The Flappers' Secret Struggle After the Golden Age | Boring History For Sleep

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Tonight, you don't need to stay 
awake for the noise. 

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This is a story about what 
remained after it faded. 

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Behind the Music, the dresses, 
and the crowded rooms. 

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Many Flappers lived, quiet 
alive, shaped by uncertainty 

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Independence, and long evenings.
Once the lights were turned off,

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If you enjoy these slow, human 
stories, from the overlooked 

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edges of History, you can like 
the video, subscribe. 

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And let me know where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is. 
Now, dim those lights turn on a 

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fan for some white noise and 
let's jump into some history. 

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So friends, we're going into a 
quiet corner of the 1920s, away 

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from the headlines and the 
noise. 

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Here in the everyday moments 
between morning, routines and 

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evening rest, you'll find a 
different kind of story. 

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One of small freedoms, simple 
choices. 

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And the gentle rhythm of a 
changing world. 

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Let yourself settle into this 
time into these ordinary days 

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that felt in their own way. 
Quietly. 

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Mind blowing He awake to 
sunlight filtering through 

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cotton curtains in a room, you 
share with another working 

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woman, the alarm clock on the 
bedside table reads. 

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Seven in the morning, your 
roommate is already stirring 

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feet, touching the cold floor, 
reaching for her robe the 

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radiator Clank Softly, As the 
buildings heat begins to rise 

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outside, you can hear automobile
engines starting the distant 

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Rumble of the elevated train and
the city beginning, its weekday 

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rhythm. 
You rise and move through the 

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familiar pattern of morning 
preparation, the bathroom down 

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the hall is shared by four 
Apartments. 

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So timing matters you gather. 
Your toiletry is in a small 

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basket and weight your turn. 
Yes, smells of soap and steam 

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from early bathers. 
When the room is free, you step 

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inside and lock the door behind 
you. 

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The mirror shows your face 
without makeup hair still pinned

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from sleep. 
You wash with cold water first, 

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then warm using a simple cake of
soap. 

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The routine is quick and 
practiced. 

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Back in your room, you sit at 
the small vanity you and your 

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roommate have positioned between
your beds. 

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The surface holds a modest 
collection of items. 

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A comb hair pins a compact of 
face power of lipstick and a 

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small bottle of perfume. 
You begin with your hair which 

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you cut short three months ago. 
The decision felt significant at

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the time but now it simply is a 
fact of your appearance, 

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requiring daily attention but 
far. 

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Less time than the long hair. 
You once pinned up each morning.

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You comb through the short, 
waves working for made between 

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your palms before, running your 
hands through to create the 

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smooth shape you prefer. 
Some women, you know, achieve 

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the Sleek look with more 
elaborate methods. 

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But you found this simple 
approach works. 

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Well enough for your office job.
The goal is neat, modern and 

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professional. 
You secure one side with a small

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clip. 
Dressing happens in stages. 

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First, the undergarments a 
cotton combination garment that 

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replaced the courses. 
Your mother still wears, then 

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stockings rolled and secured 
with simple garters. 

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The freedom of movement, you 
feel is not something you think 

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about consciously anymore. 
But it's there in every gesture,

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every step. 
You can bend, reach, sit and 

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stand without restriction. 
This is normal now. 

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Your dress hangs on a hook by 
the door. 

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You chose it from a department 
store to seasons ago. 

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A simple shift in dark blue with
a dropped waist and hemline that

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falls, just below your knees. 
The fabric is rayon practical 

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and easy to care for, you step 
into it and fasten the buttons 

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along the side. 
Over this a card game for 

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warmth. 
Shoes are low heeled and 

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comfortable for walking and 
standing. 

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You will walk six blocks to the 
streetcar stand during the 

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commute of seats are full and 
spend most of your work day on 

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your feet or perched, on a stool
at your desk. 

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Your roommate is dressing at the
same time moving around the 

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small space in a practice dance 
of shared territory. 

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You exchange brief observations 
about the weather. 

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And the day ahead, she works as 
a telephone operator and will 

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leave 15 minutes before you She 
mentions stopping for coffee on 

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her walk. 
You can consider doing the same 

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breakfast is minimal. 
In the building shared kitchen, 

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you prepare toast and tea. 
Other residents, move through 

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the space, some hurried others 
taking their time, a woman, you 

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know, slightly from the third 
floor, Butters bread at the 

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counter beside you. 
She mentioned a moving picture. 

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She saw over the weekend, you 
make a mental note of the title,

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The Kitchen smells of toast and 
coffee and the faint mustiness 

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of the building itself. 
You eat standing near the window

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looking down at the street. 
People are moving in both 

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directions, most on foot some 
waiting, at the corner of the 

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streetcar. 
The rhythm is steady and 

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predictable you recognize this 
flow and a part of it. 

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The city has patterns and you've
learned them. 

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At 8:15, you gather your handbag
and light coat your roommate 

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left minutes ago. 
You lock the apartment door and 

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descend three, flights of 
stairs, joining the stream of 

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people leaving the building. 
Outside. 

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The air is cool but not cold. 
Autumn is settling in. 

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You walk at a moderate Pace. 
Neither rushing nordling. 

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The root is familiar. 
Past the corner, grocer the 

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drugstore and the new stand 
where headlines shout about 

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politics and sports but you 
rarely stop to read at the 

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streetcar. 
Stop you wait with a dozen 

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others, the car arrives Bell, 
clanging, you board. 

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Drop your fare into the box and 
move toward the back. 

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The car is full but not 
uncomfortably. 

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So you stand holding the leather
strap. 

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That hangs from the ceiling, 
swaying slightly as the vehicle 

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moves, along its tracks through 
the windows. 

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You watch the City Pass. 
Storefronts Office Buildings and

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pedestrians on sidewalks. 
Your workplace is a large office

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building down town, you work in 
the stenography pool, on the 8th

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floor, taking dictation, and 
typing correspondents for 

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several managers. 
The work is deadly, requiring 

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concentration, but not 
creativity. 

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Your good at it. 
You arrive sign in, hanging on 

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the rack, designated for your 
section and take your place at 

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your desk. 
The room holds 20 women at 

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typewriters. 
The sound is a constant clatter.

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A rhythm, you've grown 
accustomed to your fingers move 

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across the keys without 
conscious thought translating 

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the shorthand in your notebook 
into typed letters, the 

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managers, rotate through 
handing, you new assignments and

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collecting completed work. 
You nod, take notes and return 

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to typing. 
Morning passes in this pattern 

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at noon you and two other women 
from your floor, leave the 

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building together. 
You walk to a nearby lunchroom, 

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a simple establishment with a 
counter and a dozen small 

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tables. 
The menu is written on a board 

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behind the registered order soup
and a sandwich and hot tea. 

