties it, demanded cultural 
Rapport, he cultivated that 

5041
04:28:12,500 --> 04:28:15,700
Rapport through witty 
conversation, heartfelt flattery

5042
04:28:15,700 --> 04:28:17,900
and honest respect for French 
intellect. 

5043
04:28:18,600 --> 04:28:21,600
Diplomatic historians often, 
cite him as a Pioneer, who 

5044
04:28:21,600 --> 04:28:24,600
recognized that forging 
friendships in salons could be 

5045
04:28:24,600 --> 04:28:27,200
as potent as drafting paragraphs
in official documents. 

5046
04:28:27,200 --> 04:28:31,400
The result was a transformative 
Alliance that arguably secured 

5047
04:28:31,400 --> 04:28:35,200
American independence. 
Another rarely highlighted facet

5048
04:28:35,200 --> 04:28:37,700
is Franklin's continuing 
influence on philanthropic 

5049
04:28:37,700 --> 04:28:40,600
models, his approach forming 
subscription, libraries 

5050
04:28:40,600 --> 04:28:44,900
Volunteer Fire brigades and 
Improvement societies prefigured

5051
04:28:44,900 --> 04:28:48,800
modern on profits, by tapping 
small, regular contributions. 

5052
04:28:48,800 --> 04:28:52,500
From many participants franklyn 
mobilized resources far beyond 

5053
04:28:52,500 --> 04:28:54,000
what a loan benefactor could 
Supply. 

5054
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:58,600
He wrote extensively on how Club
structures could unify 

5055
04:28:58,600 --> 04:29:02,000
communities around shared needs.
These principles echo in 

5056
04:29:02,008 --> 04:29:03,600
contemporary crowdfunding and 
Civic. 

5057
04:29:03,600 --> 04:29:07,700
Volunteer programs in science 
Franklin's practice of Thor and 

5058
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:09,800
not taking Pierre 
correspondents. 

5059
04:29:09,800 --> 04:29:12,700
And willingness to correct 
earlier assumptions, exemplify, 

5060
04:29:12,700 --> 04:29:14,200
the iterative nature of 
research. 

5061
04:29:15,100 --> 04:29:18,600
Championed open sharing of 
findings rather than hoarding 

5062
04:29:18,600 --> 04:29:21,300
them for profit. 
His letters, bristle with calls 

5063
04:29:21,300 --> 04:29:24,900
for transatlantic knowledge, 
exchange indeed his postmaster 

5064
04:29:24,900 --> 04:29:27,700
appointment Advanced, the speed 
of male facilitating. 

5065
04:29:27,700 --> 04:29:31,400
Scientific networks, in that 
sense, Franklin's acted as a 

5066
04:29:31,408 --> 04:29:34,300
conduit for bridging old world 
academies and New World 

5067
04:29:34,300 --> 04:29:37,700
experimenters accelerating the 
enlightenment's global momentum.

5068
04:29:38,700 --> 04:29:41,900
Today's visitors to Philadelphia
can trace Franklin's Footprints 

5069
04:29:41,900 --> 04:29:45,000
sites like independent hall. 
The Franklin Court Museum. 

5070
04:29:45,000 --> 04:29:49,600
Well, the Christ Church, burial 
ground They might see intangible

5071
04:29:49,600 --> 04:29:52,200
marks too. 
The ethos of Civic collaboration

5072
04:29:52,200 --> 04:29:55,100
and entrepreneurial Zeal 
remained strong in the city's 

5073
04:29:55,100 --> 04:29:57,400
culture. 
Historians debate, where the 

5074
04:29:57,400 --> 04:30:00,800
Franklin's Legacy looms, too 
large overshadowing lesson 

5075
04:30:00,800 --> 04:30:03,700
known, but equally vital 
contributors to early American 

5076
04:30:03,700 --> 04:30:06,500
Life. 
Yet few deny that his capacity 

5077
04:30:06,500 --> 04:30:10,100
pivot from printing to invention
from local activism to Grand. 

5078
04:30:10,100 --> 04:30:13,000
Diplomacy stands as an 
extraordinary demonstration of 

5079
04:30:13,000 --> 04:30:16,400
adaptive genius. 
Franklin's example, resonates 

5080
04:30:16,400 --> 04:30:19,600
with the possibility of 
reinvention at any stage, he 

5081
04:30:19,600 --> 04:30:23,400
pivoted, careers championed, 
social improvements and tackled 

5082
04:30:23,400 --> 04:30:26,700
New Frontiers of science. 
Well, into his senior years, his

5083
04:30:26,700 --> 04:30:29,700
failures like the Fiasco at the 
British privy Council or 

5084
04:30:29,700 --> 04:30:32,500
personal regrets about absent, 
fatherhood did not halt his 

5085
04:30:32,500 --> 04:30:35,500
momentum. 
Instead they spurred reflection 

5086
04:30:35,500 --> 04:30:38,800
and course correction that 
Dynamic interplay of aspiration 

5087
04:30:38,800 --> 04:30:40,700
and humility. 
Undergirds is adult life, 

5088
04:30:40,700 --> 04:30:44,600
providing a refreshing contrast 
of Jude or dogmatic leadership 

5089
04:30:44,600 --> 04:30:48,300
styles in summary. 
It is difficult to neatly 

5090
04:30:48,300 --> 04:30:50,200
categorize Benjamin Franklin's 
story. 

5091
04:30:50,200 --> 04:30:53,400
He was a printer who saw words 
as the foundation of public 

5092
04:30:53,400 --> 04:30:55,700
life. 
Scientist who harnessed the 

5093
04:30:55,700 --> 04:30:59,400
power of lightning. 
Smith whose wit won the favor of

5094
04:30:59,400 --> 04:31:03,700
a monarchy and a moral innovator
who in his late Year's struggled

5095
04:31:03,700 --> 04:31:07,400
to balance the ideals of the new
Republic with its realities, his

5096
04:31:07,400 --> 04:31:10,600
life and carburetor sees from 
encourages us to keep exploring 

5097
04:31:10,600 --> 04:31:14,500
keep experimenting and keep 
forging a alliance's. by 

5098
04:31:14,500 --> 04:31:17,700
harnessing curiosity and 
civic-mindedness franklyn 

5099
04:31:17,700 --> 04:31:21,100
believed Society could inch 
closer to Enlightenment that 

5100
04:31:21,100 --> 04:31:24,400
belief still pulses in the tail 
of a pragmatic dreamer, whose 

5101
04:31:24,400 --> 04:31:27,900
footprint crossed Ocean's 
Courtyards, the imagination of 

5102
04:31:27,900 --> 04:31:34,900
generations to come Carl's John 
Huffman Dickens into the world, 

5103
04:31:34,900 --> 04:31:38,300
on February 7th, 1812 in, 
Portsmouth, England and 

5104
04:31:38,300 --> 04:31:41,500
unassuming coastal city, whose 
Naval docks were alive with 

5105
04:31:41,500 --> 04:31:44,300
Shipyard. 
Clamor his father, John, Dickens

5106
04:31:44,300 --> 04:31:47,400
was a clerk in the Navy, pay 
office and his mother, Elizabeth

5107
04:31:47,400 --> 04:31:51,700
Barrow, juggled household duties
with literary aspirations of her

5108
04:31:51,700 --> 04:31:52,800
own. 
Though. 

5109
04:31:52,800 --> 04:31:55,200
Future readers might picture 
dickens's early years. 

5110
04:31:55,200 --> 04:31:58,900
Brimming with quaint scenes, his
youth was less storybook and 

5111
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:00,800
more precarious, in many 
accounts. 

5112
04:32:00,800 --> 04:32:04,500
Dickens first emerges as a child
forced to work in a boot 

5113
04:32:04,500 --> 04:32:06,500
blacking Warehouse after his 
father's imprisonment. 

5114
04:32:07,400 --> 04:32:10,800
While that humiliating episode 
is well known, less noted as how

5115
04:32:10,800 --> 04:32:13,300
Dickens of betrayal took root 
during that time. 

5116
04:32:13,300 --> 04:32:16,900
He felt cast off by parents, who
placed him in a grimy Riverside 

5117
04:32:16,900 --> 04:32:19,600
Factory. 
Scraping labels from bottles for

5118
04:32:19,600 --> 04:32:22,800
hours on end that sense of 
Abandonment left. 

5119
04:32:23,300 --> 04:32:26,800
Scars years later. 
He described the trauma in 

5120
04:32:26,800 --> 04:32:29,600
comedic, passages, or 
heartbreaking novels, but the 

5121
04:32:29,608 --> 04:32:33,900
sting of childhood adversity was
never fully exorcised the four 

5122
04:32:33,900 --> 04:32:35,900
that warehouse or deal. 
Dickens. 

5123
04:32:35,900 --> 04:32:39,400
Spent a short Span in a school 
in Chatham, Teachers found him 

5124
04:32:39,400 --> 04:32:42,800
bright and observant, he 
devoured, cheap Adventure tales 

5125
04:32:42,800 --> 04:32:46,300
and occasionally wrote small 
sketches, if not for financial 

5126
04:32:46,300 --> 04:32:48,900
mismanagement. 
Perhaps he would have continued.

5127
04:32:48,900 --> 04:32:53,000
This schooling on a baited 
instead money troubles spiraled.

5128
04:32:53,700 --> 04:32:57,200
The father's easygoing nature. 
Plus a love of small luxurious 

5129
04:32:57,200 --> 04:33:00,300
spelled Doom. 
When John Dickens fell behind on

5130
04:33:00,300 --> 04:33:02,500
bills. 
Local bailiffs eventually hauled

5131
04:33:02,500 --> 04:33:04,599
him to Marshall. 
See debtors prison in, cyborg 

5132
04:33:04,599 --> 04:33:07,700
young Charles, felt Pride 
battered by this Scandal, 

5133
04:33:07,700 --> 04:33:10,500
imprisonment for debt. 
Carried a social stigma, 

5134
04:33:10,500 --> 04:33:13,400
Elizabeth Dickens struggling 
outside. 

5135
04:33:13,400 --> 04:33:16,500
The Prison Walls, insisted that 
Charles keep laboring at the 

5136
04:33:16,500 --> 04:33:18,700
blacking Factory to support the 
family. 

5137
04:33:19,700 --> 04:33:22,400
This parental stance, deepened 
his sense of Injustice. 

5138
04:33:23,500 --> 04:33:25,700
Dickens found small consolation 
in nighttime. 

5139
04:33:25,700 --> 04:33:28,599
Strolls by the Thames. 
Where he observed the chaos of 

5140
04:33:28,599 --> 04:33:32,400
London's underworld including 
Tavern brawls children selling 

5141
04:33:32,400 --> 04:33:36,300
goods and ragged Porters. 
Carrying crates such experience 

5142
04:33:36,300 --> 04:33:38,200
is fueled. 
The observation of Acuity that 

5143
04:33:38,200 --> 04:33:41,000
would one day saturate his 
novels with authenticity. 

5144
04:33:41,800 --> 04:33:45,400
He saw how easily fate could tip
on his family's into squalor. 

5145
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:48,099
A theme that would recur in his 
narratives about orphans 

5146
04:33:48,099 --> 04:33:53,200
outcasts and Fallen Gentry. 
As Time passed, John 

5147
04:33:53,200 --> 04:33:55,800
Dickinson's, managed to secure 
his release by settling partial 

5148
04:33:55,800 --> 04:33:58,300
debts. 
Charles was allowed to return to

5149
04:33:58,308 --> 04:34:01,300
schooling and abrupt shift that 
left him grateful, but 

5150
04:34:01,300 --> 04:34:03,800
conflicted. 
He tasted the indignity of 

5151
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:06,300
laboring among older workers. 
Who teased him for his middle 

5152
04:34:06,300 --> 04:34:09,099
class. 
Airs back at a desk aimed to 

5153
04:34:09,099 --> 04:34:12,599
catch up academically, both 
funds, remain tight. the first 

5154
04:34:12,608 --> 04:34:15,599
for knowledge to find his after 
hours, rummaging through 

5155
04:34:15,599 --> 04:34:19,000
secondhand bookstores studying 
the language of newspapers or 

5156
04:34:19,000 --> 04:34:23,000
eavesdropping on City gossip, by
the age of 15, he had completed 

5157
04:34:23,000 --> 04:34:25,500
his formal education and found 
himself back in the Working 

5158
04:34:25,500 --> 04:34:28,400
World. 
This time as a junior clerk in a

5159
04:34:28,400 --> 04:34:31,200
solicitor's office. 
Despite its mundane nature. 

5160
04:34:31,200 --> 04:34:34,500
Dickens's job, exposed him to 
the intricacies of legal 

5161
04:34:34,500 --> 04:34:37,200
bureaucracy. 
Dickens observed lawyers, taking

5162
04:34:37,200 --> 04:34:40,900
advantage of outdated processes,
Petty, lawsuits lasting months 

5163
04:34:40,900 --> 04:34:44,500
and fees draining families. 
It seemed a heartless machine. 

5164
04:34:44,500 --> 04:34:46,900
Meanwhile, Dickens itch to 
write. 

5165
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:50,200
He taught himself short-hand a 
skill in demand for courtroom or

5166
04:34:50,200 --> 04:34:52,599
parliamentary reporting with 
that tool. 

5167
04:34:52,599 --> 04:34:54,500
He pivoted to freelance 
journalism. 

5168
04:34:54,500 --> 04:34:58,500
He roamed London streets after 
his clock hours for forging a 

5169
04:34:58,500 --> 04:35:00,800
double life as an amateur 
reporter Penning. 

5170
04:35:00,800 --> 04:35:04,000
Observations about social ills 
or comedic, Miss apps soon 

5171
04:35:04,000 --> 04:35:05,500
enough. 
He earned small commission's, 

5172
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:08,000
capturing parliamentary debates 
for local papers. 

5173
04:35:08,000 --> 04:35:11,300
This exposure sharpened, his 
sense of London's, political 

5174
04:35:11,300 --> 04:35:15,300
theatric, a stage of pomp, 
cunning, and sweeping rhetoric 

5175
04:35:15,300 --> 04:35:18,800
that seldom solve the plight of 
the poor, In these formative 

5176
04:35:18,800 --> 04:35:23,000
years Dickens rarely confided. 
His deep Ambitions to family, he

5177
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:27,700
was polite energetic but also 
guarded It said that the 

5178
04:35:27,700 --> 04:35:32,000
warehouse humiliation bread, 
secrecy publicly, he projected 

5179
04:35:32,000 --> 04:35:35,200
wit and warmth privately. 
He sees that Injustice. 

5180
04:35:35,200 --> 04:35:39,599
He began drafting sketches of 
everyday characters, bustling 

5181
04:35:39,599 --> 04:35:43,200
office Messengers, crusty 
paralegals, Street vendors, with

5182
04:35:43,200 --> 04:35:46,500
the melodic cries. 
These glimpses shaped the core 

5183
04:35:46,500 --> 04:35:50,000
of his early Style, He 
recognized that the city teamed 

5184
04:35:50,000 --> 04:35:53,200
with stories, just waiting to be
told stories of ambition 

5185
04:35:53,200 --> 04:35:55,500
heartbreak and improbable 
comedy. 

5186
04:35:56,500 --> 04:35:59,700
For Dickens the line between 
real life and fiction thin daily

5187
04:35:59,700 --> 04:36:04,500
thus by age, 20 Charles, Dickens
was a Restless Spirit, armed 

5188
04:36:04,500 --> 04:36:07,099
with bitter memories and a 
natural gift for observation 

5189
04:36:07,099 --> 04:36:10,800
though, not yet the fame 
novelist, he was planting seeds 

5190
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:13,400
for the empathy and social 
critique that would soon Bloom, 

5191
04:36:13,400 --> 04:36:17,000
he'd glimpsed the cruelty of 
circumstance and the fragility 

5192
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:21,599
of Fortunes that awareness fused
with era pressable human. 

5193
04:36:21,599 --> 04:36:25,099
Sympathy for the downtrodden 
would guide him as he waited 

5194
04:36:25,099 --> 04:36:28,599
deeper into the journalistic 
realm, then soared into the 

5195
04:36:28,599 --> 04:36:32,700
literary spotlight. 
Dickens as early foray into 

5196
04:36:32,700 --> 04:36:34,900
journalism, gradually eclipsed, 
his clock duties. 

5197
04:36:34,900 --> 04:36:38,000
He discovered a knack for 
capturing small happenings with 

5198
04:36:38,000 --> 04:36:41,500
dramatic Flair employed first. 
As a shorthand reporter at 

5199
04:36:41,508 --> 04:36:44,500
doctors Commons where Maritime 
and probate cases were heard. 

5200
04:36:44,500 --> 04:36:48,500
Dickens gleaned, odd, legal 
details, comedic, rivalries and 

5201
04:36:48,500 --> 04:36:51,400
labyrinthine procedures that 
later informed, his novels of 

5202
04:36:51,400 --> 04:36:54,700
the laws absurdities. 
Meanwhile, his coverage of 

5203
04:36:54,700 --> 04:36:58,099
parliamentary debates, demanded 
Swift accurate shorthand. 

5204
04:36:58,900 --> 04:37:01,800
That discipline sharp and his 
memory and attention to nuance. 

5205
04:37:02,599 --> 04:37:06,000
He soon ventured into writing 
sketches brief witty 

5206
04:37:06,000 --> 04:37:09,800
observations on London, life, 
for periodicals using the pen. 

5207
04:37:09,800 --> 04:37:12,800
Name boss. 
Dickens portrayed bus conductors

5208
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:15,599
cracking jokes. 
Fussy, Spencer's in their 

5209
04:37:15,599 --> 04:37:19,200
cramped parlors or Rowdy coach 
passengers headed to the suburbs

5210
04:37:19,200 --> 04:37:23,800
these pieces collected later as 
sketches by Boz revealed, a gift

5211
04:37:23,800 --> 04:37:27,599
for Conjuring, comedic snapshots
tinged with empathy readers 

5212
04:37:27,599 --> 04:37:31,400
laughed, at his gentle satire of
human foibles, editors noticed 

5213
04:37:31,400 --> 04:37:33,500
the fresh voice, the public 
wanted more. 

5214
04:37:33,500 --> 04:37:36,800
At the same time, Dickens 
navigated a personal Milestone, 

5215
04:37:36,800 --> 04:37:41,099
it became engaged to Catherine, 
Hogarth daughter of a newspaper 

5216
04:37:41,099 --> 04:37:43,700
colleague. 
The match signaled assemblance 

5217
04:37:43,700 --> 04:37:46,099
of stability. 
Catherine was supportive. 

5218
04:37:46,099 --> 04:37:50,200
If somewhat reserved their 
courtship LED, Dickens to refine

5219
04:37:50,200 --> 04:37:53,700
his sense of domestic security, 
something he'd lacked in youth, 

5220
04:37:54,200 --> 04:37:56,099
although not known for 
confessional writing about 

5221
04:37:56,099 --> 04:37:58,599
romance. 
Dickens is letters hinted at 

5222
04:37:58,599 --> 04:38:03,599
genuine, affection, they married
in 1836 soon, renting, a modest 

5223
04:38:03,599 --> 04:38:06,900
home as Dickens juggled 
journalism sketches and 

5224
04:38:06,900 --> 04:38:10,700
incipient novel projects 
opportunity knocked unexpectedly

5225
04:38:10,700 --> 04:38:13,200
when a publisher approached him 
for a serialized comedic novel 

5226
04:38:13,200 --> 04:38:16,700
to accompany illustrations by a 
well known artists, the result 

5227
04:38:16,700 --> 04:38:19,500
initially planned as a set of 
light-hearted sporting 

5228
04:38:19,500 --> 04:38:23,700
Adventures evolved in to the 
Pickwick papers dickens's, 

5229
04:38:23,700 --> 04:38:27,599
comedic energy combined, with 
Whimsical characters, turned it 

5230
04:38:27,599 --> 04:38:30,800
into a literary phenomenon. 
Through Mr. Pickwick's 

5231
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:33,099
Misadventures and the Cockney 
charm of samuela. 

5232
04:38:33,099 --> 04:38:38,000
Dickens found a vast audience 
circulation sword readers 

5233
04:38:38,000 --> 04:38:39,599
devoured. 
Each monthly installment, 

5234
04:38:39,599 --> 04:38:42,800
Dickens at 24, became a 
household name. 

5235
04:38:42,800 --> 04:38:46,200
Yet behind the success. 
He sweated over deadlines 

5236
04:38:46,200 --> 04:38:49,800
rewriting Chapters at the last 
moment, the serial format 

5237
04:38:49,800 --> 04:38:53,700
demanded constant invention, he 
discovered that comedic set 

5238
04:38:53,700 --> 04:38:56,700
pieces like a misread will or an
accidental infiltration of a 

5239
04:38:56,707 --> 04:38:59,099
ladies costume party tickled 
popular taste. 

5240
04:38:59,099 --> 04:39:02,599
He also experimented with 
poignant moments such as the 

5241
04:39:02,599 --> 04:39:06,300
plight of a downtrodden and or a
debtor infusing, The Narrative 

5242
04:39:06,300 --> 04:39:10,500
with moral undertones this blend
of humor and pathos would Define

5243
04:39:10,500 --> 04:39:14,200
dickens's brand he recognized 
that laughter, softened, readers

5244
04:39:14,200 --> 04:39:17,700
for deeper empathy money. 
Finally, poured in letting 

5245
04:39:17,700 --> 04:39:19,700
Dickens move to a better 
residents. 

5246
04:39:19,700 --> 04:39:22,500
Catherine borsche children in 
Rapid succession. 

5247
04:39:22,500 --> 04:39:24,900
Turning their home into a 
bustling Nest. 

5248
04:39:24,900 --> 04:39:28,200
Dickens though. 
Loving found that fatherhood 

5249
04:39:28,200 --> 04:39:29,900
demanded time. 
He often spent Writing. 

5250
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:34,000
Private tension brood. 
He was the affectionate 

5251
04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:37,099
patriarch. 
The Restless Creator who craved 

5252
04:39:37,099 --> 04:39:40,700
quiet hours for the 
brainstorming new Tales, despite

5253
04:39:40,700 --> 04:39:43,700
paternal duties. 
He scoured London's back alleys 

5254
04:39:43,700 --> 04:39:46,800
for inspiration, venturing to 
slums at odd times. 

5255
04:39:46,800 --> 04:39:50,700
Eavesdropping on Pub chatter, he
believed authenticity hinged on 

5256
04:39:50,708 --> 04:39:53,100
Direct observation, not 
second-hand accounts. 

5257
04:39:54,000 --> 04:39:57,500
Following Pickwick, Dickens left
to more serious themes in Oliver

5258
04:39:57,500 --> 04:40:02,500
Twist 1837 to 1839 no longer 
content to dwell solely on 

5259
04:40:02,500 --> 04:40:05,500
comedic escapades. 
You painted the bleakness of 

5260
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:08,800
workhouses and child 
exploitation partly echoing, his

5261
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:12,800
own Teenage anguish readers, 
reeled at the order of criminals

5262
04:40:12,800 --> 04:40:16,000
though Dickens 11, the Gloom 
with comedic minor characters. 

5263
04:40:16,000 --> 04:40:20,500
Critically Oliver Twist ranking,
currently with dickens's other 

5264
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:22,500
obligations who was editing 
magazines. 

5265
04:40:22,500 --> 04:40:25,400
Finishing shorter Works, 
beginning new cereals. 

5266
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:29,100
The pace was relentless. 
He thrived on the excitement. 

5267
04:40:29,100 --> 04:40:33,900
Yet it risked exhaustion public,
Acclaim sword, his name. 

5268
04:40:33,900 --> 04:40:35,900
Now graced invitations to dinner
parties. 

5269
04:40:35,900 --> 04:40:39,000
With Aristocrats who craved 
proximity to The Sensational 

5270
04:40:39,000 --> 04:40:41,400
balls. 
Dickens appreciated. 

5271
04:40:41,400 --> 04:40:43,700
The chance to expand his Network
though. 

5272
04:40:43,700 --> 04:40:47,200
He sometimes mocked up a class 
pretensioners, he never forgot 

5273
04:40:47,200 --> 04:40:50,700
his working class brushes with 
hardship refusing to let polish 

5274
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:54,400
Society lull him. 
Instead he leveraged connections

5275
04:40:54,400 --> 04:40:57,700
to Champion philanthropic 
concerns and privately aided 

5276
04:40:57,700 --> 04:40:59,300
London. 
Charity's enjoyed reform 

5277
04:40:59,300 --> 04:41:03,000
committees, while not a radical 
agitator, Dickens believed in 

5278
04:41:03,000 --> 04:41:05,800
Social Improvement through 
publicity and moral suasion. 

5279
04:41:05,800 --> 04:41:10,400
His novels became a subtle Force
for that cause exposing readers 

5280
04:41:10,400 --> 04:41:14,600
to the realities of orphanages 
slums and corrupt institutions. 

5281
04:41:15,400 --> 04:41:18,500
around this time, Dickens also 
traveled to rural areas, 

5282
04:41:18,500 --> 04:41:22,100
cleaning stories from rickety 
stagecoaches or decrepit, ins 

5283
04:41:22,700 --> 04:41:25,900
These Journeys, reaffirm the 
outside London's bustle, they 

5284
04:41:25,900 --> 04:41:29,300
entire pockets of tradition and 
Superstition fertile, ground for

5285
04:41:29,300 --> 04:41:32,600
future plots. 
Meanwhile, Catherine, Sister, 

5286
04:41:32,600 --> 04:41:35,900
Mary, Hogarth who had moved into
assist the household died 

5287
04:41:35,900 --> 04:41:40,500
suddenly Her death devastated, 
Dickens triggering A profound 

5288
04:41:40,500 --> 04:41:43,000
grief, that colored some 
subsequent chapters in his 

5289
04:41:43,000 --> 04:41:45,700
writing. 
The ephemeral nature of life, 

5290
04:41:45,700 --> 04:41:47,700
became a quiet refrain in his 
novels. 

5291
04:41:48,500 --> 04:41:51,400
As he realized that personal 
tragedy was Inseparable from 

5292
04:41:51,400 --> 04:41:54,900
comedic levity. 
Public continued to clamor for 

5293
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:59,100
his narratives hungry for that 
singular, Dickens style vibrant 

5294
04:41:59,100 --> 04:42:01,800
characters, dancing between 
humor and sorrow. 

5295
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:06,300
Thus, Dickens closed, the 1830s 
Riding High yet. 

5296
04:42:06,300 --> 04:42:09,400
Increasingly aware of the moral 
gravity behind his fictional 

5297
04:42:09,400 --> 04:42:12,200
worlds. 
Beneath the success, the seeds 

5298
04:42:12,200 --> 04:42:14,500
of tension. 
Sprouted creative demands. 

5299
04:42:14,500 --> 04:42:18,200
A growing family and an evolving
conscience about societies 

5300
04:42:18,200 --> 04:42:21,400
failing. 
Pressed on certain that fiction 

5301
04:42:21,400 --> 04:42:25,100
could spark empathy and reform, 
forging a path in to the next 

5302
04:42:25,100 --> 04:42:28,200
decade where his ambition would 
expand with each new novels 

5303
04:42:28,200 --> 04:42:31,300
unveiling. 
Dickens's star Blaze brightly, 

5304
04:42:31,300 --> 04:42:34,700
as he entered the 1840s 
Publishers clamored for fresh 

5305
04:42:34,700 --> 04:42:36,800
novels while the public 
devoured. 

5306
04:42:36,800 --> 04:42:39,800
Each cereal installment. 
Determined to balance 

5307
04:42:39,800 --> 04:42:42,900
entertainment with social 
commentary, he embarked on 

5308
04:42:42,900 --> 04:42:46,500
projects, like, Nicholas 
Nickleby spotlighting, the 

5309
04:42:46,500 --> 04:42:48,300
abuses in Yorkshire boarding 
schools. 

5310
04:42:48,300 --> 04:42:52,800
He visited one such institution 
in cognito alarmed by the 

5311
04:42:52,800 --> 04:42:56,900
squalor inflicted on children. 
That raw evidence infused, the 

5312
04:42:56,900 --> 04:43:00,300
novel Savage critique Dickens 
aim to jolt readers from 

5313
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:03,500
complacency believing that 
Shining Light on corruption 

5314
04:43:03,500 --> 04:43:07,700
might spur a form yet despite 
success Dickens felt a creeping 

5315
04:43:07,700 --> 04:43:11,400
restlessness. 
Continual deadlines, hemmed him 

5316
04:43:11,400 --> 04:43:14,900
in and London, sprawl began to 
stifle seeking fresh 

5317
04:43:14,900 --> 04:43:18,400
inspiration. 
He traveled abroad in 1842 first

5318
04:43:18,400 --> 04:43:21,500
to America, anticipating a land 
of democratic ideals. 

5319
04:43:21,500 --> 04:43:25,900
The trip however exposed 
contradictions, Dickens found 

5320
04:43:25,908 --> 04:43:29,000
some, Americans, warm and 
inventive, but balked at rampant

5321
04:43:29,000 --> 04:43:32,900
slavery, and a cultural appetite
for piracy of his Works without 

5322
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:36,200
royalty payments. 
He penned American notes. 

5323
04:43:36,200 --> 04:43:39,400
A travelogue mixing admiration 
with pointed criticism. 

5324
04:43:39,400 --> 04:43:44,000
Some Americans felt betrayed by 
his frankness, Dickens Unbound. 

5325
04:43:44,000 --> 04:43:47,000
Believed honesty. 
Trumped politeness back in 

5326
04:43:47,000 --> 04:43:50,600
England, he completed Martin 
chuzzlewit weaving in American 

5327
04:43:50,600 --> 04:43:53,300
episode reminiscent of his 
journeys, souring, counters 

5328
04:43:53,300 --> 04:43:57,700
sales dip initially the novels 
complex structure confounded. 

5329
04:43:57,700 --> 04:44:01,300
Some fans expecting a simpler 
comedic Flair but Dickens 

5330
04:44:01,300 --> 04:44:05,000
pressed on trusting in his 
olding style private, Lee 

5331
04:44:05,000 --> 04:44:08,800
wrestled with financial 
anxieties despite robust 

5332
04:44:08,800 --> 04:44:10,800
earnings. 
His lavish lifestyle, big 

5333
04:44:10,800 --> 04:44:14,800
houses, numerous children 
constant entertaining, consumed 

5334
04:44:14,800 --> 04:44:18,100
funds, he dreaded the 
possibility of slipping back 

5335
04:44:18,100 --> 04:44:19,900
into the precarious economy of 
his youth. 

5336
04:44:20,600 --> 04:44:24,100
Commit, these pressures Dickens 
found solace in philanthropic 

5337
04:44:24,100 --> 04:44:27,400
efforts, he teamed with Angela 
Burdette Koontz to establish 

5338
04:44:27,400 --> 04:44:30,900
urania Cottage a refuge for 
homeless women and former 

5339
04:44:30,900 --> 04:44:34,000
prostitutes there. 
They received training and 

5340
04:44:34,000 --> 04:44:35,900
practical skills and moral 
guidance. 

5341
04:44:35,900 --> 04:44:39,200
Dickens involved in every detail
interviewed, potential 

5342
04:44:39,200 --> 04:44:42,200
residents, planned daily 
schedules and wrote them short 

5343
04:44:42,200 --> 04:44:44,600
Moral Stories. 
This Hands-On approach, 

5344
04:44:44,600 --> 04:44:47,300
underscored his sincere, desire 
for personal involvement and 

5345
04:44:47,300 --> 04:44:50,500
charitable causes. 
He saw direct intervention as 

5346
04:44:50,500 --> 04:44:53,800
more potent than abstract 
philanthropic gestures, in the 

5347
04:44:53,800 --> 04:44:57,300
midst of editing magazines, and 
writing novels Dickens craved 

5348
04:44:57,300 --> 04:45:01,000
aside project more playful, yet 
meaningful that impulse birthed 

5349
04:45:01,000 --> 04:45:05,700
A Christmas, Carol, 1843 a 
slender of end with further 

5350
04:45:06,500 --> 04:45:09,500
Observing the plight of the 
urban poor amid festive spending

5351
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:12,800
Dickens aimed to spark 
compassion through a ghostly 

5352
04:45:12,800 --> 04:45:16,400
Redemption tale. 
He wrote it rapidly spurred by 

5353
04:45:16,400 --> 04:45:19,100
both moral Zeal and a need for 
freshing income. 

5354
04:45:20,500 --> 04:45:22,000
The result was a cultural 
phenomenon. 

5355
04:45:22,800 --> 04:45:25,200
Stirring readers to reflect on 
generosity and social 

5356
04:45:25,200 --> 04:45:27,600
conscience. 
Dickens realized short, 

5357
04:45:27,600 --> 04:45:32,200
impactful works could amplify 
moral messages as powerfully as 

5358
04:45:32,200 --> 04:45:36,400
sprawling tomes, despite public.
Adoration his personal life, 

5359
04:45:36,400 --> 04:45:40,000
showed strains, Catherine, bore,
more children leaving her 

5360
04:45:40,000 --> 04:45:42,700
fatigued and less able to join 
Dickens on travels. 

5361
04:45:42,700 --> 04:45:46,000
He found himself forging deeper 
friendships with other women. 

5362
04:45:46,000 --> 04:45:50,800
Some purely platonic, others 
rumored to be more biographers 

5363
04:45:50,800 --> 04:45:53,800
still debate, the emotional 
complexities, swirling beneath 

5364
04:45:53,800 --> 04:45:56,800
his family's outward 
respectability, Dickens 

5365
04:45:56,800 --> 04:46:01,000
maintained an outwardly jovial 
Persona hosting boisterous party

5366
04:46:01,000 --> 04:46:04,700
is where parlor games and 
comedic recitations thrived that

5367
04:46:04,700 --> 04:46:07,700
Diaries hindered, occasional 
rages triggered by minor 

5368
04:46:07,700 --> 04:46:10,800
frustrations revealing, an 
undercurrent of stress. 

5369
04:46:11,800 --> 04:46:14,100
On the professional front. 
Dickens launched. 

5370
04:46:14,100 --> 04:46:17,100
A new weekly, periodical Master.
Humpty's clock. 

5371
04:46:18,000 --> 04:46:22,400
In 1840, intending to serialize 
stories, including the old 

5372
04:46:22,400 --> 04:46:27,300
curiosity shop. 
This novels tragic figure little

5373
04:46:27,300 --> 04:46:30,100
Nelle captured. 
The era of sentimentality 

5374
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:34,400
readers wept over her fate and 
the final chapters sold in a 

5375
04:46:34,408 --> 04:46:38,600
frenzy Some critics called it 
manipulative, but Dickens 

5376
04:46:38,600 --> 04:46:41,500
dismissed such complaints, you 
believed emotional. 

5377
04:46:41,500 --> 04:46:44,100
Resonance was essential to 
Galvanize, moral empathy. 

5378
04:46:44,900 --> 04:46:47,900
The further surrounding the 
books climax demonstrated, How 

5379
04:46:47,900 --> 04:46:51,400
Deeply he could move the masses 
yet, Dickens couldn't rest on 

5380
04:46:51,400 --> 04:46:53,900
triumphs. 
He recognized the Public's 

5381
04:46:53,900 --> 04:46:57,600
appetite was fickle yet to top 
himself with each, new release 

5382
04:46:57,600 --> 04:47:00,500
that intensity weighed on him at
times. 

5383
04:47:00,500 --> 04:47:04,300
He told with the idea of drama, 
he loved the theater once even 

5384
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:07,300
considering an acting career. 
The occasionally directed 

5385
04:47:07,300 --> 04:47:10,700
amateur theatrical Productions, 
casting friends, and comedic 

5386
04:47:10,700 --> 04:47:14,000
roles or staging mesmerizing 
readings from his works. 

5387
04:47:14,000 --> 04:47:16,900
These private staging 
foreshadowed the public reading.

5388
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:19,400
He'd eventually. 
Embark on later enthralling 

5389
04:47:19,400 --> 04:47:21,300
audience is in full performance 
mode. 

5390
04:47:22,800 --> 04:47:25,800
As the 1840s advanced dickens's 
worldview. 

5391
04:47:27,500 --> 04:47:30,700
He was no longer content with 
mere, comedic, social sketches, 

5392
04:47:30,700 --> 04:47:33,900
the continents political 
upheavals, the 1848 

5393
04:47:33,900 --> 04:47:37,000
revolution's, widespread, 
poverty, and settled him. 

5394
04:47:37,000 --> 04:47:41,100
He saw monarchy and aristocracy 
clinging to power while laborers

5395
04:47:41,100 --> 04:47:45,500
toiled traveling through Europe.
He'd note the crumbling palaces 

5396
04:47:45,500 --> 04:47:49,100
side by side with squatted, 
tenements fueling an ongoing 

5397
04:47:49,100 --> 04:47:51,800
quest to tackle deeper social 
and political themes. 

5398
04:47:52,400 --> 04:47:54,600
His novels began, weaving 
heavier, critiques of 

5399
04:47:54,600 --> 04:47:57,100
Institutions, be. 
They fill in Tropic boards. 

5400
04:47:57,100 --> 04:48:00,900
Debtors prisons or unscrupulous 
factories while still retaining 

5401
04:48:00,900 --> 04:48:04,100
the comedic Flair. 
That made him Beloved, the stage

5402
04:48:04,100 --> 04:48:07,400
was set for some of his. 
Most iconic Works culminating in

5403
04:48:07,400 --> 04:48:09,800
a radical approach to 
criticizing Victorian hypocrisy 

5404
04:48:09,800 --> 04:48:14,400
approaching the latter half of 
the 1840s, Dickens sought fresh 

5405
04:48:14,400 --> 04:48:16,900
experiences abroad venturing, to
Italy and Switzerland. 

5406
04:48:16,900 --> 04:48:22,100
These travels colored his 
imaginative palette, In Genoa, 

5407
04:48:22,100 --> 04:48:25,500
he marveled at Medieval, 
Alleyways soaking in the city's 

5408
04:48:25,500 --> 04:48:28,500
layered history. 
He rented a villa, overlooking 

5409
04:48:28,500 --> 04:48:31,800
the Mediterranean drafting 
letters that wrapsody about 

5410
04:48:31,800 --> 04:48:36,000
local Customs noisy festivals or
Nate religious processions. 

5411
04:48:36,000 --> 04:48:39,500
The daily swirl of Gossip yet 
even in a dilek setting's 

5412
04:48:39,500 --> 04:48:42,100
dickens's pain could not rest. 
He sketched. 

5413
04:48:42,100 --> 04:48:45,700
Future story lines, weaving 
exotic Vistas with homespun 

5414
04:48:45,700 --> 04:48:48,900
moral questions. 
Between travels, he developed 

5415
04:48:48,900 --> 04:48:53,300
zombie and Son, 1846 to 1848 a 
novel. 

5416
04:48:53,300 --> 04:48:57,300
Dissecting Mercantile pride and 
familial Duty it's portrait of 

5417
04:48:57,300 --> 04:49:00,300
industrial Commerce and personal
coldness, signal dickens's, 

5418
04:49:00,300 --> 04:49:03,300
evolving maturity critics. 
Lauded its carefully. 

5419
04:49:03,300 --> 04:49:06,200
Structured plot, though, some 
limited, the typical bursts of 

5420
04:49:06,208 --> 04:49:09,900
sentiment regardless, the cereal
sword in sales. 

5421
04:49:09,900 --> 04:49:13,500
Meanwhile, Dickens fueled his 
creative energies by founding 

5422
04:49:13,500 --> 04:49:18,100
Daily News, in 1846, liberal 
newspaper intended to Champion 

5423
04:49:18,100 --> 04:49:21,300
Progressive ideas. 
Dickens took on the role of the 

5424
04:49:21,300 --> 04:49:24,800
newspapers first editor but 
resigned within a few weeks due 

5425
04:49:24,800 --> 04:49:27,300
to the stifling nature of 
editorial politics and the 

5426
04:49:27,300 --> 04:49:31,700
excessive strain of daily work 
Still the foreign indicated his 

5427
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:36,200
thirst to shape public discourse
Beyond fiction. in 1849, he 

5428
04:49:36,200 --> 04:49:39,200
embarked on David Copperfield, 
the novel many, consider his 

5429
04:49:39,200 --> 04:49:43,300
most autobiographical through 
David's Journey from mistreated 

5430
04:49:43,300 --> 04:49:46,600
childhood to authorship. 
Dickens exorcise, the ghosts of 

5431
04:49:46,600 --> 04:49:50,400
the blacking Factory years He 
transmuted, humiliations into 

5432
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:54,300
comedic episodes. 
Mrs. And cruelty mirrored real 

5433
04:49:54,300 --> 04:49:58,200
paternal failing to observed 
while Mr. McCall's Eternal 

5434
04:49:58,200 --> 04:50:00,400
optimism recalled. 
Dickens's own father. 

5435
04:50:01,200 --> 04:50:03,900
This personal closeness gave the
novel, an intimate warmth. 

5436
04:50:04,500 --> 04:50:08,400
Serialization built momentum, 
readers recognized, the Luminous

5437
04:50:08,400 --> 04:50:11,600
sincerity, Dickens felt a 
special fondness for the 

5438
04:50:11,608 --> 04:50:15,200
project, referring to David as 
his favorite child despite 

5439
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:16,700
success. 
Family tensions. 

5440
04:50:16,700 --> 04:50:22,400
Escalated Children in total and 
Dickens though, affectionate 

5441
04:50:22,400 --> 04:50:25,200
sometimes felt suffocated by 
domestic chaos. 

5442
04:50:25,200 --> 04:50:29,100
He retreated into creative, 
Sprints locking himself away for

5443
04:50:29,100 --> 04:50:32,200
hours or strolling city streets 
at night to brood over plot 

5444
04:50:32,200 --> 04:50:34,500
tanks. 
Sister-in-law Georgina. 

5445
04:50:34,500 --> 04:50:36,900
Hogarth also lived with them 
helping manage. 

5446
04:50:36,900 --> 04:50:39,800
The household rumors swirled 
about Dickinson's. 

5447
04:50:39,800 --> 04:50:42,400
Rapport with Georgina though, no
definitive evidence of 

5448
04:50:42,400 --> 04:50:46,100
impropriety emerged, The mix of 
personalities living together 

5449
04:50:46,100 --> 04:50:50,000
intensified the tension, 
dickens's Diaries suggest mood 

5450
04:50:50,000 --> 04:50:52,600
swings one day. 
Exultant, after writing a 

5451
04:50:52,600 --> 04:50:55,700
brilliant chapter, next, a 
furious over trivial household 

5452
04:50:55,700 --> 04:50:59,100
irritations, the passing of 
dickens's long-time publisher, 

5453
04:50:59,100 --> 04:51:02,900
John Forster's, close friend 
also weighed on him grief sharp 

5454
04:51:02,900 --> 04:51:04,400
and his awareness of life's 
fragility. 

5455
04:51:04,400 --> 04:51:06,900
He doubled efforts on 
philanthropic projects. 

5456
04:51:06,900 --> 04:51:09,400
Championing improved sanitation 
in London. 

5457
04:51:09,400 --> 04:51:11,800
Slums in letters to local 
authorities. 

5458
04:51:11,800 --> 04:51:15,500
He argued that squatted 
conditions, fostered crime and 

5459
04:51:15,500 --> 04:51:18,500
disease used novels to 
underscore the plight of the 

5460
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:21,800
urban poor trusting that 
emotional narrative could move 

5461
04:51:21,800 --> 04:51:25,100
the hearts of even complacent 
readers the moral imperative 

5462
04:51:25,100 --> 04:51:28,400
behind his fiction, grew more 
explicit, culminating in Bleak 

5463
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:34,400
House 1852 to 1853. 
With Bleak House Dickens tackled

5464
04:51:34,400 --> 04:51:37,600
legal, Malaysia. 
Labyrinth in chance 3 case, here

5465
04:51:37,600 --> 04:51:42,200
he fused, satire and tragedy 
painting house sluggish Coupe to

5466
04:51:42,200 --> 04:51:44,900
court processes devoured, 
fortunes and lives. 

5467
04:51:44,900 --> 04:51:49,000
The novels dual narrative style,
which alternates between Assad 

5468
04:51:49,000 --> 04:51:51,900
on Nissan voice. 
And the calm Recollections of 

5469
04:51:51,908 --> 04:51:55,600
Esther summerson pioneered in 
new approach, Victorians. 

5470
04:51:55,600 --> 04:51:58,300
Found the depiction of foggy, 
London, litter and metaphorical 

5471
04:51:58,300 --> 04:52:02,000
haunting sales soared, a certain
critics argued. 

5472
04:52:02,000 --> 04:52:05,500
Dickens had grown to didactic, 
he dismissed such claims 

5473
04:52:05,500 --> 04:52:08,100
believing the times demanded 
unflinching critiques. 

5474
04:52:08,100 --> 04:52:12,700
Indeed Bleak House. 
Spurred public debate on legal 

5475
04:52:12,700 --> 04:52:15,100
reform. 
His personal restlessness 

5476
04:52:15,100 --> 04:52:19,100
persisted, he relocated the 
family frequently seeking larger

5477
04:52:19,100 --> 04:52:22,400
houses Scenic Vistas or more 
isolation for writing. 

5478
04:52:23,700 --> 04:52:26,400
Catherine tolerated. 
These moves though, the children

5479
04:52:26,400 --> 04:52:29,700
felt uprooted, Dickens yearned 
to shape his environment 

5480
04:52:29,700 --> 04:52:33,200
meticulously from the color of 
wallpaper to the arrangement of 

5481
04:52:33,200 --> 04:52:35,600
furniture. 
Some friends teased him about 

5482
04:52:35,600 --> 04:52:38,600
meddling in minor domestic 
details while juggling epic 

5483
04:52:38,600 --> 04:52:42,200
social commentary in his novels,
but Dickens was Unapologetic 

5484
04:52:42,200 --> 04:52:46,900
control at home balance. 
The unpredictability outside By 

5485
04:52:46,900 --> 04:52:49,600
the early 1850s. 
Dickens also tested his 

5486
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:54,500
performance skills He a toyed 
with amateur theatricals, but an

5487
04:52:54,500 --> 04:52:57,800
idea emerged reading, his Works 
allowed to paying audiences. 

5488
04:52:57,800 --> 04:53:02,800
The concept was Radical authors.
Seldom performed in public yet, 

5489
04:53:02,800 --> 04:53:06,400
Dickens suspected his Vivid 
dialogue, comedic voices and 

5490
04:53:06,400 --> 04:53:09,600
heartfelt passages could 
Electrify Specter could, as if 

5491
04:53:09,600 --> 04:53:13,200
he delivered them He gave 
private recitations to friends 

5492
04:53:13,200 --> 04:53:16,400
who raved about his Dynamic 
presence, building confidence. 

5493
04:53:16,400 --> 04:53:19,000
He planned that one day, he 
might stage full-blown public 

5494
04:53:19,000 --> 04:53:22,300
readings and artistic offshoot 
that would shape his late 

5495
04:53:22,300 --> 04:53:24,900
career. 
Hence, the mid-1850s arrived 

5496
04:53:24,900 --> 04:53:27,500
with Dickens poised for fresh 
Transformations. 

5497
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:31,600
Married life grew strained but 
fatherhood demanded presence 

5498
04:53:31,600 --> 04:53:35,100
literary claimed sword that so 
did expectations. 

5499
04:53:35,100 --> 04:53:38,900
He recognized the friction 
between domestic reality and his

5500
04:53:38,900 --> 04:53:42,500
imaginative yearnings. 
David Copperfield behind him. 

5501
04:53:42,500 --> 04:53:46,800
He now turned a novels of deeper
cynicism the city with all its 

5502
04:53:46,800 --> 04:53:49,800
Smog and Labyrinthian 
institution's remained his Muse.

5503
04:53:50,600 --> 04:53:53,100
He sensed The Well of stories 
was far from dry, though. 

5504
04:53:53,100 --> 04:53:55,400
Personal fulfillment. 
Still seemed a Lucifer. 

5505
04:53:56,100 --> 04:54:00,600
In 1854, Dickens published Hard 
Times a short novel decking, the

5506
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:02,500
Grim industrial landscape of 
coke Town. 

5507
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:06,800
Its emphasis on utilitarian 
philosophy represented by the 

5508
04:54:06,800 --> 04:54:09,008
rigid. 
Mr. Gradgrind took aim at the 

5509
04:54:09,016 --> 04:54:11,800
era's mechanical approach to 
education and factory work. 

5510
04:54:12,600 --> 04:54:15,500
Critics were divided. 
Some praise the focused in 

5511
04:54:15,508 --> 04:54:17,700
DeMent of industrial 
dehumanization. 

5512
04:54:17,700 --> 04:54:20,200
Others found the story. 
Two polemical. 

5513
04:54:21,300 --> 04:54:24,300
Dickens Shrugged off such mixed 
reception content. 

5514
04:54:24,300 --> 04:54:27,200
That hard time. 
Spurred heated debate on factory

5515
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:29,700
conditions on the cult of facts 
over imagination. 

5516
04:54:30,500 --> 04:54:33,200
Simultaneously, dickens's, 
private, life, lurched toward 

5517
04:54:33,200 --> 04:54:36,000
crisis. 
His discontent at home worsened,

5518
04:54:36,600 --> 04:54:39,100
Catherine Lowe mild and 
temperament, couldn't quell 

5519
04:54:39,100 --> 04:54:42,200
dickens's sense of entrapment. 
Letters, reveal his 

5520
04:54:42,200 --> 04:54:44,900
dissatisfaction with her 
perceived lack of spirit or 

5521
04:54:44,900 --> 04:54:47,900
companionship. 
Though, many suspect dickens's, 

5522
04:54:47,900 --> 04:54:50,100
restlessness drove him to 
scapegoat her. 