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The food arrives quickly, you 
eat, while discussing practical 

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matters a shop, having a sale on
stockings, the new beauty 

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parlor, opening, two streets 
over and the upcoming weekend 

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The conversation is easy and 
requires little effort. 

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These women are not intimate 
friends but they share this 

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daily routine this space and the
small exchanges it is companion 

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of After 30 minutes, you pay 
your bill and return to the 

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office, the afternoon, stretches
ahead, similar to the morning. 

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More dictation more typing, more
letters about business matters. 

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You understand, only 
peripherally At 5:00, you cover 

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your typewriter, collect your 
belongings and leave. 

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The streetcar home is more 
crowded than the morning ride 

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you stand again, press among 
other bodies, all moving in the 

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same direction. 
Tired workers shop girls, and 

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Clarks the collective. 
Fatigue is palpable, but not 

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oppressive. 
This is simply the end of the 

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work day. 
Back at your building, you climb

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the stairs, more slowly than you
descended them in the morning. 

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Your roommate is not yet home, 
you unlock the door step inside 

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and set down your handbag. 
Their apartment is quiet. 

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You remove your shoes and feel 
immediate relief. 

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Your feet ache in the familiar 
way they do after a day of 

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standing and walking. 
You have an hour before you need

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to think about dinner. 
You sit on your bed, leaning, 

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against the wall and pick up the
magazine. 

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You've been reading in pieces 
over the past week. 

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The Articles discuss fashion 
homemaking tips and serialized 

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fiction you read without deep 
concentration, allowing your 

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mind to rest. 
Outside the sounds of the city 

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continued, but here in this 
small room, there is temporary 

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Stillness. 
When your roommate returns you 

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discuss evening plans tonight, 
there's nothing scheduled. 

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You agree to prepare a simple 
meal together in the shared 

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kitchen, then perhaps attend. 
A moving picture at the 

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neighborhood theater. 
Or perhaps just stay in and read

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the decision. 
Can wait. 

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For now, you'll remain where you
are resting, letting the day 

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settle behind you. 
This is the shape of an ordinary

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weekday. 
It repeats with small, 

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variations different 
conversations, different meals, 

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different weather. 
But the essential pattern 

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remains you wait. 
Prepare work, eat return. 

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And rest. 
Within this structure, you make 

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small choices that feel 
significant. 

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Color of your lipstick, the 
route. 

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You walk. 
The magazine you purchase. 

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These choices are yours in a way
that feels different from how 

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your mother's life unfolded. 
Not dramatically different. 

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Quietly, noticeably, so your 
appearance requires daily 

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attention and a collection of 
skills. 

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You've acquired gradually 
Processes not mysterious or 

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difficult but it does demand 
time and consistently. 

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You've learned what works for 
your face, your hair, and your 

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body, and you follow these 
methods with the same 

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reliability, you bring to your 
work. 

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Hair Care begins with the cut 
itself. 

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You visit a beauty parlor, every
six weeks to maintain the shape.

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The establishment is a bright 
clean space with several chairs 

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arranged before large mirrors. 
You make an appointment for 

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Saturday morning. 
Arriving to find three other 

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women already seated in various 
stages of service. 

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The smell is chemical and floral
at once permanent wave solution 

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shampoo hair. 
Tonic and perfume. 

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Your stylist is a woman near 
your age who trained in the new 

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methods of cutting and shaping 
short hair. 

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She works quickly snipping and 
checking proportions, creating 

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the clothes, fit around your 
head, that modern style 

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requires. 
The entire process takes 30 

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minutes you pay at the front 
desk leaving with hair that will

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hold its shape for another 
several weeks with daily 

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maintenance. 
That maintenance happens. 

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Each morning and evening. 
You dampen your hair slightly 

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apply for made and commit into 
smooth waves against your skull.

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Some nights, you set it with 
pins and a net, creating more 

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defined waves for the following 
day. 

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The pins press against your 
scalp. 

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As you sleep, a minor 
discomfort. 

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You've grown used to in the 
morning. 

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You remove them carefully comb 
through and assess the result. 

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Usually satisfactory other 
women, you know, achieve 

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different effects, some prefer 
the tight marcelled waves 

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created with heated ions. 
We tried this once and found it 

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time-consuming and risky. 
The iron must be exactly the 

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right temperature to avoid 
singing. 

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The hair, you watched a friend 
burn, a small section near her 

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Temple and decided the sleeker 
simpler method, suited, you 

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00:12:10,300 --> 00:12:12,900
better. 
Cosmetics or a newer habit. 

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00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:17,000
Your mother wore minimal makeup.
Perhaps a dusting of powder for 

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special occasions. 
You wear it daily though. 

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00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:22,900
Not heavily The routine is 
standardized. 

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Now familiar enough that you can
complete it while your mind, 

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wanders to other topics face 
powder comes first, you open the

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compact. 
A small round case that fits in 

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your palm and use the attached 
puff to dust powder over your 

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nose cheeks and forehead. 
The shade is meant to be 

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slightly paler than your natural
skin. 

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Creating the smooth. 
Matte appearance, the current 

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fashion favors. 
You blend carefully avoiding 

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obvious lines. 
The powder reduces shine and 

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creates a base for the rest. 
Rouge is applied sparingly to 

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the apples of your cheeks. 
You use your fingertip warming, 

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00:12:59,100 --> 00:13:02,000
the cream between finger and 
thumb before patting it onto 

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your skin. 
The goal is a subtle flush. 

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00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:09,600
Not obvious color. 
You blend the edges until 

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00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:12,800
there's no clear line between 
rouged and unrug skin. 

234
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:17,200
Some women, you've seen apply 
rouge and dramatic circles or 

235
00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:20,000
streaks. 
You find this garish and prefer 

236
00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:24,200
restraint Lipstick is the 
element you most enjoy you own 

237
00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:26,900
three tubes and slightly 
different shades of red and 

238
00:13:26,908 --> 00:13:29,100
rows. 
You select based on your 

239
00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:32,500
clothing or your mood, the 
application requires a steady 

240
00:13:32,500 --> 00:13:37,000
hand, you outline, your lips, 
first, creating the bow shape, 

241
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,800
that fashion, currently prefers 
slightly exaggerated from your 

242
00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:44,300
natural lip line, then you fill 
in the color pressing your lips 

243
00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:45,800
together to distribute it 
evenly. 

244
00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:50,100
The finishes matte and stays in 
place reasonably well though, 

245
00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:53,600
you'll need to reapply after 
eating I make up his minimal for

246
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:56,200
daytime. 
You darken your lashes slightly 

247
00:13:56,200 --> 00:13:59,700
with a block of mascara wetting,
a small brush and running it 

248
00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:03,400
over the product before applying
it to your lashes. if the effect

249
00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:07,100
is subtle, For evening, you 
might add a touch of dark powder

250
00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:10,700
along your lash line to Define 
your eyes, but this is optional.