5523
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:54,300
The emotional Chasm widened. 
By 18 to 57. 

5524
04:54:54,300 --> 04:54:58,500
Dickens encountered actress, 
Ellen ternan the young performer

5525
04:54:58,500 --> 04:55:01,900
in a theatrical production here.
Arranged their connection though

5526
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:05,700
discrete grew intense dickens's 
marriage, effectively collapsed.

5527
04:55:05,700 --> 04:55:10,200
He demanded a legal separation 
from Catherine in 1858, the 

5528
04:55:10,200 --> 04:55:14,000
Scandal at the time he insisted 
on, maintaining custody of most 

5529
04:55:14,000 --> 04:55:16,200
children, leaving Catherine 
isolated. 

5530
04:55:17,100 --> 04:55:20,100
Publicly Dickens used, his 
magazine household words to 

5531
04:55:20,100 --> 04:55:23,700
issue statements about the split
casting, blame and fueling. 

5532
04:55:25,100 --> 04:55:28,600
The fair with turn and stayed 
Vail with Dickens employing, A 

5533
04:55:28,600 --> 04:55:30,300
labor at roses to protect the 
secret. 

5534
04:55:31,300 --> 04:55:33,300
Professionally. 
Dickens pivoted to the public 

5535
04:55:33,300 --> 04:55:34,700
reading. 
He had long contemplated. 

5536
04:55:35,700 --> 04:55:40,300
In 1858, he embarked on a series
of performances reciting scenes 

5537
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:44,600
from Oliver Twist A Christmas, 
Carol and more audiences were 

5538
04:55:44,600 --> 04:55:47,000
enthralled. 
He performed each character's 

5539
04:55:47,000 --> 04:55:49,800
voice pacing. 
The stage with theatrical Flair 

5540
04:55:49,800 --> 04:55:53,200
some Spectators wept at the 
pathos of Nancy's fate. 

5541
04:55:53,200 --> 04:55:56,300
While others laughed up. 
Rarely at his comedic terms. 

5542
04:55:56,300 --> 04:55:58,900
And Dickens, these readings, 
offered, both creative 

5543
04:55:58,900 --> 04:56:02,000
fulfillment and a lucrative 
sideline yet they drained him 

5544
04:56:02,000 --> 04:56:05,200
physically, as he poured intense
energy into every gesture. 

5545
04:56:06,200 --> 04:56:08,900
Joked about the exhaustion, but 
relished the Applause. 

5546
04:56:09,800 --> 04:56:12,500
In 1859, Dickens launched a new 
weekly. 

5547
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:16,000
All the year round, effectively 
replacing his previous magazine.

5548
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:20,200
Inaugural issue featured, the 
start of A Tale of Two Cities 

5549
04:56:20,200 --> 04:56:23,800
now, more interested in in 
historical drama. 

5550
04:56:23,800 --> 04:56:27,500
Dickens spun, Astoria of the 
French Revolution, weaving 

5551
04:56:27,500 --> 04:56:29,100
themes of sacrifice and 
Resurrection. 

5552
04:56:30,200 --> 04:56:33,100
The novel style was more Compact
and less digressive than his 

5553
04:56:33,100 --> 04:56:36,000
early works. 
Perhaps personal upheaval and 

5554
04:56:36,000 --> 04:56:39,300
sharp and his narrative Focus. 
The opening lines about the best

5555
04:56:39,300 --> 04:56:42,700
and worst of times, entered, the
cultural lexicon capturing a 

5556
04:56:42,700 --> 04:56:45,200
duality that resonated with 
Victorian anxieties. 

5557
04:56:46,200 --> 04:56:49,800
The novel soared in popularity 
bolstered by the magazine 

5558
04:56:49,800 --> 04:56:52,300
circulation. 
In parallel. 

5559
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:55,500
Dickens found time to Champion 
philanthropic Innovations. 

5560
04:56:56,300 --> 04:56:58,200
Joined debates on public 
sanitation. 

5561
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:01,500
Urging expansions of London 
sewer system though City 

5562
04:57:01,500 --> 04:57:05,300
officials bickered over funding 
He also contributed funds to 

5563
04:57:05,300 --> 04:57:06,900
help create better housing for 
the poor. 

5564
04:57:07,700 --> 04:57:10,800
But dickens's philanthropic, 
impulses were inseparable from 

5565
04:57:10,800 --> 04:57:14,200
moral paternalism, he believed 
discipline and moral instruction

5566
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:16,100
were keys to uplifting the 
impoverished. 

5567
04:57:16,800 --> 04:57:19,900
This Outlook could clash with 
more radical voices, demanding 

5568
04:57:19,900 --> 04:57:24,200
structural change. 
Still dickens's currency as a 

5569
04:57:24,208 --> 04:57:26,900
public figure length to calls 
for incremental reform. 

5570
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:31,200
Another major novel Great 
Expectations emerged in 

5571
04:57:31,200 --> 04:57:36,100
serialized form from December 
1860 to August 1861, written 

5572
04:57:36,100 --> 04:57:39,500
amid Dickens separation Scandal,
it resonated with questions of 

5573
04:57:39,500 --> 04:57:44,500
identity, social, ambition and 
Illusions, Pips, yearning for 

5574
04:57:44,500 --> 04:57:47,200
gentility parallel. 
Dickens's own drive to 

5575
04:57:47,200 --> 04:57:50,500
transcend, humble origins. 
The Moody atmosphere around 

5576
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:53,100
satis house, mirrored dickens's 
emotional state. 

5577
04:57:53,100 --> 04:57:56,500
A mix of regret bitterness and 
abiding compassion for flawed 

5578
04:57:56,500 --> 04:57:58,900
Humanity. 
Readers embrace the story as a 

5579
04:57:58,908 --> 04:58:02,200
masterpiece praising, its taught
plot and minimal sentimentality,

5580
04:58:02,200 --> 04:58:04,400
Dickens cherished. 
The success. 

5581
04:58:04,400 --> 04:58:08,000
Yet behind the scenes, he 
struggled with heartbreak, and a

5582
04:58:08,000 --> 04:58:11,800
sense of personal failure as the
1860s war on dickens's health, 

5583
04:58:11,800 --> 04:58:15,800
began to falter injured. 
Gout swollen foot pains and 

5584
04:58:15,800 --> 04:58:18,700
their constant fatigue 
Relentless reading tours. 

5585
04:58:18,700 --> 04:58:21,200
Demanded travel by train 
sometimes late at night. 

5586
04:58:22,100 --> 04:58:24,400
The 1865. 
Staplehurst rail crash. 

5587
04:58:24,400 --> 04:58:27,500
Nearly took his life in Dickens 
was in the first class Carriage 

5588
04:58:27,500 --> 04:58:30,700
that dangled over destroyed 
track though, he helped rescue 

5589
04:58:30,700 --> 04:58:32,800
fellow passengers the cycle 
shop. 

5590
04:58:32,800 --> 04:58:35,300
Lingard aggravating his ailments
still. 

5591
04:58:35,300 --> 04:58:38,300
He persisted with public 
readings, forging new scripts 

5592
04:58:38,300 --> 04:58:42,200
from David Copperfield and 
Nicholas Nickleby. audiences 

5593
04:58:42,200 --> 04:58:45,900
remained enthralled Dickens by 
then a venerable figure in a 

5594
04:58:45,900 --> 04:58:48,100
black frock coat, coughed 
through performances, but 

5595
04:58:48,100 --> 04:58:52,100
refused to scale back Meanwhile 
rumors about Ellen ternan 

5596
04:58:52,100 --> 04:58:55,500
continued swirling. 
Dickens confided only in a tight

5597
04:58:55,508 --> 04:58:59,000
Circle, he shielded her with 
cunning strategies renting, 

5598
04:58:59,000 --> 04:59:02,500
separate dwellings under assumed
names the moral climate of the 

5599
04:59:02,500 --> 04:59:05,400
Victorian society. 
Demanded secrecy, though. 

5600
04:59:05,400 --> 04:59:07,000
Some close acquaintances 
quietly. 

5601
04:59:07,000 --> 04:59:08,900
Pitted Katherine few, 
confronted. 

5602
04:59:08,900 --> 04:59:11,800
Dickens, he pressed on certain 
that his literary Mission 

5603
04:59:11,800 --> 04:59:14,900
Justified, any personal 
complexities always craving 

5604
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:16,800
momentum. 
He flung himself into each new 

5605
04:59:16,800 --> 04:59:21,000
project as if outrunning regret 
that Paradox, immense empathy 

5606
04:59:21,000 --> 04:59:23,900
for fictional sufferers but 
complicated empathy and private 

5607
04:59:23,900 --> 04:59:27,500
life to find dickens's Twilight 
decade the public saw the 

5608
04:59:27,508 --> 04:59:29,500
champion of social justice, his 
family. 

5609
04:59:29,500 --> 04:59:32,700
Endured with strange of his 
single-minded devotion by the 

5610
04:59:32,700 --> 04:59:36,100
late 1860s Charles, Dickens 
hectic schedule, showed little 

5611
04:59:36,100 --> 04:59:40,200
letter up, I'm still editing all
the year round, still unveiling 

5612
04:59:40,200 --> 04:59:43,200
novels and serial format. 
He also committed to more 

5613
04:59:43,200 --> 04:59:45,500
reading, tours. 
Traveling Beyond London to the 

5614
04:59:45,500 --> 04:59:49,300
Midlands and Scotland each venue
overflowed with admirers, who 

5615
04:59:49,300 --> 04:59:52,200
yearned to The outstanding 
novelist comes your Fagan 

5616
04:59:52,200 --> 04:59:54,900
Scrooge or other beloved 
characters, live. 

5617
04:59:54,900 --> 04:59:58,700
Dickens refined his Renditions, 
perfecting dramatic pauses. 

5618
04:59:58,700 --> 05:00:02,100
And comedic timing ticket prices
soared yet. 

5619
05:00:02,100 --> 05:00:04,900
Spectators felt it worth the 
cost to witness that magnetic 

5620
05:00:04,900 --> 05:00:09,000
stage presence amid. 
These tours, Dickens embarked on

5621
05:00:09,008 --> 05:00:13,900
our mutual friend 1864 to 1865, 
which delved into the themes of 

5622
05:00:13,908 --> 05:00:18,500
river, dredging inheritance 
Mania and social climbing By 

5623
05:00:18,500 --> 05:00:21,100
weaving, a plot around, a 
mysterious drowned, man, and a 

5624
05:00:21,100 --> 05:00:23,700
Dusty Fortune. 
Dickens captured. 

5625
05:00:23,700 --> 05:00:27,600
The Macabre side of Victorian, 
London critics found it dents 

5626
05:00:27,600 --> 05:00:30,900
and somewhat sprawling though. 
Many admired, its biting satire 

5627
05:00:30,900 --> 05:00:33,900
of wealth obsession. 
The novels portrayal of moral 

5628
05:00:33,900 --> 05:00:37,500
corruption ironically parallel, 
dickens's own concerns about 

5629
05:00:37,500 --> 05:00:41,000
aging in a Cell Society. 
He felt was losing moral vigor. 

5630
05:00:42,100 --> 05:00:45,100
The prolonged emotional stress 
took a heavy toll on dickens's 

5631
05:00:45,100 --> 05:00:48,100
health, he often wrote letters 
complaining of headaches, spells

5632
05:00:48,100 --> 05:00:50,000
and romneya and shortness of 
breath. 

5633
05:00:50,000 --> 05:00:52,700
Nevertheless, he refused to 
reduce his pace. 

5634
05:00:53,800 --> 05:00:56,100
Some historians argue that 
Dickens found frenetic. 

5635
05:00:56,100 --> 05:00:59,600
Activity of balm against 
introspection the fracturing of 

5636
05:00:59,600 --> 05:01:01,800
his marriage. 
Hidden personal relationships. 

5637
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:04,700
Unrelenting, public 
expectations, always on him. 

5638
05:01:04,700 --> 05:01:09,100
Plunging into labor kept darker 
Reflections at Bay meanwhile. 

5639
05:01:09,100 --> 05:01:12,600
Catherine lived quietly, seldom 
appearing in Dickinson's, a 

5640
05:01:12,600 --> 05:01:14,900
Social Circles resigned to the 
separate life. 

5641
05:01:14,900 --> 05:01:20,400
Dickens had ordained In 1867, 
Dickens accepted an invitation 

5642
05:01:20,400 --> 05:01:22,900
to revisit America for a major 
reading tour. 

5643
05:01:23,700 --> 05:01:26,500
Time had softened some American 
resentment from his earlier 

5644
05:01:26,500 --> 05:01:30,100
criticisms and the appetite to 
see him on stage was massive. 

5645
05:01:30,900 --> 05:01:32,700
He landed in Boston to an 
exuberant. 

5646
05:01:32,700 --> 05:01:35,200
Welcome complete with Banquets 
and tributes. 

5647
05:01:35,200 --> 05:01:39,100
Dickens gave dozens of 
performances each draining it 

5648
05:01:39,100 --> 05:01:42,200
exhilarating. 
He earned substantial sums, 

5649
05:01:42,200 --> 05:01:46,100
helping him stabilized finances.
However, he again encountered 

5650
05:01:46,100 --> 05:01:49,100
slavery is lingering scars in 
the post Civil War landscape 

5651
05:01:49,100 --> 05:01:53,000
along, with the Stark racial 
inequalities though. 

5652
05:01:53,000 --> 05:01:55,700
Dickinson wrote extensively 
about American racial issues. 

5653
05:01:55,700 --> 05:01:59,500
He privately recognized the Deep
Rifts that threatened, the 

5654
05:01:59,500 --> 05:02:02,800
nation's reconstruction, the 
trips, punishing travel 

5655
05:02:02,800 --> 05:02:04,600
schedule. 
Further eroded his health 

5656
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:07,900
leading to collapse his after 
certain readings, yet. 

5657
05:02:07,900 --> 05:02:10,100
The Adoration of fans spurred 
him to persist. 

5658
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:14,700
Upon returning to England in 
1868, Dickens began what he 

5659
05:02:14,700 --> 05:02:18,600
called, his Farewell reading's 
touring provincial towns, he had

5660
05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:23,100
not yet visited some nights, his
voice, faltered violently 

5661
05:02:23,100 --> 05:02:24,500
pressing a handkerchief to his 
lips. 

5662
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:28,200
Determined to complete each 
program, Friends, pleaded with 

5663
05:02:28,200 --> 05:02:31,400
him to rest, still, Dickens 
believed his contract 

5664
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:34,100
obligations and the moral 
compulsion to connect with 

5665
05:02:34,100 --> 05:02:37,800
audiences helped caution. 
Meanwhile, he launched a new 

5666
05:02:37,808 --> 05:02:41,400
novel, The Mystery of Edwin, 
drood an unsettling murder 

5667
05:02:41,400 --> 05:02:45,500
mystery Dickens considered it, a
fresh experiment, blending 

5668
05:02:45,500 --> 05:02:48,300
psychological undercurrents with
the structure of a whodunit. 

5669
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:51,400
He wrote notes about how the 
final solution would shock 

5670
05:02:51,400 --> 05:02:54,100
readers, enthralling them with 
hidden Clues. 

5671
05:02:55,000 --> 05:02:59,900
But he never completed it on. 
June 9th 1870, Dickens suffered 

5672
05:02:59,900 --> 05:03:03,300
a stroke at his country home, 
gads Hill, Place, he died. 

5673
05:03:03,300 --> 05:03:08,200
The next day, aged 58 leaving 
Edwin, Druid unfinished, a 

5674
05:03:08,200 --> 05:03:11,900
puzzle sealed, into literary, 
lore, The nation plunged into 

5675
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:15,200
mourning, Queen Victoria noted 
her regret at never having met 

5676
05:03:15,200 --> 05:03:20,300
him memorials in from every day,
readers to luminary's against 

5677
05:03:20,300 --> 05:03:22,500
dickens's, personal wish for a 
simple funeral. 

5678
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:26,300
He was interred in poets corner 
at Westminster Abbey, dickens's 

5679
05:03:26,300 --> 05:03:28,800
Grand, resting place, 
symbolized, the public sustained

5680
05:03:28,800 --> 05:03:32,500
for him, a stark contrast to the
lonely hush of Martial to 

5681
05:03:32,500 --> 05:03:34,700
prison, where his father had 
once languished. 

5682
05:03:35,500 --> 05:03:38,200
In the aftermath speculation 
erupted about Edwin. 

5683
05:03:38,200 --> 05:03:41,500
Druid found scrambling for 
rumored outlines or concluding 

5684
05:03:41,500 --> 05:03:44,900
Pages. 
None definitive surface fueling 

5685
05:03:44,900 --> 05:03:47,700
a realm of dickensian 
scholarship dedicated to solving

5686
05:03:47,700 --> 05:03:49,400
that last riddle. 
More. 

5687
05:03:49,400 --> 05:03:53,500
Broadly critics reappraised. 
Dickens's over some pointed out 

5688
05:03:53,500 --> 05:03:57,000
his sentimentality others. 
Praised his comedic genius while

5689
05:03:57,000 --> 05:03:59,100
reformers lauded his crusading 
lens on. 

5690
05:03:59,100 --> 05:04:02,900
Poverty over time that 
kaleidoscopic Legacy only 

5691
05:04:02,900 --> 05:04:06,900
broadened his Flair for 
unforgettable characters, be 

5692
05:04:06,900 --> 05:04:09,500
they cunning or see him. 
Saintly shaped the global 

5693
05:04:09,500 --> 05:04:13,500
concept of the Victorian novel. 
Dickens left behind a tangle of 

5694
05:04:13,508 --> 05:04:16,700
personal contradictions, a 
champion of empathy who is 

5695
05:04:16,700 --> 05:04:19,700
sometimes harsh with Intimates a
moral Voice who can sealed his 

5696
05:04:19,708 --> 05:04:22,800
private entanglements. 
Yet no one, disputed his 

5697
05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:24,800
capacity to conjure life from 
the page. 

5698
05:04:24,800 --> 05:04:29,600
Melding tragic undercurrents 
with comedic levity in a few of 

5699
05:04:29,600 --> 05:04:32,200
replicated. 
The muddy streets of Victorian 

5700
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:34,100
London, will forever carry his 
Echo. 

5701
05:04:34,100 --> 05:04:37,700
A man, whose childhood 
humiliations birthed compassion 

5702
05:04:37,700 --> 05:04:40,700
for the neglected, whose 
comedic, Brilliance coated 

5703
05:04:40,700 --> 05:04:44,300
Savage, and diamonds of social 
inequality and whose busy pain, 

5704
05:04:44,300 --> 05:04:46,000
never ceased. 
Describing the complicated 

5705
05:04:46,000 --> 05:04:49,000
Labyrinth of the human heart. 
In the decades, following 

5706
05:04:49,000 --> 05:04:52,400
Charles dickens's death, his 
statue as a literary Titan only 

5707
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:54,700
grew biographers scrambled 
together. 

5708
05:04:54,700 --> 05:04:58,900
Letters Diaries and reminisants 
yet they stumbled upon 

5709
05:04:58,900 --> 05:05:01,900
inconsistencies. 
Dickens had destroyed sways of 

5710
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:05,500
correspondents, anxious to mask 
certain personal affairs. 

5711
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:08,800
Even his children offered varied
perspectives on his moods, 

5712
05:05:08,800 --> 05:05:11,900
praising his creativity, but 
recalling unpredictability At 

5713
05:05:11,908 --> 05:05:15,200
home over time, critics 
assembled, a portrait that 

5714
05:05:15,200 --> 05:05:17,500
balance, the Beloved National 
icon with a flawed. 

5715
05:05:17,500 --> 05:05:21,000
Restless man, dickens's cultural
influence radiated. 

5716
05:05:21,000 --> 05:05:25,000
Across continents translation of
his novels, proliferated from 

5717
05:05:25,000 --> 05:05:28,000
Russian to Japanese Tolstoy 
admired. 

5718
05:05:28,000 --> 05:05:31,000
How dickens's pathos uncovered 
moral truths within daily 

5719
05:05:31,000 --> 05:05:34,100
existence. 
Meanwhile in America, Mark Twain

5720
05:05:34,100 --> 05:05:36,100
sighted. 
Dickens's comedic Mastery as an 

5721
05:05:36,100 --> 05:05:39,000
inspiration. 
Stage adaptations thrived 

5722
05:05:39,000 --> 05:05:42,400
theater troops, dramatized, 
Oliver, Twist or A Christmas 

5723
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:46,000
Carol enthralling audiences. 
Who experience these. 

5724
05:05:46,000 --> 05:05:51,100
Moral Tales live eventually with
the emergence of film, dickens's

5725
05:05:51,100 --> 05:05:54,700
episodic style, lent itself to 
cinematic versions hooking new 

5726
05:05:54,700 --> 05:05:57,500
generations on characters like 
Scrooge and David Copperfield. 

5727
05:05:57,500 --> 05:06:01,400
Yet beneath the general 
adoration laid deeper debates in

5728
05:06:01,400 --> 05:06:04,500
the early 20th century, the 
modernist movement, dismissed in

5729
05:06:04,500 --> 05:06:08,500
the sentimental and structurally
messy, overshadowed by 

5730
05:06:08,500 --> 05:06:10,800
psychological realism. 
From authors like James Joyce, 

5731
05:06:10,800 --> 05:06:14,900
they disdained dickens's 
improbable coincidences and 

5732
05:06:14,900 --> 05:06:19,400
Stark moral polarities, however,
around mid-century a scholarly 

5733
05:06:19,400 --> 05:06:22,200
reappraisal highlighted the 
purposeful craft in dickens's 

5734
05:06:22,200 --> 05:06:24,000
narrative arcs and social 
critiques. 

5735
05:06:24,900 --> 05:06:28,300
Far from naive, his comedic 
touches often disguise Sharps 

5736
05:06:28,300 --> 05:06:32,200
societal bars, letting him slip,
radical criticisms passed 

5737
05:06:32,200 --> 05:06:34,600
sensors and readers. 
Unaccustomed to confrontation. 

5738
05:06:34,600 --> 05:06:37,400
Dickens also shaped 
philanthropic and social 

5739
05:06:37,400 --> 05:06:41,400
activism His scathing depiction 
of workhouses all the cruelty of

5740
05:06:41,400 --> 05:06:43,700
child. 
Labor, galvanized subsequent 

5741
05:06:43,700 --> 05:06:47,400
reformers Wilkie, Collins, 
Elizabeth, Gaskell, and others. 

5742
05:06:47,400 --> 05:06:51,200
In Dickinson Circle integrated 
similar strategies using fiction

5743
05:06:51,200 --> 05:06:56,300
to dramatize social injustice. 
Modern Charities for focusing on

5744
05:06:56,300 --> 05:06:58,900
literacy or child. 
Welfare, sometimes invoked 

5745
05:06:58,900 --> 05:07:02,600
dickens's name pointing to the 
universal empathy that his Works

5746
05:07:02,600 --> 05:07:06,300
evoke even today policy 
discussions about homelessness 

5747
05:07:06,300 --> 05:07:08,700
or child poverty. 
Occasionally mentioned Dickens 

5748
05:07:08,700 --> 05:07:11,400
as a moral reference. 
A reminder that ignoring 

5749
05:07:11,400 --> 05:07:15,100
societies, vulnerable Fosters 
deeper crises in the personal 

5750
05:07:15,100 --> 05:07:19,000
realm, Revelations about Ellen, 
Turner emerged in the late, 19th

5751
05:07:19,000 --> 05:07:21,700
and early 20th. 
Centuries shaking Dickens 

5752
05:07:21,700 --> 05:07:24,600
pristine image letters, and 
Memoirs indicated. 

5753
05:07:24,600 --> 05:07:27,900
He financially supported turn 
and dividing his life between 

5754
05:07:27,900 --> 05:07:30,600
public duties and a hidden 
domestic arrangement. 

5755
05:07:31,400 --> 05:07:34,100
Some fans felt betrayed that the
moralist had lived a double 

5756
05:07:34,108 --> 05:07:36,600
life. 
Others argued that Dickens 

5757
05:07:36,600 --> 05:07:39,100
private complexities under 
scored the raw, human 

5758
05:07:39,100 --> 05:07:42,700
contradictions, fueling his 
fiction, the debate parallel, 

5759
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:46,100
broader shifts in Victoria and 
icons were reassessed under 

5760
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:49,100
modern scrutiny. 
Dickens's method of Serial 

5761
05:07:49,100 --> 05:07:51,500
publication also influence. 
Subsequent generations of 

5762
05:07:51,508 --> 05:07:54,200
writers. 
The concept of releasing stories

5763
05:07:54,200 --> 05:07:58,500
in weekly or monthly segments, 
maintaining suspense forging a 

5764
05:07:58,500 --> 05:08:01,600
close bond with readers found 
echoes in everything from 20th 

5765
05:08:01,600 --> 05:08:03,300
century. 
Pope Magazine's to today's 

5766
05:08:03,300 --> 05:08:06,700
online web cereals, the 
interplay between real-time 

5767
05:08:06,700 --> 05:08:09,300
audience, reaction, and the 
writers of evolving plot shaped 

5768
05:08:09,300 --> 05:08:12,200
dickens's approach. 
He adjusted character Arts 

5769
05:08:12,200 --> 05:08:17,000
mid-series if he sensed to shift
in public sympathy contemporary 

5770
05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:20,400
authors who Experiment with 
episodic storytelling over 

5771
05:08:20,400 --> 05:08:22,200
quiet, debt to his pioneering 
structure. 

5772
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:26,100
Tourists still flocked to 
dickensian landmarks in London, 

5773
05:08:26,100 --> 05:08:28,200
the Dickens Museum in dowty 
Street. 

5774
05:08:28,200 --> 05:08:31,700
The blacking Factory is location
near the Thames and the austere,

5775
05:08:31,700 --> 05:08:34,300
martial sea, prison Relic. 
A Christmas. 

5776
05:08:35,000 --> 05:08:38,400
Especially people revisit A 
Christmas Carol with countless 

5777
05:08:38,400 --> 05:08:40,900
adaptations reinforcing 
generosity victory. 

5778
05:08:40,900 --> 05:08:44,000
Over miserliness. 
The stories cultural resonance 

5779
05:08:44,000 --> 05:08:48,400
persists because Dickens tapped 
into Elemental themes regret 

5780
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:53,200
Redemption and communal warmth. 
The name Scrooge remains a 

5781
05:08:53,200 --> 05:08:56,500
byword for stinginess a 
testament to dickens's enduring.

5782
05:08:56,500 --> 05:09:00,100
Hold on language itself, 
dickens's life is reflected as 

5783
05:09:00,100 --> 05:09:04,500
an illustration of reinvention 
and Unstoppable drive from a 

5784
05:09:04,500 --> 05:09:07,600
traumatized boy polishing boots 
to an International Celebrity 

5785
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:10,700
juggling philanthropic causes 
and laboratory plots. 

5786
05:09:10,700 --> 05:09:15,100
He exemplified resilience fueled
by moral impetus though times of

5787
05:09:15,100 --> 05:09:17,800
change. 
His emphasis on Shining a 

5788
05:09:17,800 --> 05:09:19,700
spotlight on the marginalized 
Rings contemporary. 

5789
05:09:19,700 --> 05:09:22,600
We see Echoes and campaigns for 
social justice. 

5790
05:09:22,600 --> 05:09:25,100
Echoing Dickens is called for 
empathy. 

5791
05:09:25,100 --> 05:09:28,100
Ultimately Charles. 
Dickens stands as both the 

5792
05:09:28,100 --> 05:09:31,100
comedic Chronicle of Victorian 
quirks and the fierce critic of 

5793
05:09:31,100 --> 05:09:35,000
institutional, failings his 
Labyrinth time, plots bursting 

5794
05:09:35,000 --> 05:09:37,800
with eccentric figures 
overshadow, none of the raw 

5795
05:09:37,800 --> 05:09:40,800
undercurrents of Injustice. 
Remains a puzzle of 

5796
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:44,600
contradictions public moralist, 
but private Enigma champion of 

5797
05:09:44,600 --> 05:09:47,100
familial warmth yet fracture of 
his home. 

5798
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:51,300
Comedic Entertainer yet, 
scathing social commentator That

5799
05:09:51,300 --> 05:09:53,800
complexity rather than 
undermining his legacy in 

5800
05:09:53,800 --> 05:09:56,800
riches. 
It his Works endure reminding us

5801
05:09:56,800 --> 05:10:00,300
that laughter and compassion can
coexist with deep outraged at 

5802
05:10:00,300 --> 05:10:03,700
cruelty and the single pen 
Guided by empathy and 

5803
05:10:03,700 --> 05:10:07,000
irrepressible imagination can 
shift how an entire Society 

5804
05:10:07,000 --> 05:10:13,000
views itself. 
Have you ever experienced the 

5805
05:10:13,000 --> 05:10:15,800
sensation of your genes being 
slightly too tight after the 

5806
05:10:15,800 --> 05:10:18,900
holidays? 
Imagine if the designer of every

5807
05:10:18,900 --> 05:10:21,000
piece of clothing you owned 
held. 

5808
05:10:21,000 --> 05:10:23,200
The belief that the human body 
was merely a suggestion. 

5809
05:10:23,200 --> 05:10:26,900
Welcome to Victorian fashion, 
were comfortably became 

5810
05:10:26,900 --> 05:10:28,600
Obsolete. 
And Common Sense took a long 

5811
05:10:28,608 --> 05:10:32,900
Hiatus picture. 
This it's 1850 and you're a 

5812
05:10:32,900 --> 05:10:34,500
well-to-do lady preparing for 
your day. 

5813
05:10:35,400 --> 05:10:38,600
But first, you need to put on 
approximately 17 different 

5814
05:10:38,600 --> 05:10:41,000
garments. 
Each one more bewildering than 

5815
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:43,500
the last. 
Your morning routine, doesn't 

5816
05:10:43,500 --> 05:10:46,000
start with coffee. 
It starts with an engineering 

5817
05:10:46,000 --> 05:10:47,500
degree in the patience of a 
saint. 

5818
05:10:48,700 --> 05:10:51,900
The victorians had this peculiar
relationship with human form. 

5819
05:10:52,900 --> 05:10:55,500
They believe that nature had 
created significant design 

5820
05:10:55,500 --> 05:10:57,400
flaws. 
And they were determined to 

5821
05:10:57,400 --> 05:11:00,300
rectify these floors using 
materials such as whale bone 

5822
05:11:00,300 --> 05:11:04,800
steel, and unwavering 
determination, It was like, they

5823
05:11:04,800 --> 05:11:07,200
looked at the human body and 
said, you know what, this 

5824
05:11:07,200 --> 05:11:10,700
individual needs more geometric 
shapes and less ability to 

5825
05:11:10,700 --> 05:11:14,200
breathe, but here's the thing 
that makes Victorian fashion so 

5826
05:11:14,200 --> 05:11:17,600
fascinatingly absurd. 
None of these changes happened 

5827
05:11:17,600 --> 05:11:19,700
overnight. 
It wasn't like someone woke up 

5828
05:11:19,700 --> 05:11:23,600
one morning in 1837 and declared
from now on women's waist shall 

5829
05:11:23,600 --> 05:11:25,000
be the circumference of a coffee
mug. 

5830
05:11:25,000 --> 05:11:29,200
Know, the outcome was a gradual 
slide into sartorial Madness 

5831
05:11:29,200 --> 05:11:33,500
that took decades to perfect. 
The truly surprising aspect is 

5832
05:11:33,500 --> 05:11:36,000
that people at the time believed
they were acting completely 

5833
05:11:36,000 --> 05:11:39,000
rationally. 
They had elaborate justification

5834
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:43,500
for every ridiculous element. 
Tight corsets needless to say, 

5835
05:11:43,500 --> 05:11:47,100
they were beneficial for posture
the skirts so wide that they 

5836
05:11:47,100 --> 05:11:50,700
can't fit through doorways. 
Undoubtedly, they are essential 

5837
05:11:50,700 --> 05:11:53,700
for maintaining modesty to 
sleeves need their own unique. 

5838
05:11:53,700 --> 05:11:56,100
Zip code, simply fashionable, 
darling. 

5839
05:11:56,100 --> 05:11:58,500
You have to admire the 
dedication really. 

5840
05:11:59,300 --> 05:12:02,100
These were people who have 
committed to anything when 

5841
05:12:02,100 --> 05:12:04,200
Victoria's decided to complicate
fashion. 

5842
05:12:04,200 --> 05:12:07,400
They went all in like they were 
trying to win an Olympic medal 

5843
05:12:07,400 --> 05:12:09,600
in most impractical clothing 
design. 

5844
05:12:10,500 --> 05:12:13,300
The approached fashion the way. 
Modern people approach extreme 

5845
05:12:13,300 --> 05:12:16,400
sports with enthusiasm that 
bordered on the Reckless. 

5846
05:12:17,200 --> 05:12:19,600
Men were not exempt from this 
madness though. 

5847
05:12:19,600 --> 05:12:21,600
Their version was more subtly 
ridiculous. 

5848
05:12:21,600 --> 05:12:24,200
While women were being 
transformed into human, 

5849
05:12:24,200 --> 05:12:27,400
geometric shapes men were busy 
perfecting the art of looking 

5850
05:12:27,400 --> 05:12:30,500
like very serious Penguins. 
They wore top hats that 

5851
05:12:30,500 --> 05:12:34,200
accentuated their height coats 
with useless tales and enough 

5852
05:12:34,200 --> 05:12:36,600
starch in their collars to 
construct a miniature boat. 

5853
05:12:37,500 --> 05:12:40,400
Fascinating thing is how this 
all started with genuine 

5854
05:12:40,400 --> 05:12:43,000
intentions. 
The early victorians weren't 

5855
05:12:43,000 --> 05:12:46,000
trying to create a fashion 
nightmare, they were responding 

5856
05:12:46,000 --> 05:12:48,100
to real social and economic 
changes. 

5857
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:52,200
The industrial revolution had 
created New Wealth, new social 

5858
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:54,000
classes. 
New anxiety is about 

5859
05:12:54,000 --> 05:12:57,900
respectability fashion became a 
language a way to communicate 

5860
05:12:57,900 --> 05:12:59,900
your place in this rapidly 
changing world. 

5861
05:13:00,900 --> 05:13:03,300
That somewhere along the way 
that language became 

5862
05:13:03,300 --> 05:13:06,900
increasingly complex, like a 
secret code that only the 

5863
05:13:06,900 --> 05:13:11,100
initiated could understand what 
started as dressed nicely to 

5864
05:13:11,100 --> 05:13:14,800
show your respectable. 
The Volta, transform yourself 

5865
05:13:14,800 --> 05:13:18,100
into a walking architectural, 
Marvel risk, social Extinction, 

5866
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:22,600
the irony is delicious. 
When you contemplate it here was

5867
05:13:22,600 --> 05:13:26,200
an ERA obsessed with moral 
virtue and proper behavior, yet 

5868
05:13:26,200 --> 05:13:29,100
they created clothing that made 
simple human activities like 

5869
05:13:29,100 --> 05:13:32,000
sitting walking or breathing 
into minor athletic 

5870
05:13:32,000 --> 05:13:35,300
achievements. it was as if they 
believed that suffering for 

5871
05:13:35,300 --> 05:13:39,900
beauty was not just acceptable 
but actually virtuous, As we 

5872
05:13:39,900 --> 05:13:43,500
drift into this story together, 
imagine the rustling of silk, 

5873
05:13:43,500 --> 05:13:47,200
the creaking of whalebone and 
the gentle chaos of an era, when

5874
05:13:47,200 --> 05:13:51,000
getting dressed was an adventure
and staying dressed was an 

5875
05:13:51,000 --> 05:13:53,800
endurance test. 
The victorians may have been 

5876
05:13:53,800 --> 05:13:56,500
many things, but boring wasn't 
one of them. 

5877
05:13:56,500 --> 05:13:58,600
Let's talk about the corset, 
shall we? 

5878
05:13:59,500 --> 05:14:02,100
Victorian fashion were a movie, 
The corset would be the villain.

5879
05:14:02,100 --> 05:14:05,800
Everyone loves to hate 
simultaneously, fascinating and 

5880
05:14:05,800 --> 05:14:09,100
horrifying, like a beautifully 
crafted instrument of torture 

5881
05:14:09,100 --> 05:14:11,500
that someone decided to wear to 
afternoon tea. 

5882
05:14:11,500 --> 05:14:14,100
You've probably heard the 
stories about women fainting 

5883
05:14:14,100 --> 05:14:16,800
left and right there. 
Organs rearranged like Furniture

5884
05:14:16,800 --> 05:14:20,600
in a studio apartment. 
However, the truth about corset 

5885
05:14:20,600 --> 05:14:22,900
wearing was not as dramatic as 
the legend portray. 

5886
05:14:22,900 --> 05:14:27,000
It's like that friend, who tells
fish stories, the basic facts of

5887
05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:28,600
their. 
But they've grown considerably 

5888
05:14:28,600 --> 05:14:32,900
in the telling Let's first, 
tackle the issue of the 18 inch 

5889
05:14:32,900 --> 05:14:35,800
waist in The Parlor. 
Do you notice the remarkably 

5890
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:38,100
small ways and fashion plates 
and photos? 

5891
05:14:38,100 --> 05:14:41,800
Many of them were about as real 
as a unicorn, wearing a Two-Two 

5892
05:14:42,500 --> 05:14:45,400
Victoria photographers, and 
illustrators were just as fond 

5893
05:14:45,400 --> 05:14:47,500
of creative editing, as modern 
Instagram, users. 

5894
05:14:47,500 --> 05:14:51,700
They pinch in wastes of Curves 
and generally present an 

5895
05:14:51,700 --> 05:14:54,100
idealized version. 
That was, as achievable as 

5896
05:14:54,100 --> 05:14:57,600
becoming a professional mermaid.
But that doesn't mean corsets 

5897
05:14:57,600 --> 05:15:00,500
were just gentle supportive. 
Garments either, these were 

5898
05:15:00,500 --> 05:15:04,200
indeed serious business. 
The well-made Victorian corset 

5899
05:15:04,200 --> 05:15:06,300
was like wearing an 
architectural support system 

5900
05:15:06,300 --> 05:15:09,300
designed by someone. 
Who'd never actually met a human

5901
05:15:09,300 --> 05:15:11,500
spine. 
They were marvels of engineering

5902
05:15:11,500 --> 05:15:15,300
really dozens of pieces of 
whalebone or steel carefully 

5903
05:15:15,300 --> 05:15:18,100
shaped and sewn into what was 
essentially a wearable cage. 

5904
05:15:18,100 --> 05:15:21,300
The thing is, most women didn't 
tight lace to the extreme 

5905
05:15:21,300 --> 05:15:23,500
degrees. 
You might imagine your average, 

5906
05:15:23,500 --> 05:15:26,000
Victorian lady laced, her corset
snugly, indeed. 

5907
05:15:26,000 --> 05:15:28,900
But not to the extent that she 
required smelling salts each 

5908
05:15:28,900 --> 05:15:32,500
time she sended a staircase. 
The fainting epidemic was more 

5909
05:15:32,500 --> 05:15:35,300
about the combination of tight 
lacing, heavy clothing, 

5910
05:15:35,300 --> 05:15:38,700
overheated rooms and the 
Victorian ladies delicate 

5911
05:15:38,700 --> 05:15:41,800
Constitution which was often 
more performed than January, 

5912
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:45,300
think of it this way if women 
were really fainting on Mass 

5913
05:15:45,300 --> 05:15:48,000
from their undergarments, the 
Victorian era would have been 

5914
05:15:48,000 --> 05:15:51,000
remarkably unproductive. 
Yet somehow. 

5915
05:15:51,000 --> 05:15:54,800
The same corseted women managed 
to run households raised 

5916
05:15:54,800 --> 05:15:58,600
children engage in social causes
and even working factories. 

5917
05:15:59,400 --> 05:16:02,400
They weren't delicate flowers. 
They were surprisingly Hardy 

5918
05:16:02,400 --> 05:16:04,200
individuals who have been 
addressed, like they were 

5919
05:16:04,200 --> 05:16:05,900
preparing for battle with their 
bodies. 

5920
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:10,100
The corset served purposes 
beyond the aesthetic in an era 

5921
05:16:10,100 --> 05:16:13,400
before bras were invented, it 
provided necessary support for 

5922
05:16:13,400 --> 05:16:16,000
women's busts. 
It also helped distribute the 

5923
05:16:16,000 --> 05:16:18,200
weight of those massive skirts 
will talk about shortly. 

5924
05:16:19,200 --> 05:16:21,800
Imagine carrying a small tent 
around your waist all day. 

5925
05:16:21,800 --> 05:16:23,900
You'd want some structural 
support too. 

5926
05:16:24,900 --> 05:16:27,300
But here's where the corset 
story gets really interesting. 

5927
05:16:27,300 --> 05:16:31,200
It became a symbol of women's 
oppression and Liberation 

5928
05:16:31,200 --> 05:16:35,600
simultaneously. 
Critics argued that tight lacing

5929
05:16:35,600 --> 05:16:38,300
represented societies. 
Control over women's bodies. 

5930
05:16:38,300 --> 05:16:40,900
Forcing them into unnatural 
shapes to please. 

5931
05:16:40,900 --> 05:16:44,100
Male, ideals of beauty 
supporters, countered that the 

5932
05:16:44,100 --> 05:16:46,900
corset gave women an hourglass, 
figure that emphasized, their 

5933
05:16:46,900 --> 05:16:50,800
femininity and Power, The 
medical establishment never want

5934
05:16:50,800 --> 05:16:52,400
to miss an opportunity to have 
opinions. 

5935
05:16:52,400 --> 05:16:55,600
About women's bodies weighed in 
with dial warnings about the 

5936
05:16:55,600 --> 05:16:59,600
dangers of tight lacing. 
Doctors wrote Lincoln's about 

5937
05:16:59,600 --> 05:17:02,900
corset liver and Corset lung 
conditions. 

5938
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:05,200
That sound like they were 
invented by someone who'd never 

5939
05:17:05,208 --> 05:17:08,600
actually examined a corseted 
woman but had profound feelings 

5940
05:17:08,600 --> 05:17:11,000
about fashion. 
Meanwhile the women actually 

5941
05:17:11,000 --> 05:17:14,200
wearing these garments had more 
nuanced views, many found their 

5942
05:17:14,200 --> 05:17:16,600
corsets comfortable and 
supportive when properly fitted 

5943
05:17:16,600 --> 05:17:20,000
others endured silence suffering
for the sake of fashion. 

5944
05:17:20,000 --> 05:17:24,100
Some rebelled entirely enjoying 
the dress Reform movement, which

5945
05:17:24,100 --> 05:17:26,300
sounds much more exciting than 
it actually was. 

5946
05:17:26,300 --> 05:17:30,300
Imagine a group of various women
campaigning for the right to 

5947
05:17:30,300 --> 05:17:33,400
wear clothing, that didn't 
require an engineering degree to

5948
05:17:33,400 --> 05:17:35,700
put on The corset industry 
itself. 

5949
05:17:35,700 --> 05:17:39,700
Was fascinating a complex 
network of Manufacturers from 

5950
05:17:39,700 --> 05:17:42,700
high-end corsetieres, who 
created custom pieces that fit 

5951
05:17:42,700 --> 05:17:44,900
like a second skin to 
mass-market. 

5952
05:17:44,900 --> 05:17:47,500
Producers who churned out 
ready-made versions for the 

5953
05:17:47,500 --> 05:17:50,300
growing middle class. 
Getting a course at properly 

5954
05:17:50,300 --> 05:17:53,100
fitted was like visiting a very 
specialized architect, who 

5955
05:17:53,100 --> 05:17:55,300
worked exclusively in human 
modification. 

5956
05:17:56,200 --> 05:17:59,100
As you settle deeper into your 
comfortable uncorporated 

5957
05:17:59,100 --> 05:18:01,300
evening. 
Remember that for Victorian 

5958
05:18:01,300 --> 05:18:04,500
women, this daily ritual of 
lacing and lacing was simply 

5959
05:18:04,500 --> 05:18:07,500
part of life. 
He adapted to their constraints 

5960
05:18:07,500 --> 05:18:10,700
with remarkable Ingenuity 
developing techniques for 

5961
05:18:10,700 --> 05:18:14,300
movement, breathing and even 
dancing while wearing, what was 

5962
05:18:14,300 --> 05:18:16,000
essentially a fabric covered 
cage. 

5963
05:18:16,900 --> 05:18:19,500
The human capacity for 
adaptation is truly remarkable. 

5964
05:18:19,500 --> 05:18:23,800
Even when adapting to something,
utterly ridiculous, let's pause 

5965
05:18:23,800 --> 05:18:26,300
here while you adjust your 
position on the couch, something

5966
05:18:26,300 --> 05:18:30,500
Victorian women could not do 
quite so easily. if corsets were

5967
05:18:30,500 --> 05:18:34,100
the foundation of the Victorian 
fashion Madness in skirts with a

5968
05:18:34,100 --> 05:18:38,400
magnificent in Practical 
superstructure on top, We're 

5969
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:39,900
talking about garments that 
required their own 

5970
05:18:39,900 --> 05:18:42,900
transportation planning, and had
a carbon footprint larger than 

5971
05:18:42,900 --> 05:18:45,400
some small countries. 
Picture yourself. 

5972
05:18:45,400 --> 05:18:49,400
Getting ready for a simple trip 
to the market in 1860 first, 

5973
05:18:49,400 --> 05:18:51,700
you'd need to consider your 
skirts diameter. 

5974
05:18:51,700 --> 05:18:56,400
Typically anywhere from 6 to 12 
feet across, that's not a typo. 

5975
05:18:56,400 --> 05:18:59,500
We're talking about wearing a 
fabric temp that could house a 

5976
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:01,600
small family. 
You couldn't just walk out the 

5977
05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:03,800
door. 
You had to strategize your exit,

5978
05:19:03,800 --> 05:19:05,200
like you were launching a space 
mission. 

5979
05:19:06,800 --> 05:19:09,400
The evolution of the Victorian 
skirt can be compared to a 

5980
05:19:09,408 --> 05:19:13,300
person gradually, losing their 
sense of reality, albeit in a 

5981
05:19:13,300 --> 05:19:17,700
methodical manner, It started 
reasonably enough in the 1840s 

5982
05:19:17,700 --> 05:19:19,000
full skirts. 
Yes. 

5983
05:19:19,000 --> 05:19:21,700
But nothing that required 
architectural consultation. 

5984
05:19:21,700 --> 05:19:25,100
Then something happened. 
Maybe it was competition. 

5985
05:19:25,100 --> 05:19:28,600
Maybe it was bored of or maybe 
someone made a bet about how 

5986
05:19:28,600 --> 05:19:30,800
wide they could make women 
Silhouettes before physics 

5987
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:34,200
intervened by the 1850s. 
The crinoline had become 

5988
05:19:34,200 --> 05:19:38,100
ubiquitous and irreversible, the
crinoline was essentially a cage

5989
05:19:38,100 --> 05:19:41,400
war on your skirt. 
Whoops of steel or whale bone 

5990
05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:43,000
that created a bell shaped 
Foundation. 

5991
05:19:43,000 --> 05:19:46,800
It was like wearing a personal 
tent frame except the tent was 

5992
05:19:46,800 --> 05:19:49,200
made of silk and you're expected
to walk in it. 

5993
05:19:49,200 --> 05:19:53,700
The logistic of criminal in life
was staggering doorways, became 

5994
05:19:53,700 --> 05:19:57,400
navigation, challenges sitting 
required careful calculation and

5995
05:19:57,400 --> 05:20:01,200
preferably a chair without arms.
Getting into a carriage was like

5996
05:20:01,200 --> 05:20:03,900
solving a three-dimensional 
puzzle while wearing a small 

5997
05:20:03,908 --> 05:20:06,900
building Victorian women 
developed skills, that would 

5998
05:20:06,900 --> 05:20:10,500
have made NASA Engineers weep 
with admiration and yet they 

5999
05:20:10,500 --> 05:20:13,300
made it look. 
Effortless photos from the era 

6000
05:20:13,300 --> 05:20:16,100
show, women gliding around in 
these massive skirts as if they 

6001
05:20:16,100 --> 05:20:19,600
were Perfectly Natural. 
However, a complex science 

6002
05:20:19,600 --> 05:20:22,700
underlay, the management of 
quinlan's women, learn to 

6003
05:20:22,700 --> 05:20:25,600
compress their skirts, by 
pressing down on the Hoops, to 

6004
05:20:25,600 --> 05:20:28,200
navigate stairs, by lifting the 
front of their skirts. 

6005
05:20:28,200 --> 05:20:31,300
Just so, and to sit by 
effortlessly collapsing, their 

6006
05:20:31,300 --> 05:20:34,300
criminals, the really 
magnificent part was how the 

6007
05:20:34,300 --> 05:20:36,300
fashion industry supported this 
madness. 

6008
05:20:36,300 --> 05:20:40,000
Crinoline manufacturers competed
on engineering principles. 

6009
05:20:40,000 --> 05:20:43,900
Some criminals had collapsible 
sections for sitting others. 

6010
05:20:43,900 --> 05:20:46,300
Featured graduated Hoops that 
created the perfect. 

6011
05:20:46,300 --> 05:20:49,900
Bell-shaped, he advertisements 
read like technical manuals for 

6012
05:20:49,900 --> 05:20:53,900
personal Transportation devices.
Crinolines have their dangers 

6013
05:20:53,900 --> 05:20:56,900
and not just the obvious ones 
like getting stuck in doorways 

6014
05:20:56,900 --> 05:21:00,900
or accidentally sweeping objects
off tables fire was a genuine 

6015
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:03,700
Hazard. 
All that fabric often treated 

6016
05:21:03,700 --> 05:21:07,700
with flammable starches and dies
combined with open Flames for 

6017
05:21:07,700 --> 05:21:10,908
lighting and Heating. 
Victoria newspapers are full of 

6018
05:21:10,916 --> 05:21:14,700
tragic stories of women, who 
skirts caught fire and the width

6019
05:21:14,700 --> 05:21:17,100
of their crinolines made it 
difficult to extinguish the 

6020
05:21:17,100 --> 05:21:19,700
Flames quickly. 
Then there were the weather 

6021
05:21:19,700 --> 05:21:23,900
related challenges, wind turned 
a crinoline into a sale, which 

6022
05:21:23,900 --> 05:21:25,800
sounds poetic Until you realize 
it meant. 

6023
05:21:25,800 --> 05:21:27,200
Women could be literally blown 
off. 

6024
05:21:27,200 --> 05:21:28,700
Course, during their daily 
walks. 

6025
05:21:29,800 --> 05:21:32,800
Rain was particularly 
problematic, imagine trying to 

6026
05:21:32,808 --> 05:21:35,900
dry a tent that you'd been 
wearing all day, the social 

6027
05:21:35,900 --> 05:21:39,000
implications were equally 
complex, a wide. 

6028
05:21:39,000 --> 05:21:42,100
Crinoline was a status symbol 
proof that you could afford not 

6029
05:21:42,100 --> 05:21:44,300
just the Garment itself. 
But the lifestyle that 

6030
05:21:44,300 --> 05:21:47,900
accommodated it If you could 
wear a six foot wide skirt, you 

6031
05:21:47,900 --> 05:21:50,900
didn't need to work cook clean 
or engage in any practical 

6032
05:21:50,900 --> 05:21:53,600
activity. 
It was conspicuous consumption 

6033
05:21:53,600 --> 05:21:57,200
in its most literal form. 
You were conspicuously consuming

6034
05:21:57,200 --> 05:21:59,400
space. 
And here's what makes the 

6035
05:21:59,400 --> 05:22:01,700
crinoline era. 
So, endearing in retrospect 

6036
05:22:02,500 --> 05:22:05,100
Victorian, women took these 
absurd constraints and somehow 

6037
05:22:05,100 --> 05:22:07,600
made them work. 
They developed elaborate 

6038
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:10,800
etiquette for criminal in 
navigation techniques for 

6039
05:22:10,800 --> 05:22:14,300
managing their skirts in various
social situations and even 

6040
05:22:14,308 --> 05:22:16,900
Sports modified for women 
wearing personal tents. 

6041
05:22:17,800 --> 05:22:20,400
Croquet became popular partly 
because it was one of the few 

6042
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:23,500
activities or a criminal in 
wasn't a complete impediment. 

6043
05:22:24,200 --> 05:22:26,900
Dance dancing required, 
choreography that accounted for 

6044
05:22:26,900 --> 05:22:29,400
each partner's. 
Circumference even something. 

6045
05:22:29,400 --> 05:22:32,200
As simple as walking with a 
friend became an exercise and 

6046
05:22:32,200 --> 05:22:36,300
spatial coordination, The 
crinoline reached its peak 

6047
05:22:36,300 --> 05:22:41,100
absurdity in the 1860s when 
skirts achieved their maximum 

6048
05:22:41,100 --> 05:22:43,900
circumference. 
It was as if Victorian fashion 

6049
05:22:43,900 --> 05:22:47,200
had been steadily expanding, 
like a balloon and everyone was 

6050
05:22:47,200 --> 05:22:49,600
waiting to see, who would be 
brave enough to suggest that 

6051
05:22:49,600 --> 05:22:53,400
maybe, just, maybe this was 
getting a bit ridiculous. 

6052
05:22:53,400 --> 05:22:56,700
Little did they know the next 
chapter? 

6053
05:22:56,700 --> 05:22:59,600
Would involve bustles because 
apparently making skirts 

6054
05:22:59,600 --> 05:23:01,400
impossibly wide wasn't quite 
enough. 

6055
05:23:02,300 --> 05:23:04,100
Victorians were just getting 
warmed up. 

6056
05:23:04,100 --> 05:23:06,800
Just when you think the 
victorians, couldn't possibly 

6057
05:23:06,800 --> 05:23:09,100
make clothing. 
More complicated Along Came the 

6058
05:23:09,100 --> 05:23:12,000
bustle era to prove that human 
Ingenuity in the service of 

6059
05:23:12,000 --> 05:23:15,700
impracticality knows no bounds. 
If the crinoline was like 

6060
05:23:15,700 --> 05:23:19,000
wearing a bell, the bustle was 
like strapping a small shelf to 

6061
05:23:19,000 --> 05:23:21,300
your posterior and pretending 
your posture was perfectly 

6062
05:23:21,300 --> 05:23:24,400
normal. 
The transition from crinoline to

6063
05:23:24,400 --> 05:23:26,700
bustle in the 1870s wasn't 
gradual. 

6064
05:23:26,700 --> 05:23:30,300
It was like watching a balloon 
deflate and then re-inflate in a

6065
05:23:30,300 --> 05:23:33,400
completely different shape. 
One day, women were navigating 

6066
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:36,500
doorways sideways because of 
their wit and the next they were

6067
05:23:36,508 --> 05:23:39,500
backing into rooms because their
skirts projected three feet 

6068
05:23:39,500 --> 05:23:42,100
behind them. 
It was as if he in fashion 

6069
05:23:42,100 --> 05:23:44,600
designers had gotten bored with 
horizontal challenges and 

6070
05:23:44,600 --> 05:23:46,900
decided to explore vertical 
possibilities. 

6071
05:23:48,200 --> 05:23:50,800
The bustle itself was a Marvel 
of engineering that would have 

6072
05:23:50,800 --> 05:23:54,200
made Bridge Builders jealous. 
Early bustles were essentially 

6073
05:23:54,200 --> 05:23:57,000
wire cages designed to create 
shelf like projection at the 

6074
05:23:57,008 --> 05:23:59,700
back of the skirt. 
Later versions became 

6075
05:23:59,700 --> 05:24:02,300
increasingly elaborate some had 
Springs. 

6076
05:24:02,300 --> 05:24:06,000
Others featured adjustable 
Frameworks in the most advanced 

6077
05:24:06,000 --> 05:24:10,000
models included collapsible 
sections for sitting Imagine 

6078
05:24:10,000 --> 05:24:12,200
attempting to sit down while 
wearing a bustle. 

6079
05:24:12,200 --> 05:24:14,800
It wasn't just a matter of 
bending at the waist. 

6080
05:24:14,800 --> 05:24:16,600
It required. 
A carefully choreographed 

6081
05:24:16,600 --> 05:24:19,900
sequence of movements, you'd 
approach the chair from the 

6082
05:24:19,900 --> 05:24:22,100
side, collapse, your bustle by 
pressing down on it. 

6083
05:24:22,100 --> 05:24:25,700
Lower yourself carefully while 
managing several layers of skirt

6084
05:24:25,700 --> 05:24:28,000
and then somehow a range all 
that fabric. 

6085
05:24:28,000 --> 05:24:30,400
So you didn't look like you were
being swallowed by your clothes 

6086
05:24:30,400 --> 05:24:32,600
clothing. 
The logistics of bustle. 

6087
05:24:32,600 --> 05:24:35,000
Life were even more complex than
criminal in management. 

6088
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,900
At least with the crinoline. 
You needed extra space in all 

6089
05:24:38,900 --> 05:24:41,300
directions. 
You never know what's going on 

6090
05:24:41,300 --> 05:24:44,200
behind you, when there's a 
bustle, Victorian women often 

6091
05:24:44,200 --> 05:24:47,000
kind of spatial awareness that 
modern people can't imagine. 

6092
05:24:47,000 --> 05:24:50,400
They could sense exactly how 
much room their rear projection 

6093
05:24:50,400 --> 05:24:54,300
required and navigated 
accordingly. doorways remain 

6094
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:58,100
challenging, but in new ways, 
Instead of squeezing through 

6095
05:24:58,100 --> 05:25:01,100
sideways bustle, women had to 
judge, angles carefully. 

6096
05:25:01,800 --> 05:25:04,700
If your approach was too steep, 
your skirt, might snag on the 

6097
05:25:04,708 --> 05:25:07,200
door frame. 
If the approach was too shallow,

6098
05:25:07,200 --> 05:25:10,400
you wouldn't be able to pass. 
It was like parking a car, 

6099
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:14,500
except the car was attached to 
your body, and made of silk, The

6100
05:25:14,500 --> 05:25:18,700
bustle also created intriguing, 
social dynamics, conversations 

6101
05:25:18,700 --> 05:25:22,100
became exercises in Geometry. 
How close could you stand to 

6102
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:24,300
someone when you were both 
wearing rear projections? 

6103
05:25:25,200 --> 05:25:28,100
Dancing required new techniques 
and something as simple as 

6104
05:25:28,100 --> 05:25:30,500
walking arm and arm with a 
friend, became a coordination 

6105
05:25:30,500 --> 05:25:32,800
challenge, worthy of 
synchronized swimmers. 

6106
05:25:33,700 --> 05:25:36,500
But perhaps the most remarkable 
thing about the bustle era was 

6107
05:25:36,500 --> 05:25:39,700
how it demonstrated Victorian 
societies ability to adapt to 

6108
05:25:39,700 --> 05:25:42,600
absolutely anything. 
Furniture makers, began 

6109
05:25:42,600 --> 05:25:44,800
designing chairs. 
That accommodated bustles 

6110
05:25:44,800 --> 05:25:48,100
architecture started accounting 
for the extra space women 

6111
05:25:48,100 --> 05:25:50,700
required. 
Social customs of evolved to 

6112
05:25:50,700 --> 05:25:53,100
handle the new spatial 
requirements of female fashion. 

6113
05:25:53,100 --> 05:25:56,100
The fashion plate of the era 
show women looking perfectly 

6114
05:25:56,100 --> 05:25:59,400
composed in their bottled gowns.
That the reality behind the 

6115
05:25:59,408 --> 05:26:02,300
scene was a constant comedy of 
spatial miscalculation. 

6116
05:26:03,500 --> 05:26:05,900
Torreon literature is full of 
subtle references to the 

6117
05:26:05,900 --> 05:26:08,900
challenges of bustled life. 
women getting stuck in 

6118
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:12,100
carriages, skirts, caught 
indoors, and the general chaos 

6119
05:26:12,100 --> 05:26:14,800
of trying to live normally while
wearing architectural elements 

6120
05:26:14,800 --> 05:26:19,000
that somehow Victorian, women 
made it work they developed 

6121
05:26:19,000 --> 05:26:21,500
techniques for bustle 
maintenance strategies for 

6122
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:25,400
navigation, and even created new
forms of social interaction that

6123
05:26:25,400 --> 05:26:29,400
accommodated, their enhanced 
silhouette's, Human ability to 

6124
05:26:29,400 --> 05:26:31,400
normalize. 
The Absurd is truly impressive. 

6125
05:26:31,400 --> 05:26:35,000
The bustle went through several 
iterations, during its Reign. 

6126
05:26:35,000 --> 05:26:38,300
The first bustle error featured 
relatively modest projections, 

6127
05:26:38,300 --> 05:26:40,900
consider it to be training 
wheels for posterior 

6128
05:26:40,900 --> 05:26:44,300
architecture. 
The early 1880s brought a brief 

6129
05:26:44,300 --> 05:26:46,400
respite, when skirts became more
streamlined. 

6130
05:26:46,400 --> 05:26:50,300
Likely bringing a sense of 
relief to everyone, But 

6131
05:26:50,300 --> 05:26:53,900
Victorian fashion wasn't done 
yet the second bustle era 

6132
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:57,700
beginning in the mid-1880s 
brought projections that defied.

6133
05:26:57,700 --> 05:26:59,600
Not just Comfort, but basic 
physics. 

6134
05:27:00,300 --> 05:27:03,400
These were just bustles. 
They were engineering Marvels, 

6135
05:27:03,400 --> 05:27:05,800
that critic Silhouettes. 
So extreme, they look like 

6136
05:27:05,800 --> 05:27:08,300
costume designs for a play about
furniture. 

6137
05:27:09,300 --> 05:27:12,100
The final bustle designs were so
elaborate, they came with their 

6138
05:27:12,100 --> 05:27:16,000
instruction manuals, some 
featured, multiple tiers, others

6139
05:27:16,000 --> 05:27:19,200
had adjustable angles, and the 
most advanced models included, 

6140
05:27:19,200 --> 05:27:21,500
Payton mechanisms for collapse 
and expansion. 

6141
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:25,600
It was as if Victorian women 
were wearing Transformer robots.

6142
05:27:25,600 --> 05:27:30,200
Except instead of turning into 
cars, they turned into chairs As

6143
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:33,300
we move through the fashion 
timeline, remember that each of 

6144
05:27:33,300 --> 05:27:37,400
these Trends lasted for years? 
This was not a brief moment of 

6145
05:27:37,400 --> 05:27:40,800
collective Madness, entire 
generation of women live, their 

6146
05:27:40,800 --> 05:27:43,400
daily lives. 
In these Contraptions adapting 

6147
05:27:43,400 --> 05:27:45,900
with remarkable Grace to 
constraints that seemed 

6148
05:27:45,900 --> 05:27:47,300
impossible from our modern 
perspective. 

6149
05:27:48,400 --> 05:27:49,900
Thought Victorian fashion was 
done. 

6150
05:27:49,900 --> 05:27:52,700
Surprising us after corsets 
crinolines and bustles. 

6151
05:27:52,700 --> 05:27:56,200
You clearly underestimated their
commitment to making every part 

6152
05:27:56,200 --> 05:27:58,100
of the human body and 
engineering challenge. 

6153
05:27:58,100 --> 05:28:02,200
Enter the 1890s sleeve also 
known as the leg of mutton 

6154
05:28:02,200 --> 05:28:04,700
sleeve though, that name doesn't
quite capture. 

6155
05:28:04,700 --> 05:28:07,900
The full absurdity of wearing, 
what amounted to small, hot air,

6156
05:28:07,900 --> 05:28:09,200
balloons attached to your 
shoulders. 

6157
05:28:10,300 --> 05:28:12,200
Early. 
Victorian sleeves were snug 

6158
05:28:12,200 --> 05:28:14,500
practical Affairs. 
That allowed for actual arm 

6159
05:28:14,500 --> 05:28:17,100
movement. 
However, as the century 

6160
05:28:17,100 --> 05:28:20,900
progressed sleeves began to 
expand as if they were competing

6161
05:28:20,900 --> 05:28:24,100
with skirts for the title of 
most impractical garment 

6162
05:28:24,100 --> 05:28:29,100
component. by the 1890s sleeves 
and achieved such Monumental 

6163
05:28:29,100 --> 05:28:32,100
proportions, that women needed 
to turn sideways to fit through 

6164
05:28:32,100 --> 05:28:35,600
doorways, not because of their 
skirts this time but because 

6165
05:28:35,600 --> 05:28:39,500
their shoulders had effectively 
doubled in width, These garments

6166
05:28:39,500 --> 05:28:40,700
were not. 
Merely sleeves. 

6167
05:28:40,700 --> 05:28:43,700
They resembled fabric 
architecture with arms hidden 

6168
05:28:43,700 --> 05:28:46,800
inside them. 
Construction of a proper leg of 

6169
05:28:46,808 --> 05:28:48,500
mutton. 
Sleeve was an engineering 

6170
05:28:48,500 --> 05:28:51,600
Marvel, that required more 
planning than most modern home 

6171
05:28:51,600 --> 05:28:54,600
renovations. 
Sleeve had to be supported from 

6172
05:28:54,600 --> 05:28:58,800
within using various Frameworks 
wire whale bone, or even cotton 

6173
05:28:58,800 --> 05:29:01,400
padding arranged in precise 
configurations to maintain the 

6174
05:29:01,400 --> 05:29:03,700
proper shape, getting dressed 
involved. 

6175
05:29:03,700 --> 05:29:06,300
Not just putting on clothing, 
but assembling a complex 

6176
05:29:06,300 --> 05:29:10,100
structural system. 
Imagine trying to eat dinner 

6177
05:29:10,100 --> 05:29:11,700
while wearing sleeves that 
extended. 

6178
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:15,200
Well beyond your actual arms, 
spam Victorian women developed 

6179
05:29:15,200 --> 05:29:17,600
eating techniques that would 
have impressed contortionists. 

6180
05:29:18,100 --> 05:29:21,200
They learned to approach their 
plates at specific angles to cut

6181
05:29:21,200 --> 05:29:24,900
food using carefully, calculated
arm movements, and to drink tea 

6182
05:29:24,900 --> 05:29:27,400
without completely obscuring, 
their faces behind walls of 

6183
05:29:27,408 --> 05:29:30,100
fabric. 
The Practical challenges were 

6184
05:29:30,100 --> 05:29:32,500
endless. 
Embracing someone required 

6185
05:29:32,500 --> 05:29:35,100
strategic planning, getting into
a carriage. 

6186
05:29:35,100 --> 05:29:37,300
Meant compressing, your sleeves 
like a kordians. 

6187
05:29:37,300 --> 05:29:40,200
Even something as simple as 
reaching for an object on a 

6188
05:29:40,208 --> 05:29:43,300
shelf, became an exercise and 
spatial mathematics. 

6189
05:29:44,900 --> 05:29:47,400
Victorian, women lived in a 
world where they're clothing had

6190
05:29:47,400 --> 05:29:49,300
a larger footprint than their 
actual bodies. 

6191
05:29:50,400 --> 05:29:53,300
Sleeves were not just large, 
they were elaborately decorated 

6192
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:56,400
puffed. 
Pleated, gathered. 

6193
05:29:56,400 --> 05:29:59,900
And trimmed with every 
conceivable ornament they were 

6194
05:29:59,900 --> 05:30:02,400
like, wearing two small 
ballrooms complete with their 

6195
05:30:02,400 --> 05:30:06,500
interior design schemes, some 
sleeves featured, multiple tears

6196
05:30:06,500 --> 05:30:10,200
of fabric, creating layered 
architectural effect that would 

6197
05:30:10,200 --> 05:30:12,800
have made wedding cake. 
Decorators weep With Envy. 

6198
05:30:12,800 --> 05:30:16,600
The maintenance requirements was
staggering these sleeves needed 

6199
05:30:16,600 --> 05:30:18,200
to be pressed into shape 
regularly. 

6200
05:30:18,200 --> 05:30:21,600
Their internal structures are 
just did and repairs and their 

6201
05:30:21,600 --> 05:30:23,400
elaborate decorations kept 
pristine. 

6202
05:30:24,600 --> 05:30:27,800
Victorian women employed armies 
of servants or spent hours 

6203
05:30:27,800 --> 05:30:29,900
themselves maintaining their 
sleeve architecture. 

6204
05:30:29,900 --> 05:30:33,300
It was like, owning a very high 
maintenance, pet that you water 

6205
05:30:33,300 --> 05:30:35,800
social events. 
Then there were the seasonal 

6206
05:30:35,800 --> 05:30:38,100
challenges. 
Some are sleeves in heavy 

6207
05:30:38,100 --> 05:30:41,100
Fabrics created portable sormaz.
Around women's Arms. 

6208
05:30:41,100 --> 05:30:44,300
Winter meant adding even more 
layers to already Monumental 

6209
05:30:44,300 --> 05:30:47,400
constructions. 
Rain posed, a significant 

6210
05:30:47,400 --> 05:30:51,000
challenge, imagine attempting to
dry two fabric Pavilions, 

6211
05:30:51,000 --> 05:30:54,500
fastened, to your shoulders, the
social implications of extreme 

6212
05:30:54,500 --> 05:30:57,700
sleeves were fascinating. 
They were clear indicators of 

6213
05:30:57,700 --> 05:31:00,500
Leisure Class status. 
If you could wear sleeves, that 

6214
05:31:00,500 --> 05:31:03,600
may practical work impossible, 
you obviously didn't need to 

6215
05:31:03,600 --> 05:31:06,900
engage in any, they were an 
extreme form of conspicuous 

6216
05:31:06,900 --> 05:31:09,800
consumption demonstrating that 
one could afford to be 

6217
05:31:09,800 --> 05:31:13,500
completely impractical. 
But Victorian fashion wasn't 

6218
05:31:13,500 --> 05:31:17,000
finished with extremities yet 
hats during this era became 

6219
05:31:17,000 --> 05:31:20,200
increasingly elaborate often 
featuring entire Garden, Gardens

6220
05:31:20,200 --> 05:31:23,500
of artificial flowers, 
preserved, birds, and decorative

6221
05:31:23,500 --> 05:31:25,000
elements. 
That would have been impressive 

6222
05:31:25,000 --> 05:31:27,600
on a parade float. 
These worked hats. 

6223
05:31:27,600 --> 05:31:30,900
They were portable ecosystems 
that happened to sit on people's

6224
05:31:30,900 --> 05:31:34,200
heads. 
The millenary Arts reached new 

6225
05:31:34,200 --> 05:31:36,300
heights of complexity during the
Victorian era. 

6226
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:40,400
Hat construction involved. 
Multiple Specialists one person,

6227
05:31:40,400 --> 05:31:41,900
might create the basic 
structure. 

6228
05:31:41,900 --> 05:31:45,000
Another would handle the 
flowers, and a third would add 

6229
05:31:45,000 --> 05:31:46,400
the birds and ornamental 
elements. 

6230
05:31:46,400 --> 05:31:50,000
Some Victorian hats required 
their own Structural Engineering

6231
05:31:50,000 --> 05:31:53,400
consultations. 
Gloves too became exercises in 

6232
05:31:53,400 --> 05:31:56,800
extremity enhancement. 
Taurian gloves were often so 

6233
05:31:56,800 --> 05:31:59,500
long they disappeared entirely 
under those enormous sleeves. 

6234
05:31:59,500 --> 05:32:02,300
Creating the impression that 
women's arms simply ended in 

6235
05:32:02,300 --> 05:32:04,100
fabric somewhere around the 
elbow. 

6236
05:32:04,800 --> 05:32:08,100
The longest gloves extended past
the elbow requiring complex 

6237
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:12,100
systems of buttons and hooks for
removal even shoes, join the 

6238
05:32:12,100 --> 05:32:13,500
extremity and hearts went 
project. 

6239
05:32:13,500 --> 05:32:17,700
Victorian boots often featured 
dozens of tiny buttons or an 

6240
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:21,200
elaborate lacing system that 
required special tools to fasten

6241
05:32:21,200 --> 05:32:25,400
getting dressed from head to toe
could take hours and often 

6242
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:28,700
required assistance from 
servants or family members, the 

6243
05:32:28,700 --> 05:32:32,100
cumulative effect of all these 
extremity and enhancements, was 

6244
05:32:32,100 --> 05:32:33,800
that Victorian. 
Women became walking 

6245
05:32:33,800 --> 05:32:36,300
demonstrations of their 
society's relationship with 

6246
05:32:36,300 --> 05:32:40,200
practicality, which was to say, 
they'd broken up entirely, and 

6247
05:32:40,200 --> 05:32:43,100
went on speaking terms. 
Now, settle in for this part of 

6248
05:32:43,108 --> 05:32:46,300
our story, because we're about 
to explore how Victorian fashion

6249
05:32:46,300 --> 05:32:48,300
became more complex than quantum
physics. 

6250
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:52,700
But with more rules about 
appropriate necklines Behind all

6251
05:32:52,700 --> 05:32:55,300
this sartorial Madness was a 
scientific approach to 

6252
05:32:55,300 --> 05:32:57,500
respectability that would have 
impressed laboratory 

6253
05:32:57,500 --> 05:32:59,900
researchers. 
The victorians didn't just 

6254
05:32:59,900 --> 05:33:03,200
randomly decide to make clothing
complicated, they developed 

6255
05:33:03,200 --> 05:33:06,500
elaborate systems of social 
communication through fabric, 

6256
05:33:06,500 --> 05:33:09,800
creating a language. 
So complex, that anthropologists

6257
05:33:09,800 --> 05:33:13,300
are still trying to decode it. 
The Victorian dress code wasn't 

6258
05:33:13,300 --> 05:33:16,200
just about looking nice. 
It was about broadcasting your 

6259
05:33:16,200 --> 05:33:21,100
moral character, social status 
economic situation marital 

6260
05:33:21,100 --> 05:33:23,800
availability and probably your 
opinion on the weather. 

6261
05:33:23,800 --> 05:33:26,600
All through carefully, 
calculated costume choices. 

6262
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:30,700
It was like, wearing a social 
media profile, except instead of

6263
05:33:30,700 --> 05:33:34,000
posting updates, you changed 
your outfit, mourning dress 

6264
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:37,500
after noon, dresses, evening 
dress, calling dress, walking 

6265
05:33:37,500 --> 05:33:39,800
dress, traveling dress, 
Victorian. 

6266
05:33:39,800 --> 05:33:42,400
Women needed different costumes 
for different hours of the day 

6267
05:33:42,400 --> 05:33:46,000
and different social activities.
It was as if they were actors in

6268
05:33:46,000 --> 05:33:49,300
an incredibly elaborate play, 
where the costumes changed every

6269
05:33:49,300 --> 05:33:52,600
few hours and forgetting your 
lines meant social death. 

6270
05:33:53,700 --> 05:33:56,200
The specificity of the rules was
astounding. 

6271
05:33:56,200 --> 05:33:59,300
There were appropriate colors 
for widows at different stages 

6272
05:33:59,300 --> 05:34:02,600
of mourning, precise neckline 
depths for various social 

6273
05:34:02,600 --> 05:34:06,300
occasions and exactly lakes that
communicated whether you were 

6274
05:34:06,300 --> 05:34:08,800
available for courtship or 
properly chaperone. 

6275
05:34:09,900 --> 05:34:12,700
Getting it wrong, wasn't just a 
fashion flow pair. 

6276
05:34:12,700 --> 05:34:15,600
It was a social catastrophe that
could affect your family's 

6277
05:34:15,600 --> 05:34:19,200
reputation for Generations. 
Take morning dress, for example.

6278
05:34:19,200 --> 05:34:22,900
Victorian society had developed 
morning into a complex ritual 

6279
05:34:22,900 --> 05:34:25,900
that lasted for years and 
involved costume changes more 

6280
05:34:25,900 --> 05:34:29,300
elaborate than a Broadway 
production For morning required,

6281
05:34:29,300 --> 05:34:32,200
completely black clothing, with 
no ornamentation for the first 

6282
05:34:32,200 --> 05:34:35,800
year, then came half morning, 
which allowed for touches of 

6283
05:34:35,808 --> 05:34:39,800
white, gray or purple. 
The gradations were so specific 

6284
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:42,900
that there were etiquette books 
devoted entirely to appropriate 

6285
05:34:42,900 --> 05:34:46,100
mourning attire, The fabric 
choices alone were a science, 

6286
05:34:46,100 --> 05:34:49,100
certain materials were 
appropriate for certain Seasons 

6287
05:34:49,100 --> 05:34:52,700
social classes and life stages. 
Silk was appropriate for formal 

6288
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:57,600
occasions, cotton for everyday 
wear for winter and linen for 

6289
05:34:57,600 --> 05:35:00,000
summer. 
But not just any type of silk, 

6290
05:35:00,000 --> 05:35:04,700
cotton wool or linen. 
There were dozens of varieties 

6291
05:35:04,700 --> 05:35:07,100
of each. 
Choosing the wrong type could 

6292
05:35:07,100 --> 05:35:10,000
broadcast ignorance of social 
codes, more effectively than 

6293
05:35:10,000 --> 05:35:12,100
wearing a sign. 
Color. 

6294
05:35:12,100 --> 05:35:15,000
Symbolism reached levels of 
complexity that would have 

6295
05:35:15,000 --> 05:35:18,800
challenged medieval Scholars. 
White symbolizes, Purity and 

6296
05:35:18,800 --> 05:35:21,200
youth. 
But this symbolism is limited to

6297
05:35:21,200 --> 05:35:23,900
unmarried. 
Women specific fabrics and 

6298
05:35:23,900 --> 05:35:27,500
specific Seasons black 
signifies, respectability and 

6299
05:35:27,500 --> 05:35:30,200
Authority. 
Yet it significant varies based 

6300
05:35:30,200 --> 05:35:34,500
on factors such as age marital 
status and the particular shade 

6301
05:35:34,500 --> 05:35:39,400
of black Purple was mourning but
also royalty but also dangerous.

6302
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:42,900
If worn by the wrong person at 
the wrong time, the trimming and

6303
05:35:42,900 --> 05:35:46,600
decoration systems were equally,
elaborate ribbons lace 

6304
05:35:46,600 --> 05:35:49,400
embroidery Buttons and Bows 
weren't just decorative 

6305
05:35:49,400 --> 05:35:51,500
elements. 
They were parts of a complex 

6306
05:35:51,500 --> 05:35:54,300
Communication System. 
The amount of ornamentation 

6307
05:35:54,300 --> 05:35:57,700
appropriate for your age social 
status and the occasion, 

6308
05:35:57,700 --> 05:36:00,700
required calculations more 
complex than filing tax returns,

6309
05:36:00,700 --> 05:36:04,100
even undergarments were part of 
this social communication 

6310
05:36:04,100 --> 05:36:08,300
system, the right courses 
drawers and petticoats were just

6311
05:36:08,300 --> 05:36:09,700
about creating the proper 
silhouette. 

6312
05:36:09,700 --> 05:36:12,500
They were about demonstrating 
that you understood and could 

6313
05:36:12,500 --> 05:36:15,400
afford to participate in the 
full complexity of Victorian 

6314
05:36:15,400 --> 05:36:18,700
culture. 
The economic implications were 

6315
05:36:18,700 --> 05:36:21,900
staggering. a proper, Victorian 
ladies wardrobe, required, a 

6316
05:36:21,900 --> 05:36:25,700
fortune, not just to acquire, 
but to maintain Cleaning 

6317
05:36:25,700 --> 05:36:29,100
pressing mending and updating 
needed to keep Pace with fashion

6318
05:36:29,100 --> 05:36:31,700
changes. 
Meant that clothing consumed a 

6319
05:36:31,700 --> 05:36:34,600
significant portion of middle 
and upper class household 

6320
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:38,500
budgets dressmakers became 
crucial figures in Victorian 

6321
05:36:38,500 --> 05:36:42,100
society, not just as crafts 
people, but as cultural 

6322
05:36:42,100 --> 05:36:46,700
interpreters, A competent 
dressmaker didn't just so she 

6323
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:49,800
guided her clients through the 
complex social codes in bedded, 

6324
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:52,200
in fashion choices. 
She was part. 

6325
05:36:52,200 --> 05:36:56,200
Counselor part artist part 
social strategist and part 

6326
05:36:56,200 --> 05:36:59,600
structural engineer. 
The seasonal transitions were 

6327
05:36:59,600 --> 05:37:02,900
particularly complex, sprinkle 
cleaning wasn't just about 

6328
05:37:02,900 --> 05:37:05,900
houses. 
It was about wardrobes summer 

6329
05:37:05,900 --> 05:37:07,500
and winter. 
Wardrobes were stored separately

6330
05:37:07,500 --> 05:37:11,700
with elaborate systems for 
preservation moth prevention and

6331
05:37:11,700 --> 05:37:14,600
maintaining the shapes of 
complex garments during storage.

6332
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:18,200
Fashion magazines became 
essential reading, not for 

6333
05:37:18,200 --> 05:37:21,700
inspiration, but for survival. 
They provided the constantly 

6334
05:37:21,700 --> 05:37:24,900
updated information necessary to
navigate the changing rules of 

6335
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:28,700
appropriate address. 
Reading goes ladies book or 

6336
05:37:28,700 --> 05:37:31,800
Peterson's, magazine wasn't 
Leisure, it was continuing 

6337
05:37:31,800 --> 05:37:35,500
education in the science of 
social acceptability, the really

6338
05:37:35,500 --> 05:37:38,000
remarkable thing is. 
How Victorian women managed to 

6339
05:37:38,000 --> 05:37:41,400
internalize all these rules 
while making their complexion 

6340
05:37:41,400 --> 05:37:43,100
choices appear effortless and 
natural. 

6341
05:37:44,100 --> 05:37:46,800
Behind every graceful. 
Victorian lady gliding through a

6342
05:37:46,800 --> 05:37:49,600
social Gathering. 
Was someone who had mastered a 

6343
05:37:49,600 --> 05:37:52,300
system of cultural 
communication, more complex than

6344
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:54,400
most modern professional 
training programs. 

6345
05:37:54,400 --> 05:37:57,600
By the 1890s, something crazy 
was happening in the world of 

6346
05:37:57,600 --> 05:38:00,400
Victorian fashion, people of the
beginning to realize that 

6347
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:03,200
clothing should allow for basic 
human functions like breathing 

6348
05:38:03,200 --> 05:38:07,900
sitting and moving ones arms. 
Although it took several decades

6349
05:38:07,900 --> 05:38:11,100
for this revolutionary concept 
to gain traction, women's 

6350
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:14,000
freedom, and move was a 
significant Catalyst for change.

6351
05:38:15,100 --> 05:38:17,600
The dress Reform movement had 
been percolating throughout the 

6352
05:38:17,600 --> 05:38:21,700
Victorian era, led by brave, 
souls who dared to suggest that 

6353
05:38:21,700 --> 05:38:24,100
perhaps women's clothing 
shouldn't require engineering 

6354
05:38:24,100 --> 05:38:28,000
degrees to operate these fashion
Rebels, proposed radical ideas, 

6355
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:31,900
like, skirts that didn't require
their own ZIP codes and sleeves 

6356
05:38:31,900 --> 05:38:34,200
that acknowledge the existence 
of human arms. 

6357
05:38:35,300 --> 05:38:38,200
To Gustav Yeager introduced the 
world to Woolen undergarments 

6358
05:38:38,200 --> 05:38:41,200
that prioritized health over 
silhouette manipulation. 

6359
05:38:42,100 --> 05:38:44,700
The rational dress movement 
promoted clothing that allowed 

6360
05:38:44,700 --> 05:38:48,500
for actual physical activity. 
Asheville clothing, that value 

6361
05:38:48,500 --> 05:38:51,700
Comfort over structural 
soundness teals gained 

6362
05:38:51,700 --> 05:38:53,700
popularity. 
There was like watching 

6363
05:38:53,700 --> 05:38:57,100
civilization slowly. 
Remember that humans had bodies 

6364
05:38:57,100 --> 05:38:59,000
underneath all that 
architectural clothing? 

6365
05:39:00,700 --> 05:39:03,700
The bicycle craze of the 1890s 
delivered, a particularly 

6366
05:39:03,700 --> 05:39:05,500
effective blow to a practical 
fashion. 

6367
05:39:05,500 --> 05:39:09,200
You simply cannot ride a bicycle
while wearing a bustle and 

6368
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:11,800
Victorian, women were not about 
to give up this exciting new 

6369
05:39:11,800 --> 05:39:14,700
form of transportation just to 
maintain their rear projections.

6370
05:39:14,700 --> 05:39:19,400
Cycling costumes, featured a 
revolutionary concept divided 

6371
05:39:19,400 --> 05:39:21,900
skirts that allowed women to 
actually move their legs 

6372
05:39:21,900 --> 05:39:24,900
independently. 
Supports in general began to 

6373
05:39:24,900 --> 05:39:28,400
influence fashion in ways that 
prioritized function over form 

6374
05:39:28,400 --> 05:39:32,400
10 tennis required clothing, 
that allowed arm movement, golf 

6375
05:39:32,400 --> 05:39:34,800
needed skirts, that didn't 
interfere with swing mechanics 

6376
05:39:34,800 --> 05:39:39,000
even croquet that most Victorian
of games work better when 

6377
05:39:39,000 --> 05:39:42,600
players could actually see their
feet and move without strategic 

6378
05:39:42,600 --> 05:39:45,100
planning. 
The influence of artistic 

6379
05:39:45,100 --> 05:39:49,100
movements cannot be understated.
The aesthetic movement promoted,

6380
05:39:49,100 --> 05:39:53,800
artistic dress, that prioritized
Beauty and comfort over rigid 

6381
05:39:53,800 --> 05:39:57,800
social signaling Pre-raphaelite 
artists painted women in flowing

6382
05:39:57,800 --> 05:39:59,600
gowns. 
That actually followed the lines

6383
05:39:59,600 --> 05:40:03,100
of the human body rather than 
imposing geometric shapes upon 

6384
05:40:03,100 --> 05:40:05,100
it. 
It was as if artists were 

6385
05:40:05,100 --> 05:40:08,100
reminding Society, what people 
actually looked like under all 

6386
05:40:08,100 --> 05:40:11,400
that Structural Engineering, 
World War one would ultimately 

6387
05:40:11,400 --> 05:40:15,000
bring an end to the excesses of 
the Victorian fashion but by 

6388
05:40:15,008 --> 05:40:18,200
1900 the seeds of change had 
already begun to emerge. 

6389
05:40:18,200 --> 05:40:22,100
Women were entering the 
workforce increasing numbers for

6390
05:40:22,100 --> 05:40:25,500
suing higher education and 
engaging in social causes that 

6391
05:40:25,500 --> 05:40:28,800
required practical clothing. 
You can't affectively advocate 

6392
05:40:28,800 --> 05:40:30,700
for social change while wearing 
a garment. 

6393
05:40:30,700 --> 05:40:33,000
That requires two people and a 
manual to put on. 

6394
05:40:33,800 --> 05:40:37,000
The corset began its long, slow 
Retreat from Maximum tightness. 

6395
05:40:37,000 --> 05:40:41,000
The esker of silhouette of the 
early 1900s while still 

6396
05:40:41,000 --> 05:40:43,900
involving serious. 
Foundation garments allowed for 

6397
05:40:43,900 --> 05:40:47,100
some more natural. 
Waste placement skirts began to 

6398
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:50,900
narrow sleeves returned to more 
reasonable proportions and hats 

6399
05:40:50,900 --> 05:40:52,800
stopped, requiring their own 
postal codes. 

6400
05:40:52,800 --> 05:40:55,700
Fashion magazines, began 
featuring articles about 

6401
05:40:55,700 --> 05:40:58,800
healthful dress and rational 
clothing choices. 

6402
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:02,700
Doctors who had warned for 
decades about the dangers of 

6403
05:41:02,700 --> 05:41:04,500
tight lacing. 
Were finally, receiving 

6404
05:41:04,500 --> 05:41:07,800
attention social pressure for 
impossible Silhouettes was 

6405
05:41:07,800 --> 05:41:10,500
beginning to give away to the 
medical establishments concerns 

6406
05:41:10,500 --> 05:41:12,400
about corset liver and 
compressed organs. 

6407
05:41:12,400 --> 05:41:16,000
Perhaps most importantly, women 
themselves were beginning to 

6408
05:41:16,000 --> 05:41:18,900
question, why their clothing 
should be more complex than 

6409
05:41:18,900 --> 05:41:23,100
their educations. 
The new woman of the 1890s and 

6410
05:41:23,100 --> 05:41:26,500
early 1900s wanted clothing, 
that matched her expanded role 

6411
05:41:26,500 --> 05:41:29,200
in society. 
Practical enough for work 

6412
05:41:29,200 --> 05:41:32,500
comfortable enough for an active
lifestyle and sensible enough to

6413
05:41:32,500 --> 05:41:34,600
allow for the full range of 
human activities. 

6414
05:41:35,800 --> 05:41:37,900
The transition wasn't immediate 
or complete. 

6415
05:41:37,900 --> 05:41:41,700
Many Victorian fashion elements 
persisted well into the 20th 

6416
05:41:41,700 --> 05:41:44,500
century and some never entirely 
disappeared. 

6417
05:41:45,300 --> 05:41:49,100
But by 1910, the era of truly 
extreme fashion, construction 

6418
05:41:49,100 --> 05:41:52,400
was winding down. 
Women were beginning to dress 

6419
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:55,500
like human beings rather than 
walking demonstrations of their 

6420
05:41:55,500 --> 05:41:57,300
families. 
Economic status and their 

6421
05:41:57,300 --> 05:42:00,400
tolerance for physical 
discomfort looking back at 

6422
05:42:00,400 --> 05:42:02,100
Victorian fashion from our 
comfortable. 

6423
05:42:02,100 --> 05:42:05,800
Modern perspective, it's easy to
laugh at the absurdity of it 

6424
05:42:05,800 --> 05:42:08,900
all, but there's something 
admirable about the sheer human 

6425
05:42:08,900 --> 05:42:12,500
adaptability at represented 
Victorian women took clothing 

6426
05:42:12,500 --> 05:42:16,000
that seems impossible to live in
and somehow build entire lives 

6427
05:42:16,000 --> 05:42:19,000
around it. 
They developed skills techniques

6428
05:42:19,000 --> 05:42:22,300
and social systems that allowed 
them to function despite wearing

6429
05:42:22,300 --> 05:42:25,800
architectural elements. 
The Victorian fashion era 

6430
05:42:25,800 --> 05:42:27,500
teaches us. 
Something important about human 

6431
05:42:27,500 --> 05:42:31,500
nature, we can adapt to almost 
anything but that doesn't mean 

6432
05:42:31,500 --> 05:42:33,600
we should have to admitting 
that. 

6433
05:42:33,600 --> 05:42:36,600
Something widely accepted is 
actually ridiculous. 

6434
05:42:36,600 --> 05:42:39,500
And needs change. 
Can often be the most 

6435
05:42:39,500 --> 05:42:42,800
revolutionary Act. 
As you settle in, for a 

6436
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:44,900
comfortable night's sleep in 
your practical breathable 

6437
05:42:44,900 --> 05:42:47,100
pajamas. 
Spare, a thought for those 

6438
05:42:47,100 --> 05:42:50,700
Victorian women who managed to 
build Rich complex lives while 

6439
05:42:50,700 --> 05:42:53,400
wearing clothing that defied 
both physics and Common Sense. 

6440
05:42:54,300 --> 05:42:56,300
They may not have been 
comfortable but they were 

6441
05:42:56,300 --> 05:42:59,600
certainly never boring. 
And with that we can conclude 

6442
05:42:59,600 --> 05:43:01,700
one of history's. 
Most intricate attempts to 

6443
05:43:01,700 --> 05:43:04,100
overly complicate daily life 
through fashioned. 

6444
05:43:04,100 --> 05:43:08,000
Sweet dreams and be grateful for
elastic, waistbands. 

6445
05:43:11,500 --> 05:43:14,500
Nikola Tesla's boyhood in the 
small village of smilie Anne, 

6446
05:43:14,500 --> 05:43:17,100
nestled in the rural reaches of 
the Austrian Empire. 

6447
05:43:17,100 --> 05:43:20,400
Now Croatia was, as far removed 
from the noise of modern 

6448
05:43:20,400 --> 05:43:21,900
Contraptions as one might 
imagine. 

6449
05:43:23,000 --> 05:43:26,300
Yet even amid this pastoral 
backdrop Tesla found ways to 

6450
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:30,900
indulge his curiosity. 
His father milutin was an 

6451
05:43:30,900 --> 05:43:34,300
orthodox priest off, an occupied
by religious duties, but he also

6452
05:43:34,300 --> 05:43:37,400
possessed a serious Library 
where young Nicholas snuck away 

6453
05:43:37,400 --> 05:43:40,100
to read. 
In fact, Tesla frequently, 

6454
05:43:40,100 --> 05:43:43,300
credited, these secretive 
Explorations for sparking, his 

6455
05:43:43,300 --> 05:43:47,600
fascination with science. 
Meanwhile, his mother duka a 

6456
05:43:47,600 --> 05:43:50,200
resourceful and gifted woman 
crafted household tools, with 

6457
05:43:50,200 --> 05:43:52,600
her hands, granting Tesla 
first-hand. 

6458
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:56,000
Look at the interplay between 
imagination and utility. 

6459
05:43:56,800 --> 05:44:00,400
One story that rarely gets 
retold overshadowed perhaps by 

6460
05:44:00,400 --> 05:44:03,800
Granda, anecdotes involved a 
small wooden water wheel. 

6461
05:44:03,800 --> 05:44:07,500
He built at age 9 determined to 
harness, the churning stream 

6462
05:44:07,500 --> 05:44:11,000
that ran behind his home. 
Tesla carved, rough paddles, 

6463
05:44:11,000 --> 05:44:14,300
from scavenge Driftwood, an 
improvised and axle from a 

6464
05:44:14,300 --> 05:44:17,400
broken carpart. 
While the contrivance was crude,

6465
05:44:17,400 --> 05:44:22,100
it worked sort of it sputtered 
and jammed more often than its 

6466
05:44:22,100 --> 05:44:25,800
fun but this half success taught
him, the power of redirecting 

6467
05:44:25,800 --> 05:44:29,900
Natural Forces even as a child 
he recognized that nature has 

6468
05:44:29,900 --> 05:44:32,500
tremendous energy just waiting 
to be tapped. 

6469
05:44:33,400 --> 05:44:35,900
It was also, during these early 
years, that Tesla started 

6470
05:44:35,900 --> 05:44:38,900
experiencing a cute 
visualizations later. 

6471
05:44:38,900 --> 05:44:42,300
He described how bright flashes 
before his eyes would conjure 

6472
05:44:42,300 --> 05:44:44,600
Vivid images of objects. 
He hadn't even witnessed before 

6473
05:44:44,600 --> 05:44:48,800
this phenomenon, which he called
his mind's eye sometimes 

6474
05:44:48,800 --> 05:44:52,100
unsettled people around him, but
it had a silver lining. 

6475
05:44:52,100 --> 05:44:54,900
Whenever an idea flickered 
through his Consciousness. 

6476
05:44:54,900 --> 05:44:59,100
He could examine its details in 
these mental pictures rotating 

6477
05:44:59,100 --> 05:45:01,400
and refining them before he ever
set pen to paper. 

6478
05:45:01,400 --> 05:45:05,600
This unique ability often 
minimized in popular accounts 

6479
05:45:05,600 --> 05:45:09,400
shaped his inventive process. 
Of course, not all was a 

6480
05:45:09,400 --> 05:45:13,100
delicate as a Schoolboy. 
Tesla nurse to rebellious streak

6481
05:45:13,100 --> 05:45:16,700
and loathed rope memorization. 
His teacher wants, scolded him 

6482
05:45:16,700 --> 05:45:19,900
for insisting that the Earth was
a giant magnet telling, the 

6483
05:45:19,900 --> 05:45:22,600
class that Tesla was letting his
imagination run wild. 

6484
05:45:23,600 --> 05:45:26,200
The teacher was unaware of how 
close Tesla was to the truth, 

6485
05:45:26,200 --> 05:45:29,600
nor how that minor humiliation 
inspired him to study, magnetism

6486
05:45:29,600 --> 05:45:32,400
more thoroughly. 
Some say the seeds of his 

6487
05:45:32,400 --> 05:45:35,800
future. 
AC motor began here in the 

6488
05:45:35,808 --> 05:45:39,800
tension between Authority and 
Tesla's unwavering self-belief 

6489
05:45:39,800 --> 05:45:43,800
in spare moments. 
Young Tesla found camaraderie 

6490
05:45:43,800 --> 05:45:46,600
with friends who joined in his 
experiments like building 

6491
05:45:46,600 --> 05:45:50,200
hand-cranked Contraptions were 
trying to talk through Tin Can 

6492
05:45:50,200 --> 05:45:54,200
telephones yet. 
If a Contraption failed, Tesla, 

6493
05:45:54,200 --> 05:45:57,400
vanished, into introspection 
recalculating. 

6494
05:45:57,400 --> 05:46:00,000
Every step in his mind in those 
hours. 

6495
05:46:00,000 --> 05:46:02,800
No one could pry him away from 
his Reflections. 

6496
05:46:02,800 --> 05:46:06,100
It was as if he was lost in that
luminous in a workshop. 

6497
05:46:06,900 --> 05:46:09,000
Despite bouts of quiet 
withdrawal. 

6498
05:46:09,000 --> 05:46:11,000
Tesla still lived in a 
household. 

6499
05:46:11,000 --> 05:46:14,500
That valued performance. 
Specially rhetorical Flair. 

6500
05:46:15,400 --> 05:46:17,900
Its father believed in the power
of eloquence and would often 

6501
05:46:17,900 --> 05:46:21,500
deliver stirring orations. 
Perhaps this is how Tesla 

6502
05:46:21,500 --> 05:46:25,600
learned to present radical ideas
with poisons from his mother. 

6503
05:46:25,600 --> 05:46:29,300
The virtue of patient tinkering 
an aspect over shadowed by 

6504
05:46:29,300 --> 05:46:32,100
stories of His Brilliant. 
Flashes of insight though, 

6505
05:46:32,100 --> 05:46:35,400
untrained formerly Duke is 
improvisational skills. 

6506
05:46:35,400 --> 05:46:38,000
Showed him that great inventions
need not come from Grand 

6507
05:46:38,000 --> 05:46:40,500
laboratory trees. 
They could begin at a humble 

6508
05:46:40,500 --> 05:46:43,600
table or by the Riverside as 
long as one had the drive to see

6509
05:46:43,600 --> 05:46:45,600
them through. 
By the time he reached out 

6510
05:46:45,600 --> 05:46:48,600
lessons, Tesla had devoured 
nearly every science book in his

6511
05:46:48,600 --> 05:46:51,600
father's Library, immersed 
himself in electricity. 