251
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:14,400
Your eyebrows are shaped with 
tweezers once a week plucked 

252
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:18,300
into a thinner more arched line 
than they grow naturally. the 

253
00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:21,900
process is uncomfortable, but 
brief Skin care happens at 

254
00:14:21,900 --> 00:14:25,800
night, you remove your makeup 
with Cold Cream massaging. 

255
00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:28,900
The thick substance over your 
face until the Cosmetics 

256
00:14:28,900 --> 00:14:32,700
dissolve, then wiping it away 
with a soft cloth, your skin 

257
00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:35,100
feels clean and slightly tight 
afterward. 

258
00:14:35,900 --> 00:14:38,500
You apply a light moisturizing 
cream before bed. 

259
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:42,500
This nightly removal is 
essential sleeping in makeup 

260
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:45,400
leads to clogged pores and 
blemishes problems. 

261
00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:49,400
You work to avoid Clothing 
maintenance is equally routine, 

262
00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,500
you hand wash stockings and 
undergarments in the bathroom 

263
00:14:52,500 --> 00:14:55,800
sink, every few days. 
Hanging them to dry on a line. 

264
00:14:55,808 --> 00:14:58,300
Strung near the radiator. 
Dresses. 

265
00:14:58,300 --> 00:15:00,700
Require less frequent washing 
but regular care. 

266
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:04,700
You check hems for loose 
threads, reinforced buttons and 

267
00:15:04,700 --> 00:15:09,000
brush away, dust and lint. 
Once a month, you take items 

268
00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:12,000
that need more thorough cleaning
to a laundry service to blocks 

269
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,700
away. 
They wash and press for a 

270
00:15:14,700 --> 00:15:18,500
reasonable fee, you owned six 
dresses, suitable for work. 

271
00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:23,000
Three skirts with a company 
blouses and two, nicer dresses 

272
00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,500
for evening wear. 
This is adequate. 

273
00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:29,600
You rotate through them allowing
each to wear between wearing's 

274
00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:33,000
your clothing, hangs on hooks 
and a small rod in the corner of

275
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:35,500
your room. 
You've learned to maximize 

276
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:39,900
limited space folding items that
can be folded and hanging items 

277
00:15:39,900 --> 00:15:43,600
that shouldn't be creased. 
Choose a practical Investments, 

278
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:48,100
you own three pairs, your 
everyday work, shoes with low 

279
00:15:48,100 --> 00:15:52,100
sturdy heals, a pair of house, 
slippers and one pair of lighter

280
00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:55,000
prettier shoes, for dancing or 
social occasions. 

281
00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:59,400
The work shoes show the most 
where you have them result when 

282
00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:02,800
necessary maintaining them 
because good shoes are expensive

283
00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:06,400
and your budget is limited. 
Undergarments have changed 

284
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:08,200
significantly from what your 
mother wore. 

285
00:16:08,900 --> 00:16:11,700
You owned several cotton 
combination suits, that replace 

286
00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:14,900
the separate pieces and boned 
corsets of previous decades. 

287
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,500
These all in one garments are 
comfortable and allow free 

288
00:16:18,500 --> 00:16:21,200
movement. 
You also own a few braziers, 

289
00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:25,000
soft cotton Affairs that 
flattened rather than enhance. 

290
00:16:25,900 --> 00:16:28,700
The current silhouette favors a 
straight boyish figure. 

291
00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:32,700
Your naturally slender which 
suits the fashion but some 

292
00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:35,200
women, you know, bind their 
breasts to achieve a flatter 

293
00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:37,800
line. 
You find this unnecessary for 

294
00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:42,600
yourself stocking or a constant 
expense and concerned, they're 

295
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:45,400
made of silk, or rayon delicate 
and prone to runs. 

296
00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:48,400
You roll them carefully each 
morning, checking for weak 

297
00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:52,300
spots, despite your care, they 
snag and tear, you men. 

298
00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:55,000
Small runs with a needle and 
thread that matches the stocking

299
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:57,000
color. 
But larger tears mean the 

300
00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:00,300
stockings are finished. 
You purchased new ones regularly

301
00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:02,500
choosing between affordability 
and quality. 

302
00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:07,200
Cheaper ones run faster. 
The better ones last longer but 

303
00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:10,000
cost more upfront. 
You found a middle ground that 

304
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:13,599
works for your budget. 
Perfume is a luxury but you 

305
00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:16,000
maintain a small bottle, you 
apply it. 

306
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:19,599
Sparingly a dab behind each ear 
at your wrists. 

307
00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:24,099
The center's light and floral it
fades within a few hours but 

308
00:17:24,099 --> 00:17:27,500
provides a pleasant awareness in
the morning. you wear it most 

309
00:17:27,500 --> 00:17:30,700
days, skipping only when you're 
low on funds or feeling 

310
00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:35,100
particularly practical Manicures
you do yourself sitting at the 

311
00:17:35,108 --> 00:17:37,000
vanity with your small kit of 
tools. 

312
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:41,300
You file, your nails, short and 
round, push back your cuticles 

313
00:17:41,300 --> 00:17:43,900
and buff the nail surface into 
it. 

314
00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:47,600
Shine, sometimes you apply a 
clear polish red polish is 

315
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:51,100
popular, but you save this for 
special occasions for daily, 

316
00:17:51,100 --> 00:17:53,900
wear clean shape, nails as 
efficient. 

317
00:17:54,700 --> 00:17:58,300
All of this upkeep the hair, the
Cosmetics, the clothing care 

318
00:17:58,300 --> 00:18:02,100
requires time, and money. 
You budget both carefully. 

319
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,800
And our in the morning, 30 
minutes in the evening and 

320
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:08,200
portions of your weekend are 
devoted to maintaining your 

321
00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:11,200
appearance. 
The expenses, factored into your

322
00:18:11,208 --> 00:18:16,500
weekly budget, alongside rent, 
food, and transportation. you 

323
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:20,200
accept this as part of Modern 
Life part of working in an 

324
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:23,400
office where appearance matters 
and part of participating in 

325
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:27,900
social life where presentation 
is noticed and judged The result

326
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:31,100
is an external self, that feels 
intentional and controlled. 

327
00:18:31,700 --> 00:18:34,100
You're not naturally glamorous 
but you are neat. 

328
00:18:34,700 --> 00:18:38,600
Current and appropriate. you 
look like the other young women 

329
00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:43,200
on the streetcar in the office 
and at the lunchroom, you fit 

330
00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:46,900
the time and place you inhabit. 
This matters in ways both 

331
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:50,600
practical and personal your 
appearance, open certain doors, 

332
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:54,700
allow certain assumptions, and 
grants you a kind of provisional

333
00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:57,700
belonging in spaces where women 
like you are still relatively 

334
00:18:57,700 --> 00:19:00,400
new. 
Your friendships form. 