6512
05:46:51,600 --> 05:46:56,200
Magnetism mechanical wonders. 
Is Fascination growing with each

6513
05:46:56,200 --> 05:47:00,300
page later at night when the 
household slept, and a single 

6514
05:47:00,300 --> 05:47:03,200
kerosene lamp. 
Flickered in the corridor Tesla 

6515
05:47:03,200 --> 05:47:06,400
Moldova New Concepts, making 
mental notes on how to apply 

6516
05:47:06,400 --> 05:47:09,300
them. 
He never just read he scouted 

6517
05:47:09,300 --> 05:47:12,200
for Clues. 
Each bit of knowledge layering 

6518
05:47:12,200 --> 05:47:15,700
onto his mental designs. 
These experiences and smell 

6519
05:47:15,700 --> 05:47:19,500
jammed the Bedrock of a lifetime
of invention while the world 

6520
05:47:19,500 --> 05:47:22,500
would one day witness testers, 
theatrical experiments and 

6521
05:47:22,500 --> 05:47:26,200
transformative discoveries. 
It All Began beside a murmuring 

6522
05:47:26,200 --> 05:47:30,000
Creek and within the hush of a 
modest Library there free from 

6523
05:47:30,000 --> 05:47:34,700
Urban clamor Tesla, learned the 
value of curiosity, observation 

6524
05:47:34,700 --> 05:47:38,600
and sustained, determination. 
It was in this unassuming 

6525
05:47:38,600 --> 05:47:40,800
domain, where wooden water 
wheels. 

6526
05:47:40,800 --> 05:47:44,500
Butted and a boy's imagination 
soared that the seeds of an 

6527
05:47:44,500 --> 05:47:46,700
extraordinary Destiny. 
First took Route. 

6528
05:47:47,600 --> 05:47:50,700
Perhaps most telling his 
formative years cemented in 

6529
05:47:50,700 --> 05:47:53,000
Tesla, a lifelong pattern of 
introspection and 

6530
05:47:53,000 --> 05:47:56,300
experimentation the young 
inventor, not only absorbed 

6531
05:47:56,300 --> 05:47:58,700
Knoll Village. 
He reinvented it in his 

6532
05:47:58,700 --> 05:48:03,100
imagination for him. 
Smiley was not a Backwater, it 

6533
05:48:03,100 --> 05:48:05,600
was a secluded incubator for 
unexplored possibilities. 

6534
05:48:07,200 --> 05:48:10,400
Tesla's departure from home was 
spurred by academic Pursuits 

6535
05:48:10,400 --> 05:48:12,000
that beckoned him to larger 
Arenas. 

6536
05:48:12,000 --> 05:48:16,600
Eventually Landing him at the 
Austrian Polytechnic in Graz the

6537
05:48:16,600 --> 05:48:18,400
environment there, demanded 
rigor. 

6538
05:48:19,000 --> 05:48:22,800
Which suited Tesla's capacity 
for total immersion, he sank his

6539
05:48:22,800 --> 05:48:26,200
teeth into mathematics physics 
and mechanics with a feverish 

6540
05:48:26,200 --> 05:48:29,700
intensity professors noted, his 
uncanny ability to answer 

6541
05:48:29,700 --> 05:48:32,600
complex theoretical questions 
without referencing textbooks. 

6542
05:48:32,600 --> 05:48:36,800
A result of his extraordinary 
mental visualization, However, 

6543
05:48:36,800 --> 05:48:40,700
the spark that truly lit. 
His imagination was the direct 

6544
05:48:40,700 --> 05:48:44,700
current DC electrical Machinery.
In the school's Labs 

6545
05:48:44,700 --> 05:48:48,500
conventional wisdom suggested DC
was the future of power. 

6546
05:48:48,500 --> 05:48:51,500
The Tesla found its 
inefficiencies maddening 

6547
05:48:51,500 --> 05:48:55,500
observing, how DC motors 
generated Sparks and wasted 

6548
05:48:55,500 --> 05:48:58,000
energy. 
He questioned how nobody noticed

6549
05:48:58,000 --> 05:49:00,700
a better pathway when one 
Professor pronounced that 

6550
05:49:00,700 --> 05:49:04,400
harnessing alternating current 
AC at scale was an 

6551
05:49:04,400 --> 05:49:06,900
impossibility. 
Tesla resisted, the urge to 

6552
05:49:06,900 --> 05:49:10,100
argue instead, he spent late 
nights in his boarding room 

6553
05:49:10,100 --> 05:49:14,000
sketching out rotating magnetic 
fields in his head if he does 

6554
05:49:14,000 --> 05:49:17,200
off at all, it was with diagrams
dancing across his Islands 

6555
05:49:17,200 --> 05:49:20,600
despite his academic prowess. 
Tesla stinting. 

6556
05:49:20,600 --> 05:49:23,500
Grass did not end smoothly 
exhaustion. 

6557
05:49:23,500 --> 05:49:27,400
Perhaps an underlying rebellious
streak contributed to frictional

6558
05:49:27,400 --> 05:49:30,100
with University. 
Administrators who wants rigged 

6559
05:49:30,100 --> 05:49:33,100
and experiment to demonstrate a 
refined method for measuring 

6560
05:49:33,100 --> 05:49:35,900
electric resistance. 
When the apparatus 

6561
05:49:35,900 --> 05:49:39,200
short-circuited Tesla found 
himself facing the wrath of a 

6562
05:49:39,200 --> 05:49:42,400
professor, outraged by 
unorthodox experimentation. 

6563
05:49:43,200 --> 05:49:46,600
Feeling unwelcome Tesla walked 
out leaving conventional 

6564
05:49:46,600 --> 05:49:50,700
Academia behind. 
From grads, Tesla moved to other

6565
05:49:50,700 --> 05:49:53,900
opportunities, including a brief
and often overlooked period in 

6566
05:49:53,900 --> 05:49:57,000
Marburg. 
Now maribor Slovenia there, a 

6567
05:49:57,000 --> 05:50:00,300
shadow seemed to fall over him 
separated from the camera of 

6568
05:50:00,300 --> 05:50:02,900
classmates. 
Grappled with bouts of anxiety, 

6569
05:50:02,900 --> 05:50:06,800
without structured lab access 
Tesla turned to solitary 

6570
05:50:06,800 --> 05:50:09,800
experiments tinkering, with 
leftover scraps of metal and 

6571
05:50:09,800 --> 05:50:12,700
wire yet. 
The Gloom of isolation ordered 

6572
05:50:12,700 --> 05:50:16,400
him and he eventually returned 
home for a spell, his confidence

6573
05:50:16,400 --> 05:50:20,700
rattled but not shattered. 
It was in Budapest or working at

6574
05:50:20,700 --> 05:50:24,200
The Budapest telephone exchange.
The Tesla began to regain his 

6575
05:50:24,200 --> 05:50:26,600
footing. 
In that frenetic workspace, he 

6576
05:50:26,600 --> 05:50:29,200
was tasked with improving the 
nascent telephone systems 

6577
05:50:29,200 --> 05:50:32,200
design. 
One less circulated story 

6578
05:50:32,200 --> 05:50:35,400
details, how Tesla, once 
clambered onto a rooftop to 

6579
05:50:35,400 --> 05:50:38,500
adjust overhead Line's the 
lightning flashes, giving him 

6580
05:50:38,500 --> 05:50:42,200
new ideas about high frequency, 
current colleagues regarded him 

6581
05:50:42,200 --> 05:50:45,700
as eccentric competent 
crucially, there was during a 

6582
05:50:45,700 --> 05:50:48,800
routine walk through Budapest 
city park that the notion of the

6583
05:50:48,800 --> 05:50:51,500
rotating magnetic field 
crystallized in his mind 

6584
05:50:51,500 --> 05:50:55,900
inspired by a poem. 
He recited aloud Tesla brutally.

6585
05:50:55,900 --> 05:50:59,000
Stopped her a stick from the 
ground and began tracing 

6586
05:50:59,000 --> 05:51:03,000
swirling diagrams in the dirt. 
Explain to His companion. 

6587
05:51:03,000 --> 05:51:06,400
How two or more alternating 
currents out of phase, could 

6588
05:51:06,400 --> 05:51:10,400
induce a rotating field capable 
of spinning a motor that Eureka 

6589
05:51:10,400 --> 05:51:11,900
moment. 
Set the course for his next 

6590
05:51:11,900 --> 05:51:15,700
inventions, it was an unveiling 
of practical AC Concepts in the 

6591
05:51:15,708 --> 05:51:19,400
most unassuming of settings, Far
From Any official laboratory 

6592
05:51:19,400 --> 05:51:21,900
shortly. 
After Tesla found himself with 

6593
05:51:21,900 --> 05:51:24,700
an opportunity in Paris working 
for the Continental Edison 

6594
05:51:24,700 --> 05:51:26,900
Company. 
His tasks involved 

6595
05:51:26,900 --> 05:51:30,600
troubleshooting installations of
Edison's DC Systems, the very 

6596
05:51:30,600 --> 05:51:33,700
technology that had vexed him 
back at grads even. 

6597
05:51:33,700 --> 05:51:36,500
So the job introduced him to 
real-world engineering 

6598
05:51:36,500 --> 05:51:41,200
challenges and power outages, to
generate a malfunctions by day 

6599
05:51:41,200 --> 05:51:44,000
Tesla, tackled these issues, 
becoming something of a 

6600
05:51:44,008 --> 05:51:47,300
specialist in diagnosing, 
electrical breakdowns by night. 

6601
05:51:47,300 --> 05:51:51,100
He refined sketches of his AC 
motor desperately, wishing for 

6602
05:51:51,100 --> 05:51:54,700
the chance to build a prototype.
The interplay between The Daily 

6603
05:51:54,700 --> 05:51:57,500
Grind of DC, Hardware 
maintenance, and the nightly 

6604
05:51:57,500 --> 05:52:01,100
pursuit of a Innovation lent, 
testers life are peculiar 

6605
05:52:01,100 --> 05:52:04,800
Duality, an unresolved tension 
between the present and what he 

6606
05:52:04,800 --> 05:52:06,900
believed. 
The future should be, although, 

6607
05:52:06,900 --> 05:52:10,700
overshadowed by the high drama 
of late Year's, These formative 

6608
05:52:10,700 --> 05:52:12,600
experience is taught Tesla 
resilience. 

6609
05:52:12,600 --> 05:52:15,400
He learned how to negotiate 
limited resources. 

6610
05:52:15,400 --> 05:52:18,400
How to observe the smallest 
anomalies in mechanical 

6611
05:52:18,400 --> 05:52:21,200
performance. 
And how to Cope's Visions from 

6612
05:52:21,200 --> 05:52:25,800
his mind into workable sketches.
More importantly, his confidence

6613
05:52:25,800 --> 05:52:29,600
in the feasibility of AC power 
solidified even as he undertook 

6614
05:52:29,600 --> 05:52:32,800
the tedium of dc-based 
assignments, the world around 

6615
05:52:32,800 --> 05:52:36,000
him might have regarded AC as a 
flight of fancy, but in his eyes

6616
05:52:36,000 --> 05:52:38,800
it was the rightful heir to the 
electrical Throne waiting for 

6617
05:52:38,800 --> 05:52:42,500
its moment to shine. 
Tesla's fateful Journey to the 

6618
05:52:42,500 --> 05:52:46,800
United States in 1884 has often 
been romanticized, yet. 

6619
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:49,800
A host of lesser known details 
in Rich that narrative. 

6620
05:52:49,800 --> 05:52:53,200
He arrived in New York, with 
next to nothing carrying a 

6621
05:52:53,200 --> 05:52:55,300
letter of introduction to 
Thomas, Edison from his former 

6622
05:52:55,300 --> 05:52:58,500
employer in Paris. 
The letter supposedly claimed 

6623
05:52:58,500 --> 05:53:00,400
Tesla was an exceptional 
engineer. 

6624
05:53:00,400 --> 05:53:03,800
Who would produce one wonders? 
And popular retellings. 

6625
05:53:03,800 --> 05:53:08,200
This encounter frames Tesla and 
Edson as instant Rivals but in 

6626
05:53:08,208 --> 05:53:12,600
truth, their relationship began 
with cautious respect Edison 

6627
05:53:12,600 --> 05:53:15,600
recognized test Tesla's 
competence right away and put 

6628
05:53:15,600 --> 05:53:18,400
him to work on projects, deemed 
to intricate or menial for 

6629
05:53:18,400 --> 05:53:21,000
others. 
There's a story one, not widely 

6630
05:53:21,000 --> 05:53:24,200
circulated, the Tesla, fixed a 
defective ship or lighting 

6631
05:53:24,200 --> 05:53:28,800
system saving Edison's company 
from contract penalties, Tesla. 

6632
05:53:28,800 --> 05:53:34,300
Never used it as Leverage. 
Still Edison noticed by Tesla's,

6633
05:53:34,300 --> 05:53:37,800
meticulous approach. 
He assigned him to redesign DC, 

6634
05:53:37,800 --> 05:53:41,600
generators Tesla toiled day. 
And night, confident, his 

6635
05:53:41,600 --> 05:53:44,200
improvements would prove their 
worth they did. 

6636
05:53:44,200 --> 05:53:48,500
But when he sought remuneration 
misunderstandings piled up, it 

6637
05:53:48,500 --> 05:53:51,900
wasn't a single dispute. 
Over a massive bonus, more, a 

6638
05:53:51,900 --> 05:53:55,100
pattern of unkept promises and 
blurred expectations. 

6639
05:53:55,900 --> 05:54:00,400
By early 1885 the veneer of 
cordiality evaporated and Tesla 

6640
05:54:00,400 --> 05:54:04,100
left Edison's employee. 
That was the Genesis of a 

6641
05:54:04,100 --> 05:54:06,800
rivalry later. 
Amplified by newspapers driven 

6642
05:54:06,800 --> 05:54:11,000
more by conflicting Technologies
than personal hatred, Financial 

6643
05:54:11,000 --> 05:54:14,200
troubles to Tesla almost 
immediately with fewer 

6644
05:54:14,200 --> 05:54:16,800
acquaintances in New York. 
He found himself digging ditches

6645
05:54:16,800 --> 05:54:19,800
for two dollars a day yet. 
It might have been that physical

6646
05:54:19,800 --> 05:54:23,500
labor under a harsh Sun, that 
sharpened his resolve. 

6647
05:54:23,500 --> 05:54:27,400
He told a friend that while his 
body dug ditches, his mind was 

6648
05:54:27,400 --> 05:54:29,700
Far Away. 
Tort describing a lipstick or 

6649
05:54:29,708 --> 05:54:32,500
arcs of thought. 
Where some might have fallen 

6650
05:54:32,500 --> 05:54:35,700
into despair. 
Tesla saw an interval to refine 

6651
05:54:35,700 --> 05:54:38,900
his intended path. 
That path led to the formation 

6652
05:54:38,900 --> 05:54:40,900
of Tesla electric light and 
Manufacturing. 

6653
05:54:40,900 --> 05:54:45,000
His first entrepreneurial 
venture in America, he secured 

6654
05:54:45,000 --> 05:54:48,200
backers, who at first promised 
to let him develop Arc Lighting 

6655
05:54:48,200 --> 05:54:50,500
systems and eventually his 
prized AC Motors. 

6656
05:54:50,500 --> 05:54:54,200
However, once Tesla delivered an
efficient Arc lighting solution,

6657
05:54:54,200 --> 05:54:58,200
those investors showed no 
interest in AC Capital wanted 

6658
05:54:58,200 --> 05:55:01,100
quick returns, not imaginative 
leaps. 

6659
05:55:01,100 --> 05:55:04,700
Frustrated, Tesla found himself 
pushed out to the very company 

6660
05:55:04,700 --> 05:55:08,100
bearing, his name This episode 
left him, wary of business 

6661
05:55:08,100 --> 05:55:11,000
Partnerships and taught him that
investors valued immediate 

6662
05:55:11,000 --> 05:55:14,700
profit over long-term Vision. 
Undeterred, Tesla began to 

6663
05:55:14,700 --> 05:55:17,500
demonstrate his, a sea motor 
concept and small lecture halls 

6664
05:55:17,500 --> 05:55:19,600
around the city. 
One venue. 

6665
05:55:19,600 --> 05:55:22,600
The back room of a modest 
Manhattan building had an 

6666
05:55:22,600 --> 05:55:26,600
audience of barely 20 people. 
But among them was Alfred s 

6667
05:55:26,600 --> 05:55:28,200
Browne. 
The Western Union 

6668
05:55:28,200 --> 05:55:32,100
superintendent, who recognized 
Tesla's potential another backer

6669
05:55:32,100 --> 05:55:36,600
Charles Peck also attended 
Together, they formed a 

6670
05:55:36,600 --> 05:55:39,700
partnership with Tesla, pledging
to support his AC technology. 

6671
05:55:39,700 --> 05:55:43,000
These unglamorous. 
Session's laid vital groundwork 

6672
05:55:43,000 --> 05:55:46,800
for Tesla's next breakthrough. 
Soon with Newfound supporters, 

6673
05:55:46,800 --> 05:55:50,900
Tesla established a laboratory 
at 89 Liberty Street Manhattan. 

6674
05:55:50,900 --> 05:55:54,000
Amid coils of wire and 
improvised setups. 

6675
05:55:54,000 --> 05:55:57,800
He tinkered relentlessly. 
Space was cramped that offered 

6676
05:55:57,800 --> 05:56:00,300
freedom. 
He constructed prototypes of the

6677
05:56:00,300 --> 05:56:03,700
polyphase, AC motor 
painstakingly refining them 

6678
05:56:03,700 --> 05:56:05,600
until they could run smoothly 
under load. 

6679
05:56:06,400 --> 05:56:09,000
Maintaining a consistent 
rotating, magnetic field, was 

6680
05:56:09,000 --> 05:56:12,400
one challenge, ensuring it 
didn't damage the apparatus over

6681
05:56:12,400 --> 05:56:15,000
time. 
Was another Tesla, tackled each,

6682
05:56:15,000 --> 05:56:19,300
obstacle systematically relying 
on mental simulations before any

6683
05:56:19,300 --> 05:56:22,200
real world tests, one anecdote 
from this period. 

6684
05:56:22,200 --> 05:56:25,300
Recounts Tesla experimenting 
with high-speed turbines that 

6685
05:56:25,300 --> 05:56:30,000
let out unnerving wines. 
Passes by grew weary prompting 

6686
05:56:30,000 --> 05:56:32,900
multiple visits from the local 
fire brigade, after neighbors, 

6687
05:56:32,900 --> 05:56:36,800
complained of Sparks. 
Tesla oblivious to the fuss 

6688
05:56:36,800 --> 05:56:40,100
would apologize earnestly. 
Then resumed his adjustments. 

6689
05:56:40,100 --> 05:56:43,200
The moment they left. 
Such episodes highlight his 

6690
05:56:43,200 --> 05:56:46,800
tendency to live almost entirely
in his realm of ideas, paying 

6691
05:56:46,800 --> 05:56:50,300
little heed to outside alarm. 
While public fascination with 

6692
05:56:50,300 --> 05:56:53,300
the electricity, was on the rise
spurred by the novelty of 

6693
05:56:53,300 --> 05:56:55,800
electric lights. 
Most industrialists, still 

6694
05:56:55,800 --> 05:56:59,800
viewed a sea with caution. 
Tesla's goal was not simply to 

6695
05:56:59,800 --> 05:57:02,700
make a sea Motors feasible, but 
to persuade key players that 

6696
05:57:02,700 --> 05:57:05,700
this technology was reliable 
safe and profitable. 

6697
05:57:06,600 --> 05:57:08,700
Each small success in his lab 
bolstered. 

6698
05:57:08,700 --> 05:57:12,500
His resolve inching him closer 
to a grand future shaped by 

6699
05:57:12,500 --> 05:57:15,000
alternating current truly 
Unstoppable. 

6700
05:57:16,200 --> 05:57:20,300
By 1888 Tesla was ready to 
unveil his AC motor to the world

6701
05:57:20,300 --> 05:57:23,200
and the venue was the American 
Institute of electrical 

6702
05:57:23,200 --> 05:57:26,300
engineers. 
While typical accounts highlight

6703
05:57:26,300 --> 05:57:29,600
the significance of this event. 
If you explore the hushed. 

6704
05:57:29,600 --> 05:57:32,400
Excitement that filled that 
lecture hall, attendees 

6705
05:57:32,400 --> 05:57:36,500
included, professors journalists
and Industrial Titans, all a 

6706
05:57:36,500 --> 05:57:39,000
buzz with talk of a new era in 
electrical distribution. 

6707
05:57:39,000 --> 05:57:42,500
Some were openly skeptical 
others arrived hoping to witness

6708
05:57:42,500 --> 05:57:45,300
the demise of what they 
considered an Impossible Dream. 

6709
05:57:46,300 --> 05:57:49,700
Tesla walked onto the stage with
a calm demeanor, unveiling, his 

6710
05:57:49,700 --> 05:57:52,300
motor and discussing its 
principles with methodical 

6711
05:57:52,300 --> 05:57:54,900
precision. 
Crucially in the audience, sat 

6712
05:57:54,900 --> 05:57:57,900
George Westinghouse who had 
embraced AC for power 

6713
05:57:57,900 --> 05:58:01,500
transmission. 
Impressed by Tesla's Clarity and

6714
05:58:01,500 --> 05:58:03,900
the elegance and play of his 
motor Westinghouse. 

6715
05:58:03,900 --> 05:58:06,400
Quickly reached out in 
negotiations. 

6716
05:58:06,400 --> 05:58:09,600
He purchased Tesla's patents for
a substantial sum and promised 

6717
05:58:09,600 --> 05:58:12,500
royalties for every horse power 
generated by his inventions 

6718
05:58:12,500 --> 05:58:15,400
while mainstream retellings, 
mention the deal. 

6719
05:58:15,400 --> 05:58:18,600
The Nuance of their discussions 
shaped by Tesla's vision for 

6720
05:58:18,600 --> 05:58:22,700
future expansion of AC off often
remains overlooked With 

6721
05:58:22,700 --> 05:58:25,800
westinghouse's backing Tesla, 
moved into a well-resourced 

6722
05:58:25,800 --> 05:58:29,000
facility in Pittsburgh to refine
his designs for commercial 

6723
05:58:29,000 --> 05:58:31,700
production. 
The cultural shift from his 

6724
05:58:31,700 --> 05:58:34,500
Liberty Street lab to an 
industrial setting was Stark. 

6725
05:58:34,500 --> 05:58:38,500
Tesla sought perfect Synergy of 
frequency and voltage, while 

6726
05:58:38,500 --> 05:58:41,900
corporate Engineers focused on 
standardized Parts despite 

6727
05:58:41,900 --> 05:58:44,800
tension, seeing his Motors mass 
produced thrilled him. 

6728
05:58:44,800 --> 05:58:47,800
He was elated. 
When ACC systems lit, parts of 

6729
05:58:47,800 --> 05:58:50,900
the 1893 World Columbian. 
Exposition in Chicago, 

6730
05:58:50,900 --> 05:58:54,600
showcasing a cityscape of glow 
with alternating current 

6731
05:58:54,600 --> 05:58:56,800
courtesy of Westinghouse and 
Tesla. 

6732
05:58:56,800 --> 05:58:59,300
A lesson known interlude 
occurred. 

6733
05:58:59,300 --> 05:59:03,100
When Tesla visited Niagara Falls
to serve a the plan, 

6734
05:59:03,100 --> 05:59:06,900
hydroelectric station, Standing 
at the brink of the Thundering 

6735
05:59:06,900 --> 05:59:10,600
Cascade, he reportedly mused 
that harnessing, such power 

6736
05:59:10,600 --> 05:59:13,400
would reflect Humanity's harmony
with nature. 

6737
05:59:14,300 --> 05:59:17,400
When it went on line, delivering
electricity as far as Buffalo, 

6738
05:59:17,400 --> 05:59:21,100
it proved Aces potency. 
Yet the war of the currents 

6739
05:59:21,100 --> 05:59:25,000
fueled by Edison's campaign 
labeling, AC, dangerous cast 

6740
05:59:25,000 --> 05:59:29,300
Shadows on these achievements. 
Edison's allies staged gruesome 

6741
05:59:29,300 --> 05:59:32,000
demonstrations. 
Electrocuting animals to 

6742
05:59:32,000 --> 05:59:35,900
highlight Aces hazards. 
Tesla though offended voided. 

6743
05:59:35,900 --> 05:59:39,800
Direct public attacks. 
Instead he showcased AC in 

6744
05:59:39,800 --> 05:59:42,600
flamboyant ways, passing high 
frequency, currents through 

6745
05:59:42,600 --> 05:59:46,600
himself to light lamps, 
Newspapers seized on these spec 

6746
05:59:46,600 --> 05:59:50,000
circles Tesla, disliked 
theatrics for mere hype, but saw

6747
05:59:50,000 --> 05:59:51,600
them as necessary to shift 
perception. 

6748
05:59:51,600 --> 05:59:55,400
Tesla's Finance is briefly 
soared his arrangement with 

6749
05:59:55,400 --> 05:59:58,300
Westinghouse promised 
substantial gains as AC spread. 

6750
05:59:58,300 --> 06:00:01,600
However, Westinghouse soon faced
Financial strain from the 

6751
06:00:01,600 --> 06:00:03,800
Niagara project and Market 
fluctuations. 

6752
06:00:03,800 --> 06:00:06,100
When Bankers threatened, the 
Westinghouse company. 

6753
06:00:06,100 --> 06:00:10,000
Tesla made a dramatic Choice. 
He released Westinghouse from 

6754
06:00:10,000 --> 06:00:14,300
the heavy royalty agreement. 
Some Caesars altruism others 

6755
06:00:14,300 --> 06:00:17,500
suspect, that he believed 
broader AC adoption would bring 

6756
06:00:17,500 --> 06:00:19,000
even greater wealth down the 
line. 

6757
06:00:19,000 --> 06:00:21,700
Either way, this decision cost 
him. 

6758
06:00:21,700 --> 06:00:24,400
Millions that shifted test 
Tesla's. 

6759
06:00:24,400 --> 06:00:28,200
Partnership with Westinghouse, 
meanwhile his growing celebrity 

6760
06:00:28,200 --> 06:00:31,700
pushed him to chase new ideas, 
fascinated by a high frequency 

6761
06:00:31,700 --> 06:00:34,600
currents, and wireless power 
heard that that AC power 

6762
06:00:34,600 --> 06:00:36,300
distribution was only a starting
point. 

6763
06:00:37,300 --> 06:00:40,000
His pivot from danger to 
Visionary signaled, the dawn of 

6764
06:00:40,000 --> 06:00:44,000
a new phase yet the transition 
was uneasy industry leaders 

6765
06:00:44,000 --> 06:00:46,800
wanted Market. 
Ready products, not Grand at 

6766
06:00:46,800 --> 06:00:49,000
Tesla. 
Ever. 

6767
06:00:49,000 --> 06:00:53,100
The dreamer earn to break 
boundaries, This Clash set the 

6768
06:00:53,100 --> 06:00:56,600
stage for his most audacious 
projects, some of which risk 

6769
06:00:56,600 --> 06:01:00,700
isolating him from commercial 
backers, even so, as AC quietly 

6770
06:01:00,700 --> 06:01:04,300
became the worldwide, standard 
Tesla's decisive role could not 

6771
06:01:04,300 --> 06:01:06,900
be denied. 
He had toppled the seemingly 

6772
06:01:06,900 --> 06:01:10,400
immovable dies, regime and paved
the road for an era defined by 

6773
06:01:10,400 --> 06:01:13,400
alternating current. 
A feat that left him eager to 

6774
06:01:13,408 --> 06:01:15,200
explore even more Uncharted 
Terrain. 

6775
06:01:15,900 --> 06:01:19,000
These winds fueled Tesla's. 
Restless imagination propelling,

6776
06:01:19,000 --> 06:01:23,900
further innovation, By the 
mid-1890s Tesla had garnered a 

6777
06:01:23,900 --> 06:01:26,900
reputation as an inventor who 
might rewrite the laws of nature

6778
06:01:26,900 --> 06:01:29,400
with each new contrivance in 
truth. 

6779
06:01:29,400 --> 06:01:33,400
His methods combined, meticulous
trial and error with knights of 

6780
06:01:33,400 --> 06:01:36,900
solitary reflection. 
He fashioned Advanced coils to 

6781
06:01:36,900 --> 06:01:40,300
produce high voltage, high 
frequency, alternating currents,

6782
06:01:40,300 --> 06:01:44,000
creating dramatic arts of our 
fish official lightning While 

6783
06:01:44,000 --> 06:01:46,500
crowds flocked to watch his 
public lectures in Manhattan, 

6784
06:01:46,500 --> 06:01:50,100
Tesla was growing Restless 
longing for a place where he 

6785
06:01:50,100 --> 06:01:52,700
could attempt, even bigger 
experiments and encumbered by 

6786
06:01:52,700 --> 06:01:56,200
City constraints. 
That desire took him to Colorado

6787
06:01:56,200 --> 06:01:59,500
Springs in 1899 perched at a 
higher altitude. 

6788
06:01:59,500 --> 06:02:02,300
With thinner are helped 
facilitate certain high voltage 

6789
06:02:02,300 --> 06:02:04,900
tests. 
The remote location was an ideal

6790
06:02:04,900 --> 06:02:07,500
Laboratory. 
He set up shop at the edge of 

6791
06:02:07,500 --> 06:02:10,100
town building, a structure 
equipped with a tall, Mast 

6792
06:02:10,100 --> 06:02:13,700
jutting above the roofline local
spoke in hushed tones about 

6793
06:02:13,700 --> 06:02:17,700
lightning machines and Eerie 
after dark glows, some worry 

6794
06:02:17,700 --> 06:02:20,700
about potential catastrophe. 
Well, others were simply curious

6795
06:02:20,700 --> 06:02:23,300
about the lanky figure who 
wandered fields at odd hours. 

6796
06:02:24,100 --> 06:02:27,600
Studying the interplay of 
natural lightning inside that 

6797
06:02:27,600 --> 06:02:31,900
Workshop Tesla, probed Frontiers
that mainstream scientists had 

6798
06:02:31,900 --> 06:02:35,200
scarcely imagined he fixated on 
the Resonance of Earth's 

6799
06:02:35,200 --> 06:02:37,800
ionosphere believing signals 
could be beamed wirelessly 

6800
06:02:37,800 --> 06:02:41,100
across vast distances if 
properly tuned according to 

6801
06:02:41,108 --> 06:02:44,500
diary entries he meticulously 
recorded Every Spark every 

6802
06:02:44,500 --> 06:02:48,900
flash, every ear-splitting crack
of artificial Thunder on 

6803
06:02:48,900 --> 06:02:50,800
occasion. 
He produced such intense 

6804
06:02:50,800 --> 06:02:53,800
discharges that the crackle 
could be heard for miles. 

6805
06:02:54,600 --> 06:02:57,000
One account claims that he 
caused the local power stations 

6806
06:02:57,000 --> 06:03:01,300
generated to overheat prompting,
a short lived blackout ever the 

6807
06:03:01,308 --> 06:03:03,900
polite. 
Guest Tesla apologized, then 

6808
06:03:03,900 --> 06:03:08,000
resumed tinkering in Colorado, 
Tesla crystallized his Grand 

6809
06:03:08,000 --> 06:03:11,900
Vision, A system of Global 
Wireless communication and power

6810
06:03:11,900 --> 06:03:14,900
distribution. 
The townspeople hearing rumors 

6811
06:03:14,900 --> 06:03:18,900
of free electricity speculated, 
he might Supply Power at no cost

6812
06:03:18,900 --> 06:03:21,500
Tesla's goals. 
However, were subtler. 

6813
06:03:21,500 --> 06:03:24,600
He pictured networks of towers 
resonating with the Earth's 

6814
06:03:24,600 --> 06:03:27,500
natural electrical charge 
carrying Voice or energy 

6815
06:03:27,500 --> 06:03:30,200
anywhere. 
This concept was a precursor to 

6816
06:03:30,200 --> 06:03:32,400
technologies. 
That would surface decades later

6817
06:03:32,400 --> 06:03:36,400
from Radio Transmissions to 
radar and Beyond yet life in 

6818
06:03:36,400 --> 06:03:39,600
Colorado was more than just 
experiments and thunderous Arts.

6819
06:03:39,600 --> 06:03:42,800
Tesla, occasionally, mingled 
with the locals regaling, them 

6820
06:03:42,800 --> 06:03:45,800
with Tales of Europe and his 
early exploits in New York. 

6821
06:03:46,700 --> 06:03:50,300
Despite his eccentric schedule 
he possessed impeccable manners,

6822
06:03:50,300 --> 06:03:53,900
one story recounts how he gave a
personal demo of Wireless lamps 

6823
06:03:53,900 --> 06:03:57,300
to a bewildered blacksmith who 
later insisted Tesla was pulling

6824
06:03:57,300 --> 06:04:01,400
electricity from thin air. 
Such encounters spurred Legends 

6825
06:04:01,400 --> 06:04:04,100
of Tesla as a wizard blending 
science with something like 

6826
06:04:04,100 --> 06:04:07,400
sorcery. 
Still financing these colossal 

6827
06:04:07,400 --> 06:04:12,200
tests drain Tesla's resources 
his main backer JP Morgan had 

6828
06:04:12,200 --> 06:04:14,600
initially supported. 
The wireless project likely, 

6829
06:04:14,600 --> 06:04:17,000
anticipating a monopoly on 
global information. 

6830
06:04:17,000 --> 06:04:21,100
But once Morgan realized Tesla's
schemes were far, more ambitious

6831
06:04:21,100 --> 06:04:24,800
and riskier than mere Wireless. 
Telegraphy his enthusiasm 

6832
06:04:24,800 --> 06:04:28,100
cooled. 
Tesla pressed on convinced one 

6833
06:04:28,100 --> 06:04:31,700
decisive demonstration would 
open funding floodgates that 

6834
06:04:31,700 --> 06:04:35,300
breakthrough, however, remained 
a Lucifer newspapers Amplified 

6835
06:04:35,300 --> 06:04:38,600
rumors about Tesla's activities.
Some claiming he was a tempting 

6836
06:04:38,600 --> 06:04:40,800
to Signal distant planets 
though. 

6837
06:04:40,800 --> 06:04:43,600
Tesla did speculate about 
Extra-Terrestrial intelligence, 

6838
06:04:43,600 --> 06:04:47,600
his real focus on terrestrial 
Wireless the lurid headlines. 

6839
06:04:47,608 --> 06:04:50,800
While fueling his Legend did 
little to alleviate his 

6840
06:04:50,800 --> 06:04:55,300
financial pressures eventually. 
Funds ran low forcing Tesla to 

6841
06:04:55,300 --> 06:04:59,700
close the Colorado lab in 1900, 
he left with crates of notes and

6842
06:04:59,700 --> 06:05:02,800
undiminished Zeal convinced. 
He could still bring Wireless 

6843
06:05:02,800 --> 06:05:06,700
power to the masses. 
For townspeople Left Behind the 

6844
06:05:06,700 --> 06:05:10,700
memory of glowing skies and 
roiling static lingered a 

6845
06:05:10,700 --> 06:05:13,400
testament to the spectacular 
possibilities that science could

6846
06:05:13,400 --> 06:05:16,300
conjure. 
For Tesla, Hurst Colorado, 

6847
06:05:16,300 --> 06:05:19,400
Springs became a pivotal 
chapter, a Proving Ground, that 

6848
06:05:19,400 --> 06:05:21,900
fortified his belief in the 
Limitless potential of 

6849
06:05:21,900 --> 06:05:24,000
electrical resonance. 
It was there. 

6850
06:05:24,000 --> 06:05:27,400
He most clearly foresaw, a 
connected World boundless by 

6851
06:05:27,400 --> 06:05:30,600
wires than by the atmospheric 
and Earth circling energies. 

6852
06:05:30,600 --> 06:05:34,300
He aimed to harness in hindsight
Colorado was the Overture to his

6853
06:05:34,300 --> 06:05:36,200
next attempt at Global 
electrification. 

6854
06:05:36,200 --> 06:05:39,500
An attempt that would manifest 
in the Towering outline of 

6855
06:05:39,500 --> 06:05:41,100
warden cliff on Long Island 
Shores. 

6856
06:05:42,100 --> 06:05:45,600
Upon returning to New York Tesla
Consolidated, his finding from 

6857
06:05:45,600 --> 06:05:49,000
Colorado Springs into an 
audacious new Venture, the 

6858
06:05:49,000 --> 06:05:52,700
warden Cliff Tower project With 
Finance in from JP Morgan 

6859
06:05:52,700 --> 06:05:54,500
initially obtained. 
Under the premise of 

6860
06:05:54,500 --> 06:05:57,500
groundbreaking Wireless 
telegraphy Tesla purchased land 

6861
06:05:57,500 --> 06:06:00,400
in Shoreham Long Island. 
Overlooking the Atlantic. 

6862
06:06:01,600 --> 06:06:04,900
Construction began in 1901, the 
looming structure. 

6863
06:06:04,900 --> 06:06:08,500
Stood nearly, Mandarin 87 ft. 
High topped by bulbous metal 

6864
06:06:08,500 --> 06:06:12,200
Dome an extended deep below 
ground through a network of iron

6865
06:06:12,200 --> 06:06:15,100
rods many. 
Observers had no idea what to 

6866
06:06:15,100 --> 06:06:19,000
make of it. 
Tesla ever enigmatic preferred 

6867
06:06:19,000 --> 06:06:21,700
sweeping claims about sending 
both signals and energy across 

6868
06:06:21,700 --> 06:06:24,100
continents. 
What often goes unappreciated 

6869
06:06:24,100 --> 06:06:26,800
is, How Deeply Tesla believed in
the underlying physics. 

6870
06:06:27,700 --> 06:06:30,600
His notes show that Warden Cliff
wasn't limited to broadcasting, 

6871
06:06:30,600 --> 06:06:33,900
Telegraph signals intended. 
It as the first of many 

6872
06:06:33,900 --> 06:06:37,300
transmitters, all resonating 
with Earth's natural, electrical

6873
06:06:37,300 --> 06:06:40,600
cavities to convey messages, or 
even power to any matching 

6874
06:06:40,600 --> 06:06:44,900
receivable worldwide in his 
mind, it wasn't fantasy, it was 

6875
06:06:44,900 --> 06:06:47,300
a logical leap from the high 
voltage experiments. 

6876
06:06:47,300 --> 06:06:51,000
He had run in Colorado Springs. 
However, the timing was not in 

6877
06:06:51,000 --> 06:06:54,500
his favor in the same year that 
Warden Cliffs skeletal form. 

6878
06:06:54,500 --> 06:06:58,100
Emerged from the Treetops. 
Guly Elmo, Marconi successfully 

6879
06:06:58,100 --> 06:07:00,300
conducted the first 
transatlantic, radio, 

6880
06:07:00,300 --> 06:07:04,300
transmission reporters hailed, 
Marconi as a giant in Wireless. 

6881
06:07:04,300 --> 06:07:09,000
Communication Tesla, outraged 
pointed out that his own patents

6882
06:07:09,000 --> 06:07:10,400
on. 
Alternating current and related 

6883
06:07:10,400 --> 06:07:12,400
Technologies. 
Predated Marconi's work. 

6884
06:07:13,200 --> 06:07:15,900
Nevertheless, the public and 
financiers were smitten with 

6885
06:07:15,900 --> 06:07:18,900
Marconi's simpler, more 
immediately marketable setup. 

6886
06:07:19,900 --> 06:07:23,000
Morgan's patients were thin. 
Why bankroll testers? 

6887
06:07:23,000 --> 06:07:25,500
Massive Tower. 
If Marconi is apparatus suffice 

6888
06:07:25,500 --> 06:07:29,500
for long distance, signaling 
Warden Cliff still incomplete 

6889
06:07:29,500 --> 06:07:31,900
henreid. 
Money, the crew building at 

6890
06:07:31,900 --> 06:07:34,800
dwindled. 
Salaries went on paid and Tesla 

6891
06:07:34,800 --> 06:07:36,500
found himself pleading for fresh
capital. 

6892
06:07:37,200 --> 06:07:40,000
Each conversation with Morgan 
ended in thirst demands for 

6893
06:07:40,000 --> 06:07:43,500
tangible proof which Tesla 
couldn't produce fast enough. 

6894
06:07:44,200 --> 06:07:48,100
Desperate for funds, Tesla tried
licensing, auxiliary inventions,

6895
06:07:48,100 --> 06:07:51,200
turbines pumps. 
And even a plan to harness 

6896
06:07:51,200 --> 06:07:54,400
geothermal heat, But investors 
questioned his broader 

6897
06:07:54,400 --> 06:07:57,900
intentions where he might have 
pivot their money into the tower

6898
06:07:57,900 --> 06:08:00,600
as Financial constraints 
tightened. 

6899
06:08:00,600 --> 06:08:03,300
Warden Clifford remained, a half
realized vision. 

6900
06:08:04,400 --> 06:08:08,600
By 1905, the site was 
effectively deserted the tower, 

6901
06:08:08,600 --> 06:08:12,100
a silent Monument to Tesla's 
Ambitions and the shifting tides

6902
06:08:12,100 --> 06:08:14,900
of investor faith. 
During these Bleak years, 

6903
06:08:14,900 --> 06:08:18,800
Tesla's public Persona grew more
eccentric, journalists 

6904
06:08:18,800 --> 06:08:22,000
occasionally interviewed him 
only to hear about proposals for

6905
06:08:22,000 --> 06:08:26,600
death Rays or atmospheric power 
rumors circulated that he was 

6906
06:08:26,600 --> 06:08:30,000
becoming a recluse. 
Yet his mind stayed agile, 

6907
06:08:30,000 --> 06:08:32,800
continuing to churn out 
possibilities. 

6908
06:08:32,800 --> 06:08:36,400
He Force solar energy as a 
future Mainstay though. 

6909
06:08:36,400 --> 06:08:39,000
Few listened. 
The industrial World seemed 

6910
06:08:39,000 --> 06:08:43,000
enthralled by an oil and coal. 
While Tesla's musings about sun,

6911
06:08:43,000 --> 06:08:46,300
powered engines, Drew smirks 
Warden Cliffs was never fully 

6912
06:08:46,300 --> 06:08:49,900
operational and the newspapers. 
Offered little sympathy some 

6913
06:08:49,900 --> 06:08:52,500
newspapers, ridiculed him 
portraying him as an unrealistic

6914
06:08:52,500 --> 06:08:56,400
idea list others barely 
mentioned his name focusing 

6915
06:08:56,400 --> 06:08:58,800
instead on Marconi's ongoing 
successes. 

6916
06:08:58,800 --> 06:09:03,808
The Sting of being overshadowed 
was palpable Tesla clung to the 

6917
06:09:03,816 --> 06:09:06,700
belief that one day the world 
would recognize the practicality

6918
06:09:06,700 --> 06:09:10,500
of Wireless power. 
Indeed, later generations would 

6919
06:09:10,500 --> 06:09:12,900
adapt many of his principles for
radio and Beyond. 

6920
06:09:13,700 --> 06:09:16,600
But in his time, the towers 
failure, left him saddled with 

6921
06:09:16,608 --> 06:09:19,600
debt and weighed down by public 
skepticism even. 

6922
06:09:19,600 --> 06:09:21,700
So Tesla didn't abandon 
optimism. 

6923
06:09:22,300 --> 06:09:25,200
He often spoke as if Warden 
Cliff had simply been delayed, 

6924
06:09:25,200 --> 06:09:29,600
not canceled in private, he 
refined sketches of improved 

6925
06:09:29,600 --> 06:09:33,600
transmitters reimagine, the 
towers design and kept dreaming 

6926
06:09:33,600 --> 06:09:36,400
of a worldwide grid of resonance
stations. 

6927
06:09:36,400 --> 06:09:39,600
He believed that the planet 
itself with its vast. 

6928
06:09:39,600 --> 06:09:42,600
Electrical potential could be 
turned into a conduit of 

6929
06:09:42,600 --> 06:09:45,700
universal energy. 
The fact that Society was not 

6930
06:09:45,700 --> 06:09:49,200
ready, did little to dampen his 
conviction despite setbacks 

6931
06:09:49,200 --> 06:09:52,600
fragments of Tesla's Vision, 
crept into later technological. 

6932
06:09:52,600 --> 06:09:55,600
Revolution's Wireless 
communication would evolve in 

6933
06:09:55,600 --> 06:09:58,500
Leaps and Bounds though. 
Powered by the more conventional

6934
06:09:58,500 --> 06:10:01,800
means Concepts like Global 
connectivity and broadcast 

6935
06:10:01,800 --> 06:10:05,500
energy dismissed in Tesla's day,
surface decades, afterward in 

6936
06:10:05,500 --> 06:10:08,100
varying forms. 
Yet at the dawn of the 20th 

6937
06:10:08,100 --> 06:10:11,600
century Tesla faced only 
mounting bills evaporating 

6938
06:10:11,600 --> 06:10:14,200
capital and a tower rusting away
on Long Island. 

6939
06:10:15,600 --> 06:10:18,900
The Heartbreak of wardenclyffe 
marked a turning point leaving 

6940
06:10:18,900 --> 06:10:21,500
Tesla to operate mostly on the 
margins of an industry. 

6941
06:10:21,500 --> 06:10:26,100
He had once revolutionized, As 
the 20th century marched on the 

6942
06:10:26,100 --> 06:10:27,700
world. 
Tesla had done so much to 

6943
06:10:27,700 --> 06:10:30,900
illuminate. 
Surged ahead, the AC systems, he

6944
06:10:30,900 --> 06:10:34,300
championed became the backbone 
of modern infrastructure yet, 

6945
06:10:34,300 --> 06:10:38,500
Tesla himself slipped from the 
spotlight, He moved between New 

6946
06:10:38,500 --> 06:10:40,900
York hotels. 
Sometimes leaving unpaid bills 

6947
06:10:40,900 --> 06:10:44,800
behind public interviews, grew 
sparse when he did speak. 

6948
06:10:44,800 --> 06:10:48,100
He mentioned theories of beam 
weapons weather manipulation. 

6949
06:10:48,100 --> 06:10:52,400
An advanced propulsion sowing 
intrigued, even some questioned 

6950
06:10:52,400 --> 06:10:56,000
his grass on reality. 
But his notebooks to the extent,

6951
06:10:56,000 --> 06:10:59,000
they survive reveal how these 
ideas built on earlier 

6952
06:10:59,000 --> 06:11:00,900
experiments rather than me or 
Whimsy. 

6953
06:11:01,800 --> 06:11:03,900
A lesser known facet of Tesla's 
later. 

6954
06:11:03,900 --> 06:11:06,800
Life was his nightly ritual of 
feeding, pigeons in Bryant Park,

6955
06:11:07,800 --> 06:11:11,600
Observers saw a solitary figure 
scattering seeds by Lamplight 

6956
06:11:11,600 --> 06:11:14,700
but Tesla found solace and 
caring for those birds. 

6957
06:11:14,700 --> 06:11:18,100
Claiming a special bond with one
white pigeon in particular. 

6958
06:11:19,000 --> 06:11:21,700
It may have seemed an odd 
Pastime for renowned inventor 

6959
06:11:21,700 --> 06:11:24,100
yet. 
It reflected a familiar pattern.

6960
06:11:24,900 --> 06:11:26,500
Tesla's. 
Deep empathy for natural, 

6961
06:11:26,500 --> 06:11:31,300
phenomena creatures included. 
Meanwhile, patent disputes raged

6962
06:11:31,300 --> 06:11:34,600
over the origins of radio. 
Tesla had filed patents before 

6963
06:11:34,600 --> 06:11:37,900
Marconi's breakthroughs yet. 
Marconi was lauded for bringing 

6964
06:11:37,900 --> 06:11:39,800
Wireless transmission into the 
mainstream. 

6965
06:11:40,900 --> 06:11:43,300
The legal entanglements dragged 
on for years. 

6966
06:11:43,300 --> 06:11:48,700
In 1943, the US Supreme Court 
finally recognized Tesla's 

6967
06:11:48,700 --> 06:11:51,400
priority for peace. 
Certain critical radio patents. 

6968
06:11:52,000 --> 06:11:54,800
Though, this Vindication arrived
too late to alter his financial 

6969
06:11:54,800 --> 06:11:57,300
Straits. 
He was never able to capitalize 

6970
06:11:57,300 --> 06:12:00,400
on the official ruling nor did 
it quell, The public's 

6971
06:12:00,400 --> 06:12:02,700
Association of radio primarily 
with Marconi. 

6972
06:12:03,700 --> 06:12:06,500
Tesla spent his final stretch of
Life at the New Yorker Hotel. 

6973
06:12:06,500 --> 06:12:10,400
Though, short on funds, he still
scrolled ideas on scraps of 

6974
06:12:10,400 --> 06:12:14,600
paper proposing, cosmic ray 
engines and new power methods. 

6975
06:12:14,600 --> 06:12:18,100
Visitors, who managed to see him
might find him animated and 

6976
06:12:18,100 --> 06:12:20,900
eloquent. 
Speaking in polished tones About

6977
06:12:20,900 --> 06:12:24,100
harnessing the energy of the Sun
or channeling power from the 

6978
06:12:24,100 --> 06:12:27,700
Earth's magnetic field. 
He believed that her telephone 

6979
06:12:27,700 --> 06:12:30,900
beam could end War by making 
National borders in penetrable. 

6980
06:12:31,600 --> 06:12:35,100
To many these Notions sounded 
impossible yet Tesla's. 

6981
06:12:35,100 --> 06:12:38,800
Track record left room to wonder
When he passed away on January 

6982
06:12:38,800 --> 06:12:44,100
7th of 1943 in room 3327, he 
left behind boxes of documents 

6983
06:12:44,100 --> 06:12:47,700
that soon became the subject of 
intense scrutiny authorities, 

6984
06:12:47,700 --> 06:12:50,400
seize, some of his papers 
fuelling Rumours of hidden 

6985
06:12:50,400 --> 06:12:52,800
Innovation, or weapons to 
dangerous for public 

6986
06:12:52,800 --> 06:12:55,100
consumption. 
Conspiracy theories. 

6987
06:12:55,100 --> 06:12:58,900
Flourished, while the reality 
likely involved routine, 

6988
06:12:58,900 --> 06:13:02,900
security concerns the secrecy 
lent, Mystique to Tesla's Legacy

6989
06:13:03,600 --> 06:13:07,100
It became hard to disentangle 
fact from folklore over the 

6990
06:13:07,100 --> 06:13:09,800
decades. 
Tesla standing in popular 

6991
06:13:09,800 --> 06:13:13,300
Consciousness swung wildly 
Edison's name overshadowed his 

6992
06:13:13,300 --> 06:13:17,800
for a time especially in school 
textbooks only later did your 

6993
06:13:17,800 --> 06:13:19,900
movements rise to credit Tesla 
for his revolutionary 

6994
06:13:19,900 --> 06:13:24,900
contributions, to AC power radio
technology and more modern 

6995
06:13:24,900 --> 06:13:28,100
Engineers scientists and curious
lay people and covered his 

6996
06:13:28,100 --> 06:13:31,900
patents and writings marveling 
at how he'd anticipated entire 

6997
06:13:31,900 --> 06:13:35,600
fields of inquiry from robotics 
to wireless communication. 

6998
06:13:36,500 --> 06:13:38,800
His pioneering theories on 
residents and frequency. 

6999
06:13:38,800 --> 06:13:41,700
All informed aspects of modern 
electronics, though. 

7000
06:13:41,700 --> 06:13:44,800
That debt was seldom 
acknowledged until much later in

7001
06:13:44,800 --> 06:13:48,600
daily life. 
Tesla's true genius shines in 

7002
06:13:48,600 --> 06:13:51,800
the simplest of ways. 
Flick, a light switch and you 

7003
06:13:51,800 --> 06:13:53,200
reap. 
The benefits of alternating 

7004
06:13:53,200 --> 06:13:57,600
current use wireless devices and
you operate on a principal Tesla

7005
06:13:57,600 --> 06:13:59,100
believed could reach across the 
planet. 

7006
06:14:00,000 --> 06:14:03,500
The Synergy envisioned between 
inventor nature and the 

7007
06:14:03,508 --> 06:14:06,300
Unstoppable. 
March of progress remains a 

7008
06:14:06,300 --> 06:14:09,100
potent, reminder of how one 
brilliant mind can shape hole. 

7009
06:14:09,100 --> 06:14:14,600
Era's story is above all a study
in perseverance and Paradox. 

7010
06:14:14,600 --> 06:14:18,000
He shun the pursuit of wealthy 
at needed Capital to materialize

7011
06:14:18,000 --> 06:14:20,200
his dreams. 
He relished public 

7012
06:14:20,200 --> 06:14:22,900
demonstrations yet. 
Often worked Alone lost in 

7013
06:14:22,900 --> 06:14:26,200
interior worlds. 
He was both lauded and dismissed

7014
06:14:26,200 --> 06:14:29,700
recognized as a key figure in an
electrifying, the modern world 

7015
06:14:29,700 --> 06:14:31,800
yet. 
Branded at times as an 

7016
06:14:31,800 --> 06:14:34,200
eccentric, on the fringes of 
acceptable science. 

7017
06:14:34,900 --> 06:14:39,100
Even, so, he left an imprint 
rivaled by few long after his 

7018
06:14:39,100 --> 06:14:41,800
death. 
The hum of AC power lines, the 

7019
06:14:41,800 --> 06:14:45,500
glow of electric lamps and the 
chirp of Wireless signals Echo, 

7020
06:14:45,500 --> 06:14:48,500
Tesla's influence. 
He never saw the breadth of his 

7021
06:14:48,500 --> 06:14:51,600
Triumph in person, yet. 
The future, he glimpsed was Not 

7022
06:14:51,600 --> 06:14:54,500
Mere fantasy. 
It was an inevitable extension 

7023
06:14:54,500 --> 06:14:56,700
of the forces, he harnessed so 
elegantly. 

7024
06:14:57,600 --> 06:15:00,200
And though the man himself 
passed in relative, obscurity 

7025
06:15:00,200 --> 06:15:04,000
his ideas still crackle with a 
Vitality that defies the 

7026
06:15:04,000 --> 06:15:05,900
boundaries of time and 
Imagination. 

7027
06:15:09,900 --> 06:15:14,300
William Shakespeare was born in 
the spring of 1564 in the small 

7028
06:15:14,300 --> 06:15:16,100
town of Stratford upon Avon 
England. 

7029
06:15:17,100 --> 06:15:20,200
Though, the exact date of his 
birth is not known tradition, 

7030
06:15:20,200 --> 06:15:24,100
holds it, to be April 23rd. 
The streets of Stratford were 

7031
06:15:24,100 --> 06:15:28,200
quiet lined with Timber framed 
houses, their white plaster 

7032
06:15:28,200 --> 06:15:30,800
walls, Criss crossed by dark. 
Wooden beams. 

7033
06:15:32,000 --> 06:15:34,600
The gentle flow of the river 
Avon nut at meandered, through 

7034
06:15:34,608 --> 06:15:38,100
the town, reflecting the sky in 
its soft, Rippling Waters. 

7035
06:15:39,200 --> 06:15:42,500
William was the third child of 
John Shakespeare, a glove maker 

7036
06:15:42,500 --> 06:15:46,200
and local merchants and Mary 
Ardon who came from a respected 

7037
06:15:46,200 --> 06:15:48,900
farming family. 
Their home on Henley Street was 

7038
06:15:48,900 --> 06:15:52,600
modest but comfortable filled 
with the sense of leather and 

7039
06:15:52,600 --> 06:15:54,000
parchment from his father's 
work. 

7040
06:15:55,000 --> 06:15:58,400
In those early days, Williams 
world was shaped by the sounds 

7041
06:15:58,400 --> 06:16:01,800
of bustling markets, church 
bells and the hum of 

7042
06:16:01,808 --> 06:16:05,800
conversation among townsfolk. 
The air in Stratford was filled 

7043
06:16:05,800 --> 06:16:09,900
with the rhythms of Every Day. 
Life, the changing seasons and 

7044
06:16:09,900 --> 06:16:12,500
The Echoes of a world on the 
brink of cultural Awakening. 

7045
06:16:13,800 --> 06:16:17,500
Has a boy, William likely spent 
time exploring the fields and 

7046
06:16:17,500 --> 06:16:21,300
woods beyond the town where 
wildflowers bloomed and the 

7047
06:16:21,300 --> 06:16:25,200
calls of birds filled the air. 
He may have wandered along the 

7048
06:16:25,200 --> 06:16:28,700
banks of the Avon, his curious 
eyes taking in the flowing 

7049
06:16:28,700 --> 06:16:32,100
water. 
Lifting light and the small one 

7050
06:16:32,100 --> 06:16:35,900
Wonders of Nature. 
William attended, the King's new

7051
06:16:35,900 --> 06:16:39,900
school where he received a solid
education in Reading Writing and

7052
06:16:39,900 --> 06:16:43,100
classical literature. 
He studied the works of Roman 

7053
06:16:43,100 --> 06:16:47,400
poets, like Ovid and playwrights
like plutus and Seneca, these 

7054
06:16:47,400 --> 06:16:49,700
ancient stories of gods Heroes 
and tragic. 

7055
06:16:49,700 --> 06:16:53,600
Fates, ignited his imagination 
giving him a foundation that 

7056
06:16:53,600 --> 06:16:55,600
would later blossom into his own
masterpieces. 

7057
06:16:56,700 --> 06:16:59,500
The days at school were long 
filled with the scratch of 

7058
06:16:59,500 --> 06:17:03,300
quills, on parchment. 
The low hum of Latin recitations

7059
06:17:03,300 --> 06:17:05,800
and the occasional Creek of 
wooden benches. 

7060
06:17:06,900 --> 06:17:10,000
William learned not only the 
rules of language but also the 

7061
06:17:10,000 --> 06:17:13,200
power of Storytelling the 
ability to capture The Human 

7062
06:17:13,200 --> 06:17:16,800
Experience in words. 
When William was 18, he married 

7063
06:17:16,800 --> 06:17:19,800
Anne Hathaway, a farmer's 
daughter who lived in a small 

7064
06:17:19,800 --> 06:17:23,500
cottage outside of Stratford 
Their marriage was a quiet, a 

7065
06:17:23,500 --> 06:17:26,900
Fair held in the local church, 
surrounded by family and 

7066
06:17:26,900 --> 06:17:28,700
friends. 
A year later. 

7067
06:17:28,700 --> 06:17:32,700
They welcome their first child 
Susanna followed by Twinz hamnet

7068
06:17:32,700 --> 06:17:35,400
and Judith. 
The small house they shared was 

7069
06:17:35,400 --> 06:17:38,300
filled with the sounds of 
children's laughter and the 

7070
06:17:38,300 --> 06:17:42,900
simple Comforts of family life. 
yet even as a young man with a 

7071
06:17:42,900 --> 06:17:46,500
family, William's mind seem to 
yearn for something more. 

7072
06:17:47,400 --> 06:17:50,700
Somewhere within him, the seeds 
of creativity were beginning to 

7073
06:17:50,700 --> 06:17:54,100
sprout. 
By the late 1580s or early 

7074
06:17:54,100 --> 06:17:56,900
1590s. 
Shakespeare left Stratford and 

7075
06:17:56,900 --> 06:18:01,000
made his way to London, a city 
alive with energy opportunity 

7076
06:18:01,000 --> 06:18:05,600
and artistic expression. 
London in the 1590s was a place 

7077
06:18:05,608 --> 06:18:08,900
of contrasts cobblestone 
streets, filled with carriages, 

7078
06:18:08,900 --> 06:18:12,900
Merchant selling their Wares and
the hustle and bustle of a 

7079
06:18:12,900 --> 06:18:15,700
growing Metropolis. 
It was a city where theaters 

7080
06:18:15,700 --> 06:18:18,600
were becoming centers of 
cultural life drawing, people 

7081
06:18:18,600 --> 06:18:22,900
from all walks of society, 
Amidst this vibrant, chaos 

7082
06:18:22,900 --> 06:18:25,900
William Shakespeare found his 
place in the world of theater. 

7083
06:18:26,600 --> 06:18:29,600
He began his career as an actor 
and playwright with a company 

7084
06:18:29,600 --> 06:18:31,100
called the Lord Chamberlain's 
men. 

7085
06:18:31,900 --> 06:18:33,400
His early plays were performed 
in small. 

7086
06:18:33,400 --> 06:18:36,100
Theater's where audience is 
gathered in the dim light. 

7087
06:18:36,100 --> 06:18:39,900
Eager to be transported by 
stories of Love, betrayal and 

7088
06:18:39,900 --> 06:18:43,100
adventure. 
The scent of burning Tallow 

7089
06:18:43,100 --> 06:18:46,400
candles for the are mingling 
with the excited Whispers of the

7090
06:18:46,400 --> 06:18:49,100
crowd. 
Shakespeare's Talent quickly 

7091
06:18:49,100 --> 06:18:52,300
became evident and his Works 
began to Captivate London's 

7092
06:18:52,300 --> 06:18:55,500
theater goers. 
His early successes included 

7093
06:18:55,500 --> 06:18:59,200
plays like Henry the sixth and 
Titus andronicus stories of War 

7094
06:18:59,200 --> 06:19:02,400
revenge and political Intrigue 
each line. 

7095
06:19:02,400 --> 06:19:03,900
He wrote seemed to pulse with 
life. 

7096
06:19:04,500 --> 06:19:07,400
Filled with the richness of 
human emotion and the beauty of 

7097
06:19:07,400 --> 06:19:11,600
language. 
By the late 1590s, Shakespeare 

7098
06:19:11,600 --> 06:19:13,700
had become a respected figure in
the theater world. 

7099
06:19:14,500 --> 06:19:16,800
He purchased shares in the 
newly-built Globe, Theater. 

7100
06:19:16,800 --> 06:19:19,800
A wooden structure that would 
become the heart of his creative

7101
06:19:19,800 --> 06:19:22,600
endeavors. 
The globe, stood on the Southern

7102
06:19:22,600 --> 06:19:26,000
Bank of the River Thames. 
Its thatched roof and open-air 

7103
06:19:26,000 --> 06:19:28,100
Stage welcoming thousands of 
eager spectators. 

7104
06:19:29,200 --> 06:19:31,400
It was here that some of his 
greatest plays came to life, 

7105
06:19:31,400 --> 06:19:36,100
Romeo and Juliet, amidst, Summer
Nights Dream and The Merchant of

7106
06:19:36,108 --> 06:19:41,400
Venice. these stories of a young
love magical Realms and complex 

7107
06:19:41,400 --> 06:19:46,000
Human Relationships resonated 
with audiences who laughed wept 

7108
06:19:46,000 --> 06:19:49,600
and Marvel at the Tails 
unfolding before them As his 

7109
06:19:49,600 --> 06:19:52,500
reputation grew. 
So did the depth of his work. 

7110
06:19:53,300 --> 06:19:56,800
In the early, 1600s Shakespeare 
wrote some of his most profound 

7111
06:19:56,800 --> 06:20:01,600
and Powerful tragedies Hamlet, a
fellow King Lear and Macbeth. 

7112
06:20:02,500 --> 06:20:05,300
These plays explored, the darker
corners of the human soul. 

7113
06:20:05,300 --> 06:20:09,100
Delving into themes of ambition,
jealousy, Madness, and fate. 

7114
06:20:10,000 --> 06:20:13,900
Imagine the dimly lit stage, the
flicker of Candlelight, the 

7115
06:20:13,900 --> 06:20:16,500
hushed anticipation of the crowd
as the curtain Rose. 

7116
06:20:17,200 --> 06:20:20,400
The words of Shakespeare filled 
the air weaving, a tapestry of 

7117
06:20:20,400 --> 06:20:23,600
emotion, drama, and insight that
would echo through the 

7118
06:20:23,600 --> 06:20:26,400
centuries. 
Even as he found success in 

7119
06:20:26,400 --> 06:20:29,000
London, Shakespeare never lost 
his connection to 

7120
06:20:29,000 --> 06:20:32,200
stratford-upon-avon. 
He returned frequently to his 

7121
06:20:32,200 --> 06:20:34,800
hometown, where he purchased new
place. 

7122
06:20:34,800 --> 06:20:37,100
One of the largest houses in the
town. 

7123
06:20:38,200 --> 06:20:42,000
It was a place of peace and 
reflection a retreat from the 

7124
06:20:42,000 --> 06:20:45,800
bustling world of the theater. 
as he entered the later years of

7125
06:20:45,808 --> 06:20:49,800
his life, his writing took on a 
gentle atone Plays like the 

7126
06:20:49,800 --> 06:20:52,000
Tempest and the Winter's Tale. 
Spoke of forgiveness, 

7127
06:20:52,000 --> 06:20:54,900
Redemption, and the passage of 
time. 

7128
06:20:56,100 --> 06:20:59,100
These final Works reflected a 
man who had seen much of life's 

7129
06:20:59,100 --> 06:21:02,200
Beauty and sorrow and who sought
peace and understanding. 

7130
06:21:03,400 --> 06:21:06,900
On April 23rd, 1616 at the age 
of 52. 

7131
06:21:06,900 --> 06:21:10,100
William Shakespeare passed away 
in his home town of Stratford 

7132
06:21:10,100 --> 06:21:14,900
upon His life had been a journey
of words stories and 

7133
06:21:14,900 --> 06:21:18,600
Imagination, a journey that left
an indelible mark on the world. 

7134
06:21:19,400 --> 06:21:22,300
He was buried in the chance of 
Holy Trinity Church in where his

7135
06:21:22,300 --> 06:21:25,400
gravestone still rested today. 
As you breathe deeply. 

7136
06:21:25,400 --> 06:21:28,700
Now, let the story of William 
Shakespeare settled gently into 

7137
06:21:28,700 --> 06:21:33,900
your mind. his legacy lives on 
in every play, every sonnet and 

7138
06:21:33,900 --> 06:21:37,700
every line that continues to 
inspire Generations His words, 

7139
06:21:37,700 --> 06:21:40,900
remind us of the beauty of 
language, the complexity of The 

7140
06:21:40,900 --> 06:21:43,700
Human Experience and the power 
of Storytelling. 

7141
06:21:44,800 --> 06:21:47,500
William Shakespeare's life was 
one of continuous growth, 

7142
06:21:47,500 --> 06:21:52,000
creativity and exploration. 
Even though he left the world 

7143
06:21:52,000 --> 06:21:56,000
far too early at the age of 52, 
his legacy continued to flourish

7144
06:21:56,000 --> 06:21:59,700
long after his death. 
His Works were not confined to 

7145
06:21:59,700 --> 06:22:02,100
his own time. 
They transcended Generations, 

7146
06:22:02,100 --> 06:22:05,800
cultures and continents shaping,
the world of literature theater 

7147
06:22:05,800 --> 06:22:07,800
and language in ways, no one 
could have predicted. 

7148
06:22:08,700 --> 06:22:10,200
In the Years, following his 
passing. 

7149
06:22:11,100 --> 06:22:13,800
Shakespeare's fellow actors and 
Friends, John hemming, Jesus and

7150
06:22:13,808 --> 06:22:17,100
Henry Condell took on the task 
of preserving his work. 

7151
06:22:18,500 --> 06:22:23,100
They compiled and published the 
first folio in 1623 a collection

7152
06:22:23,100 --> 06:22:25,700
that in short, his plays would 
be remembered and performed for 

7153
06:22:25,700 --> 06:22:29,700
centuries to come this 
remarkable volume contain 36 of 

7154
06:22:29,700 --> 06:22:34,800
his plays plays including 
comedies, history, and tragedies

7155
06:22:34,800 --> 06:22:37,300
preserving works. 
That may otherwise have been 

7156
06:22:37,308 --> 06:22:39,900
lost. 
Without the dedication of these 

7157
06:22:39,900 --> 06:22:43,200
friends, some of Shakespeare's 
most beloved works such as 

7158
06:22:43,208 --> 06:22:45,600
Macbeth. 
And the Tempest might never have

7159
06:22:45,600 --> 06:22:49,400
reached us. 
Thanks to this labor of love his

7160
06:22:49,400 --> 06:22:53,000
stories, endured spreading far 
beyond theaters of London, to 

7161
06:22:53,000 --> 06:22:56,800
inspire future generations of 
readers, actors and writers. 

7162
06:22:58,200 --> 06:23:00,200
Shakespeare's influence on the 
English language is 

7163
06:23:00,200 --> 06:23:03,700
unparalleled. he coined or 
popularized thousands of words 

7164
06:23:03,700 --> 06:23:07,500
and phrases many of which are 
still in use today, expressions 

7165
06:23:07,500 --> 06:23:11,600
like break, the ice wild goose, 
chase and Heart of Gold. 

7166
06:23:11,600 --> 06:23:13,300
Can all be traced back to his 
plays. 

7167
06:23:14,000 --> 06:23:17,100
His ability to capture, human 
emotion and experience in words,

7168
06:23:17,100 --> 06:23:20,600
gave the language a richness and
expressiveness that endures. 

7169
06:23:21,600 --> 06:23:23,700
His Works. 
Reflected The Human Condition in

7170
06:23:23,700 --> 06:23:28,500
all its complexity, the joys, 
the Sorrows, the triumphs, and 

7171
06:23:28,500 --> 06:23:31,400
the tragedies. 
Shakespeare's character's were 

7172
06:23:31,400 --> 06:23:35,000
not just figures on a stage but 
living breathing reflections of 

7173
06:23:35,000 --> 06:23:38,100
humanity. 
They spoke of Love ambition, 

7174
06:23:38,100 --> 06:23:42,100
betrayal and Redemption with a 
Clarity that resonated across 

7175
06:23:42,100 --> 06:23:45,900
time. 
Imagine Romeo and Juliet young 

7176
06:23:45,900 --> 06:23:48,200
lovers torn apart by the feud of
their families. 

7177
06:23:48,200 --> 06:23:52,000
Speaking words that Echo the 
passion and heartbreaks of every

7178
06:23:52,000 --> 06:23:56,400
generation picture Hamlet, the 
introspective Prince grappling 

7179
06:23:56,400 --> 06:23:59,200
with questions of Life, Death 
and morality. 

7180
06:24:00,200 --> 06:24:03,400
Think of King Lear an old man 
facing the consequences of his 

7181
06:24:03,400 --> 06:24:07,400
pride and folly or Macbeth 
driven to ruin by ambition and 

7182
06:24:07,400 --> 06:24:09,800
fate. 
These stories were not just 

7183
06:24:09,800 --> 06:24:12,700
meant to entertain, they were 
designed to make audiences, 

7184
06:24:12,700 --> 06:24:16,300
think feel and understand 
themselves in the world around 

7185
06:24:16,300 --> 06:24:19,600
them. 
In Shakespeare's time, the 

7186
06:24:19,600 --> 06:24:22,300
theater was a place where the 
barriers of class and Status 

7187
06:24:22,300 --> 06:24:25,400
melted away. 
Where the common folk and the 

7188
06:24:25,400 --> 06:24:28,000
nobility could come together to 
share in the experience of a 

7189
06:24:28,008 --> 06:24:31,100
story. 
The Globe Theater with its 

7190
06:24:31,100 --> 06:24:35,000
thatched roof and wooden beams, 
echoed with the laughter tears 

7191
06:24:35,000 --> 06:24:38,200
and Applause of audiences who 
saw their lives reflected on 

7192
06:24:38,200 --> 06:24:40,800
stage. 
Shakespeare understood that 

7193
06:24:40,800 --> 06:24:44,300
stories had the power to unite 
people, to reveal true, the 

7194
06:24:44,300 --> 06:24:48,800
truths and to inspire change. 
In his quieter moments, 

7195
06:24:48,800 --> 06:24:52,700
Shakespeare returned to 
Stratford upon where he enjoyed 

7196
06:24:52,700 --> 06:24:54,600
the Peace of his family home 
here. 

7197
06:24:54,600 --> 06:24:57,000
He could. 
Escape the noise of the city and

7198
06:24:57,000 --> 06:25:00,200
the demands of the theater. 
He tended to his Affairs and 

7199
06:25:00,200 --> 06:25:02,200
spent time with his family as 
and walked the familiar streets 

7200
06:25:02,200 --> 06:25:04,600
of his hometown. 
But even in retirement, the 

7201
06:25:04,600 --> 06:25:07,500
creative spark never truly, left
him later years. 

7202
06:25:07,500 --> 06:25:10,600
He collaborated with young 
playwrights and continued to 

7203
06:25:10,600 --> 06:25:14,100
refine his craft. 
The serenity of Stratford 

7204
06:25:14,100 --> 06:25:17,600
offered him a chance to reflect 
on his life's work to find peace

7205
06:25:17,600 --> 06:25:19,500
in the knowledge that he had 
given the world, something 

7206
06:25:19,500 --> 06:25:23,200
Timeless and extraordinary. 
Though, his life ended on April,

7207
06:25:23,200 --> 06:25:26,300
23rd, 1616. 
His impact was only just 

7208
06:25:26,300 --> 06:25:28,500
beginning. 
Over the centuries. 

7209
06:25:28,500 --> 06:25:31,500
Shakespeare's Works were 
performed in countless theaters,

7210
06:25:31,500 --> 06:25:35,300
translated into every major 
language and adapted into 

7211
06:25:35,300 --> 06:25:39,400
countless forms. his stories 
found new life in operas films 

7212
06:25:39,400 --> 06:25:42,300
novels and modern 
reinterpretations that brought 

7213
06:25:42,300 --> 06:25:46,300
his characters into new settings
and contexts generations of 

7214
06:25:46,300 --> 06:25:50,100
actors from Humble players to 
celebrated Stars, found their 

7215
06:25:50,100 --> 06:25:51,700
voices. 
Through Shakespeare's words, 

7216
06:25:52,700 --> 06:25:55,000
Directors reimagined. 
His plays in Endless ways, 

7217
06:25:55,000 --> 06:25:59,600
setting them in modern cities, 
distant, Futures and War torn 

7218
06:25:59,600 --> 06:26:03,700
landscapes, Each interpretation 
shed new light on his Timeless 

7219
06:26:03,700 --> 06:26:06,400
themes. 
In schools and University's 

7220
06:26:06,400 --> 06:26:08,800
students. 
Continue to explore his plays 

7221
06:26:08,800 --> 06:26:11,800
discovering the Brilliance and 
depth of his writing. 

7222
06:26:11,800 --> 06:26:15,500
His sonnets with their delicate,
Beauty and insight into the 

7223
06:26:15,500 --> 06:26:19,000
nature of love and time. 
Continue to touch the hearts of 

7224
06:26:19,000 --> 06:26:22,600
readers across the globe. 
Shakespeare's Legacy is not just

7225
06:26:22,600 --> 06:26:25,600
in the pages of books or on the 
stages of theaters. 

7226
06:26:25,600 --> 06:26:28,800
It lives in the way we use 
language, the way we tell 

7227
06:26:28,800 --> 06:26:30,900
stories. 
And the way we understand 

7228
06:26:30,900 --> 06:26:35,200
ourselves, his genius lies in 
his ability to capture the full 

7229
06:26:35,200 --> 06:26:38,800
spectrum of Human Experience 
from the lightest moments of 

7230
06:26:38,800 --> 06:26:41,700
Comedy, to the darkest depths of
tragedy. 

7231
06:26:42,500 --> 06:26:45,600
As you lie here, feeling the 
weight of sleep, gently pressing

7232
06:26:45,600 --> 06:26:48,300
upon, you know, that 
Shakespeare's story is one of 

7233
06:26:48,308 --> 06:26:52,100
her inspiration, creativity and 
boundless imagination. 

7234
06:26:53,400 --> 06:26:55,800
He reminds us that even the 
simplest Beginnings. 

7235
06:26:55,800 --> 06:26:57,500
Can lead to extraordinary 
Journeys. 

7236
06:26:57,500 --> 06:26:59,700
That the world is full of 
stories. 

7237
06:26:59,700 --> 06:27:02,600
Waiting to be told. 
And that words have the power to

7238
06:27:02,600 --> 06:27:06,500
change hearts and Minds. 
Allow his life story to guide 

7239
06:27:06,500 --> 06:27:09,800
you into a restful Slumber, 
where dreams unfold like the 

7240
06:27:09,800 --> 06:27:13,600
scene of a play filled with 
wonder Beauty and endless 

7241
06:27:13,600 --> 06:27:17,300
possibility. 
Let the words of the past wrap 

7242
06:27:17,300 --> 06:27:21,100
around, you like a soft blanket.
Comforting and timeless. 

7243
06:27:22,100 --> 06:27:24,800
As we continue to reflect on The
Life and Legacy of William, 

7244
06:27:24,800 --> 06:27:28,000
Shakespeare, his story weaves 
are rich, tapestry of 

7245
06:27:28,000 --> 06:27:31,600
creativity, resilience and 
timeless brilliant's. 

7246
06:27:32,700 --> 06:27:36,000
Though the world around him 
changed, his Works remained 

7247
06:27:36,000 --> 06:27:38,500
steadfast. 
A beacon of human expression 

7248
06:27:38,500 --> 06:27:42,600
that endured across centuries. 
The years following his death, 

7249
06:27:42,600 --> 06:27:44,200
saw a gradual rise in 
recognition. 

7250
06:27:45,200 --> 06:27:49,200
Scholars actors and audiences 
began to understand the profound

7251
06:27:49,200 --> 06:27:52,500
impact of his words. 
In the decades, after his 

7252
06:27:52,500 --> 06:27:58,800
passing of the first folio 
published in 763 1,623 by his 

7253
06:27:58,800 --> 06:28:01,700
friends and fellow actors 
secured his place in history. 

7254
06:28:02,600 --> 06:28:05,400
This collection ensured that 
plays like Macbeth The Tempest 

7255
06:28:05,400 --> 06:28:09,300
12th night and Julius Caesar 
would be preserved and shared 

7256
06:28:09,300 --> 06:28:12,800
with future Generations. 
Each of these Works held a 

7257
06:28:12,800 --> 06:28:16,200
mirror to society reflecting the
complexities of human nature 

7258
06:28:16,200 --> 06:28:21,300
politics and morality. 
As time went on Shakespeare's 

7259
06:28:21,300 --> 06:28:24,400
work, spread beyond the shores 
of England, traveling troops of 

7260
06:28:24,408 --> 06:28:27,200
actors performed, his plays 
across Europe carrying his 

7261
06:28:27,200 --> 06:28:30,500
stories to new audiences. 
By the 18th century. 

7262
06:28:30,500 --> 06:28:34,400
His influence had reached the 
Far Corners of the world with 

7263
06:28:34,400 --> 06:28:37,500
translations bringing his words,
to new languages and cultures. 

7264
06:28:38,600 --> 06:28:43,100
the universality of his themes, 
love, and ambition, betrayal and

7265
06:28:43,100 --> 06:28:48,200
Redemption resonated with people
from all walks of life, His 

7266
06:28:48,200 --> 06:28:50,900
birthplace stratford-upon-avon 
slowly became a place of 

7267
06:28:50,908 --> 06:28:53,500
pilgrimage for lovers of 
literature and theater. 

7268
06:28:54,300 --> 06:28:57,400
Visitors walked the same 
cobblestone streets passed by 

7269
06:28:57,400 --> 06:29:00,200
the same Riverbanks and stood in
the same rooms where 

7270
06:29:00,200 --> 06:29:03,600
Shakespeare, once lived the 
small town grew into a symbol of

7271
06:29:03,608 --> 06:29:07,500
creativity and artistic Heritage
forever, linked to the legacy of

7272
06:29:07,500 --> 06:29:11,600
its most famous son. 
As the centuries progressed 

7273
06:29:11,600 --> 06:29:15,700
Shakespeare's plays were studied
in schools performed in Grand 

7274
06:29:15,700 --> 06:29:18,100
Theaters and adapted for New 
Media. 

7275
06:29:18,900 --> 06:29:22,200
Actors found endless 
opportunities to breathe life 

7276
06:29:22,200 --> 06:29:24,800
into his character's. 
From the tragic figures of 

7277
06:29:24,800 --> 06:29:27,900
Hamlet and King Lear. 
To the comedic, Brilliance of 

7278
06:29:27,900 --> 06:29:30,300
Much Ado About Nothing and A 
Midsummer Night's Dream. 

7279
06:29:31,400 --> 06:29:34,500
Directors reimagined his stories
in modern setting on 

7280
06:29:34,500 --> 06:29:39,200
battlefields in boardrooms and 
in far-off galaxies proving that

7281
06:29:39,200 --> 06:29:40,800
his themes remained ever 
relevant. 

7282
06:29:40,800 --> 06:29:44,600
His influence on the Arts is in 
measurable painters, depicted 

7283
06:29:44,600 --> 06:29:48,200
scene from his plays, in Rich 
vibrant, canvases, composers, 

7284
06:29:48,200 --> 06:29:51,300
like, Felix Mendelssohn, and 
Giuseppe Verdi turned his Works 

7285
06:29:51,300 --> 06:29:54,700
into operas and orchestral 
pieces, poets, and writers Drew 

7286
06:29:54,700 --> 06:29:57,900
inspiration from his words 
finding new ways to explore the 

7287
06:29:57,900 --> 06:30:01,000
Human Experience. 
In the 19th century, 

7288
06:30:01,000 --> 06:30:05,500
Shakespearean festivals began to
emerge celebrating his works 

7289
06:30:05,500 --> 06:30:08,300
with performances, lectures and 
readings. 

7290
06:30:08,300 --> 06:30:12,100
The Royal Shakespeare company. 
Founded in the 20th century 

7291
06:30:12,100 --> 06:30:15,300
became a beacon for the 
continued performance and 

7292
06:30:15,300 --> 06:30:19,000
exploration of his plays. 
The dedication to his work 

7293
06:30:19,000 --> 06:30:20,900
ensured that his stories 
remained alive. 

7294
06:30:20,900 --> 06:30:24,000
Evolving with each new, 
interpretation of performance. 

7295
06:30:24,900 --> 06:30:28,300
Shakespeare's works also found a
home in cinema with directors, 

7296
06:30:28,300 --> 06:30:31,500
like Laurence Olivier, Kenneth 
Branagh, and Basu, and bringing 

7297
06:30:31,500 --> 06:30:36,000
his place to the Silver Screen. 
Films adapted, from his plays 

7298
06:30:36,000 --> 06:30:38,900
reached audiences around the 
world, introducing his 

7299
06:30:38,900 --> 06:30:43,200
characters and stories to new 
generations. power of Cinema 

7300
06:30:43,200 --> 06:30:47,100
allowed his words to take on New
Dimensions with stunning visuals

7301
06:30:47,100 --> 06:30:50,200
and Powerful performance is 
amplifying their emotional depth

7302
06:30:51,300 --> 06:30:53,500
Even in the modern world, his 
influence persists. 

7303
06:30:54,300 --> 06:30:57,000
Expressions. 
He penned over 400 years ago, a 

7304
06:30:57,000 --> 06:31:00,000
part of every day language when 
someone speaks of wearing their 

7305
06:31:00,000 --> 06:31:03,300
heart on their sleeve or 
describes a task as a wild 

7306
06:31:03,300 --> 06:31:06,900
goose, chase, they are echoing 
Shakespeare's voice, his ability

7307
06:31:06,900 --> 06:31:09,700
to capture the human condition 
ensured that his words would 

7308
06:31:09,700 --> 06:31:12,100
forever be woven into the fabric
of Our Lives. 

7309
06:31:13,200 --> 06:31:16,500
As you like comfortably 
breathing gently, Imagine The 

7310
06:31:16,500 --> 06:31:19,900
Quiet streets of 
stratford-upon-avon bathed in 

7311
06:31:19,900 --> 06:31:23,400
the soft glow of Twilight 
picture, the river Aven flowing 

7312
06:31:23,400 --> 06:31:26,500
peacefully, its surface 
shimmering with the last rays of

7313
06:31:26,508 --> 06:31:29,300
the Setting Sun. 
The breeze carries the faint 

7314
06:31:29,300 --> 06:31:32,900
Center of blooming flowers and 
the world slows to a tranquil 

7315
06:31:32,900 --> 06:31:36,800
hush Let the image of a young 
William with eyes full of wonder

7316
06:31:36,800 --> 06:31:38,200
and curiosity. 
Fill your mind. 

7317
06:31:39,100 --> 06:31:41,200
See him wandering the 
countryside dreaming of the 

7318
06:31:41,208 --> 06:31:43,700
stories. 
He would one day tell his 

7319
06:31:43,700 --> 06:31:46,100
journey reminds us that 
creativity passion and 

7320
06:31:46,100 --> 06:31:48,700
perseverance can shape a legacy 
that outlives us all. 

7321
06:31:49,500 --> 06:31:52,700
Allow these thoughts to soothe 
you like the gentle turning of 

7322
06:31:52,700 --> 06:31:56,100
pages in an old book. 
The weight of history and the 

7323
06:31:56,100 --> 06:31:58,700
Timeless beauty of Shakespeare's
words settle around you. 

7324
06:31:59,500 --> 06:32:01,900
Comforting presence that 
Whispers of endless 

7325
06:32:01,900 --> 06:32:05,500
possibilities. 
A sleep draws, you deeper know 

7326
06:32:05,500 --> 06:32:08,700
that you are connected to a rich
lineage of dreamers, thinkers 

7327
06:32:08,700 --> 06:32:12,500
and storytellers. 
The same stories that moved 

7328
06:32:12,500 --> 06:32:15,200
audiences and Shakespeare's time
continued to resonate today, 

7329
06:32:15,200 --> 06:32:17,800
Bridging the Gap between past 
and present. 

7330
06:32:21,300 --> 06:32:23,200
Harry S. 
Truman's Roots Trace to the 

7331
06:32:23,200 --> 06:32:26,100
quiet farmlands of Western, 
Missouri, world's removed from 

7332
06:32:26,100 --> 06:32:27,400
the polished corals of 
Washington. 

7333
06:32:27,400 --> 06:32:32,300
He'd one day in habit, Born on 
May 8th 1884 in the small town 

7334
06:32:32,300 --> 06:32:34,400
of Lamar. 
He was the first child of John 

7335
06:32:34,400 --> 06:32:37,500
Anderson, Truman and Martha, 
Ellen young modest beginning 

7336
06:32:37,500 --> 06:32:39,200
shaped his earlier 
sensibilities. 

7337
06:32:39,200 --> 06:32:42,200
The family moved frequently 
chasing opportunities across 

7338
06:32:42,200 --> 06:32:44,600
Hardscrabble, farmland, and 
short-lived Ventures. 

7339
06:32:45,500 --> 06:32:48,300
Even so the young Truman 
absorbed or Relentless work 

7340
06:32:48,300 --> 06:32:51,200
ethic from dawn to dusk chores 
and gleaned and unvarnished 

7341
06:32:51,200 --> 06:32:55,200
sense of people's struggles, 
little about his childhood for 

7342
06:32:55,200 --> 06:32:58,200
casted the presidency that would
thrust him into Global crises. 

7343
06:32:58,200 --> 06:33:02,100
His Boyhood was peppered with a 
pawnshop, for reading a 

7344
06:33:02,100 --> 06:33:05,000
borrowed, copy of plutarch's 
lives, or perhaps a Mark Twain 

7345
06:33:05,000 --> 06:33:06,800
novel, capturing the spirit of 
Middle America. 

7346
06:33:07,700 --> 06:33:10,500
Unlike many peers, Harry 
devoured, thick tomes about 

7347
06:33:10,500 --> 06:33:13,800
history, and political 
philosophy, the Spectacles 

7348
06:33:13,800 --> 06:33:16,200
perched on his nose and to him, 
occasional teasing from 

7349
06:33:16,200 --> 06:33:17,700
schoolmates, but he Shrugged It 
Off. 

7350
06:33:18,400 --> 06:33:21,400
His father's farmed demands 
forced him to develop stamina in

7351
06:33:21,400 --> 06:33:25,300
a literal sense, wrangling 
mules, or stacking hay even as 

7352
06:33:25,300 --> 06:33:27,800
he contemplated the larger World
Beyond county lines. 

7353
06:33:28,500 --> 06:33:30,400
With no prestigious family name 
or wealth. 

7354
06:33:30,400 --> 06:33:32,400
Further, educational was never 
assured. 

7355
06:33:32,400 --> 06:33:35,300
After finishing High School. 
In the independence, College 

7356
06:33:35,300 --> 06:33:39,100
seemed an unreachable dream. 
Family Finance is an 

7357
06:33:39,100 --> 06:33:41,300
obligations. 
Rerouted him to an array of our 

7358
06:33:41,300 --> 06:33:44,500
jobs timekeeper for the Santa. 
Fe railroad Bank class and 

7359
06:33:44,500 --> 06:33:48,500
farmhand By his early 20s 
Truman's curiosity about public 

7360
06:33:48,500 --> 06:33:51,300
affairs solidified the world was
Channing. 

7361
06:33:51,300 --> 06:33:55,200
Horse-drawn wagons met shiny, 
nanu automobiles, the economy 

7362
06:33:55,200 --> 06:33:58,100
swelled and new technologies, 
whispered of Unstoppable 

7363
06:33:58,100 --> 06:34:00,800
progress, yet Southern 
Missouri's, conservative, 

7364
06:34:00,800 --> 06:34:03,200
climate, rarely promised, fast, 
social, or political 

7365
06:34:03,200 --> 06:34:06,200
transformation. 
Politically a swirl of party 

7366
06:34:06,200 --> 06:34:08,800
machines, especially the 
Pendergast faction in the Kansas

7367
06:34:08,800 --> 06:34:13,100
City state of Missouri. 
Dominated locales to elections. 

7368
06:34:13,900 --> 06:34:16,200
Established dynasties 
overshadowed the notion that 

7369
06:34:16,200 --> 06:34:18,300
ordinary citizens could break 
into politics. 

7370
06:34:19,300 --> 06:34:22,900
Truman while not outspoken about
these realities, observed them 

7371
06:34:22,900 --> 06:34:25,800
closely. 
In the year 1905. 

7372
06:34:25,800 --> 06:34:29,000
The young man ventured to Kansas
City, the state of Missouri. 

7373
06:34:29,900 --> 06:34:32,400
But his father's declining 
Health compelled him to return 

7374
06:34:32,400 --> 06:34:34,500
to the Grandview Farm due to 
family obligations. 

7375
06:34:35,700 --> 06:34:39,000
The life of a farmer was tough 
on body and spiritually in an 

7376
06:34:39,000 --> 06:34:42,300
era lacking Modern Machinery. 
But these years on the farms are

7377
06:34:42,300 --> 06:34:45,800
might argue lay the foundation 
for Truman's later authenticity.

7378
06:34:45,800 --> 06:34:49,900
He saw the cyclical nature of 
crops, the unpredictability of 

7379
06:34:49,900 --> 06:34:52,800
weather and the straightforward 
handshake culture of small town 

7380
06:34:52,800 --> 06:34:55,400
trades. 
The stoicism gleaned from 

7381
06:34:55,400 --> 06:34:57,400
failed, harvests or broken 
equipment. 

7382
06:34:57,400 --> 06:35:01,300
Taught him resilience a trait, 
he'd lean on heavily decades 

7383
06:35:01,300 --> 06:35:05,800
later on underlying higher 
Stakes, then came 1917 and 

7384
06:35:05,800 --> 06:35:09,800
America's entry into World War 
1, Like many patriots Truman 

7385
06:35:09,800 --> 06:35:12,900
enlisted at 33. 
He wasn't a typical fresh-faced 

7386
06:35:12,900 --> 06:35:15,600
recruit but his earnestness and 
unwavering sense of Duty 

7387
06:35:15,600 --> 06:35:18,400
propelled him forward. 
Commissioned, as an artillery 

7388
06:35:18,400 --> 06:35:21,800
officer, he found a surprising 
gift for leadership men, who 

7389
06:35:21,800 --> 06:35:25,100
initially dismissed him as a 
four-eyed Farm Boy, discovered a

7390
06:35:25,100 --> 06:35:27,900
commanding presence. 
He enforced disciplines. 

7391
06:35:27,900 --> 06:35:31,000
But listen to grievances forging
an efficient battery that 

7392
06:35:31,000 --> 06:35:33,500
ultimately saw action in The 
Muddy Shell, Scott Fields of 

7393
06:35:33,508 --> 06:35:36,600
France. 
Under withering artillery Truman

7394
06:35:36,600 --> 06:35:40,100
kept his battery steady and 
morale intact that successful 

7395
06:35:40,100 --> 06:35:43,000
and new self-confidence. 
If he could manage the emotional

7396
06:35:43,000 --> 06:35:47,200
storm of War, may be Leading Men
and later constituents was not. 

7397
06:35:47,200 --> 06:35:50,900
So implausible. 
Returning Stateside in 1919 

7398
06:35:50,900 --> 06:35:53,400
Truman married. 
Best Wallace his longtime sweet 

7399
06:35:53,400 --> 06:35:56,100
heart from Independence. 
She was known for a steady 

7400
06:35:56,100 --> 06:35:58,500
temperament and a gentle 
reluctant for public life. 

7401
06:35:59,500 --> 06:36:02,600
Their Union would provide her 
emotional grounding through the 

7402
06:36:02,600 --> 06:36:06,600
political turbulence ahead. 
At first, they tested civilian 

7403
06:36:06,600 --> 06:36:09,000
Ventures. 
Tried opening a men's clothing 

7404
06:36:09,000 --> 06:36:12,300
store in Kansas City, but the 
post-war economy sank into 

7405
06:36:12,300 --> 06:36:16,000
recession, the store leaving him
in debt that took years to repay

7406
06:36:16,000 --> 06:36:19,800
despite the financial strain. 
He refused to declare bankruptcy

7407
06:36:19,800 --> 06:36:22,600
demonstrating his adherence to 
the moral code of meeting 

7408
06:36:22,600 --> 06:36:25,700
obligations. 
Around this time, the Pendergast

7409
06:36:25,700 --> 06:36:29,300
political machine offered a 
Lifeline, Tom Pendergast, a 

7410
06:36:29,300 --> 06:36:32,100
powerful Democratic boss, 
recognized Truman's, war hero 

7411
06:36:32,100 --> 06:36:34,600
reputation. 
And unwavering loyalty he 

7412
06:36:34,600 --> 06:36:38,000
suggested a run for County, 
judge a role more administrative

7413
06:36:38,000 --> 06:36:40,800
than judicial in Jackson County.
Truman. 

7414
06:36:40,800 --> 06:36:43,300
Initially, hesitant realized 
politics could merge. 

7415
06:36:43,300 --> 06:36:46,500
His sense of civic duty with a 
means to provide for his family.

7416
06:36:46,500 --> 06:36:51,000
In 1922, he stepped onto the 
ballot the campaign demanded. 

7417
06:36:51,000 --> 06:36:54,000
He mingled with rural neighbors 
chatting, Dusty General stores 

7418
06:36:54,000 --> 06:36:58,000
and knock on thousands of doors 
over time, he honed and every 

7419
06:36:58,000 --> 06:37:01,900
man approached direct warm 
unpretentious though, 

7420
06:37:01,900 --> 06:37:05,800
overshadowed by bigger city 
names Truman 1, he soon 

7421
06:37:05,800 --> 06:37:09,000
discovered that politics 
demanded compromise the Press 

7422
06:37:09,000 --> 06:37:11,400
sniffed at him as a Pendergrass 
puppet, but he set about 

7423
06:37:11,400 --> 06:37:13,900
improving County Roads and 
public buildings focusing on 

7424
06:37:13,900 --> 06:37:16,200
practical governance. 
He didn't make headlines in 

7425
06:37:16,200 --> 06:37:18,400
Washington. 
But local folk started trusting 

7426
06:37:18,400 --> 06:37:21,800
that judge Truman might be the 
rare politician who balanced 

7427
06:37:21,800 --> 06:37:23,800
machine loyalty with genuine 
public benefit. 

7428
06:37:24,900 --> 06:37:28,300
This vaunted from county level 
duties juggling budgets awarding

7429
06:37:28,300 --> 06:37:30,600
contracts. 
Meeting local taxpayers would 

7430
06:37:30,600 --> 06:37:32,600
form the Bedrock of his 
pragmatic style. 

7431
06:37:32,600 --> 06:37:35,500
Later defining, how he navigated
the halls of Congress and 

7432
06:37:35,500 --> 06:37:38,700
eventually the White House. 
Harry Truman's position as a 

7433
06:37:38,700 --> 06:37:41,700
Jackson County Judge provided 
him with an intimate view of the

7434
06:37:41,700 --> 06:37:45,200
political dynamics that shaped 
Kansas City and its surrounding 

7435
06:37:45,200 --> 06:37:47,700
areas. 
Contrary to Modern assumptions 

7436
06:37:47,700 --> 06:37:51,500
judge in, that era didn't always
require a law degree, the role. 

7437
06:37:51,500 --> 06:37:54,300
Resembled a county. 
Commissioner managing budgets, 

7438
06:37:54,300 --> 06:37:57,600
overseeing infrastructure and 
mediating local disputes. 

7439
06:37:57,600 --> 06:37:59,700
Truman's approach was 
straightforward. 

7440
06:37:59,700 --> 06:38:03,900
Keep roads maintained ensured 
budgets, balanced and minimize 

7441
06:38:03,900 --> 06:38:07,100
corruption where possible. 
Yet the Pendergast machine that 

7442
06:38:07,100 --> 06:38:10,800
backed him thrived on patronage 
awarding contracts to Friendly 

7443
06:38:10,800 --> 06:38:13,700
bidders for Truman. 
The challenge was upholding 

7444
06:38:13,700 --> 06:38:17,000
Integrity while not alienating 
the very Network that had placed

7445
06:38:17,000 --> 06:38:21,100
him in office throughout the 
1920s Truman and a reputation 

7446
06:38:21,100 --> 06:38:24,500
for honesty that set him apart. 
He was really indulged in the 

7447
06:38:24,508 --> 06:38:26,600
nepotism. 
The others accepted as routine 

7448
06:38:26,600 --> 06:38:29,800
journalists covering local 
government perceived judge 

7449
06:38:29,800 --> 06:38:33,200
Truman as a unique individual a 
devoted member of the Pendergast

7450
06:38:33,200 --> 06:38:35,600
team who genuinely aimed to 
promote the public welfare. 

7451
06:38:35,600 --> 06:38:40,000
He developed a method maintained
civil relationships with boss, 

7452
06:38:40,000 --> 06:38:43,400
Tom Pendergast, but quietly push
for a fishing to Administration.

7453
06:38:44,500 --> 06:38:47,100
This precarious, balance Drew 
occasional, disapproval from 

7454
06:38:47,100 --> 06:38:50,200
reform-minded critics, who felt 
he should break with the machine

7455
06:38:50,200 --> 06:38:53,900
entirely Truman reason that from
within he could do more for 

7456
06:38:53,900 --> 06:38:57,300
constituents in private. 
He admitted the tension nordid 

7457
06:38:57,300 --> 06:38:59,400
him yet. 
No, obvious alternative route 

7458
06:38:59,400 --> 06:39:01,900
existed. 
The machine was the only ladder 

7459
06:39:01,900 --> 06:39:05,100
for local Democratic politicians
by the early. 1930s. 

7460
06:39:05,100 --> 06:39:08,800
The Great Depression rattled, 
every corner of America, Kansas 

7461
06:39:08,800 --> 06:39:11,900
City state of Missouri, faced 
Bank closures, mass 

7462
06:39:11,900 --> 06:39:15,600
unemployment, and bread lines, 
Truman re-elected as presiding 

7463
06:39:15,600 --> 06:39:18,600
judge in 1930. 
Used New Deal funds to jumpstart

7464
06:39:18,600 --> 06:39:22,500
local projects, Bridges, public 
buildings and new highways 

7465
06:39:22,500 --> 06:39:25,300
attempting to pump lifeblood 
into the local economy. 