335
00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:04,800
Primarily through shared 
circumstances, work the building

336
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:08,500
where you live and the places 
you regularly visit. these 

337
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,700
connections range from casual 
acquaintances to genuine 

338
00:19:11,700 --> 00:19:15,700
closeness with most falling 
somewhere in between The 

339
00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:18,400
structure of your life creates 
natural opportunities for 

340
00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:22,000
interaction and you've learned 
to recognize which relationships

341
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:25,100
might deepen and which will 
remain pleasantly surface. 

342
00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:30,300
Level, At the office you share 
space with 19, other women in 

343
00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:33,500
the stenography pool. 
You know, all their names, 

344
00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:37,000
recognize their habits and 
understand the informal 

345
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:38,500
hierarchies that govern the 
room. 

346
00:19:39,300 --> 00:19:42,600
Some are faster typists. 
Some of have been there longer 

347
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:45,500
and some are favored by 
particular managers. 

348
00:19:46,500 --> 00:19:49,700
You occupy a middle position 
competent. 

349
00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:54,400
Reliable neither exceptional, 
nor struggling three of these 

350
00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:55,900
women have. 
Become your regular lunch 

351
00:19:55,900 --> 00:19:59,000
companion's, you gravitate 
toward each other naturally, 

352
00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:02,500
leaving the building together at
noon, walking to the same 

353
00:20:02,500 --> 00:20:06,200
handful of restaurants in 
rotation, Conversation during 

354
00:20:06,200 --> 00:20:08,000
these meals is practical and 
Light. 

355
00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:12,700
You discuss work frustrations in
general terms, never mentioning 

356
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:16,800
specific managers by name you 
share information about sales at

357
00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:20,100
stores new products and changes 
in the neighborhood. 

358
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:23,900
One woman recently became 
engaged and sometimes talks 

359
00:20:23,900 --> 00:20:27,300
about her wedding plans. 
You listened offer appropriate, 

360
00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:30,100
responses and feel, neither 
envious, nor particularly 

361
00:20:30,100 --> 00:20:33,500
invested after work. 
These friendships, rarely 

362
00:20:33,500 --> 00:20:37,000
extended, he part of the office 
entrance heading in different 

363
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:38,500
directions to different 
neighborhoods. 

364
00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:42,200
On rare occasions, you might 
arrange to attend a moving 

365
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,600
picture together on a Saturday 
afternoon, but this requires 

366
00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:48,400
coordination and planning that 
often feels like more effort 

367
00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:51,600
than it's worth. 
Friendship is real but contained

368
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:55,200
within specific boundaries. 
Closer friendships exist with 

369
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,200
women in your building, your 
roommate is the most constant 

370
00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:01,600
presence in your daily life. 
You've shared this apartment for

371
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:06,700
14 months, you know, her habits,
her moods and her family 

372
00:21:06,700 --> 00:21:08,900
history. 
She knows yours. 

373
00:21:09,700 --> 00:21:13,500
You negotiate shared space with 
minimal conflict, having 

374
00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:16,800
established clear patterns, 
early on you, each have 

375
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:21,000
particular shelves, particular 
Hooks and particular times for 

376
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:25,100
bathing and dressing you split 
costs evenly and keep track of 

377
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:27,000
shared expenses in a small 
notebook. 

378
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:30,600
Your relationship is cooperative
rather than intimate. 

379
00:21:31,300 --> 00:21:33,700
You enjoy each other's company 
without depending on it. 

380
00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,600
Some evening's, you spent 
together talking while preparing

381
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:39,600
dinner or getting ready to go 
out? 

382
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:42,600
Other evening's you exist in 
parallel. 

383
00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:46,700
She reading on her bed while you
write letters at the desk, both 

384
00:21:46,700 --> 00:21:50,100
content in the shared silent. 
You trust her with your 

385
00:21:50,108 --> 00:21:52,700
belongings, your space, and your
basic privacy. 

386
00:21:52,700 --> 00:21:56,200
This trust is earned through 
consistent considerate, 

387
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,600
behavior, on both sides. 
Two other women in the building 

388
00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:02,800
of become regular friends, they 
share an apartment on the floor 

389
00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:05,400
below. 
Yours, both work, retail jobs, 

390
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:07,300
different stores and different 
schedules. 

391
00:22:07,300 --> 00:22:11,300
When you're free time aligns, 
you gather in one apartment or 

392
00:22:11,300 --> 00:22:15,000
the other, you play cards, 
sometimes simple games that 

393
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:18,400
require minimal concentration. 
You look through magazines 

394
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:23,300
together, discussing fashion and
celebrities with mild interest, 

395
00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:27,800
you practice new hairstyles on 
each other experimenting with 

396
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:32,100
techniques seen in photographs 
or suggested by beauty parlor 

397
00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:35,300
stylists. 
These gatherings are relaxed and

398
00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:38,100
unstructured. 
Someone might bring food to 

399
00:22:38,100 --> 00:22:40,300
share. 
We talk about your jobs about 

400
00:22:40,300 --> 00:22:43,700
families, back home, and about 
small dreams and practical 

401
00:22:43,700 --> 00:22:46,500
plans. 
One woman is saving money to 

402
00:22:46,500 --> 00:22:48,300
visit her sister in another 
state. 

403
00:22:49,100 --> 00:22:51,300
Another one wants to take a 
business course to improve her 

404
00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:53,700
employment. 
Prospects these goals and modest

405
00:22:53,700 --> 00:22:57,000
and achievable you discuss them 
seriously offering 

406
00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:59,100
encouragement. 
And practical suggestions. 

407
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,200
Through these friends, you've 
been introduced to other young 

408
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:05,400
women in similar circumstances. 
The network. 

409
00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:09,600
Expands gradually, connecting 
office workers and shock girls, 

410
00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:11,400
and telephone operators. 
Across the neighborhood. 

411
00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:15,400
You recognize many faces now 
when you're out walking. 

412
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:18,500
You exchanged, greetings and 
brief updates. 

413
00:23:19,300 --> 00:23:22,700
This web of loose connections, 
creates a sense of community 

414
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:24,800
without requiring deep 
commitment. 

415
00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:29,000
Dance halls provide another 
context for social interaction. 

416
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:32,700
You attend, perhaps twice a 
month sometimes with your 

417
00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:36,300
roommate, sometimes with the 
women from downstairs and 

418
00:23:36,300 --> 00:23:38,800
occasionally with the larger 
group assembled through various 

419
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:41,300
connections. 
The Halls are large bright 

420
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:44,100
spaces with live music and 
crowds of young people. 

421
00:23:44,100 --> 00:23:48,200
You pay a small admission fee at
the door and enter a room filled

422
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:52,100
with sound and movement. 
The dancing itself is energetic 

423
00:23:52,100 --> 00:23:56,300
but not wild, you know, the 
popular steps, the Charles the 

424
00:23:56,300 --> 00:24:00,400
black bottom various Fox trots. 
And two steps you learned by 

425
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:04,500
watching by practicing with 
friends and by simply joining in

426
00:24:04,500 --> 00:24:07,800
and picking up the path and some
dancers are skilled in 

427
00:24:07,808 --> 00:24:11,000
inventive. 
Most like you are competent 

428
00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:13,200
enough to participate without 
embarrassment. 

429
00:24:13,900 --> 00:24:17,800
Men, ask you to dance, you 
accept or decline based on quick

430
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:21,600
assessments, does he seem 
Pleasant sober and respectful? 

431
00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:26,000
Most dancers last for one song, 
then you return to your friends.

432
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:28,900
Occasionally a partner is 
interesting enough that you 

433
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:32,500
dance, several songs in 
succession conversation happens 

434
00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:36,600
between dances shouted over the 
music or spoken during brief 

435
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:38,800
pauses topics. 
Alight. 

436
00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:42,400
Where do you work? 
Where do you live and do you 

437
00:24:42,408 --> 00:24:45,300
come here, often? 
You exchange names? 

438
00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:49,000
Sometimes addresses? 
Most of these encounters lead 

439
00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:51,700
nowhere. 
Few have resulted in further 

440
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:56,000
invitations, to a moving picture
to dinner to another dance, 

441
00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:59,300
you've dated several men 
casually over the past two 

442
00:24:59,300 --> 00:25:02,200
years. 
The pattern is familiar, initial

443
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:06,200
meetings, a few planned outings,
perhaps some physical affection 

444
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:11,400
kissing hand holding Then either
a gradual fade or an explicit 

445
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:14,400
ending when one of you loses 
interest or circumstances 

446
00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:16,900
change. 
You're not looking for a husband

447
00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:19,900
urgently though, you don't rule 
out of ventral marriage. 

448
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:24,000
For now, these casual courtships
provide companionship and 

449
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:26,700
entertainment without demanding 
significant. 

450
00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:30,300
Emotional investment. 
Cafes and tea rooms offer 

451
00:25:30,300 --> 00:25:33,300
quieter. 
So social spaces, you visit 

452
00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:37,200
these alone sometimes bringing a
book or magazine content in your

453
00:25:37,208 --> 00:25:40,600
own company among other people 
Other times you meet friends 

454
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:43,600
there sitting at small tables 
for an hour or two in the 

455
00:25:43,608 --> 00:25:46,700
afternoon on weekends. 
You order teal coffee? 

456
00:25:46,700 --> 00:25:50,100
Sometimes a pastry, the 
atmosphere is calm and bright. 

457
00:25:50,900 --> 00:25:54,300
Conversation flows easily in 
these settings, covering 

458
00:25:54,300 --> 00:25:56,700
whatever comes to mind without 
pressure or urgency. 

459
00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:00,500
You've also joined a small 
ending library that operates out

460
00:26:00,500 --> 00:26:03,700
of a Bookshop to neighborhoods 
away for a monthly fee. 

461
00:26:03,700 --> 00:26:05,500
You can borrow books from their 
collection. 

462
00:26:05,500 --> 00:26:09,500
You visit every few weeks 
browsing the shelves, sometimes 

463
00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:12,500
asking the owner for 
recommendations other members 

464
00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:15,800
browse at the same time, you've 
struck up conversations with a 

465
00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:18,700
few of them discussing books, 
you've read and authors you 

466
00:26:18,708 --> 00:26:21,300
favor. 
One woman close to your age 

467
00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:24,800
suggested, you might enjoy a 
particular novel, you borrowed 

468
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:26,700
it. 
And later thanked her for the 

469
00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:30,500
recommendation, These brief 
fixed changes feel meaningful in

470
00:26:30,500 --> 00:26:33,800
their own small way. 
Your social life is neither 

471
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:37,500
isolated nor over Welling. 
You have people to talk to 

472
00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:42,100
places to go and activities that
fill your free time pleasantly. 

473
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:46,900
He also have Solitude when you 
want it privacy in your routines

474
00:26:46,900 --> 00:26:50,000
and space to think without 
constant Demand on your 

475
00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:53,300
attention. 
The balance feels, right? 

476
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:57,000
Most of the time, you're part of
a community of young women 

477
00:26:57,000 --> 00:27:00,500
navigating, similar 
circumstances, creating lives 

478
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:03,200
that include work and 
Independence and pleasure in 

479
00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:06,500
manageable proportions, rest 
happens in fragments throughout 

480
00:27:06,500 --> 00:27:09,800
your day, woven between activity
and obligation. 

481
00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:13,900
You've learned to recognize when
your body and mind need a pause 

482
00:27:13,900 --> 00:27:17,000
and you've developed small 
rituals that provide relief 

483
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,600
without requiring significant 
time or planning. 

484
00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:23,800
Sunday mornings your most 
expansive period of rest. 

485
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:28,000
You wake without an alarm 
allowing your body to determine 

486
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:32,300
when it's ready to rise. 
Usually, this happens between 8 

487
00:27:32,300 --> 00:27:35,000
and 9:00 later than your weekday
schedule. 

488
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:39,300
Permits, you remain embed after 
waking in the softness of the 

489
00:27:39,300 --> 00:27:42,200
sheets and pillow and the warmth
under your blanket. 

490
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:46,800
Outside the city, sound 
different on Sunday, if you are 

491
00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:49,800
automobiles no Factory whistles 
and church bells. 

492
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:53,100
Ringing in the distance. 
Your roommate typically waits 

493
00:27:53,100 --> 00:27:56,300
around the same time. 
You exchange quiet, greetings 

494
00:27:56,300 --> 00:27:59,600
discussing whether to rise 
immediately or linger a while 

495
00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:03,900
longer. 
Often you choose to linger lying

496
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:07,200
in your separate beds. 
Talking in a leisurely fashion 

497
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:09,800
about nothing. 
In particular, the conversation 

498
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:13,700
meanders without destination. 
You might mention a dream, you 

499
00:28:13,700 --> 00:28:16,200
had or comment on the quality of
light, coming through the 

500
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:18,500
window. 
She might share a memory from 

501
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:20,800
childhood or wonder aloud about 
the weather. 

502
00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:23,700
Eventually you rise and move 
through your morning 

503
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:26,700
preparations at a slower Pace 
than weekdays allow? 

504
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,800
You take a long bath, if the 
bathrooms available soaking in 

505
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:33,000
hot water until your skin is 
pink and soft. 