7466
06:39:26,000 --> 06:39:29,000
His sincere empathy for ordinary
families grounded. 

7467
06:39:29,000 --> 06:39:32,100
In his experience of economic 
hardship, colored every 

7468
06:39:32,100 --> 06:39:34,300
decision. 
He oversaw County relief 

7469
06:39:34,300 --> 06:39:38,000
program, that while not free of 
cronyism often delivered, real 

7470
06:39:38,000 --> 06:39:41,500
help to needy citizens. 
This bolstered Truman standing 

7471
06:39:41,500 --> 06:39:44,200
as a conscientious official 
though, overshadowed by the 

7472
06:39:44,200 --> 06:39:46,900
iconic New Deal initiatives 
champion of by President 

7473
06:39:46,900 --> 06:39:48,800
Franklin D Roosevelt at the 
national level. 

7474
06:39:50,000 --> 06:39:54,100
Year, 1934, brought a new 
opportunity, Pendergrass decided

7475
06:39:54,100 --> 06:39:56,900
to push Truman as the Democratic
candidate for the US Senate. 

7476
06:39:57,800 --> 06:40:00,000
The overshadowed by more 
prominent figures in state 

7477
06:40:00,000 --> 06:40:03,500
politics Truman's, quiet, 
perseverance appealed to rural 

7478
06:40:03,500 --> 06:40:07,000
voters, on the campaign Trail. 
Wearing his trademark wide 

7479
06:40:07,000 --> 06:40:10,200
brimmed hat and thick glasses. 
He visited farmhouses and small 

7480
06:40:10,200 --> 06:40:13,000
town, Gatherings, he promised to
back Roosevelt's program, 

7481
06:40:13,000 --> 06:40:14,600
praising the impetus behind 
them. 

7482
06:40:15,500 --> 06:40:19,100
Meanwhile suspicious voices 
hammered him as a Pendergast 

7483
06:40:19,100 --> 06:40:22,700
stooge. 
The boss is endorsement sealed 

7484
06:40:22,700 --> 06:40:25,600
the nomination, but winning the 
general election was no 

7485
06:40:25,600 --> 06:40:27,100
guarantee. 
Nonetheless. 

7486
06:40:27,100 --> 06:40:29,800
National frustration with the 
Republicans handling of the 

7487
06:40:29,800 --> 06:40:34,300
depression gave the Democrats, a
strong Tailwind, Truman eked out

7488
06:40:34,300 --> 06:40:38,600
of Victory heading to Washington
at age. 50 in the Senate, he was

7489
06:40:38,600 --> 06:40:42,000
a small fish in a pond teeming 
with the established ways like a

7490
06:40:42,000 --> 06:40:45,500
Huey Long Carter glass and 
Robert La Follette, Junior, 

7491
06:40:45,500 --> 06:40:49,400
eager to prove his worth Truman 
initially found himself 

7492
06:40:49,400 --> 06:40:52,200
overshadowed by Southern 
Democrats who dominated key 

7493
06:40:52,200 --> 06:40:54,600
committees. 
He stuck to the Commerce and 

7494
06:40:54,600 --> 06:40:56,900
Interstate regulation, 
committees, quite quietly. 

7495
06:40:56,900 --> 06:41:01,000
Gleaning how legislative deals 
were forged mindful that he 

7496
06:41:01,000 --> 06:41:03,000
needed to rid himself of the 
Pendergast stigma. 

7497
06:41:03,000 --> 06:41:07,300
He tackled issues with the 
methodical zeal. one such moment

7498
06:41:07,300 --> 06:41:10,700
arrived, in 1939, when he 
chaired a subcommittee 

7499
06:41:10,700 --> 06:41:14,300
investigating Railroad 
reorganization, Applying his 

7500
06:41:14,300 --> 06:41:17,900
county level budgeting lessons 
to a national stage colleagues. 

7501
06:41:17,900 --> 06:41:22,200
Noticed his meticulous approach,
he seldom boasted rarely sought 

7502
06:41:22,200 --> 06:41:24,200
headlines, but delivered 
results. 

7503
06:41:25,100 --> 06:41:28,800
The mid-1930s to late 1930s. 
Also saw the unraveling of 

7504
06:41:28,800 --> 06:41:33,100
pentagon's Empire accusations of
tax evasion and Corruption sword

7505
06:41:33,100 --> 06:41:37,000
in 1939. 
Tom Pendergast was convicted of 

7506
06:41:37,000 --> 06:41:40,300
tax fraud and imprisoned 
headlines implicated him in his 

7507
06:41:40,300 --> 06:41:44,500
associates in a massive graphed 
Truman facing re-election in 

7508
06:41:44,500 --> 06:41:48,000
1940, braced for the blowback, 
his opponents. 

7509
06:41:48,000 --> 06:41:51,600
Painted him as the senator from 
Pendergast, but Truman countered

7510
06:41:51,600 --> 06:41:54,100
that he too. 
Disapproved of corruption and 

7511
06:41:54,100 --> 06:41:56,600
the direct record stood in 
dependent voters. 

7512
06:41:56,600 --> 06:42:00,000
Evaluating his actual 
performance decided to give him 

7513
06:42:00,000 --> 06:42:03,100
another term. 
The tight race confirmed that 

7514
06:42:03,108 --> 06:42:06,000
his margin of Victory Lane trust
built by actual service 

7515
06:42:06,000 --> 06:42:08,400
overshadowing the old Machine 
Label. 

7516
06:42:09,100 --> 06:42:11,700
In his second term, Truman's 
name surfaced more often, 

7517
06:42:11,700 --> 06:42:14,200
especially as storm clouds 
gathered in Europe. 

7518
06:42:14,800 --> 06:42:20,200
World War 2 erupted in 1939 by 
1941 America, was aging closer 

7519
06:42:20,200 --> 06:42:23,700
to involvement Rosevelt, 
lindley's policies, and the ramp

7520
06:42:23,700 --> 06:42:25,900
up of Defense, industry's 
demanded close oversight. 

7521
06:42:26,800 --> 06:42:30,500
Truman sensing billions of tax 
dollars, swirling into new 

7522
06:42:30,500 --> 06:42:34,000
factories spearheaded a senate 
committee to monitor War 

7523
06:42:34,000 --> 06:42:37,100
profiteering the Senate special 
committee to investigate the 

7524
06:42:37,100 --> 06:42:40,300
National Defense program more 
famously known as The Truman 

7525
06:42:40,300 --> 06:42:43,300
committee set out to ensure that
war contracts were legitimate 

7526
06:42:43,300 --> 06:42:45,900
factories. 
Produced quality goods and 

7527
06:42:45,900 --> 06:42:48,100
unscrupulous profiteers were 
exposed. 

7528
06:42:48,100 --> 06:42:50,300
This gave Truman a national 
Spotlight. 

7529
06:42:50,300 --> 06:42:54,000
He visited defense plants in 
cognito scrutinizing. 

7530
06:42:54,000 --> 06:42:57,500
Paperwork the committee earned 
praise for saving taxpayers. 

7531
06:42:57,500 --> 06:43:00,700
Giant sums press coverage, 
portrayed him as a bulldog for 

7532
06:43:00,700 --> 06:43:03,100
accountability, not a 
grandstander. 

7533
06:43:03,100 --> 06:43:05,800
But someone truly outraged by 
waste or exploitation. 

7534
06:43:06,800 --> 06:43:10,600
By 1943, The Truman committee 
had propelled the senator from 

7535
06:43:10,600 --> 06:43:13,900
Missouri to the National 
Consciousness pundits, who wants

7536
06:43:13,900 --> 06:43:15,500
to dismissed him as a background
functionary. 

7537
06:43:15,500 --> 06:43:18,800
Now viewed him as a champion of 
good governance, amid a massive 

7538
06:43:18,800 --> 06:43:23,800
global war, the White House. 
Notice two Roosevelt seeking to 

7539
06:43:23,800 --> 06:43:27,700
unify, the Democratic party for 
the 1944 election face. 

7540
06:43:27,700 --> 06:43:31,100
The question of who should serve
as vice president, his current 

7541
06:43:31,100 --> 06:43:34,600
VP Henry Wallace was viewed as 
two, Radical by Party. 

7542
06:43:34,600 --> 06:43:38,600
Conservatives could Harry Truman
a moderate Pro defense. 

7543
06:43:38,600 --> 06:43:41,300
Corruption fighting senator. 
Be the compromise pick. 

7544
06:43:42,000 --> 06:43:45,400
The party bigwigs thought. 
So the stage was set for a Twist

7545
06:43:45,400 --> 06:43:49,200
in Truman's life from being a 
steady second term Senator to 

7546
06:43:49,200 --> 06:43:52,000
possibly occupying the second 
highest office in the land 

7547
06:43:52,000 --> 06:43:54,300
perched. 
Precariously near the center of 

7548
06:43:54,308 --> 06:43:57,800
a global conflict. 
Harry Truman, never aggressively

7549
06:43:57,800 --> 06:44:01,400
personed, the vice presidency, 
but in the swirl of 1944 

7550
06:44:01,400 --> 06:44:04,800
politics, He emerged as a 
near-consensus choice. 

7551
06:44:04,800 --> 06:44:07,200
Franklyn D. 
Roosevelt seeking. 

7552
06:44:07,200 --> 06:44:10,500
An unprecedented fourth term 
recognized that in a fractious 

7553
06:44:10,500 --> 06:44:13,800
Democratic party. 
Henry Wallace polarized, too 

7554
06:44:13,800 --> 06:44:17,500
many Conservative Democrats, 
demanded a replacement and 

7555
06:44:17,500 --> 06:44:20,300
Truman's unassuming loyalty and 
his credibility in the war 

7556
06:44:20,300 --> 06:44:23,300
proved to be a suitable fit. 
when the Democratic National 

7557
06:44:23,300 --> 06:44:27,200
Convention convened that July in
Chicago backroom dealings sealed

7558
06:44:27,200 --> 06:44:30,600
the arrangement Truman famously 
claimed, he woke up one morning 

7559
06:44:30,600 --> 06:44:33,500
as a senator and went to bed 
that night as the parties, Vice 

7560
06:44:33,500 --> 06:44:36,300
Presidential nominee. 
Even then he expressed 

7561
06:44:36,300 --> 06:44:39,300
reluctance famously quipping. 
That the role was largely 

7562
06:44:39,300 --> 06:44:42,000
ornamental. 
A spare tire on the automobile 

7563
06:44:42,000 --> 06:44:45,700
of government. the Roosevelt 
Truman ticket triumphed in 

7564
06:44:45,700 --> 06:44:50,900
November 1944 riding on FDR's 
record as a wartime leader The 

7565
06:44:50,900 --> 06:44:53,300
margin was narrower than early a
Roosevelt victories. 

7566
06:44:53,300 --> 06:44:55,600
Reflecting War fatigue among 
Americans. 

7567
06:44:55,600 --> 06:44:59,400
But a victory was still a 
victory and in January, 1945 

7568
06:44:59,400 --> 06:45:03,500
Truman took the oath as vice 
president within weeks the 

7569
06:45:03,500 --> 06:45:07,000
Allies Advanced or Nazi Germany.
The battle of the Bulger had 

7570
06:45:07,000 --> 06:45:09,700
ended and the liberation of 
concentration camps approached. 

7571
06:45:09,700 --> 06:45:14,100
Meanwhile the Pacific Theater 
raged on with US forces, inching

7572
06:45:14,100 --> 06:45:16,700
closer to Japan. 
Truman found himself at the 

7573
06:45:16,700 --> 06:45:18,500
periphery of top-level 
discussions. 

7574
06:45:18,500 --> 06:45:21,900
Roosevelt, his health failing 
still dominated the 

7575
06:45:21,900 --> 06:45:24,000
administration strategic 
deliberations. 

7576
06:45:25,000 --> 06:45:27,700
Truman's main tasks involved. 
Presiding over the Senate and 

7577
06:45:27,700 --> 06:45:30,900
fulfilling ceremonial roles. 
He was rarely looped into the 

7578
06:45:30,900 --> 06:45:34,100
secrets of the Manhattan Project
or the exact shape of post-war 

7579
06:45:34,100 --> 06:45:37,000
negotiations. 
Everything changed abruptly on 

7580
06:45:37,000 --> 06:45:41,400
April 12th, 1945 Rosevelt, died 
in Warm Springs. 

7581
06:45:41,400 --> 06:45:46,100
Georgia after months of visibly,
declining vitality, Stunned 

7582
06:45:46,100 --> 06:45:48,700
Truman was summoned to the White
House and took the oath of 

7583
06:45:48,700 --> 06:45:51,000
office as president in a small 
tent ceremony. 

7584
06:45:51,000 --> 06:45:55,500
He later recalled, I felt like 
the moon, the stars and all the 

7585
06:45:55,508 --> 06:45:59,200
planets had fallen on me. 
The man who had been in the dark

7586
06:45:59,200 --> 06:46:02,400
about critical aspects of the 
war, particularly the atomic 

7587
06:46:02,400 --> 06:46:04,800
program. 
Now became Commander in Chief of

7588
06:46:04,800 --> 06:46:09,000
a global superpower in Waiting, 
advisors scrambled to brief him 

7589
06:46:09,000 --> 06:46:12,100
on ongoing strategies. 
Secret weapons, research and the

7590
06:46:12,100 --> 06:46:14,900
complexities of Allied 
negotiations with star in and 

7591
06:46:14,900 --> 06:46:17,500
Churchill. 
Truman's earliest, decisions 

7592
06:46:17,500 --> 06:46:21,800
revolved around ending World War
Two in Europe Victory, seemed 

7593
06:46:21,800 --> 06:46:26,800
imminent with Hitler's regime. 
Collapsing VE Day victory in 

7594
06:46:26,800 --> 06:46:32,100
Europe, arrived on May 8th 1945,
overshadowing, the raw sense of 

7595
06:46:32,100 --> 06:46:34,600
Roosevelt's absence. 
Meanwhile, the Potsdam 

7596
06:46:34,600 --> 06:46:36,900
Conference in July saw a Truman 
meet Winston. 

7597
06:46:36,900 --> 06:46:40,300
Churchill later replaced by 
Clement Atlee mid conference and

7598
06:46:40,300 --> 06:46:43,400
Joseph Stalin. 
With the war in Europe settled. 

7599
06:46:43,400 --> 06:46:46,600
The conversation, pivoted, 
dividing Germany into zones 

7600
06:46:46,600 --> 06:46:49,600
shaping Eastern, Europe's 
future, and extracting 

7601
06:46:49,600 --> 06:46:52,100
concessions from the Soviet 
Union about joining the war 

7602
06:46:52,100 --> 06:46:56,100
against Japan Truman a novice in
the high-stakes diplomacy that 

7603
06:46:56,100 --> 06:47:00,800
Rose had navigated approached 
Starling with cautioned, that 

7604
06:47:00,800 --> 06:47:03,000
the Soviet leader had Ambitions 
in Eastern Europe. 

7605
06:47:03,000 --> 06:47:07,800
A Harbin of postwar friction. 
Simultaneously Truman faced to 

7606
06:47:07,808 --> 06:47:10,900
moral and strategic quandary in 
the Pacific, the Manhattan 

7607
06:47:10,900 --> 06:47:13,500
Project had succeeded. 
The atomic bomb was ready, 

7608
06:47:13,500 --> 06:47:17,300
military planners estimated and 
invasion of Japan's home Ireland

7609
06:47:17,300 --> 06:47:20,800
could cost a catastrophic number
of Allied and Japanese lives. 

7610
06:47:20,800 --> 06:47:23,700
The question was, where the 
dropping the ball might force a 

7611
06:47:23,700 --> 06:47:26,500
swift surrender. 
Truman wrestled with the ethics 

7612
06:47:26,500 --> 06:47:28,600
But ultimately authorized using 
Atomic weapons. 

7613
06:47:28,600 --> 06:47:32,200
Believing it would end the 
conflict more quickly on August 

7614
06:47:32,200 --> 06:47:36,100
6th. 1945, a B-29 dropped. 
The first bomb on Hiroshima. 

7615
06:47:36,100 --> 06:47:39,700
Three days later. 
Nagasaki was hit, Japan 

7616
06:47:39,700 --> 06:47:41,600
announced surrender on August 
15th. 

7617
06:47:41,600 --> 06:47:44,900
The effect was as unprecedented 
as it was terrifying. 

7618
06:47:44,900 --> 06:47:49,600
The world recognized a new era 
of nuclear capability Truman 

7619
06:47:49,600 --> 06:47:51,400
Justified, his choice to the 
American public. 

7620
06:47:51,400 --> 06:47:54,800
As a necessary. 
Evil one that in his view saved 

7621
06:47:54,800 --> 06:47:58,300
more lives than it cost. 
Others debated, the morality for

7622
06:47:58,300 --> 06:48:01,400
generations to come but the 
immediate aftermath was a wave 

7623
06:48:01,400 --> 06:48:04,200
of relief that the war was over 
emerging from the wars. 

7624
06:48:04,200 --> 06:48:08,200
Conclusion Truman found an 
altered Planet, the Soviet Union

7625
06:48:08,200 --> 06:48:12,100
and the US stood as rival 
superpowers, Europe in Ruins 

7626
06:48:12,100 --> 06:48:15,400
Asia, wrestled with new 
Independence movements and the 

7627
06:48:15,400 --> 06:48:19,200
nuclear age, overshadowed all 
many Americans wanted a return 

7628
06:48:19,200 --> 06:48:22,500
to domestic normalcy hoping to 
spend energy on economic 

7629
06:48:22,500 --> 06:48:25,300
Revival. 
But the unraveling alliance with

7630
06:48:25,300 --> 06:48:29,000
Stalin's USSR, hinted at a new 
conflict in the making. 

7631
06:48:29,700 --> 06:48:33,200
A cold war of ideologies spies 
and proxy battles. 

7632
06:48:34,000 --> 06:48:37,400
Truman The Accidental, president
would have to craft policies 

7633
06:48:37,400 --> 06:48:41,700
that shape this precarious World
in 1946, as the rest of the 

7634
06:48:41,700 --> 06:48:45,500
Allied powers demobilized. 
Soviets entrenched in Eastern 

7635
06:48:45,500 --> 06:48:47,900
Europe, Winston Churchill no 
longer. 

7636
06:48:47,900 --> 06:48:51,300
Britain's prime minister 
visited, the US and declared an 

7637
06:48:51,300 --> 06:48:54,000
iron curtain had descended 
across the continent. 

7638
06:48:55,100 --> 06:48:57,900
Truman recognized the need for a
Doctrine to counter Soviet 

7639
06:48:57,900 --> 06:49:00,700
expansion, albeit, short of 
direct Warfare. 

7640
06:49:01,500 --> 06:49:05,200
The seeds of the containment 
strategy took shape culminating 

7641
06:49:05,200 --> 06:49:08,300
in what would be known as the 
Truman Doctrine pledging support

7642
06:49:08,300 --> 06:49:10,500
to countries threatened by the 
communist subversion. 

7643
06:49:11,600 --> 06:49:14,400
With minimal foreign policy 
background, he relied on 

7644
06:49:14,400 --> 06:49:18,200
seasoned figures like George 
Marshall, denature, son, and 

7645
06:49:18,200 --> 06:49:21,000
others to devise new Frameworks 
for the global stability. 

7646
06:49:21,000 --> 06:49:24,500
Meanwhile, on the domestic 
front, the challenge of 

7647
06:49:24,500 --> 06:49:26,800
reverting the economy. 
From wartime production to 

7648
06:49:26,800 --> 06:49:31,400
peace, time, soared labor 
strikes in demands for civil 

7649
06:49:31,400 --> 06:49:35,700
rights tested Truman's 
leadership, As 1947 approached, 

7650
06:49:35,700 --> 06:49:39,500
Truman's tenure had only begun 
the decisions about nuclear 

7651
06:49:39,500 --> 06:49:42,700
arms, the Aidan programs for 
war, ravaged allies and the 

7652
06:49:42,700 --> 06:49:44,400
looming. 
Confrontational with Soviet 

7653
06:49:44,400 --> 06:49:47,400
policies in Europe and Asia. 
These would Define not just his 

7654
06:49:47,400 --> 06:49:51,200
president, see, but the entire 
Global Order, once a quiet, 

7655
06:49:51,208 --> 06:49:54,700
Senator overshadowed by 
roseville's, magnetism Truman 

7656
06:49:54,700 --> 06:49:58,300
had stepped into the spotlight. 
He was about to introduce a new 

7657
06:49:58,308 --> 06:50:01,600
vocabulary to American 
statecraft, the Marshall Plan, 

7658
06:50:01,600 --> 06:50:04,800
the Berlin airlift, and the 
seeds of NATO forging, an era 

7659
06:50:04,800 --> 06:50:06,900
where the United States 
embraced, superpower 

7660
06:50:06,900 --> 06:50:09,500
responsibilities Unthinkable and
mere decade earlier. 

7661
06:50:10,300 --> 06:50:13,500
In the tumultuous post-war 
climate Harry Truman found his 

7662
06:50:13,500 --> 06:50:16,100
presidency. 
Pivoting on two broad fronts 

7663
06:50:16,100 --> 06:50:19,000
foreign policy crises and 
domestic upheaval. 

7664
06:50:19,800 --> 06:50:23,700
Fresh from the Euphoria victory 
over fascism American soon. 

7665
06:50:23,700 --> 06:50:26,000
Recognized that a new tension 
with the Soviet Union. 

7666
06:50:26,000 --> 06:50:29,300
Dominated world, affairs, 
Eastern Europe, on the Communist

7667
06:50:29,300 --> 06:50:32,000
influence. 
And Stalin's grip tightened 

7668
06:50:32,000 --> 06:50:34,200
across Poland, Hungary and 
others. 

7669
06:50:34,200 --> 06:50:37,300
These developments spurred 
Truman's Administration to 

7670
06:50:37,300 --> 06:50:38,900
articulate a more defined 
stance. 

7671
06:50:39,700 --> 06:50:43,400
In March 1947, he presented to 
Congress what became known as 

7672
06:50:43,400 --> 06:50:46,300
the Truman Doctrine. 
The United States would Aid 

7673
06:50:46,300 --> 06:50:49,500
Nations resisting subjugation by
armed minorities or outside 

7674
06:50:49,500 --> 06:50:53,800
pressures though, triggered by 
crises and turkey the doctrine 

7675
06:50:53,800 --> 06:50:55,500
signaled. 
A broader commitment containing 

7676
06:50:55,500 --> 06:50:57,900
communism. 
Skeptics worried about 

7677
06:50:57,900 --> 06:51:01,500
entangling America, in Endless, 
foreign struggles, but Truman 

7678
06:51:01,500 --> 06:51:03,600
insisted that. 
Inaction would yield greater 

7679
06:51:03,600 --> 06:51:06,500
perils. 
Soon after Secretary of State, 

7680
06:51:06,500 --> 06:51:09,000
George Marshall proposed the 
European recovery program 

7681
06:51:09,000 --> 06:51:12,000
colloquially. 
The martial plan War, ravaged, 

7682
06:51:12,000 --> 06:51:14,800
Europe, faced famine and 
economic collapse conditions. 

7683
06:51:14,800 --> 06:51:18,600
Ripe for communist infiltration.
Marshall's Plan offered massive 

7684
06:51:18,600 --> 06:51:21,900
financial aid to rebuild 
infrastructure revitalized 

7685
06:51:21,900 --> 06:51:25,600
Industries and stabilize 
currencies, Truman championed. 

7686
06:51:25,600 --> 06:51:28,500
This approach has simultaneously
humanitarian and strategic. 

7687
06:51:29,400 --> 06:51:31,900
Western Europe, Swift 
reconstruction, under the plan, 

7688
06:51:31,900 --> 06:51:35,800
created an economic boom. 
Forging stable, democracies less

7689
06:51:35,800 --> 06:51:39,700
vulnerable to Soviet influence 
this bold initiative, reshaped 

7690
06:51:39,700 --> 06:51:42,700
America's Global role no longer 
isolationist. 

7691
06:51:42,700 --> 06:51:45,600
It was now the engine of a 
nascent Western Alliance 

7692
06:51:45,600 --> 06:51:49,200
domestically Truman encountered 
an equally formidable challenge,

7693
06:51:49,200 --> 06:51:53,100
millions of veterans returned, 
seeking jobs in affordable. 

7694
06:51:53,100 --> 06:51:56,800
Housing, labor unions have been 
postponed strike during the war 

7695
06:51:56,800 --> 06:51:59,800
now pressed for raises in an 
inflationary climate. 

7696
06:52:00,600 --> 06:52:02,800
The Republican Resurgence in the
1946. 

7697
06:52:02,800 --> 06:52:07,300
Midterms gave the GOP control of
Congress complicating Truman's 

7698
06:52:07,300 --> 06:52:09,600
legislative Ambitions, he 
Advanced what? 

7699
06:52:09,600 --> 06:52:10,800
He dubbed. 
The Fair Deal. 

7700
06:52:10,800 --> 06:52:14,200
Sweeter proposals aiming to 
expand upon Roosevelt's New 

7701
06:52:14,200 --> 06:52:18,700
Deal, National Health Care civil
rights, measures 8 to education 

7702
06:52:18,700 --> 06:52:22,200
and a higher minimum wage Yeah, 
these ran headlong into 

7703
06:52:22,200 --> 06:52:26,000
Congressional opposition with 
the Republicans and conservative

7704
06:52:26,000 --> 06:52:27,600
Southern Democrats blocking 
large. 

7705
06:52:27,600 --> 06:52:31,400
Segments, the result incremental
progress overshadowed by 

7706
06:52:31,400 --> 06:52:35,300
persistent gridlock. 
Matters of race also percolated.

7707
06:52:36,300 --> 06:52:38,800
Despite Roosevelt's color blind 
rhetoric during the war 

7708
06:52:38,800 --> 06:52:41,400
African-Americans faced 
persistent discrimination. 

7709
06:52:42,400 --> 06:52:46,500
In 1948, Truman issued an 
executive order to desegregate 

7710
06:52:46,500 --> 06:52:50,200
the Armed Forces, a bold move 
that outraged, many Southern 

7711
06:52:50,200 --> 06:52:53,700
politicians, but signaled, a new
federal stance on civil rights. 

7712
06:52:53,700 --> 06:52:57,700
He also called for an end to 
poll taxes and for legislation 

7713
06:52:57,700 --> 06:53:00,700
Banning lynching though, those 
proposals stalled in Congress, 

7714
06:53:01,800 --> 06:53:03,900
Civil rights leaders. 
Applauded him as the first 

7715
06:53:03,900 --> 06:53:06,400
modern president to make such a 
stand, though. 

7716
06:53:06,400 --> 06:53:08,600
It carried political risks in 
the upcoming election. 

7717
06:53:09,900 --> 06:53:13,600
The 1948 presidential race 
shaped up as a daunting one for 

7718
06:53:13,600 --> 06:53:17,400
Truman many believed he was 
doomed to defeat even within his

7719
06:53:17,400 --> 06:53:21,300
party sudden Dixiecrats. 
Broke off championing, Strom 

7720
06:53:21,300 --> 06:53:22,900
Thurmond in the protest of civil
rights. 

7721
06:53:22,900 --> 06:53:26,100
While Henry Wallace over former 
vice president led. 

7722
06:53:26,100 --> 06:53:29,400
The Progressive Party from the 
left, the Republican nominee 

7723
06:53:29,400 --> 06:53:33,900
Thomas Dewey exuded confidence 
pollsters and newspapers 

7724
06:53:33,900 --> 06:53:37,300
predicted a Shore, Republican 
Victory, but Truman embarked on 

7725
06:53:37,300 --> 06:53:39,500
a legendary Whistle. 
Stop campaign across the country

7726
06:53:39,500 --> 06:53:43,100
by train hitting small towns and
big cities with fiery speeches, 

7727
06:53:43,100 --> 06:53:46,200
he hammered the do nothing 
congress for blocking his Fair 

7728
06:53:46,200 --> 06:53:50,500
Deal measures championed the 
average Dean citizens needs and 

7729
06:53:50,500 --> 06:53:54,800
exuded an underdog energy that 
resonated with voters on 

7730
06:53:54,800 --> 06:53:56,900
Election night. 
The Chicago Tribune famously 

7731
06:53:56,900 --> 06:54:00,600
printed its Dewey defeats 
Truman, headline prematurely. 

7732
06:54:01,700 --> 06:54:05,800
The actual result a surprise 
Truman Victory securing his 

7733
06:54:05,800 --> 06:54:07,700
place in the white house for a 
full term. 

7734
06:54:08,500 --> 06:54:11,800
Historians still Marvel at this 
upset, tributing it to Truman's 

7735
06:54:11,800 --> 06:54:14,900
Relentless, Grassroots, appeal, 
and Americans preference for 

7736
06:54:14,900 --> 06:54:18,500
continuity and uncertain times. 
Even after this Triumph, the 

7737
06:54:18,500 --> 06:54:21,900
cold Wars drum beat intensified 
in 1949. 

7738
06:54:21,900 --> 06:54:25,400
The Soviets tested their first 
atomic bomb sooner than Western 

7739
06:54:25,400 --> 06:54:29,500
intelligence had anticipated. 
China, Civil War ended with MAO 

7740
06:54:29,500 --> 06:54:32,500
zedong's, communist Victory, and
other Blow To Us hopes of 

7741
06:54:32,508 --> 06:54:34,700
containing communism within the 
US. 

7742
06:54:34,700 --> 06:54:37,400
Paranoia about Soviet 
infiltration sword. 

7743
06:54:37,400 --> 06:54:40,400
Prompting investigations of 
alleged spies in government. 

7744
06:54:41,400 --> 06:54:43,600
Accusations. 
By Senator Joseph McCarthy, of 

7745
06:54:43,600 --> 06:54:46,500
communist sympathizers in the 
state department, gain traction,

7746
06:54:46,500 --> 06:54:49,200
fueling an era of blacklists and
loyalty. 

7747
06:54:49,200 --> 06:54:53,200
Oaths Truman initially 
dismissive of McCarthy's claims 

7748
06:54:53,200 --> 06:54:56,400
found the climate overshadowing 
more moderate approaches to 

7749
06:54:56,400 --> 06:54:59,700
subversion. 
The so-called Red Scare in the 

7750
06:54:59,700 --> 06:55:03,500
National mood making American 
suspicious of any perceived 

7751
06:55:03,500 --> 06:55:06,700
left-leaning activity. 
Simultaneously, the Berlin 

7752
06:55:06,700 --> 06:55:12,000
crisis escalated, in 1948, to 
1949 Stalin blockaded West, 

7753
06:55:12,000 --> 06:55:14,200
Berlin, hoping to force the 
Allies out. 

7754
06:55:15,100 --> 06:55:18,600
Truman answered with the Berlin.
Airlift logistical Marvel 

7755
06:55:18,600 --> 06:55:22,000
fairing supplies by are to 2 
million berliners Round the 

7756
06:55:22,008 --> 06:55:25,800
Clock cargo plane soared, over 
Soviet occupied zones, bringing 

7757
06:55:25,800 --> 06:55:28,400
food and coal. 
The operation success. 

7758
06:55:28,400 --> 06:55:31,400
Showcased Truman's willingness 
to stand firm without triggering

7759
06:55:31,400 --> 06:55:35,800
direct War by mid 1949. 
The blockade ended proving 

7760
06:55:35,800 --> 06:55:40,000
Western Unity triumphant yet 
Germany's formal partition into 

7761
06:55:40,000 --> 06:55:42,900
Eastern West underscored that 
the global divide was no 

7762
06:55:42,900 --> 06:55:46,900
fleeting spat. 
Crystallized an iron curtain 

7763
06:55:46,900 --> 06:55:50,000
across Europe. 
Truman's president, he thus 

7764
06:55:50,000 --> 06:55:53,700
served as The Crucible. 
Forging NATO established in 1949

7765
06:55:53,700 --> 06:55:58,700
to unify Weston defense. by 
1950, the stage was set for the 

7766
06:55:58,700 --> 06:56:02,700
next major conflict in Korea 
communist, North invade the 

7767
06:56:02,700 --> 06:56:07,600
South prompting un-led 
intervention Truman fervent to 

7768
06:56:07,600 --> 06:56:11,500
stop aggression, but wary of 
Another World War authorized 

7769
06:56:11,500 --> 06:56:15,100
forces under General MacArthur, 
the Korean War would Define his 

7770
06:56:15,100 --> 06:56:18,300
final years in office, 
intensifying domestic debates 

7771
06:56:18,300 --> 06:56:20,900
over how to contain Communism 
without triggering nuclear 

7772
06:56:20,900 --> 06:56:24,300
catastrophe. 
So from the Vantage of the early

7773
06:56:24,300 --> 06:56:29,400
1950s Harry Truman, once a 
relatively obscure Senator had 

7774
06:56:29,400 --> 06:56:32,000
become, the architect of 
containment, The Man Behind, the

7775
06:56:32,000 --> 06:56:35,300
Fair Deal, and the figure 
bridging FDR's Global Legacy 

7776
06:56:35,300 --> 06:56:38,700
with a precarious New Order. 
His next steps would further 

7777
06:56:38,700 --> 06:56:41,200
tests both his presidency and 
the tolerance of a public 

7778
06:56:41,200 --> 06:56:43,200
increasingly fatigued by 
unending. 

7779
06:56:43,200 --> 06:56:47,000
Conflicts abroad June 1950, 
jolted, The Truman 

7780
06:56:47,000 --> 06:56:50,000
Administration where North 
Korean forces under Kim, the 

7781
06:56:50,000 --> 06:56:54,400
Second Son, surge to cross the 
38th parallel over the hill 

7782
06:56:54,400 --> 06:56:56,600
prepared, South Korean army, 
within days. 

7783
06:56:56,600 --> 06:57:00,400
Soul fell un Security Council 
swiftly, condemned the 

7784
06:57:00,408 --> 06:57:04,100
aggression A rare instance, 
where the Soviet Union's absence

7785
06:57:04,100 --> 06:57:06,600
from the council. 
Due to boycotting over China's 

7786
06:57:06,600 --> 06:57:09,400
seat allowed. 
A unanimous resolution to pass. 

7787
06:57:10,400 --> 06:57:13,600
Truman responded promptly, he 
committed US Air and Naval 

7788
06:57:13,600 --> 06:57:15,800
support soon dispatching. 
Ground troops. 

7789
06:57:15,800 --> 06:57:19,000
Technically, the conflict was a 
police action rather than a 

7790
06:57:19,000 --> 06:57:21,900
declared war. 
But thousands of American 

7791
06:57:21,900 --> 06:57:24,500
servicemen found themselves. 
In brutal combat across the 

7792
06:57:24,500 --> 06:57:27,700
Korean Peninsula. 
General, Douglas MacArthur a 

7793
06:57:27,700 --> 06:57:31,000
decorated World War, Two figure 
assumed command of UN forces. 

7794
06:57:31,800 --> 06:57:36,100
At first the situation was Dire 
Allied lines shrank to a small 

7795
06:57:36,108 --> 06:57:39,700
defensive pocket around pusan. 
Then came the Bold inchon 

7796
06:57:39,700 --> 06:57:43,900
Landing in September 1950. 
A brilliant amphibious operation

7797
06:57:43,900 --> 06:57:47,500
that out flanks North, Korean 
supply, lines MacArthur's troops

7798
06:57:47,500 --> 06:57:52,400
recaptured Soul reversing, North
Korea's gains void by success 

7799
06:57:52,400 --> 06:57:56,700
MacArthur pushed north crossing 
the 38th parallel with Truman's 

7800
06:57:56,700 --> 06:58:00,000
tentative endorsement. the 
objective evolved from merely 

7801
06:58:00,000 --> 06:58:02,800
repelling, The Invasion to 
toppling the Kim regime entirely

7802
06:58:02,800 --> 06:58:07,300
or so the general believed Yet, 
a new threat loomed communist, 

7803
06:58:07,300 --> 06:58:10,300
China warned, it would not 
tolerate foreign armies on its 

7804
06:58:10,300 --> 06:58:12,600
border. 
Truman's advisors debated 

7805
06:58:12,600 --> 06:58:16,600
whether unifying Korea by force 
was feasible or wise Crossing 

7806
06:58:16,600 --> 06:58:19,700
into the far, north could lead 
to Chinese intervention many 

7807
06:58:19,700 --> 06:58:23,400
warned. 
MacArthur Brash and confident 

7808
06:58:23,400 --> 06:58:27,500
discounted such warnings. 
By late 1950. 

7809
06:58:27,500 --> 06:58:31,700
Chinese volunteers, poor cross 
the Yellow River launching a 

7810
06:58:31,700 --> 06:58:35,200
massive counter offensive. 
American and Allied Forces, 

7811
06:58:35,200 --> 06:58:37,500
reeled Southwest in a grim 
winter retreat. 

7812
06:58:37,500 --> 06:58:40,400
Public shocked. 
At this sudden reversal battered

7813
06:58:40,400 --> 06:58:42,700
Truman's. 
Popularity as casualties 

7814
06:58:42,700 --> 06:58:46,900
mounted, a rift yawned between 
Macarthur who demanded expanded 

7815
06:58:46,900 --> 06:58:49,500
War, potentially bombing Chinese
bases. 

7816
06:58:49,500 --> 06:58:52,900
And Truman, who insisted on 
avoiding a broader conflict 

7817
06:58:52,900 --> 06:58:56,900
MacArthur disregarding 
presidential directives publicly

7818
06:58:56,900 --> 06:58:59,500
criticized, Washington's 
caution, effectively, 

7819
06:58:59,500 --> 06:59:04,100
undermining, Truman's Authority.
In April, 1951 Truman made a 

7820
06:59:04,100 --> 06:59:07,200
fateful decision, he released 
MacArthur of command. 

7821
06:59:08,900 --> 06:59:13,000
The Uproar was immediate. 
MacArthur was a national hero 

7822
06:59:13,000 --> 06:59:16,400
welcomed home by throngs, 
chanting his name. 

7823
06:59:18,000 --> 06:59:21,600
Meanwhile critics accused Truman
of weakening the war effort but 

7824
06:59:21,600 --> 06:59:24,600
Truman committed to civilian 
control of the military stood 

7825
06:59:24,600 --> 06:59:26,500
firm. 
He believed that letting a 

7826
06:59:26,500 --> 06:59:29,000
general Define foreign policy 
threatened, the very core of 

7827
06:59:29,000 --> 06:59:31,900
democracy. 
Despite the controversy, the 

7828
06:59:31,900 --> 06:59:36,300
Korean War ground on Armistice 
talks started in mid 1951 but 

7829
06:59:36,300 --> 06:59:40,400
dragged on for months, even as 
battles flared along entrenched 

7830
06:59:40,400 --> 06:59:44,800
lines near the 38th parallel. 
While US public support for the 

7831
06:59:44,800 --> 06:59:47,800
war waned. 
Truman's White House wrestled 

7832
06:59:47,800 --> 06:59:51,600
with spiraling defense costs, 
anxious to avoid over extension,

7833
06:59:51,600 --> 06:59:54,600
some sort parallels to the 
frustration in World War 1, 

7834
06:59:54,600 --> 06:59:58,500
trenches minimal, territorial 
gains High casualties and 

7835
06:59:58,500 --> 07:00:03,700
endless negotiations. 
By 1952 many Americans had grown

7836
07:00:03,700 --> 07:00:07,100
disillusioned, the war 
overshadowed domestic progress 

7837
07:00:07,100 --> 07:00:10,000
on the Fair Deal. 
Political opponents hammered 

7838
07:00:10,000 --> 07:00:13,300
Truman for what they saw as a 
stalemate in Asia tying it to 

7839
07:00:13,300 --> 07:00:15,900
claims of infiltration by 
communist sympathizers at home. 

7840
07:00:16,800 --> 07:00:20,700
Fed by these tensions, the 1952 
presidential election shaped up 

7841
07:00:20,708 --> 07:00:24,300
Truman battered by criticism. 
Decided not to run for another 

7842
07:00:24,300 --> 07:00:26,500
term. 
He had served nearly 8 years 

7843
07:00:26,500 --> 07:00:29,100
after Roosevelt's death plus the
partial term. 

7844
07:00:29,100 --> 07:00:32,700
Instead, the Democratic party 
nominated at lace Stevenson, the

7845
07:00:32,700 --> 07:00:36,100
second who faced Dwight D 
Eisenhower the popular General 

7846
07:00:36,100 --> 07:00:39,400
from World War 2. 
Eisenhower's promised to go to 

7847
07:00:39,400 --> 07:00:41,400
Korea. 
And in the war resonated deeply 

7848
07:00:41,400 --> 07:00:45,300
with a weary public trueman 
overshadowed, simply hoped the 

7849
07:00:45,300 --> 07:00:50,100
conflict might find resolution 
In January 1953, he left office 

7850
07:00:50,100 --> 07:00:53,500
with approval ratings, near 
historic lows, overshadowed, by 

7851
07:00:53,508 --> 07:00:56,500
the drawn-out, Korean struggle. 
And the McCarthy era's 

7852
07:00:56,500 --> 07:00:58,800
Relentless accusations of 
communist infiltration in the 

7853
07:00:58,808 --> 07:01:02,800
government yet even as he 
vacated the White House Truman 

7854
07:01:02,800 --> 07:01:05,100
insisted that the containment 
strategy was correct. 

7855
07:01:05,100 --> 07:01:09,100
He recognized that waiting 
passively would yield expansions

7856
07:01:09,100 --> 07:01:12,400
of Soviet or Chinese communism, 
which he believed threatened 

7857
07:01:12,400 --> 07:01:16,100
global stability, the Berlin. 
Airlift, the Marshall Plan, the 

7858
07:01:16,100 --> 07:01:19,900
formation of NATO and a degree 
in Turkey stood as cornerstones 

7859
07:01:19,900 --> 07:01:21,800
of what he considered necessary 
steps. 

7860
07:01:21,800 --> 07:01:25,600
The Korean War while painful in 
his View at halted a potential 

7861
07:01:25,600 --> 07:01:29,100
chain reaction of communist 
conquests in Asia the public and

7862
07:01:29,100 --> 07:01:32,500
policy circles fiercely debated,
whether the high cost Justified 

7863
07:01:32,500 --> 07:01:34,500
the war returning to 
Independence. 

7864
07:01:34,500 --> 07:01:36,800
Missouri, Truman embraced 
private life. 

7865
07:01:36,800 --> 07:01:39,500
Without many of the trappings 
modern presidents would later 

7866
07:01:39,500 --> 07:01:42,700
enjoy, he had minimal pension, 
no secret service detail 

7867
07:01:42,700 --> 07:01:46,300
initially and took up every day,
routines morning, walks visits 

7868
07:01:46,300 --> 07:01:49,900
to his library and Lively 
discussions with passes by over 

7869
07:01:49,900 --> 07:01:54,100
time, American softened toward 
him the same man once reviled 

7870
07:01:54,100 --> 07:01:57,000
from MacArthur's firing. 
And for the loss of China found,

7871
07:01:57,000 --> 07:02:00,100
belated appreciation as a symbol
of plain-spoken decency. 

7872
07:02:00,100 --> 07:02:04,600
Journalists occasionally visited
his mum, modest home to chat 

7873
07:02:04,600 --> 07:02:07,200
about world events. 
He deflected speculation about 

7874
07:02:07,200 --> 07:02:09,500
regrets. 
Typically remarking that under 

7875
07:02:09,500 --> 07:02:11,800
the same conditions, he do much 
the same. 

7876
07:02:11,800 --> 07:02:16,200
The Aging man in his signature 
Fedora projected an air of calm 

7877
07:02:16,200 --> 07:02:19,800
that belied the turmoil. 
He once navigated in the broader

7878
07:02:19,800 --> 07:02:23,700
sense the years following 1953 
revealed that the cold war 

7879
07:02:23,700 --> 07:02:26,900
strategies Truman helped Pioneer
would Endure Cross president's 

7880
07:02:26,900 --> 07:02:30,800
shaping US foreign policy for 
decades the notion that America 

7881
07:02:30,800 --> 07:02:33,200
must lead. 
Alliance's prop up, threatened, 

7882
07:02:33,200 --> 07:02:35,900
governments and maintainer, a 
bust military footprint. 

7883
07:02:35,900 --> 07:02:38,900
Ode much to the architecture in 
his advisors sketched 

7884
07:02:38,900 --> 07:02:42,600
controversies over, nuclear 
arms, covid interventions and 

7885
07:02:42,600 --> 07:02:46,300
moral, trade-offs would continue
to swirl Meanwhile, the so 

7886
07:02:46,300 --> 07:02:48,100
called Truman Doctrine in 
simpler times. 

7887
07:02:48,100 --> 07:02:51,800
The evolved in to Myriad forms 
from Vietnam to the Middle East,

7888
07:02:51,800 --> 07:02:55,000
where the favorable or 
unfavorable The boundaries 

7889
07:02:55,000 --> 07:02:58,000
Truman established during the 
initial years of the Cold War 

7890
07:02:58,000 --> 07:03:00,700
established a superpower's 
worldwide Stars. 

7891
07:03:01,500 --> 07:03:05,000
After leaving the presidency, 
Harry Truman quietly returned to

7892
07:03:05,000 --> 07:03:07,600
the same unpretentious 
Independence neighborhood, he'd 

7893
07:03:07,600 --> 07:03:11,200
Left Behind reporters, Marvel 
that unlike many political 

7894
07:03:11,200 --> 07:03:14,100
figures who were treated in to 
comfortable consultant, gigs or 

7895
07:03:14,100 --> 07:03:16,900
lavish perks. 
Truman strolled us about as 

7896
07:03:16,900 --> 07:03:19,200
though unchanged. 
He personally answered the phone

7897
07:03:19,200 --> 07:03:22,700
at his home penders letters at a
small writing desk and took 

7898
07:03:22,700 --> 07:03:24,700
daily constitutional through the
neighborhood. 

7899
07:03:24,700 --> 07:03:28,100
When neighbors encountered him, 
he was as likely to talk about 

7900
07:03:28,100 --> 07:03:31,300
local weather AS Global Affairs.
However, his historical 

7901
07:03:31,300 --> 07:03:32,800
decisions, carried significant 
weight. 

7902
07:03:32,800 --> 07:03:37,600
Despite the sense of normalcy in
1953, the Korean Wars. 

7903
07:03:37,600 --> 07:03:41,000
Armistice took effect largely 
shaped by his successor 

7904
07:03:41,000 --> 07:03:44,500
Eisenhower who carried forward. 
Negotiations, the Truman's 

7905
07:03:44,500 --> 07:03:47,100
administration had begun though 
the conflict remained. 

7906
07:03:47,100 --> 07:03:50,200
Technically unresolved, the 
ceasefire established, the 

7907
07:03:50,208 --> 07:03:54,700
demilitarized zone freezing, the
peninsula's division, Critics 

7908
07:03:54,700 --> 07:03:57,500
contended that, a final piece 
was never achieved under 

7909
07:03:57,500 --> 07:04:00,000
Truman's. 
Watch yet Defenders, argued that

7910
07:04:00,000 --> 07:04:02,900
halting North Korean advances 
preserved, South Korea's future,

7911
07:04:03,900 --> 07:04:07,400
As years passed, young going 
partitioned to the legacy of 

7912
07:04:07,400 --> 07:04:10,200
tension in East Asia. 
Intimately linked to Truman 

7913
07:04:10,200 --> 07:04:11,800
stand against communist 
aggression. 

7914
07:04:12,700 --> 07:04:16,300
In the realm of civil liberties,
the McCarthy era is further 

7915
07:04:16,300 --> 07:04:19,700
gradually subsided. 
Senator McCarthy overreached and

7916
07:04:19,700 --> 07:04:22,800
was eventually sentenced by his 
colleagues retrospective 

7917
07:04:22,800 --> 07:04:25,700
analysis revealed. 
The climate of fear had led to 

7918
07:04:25,700 --> 07:04:29,400
blacklists and ruined careers 
with constant evidence of actual

7919
07:04:29,400 --> 07:04:33,000
subversion. 
From his Vantage Point Truman, 

7920
07:04:33,000 --> 07:04:35,700
felt Vindicated about firing 
MacArthur and resisting 

7921
07:04:35,700 --> 07:04:38,000
extremes. 
He had insisted that 

7922
07:04:38,000 --> 07:04:41,000
constitutional processes matter 
more than a general's, personal 

7923
07:04:41,000 --> 07:04:42,800
conviction or a demagogue 
execution. 

7924
07:04:43,900 --> 07:04:46,400
Yet the climate had left scars 
on the Democratic party, 

7925
07:04:46,400 --> 07:04:51,100
Truman's own brand of moderate, 
liberalism, heavy on foreign 

7926
07:04:51,100 --> 07:04:54,700
policy hawkishness and domestic 
incremental, reforms had 

7927
07:04:54,700 --> 07:04:57,300
receded, under the weight of 
political realignments. 

7928
07:04:58,300 --> 07:05:02,200
Truman's financial situation, 
post president was precarious at

7929
07:05:02,200 --> 07:05:04,000
that time ex-presidents 
received. 

7930
07:05:04,000 --> 07:05:07,600
No, pension, except for a small 
army pension from his service in

7931
07:05:07,600 --> 07:05:10,000
World War one. 
He faced burdensome living 

7932
07:05:10,000 --> 07:05:13,900
costs, a modest book deal for 
his Memoirs helped but it was 

7933
07:05:13,900 --> 07:05:16,700
not extravagant. 
He refused to cash in on 

7934
07:05:16,700 --> 07:05:18,300
corporate lobbying or serve on 
boards. 