506
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:37,400
You wash your hair, wrap it in a
towel and return to your room to

507
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:40,600
dry it slowly. 
By the radiator you dress in 

508
00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:44,200
comfortable clothing. 
A simple skirt and blouse or 

509
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:46,700
sometimes loose, trousers, that 
you wear only at home. 

510
00:28:46,700 --> 00:28:50,300
No corset, no stockings. 
No restrictive elements. 

511
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,200
Breakfast on Sunday is more 
substantial. 

512
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:57,500
You might prepare eggs in the 
shared kitchen, toast bread, and

513
00:28:57,500 --> 00:29:00,600
Brew fresh coffee. 
You eat at the small table in 

514
00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:03,600
your room, reading the 
newspaper, or a magazine while 

515
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:08,200
you choose slowly, there is no 
rush, no schedule to keep the 

516
00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:10,700
morning can unfold at whatever 
Pace feels natural. 

517
00:29:11,500 --> 00:29:14,100
After breakfast, the day opens 
to various possibilities. 

518
00:29:14,100 --> 00:29:18,800
Sometimes you remain in your 
room reading for hours, you 

519
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:22,000
settle into the upholstered 
chair near the window feet, 

520
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:26,000
tucked under you book propped, 
on your knees, sunlight moves 

521
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:28,700
across the floor. 
As you read marking time, 

522
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:33,300
without urgency you finish 
chapters turn pages, lose 

523
00:29:33,300 --> 00:29:37,400
yourself in fictional worlds or 
learn about topics that interest

524
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:41,400
you. 
History biography, novels your 

525
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:44,400
tastes abroad. 
The reading is purely for 

526
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:47,100
pleasure. 
Requiring, nothing from you but 

527
00:29:47,100 --> 00:29:50,100
attention. 
Other Sundays, you venture out 

528
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:52,500
for walks? 
You dress more fully and leave 

529
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,300
the building with no particular 
destination in mind. 

530
00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:58,300
You walk through your 
neighborhood and into adjacent 

531
00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:02,000
ones, observing shop Windows 
watching people on their way to 

532
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:05,700
or from church and noticing 
seasonal changes in trees and 

533
00:30:05,700 --> 00:30:09,300
Gardens. 
The walking is meditative your 

534
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:12,200
mind free to wander while your 
body moves, steadily forward. 

535
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:15,700
You return home refreshed in a 
way that has nothing to do with 

536
00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:18,900
physical rest. 
Sometimes you visit a museum or 

537
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:21,900
gallery. 
Admission is often free or very 

538
00:30:21,900 --> 00:30:25,800
cheap on Sundays, you move 
through quiet rooms, looking at 

539
00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:29,600
paintings and artefacts reading 
explanatory cards. 

540
00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:34,400
The pace is entirely yours. 
You can stand before a single 

541
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:37,700
painting for 10 minutes, if it 
holds your interest or pass 

542
00:30:37,700 --> 00:30:40,200
through rooms quickly, if 
nothing catches your attention, 

543
00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:44,900
The experience is solitary. 
Even when others are present, 

544
00:30:44,900 --> 00:30:49,000
each person of absorbed in their
own observational, during the 

545
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:53,000
work week, rest comes in smaller
increments, your lunch. 

546
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:55,400
Hour provides a midday break 
though. 

547
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:58,600
You usually spend it eating and 
socializing rather than truly 

548
00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:01,400
resting? 
The real respite comes in the 

549
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:04,200
evening after dinner, when 
you've completed your necessary 

550
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:07,200
tasks and can choose how to 
spend the remaining hours before

551
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:10,100
bed. 
Some evenings, you simply sit, 

552
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:13,600
you position yourself 
comfortably, perhaps on your bed

553
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:16,700
with pillows, supporting your 
back and allow yourself to do 

554
00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:20,100
nothing in particular. 
You might look out the window 

555
00:31:20,100 --> 00:31:23,800
watching the street below, you 
might close your eyes and listen

556
00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:27,700
to the sounds of the building. 
Footsteps and the hallway, water

557
00:31:27,700 --> 00:31:30,700
running in pipes, and muffled 
voices, from neighboring 

558
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:33,900
Apartments. 
This deliberate Stillness feels 

559
00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:36,900
restorative after a day of 
constant movement and noise 

560
00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:40,300
reading in the evening serves a 
different purpose than Sunday 

561
00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:42,400
reading. 
The evening session is 

562
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:46,100
short-term often interrupted by 
the need to prepare for bed or 

563
00:31:46,100 --> 00:31:47,800
by your roommate, wanting to 
talk. 

564
00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:53,400
You read light of material, 
sometimes Magazine's serialized 

565
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:57,700
stories and simple novels that. 
Don't demand deep concentration,

566
00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:02,100
The reading soothes, you 
occupying, your mind just enough

567
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:05,500
to prevent anxious thoughts from
circulating while not 

568
00:32:05,500 --> 00:32:07,000
stimulating you into 
wakefulness. 

569
00:32:08,500 --> 00:32:10,700
You've also developed to have a 
habit of writing letters in the 

570
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:13,000
evening. 
You may maintain correspondents 

571
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:15,700
with your mother two sisters and
a few friends from your home 

572
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:19,300
town. 
The writing is meditative You 

573
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:22,800
sit at the small desk Pen in 
Hand, describing your weakened 

574
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:26,900
simple terms, you ask questions 
about their lives, share small 

575
00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:30,400
observations about City Life and
maintain connections across 

576
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:33,200
distance. 
The act of forming words on 

577
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:37,300
paper Watching Ink flow from the
pen tip feels calming. 

578
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,100
You're not trying to be clever 
or impressive. 

579
00:32:40,100 --> 00:32:43,400
You're simply recording your 
existence and acknowledging 

580
00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:46,200
theirs. 
When weather permits you 

581
00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:48,900
sometimes sit on the buildings, 
front steps in the evening, 

582
00:32:48,900 --> 00:32:53,300
others, do the same. 
You exchanged, greetings comment

583
00:32:53,300 --> 00:32:56,500
on the temperature and watch 
people passing on the sidewalk. 

584
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:01,600
These interactions are brief and
under demanding, your present, 

585
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:05,000
without being required to engage
deeply, the fresh air, and 

586
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:07,500
change of scenery from your room
provide refreshment. 

587
00:33:08,500 --> 00:33:10,900
Weekday afternoons, 
occasionally, offer unexpected 

588
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:14,200
moments of rest. 
If work is slow, you might have 

589
00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:16,200
periods of waiting between 
assignments. 

590
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,300
You sit at your desk hands 
folded, allowing your mind to 

591
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:22,600
drift. 
You look around the office 

592
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:27,600
noting small details, a crack in
the ceiling Place, sunlight 

593
00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:30,200
angles Through the Windows. 
And the particular rhythm of 

594
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:34,400
your co-workers typing, These 
moments are brief but valuable 

595
00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,000
small pauses in the days. 
Momentum. 

596
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:41,900
Saturday afternoons after 
completing necessary, errands 

597
00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:45,100
and chores sometimes. 
Open into longer rest periods. 

598
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:49,400
You return to your room tasks 
completed with several hours of 

599
00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:52,600
freedom. 
You might nap lying down fully 

600
00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:55,500
clothed on your bed. 
Sinking into brief sleep. 

601
00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:59,900
You wake feeling slightly 
disoriented but refreshed, ready

602
00:33:59,900 --> 00:34:01,700
to move into the evening's 
activities. 

603
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:06,200
Rest all, so comes through 
monotonous, physical tasks that 

604
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:11,000
don't require mental engagement.
Mending clothes, washing dishes 

605
00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:13,699
and organizing your small 
collection of belongings. 

606
00:34:13,699 --> 00:34:17,600
These activities allow your mind
to wander while your hands stay 

607
00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:20,199
occupied. 
The repetitive motions are 

608
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:23,100
soothing, you find yourself 
thinking about nothing in 

609
00:34:23,100 --> 00:34:26,600
particular or following long 
chains of Association from one 

610
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:29,199
thought to another without 
purpose or conclusion. 

611
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:32,600
You've learned to distinguish 
between tiredness that require 

612
00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:37,500
sleep and tiredness that 
requires only Stillness. the 

613
00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:40,199
first demands that you go to bed
and surrender to 

614
00:34:40,199 --> 00:34:44,900
unconsciousness, and can be 
addressed by sitting quietly by 

615
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,699
slowing down and by giving 
yourself permission to do less. 

616
00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:53,800
You honor both types responding 
to what your body and mind seem 

617
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:56,500
to need. 
Your relationship with food is 

618
00:34:56,500 --> 00:35:00,000
practical and routine. 
You eat to sustain yourself. 

619
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:04,000
Choosing items that are 
affordable, convenient and 

620
00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:07,100
reasonably, satisfying cooking 
is a skill. 

621
00:35:07,100 --> 00:35:08,900
You possess but don't 
particularly enjoy. 

622
00:35:08,900 --> 00:35:11,900
So you minimize the time and 
effort, it requires while still 

623
00:35:11,900 --> 00:35:15,600
ensuring you eat adequately. 
Breakfast, is the meal you most 

624
00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:17,900
often. 
Prepare yourself in the shared 

625
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:20,300
kitchen of your building. 
You make toast over the small 

626
00:35:20,300 --> 00:35:23,000
gas stove. 
Butter, it while it's still warm

627
00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:25,800
and eat it standing by the 
window with a cup of tea. 

628
00:35:26,900 --> 00:35:30,100
Sometimes you add an egg fried 
in a small pan with a bit of 

629
00:35:30,108 --> 00:35:32,900
butter. 
The egg requires attention, but 

630
00:35:32,900 --> 00:35:36,100
Cooks quickly. 
You slide it onto your toast and

631
00:35:36,100 --> 00:35:39,200
eat the combination with a fork.
Washing your plate immediately 

632
00:35:39,200 --> 00:35:42,000
afterwards to avoid leaving 
dishes in the shared space. 

633
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:45,400
On mornings when you're running 
late or feel particularly 

634
00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:48,400
unmotivated you skip cooking 
entirely. 

635
00:35:49,300 --> 00:35:51,700
You grab a piece of fruit from 
the bowl, you keep on your 

636
00:35:51,700 --> 00:35:54,700
windowsill and buy coffee from 
the cart near your office 

637
00:35:54,700 --> 00:35:57,200
building. 
The vendor knows your face. 

638
00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:01,300
If not your name hand, you the 
cup efficiently and takes your 

639
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:03,500
coin's. 
You drink the coffee. 

640
00:36:03,500 --> 00:36:07,200
While walking, the final block 
to work disposing of the cup in 

641
00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,500
a bin near the entrance. 
Lunch during the work week 

642
00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:13,000
happens, at one of several 
establishments near your office.

643
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:16,800
The lunchroom you visit most 
frequently, serve simple filling

644
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:20,800
food quickly. 
The menu rarely changes, soup 

645
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:25,200
sandwiches, basic salads and 
daily specials announced on the 

646
00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:27,800
chalkboard. 
You typically order soup and 

647
00:36:27,808 --> 00:36:31,100
half a sandwich, a combination 
that satisfies without making 

648
00:36:31,100 --> 00:36:33,000
you feel heavy for the 
afternoon's work. 

649
00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:37,100
The soup is usually 
vegetable-based warm and salty 

650
00:36:37,100 --> 00:36:39,700
served in a wide bowl with 
crackers. 

651
00:36:39,700 --> 00:36:44,100
On the side, the sand, which is 
reliable sliced, chicken or ham 

652
00:36:44,100 --> 00:36:45,900
or cheese between soft white 
bread. 

653
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:50,500
You eat efficiently, finishing 
your meal in 20 minutes, leaving

654
00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:54,600
time to relax briefly before 
returning to the office. to 

655
00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:58,000
order with your meal is served 
in a thick ceramic cup, hot and 

656
00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:02,400
slightly bitter, you add milk 
and sugar stirring with small 

657
00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:06,200
spoon, The warmth of the cup in 
your hands is comforting, 

658
00:37:06,200 --> 00:37:10,400
especially on cold days. 
Other lunch options include a 

659
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,700
cafeteria style restaurant, 
where you select items from a 

660
00:37:13,700 --> 00:37:16,100
display case and carry your 
trade to a table. 

661
00:37:16,100 --> 00:37:20,800
This offers more variety but 
takes slightly longer You chose 

662
00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:25,200
items that look, fresh a serving
of green beans, mashed potatoes 

663
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:29,100
and a slice of meatloaf. 
The quality is inconsistent, but

664
00:37:29,100 --> 00:37:32,300
generally acceptable. 
Everything is mild and well, 

665
00:37:32,300 --> 00:37:35,300
cooked designed to appeal to 
many people without offending. 

666
00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:38,100
Anyone on Saturdays. 
When you're out, running 

667
00:37:38,100 --> 00:37:40,800
errands, you sometimes stop at a
drugstore lunch counter. 

668
00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:45,400
You sit on a round stool at the 
long counter, your handbag on 

669
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:48,200
your lap or hung on the hook 
beneath the counters Edge. 