7935
07:05:18,300 --> 07:05:22,300
He considered morally dubious 
eventually Congress passed. 

7936
07:05:22,300 --> 07:05:25,800
The former presidents act in 
1958 partly spurred by Truman 

7937
07:05:25,800 --> 07:05:28,800
circumstance, providing a 
pension and resources for office

7938
07:05:28,800 --> 07:05:32,000
staff. 
He disliked taking charity but 

7939
07:05:32,000 --> 07:05:35,300
recognize the policy, served 
future ex-presidents more than 

7940
07:05:35,300 --> 07:05:38,100
himself. 
Meanwhile, he poured energy into

7941
07:05:38,100 --> 07:05:41,000
his Presidential Library. 
Determined that the story of his

7942
07:05:41,000 --> 07:05:43,700
administration warts and all be 
accessible to Scholars? 

7943
07:05:44,500 --> 07:05:50,100
His Memoirs published in two 
volumes 1955 and 1956 revealed a

7944
07:05:50,100 --> 07:05:52,100
candid, plain-spoken Narrative 
of events. 

7945
07:05:52,100 --> 07:05:55,200
He offered no apologies for the 
atomic bomb decisions. 

7946
07:05:55,200 --> 07:05:58,400
Emphasizing that the abrupt end 
of the Pacific War saved. 

7947
07:05:58,400 --> 07:06:00,700
Countless Allied in Japanese 
lives. 

7948
07:06:02,200 --> 07:06:05,500
On the controversies surrounding
recognition of Israel Truman 

7949
07:06:05,500 --> 07:06:08,800
Swift acknowledgment of the new 
state in 198 moment. 

7950
07:06:08,800 --> 07:06:12,000
In Middle East politics, he 
insisted it was the moral path 

7951
07:06:12,000 --> 07:06:14,800
despite opposition from Key. 
Advisors indeed. 

7952
07:06:14,800 --> 07:06:18,700
This quiet steadfast approach 
characterized his Recollections,

7953
07:06:18,700 --> 07:06:22,900
he may have been overshadowed by
FDR or disliked by flamboyant 

7954
07:06:22,900 --> 07:06:25,700
generals. 
But in times of Crisis, he did 

7955
07:06:25,700 --> 07:06:28,400
what he believed was necessary. 
Over time. 

7956
07:06:28,400 --> 07:06:31,600
Public perception of Truman 
shifted from unremarkable, 

7957
07:06:31,600 --> 07:06:33,700
caretaker to gutsy decision 
maker. 

7958
07:06:34,500 --> 07:06:37,500
Revisionist historians started 
praising, The Truman doctrines 

7959
07:06:37,500 --> 07:06:40,600
Clarity, the martial plans, 
success in rebuilding Europe, 

7960
07:06:40,600 --> 07:06:43,900
and the pragmatic approach to 
containing Soviet influence. 

7961
07:06:44,900 --> 07:06:48,000
He noted how he integrated civil
rights dances into mainstream 

7962
07:06:48,000 --> 07:06:51,500
Democratic ideology setting the 
stage for the more comprehensive

7963
07:06:51,500 --> 07:06:55,800
reforms of the 1960s. 
Younger politicians from John F,

7964
07:06:55,800 --> 07:06:59,600
Kennedy onward acknowledged. 
A debt to Truman's Legacy that 

7965
07:06:59,600 --> 07:07:03,200
the presidency was about forging
alliances championing domestic 

7966
07:07:03,200 --> 07:07:05,400
fairness and preserving a stable
Global Order. 

7967
07:07:06,300 --> 07:07:09,400
Not all revered him, some 
leftist critics hammered the 

7968
07:07:09,400 --> 07:07:12,600
extremes of anti-communist 
actions While others on the 

7969
07:07:12,600 --> 07:07:14,400
right. 
Call the stalemate in Korea, 

7970
07:07:14,408 --> 07:07:18,400
evidence of half-hearted War. 
Yet a nostalgic sentiment 

7971
07:07:18,400 --> 07:07:22,000
gradually emerged painting 
Truman as a leader of a simpler 

7972
07:07:22,000 --> 07:07:25,100
more honest era. 
Truman's personal life. 

7973
07:07:25,100 --> 07:07:28,300
In his later years, revolved 
around Devotion to best remained

7974
07:07:28,300 --> 07:07:30,400
reclusive preferring not to 
appear in public. 

7975
07:07:31,400 --> 07:07:34,100
A couple's, daily routine 
included, quite breakfasts 

7976
07:07:34,100 --> 07:07:38,100
visits to the library and an 
occasional Drive, grandchildren 

7977
07:07:38,100 --> 07:07:41,600
brought New Joy. 
Sometimes foreign dignitaries or

7978
07:07:41,600 --> 07:07:44,200
Scholars would drop by seeking 
the old amounts perspective. 

7979
07:07:44,200 --> 07:07:47,600
He offered on, varnished 
answers, peppered with plain 

7980
07:07:47,600 --> 07:07:49,200
spoken. 
Missouri and humor. 

7981
07:07:49,200 --> 07:07:51,700
There were no Illusions or 
Frills in his answers, 

7982
07:07:51,700 --> 07:07:55,000
journalist noticed that he 
rarely exploited the spotlight, 

7983
07:07:55,000 --> 07:07:57,700
preferring to let official 
archives and Librarians handle 

7984
07:07:57,700 --> 07:08:02,500
big historical query. 
By the 1960s, the Cold War had 

7985
07:08:02,500 --> 07:08:06,100
escalated to new crises the 
Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile 

7986
07:08:06,100 --> 07:08:08,200
Crisis, and Vietnam's deepening 
conflict. 

7987
07:08:09,500 --> 07:08:12,800
Truman watched with concern, he 
occasionally wrote letters to 

7988
07:08:12,800 --> 07:08:15,000
current officials carefully. 
Disclaiming that he was not 

7989
07:08:15,000 --> 07:08:18,300
meddling, merely offering the 
wisdom gleaned from the post 

7990
07:08:18,300 --> 07:08:21,300
World War 2 Crucible. 
Presidents of both parties, 

7991
07:08:21,300 --> 07:08:24,500
recognized the significance of a
living repository of post-war 

7992
07:08:24,500 --> 07:08:27,300
policy decisions. 
Sometimes hosting him at White 

7993
07:08:27,300 --> 07:08:29,500
House. 
Gatherings Though, not an 

7994
07:08:29,500 --> 07:08:33,200
official advisor Truman's moral 
Authority, soared people 

7995
07:08:33,200 --> 07:08:36,000
perceived him as the final 
figure, from a crucial period of

7996
07:08:36,000 --> 07:08:38,300
transition. 
The establishment of the atomic 

7997
07:08:38,300 --> 07:08:42,300
age, the emergence of 
containment And the delicate 

7998
07:08:42,300 --> 07:08:45,700
balance between social justice 
and political realism in 

7999
07:08:45,700 --> 07:08:50,300
December 1972 at the age. 88. 
Harry Truman passed away. 

8000
07:08:51,300 --> 07:08:53,300
The state funeral in 
Independence was modest 

8001
07:08:53,300 --> 07:08:57,300
reflecting, his personal style 
presidents, foreign dignitaries 

8002
07:08:57,300 --> 07:08:59,900
and ordinary Americans, paused 
to man. 

8003
07:08:59,900 --> 07:09:03,100
Whose improbable Journey took 
him from Missouri farm to the 

8004
07:09:03,108 --> 07:09:06,100
White House's epicenter 
eulogies, recalled him as the 

8005
07:09:06,100 --> 07:09:09,300
champion of the Marshall Plan, 
the father of containment the 

8006
07:09:09,300 --> 07:09:14,100
unlikely, Victor of 1948 And the
president who integrated the 

8007
07:09:14,100 --> 07:09:17,700
military over time, his name 
became shorthand for fortitude 

8008
07:09:17,700 --> 07:09:20,500
Under Pressure. 
The buck stops here in his own 

8009
07:09:20,508 --> 07:09:23,300
famous phrase, it stands as an 
emblem of personal 

8010
07:09:23,300 --> 07:09:26,200
accountability that for a better
or worse, shaped the modern 

8011
07:09:26,200 --> 07:09:28,400
presidency, and the Free World 
post-war order. 

8012
07:09:29,200 --> 07:09:32,200
Fast forward to the present and 
Harry Truman's memory stands. 

8013
07:09:32,200 --> 07:09:34,000
As a fascinating study in 
leadership. 

8014
07:09:34,000 --> 07:09:38,200
He was a product of small town, 
America shaped by the 

8015
07:09:38,200 --> 07:09:41,300
unvarnished realities of farm 
labor and local politics. 

8016
07:09:41,300 --> 07:09:44,400
He lacked formal college degrees
or aristocratic lineage 

8017
07:09:44,400 --> 07:09:47,900
initially seeming and improbable
figure to guide the world's most

8018
07:09:47,900 --> 07:09:51,200
powerful Nation. 
Yet Guided by personal ethics 

8019
07:09:51,200 --> 07:09:54,500
and a knack for directness. 
He navigated Global crisis 

8020
07:09:54,500 --> 07:09:58,300
unmatched in scale. 
Historians often Place him among

8021
07:09:58,300 --> 07:10:02,700
the near Great presidents and 
honor marking how significantly 

8022
07:10:02,700 --> 07:10:06,300
steered the US in the aftermath 
of World War Two, one of the 

8023
07:10:06,308 --> 07:10:09,800
most potent lessons gleaned from
his presidency lies in how he 

8024
07:10:09,800 --> 07:10:13,000
approached big decisions Truman,
rarely wallowed in indecision 

8025
07:10:13,000 --> 07:10:17,500
faced with the atomic bombs. 
Moral Quagmire, he concluded 

8026
07:10:17,500 --> 07:10:21,700
swiftly, to use it, faced with 
Soviet expansion, he launched 

8027
07:10:21,700 --> 07:10:25,900
the Truman Doctrine, even the 
firing of General MacArthur a 

8028
07:10:25,900 --> 07:10:29,000
national hero. 
Illustrated, a principal know, 

8029
07:10:29,000 --> 07:10:32,700
individuals stands above 
civilian Authority, many leaders

8030
07:10:32,700 --> 07:10:36,000
might waffle or Fear public 
backlash, but Truman style was 

8031
07:10:36,000 --> 07:10:39,300
to weigh advice pick a course. 
And then bear the consequences 

8032
07:10:39,300 --> 07:10:42,800
that unwavering approach still 
informs discussion about how 

8033
07:10:42,800 --> 07:10:46,000
leaders handle, emergency Powers
his hero. 

8034
07:10:46,000 --> 07:10:49,000
Also cements the notion that 
personal authenticity can matter

8035
07:10:49,000 --> 07:10:52,100
more than rhetorical polish. 
Unlike FDR's Patrician 

8036
07:10:52,100 --> 07:10:55,300
confidence or JFK's glamour. 
Truman's Persona was 

8037
07:10:55,300 --> 07:10:57,700
straightforward. 
Sprinkled with folksy phrases, 

8038
07:10:57,700 --> 07:11:01,400
critics at times, derided his 
style as hickey or unrefined, 

8039
07:11:01,400 --> 07:11:04,000
but millions of Americans 
identified with it. 

8040
07:11:04,000 --> 07:11:07,400
Seeing in him, a mirror of their
anxiety and aspirations. 

8041
07:11:08,200 --> 07:11:12,000
Political culture in the 21st 
century saturated with scripted 

8042
07:11:12,000 --> 07:11:16,100
sound bites, often yearns for 
that raw sincerity even if the 

8043
07:11:16,100 --> 07:11:18,600
complexities are far more 
complicated than a single 

8044
07:11:18,608 --> 07:11:22,500
personality trait can address. 
Another dimension of Truman's 

8045
07:11:22,500 --> 07:11:25,100
story, pertains to the permanent
changes in US governance. 

8046
07:11:25,800 --> 07:11:29,700
He presided over the creation of
the National Security State, CIA

8047
07:11:29,700 --> 07:11:32,700
NSA, and the mushrooming defense
department. 

8048
07:11:33,700 --> 07:11:36,200
He also oversaw the near 
permanent mobilization of the 

8049
07:11:36,200 --> 07:11:38,200
economy to feed the cold Wars 
demands. 

8050
07:11:38,900 --> 07:11:41,600
This shift from a more isolated 
Republic to a globally. 

8051
07:11:41,600 --> 07:11:45,300
Engaged superpower was not 
wholly his alone, but he carried

8052
07:11:45,300 --> 07:11:49,100
for the impetus The ongoing 
debate about how much government

8053
07:11:49,100 --> 07:11:52,600
surveillance or Global police 
has Justified Ozark to the 

8054
07:11:52,600 --> 07:11:56,200
structures built under Truman. 
His own personal discomfort with

8055
07:11:56,200 --> 07:11:58,200
certain expansions such as 
loyalty. 

8056
07:11:58,200 --> 07:12:01,600
Oaths, testifies to the moral, 
dilemmas in twined with these 

8057
07:12:01,600 --> 07:12:05,600
transformations, Civil rights 
also saw impetus under his watch

8058
07:12:05,600 --> 07:12:09,500
though, this took decades, for 
the full effect to unfold, his 

8059
07:12:09,500 --> 07:12:11,200
desegregation of the Armed 
Forces. 

8060
07:12:11,200 --> 07:12:14,700
In 1948, was one of the earliest
executive acts dismantling 

8061
07:12:14,700 --> 07:12:18,000
institutional racism. 
Though, overshadowed by the more

8062
07:12:18,000 --> 07:12:20,100
dramatic battles of the 1950s 
and 60s. 

8063
07:12:20,100 --> 07:12:21,900
It later. 
Crucial precedent. 

8064
07:12:22,600 --> 07:12:26,100
Black veterans who served in 
integrated units, carried new 

8065
07:12:26,100 --> 07:12:27,600
expectations for equal 
treatment. 

8066
07:12:28,500 --> 07:12:29,900
Fueling the Civil Rights 
Movement. 

8067
07:12:29,900 --> 07:12:34,700
This example, underscores that 
incremental changes championed 

8068
07:12:34,700 --> 07:12:36,600
by a leaders. 
Not known primarily as civil 

8069
07:12:36,600 --> 07:12:40,200
rights Crusaders can pivot 
historical momentum in ways, 

8070
07:12:40,200 --> 07:12:44,200
invisible at the time, modern 
presidents from both parties. 

8071
07:12:44,200 --> 07:12:47,300
Occasionally invoked Truman's 
name when justifying bold 

8072
07:12:47,300 --> 07:12:50,600
stances, they highlight his 
willingness to Buck popularity 

8073
07:12:50,600 --> 07:12:54,300
for principal or highlight. 
How under crisis he harnessed 

8074
07:12:54,300 --> 07:12:56,100
executive power to contain 
threats. 

8075
07:12:56,100 --> 07:12:59,200
Some hail him as the father of 
American internationalism. 

8076
07:12:59,200 --> 07:13:03,300
Forging alliances and Frameworks
like NATO others, cringe at the 

8077
07:13:03,308 --> 07:13:07,000
memory of the bombings, and the 
Loyalty purges that Duality 

8078
07:13:07,000 --> 07:13:10,800
heroic to some morally. 
Fraught to others mirrors, the 

8079
07:13:10,800 --> 07:13:14,400
complexity of the 20th century 
itself, For the typical American

8080
07:13:14,400 --> 07:13:17,900
family though, the memory of 
Truman might conjure images of 

8081
07:13:17,900 --> 07:13:22,000
that iconic. 1948 photo with the
newspaper headline, Dewey 

8082
07:13:22,000 --> 07:13:25,400
defeats Truman all the black and
white footage of him announcing 

8083
07:13:25,400 --> 07:13:28,100
Japan surrender. 
Library across the country. 

8084
07:13:28,100 --> 07:13:30,600
Preserve Diaries from 
grandparents who fell on certain

8085
07:13:30,600 --> 07:13:35,000
about sending their sons to 
Korea reading Day by Day news of

8086
07:13:35,000 --> 07:13:39,500
the Truman War. 
The Narrative resonates, a low 

8087
07:13:39,500 --> 07:13:41,500
profile man. 
Confronted with outsized 

8088
07:13:41,500 --> 07:13:44,900
responsibilities forging a path 
that was neither perfect, nor 

8089
07:13:44,900 --> 07:13:47,500
doomed. 
But shaped by moral convictions 

8090
07:13:47,500 --> 07:13:49,400
and a refusal to shirk tough 
calls. 

8091
07:13:49,400 --> 07:13:53,000
In the end, Harry Truman's life 
serves as a testament to the 

8092
07:13:53,008 --> 07:13:56,600
unexpected emergence of 
leadership and the resilience 

8093
07:13:56,600 --> 07:13:59,200
and determination of common men 
in the face of extraordinary 

8094
07:13:59,200 --> 07:14:02,000
events. 
For a generation battered by 

8095
07:14:02,000 --> 07:14:05,400
depression and War. 
He was a reassuring presence for

8096
07:14:05,400 --> 07:14:07,500
modern society. 
Grappling with new Global 

8097
07:14:07,500 --> 07:14:11,200
threats from climate crises to 
cyber conflicts, his blueprint 

8098
07:14:11,200 --> 07:14:15,300
of strategic alliances 
unwavering moral lines and 

8099
07:14:15,300 --> 07:14:18,000
willingness to face unpopularity
might hold valuable lessons. 

8100
07:14:18,000 --> 07:14:22,200
Indeed, his story stands as a 
testament to how the unassuming 

8101
07:14:22,200 --> 07:14:26,300
can transform into pivotal 
figures, once fate thrusts them 

8102
07:14:26,300 --> 07:14:29,600
into the spotlight. 
As the decades roll on the 

8103
07:14:29,600 --> 07:14:32,400
modest Museum who saw himself 
simply as a public servant 

8104
07:14:32,400 --> 07:14:36,200
remains emblematic of how 
steadfast character can guide a 

8105
07:14:36,200 --> 07:14:39,600
nation through perilous times 
and reshape the very meaning of 

8106
07:14:39,608 --> 07:14:45,500
American leadership. 
Your settling in for the night. 

8107
07:14:45,500 --> 07:14:48,600
Probably checking your phone one
last time, adjusting, your 

8108
07:14:48,600 --> 07:14:50,900
pillow. 
Just so maybe wondering if you 

8109
07:14:50,900 --> 07:14:54,800
remember to set your alarm. 
But imagine for a moment that 

8110
07:14:54,800 --> 07:14:58,100
you're living 4,000 years ago 
and your bedroom is a cramped, 

8111
07:14:58,100 --> 07:15:02,200
wooden Hut, that smells like 
smoke and wet wool, your bed, a 

8112
07:15:02,200 --> 07:15:03,700
pile of straw that seen better 
days. 

8113
07:15:03,700 --> 07:15:06,500
And your alarm clock is the 
rooster next door who apparently

8114
07:15:06,500 --> 07:15:09,600
never learned the concept of 
sleeping in, welcome to the 

8115
07:15:09,600 --> 07:15:12,500
Bronze Age, when getting a good 
night's sleep was about as 

8116
07:15:12,500 --> 07:15:14,700
reliable as your wife during a 
thunderstorm. 

8117
07:15:15,500 --> 07:15:18,200
You'd think that after a long 
day of hacking away at Copper 

8118
07:15:18,200 --> 07:15:21,700
veins deep underground, these 
ancient miners would collapse 

8119
07:15:21,700 --> 07:15:24,800
into bed, like, exhausted 
teenagers but here's where 

8120
07:15:24,800 --> 07:15:28,200
things get interesting and a 
little weird These were not your

8121
07:15:28,200 --> 07:15:31,800
typical nine-to-five workers. 
They had sleep patterns, that 

8122
07:15:31,800 --> 07:15:33,800
would make a modern sleep, 
specialist scratch their head 

8123
07:15:33,800 --> 07:15:37,800
and possibly recommend therapy. 
Picture this, you're a Bronze 

8124
07:15:37,800 --> 07:15:40,900
Age Miner named. 
Well, let's call you copper arm 

8125
07:15:40,900 --> 07:15:44,000
names was simpler back. 
Then, you've just spent 12 hours

8126
07:15:44,000 --> 07:15:47,000
underground in what can only be 
described as a very expensive 

8127
07:15:47,000 --> 07:15:51,200
cave breathing air, that would 
make a coal plant jealous your 

8128
07:15:51,200 --> 07:15:52,400
back. 
Feels like you've been carrying 

8129
07:15:52,400 --> 07:15:56,200
a mammoth uphill naturally, 
you'd want to sleep for about 14

8130
07:15:56,200 --> 07:15:59,300
hours straight, but in Stead 
your lying on your straw bed 

8131
07:15:59,300 --> 07:16:02,000
staring at the ceiling, which is
probably just more straw, 

8132
07:16:02,000 --> 07:16:06,400
completely unable to drift off. 
Your mind is racing with 

8133
07:16:06,400 --> 07:16:09,000
thoughts. 
Like did I remember to shore up 

8134
07:16:09,000 --> 07:16:11,800
that tunnel? 
And was that creaking sound? 

8135
07:16:11,800 --> 07:16:14,800
The Mind settling, or is it 
about to become my tomb? 

8136
07:16:14,800 --> 07:16:17,800
These weren't exactly the kind 
of counting sheep, thoughts that

8137
07:16:17,800 --> 07:16:21,700
lead to Peaceful slumber. 
The Bronze Age, mining 

8138
07:16:21,700 --> 07:16:24,300
communities are discovered 
something that modern science is

8139
07:16:24,300 --> 07:16:26,600
only. 
Now catching up to when your 

8140
07:16:26,600 --> 07:16:29,300
daily survival depends on not 
being crushed by tons of rock. 

8141
07:16:29,300 --> 07:16:32,300
Your brain doesn't exactly 
embrace the concept of letting 

8142
07:16:32,300 --> 07:16:35,600
its guard down. 
Sleep became this strange dance 

8143
07:16:35,600 --> 07:16:38,600
between exhaustion and 
hypervigilance, like trying to 

8144
07:16:38,608 --> 07:16:40,200
nap while riding a roller 
coaster. 

8145
07:16:40,200 --> 07:16:44,600
What's fascinating is how these 
ancient miners adapted, they 

8146
07:16:44,600 --> 07:16:48,000
didn't have sleep studies, or 
melatonin supplements or those 

8147
07:16:48,000 --> 07:16:50,500
white noise machines. 
That sound like, gentle rain but

8148
07:16:50,500 --> 07:16:52,600
somehow cost, more than your 
monthly coffee budget. 

8149
07:16:53,500 --> 07:16:56,500
Instead, they develop their own 
peculiar strategies that were 

8150
07:16:56,500 --> 07:16:59,800
part practical, part 
superstitious and entirely 

8151
07:16:59,800 --> 07:17:02,300
human. 
Some miners would sleep in 

8152
07:17:02,300 --> 07:17:04,300
shifts? 
Not because they were working 

8153
07:17:04,300 --> 07:17:07,100
around the clock, but because 
they discovered that sleeping 

8154
07:17:07,100 --> 07:17:09,900
alone made every little sound 
feel like impending doom. 

8155
07:17:10,700 --> 07:17:14,600
So they rotate who was on watch 
even while sleeping, taking 

8156
07:17:14,600 --> 07:17:16,900
turns, being the designated 
light sleeper. 

8157
07:17:17,700 --> 07:17:19,900
It was like having a buddy 
system for unconsciousness. 

8158
07:17:20,900 --> 07:17:23,400
Others developed what we might 
call preparation rituals. 

8159
07:17:23,400 --> 07:17:25,200
That would make your bed time 
routine. 

8160
07:17:25,200 --> 07:17:27,500
Look, minimalist, they'd spend 
an hour. 

8161
07:17:27,508 --> 07:17:30,000
Arranging their Tools in 
specific patterns around their 

8162
07:17:30,000 --> 07:17:33,500
sleeping area, not for easy 
access, but because the familiar

8163
07:17:33,500 --> 07:17:35,700
ritual helped calm their 
overactive Minds. 

8164
07:17:36,400 --> 07:17:39,100
Imagine explaining to your 
spouse that you need to arrange 

8165
07:17:39,100 --> 07:17:42,400
your laptop, coffee mug, and 
reading glasses in a perfect 

8166
07:17:42,400 --> 07:17:44,500
triangle before you can possibly
fall asleep. 

8167
07:17:46,000 --> 07:17:49,900
But perhaps the most intriguing 
adaptation was how these miners 

8168
07:17:49,900 --> 07:17:52,800
learn to embrace what we'd Now 
call fragmented sleep. 

8169
07:17:53,700 --> 07:17:56,100
Instead of fighting their 
tendency to wake up every few 

8170
07:17:56,100 --> 07:17:58,200
hours in a panic. 
They built their rest around it.

8171
07:17:58,200 --> 07:18:01,300
They'd sleep for a few hours. 
Wake up naturally. 

8172
07:18:01,300 --> 07:18:03,900
Usually convince something 
terrible was about to happen. 

8173
07:18:03,900 --> 07:18:07,900
Spend an hour or two doing quiet
activities like mending tools or

8174
07:18:07,900 --> 07:18:10,100
planning. 
The next day's work, then settle

8175
07:18:10,100 --> 07:18:11,700
back down for another sleep 
cycle. 

8176
07:18:11,700 --> 07:18:16,100
This wasn't insomnia, it was 
evolution in action, their 

8177
07:18:16,100 --> 07:18:18,600
bodies and Minds were adapting 
to a lifestyle that required 

8178
07:18:18,600 --> 07:18:20,500
constant alertness. 
Even during rest. 

8179
07:18:20,500 --> 07:18:23,600
They were literally rewiring, 
their sleep patterns to match 

8180
07:18:23,600 --> 07:18:26,500
their dangerous profession, 
creating a survival strategy 

8181
07:18:26,500 --> 07:18:30,200
disguised as a sleep disorder. 
And you thought your habit of 

8182
07:18:30,208 --> 07:18:32,400
checking your phone at 2 a.m. 
was problematic. 

8183
07:18:32,400 --> 07:18:34,900
Now, here's where the story 
takes a turn that would make 

8184
07:18:34,900 --> 07:18:37,100
your afternoon coffee break. 
Look like Child's Play. 

8185
07:18:37,100 --> 07:18:40,900
You see these Bronze Age miners 
are discovered something that 

8186
07:18:40,900 --> 07:18:43,500
modern workplace efficiency 
experts are still trying to 

8187
07:18:43,500 --> 07:18:46,600
figure out the Strategic 
underground nap. 

8188
07:18:47,400 --> 07:18:49,100
Picture yourself back in Copper 
arms. 

8189
07:18:49,108 --> 07:18:52,200
Well worn boots. 
Deep in a mine shaft, that's lit

8190
07:18:52,200 --> 07:18:54,600
by oil lamps that flicker more 
than your grandmother's old 

8191
07:18:54,600 --> 07:18:57,800
television. 
The air is thick, your muscles 

8192
07:18:57,800 --> 07:18:59,600
ache. 
And you've been swinging that 

8193
07:18:59,600 --> 07:19:03,500
bronze pickaxe for hours. 
Logic would suggest that the 

8194
07:19:03,500 --> 07:19:05,400
last thing you'd want to do is 
fall asleep. 

8195
07:19:05,400 --> 07:19:08,700
Surrounded by unstable rock 
walls and toxic fumes. 

8196
07:19:09,700 --> 07:19:13,400
But logic as you're about to 
discover wasn't exactly the mine

8197
07:19:13,400 --> 07:19:17,200
as strong suit, these crafty 
underground workers had figured 

8198
07:19:17,200 --> 07:19:20,100
out that a well-timed 20 minute 
nap in the depths of the mine 

8199
07:19:20,100 --> 07:19:23,400
could be the difference between 
productive afternoon digging and

8200
07:19:23,400 --> 07:19:25,400
accidentally picking your own 
foot. 

8201
07:19:26,700 --> 07:19:29,900
But here's the catch and this is
where things get delightfully 

8202
07:19:29,900 --> 07:19:31,900
weird. 
They couldn't just curl up 

8203
07:19:31,900 --> 07:19:34,600
anywhere. 
Oh no, that would be too easy. 

8204
07:19:34,600 --> 07:19:37,900
Underground napping had rules, 
serious rules. 

8205
07:19:37,900 --> 07:19:40,900
The kind of rules that would 
make your office Handbook. 

8206
07:19:40,900 --> 07:19:44,000
Look like grocery list. 
First, you have to find what 

8207
07:19:44,000 --> 07:19:47,100
they called a singing spot a 
place in the mine where the 

8208
07:19:47,100 --> 07:19:50,600
Acoustics were just right. 
Not too echoey which meant 

8209
07:19:50,600 --> 07:19:54,300
unstable Rock, not too muffled, 
which could mean dangerous gas 

8210
07:19:54,300 --> 07:19:57,400
Pockets, but just right, like 
some sort of geological 

8211
07:19:57,400 --> 07:20:00,700
Goldilocks situation. 
These spots were highly covered 

8212
07:20:00,700 --> 07:20:04,100
and miners would actually trade 
shifts and rations for access to

8213
07:20:04,108 --> 07:20:08,300
the premium napping locations. 
Imagine the workplace politics, 

8214
07:20:08,300 --> 07:20:10,900
listen, tin beard. 
I'll give you my extra bread 

8215
07:20:10,900 --> 07:20:12,300
ration and cover your morning 
shift. 

8216
07:20:12,300 --> 07:20:15,100
If you let me have the Tuesday 2
p.m. slot in the good sleeping 

8217
07:20:15,100 --> 07:20:18,400
Alcove, it was like booking a 
conference room except the 

8218
07:20:18,400 --> 07:20:20,100
stakes. 
We are sanity, and the 

8219
07:20:20,100 --> 07:20:22,100
conference room could 
potentially collapse on you. 

8220
07:20:22,900 --> 07:20:24,300
But the weirdness doesn't stop 
there. 

8221
07:20:24,300 --> 07:20:27,700
These miners had developed a 
buddy system for underground 

8222
07:20:27,700 --> 07:20:29,800
napping. 
That was part safety protocol 

8223
07:20:29,800 --> 07:20:33,200
part superstition. 
One person would sleep while 

8224
07:20:33,200 --> 07:20:36,400
another kept watch, not for 
cavins or dangerous gases. 

8225
07:20:36,400 --> 07:20:40,500
But for what they called, The 
Dream Thieves, Now, before you 

8226
07:20:40,500 --> 07:20:43,100
start picturing, some sort of 
Bronze Age, sleep Bandit, 

8227
07:20:43,100 --> 07:20:45,500
sneaking around stealing dreams.
Let me explain. 

8228
07:20:47,100 --> 07:20:49,400
The miners believed that 
sleeping underground could lead 

8229
07:20:49,400 --> 07:20:52,500
to prophetic dreams about the 
location of rich or vains. 

8230
07:20:53,200 --> 07:20:55,500
These dreams were considered. 
So, valuable that there were 

8231
07:20:55,500 --> 07:20:58,500
actual cases of minors, trying 
to steal each other's sleeping 

8232
07:20:58,500 --> 07:21:01,200
spots to intercept these 
geological Visions. 

8233
07:21:01,200 --> 07:21:05,000
It was like corporate Espionage,
but with more dirt and fewer 

8234
07:21:05,000 --> 07:21:08,400
PowerPoint presentations, the 
watching partner had a specific 

8235
07:21:08,400 --> 07:21:11,800
job if the sleeping minor 
started mumbling about copper or

8236
07:21:11,800 --> 07:21:14,800
tin or gold in their sleep, The 
Watcher was supposed to memorize

8237
07:21:14,800 --> 07:21:18,400
every word some watches even 
developed their own shorthand 

8238
07:21:18,400 --> 07:21:20,400
for recording. 
These drowsy proclamations. 

8239
07:21:20,400 --> 07:21:23,500
Imagine waking up from your nap 
to find your co-worker 

8240
07:21:23,500 --> 07:21:25,900
frantically scribbling notes 
about your sleep talking 

8241
07:21:25,900 --> 07:21:29,700
session, You said something 
about shiny veins near the 

8242
07:21:29,700 --> 07:21:31,900
singing water your partner would
whisper urgently. 

8243
07:21:32,600 --> 07:21:35,700
Do you remember what that means 
and you'd be standing there 

8244
07:21:35,700 --> 07:21:39,300
still groggy trying to figure 
out if you just solve the minds 

8245
07:21:39,300 --> 07:21:42,200
productivity problems or if 
you'd simply been dreaming about

8246
07:21:42,200 --> 07:21:45,500
your lunch again. 
The really fascinating part is 

8247
07:21:45,500 --> 07:21:49,000
that this system actually 
worked, not because the dreams 

8248
07:21:49,000 --> 07:21:52,400
were genuinely prophetic, but 
because the process of sleeping 

8249
07:21:52,400 --> 07:21:55,400
underground, had actually 
trained these miners to be 

8250
07:21:55,408 --> 07:21:59,000
incredibly observant about 
subtle geological signs. 

8251
07:21:59,700 --> 07:22:02,200
Their subconscious Minds were 
processing details, they'd 

8252
07:22:02,200 --> 07:22:03,500
noticed during their waking 
hours. 

8253
07:22:03,500 --> 07:22:08,300
Slight changes in rock color 
variations in airflow, unusual, 

8254
07:22:08,300 --> 07:22:11,600
sounds or echoes. 
So when they dreamed about 

8255
07:22:11,600 --> 07:22:14,400
promising locations, they were 
actually accessing a kind of 

8256
07:22:14,408 --> 07:22:16,700
intuitive knowledge. 
They built up through months or 

8257
07:22:16,700 --> 07:22:20,100
years of underground experience.
It was like having a geological 

8258
07:22:20,100 --> 07:22:23,300
GPS system, Powered By REM, 
sleep, and Bronze Age intuition,

8259
07:22:23,300 --> 07:22:26,500
but here's the mildly stressful 
part that would keep you on 

8260
07:22:26,500 --> 07:22:28,400
edge. 
Not everyone's dreams were 

8261
07:22:28,400 --> 07:22:30,900
welcome. 
If a Minor's underground naps, 

8262
07:22:30,900 --> 07:22:33,700
consistently led to dry holes or
dangerous cave-ins. 

8263
07:22:33,700 --> 07:22:36,000
They'd be banned from the good 
sleeping spots. 

8264
07:22:36,000 --> 07:22:39,100
Imagine the pressure of knowing 
that your dream quality could 

8265
07:22:39,100 --> 07:22:42,300
affect your career prospects. 
Performance reviews were 

8266
07:22:42,300 --> 07:22:44,400
literally based on your 
subconscious performance. 

8267
07:22:45,200 --> 07:22:48,200
Sorry copper arm but your last 
three dream tips led us to Solid

8268
07:22:48,200 --> 07:22:51,100
Rock and a small flood. 
Your relegated to the noisy 

8269
07:22:51,100 --> 07:22:52,800
alcove near the ventilation 
shaft. 

8270
07:22:52,800 --> 07:22:56,300
Until further notice it was like
being demoted for your sleep 

8271
07:22:56,300 --> 07:22:58,600
performance. 
Talk about workplace, stress 

8272
07:22:58,600 --> 07:23:01,500
following, you into your dreams.
You'd think that people who 

8273
07:23:01,500 --> 07:23:04,800
spent their days in near total 
darkness would relish the 

8274
07:23:04,800 --> 07:23:07,300
opportunity to sleep in actual 
comfortable. 

8275
07:23:07,300 --> 07:23:11,300
Darkness, But Bronze Age miners 
as your beginning to understand 

8276
07:23:11,300 --> 07:23:15,000
weren't exactly conventional in 
their approach to rest and 

8277
07:23:15,000 --> 07:23:17,900
relaxation instead of embracing 
the darkness. 

8278
07:23:17,900 --> 07:23:20,400
They turned bed time into what 
can only be described as a 

8279
07:23:20,408 --> 07:23:24,200
competitive Sport and like most 
competitive Sports, it was 

8280
07:23:24,200 --> 07:23:26,700
simultaneously ridiculous. 
And intensely serious. 

8281
07:23:27,500 --> 07:23:30,500
Picture this. 
You're back in your straw filled

8282
07:23:30,500 --> 07:23:33,300
Hut after another day of 
underground adventures and 

8283
07:23:33,300 --> 07:23:35,600
instead of Simply lying down and
closing your eyes like a 

8284
07:23:35,600 --> 07:23:38,000
reasonable person, your 
participating in what? 

8285
07:23:38,000 --> 07:23:40,800
The mining Community called 
Darkness challenges. 

8286
07:23:40,800 --> 07:23:43,800
These weren't official 
competitions with prizes and 

8287
07:23:43,800 --> 07:23:46,100
ceremonies. 
They were the kind of informal 

8288
07:23:46,100 --> 07:23:49,200
contest that emerge when people 
have too much time, too much 

8289
07:23:49,200 --> 07:23:52,000
stress and not nearly enough 
entertainment options. 

8290
07:23:53,500 --> 07:23:56,000
The basic concept was simple. 
See. 

8291
07:23:56,000 --> 07:23:58,800
Who could fall asleep? 
Fastest in complete darkness. 

8292
07:23:59,600 --> 07:24:02,500
But like everything else in 
Bronze Age, mining culture, the 

8293
07:24:02,500 --> 07:24:04,400
execution was wonderfully 
complicated. 

8294
07:24:05,400 --> 07:24:09,100
First there were the preparation
rituals each minor had their own

8295
07:24:09,100 --> 07:24:11,900
Priestly routine that they swore
was the key to Rapid 

8296
07:24:11,900 --> 07:24:14,600
unconsciousness. 
Some would count their breathing

8297
07:24:14,600 --> 07:24:18,400
in specific patterns, not the 
gentle 478 breathing, you might 

8298
07:24:18,400 --> 07:24:21,800
have learned in yoga class but 
intense mathematical sequences 

8299
07:24:21,800 --> 07:24:23,800
that would make your high school
algebra teacher proud. 

8300
07:24:24,700 --> 07:24:27,400
Others would mentally catalog 
every tool in their collection, 

8301
07:24:27,400 --> 07:24:30,800
every support beam in their 
section of the mine, every 

8302
07:24:30,800 --> 07:24:34,500
Pebble in their daily path. 
One popular technique involved, 

8303
07:24:34,500 --> 07:24:37,800
what they called, reverse mining
mentally digging their way out 

8304
07:24:37,800 --> 07:24:40,800
of the mine tunnel by tunnel 
from their deepest point to the 

8305
07:24:40,800 --> 07:24:42,900
surface. 
It was like counting sheep 

8306
07:24:42,900 --> 07:24:45,600
except the Sheep would 
geological formations and the 

8307
07:24:45,600 --> 07:24:49,000
counting could take hours. 
But here's where the competitive

8308
07:24:49,000 --> 07:24:52,100
element kicked in miners, would 
actually time each other's 

8309
07:24:52,100 --> 07:24:54,700
descent into sleep. 
They'd use water clocks. 

8310
07:24:54,700 --> 07:24:58,000
Basically, ancient hourglasses 
filled with water instead of 

8311
07:24:58,000 --> 07:25:01,000
sand to measure who could 
achieve unconsciousness most 

8312
07:25:01,000 --> 07:25:03,700
efficiently. 
The current record holder in 

8313
07:25:03,700 --> 07:25:06,300
most communities was usually 
treated with the kind of respect

8314
07:25:06,300 --> 07:25:07,900
we might reserve for Olympic 
athletes. 

8315
07:25:07,900 --> 07:25:11,100
Did you hear Stone? 
Your fell asleep in under three 

8316
07:25:11,100 --> 07:25:14,400
drips, last night, three drips, 
I can barely get comfortable in 

8317
07:25:14,400 --> 07:25:17,500
under 10. 
This Timing System led to all 

8318
07:25:17,500 --> 07:25:20,800
sorts of creative strategies. 
Some miners, would deliberately 

8319
07:25:20,800 --> 07:25:24,000
exhaust themselves during the 
day performing, extra tasks or 

8320
07:25:24,000 --> 07:25:27,200
taking on additional shifts 
thinking that extreme fatigue 

8321
07:25:27,200 --> 07:25:30,400
would guarantee rapid sleep. 
Others went the opposite 

8322
07:25:30,400 --> 07:25:32,400
direction. 
Trying to achieve the perfect 

8323
07:25:32,400 --> 07:25:35,300
balance of tiredness without 
Crossing into that overtired 

8324
07:25:35,300 --> 07:25:38,400
zone where your brain starts 
acting like a caffeinated 

8325
07:25:38,400 --> 07:25:41,100
squirrel. 
The really dedicated competitors

8326
07:25:41,100 --> 07:25:43,000
developed. 
What we might recognize as early

8327
07:25:43,000 --> 07:25:45,900
meditation technique's, they'd 
spend their evening hours 

8328
07:25:45,900 --> 07:25:49,300
practicing what they called. 
Mind darkening, essentially 

8329
07:25:49,300 --> 07:25:52,200
training, their thoughts to slow
down and Fade to Black on 

8330
07:25:52,200 --> 07:25:55,100
command. 
It was mindfulness meditation 

8331
07:25:55,100 --> 07:25:57,800
disguised as a sleep competition
and it actually worked 

8332
07:25:57,800 --> 07:26:00,300
surprisingly well, but then 
there were the cheaters. 

8333
07:26:00,300 --> 07:26:03,300
Oh yes, even Bronze Age, 
sleeping competitions, had their

8334
07:26:03,300 --> 07:26:05,500
scandals, some miners would 
secretly. 

8335
07:26:05,500 --> 07:26:08,800
Consume fermented beverages 
before the challenge figuring 

8336
07:26:08,800 --> 07:26:11,200
that alcohol induced. 
Drowsiness, should count as 

8337
07:26:11,200 --> 07:26:14,700
legitimate sleep speed. 
Others would claim they'd fallen

8338
07:26:14,700 --> 07:26:16,200
asleep when they were actually 
just lying. 

8339
07:26:16,200 --> 07:26:17,900
Very still with their eyes 
closed. 

8340
07:26:17,900 --> 07:26:22,000
Hoping the time keeper wouldn't 
notice the difference there were

8341
07:26:22,000 --> 07:26:24,300
heated debates about whether 
these tactics were within the 

8342
07:26:24,300 --> 07:26:27,500
spirit of the competition. 
That's not real sleep. 

8343
07:26:27,500 --> 07:26:31,000
Copper arm, real sleep means 
dream activity. 

8344
07:26:31,000 --> 07:26:34,600
You were just pretending 
Provence tooth. 

8345
07:26:34,600 --> 07:26:36,700
He can't measure dreams with a 
water clock. 

8346
07:26:36,700 --> 07:26:40,000
These arguments would sometimes 
go on for hours, which kind of 

8347
07:26:40,000 --> 07:26:42,700
defeated the entire purpose of a
rapid sleep competition. 

8348
07:26:42,700 --> 07:26:46,100
The most, elaborate cheating 
scheme involved miners, who 

8349
07:26:46,100 --> 07:26:48,300
would practice falling asleep 
during their lunch breaks? 

8350
07:26:49,000 --> 07:26:51,300
Essentially training for the 
evening competitions, like, 

8351
07:26:51,300 --> 07:26:53,100
athletes preparing for the 
Olympics. 

8352
07:26:53,100 --> 07:26:55,400
They'd find quiet spots in the 
mine. 

8353
07:26:55,400 --> 07:26:58,200
Set up their own Timing Systems 
and work on. 

8354
07:26:58,200 --> 07:27:00,900
Perfecting this sleep on set 
technique during workout hours. 

8355
07:27:01,800 --> 07:27:04,500
This led to the somewhat 
stressful situation, where 

8356
07:27:04,500 --> 07:27:06,300
supervisors had to watch for 
minors. 

8357
07:27:06,300 --> 07:27:09,700
Who were good at falling asleep?
If you could doze off to quickly

8358
07:27:09,700 --> 07:27:12,700
during the day, you might be 
suspected of practice in for the

8359
07:27:12,708 --> 07:27:16,200
evening competitions, instead of
focusing on your actual job. 

8360
07:27:17,600 --> 07:27:19,000
Why were you able to fall 
asleep? 

8361
07:27:19,000 --> 07:27:22,300
So fast during lunch break in 
hand, the you training, for 

8362
07:27:22,300 --> 07:27:24,400
tonight's Darkness challenge, 
when you should be thinking 

8363
07:27:24,400 --> 07:27:28,200
about copper extraction. 
Imagine having to defend your 

8364
07:27:28,200 --> 07:27:31,000
natural, sleepiness, as 
evidenced that you weren't being

8365
07:27:31,008 --> 07:27:34,300
competitive about bedtime, it 
was like being too good at 

8366
07:27:34,300 --> 07:27:38,600
relaxation for your own good. 
The competitions also created an

8367
07:27:38,600 --> 07:27:42,500
unexpected side effect miners 
became incredibly sensitive to 

8368
07:27:42,500 --> 07:27:45,800
sleep disruption. 
Snoring neighbor, a creaking 

8369
07:27:45,800 --> 07:27:48,100
roof beam or an unusually active
Mouse. 

8370
07:27:48,100 --> 07:27:50,600
Could completely ruin your 
competitive sleep time. 

8371
07:27:51,600 --> 07:27:53,700
This led to elaborate 
pre-competition rituals 

8372
07:27:53,700 --> 07:27:56,700
involving soundproofing attempts
neighbor, negotiations. 

8373
07:27:56,700 --> 07:28:00,000
And what can only be described 
as Bronze Age, White Noise 

8374
07:28:00,000 --> 07:28:03,000
machines, usually involving 
controlled water dripping, or 

8375
07:28:03,000 --> 07:28:05,600
rhythmic tool tapping. 
And just when you thought it 

8376
07:28:05,600 --> 07:28:08,800
couldn't get more complicated, 
the community started developing

8377
07:28:08,800 --> 07:28:11,800
seasonal, variations of the 
challenges with different rules 

8378
07:28:11,800 --> 07:28:15,100
for winter, sleeping vs, Summer,
sleeping New Moon vs. 

8379
07:28:15,100 --> 07:28:18,500
Full moon Knights and pre-mining
vs, post mining sleep, 

8380
07:28:18,500 --> 07:28:22,200
session's, It was the kind of 
thing that started as simple fun

8381
07:28:22,200 --> 07:28:25,300
and evolved into a complex 
subculture with its own rules 

8382
07:28:25,300 --> 07:28:28,500
strategies, and social 
hierarchies, because apparently 

8383
07:28:28,500 --> 07:28:32,100
even sleep needed to be 
optimized for maximum efficiency

8384
07:28:32,100 --> 07:28:35,600
and competitive advantage. 
Who knew Bronze Age, miners, 

8385
07:28:35,600 --> 07:28:38,600
were the original life hackers? 
Just when you thought Bronze 

8386
07:28:38,600 --> 07:28:40,100
Age, sleep habits, couldn't get 
any stranger. 

8387
07:28:40,100 --> 07:28:43,500
We encounter what might be the 
most peculiar phenomenon of all 

8388
07:28:43,500 --> 07:28:48,300
the singing sleepers. 
And no, this isn't about minors.

8389
07:28:48,300 --> 07:28:51,000
Who hummed lullabies to help 
themselves drift off, though? 

8390
07:28:51,000 --> 07:28:53,400
That would be charmingly normal 
compared to what actually 

8391
07:28:53,400 --> 07:28:56,000
happened. 
You're lying in your Bronze Age 

8392
07:28:56,000 --> 07:28:58,100
bed. 
Remember, it's still that pile 

8393
07:28:58,100 --> 07:29:00,100
of straw, that's definitely seen
better days. 

8394
07:29:01,000 --> 07:29:03,200
And from somewhere in the 
darkness, comes a sound that's 

8395
07:29:03,200 --> 07:29:06,200
part Melody part moan and 
entirely mysterious. 

8396
07:29:07,000 --> 07:29:10,600
It's your neighbor bronzebeard 
engaging in what the mining 

8397
07:29:10,600 --> 07:29:14,000
Community called sleeping. 
A phenomenon that was part 

8398
07:29:14,000 --> 07:29:17,800
medical condition parts, social 
ritual, an entirely fascinating 

8399
07:29:17,800 --> 07:29:21,100
to everyone who witnessed it. 
Sleeping wasn't like the 

8400
07:29:21,100 --> 07:29:23,400
occasional snoring or sleep 
talking that you might be 

8401
07:29:23,400 --> 07:29:26,300
familiar with. 
These were random mumbles or 

8402
07:29:26,300 --> 07:29:29,200
unconscious vocalizations the 
singing sleepers. 

8403
07:29:29,200 --> 07:29:32,200
Produced, elaborate melodic 
compositions, while completely 

8404
07:29:32,200 --> 07:29:35,900
unconscious often lasting for 
hours, and featuring complex 

8405
07:29:35,900 --> 07:29:39,700
harmonies that they couldn't 
reproduce while awake the weird 

8406
07:29:39,700 --> 07:29:42,200
part as if it wasn't weird 
enough already. 

8407
07:29:43,300 --> 07:29:46,600
The song seemed to follow the 
rhythm of mining, The Melodies 

8408
07:29:46,600 --> 07:29:48,700
matched, the tempo of pickaxe. 
Swing's. 

8409
07:29:48,700 --> 07:29:52,100
The harmonies echoed, the sound 
of copper being separated from 

8410
07:29:52,100 --> 07:29:55,300
Stone and the overall 
compositions had a distinctly 

8411
07:29:55,300 --> 07:29:58,600
geological quality that somehow 
made perfect sense if you'd 

8412
07:29:58,600 --> 07:30:02,000
spent enough time Underground 
Imagine trying to explain this 

8413
07:30:02,000 --> 07:30:03,500
to your modern, sleep 
specialist. 

8414
07:30:04,300 --> 07:30:07,500
Well, doctor I seem to be 
composing symphonies in my 

8415
07:30:07,500 --> 07:30:10,100
sleep, but only ones that sound 
like mining equipment. 

8416
07:30:10,100 --> 07:30:12,600
And I can't remember any of it 
when I wake up. 

8417
07:30:14,000 --> 07:30:16,900
The mining communities didn't 
treat this as a medical Oddity 

8418
07:30:16,900 --> 07:30:19,500
to be cured. 
They embraced it, as a form of 

8419
07:30:19,508 --> 07:30:21,600
entertainment. 
And in some cases Divine 

8420
07:30:21,600 --> 07:30:24,700
communication families would 
actually adjust their sleeping 

8421
07:30:24,700 --> 07:30:28,200
arrangements, to be closer, to 
their household, sleep singer, a

8422
07:30:28,200 --> 07:30:29,700
neighbors. 
Would sometimes request specific

8423
07:30:29,700 --> 07:30:32,900
songs by leaving symbolic 
objects near the singers bed. 

8424
07:30:34,000 --> 07:30:37,100
Want to hear the copper vein 
Discovery song, Leave a small 

8425
07:30:37,100 --> 07:30:39,900
piece of copper or by the 
sleeper's head hoping for the 

8426
07:30:39,908 --> 07:30:44,900
safe journey underground Melody.
Mining tool placed just so might

8427
07:30:44,900 --> 07:30:47,500
do the trick. 
It was like having a prehistoric

8428
07:30:47,500 --> 07:30:50,200
Duke box that operated on 
unconscious request fulfillment.

8429
07:30:51,900 --> 07:30:54,000
but here's where things got 
mildly stressful, for the 

8430
07:30:54,000 --> 07:30:56,900
sleeping as themselves, they 
started feeling performance 

8431
07:30:56,900 --> 07:31:00,700
pressure, even while unconscious
Some singers reported anxiety 

8432
07:31:00,700 --> 07:31:04,100
dreams about not producing good 
enough knockturnal concerts or 

8433
07:31:04,100 --> 07:31:06,800
nightmare's about forgetting The
Melodies their communities had 

8434
07:31:06,800 --> 07:31:09,400
come to expect. 
Bronzebeard might wake up 

8435
07:31:09,400 --> 07:31:12,800
feeling exhausted, not from 
physical labor, but from the 

8436
07:31:12,800 --> 07:31:15,400
psychological pressure of being 
the neighborhood's primary 

8437
07:31:15,400 --> 07:31:16,900
source of nighttime 
entertainment. 

8438
07:31:17,800 --> 07:31:20,700
Imagine the responsibility of 
knowing that your Sleep Quality 

8439
07:31:20,700 --> 07:31:23,900
directly affected. 
Everyone else's enjoyment of 

8440
07:31:23,900 --> 07:31:27,100
their evening. 
Did you hear bronze beards 

8441
07:31:27,100 --> 07:31:29,500
performance last night? 
Usually, his underground. 

8442
07:31:29,500 --> 07:31:31,200
Flooding song is much more, 
dramatic. 

8443
07:31:31,200 --> 07:31:34,500
I hope he's not coming down with
something the phenomenon 

8444
07:31:34,500 --> 07:31:36,300
created, its own social 
dynamics. 

8445
07:31:37,000 --> 07:31:40,000
Sleep, singers became informal 
Community leaders their 

8446
07:31:40,000 --> 07:31:42,700
unconscious musical choices, 
influencing group decisions 

8447
07:31:42,700 --> 07:31:46,000
about mining locations, safety, 
protocols, and even 

8448
07:31:46,008 --> 07:31:49,100
interpersonal conflicts. 
If the sleep song featured, 

8449
07:31:49,100 --> 07:31:52,000
Harmony is about, avoiding a 
particular tunnel, the mining 

8450
07:31:52,000 --> 07:31:54,500
crew might genuinely consider 
changing their plans. 

8451
07:31:55,400 --> 07:31:58,100
It was like having a focus group
that operated entirely through 

8452
07:31:58,100 --> 07:31:59,900
dream state musical 
compositions. 

8453
07:32:00,700 --> 07:32:02,400
The Practical challenges were 
considerable. 

8454
07:32:03,200 --> 07:32:05,700
Sleep, singers couldn't control 
their nocturnal performance is, 

8455
07:32:05,700 --> 07:32:09,200
which meant they might launch 
into arousing mining Anthem just

8456
07:32:09,200 --> 07:32:10,800
when everyone else was trying to
fall asleep. 

8457
07:32:12,200 --> 07:32:15,900
This led to the development of 
singer statues, informal 

8458
07:32:15,900 --> 07:32:18,500
agreements about when different 
sleeping as would be allowed to 

8459
07:32:18,500 --> 07:32:21,100
perform. 
Bronzebeard gets the first part 

8460
07:32:21,100 --> 07:32:23,200
of the night. 
Copper voice takes the middle 

8461
07:32:23,200 --> 07:32:27,200
shift and Tin throat handles, 
the pre-dawn slot That way 

8462
07:32:27,200 --> 07:32:29,600
everyone gets some quiet sleep 
time and some musical 

8463
07:32:29,600 --> 07:32:33,800
entertainment. scheduling on 
conscious performers is about as

8464
07:32:33,800 --> 07:32:37,400
reliable as predicting, the 
weather using tea leaves Singers

8465
07:32:37,400 --> 07:32:39,800
would sometimes sleep through 
their designated performance 

8466
07:32:39,800 --> 07:32:42,400
Windows leaving their audiences 
disappointed. 

8467
07:32:43,100 --> 07:32:45,600
Other times they'd have 
particularly energetic, Knights 

8468
07:32:45,600 --> 07:32:48,500
and sing right through someone 
else's scheduled quiet time. 

8469
07:32:48,500 --> 07:32:51,900
The communities developed, 
surprisingly sophisticated ways 

8470
07:32:51,900 --> 07:32:55,100
to manage these challenges, some
groups appointed sleep. 

8471
07:32:55,100 --> 07:32:58,200
Conductors people whose job was 
to gently influence. 

8472
07:32:58,200 --> 07:33:00,700
The singers performance is 
through subtle environmental 

8473
07:33:00,700 --> 07:33:04,200
cues, they'd adjust the 
temperature introduced specific 

8474
07:33:04,200 --> 07:33:07,300
sense or create gentle 
background sounds that might 

8475
07:33:07,300 --> 07:33:08,900
encourage certain types of 
songs. 

8476
07:33:08,900 --> 07:33:12,600
It was like being a DJ for 
unconscious performers, trying, 

8477
07:33:12,600 --> 07:33:15,200
to create the right atmosphere 
for the kind of musical dreaming

8478
07:33:15,200 --> 07:33:17,000
that would benefit the entire 
community. 

8479
07:33:17,800 --> 07:33:20,100
The most talented sleep 
conductors could allegedly 

8480
07:33:20,100 --> 07:33:23,200
influenced, not just the style 
of the song that their content 

8481
07:33:23,200 --> 07:33:25,600
want songs. 
About successful, mining 

8482
07:33:25,600 --> 07:33:29,000
Ventures, create an environment 
that feels prosperous and secure

8483
07:33:29,000 --> 07:33:33,300
need Melodies that would calm 
pre-mining, anxiety, focus on 

8484
07:33:33,300 --> 07:33:37,400
comfort and safety cues. 
Of course this system was about 

8485
07:33:37,400 --> 07:33:40,400
as reliable as you'd expect when
dealing with unconscious minds 

8486
07:33:40,400 --> 07:33:43,400
environmental manipulation and 
Bronze Age Technology. 

8487
07:33:44,600 --> 07:33:47,200
Sleep conductors would spend 
hours preparing the perfect 

8488
07:33:47,200 --> 07:33:50,800
conditions for inspiring mining 
themed lullabies only to have 

8489
07:33:50,800 --> 07:33:53,400
their featured singer produced, 
three hours of what sounded like

8490
07:33:53,408 --> 07:33:57,000
rocks, falling down a mountain. 
I specifically arranged 

8491
07:33:57,000 --> 07:33:59,500
everything to encourage the 
peaceful underground, Journey, 

8492
07:33:59,500 --> 07:34:03,400
composition, and instead we got 
four hours of avalanche in a 

8493
07:34:03,400 --> 07:34:05,100
copper mine. 
What am I doing wrong? 

8494
07:34:05,100 --> 07:34:08,000
The pressure on both singers and
conductors led to the 

8495
07:34:08,000 --> 07:34:10,100
development of backup 
Entertainment Systems, 

8496
07:34:10,100 --> 07:34:14,400
storytellers, musicians, and 
other performers who could fill 

8497
07:34:14,400 --> 07:34:16,800
in, when the sleeping didn't 
meet Community expectations. 

8498
07:34:16,800 --> 07:34:20,200
Because apparently even 
unconscious entertainment needed

8499
07:34:20,200 --> 07:34:23,700
under Studies by now, you've 
probably realized that Bronze 

8500
07:34:23,700 --> 07:34:26,600
Age miners had turned sleep into
something, resembling a complex,

8501
07:34:26,600 --> 07:34:29,600
logistical operation. 
But just when you think you've 

8502
07:34:29,600 --> 07:34:33,200
got a handle on their nocturnal 
peculiarities, we encounter what

8503
07:34:33,200 --> 07:34:35,900
might be their most ambitious 
sleep related in Innovation? 

8504
07:34:35,900 --> 07:34:39,800
The great sleep. 
Migration picture, this, your 

8505
07:34:39,800 --> 07:34:42,600
copper arm again, and you've 
just discovered that your usual 

8506
07:34:42,600 --> 07:34:45,900
sleeping spot that carefully 
chosen corner of your heart 

8507
07:34:45,900 --> 07:34:48,900
where the straw is, just the 
right density in the roof, 

8508
07:34:48,900 --> 07:34:52,500
doesn't leak too much is no 
longer providing quality rest. 

8509
07:34:53,500 --> 07:34:56,700
Maybe the sleeping neighbor has 
changed their repertoire to 

8510
07:34:56,700 --> 07:34:58,700
something that sounds like rocks
having an argument. 

8511
07:34:59,600 --> 07:35:02,700
Maybe the local Mouse population
has decided your sleeping area 

8512
07:35:02,700 --> 07:35:05,900
is Prime real estate or maybe 
you've simply outgrown your 

8513
07:35:05,900 --> 07:35:08,200
current sleep environment. 
The way you might outgrow a 

8514
07:35:08,200 --> 07:35:10,100
favorite coffee shop that 
suddenly starts playing music, 

8515
07:35:10,100 --> 07:35:13,400
that makes your teeth hurt. 
The Logical solution would be to

8516
07:35:13,400 --> 07:35:15,300
adjust your sleeping 
Arrangements within your 

8517
07:35:15,300 --> 07:35:19,300
existing space, add more straw, 
negotiate with the neighbor 

8518
07:35:19,300 --> 07:35:23,500
declare war on the mice. 
But Bronze Age miners, as you've

8519
07:35:23,500 --> 07:35:26,500
learned weren't particularly 
interested in logical Solutions.

8520
07:35:26,500 --> 07:35:29,600
When creative ones were 
available, instead they 

8521
07:35:29,600 --> 07:35:32,900
developed a system of seasonal, 
sleep migration, that would make

8522
07:35:32,900 --> 07:35:36,700
modern minimalists weak with 
envy and digital Nomads nod with

8523
07:35:36,700 --> 07:35:39,400
understanding. 
The concept was beautifully. 

8524
07:35:39,400 --> 07:35:42,600
Simple, instead of trying to 
perfect one sleeping location, 

8525
07:35:42,600 --> 07:35:45,900
why not rotate through multiple 
sleeping spots throughout the 

8526
07:35:45,900 --> 07:35:47,800
year? 
Following optimal sleep 

8527
07:35:47,800 --> 07:35:50,200
conditions, the way Birds 
follow, favorable weather 

8528
07:35:50,200 --> 07:35:53,800
patterns This wasn't just about 
Comfort, though. 

8529
07:35:53,800 --> 07:35:55,000
Comfort was certainly part of 
it. 

8530
07:35:55,800 --> 07:35:58,600
The miners had observed that 
different sleeping locations 

8531
07:35:58,600 --> 07:36:01,400
seemed to produce different 
types of Dreams, different 

8532
07:36:01,400 --> 07:36:04,500
quality of rest, and different 
levels of preparation, for the 

8533
07:36:04,500 --> 07:36:08,200
next days underground work. 
Some places were better for deep

8534
07:36:08,200 --> 07:36:11,000
restorative sleep. 
Others seem to encourage the 

8535
07:36:11,000 --> 07:36:14,600
kind of light alert rest that 
kept you ready for unexpected 

8536
07:36:14,600 --> 07:36:17,300
minor emergencies migration 
routes. 

8537
07:36:17,300 --> 07:36:20,200
Weren't random mining 
communities developed, elaborate

8538
07:36:20,200 --> 07:36:23,300
maps of optimal, sleeping 
locations, complete with 

8539
07:36:23,308 --> 07:36:27,500
seasonal ratings, dream quality,
assessments, and detailed notes 

8540
07:36:27,500 --> 07:36:30,200
about environmental factors that
affected rest quality. 

8541
07:36:31,100 --> 07:36:32,600
The sleeping Alcove behind 
Stone. 

8542
07:36:32,600 --> 07:36:36,000
Jewels Hut is excellent for deep
winter, rest, but avoid it 

8543
07:36:36,000 --> 07:36:38,800
during the rainy season, unless 
you enjoy the sound of water 

8544
07:36:38,800 --> 07:36:43,300
dripping, directly onto your 
forehead, every 37 seconds, The 

8545
07:36:43,300 --> 07:36:46,100
elevated platform near the mine.
Entrance provides Superior 

8546
07:36:46,100 --> 07:36:49,500
ventilation for summer sleeping,
but the sunrise light makes it 

8547
07:36:49,500 --> 07:36:51,800
unsuitable. 
For anyone who values sleeping 

8548
07:36:51,800 --> 07:36:55,500
past Dawn, these sleep migration
Maps became highly valued 

8549
07:36:55,500 --> 07:36:58,700
Community Resources passed down 
through families and traded 

8550
07:36:58,700 --> 07:37:01,000
between mining settlements like 
Precious commodities. 

8551
07:37:01,900 --> 07:37:04,600
The details sleep location guide
could be worth several days 

8552
07:37:04,600 --> 07:37:07,800
wages and experience sleep. 
Migrants were consulted like 

8553
07:37:07,800 --> 07:37:11,500
travel advisors I'm thinking of 
trying the rocky outcrop near 

8554
07:37:11,500 --> 07:37:14,000
the Eastern, mine shaft from my 
Autumn sleep rotation. 

8555
07:37:14,900 --> 07:37:17,600
What's your assessment of the 
wind patterns and Rodan activity

8556
07:37:17,600 --> 07:37:20,500
in that area? 
The migration System created its

8557
07:37:20,500 --> 07:37:23,700
own social dynamics popular 
sleeping spots would become 

8558
07:37:23,700 --> 07:37:27,300
overcrowded during Peak Seasons 
leading to reservation systems 

8559
07:37:27,300 --> 07:37:30,600
and waiting lists Prime. 
Locations might be booked months

8560
07:37:30,600 --> 07:37:33,700
in advance with minors planning,
their sleep, schedules around 

8561
07:37:33,700 --> 07:37:36,600
availability, rather than 
personal preference some 

8562
07:37:36,600 --> 07:37:39,100
entrepreneurs. 
Yes, Bronze Age miners had 

8563
07:37:39,100 --> 07:37:42,100
entrepreneurs started offering 
sleeping location, rental 

8564
07:37:42,100 --> 07:37:45,500
services, they'd Scout new 
spots, test them for optimal 

8565
07:37:45,500 --> 07:37:48,600
sleep conditions and then lease 
them to other miners for premium

8566
07:37:48,600 --> 07:37:50,300
rates during high demand 
periods. 

8567
07:37:51,100 --> 07:37:53,400
For just three extra copper 
pieces per moon cycle. 

8568
07:37:53,400 --> 07:37:57,100
You can have guaranteed access 
to the sheltered Grove with a 

8569
07:37:57,100 --> 07:37:59,000
natural sound dampening and 
built in Morning. 

8570
07:37:59,000 --> 07:38:02,700
Sun alarm, no mice, no leaks, no
snoring. 

8571
07:38:02,700 --> 07:38:06,500
Neighbors premium sleep location
with a satisfaction guarantee. 

8572
07:38:07,400 --> 07:38:10,400
But the migration System 
created, unexpected challenges 

8573
07:38:10,400 --> 07:38:13,800
miners would sometimes get so 
attached to particular seasonal 

8574
07:38:13,800 --> 07:38:16,500
sleeping spots that they'd 
refused to migrate when 

8575
07:38:16,500 --> 07:38:19,500
conditions change they'd 
stubbornly remain in summer 

8576
07:38:19,500 --> 07:38:21,500
locations. 
Well into winter suffering 

8577
07:38:21,500 --> 07:38:24,000
through cold and discomfort 
rather than give up their 

8578
07:38:24,000 --> 07:38:28,100
favorite sleep environment. 
This led to the development of 

8579
07:38:28,100 --> 07:38:31,600
migration counselors community 
members who specialized in 

8580
07:38:31,600 --> 07:38:34,600
helping miners, make healthy 
transitions between seasonal, 

8581
07:38:34,600 --> 07:38:37,800
sleeping locations. 
They'd provide emotional support

8582
07:38:37,800 --> 07:38:40,200
for minors who are having 
trouble letting go of unsuitable

8583
07:38:40,200 --> 07:38:43,800
sleeping spots, and practical 
advice for adapting to new sleep

8584
07:38:43,800 --> 07:38:46,500
environments. 
I understand your attachment to 

8585
07:38:46,500 --> 07:38:49,300
the moss-covered boulder 
formation in tooth, but it's 

8586
07:38:49,300 --> 07:38:51,100
been flooding regularly for 
three weeks now. 

8587
07:38:52,000 --> 07:38:53,200
Apps. 
It's time to consider the 

8588
07:38:53,200 --> 07:38:56,400
elevated platform option. 
We discussed the most dedicated 

8589
07:38:56,400 --> 07:38:59,500
sleep migrants would maintain 
detailed journals documenting 

8590
07:38:59,500 --> 07:39:01,500
their experiences in different 
locations. 

8591
07:39:01,500 --> 07:39:05,300
Noting factors like dream 
quality morning, energy levels 

8592
07:39:05,300 --> 07:39:07,400
and overall satisfaction 
ratings. 

8593
07:39:07,400 --> 07:39:11,100
These journals became valuable 
references for future migration 

8594
07:39:11,100 --> 07:39:13,800
planning and were sometimes 
shared with other minors seeking

8595
07:39:13,800 --> 07:39:17,300
optimal, sleep Solutions. 
According to my records, the 

8596
07:39:17,300 --> 07:39:20,100
hollow tree sleeping spot. 
Provides excellent dream recall.

8597
07:39:20,100 --> 07:39:23,600
But poor next support, Cave 
entrance location offers 

8598
07:39:23,600 --> 07:39:24,900
superior protection from 
weather. 

8599
07:39:24,900 --> 07:39:28,000
But tends to produce anxiety 
dreams about cave in. 

8600
07:39:28,900 --> 07:39:31,600
The meadow area is perfect for 
summer but becomes completely 

8601
07:39:31,600 --> 07:39:33,300
unsuitable. 
Once the seasonal flooding 

8602
07:39:33,300 --> 07:39:37,200
begins some miners took the 
migration concept so seriously 

8603
07:39:37,200 --> 07:39:39,300
that they'd spend more time 
traveling between sleeping 

8604
07:39:39,300 --> 07:39:41,600
locations than actually sleeping
in them. 

8605
07:39:42,300 --> 07:39:44,700
They'd become so focused on 
finding the perfect sleep 

8606
07:39:44,700 --> 07:39:47,500
environment that they'd exhaust 
themselves with constant 

8607
07:39:47,500 --> 07:39:50,800
relocation Logistics. 
The communities eventually had 

8608
07:39:50,800 --> 07:39:53,900
to establish migration limits to
prevent minors from wearing 

8609
07:39:53,900 --> 07:39:56,500
themselves out with excessive 
sleep location optimization. 

8610
07:39:57,600 --> 07:39:59,600
Too much time. 
Spent searching for perfect 

8611
07:39:59,600 --> 07:40:01,400
rest. 
Could actually cause worse 

8612
07:40:01,400 --> 07:40:04,500
Sleep, Quality than just 
settling for good enough. 

8613
07:40:05,300 --> 07:40:07,800
It was like the Bronze Age 
version of analysis paralysis, 

8614
07:40:07,800 --> 07:40:11,500
except in Endless research about
mattress types and thread 

8615
07:40:11,500 --> 07:40:14,100
counts. 
It involved geographical surveys

8616
07:40:14,100 --> 07:40:15,900
and seasonal weather pattern 
analysis. 

8617
07:40:16,800 --> 07:40:20,100
And just when the system seemed 
to be working smoothly, some 

8618
07:40:20,100 --> 07:40:22,900
Innovative miners, started 
experimenting with micro 

8619
07:40:22,900 --> 07:40:26,500
migrations, changing, sleeping 
locations, multiple times within

8620
07:40:26,500 --> 07:40:29,200
a single night to optimize 
different phases of their sleep 

8621
07:40:29,200 --> 07:40:31,300
cycles. 
Because, apparently even 

8622
07:40:31,300 --> 07:40:34,200
migration needed to be optimized
for maximum efficiency. 

8623
07:40:34,200 --> 07:40:36,900
Now, we're approaching, what 
might be the most extraordinary 

8624
07:40:36,900 --> 07:40:39,300
aspect of Bronze Age mining 
sleep culture? 

8625
07:40:39,300 --> 07:40:42,300
The systematic attempt to 
industrialize dreaming. 

8626
07:40:42,300 --> 07:40:46,400
Yes, you read that correctly. 
These ancient miners, tried to 

8627
07:40:46,400 --> 07:40:49,200
transform their dream lives into
a kind of underground think tank

8628
07:40:49,200 --> 07:40:52,500
and the results were equal 
parts, brilliant and completely 

8629
07:40:52,500 --> 07:40:55,400
bonkers. 
Your settling into your current 

8630
07:40:55,400 --> 07:40:58,300
migration location. 
Let's say it's the Early Autumn 

8631
07:40:58,300 --> 07:41:00,300
rotation. 
So you're probably in that nice 

8632
07:41:00,300 --> 07:41:02,400
spot near the stream with the 
natural Windbreak. 

8633
07:41:02,400 --> 07:41:05,500
And in stead of Simply hoping 
for good, dreams your 

8634
07:41:05,500 --> 07:41:08,400
participating in what the mining
Community called dream, 

8635
07:41:08,400 --> 07:41:10,600
crafting. 
This wasn't just about 

8636
07:41:10,600 --> 07:41:13,500
encouraging helpful dreams. 
It was about manufacturing, 

8637
07:41:13,500 --> 07:41:16,100
specific types of dreams for 
specific purposes. 

8638
07:41:17,300 --> 07:41:19,900
The concept emerged from the 
observation that miners who 

8639
07:41:19,900 --> 07:41:23,000
dreamed about their work, often 
came up with Creative Solutions 

8640
07:41:23,000 --> 07:41:26,600
to underground challenges. 
Someone might dream about new 

8641
07:41:26,600 --> 07:41:29,500
way to shore, up unstable, 
tunnels or visualize a more 

8642
07:41:29,500 --> 07:41:32,400
efficient method for extracting 
ore from difficult veins. 

8643
07:41:33,400 --> 07:41:35,800
These work-related dreams seem 
to access a kind of 

8644
07:41:35,800 --> 07:41:39,100
problem-solving capability that 
conscious Minds couldn't always 

8645
07:41:39,100 --> 07:41:41,900
achieve. 
Naturally mining communities 

8646
07:41:41,900 --> 07:41:45,800
decided to systematize this 
process dream crafting involves 

8647
07:41:45,800 --> 07:41:48,700
elaborate Priestly preparation. 
Rituals designed to encourage 

8648
07:41:48,700 --> 07:41:52,100
specific types of Dreams. 
Want to dream about finding new 

8649
07:41:52,100 --> 07:41:54,800
copper deposits spend. 
Your evening handling copper 

8650
07:41:54,800 --> 07:41:58,300
samples, studying geological 
formations and mentally 

8651
07:41:58,300 --> 07:42:01,500
rehearsing successful. 
Mining scenarios hoping for 

8652
07:42:01,500 --> 07:42:04,100
dreams that would solve 
Structural Engineering problems.

8653
07:42:04,100 --> 07:42:06,400
Focus. 
Your Priestly potential on 

8654
07:42:06,400 --> 07:42:09,600
support beams tunnel design and 
Architectural challenges. 

8655
07:42:09,600 --> 07:42:12,700
It was like programming your 
unconscious mind to work on 

8656
07:42:12,708 --> 07:42:14,300
specific projects while you 
slept. 

8657
07:42:15,400 --> 07:42:18,400
The community's specialized 
roles for dream crafting 

8658
07:42:18,400 --> 07:42:21,400
support. 
Dream preparers would help 

8659
07:42:21,400 --> 07:42:24,400
miners set up their Priestly 
environments with a propriate 

8660
07:42:24,400 --> 07:42:27,000
visual tactile and olfactory 
cues. 

8661
07:42:27,800 --> 07:42:30,900
Dream recorders will be standing
by when mine is woke up. 

8662
07:42:30,900 --> 07:42:34,200
Ready to capture and document 
any potentially useful dream 

8663
07:42:34,200 --> 07:42:36,000
content before it faded from 
memory. 

8664
07:42:37,100 --> 07:42:40,700
Quick copper arm your mumbling, 
something about Twisted Metal 

8665
07:42:40,700 --> 07:42:42,800
bindings and spiral support 
structures. 

8666
07:42:42,800 --> 07:42:45,500
Can you remember any details 
about the dream? 

8667
07:42:45,500 --> 07:42:48,500
And you'd be lying there, still 
half asleep trying to 

8668
07:42:48,508 --> 07:42:51,300
reconstruct a complex 
engineering Vision while someone

8669
07:42:51,300 --> 07:42:54,800
frantically takes notes about 
your drowsy mumbling, the most 

8670
07:42:54,808 --> 07:42:57,500
ambitious dream, crafting, 
experiments involved group 

8671
07:42:57,500 --> 07:43:00,700
dreaming sessions. 
Multiple miners would prepare to

8672
07:43:00,700 --> 07:43:03,900
sleep together, focusing on the 
same challenges and hoping to 

8673
07:43:03,900 --> 07:43:06,600
generate complementary dreams, 
that could be combined into 

8674
07:43:06,600 --> 07:43:09,800
comprehensive Solutions. 
It was like forming a dream 

8675
07:43:09,808 --> 07:43:11,400
based research and development 
team. 

8676
07:43:12,400 --> 07:43:14,700
Tonight, we're all going to 
focus on the flooding problem in

8677
07:43:14,700 --> 07:43:17,300
the Eastern tunnels bronzebeard,
you. 

8678
07:43:17,300 --> 07:43:20,800
Concentrate on drainage 
Solutions, tinh, Han focus on, 

8679
07:43:20,808 --> 07:43:24,600
waterproofing, materials, Stone 
jaw, see if you can dream up 

8680
07:43:24,600 --> 07:43:27,700
some kind of early warning 
system for water detection, the 

8681
07:43:27,700 --> 07:43:30,100
success rate for these group 
dreaming, projects was about 

8682
07:43:30,100 --> 07:43:33,100
what you'd expect when trying to
coordinate unconscious minds 

8683
07:43:33,100 --> 07:43:34,900
working on complex, technical 
problems. 

8684
07:43:35,900 --> 07:43:38,100
Occasionally the miners would 
awaken with Innovative 

8685
07:43:38,100 --> 07:43:41,200
complementary solutions that 
seamlessly Blended together like

8686
07:43:41,200 --> 07:43:43,000
a puzzle. 
More often. 

8687
07:43:43,000 --> 07:43:46,000
They produce a collection of 
unrelated dreams about fish 

8688
07:43:46,000 --> 07:43:49,300
childhood memories and that 
embarrassing incident with the 

8689
07:43:49,300 --> 07:43:52,900
pickaxe from three summers ago. 
But the occasional successes 

8690
07:43:52,900 --> 07:43:55,900
were impressive enough to keep 
the system going and some mining

8691
07:43:55,900 --> 07:43:58,400
communities became quite 
sophisticated in their dream, 

8692
07:43:58,400 --> 07:44:01,300
crafting techniques. 
They developed what we might 

8693
07:44:01,300 --> 07:44:04,200
recognize as early versions of 
lucid dreaming training, 

8694
07:44:04,200 --> 07:44:07,400
teaching miners to recognize 
when they were dreaming and to 

8695
07:44:07,408 --> 07:44:09,900
maintain some level of conscious
control over their dream. 

8696
07:44:09,900 --> 07:44:13,900
Narratives, the goal was to stay
focused on work-related problem 

8697
07:44:13,900 --> 07:44:18,800
solving even while asleep. 
Remember when you realize your 

8698
07:44:18,800 --> 07:44:22,000
dreaming, don't get distracted 
by flying or other dream 

8699
07:44:22,000 --> 07:44:25,200
nonsense and focus on the tunnel
ventilation challenge. 

8700
07:44:25,200 --> 07:44:28,400
Use your dream state to 
visualize solutions that might 

8701
07:44:28,400 --> 07:44:32,000
not occur to your waking mind. 
This created some mildly 

8702
07:44:32,000 --> 07:44:34,500
stressful situations, where mine
is felt pressure to be 

8703
07:44:34,500 --> 07:44:36,200
productive even while 
unconscious. 

8704
07:44:36,200 --> 07:44:39,700
Imagine the anxiety of knowing 
that your sleep performance was 

8705
07:44:39,700 --> 07:44:43,000
being evaluated, not just for 
West quality, but for Creative 

8706
07:44:43,000 --> 07:44:45,700
problem solving output, Sorry 
everyone. 

8707
07:44:45,700 --> 07:44:48,300
My dreams last night were 
completely useless. 

8708
07:44:48,300 --> 07:44:51,800
I spent the whole time dreaming 
about a giant copper colored 

8709
07:44:51,800 --> 07:44:53,800
rabbit that kept giving me 
mining advice. 

8710
07:44:53,800 --> 07:44:57,300
That made no sense. 
I don't think we can use dig 

8711
07:44:57,300 --> 07:45:00,500
tunnels like carrot Burrows as a
viable engineering strategy. 

8712
07:45:00,500 --> 07:45:04,400
The communities eventually had 
to establish dream failure, 

8713
07:45:04,400 --> 07:45:07,300
forgiveness policies, to prevent
minors from developing sleep 

8714
07:45:07,300 --> 07:45:10,500
anxiety, that would actually 
reduce their dream productivity.

8715
07:45:11,500 --> 07:45:13,800
Some of the most dedicated dream
Crafters started. 

8716
07:45:13,800 --> 07:45:16,500
Keeping detailed dream journals 
documenting. 

8717
07:45:16,500 --> 07:45:19,400
Not just the content of their 
dreams but the pre-sleep 

8718
07:45:19,400 --> 07:45:21,900
preparation techniques that seem
to produce the most useful 

8719
07:45:21,900 --> 07:45:24,400
results. 
These journals became valuable 

8720
07:45:24,400 --> 07:45:27,900
Community Resources like recipe 
books for generating specific 

8721
07:45:27,900 --> 07:45:31,500
types of Dreams. 
For dreams about or quality 

8722
07:45:31,500 --> 07:45:34,600
assessment, I recommend spending
the evening examining different 

8723
07:45:34,600 --> 07:45:37,300
metal samples, while thinking 
about color, variations, and 

8724
07:45:37,300 --> 07:45:41,700
density testing, avoid eating 
fermented foods before sleep as 

8725
07:45:41,700 --> 07:45:44,400
they seem to introduce random 
elements that distract from 

8726
07:45:44,400 --> 07:45:47,500
metallurgical Focus. 
The most successful dream 

8727
07:45:47,500 --> 07:45:51,000
Crafters developed personal 
specializations becoming known 

8728
07:45:51,000 --> 07:45:53,700
for their ability to generate 
specific types of problem 

8729
07:45:53,700 --> 07:45:56,600
solving dreams. 
Some became specialists in 

8730
07:45:56,600 --> 07:45:59,700
Structural Engineering dreams, 
others focused on Geological 

8731
07:45:59,700 --> 07:46:03,200
Survey dreams and a few became 
known for their uncanny ability 

8732
07:46:03,200 --> 07:46:05,400
to dream about workplace Safety 
Solutions. 

8733
07:46:06,100 --> 07:46:09,400
These Specialists would 
sometimes be consulted by other 

8734
07:46:09,400 --> 07:46:11,600
mining communities facing 
similar challenges. 

8735
07:46:11,600 --> 07:46:14,900
They traveled to different 
settlements, learn about local 

8736
07:46:14,900 --> 07:46:17,600
mining problems, and then 
attempt to dream up solutions, 

8737
07:46:17,600 --> 07:46:20,200
that could be implemented by the
visiting Community. 

8738
07:46:20,200 --> 07:46:23,700
It was like having Bronze Age 
Consulting Services Powered By 

8739
07:46:23,700 --> 07:46:25,700
REM sleep, and unconscious 
creativity. 

8740
07:46:26,500 --> 07:46:28,900
But the system also produced 
some wonderfully unexpected 

8741
07:46:28,900 --> 07:46:32,200
results miners who were trying 
to dream about Technical 

8742
07:46:32,200 --> 07:46:35,100
Solutions would sometimes come 
up with Innovations and 

8743
07:46:35,100 --> 07:46:38,700
completely unrelated areas. 
Someone focusing on Tunnel 

8744
07:46:38,700 --> 07:46:42,000
support might dream up new food 
preservation techniques a minor 

8745
07:46:42,000 --> 07:46:45,400
concentrating on or extraction 
might wake up with ideas for 

8746
07:46:45,400 --> 07:46:48,600
improved textile manufacturing. 
The community started 

8747
07:46:48,600 --> 07:46:51,700
maintaining unexpected 
Innovation logs to capture these

8748
07:46:51,700 --> 07:46:54,900
accidental discoveries leading 
to a kind of Bronze Age, 

8749
07:46:54,900 --> 07:46:57,600
cross-pollination of ideas 
between different Industries and

8750
07:46:57,600 --> 07:47:00,400
crafts. 
And just when the dream crafting

8751
07:47:00,400 --> 07:47:03,400
system seemed to be reaching 
Peak sophistication, some 

8752
07:47:03,400 --> 07:47:06,500
Innovative miners, started 
experimenting with dream trading

8753
07:47:06,500 --> 07:47:09,700
attempting to share their dreams
with other people through 

8754
07:47:09,700 --> 07:47:12,500
detailed storytelling and 
visualization exercises. 

8755
07:47:12,500 --> 07:47:16,000
This suggests that even 
unconscious, creativity required

8756
07:47:16,000 --> 07:47:19,400
optimization for maximum 
distribution and collaborative 

8757
07:47:19,400 --> 07:47:21,800
efficiency as your drifting 
towards sleep. 

8758
07:47:21,800 --> 07:47:24,800
In your modern bed, with your 
climate control and blackout 

8759
07:47:24,800 --> 07:47:27,300
curtains, and probably a dozen. 
Different apps designed to 

8760
07:47:27,300 --> 07:47:30,000
optimize your rest. 
It's worth considering what 

8761
07:47:30,000 --> 07:47:33,300
happened to all this Bronze Age.
Sleep innovation did these 

8762
07:47:33,300 --> 07:47:35,900
elaborate systems simply 
disappear when mining techniques

8763
07:47:35,900 --> 07:47:37,700
evolved, or did they leave 
traces? 

8764
07:47:37,700 --> 07:47:41,200
That still influence, how we 
think about rest and dreams the 

8765
07:47:41,200 --> 07:47:43,300
answer. 
As you might expect is 

8766
07:47:43,300 --> 07:47:46,500
wonderfully complicated. 
Some of the Bronze Age, sleep 

8767
07:47:46,500 --> 07:47:49,100
practices evolved into 
Traditions that persisted for 

8768
07:47:49,100 --> 07:47:52,500
thousands of years. 
The concept of sleep migration 

8769
07:47:52,500 --> 07:47:55,500
for instance, influence the 
development of seasonal living 

8770
07:47:55,500 --> 07:47:58,600
patterns, in many cultures. 
The idea that different 

8771
07:47:58,600 --> 07:48:01,600
environments produced different 
qualities of rest became 

8772
07:48:01,600 --> 07:48:04,000
embedded in. 
Various folk was in Traditions 

8773
07:48:04,000 --> 07:48:07,600
about optimal sleeping 
conditions, dream crafting 

8774
07:48:07,600 --> 07:48:10,100
techniques, found their way into
religious and spiritual 

8775
07:48:10,100 --> 07:48:13,800
practices were directed dreaming
became associated with Divine 

8776
07:48:13,800 --> 07:48:18,100
communication and prophetic 
vision, The systematic approach 

8777
07:48:18,100 --> 07:48:20,700
to dream incubation. 
That Bronze Age miners developed

8778
07:48:20,700 --> 07:48:24,500
can be traced through various 
mystery, Traditions shamanic 

8779
07:48:24,500 --> 07:48:27,700
practices and even early medical
applications where dreams were 

8780
07:48:27,700 --> 07:48:31,600
used for Diagnostic purposes. 
the competitive aspects of 

8781
07:48:31,608 --> 07:48:34,300
Bronze Age, sleep culture 
evolved into more formal, 

8782
07:48:34,300 --> 07:48:37,900
sleep-related customs and 
ceremonies various cultures 

8783
07:48:37,900 --> 07:48:40,600
developed rituals around 
bedtime, Sleep Quality, 

8784
07:48:40,600 --> 07:48:44,100
assessment and dream sharing. 
The echo the miners systematic 

8785
07:48:44,100 --> 07:48:48,100
approach to rest optimization. 
But perhaps the most significant

8786
07:48:48,100 --> 07:48:51,800
Legacy was the fundamental idea 
that sleep could be actively 

8787
07:48:51,800 --> 07:48:54,500
managed and optimized rather 
than simply endured. 

8788
07:48:55,800 --> 07:48:58,600
Bronze Age, miners were among 
the first people to treat sleep 

8789
07:48:58,600 --> 07:49:01,300
as a skill that could be 
developed a resource. 

8790
07:49:01,300 --> 07:49:04,300
That could be managed and a tool
that could be used for specific 

8791
07:49:04,300 --> 07:49:07,400
purposes. 
This conceptual framework laid, 

8792
07:49:07,400 --> 07:49:10,000
the groundwork for later, 
developments and sleep medicine,

8793
07:49:10,000 --> 07:49:14,700
dream research, and what we, now
call Sleep hygiene, The miners 

8794
07:49:14,700 --> 07:49:18,700
recognized that environmental 
factors, social dynamics and 

8795
07:49:18,700 --> 07:49:21,500
cycle preparation, could 
dramatically affect Sleep 

8796
07:49:21,500 --> 07:49:24,800
Quality, which was remarkably 
sophisticated for its time. 

8797
07:49:25,600 --> 07:49:28,100
Their understanding that 
different types of rests serve 

8798
07:49:28,100 --> 07:49:31,900
different purposes that deep 
sleep, like sleep and various 

8799
07:49:31,900 --> 07:49:34,000
dreaming States. 
Each had distinct benefits 

8800
07:49:34,000 --> 07:49:37,500
predated modern sleep science by
thousands of years. 

8801
07:49:38,400 --> 07:49:40,200
They were essentially conducting
primitive. 

8802
07:49:40,200 --> 07:49:44,100
Sleep studies using themselves 
as test subjects and developing 

8803
07:49:44,100 --> 07:49:46,200
practical applications for their
discoveries. 

8804
07:49:47,600 --> 07:49:50,400
The social aspects of their 
sleep Innovations were equally 

8805
07:49:50,400 --> 07:49:53,900
influential the idea that 
individuals Sleep Quality could 

8806
07:49:53,900 --> 07:49:57,000
affect Community well-being, 
that sleep patterns could be 

8807
07:49:57,008 --> 07:50:00,500
coordinated for group benefit 
and that sleep related skills 

8808
07:50:00,500 --> 07:50:03,300
could be shared and taught 
became embedded in many 

8809
07:50:03,300 --> 07:50:05,800
cultures, approaches to rest and
Community Living. 

8810
07:50:06,600 --> 07:50:09,300
Even some of their more unusual 
practices left lasting 

8811
07:50:09,300 --> 07:50:11,900
influences. 
The concept of sleep singing 

8812
07:50:11,900 --> 07:50:15,000
evolved into various traditional
lullaby practices and bedtime 

8813
07:50:15,000 --> 07:50:18,000
musical Customs. 
The idea of sleep location, 

8814
07:50:18,000 --> 07:50:21,100
optimization influenced 
architectural approaches to 

8815
07:50:21,100 --> 07:50:23,900
bedroom design and the 
development of sleeping spaces 

8816
07:50:23,900 --> 07:50:26,900
in different cultures. 
Their systematic approach to 

8817
07:50:26,900 --> 07:50:30,400
managing sleep, related, 
anxiety, recognizing that worry 

8818
07:50:30,400 --> 07:50:32,400
about Sleep. 
Quality could actually interfere

8819
07:50:32,400 --> 07:50:35,100
with rest. 
Became a Cornerstone of later, 

8820
07:50:35,100 --> 07:50:37,200
therapeutic. 
Approaches to sleep disorders. 

8821
07:50:37,900 --> 07:50:39,800
Bronze Age, miners were 
essentially, practicing 

8822
07:50:39,800 --> 07:50:42,700
primitive cognitive behavioral 
therapy for Sleep problems. 

8823
07:50:42,700 --> 07:50:46,600
Perhaps most importantly, they 
established the precedent that 

8824
07:50:46,600 --> 07:50:50,700
sleep was worth paying attention
to worth investing effort in and

8825
07:50:50,700 --> 07:50:53,400
worth treating as a serious 
aspect of human health and 

8826
07:50:53,400 --> 07:50:56,300
productivity. 
This wasn't just about getting 

8827
07:50:56,300 --> 07:50:58,600
enough rest. 
It was about getting the right 

8828
07:50:58,600 --> 07:51:01,900
kind of rest in the right 
environment with the right 

8829
07:51:01,908 --> 07:51:04,600
preparation and support systems 
modern sleep. 

8830
07:51:04,600 --> 07:51:07,700
Research continues to confirm 
many intuitive findings. 

8831
07:51:07,700 --> 07:51:11,100
We now know that sleep 
environments do significantly 

8832
07:51:11,100 --> 07:51:14,900
affect risk, quality that social
factors can influence, sleep 

8833
07:51:14,900 --> 07:51:18,000
patterns, that pre-sleep 
routines, can improve sleep on 

8834
07:51:18,000 --> 07:51:21,200
set and quality, and that 
different types of sleep, serve 

8835
07:51:21,200 --> 07:51:23,400
different physiological, and 
psychological functions. 

8836
07:51:24,100 --> 07:51:27,200
The Contemporary interest in 
sleep optimization sleep, 

8837
07:51:27,200 --> 07:51:29,700
tracking and sleep-related 
wellness products. 

8838
07:51:29,700 --> 07:51:33,600
Reflects the same basic impulse 
that drove Bronze Age miners to 

8839
07:51:33,600 --> 07:51:36,000
develop their elaborate sleep 
Management Systems. 

8840
07:51:36,000 --> 07:51:40,100
We're still trying to solve the 
same fundamental challenge, how 

8841
07:51:40,100 --> 07:51:43,400
to get the kind of rest that 
sustains our demanding often 

8842
07:51:43,400 --> 07:51:46,700
stressful lives. 
Of course, we have advantages 

8843
07:51:46,700 --> 07:51:48,700
that Bronze Age miners, couldn't
have imagined. 

8844
07:51:49,500 --> 07:51:53,100
We understand sleep physiology, 
we have effective treatments for

8845
07:51:53,100 --> 07:51:56,300
sleep disorders and we can 
create sleep environments that 

8846
07:51:56,300 --> 07:51:59,600
are safer and more comfortable 
than anything available 4,000 

8847
07:51:59,600 --> 07:52:01,900
years ago. 
But we may have lost some of 

8848
07:52:01,900 --> 07:52:04,500
their wisdom, about the social 
and psychological aspects of 

8849
07:52:04,500 --> 07:52:07,300
sleep. 
The recognition that rest is not

8850
07:52:07,300 --> 07:52:11,400
just an individual activity, but
a community resource that Sleep 

8851
07:52:11,400 --> 07:52:14,100
Quality affects not just 
personal performance, but group 

8852
07:52:14,100 --> 07:52:17,400
well-being and that the journey 
towards sleep can be as 

8853
07:52:17,400 --> 07:52:20,800
important as the Sleep itself. 
Offers insights that remain 

8854
07:52:20,800 --> 07:52:23,700
relevant today. 
As you settle into your sleep 

8855
07:52:23,700 --> 07:52:26,600
routine tonight, your 
participating in a tradition 

8856
07:52:26,600 --> 07:52:29,700
that stretches back to those 
ancient copper miners, who 

8857
07:52:29,700 --> 07:52:33,200
refused to accept poor sleep as 
an inevitable part of difficult 

8858
07:52:33,200 --> 07:52:35,700
work. 
They understood something that 

8859
07:52:35,700 --> 07:52:39,000
we're still learning. 
The good sleep is not a luxury, 

8860
07:52:39,000 --> 07:52:43,200
but a necessity, not a passive 
experience, but an active skill 

8861
07:52:43,200 --> 07:52:46,800
and not just about rest. 
But about preparing for whatever

8862
07:52:46,800 --> 07:52:50,900
challenges tomorrow might bring 
Their legacy lives on in every 

8863
07:52:50,900 --> 07:52:53,600
person who takes time to create 
a comfortable sleep environment,

8864
07:52:53,600 --> 07:52:57,200
who developed bed time routines 
that work for their individual 

8865
07:52:57,200 --> 07:53:00,700
needs and who recognizes that? 
Rest is an investment in 

8866
07:53:00,700 --> 07:53:04,000
productivity and well-being 
rather than time lost from more 

8867
07:53:04,000 --> 07:53:08,100
important activities. 
So tonight as you adjust your 

8868
07:53:08,100 --> 07:53:10,500
pillow and settle into your 
carefully, chose and sleep 

8869
07:53:10,500 --> 07:53:13,100
position. 
Your honoring thousands of years

8870
07:53:13,100 --> 07:53:15,100
of human innovation in the art 
of rest. 

8871
07:53:15,800 --> 07:53:18,400
You're the beneficiary of 
countless generations of people 

8872
07:53:18,400 --> 07:53:21,000
who refuse to accept that sleep 
was simply something that 

8873
07:53:21,000 --> 07:53:23,900
happened to them rather than 
something they could actively 

8874
07:53:23,900 --> 07:53:26,800
improve. 
Your memory foam mattress and 

8875
07:53:26,800 --> 07:53:29,600
your smartphone sleep tracking 
apps would probably amazed the 

8876
07:53:29,600 --> 07:53:32,400
Bronze Age miners, but they'd 
immediately understand your 

8877
07:53:32,400 --> 07:53:34,900
desire to optimize your rest for
tomorrow's challenges. 

8878
07:53:35,800 --> 07:53:38,500
They'd recognize the familiar 
human impulse to turn even 

8879
07:53:38,500 --> 07:53:42,000
unconsciousness into an 
opportunity for improvement and 

8880
07:53:42,000 --> 07:53:45,500
innovation. 
And maybe in their honor, you 

8881
07:53:45,500 --> 07:53:47,900
could take a moment to 
appreciate, not just the sleep, 

8882
07:53:47,900 --> 07:53:50,600
you're about to enjoy. 
But all the creativity, 

8883
07:53:50,600 --> 07:53:54,800
experimentation and stubborn 
determination that made it 

8884
07:53:54,800 --> 07:53:57,400
possible. 
From their underground napping 

8885
07:53:57,400 --> 07:53:59,800
experiments to your white noise 
machine by the bed. 

8886
07:53:59,800 --> 07:54:02,800
It's all part of the same 
ongoing human project. 

8887
07:54:03,700 --> 07:54:06,300
The Quest for rest that truly 
restores. 

8888
07:54:07,200 --> 07:54:11,800
Sweet dreams, the Bronze Age, 
miners would be proud of how far

8889
07:54:11,800 --> 07:54:14,500
we've come and how much we still
have in common with those 

8890
07:54:14,500 --> 07:54:16,500
ancient Seekers of perfect 
sleep. 

8891
07:54:16,500 --> 07:54:19,500
After all some things, never 
change. 

8892
07:54:19,500 --> 07:54:22,200
We all just want to wake up 
feeling like we can face 

8893
07:54:22,200 --> 07:54:25,200
whatever the day might throw at 
us, whether it's a dangerous 

8894
07:54:25,200 --> 07:54:27,200
mine shaft or a challenging 
Monday morning. 

8895
07:54:27,200 --> 07:54:31,500
And in that Universal desire for
restorative, rest were connected

8896
07:54:31,500 --> 07:54:34,800
across thousands of years to 
those ingenious sleep, obsessed 

8897
07:54:34,800 --> 07:54:38,100
miners, who turned bedtime into 
an art form and dreaming into a 

8898
07:54:38,108 --> 07:54:41,900
collaborative Enterprise rest. 
Well, knowing your part of a 

8899
07:54:41,900 --> 07:54:44,600
very long tradition of people 
who take their sleep seriously 

8900
07:54:44,600 --> 07:54:47,000
and aren't afraid to get 
creative about it.