670
00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:52,700
A server takes your order often,
a chicken, salad sandwich, and a

671
00:37:52,700 --> 00:37:57,100
glass of milk and delivers it 
quickly. you eat while observing

672
00:37:57,100 --> 00:38:01,000
the other patrons, the rhythm of
the staff and the orderly flow 

673
00:38:01,000 --> 00:38:05,300
of this small commercial space 
Dinner varies more depending on 

674
00:38:05,308 --> 00:38:09,500
your energy and plans on nights 
when you're staying in you and 

675
00:38:09,500 --> 00:38:11,700
your roommate often. 
Prepare a simple meal together 

676
00:38:11,700 --> 00:38:15,300
in the shared kitchen. 
You pull ingredients splitting 

677
00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:19,100
the cost pasta with tomato sauce
appears frequently on your menu.

678
00:38:20,100 --> 00:38:22,800
The pasta cooks and boiling 
water while you heat the sauce. 

679
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:26,100
And another pan adding a bit of 
butter to improve the flavor, 

680
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:30,000
you serve it and shallow bowls, 
eating in your room with the 

681
00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:32,200
bulls balance on your laps 
other. 

682
00:38:32,200 --> 00:38:34,500
Common, dinners include 
scrambled eggs with toast, 

683
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:38,700
canned soup, heated and eaten 
with bread or cold plate of 

684
00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:40,700
cheese crackers, and sliced 
vegetables. 

685
00:38:41,900 --> 00:38:44,800
These meals require minimal 
cooking skill and clean up. 

686
00:38:44,800 --> 00:38:48,500
They provide adequate nutrition 
without demanding significant 

687
00:38:48,500 --> 00:38:51,600
time or money. 
You've accepted that your meals 

688
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:54,100
are more functional than 
enjoyable, a reasonable 

689
00:38:54,100 --> 00:38:56,900
compromise, giving your limited 
resources and cooking 

690
00:38:56,900 --> 00:39:00,500
facilities, When you eat at 
restaurants in the evening, the 

691
00:39:00,500 --> 00:39:04,500
choices, expand a modest, 
family, run establishment, two 

692
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:05,600
blocks from your building 
serves. 

693
00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:09,800
Hearty portions of American 
food, roasted chicken pot, roast

694
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:13,400
and pork chops accompanied by 
potatoes, and cooked vegetables,

695
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:17,100
you order the meal of the day. 
Whatever is available, trusting.

696
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:20,200
It will be filling and decent. 
The restaurant is warm and 

697
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,400
slightly noisy with families and
working people filling the 

698
00:39:23,408 --> 00:39:26,100
tables. 
You eat steadily, cleaning your 

699
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:28,500
plates, feeling Satisfied by the
end. 

700
00:39:29,300 --> 00:39:31,800
Chinese restaurants have become 
popular in your neighborhood. 

701
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:36,000
You've eaten at one several 
times initially uncertain about 

702
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,300
the unfamiliar flavors but 
growing to enjoy them. 

703
00:39:38,300 --> 00:39:42,500
You order Chop Suey, a mix of 
vegetables and meat in a savory 

704
00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:46,000
sauce served over rice. 
The food is different from what 

705
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:49,000
you grew up eating but not so 
strange that you can't enjoy it.

706
00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:53,000
Use a fork rather than a 
tempting, Chopsticks, which feel

707
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:56,700
awkward and inefficient in your 
hands on special occasions. 

708
00:39:56,700 --> 00:39:58,600
You might splurge on a nice 
restaurant. 

709
00:39:59,500 --> 00:40:02,500
These evening's happening 
frequently, perhaps once every 

710
00:40:02,500 --> 00:40:05,600
few months, when you've saved a 
bit extra, when someone is 

711
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:08,800
celebrating something, the 
restaurants have tablecloths and

712
00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:11,400
proper menus and servers who 
take your order formally. 

713
00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:14,600
You might order fish or steak 
items. 

714
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:18,400
You rarely buy to cook yourself.
The presentation is more 

715
00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:21,300
careful, the portions more 
modest but better prepared. 

716
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:25,900
You eat slowly aware of the 
money being spent wanting to 

717
00:40:25,900 --> 00:40:30,200
fully appreciate the experience.
Suites are occasional treats 

718
00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:34,100
rather than daily habits. 
You buy a pastry from a bakery 

719
00:40:34,100 --> 00:40:37,500
on Saturday morning, sometimes 
eating it fresh while walking 

720
00:40:37,500 --> 00:40:41,200
home with your other purchases. 
The bakery sells cookies, small 

721
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:45,100
cakes and sweet rolls. 
You choose based on what looks 

722
00:40:45,100 --> 00:40:48,000
appealing paying for a single 
item rather than buying in 

723
00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:52,400
quantity. pastry is gone in a 
few bites but the momentary 

724
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:56,500
pleasure justifies, the small 
expense Ice cream in summer. 

725
00:40:56,500 --> 00:40:59,800
Is another Indulgence. 
You buy a cone from a vendor or 

726
00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:02,300
a small parlor. 
Eating it while sitting on a 

727
00:41:02,300 --> 00:41:05,800
bench and nearby park. 
The cold sweetness is 

728
00:41:05,800 --> 00:41:10,200
particularly satisfying on hot. 
Evenings you watch it melts like

729
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:13,800
licking it quickly to prevent 
drips finishing it before. 

730
00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:16,700
It becomes messy. 
Your beverage choices are 

731
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:19,000
limited and predictable, you 
drink tea. 

732
00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:21,700
Most often both at home and in 
restaurants. 

733
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:25,200
Coffee occasionally usually in 
the morning when you need 

734
00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:28,800
something stronger than tea, 
water from the tap when you're 

735
00:41:28,800 --> 00:41:30,200
thirsty and nothing else is 
available. 

736
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:34,800
Milk sometimes with breakfast or
lunch, you rarely drink alcohol,

737
00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:38,100
finding it expensive and 
unnecessary for your daily life.

738
00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:42,000
That social Gatherings, you 
might accept a glass of wine or 

739
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:45,700
a cocktail if offered sipping it
slowly to make it last but you 

740
00:41:45,700 --> 00:41:49,800
never seek it out independently.
Grocery shopping happens weekly,

741
00:41:49,800 --> 00:41:53,100
you visit a market several 
blocks from your building 

742
00:41:53,100 --> 00:41:55,100
carrying a cloth bag for your 
purchases. 

743
00:41:55,100 --> 00:42:01,800
You buy Basics bread but butter 
eggs tea, sugar canned, goods, 

744
00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:05,900
seasonal vegetables, and 
occasionally inexpensive cuts of

745
00:42:05,908 --> 00:42:08,200
meat. 
You've learned to judge quality 

746
00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:12,600
to Select Produce that's fresh 
but not premium price and to 

747
00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:16,700
Compare costs between similar 
items. your budget for food is 

748
00:42:16,700 --> 00:42:21,400
tight, so these decisions matter
You store perishables in the 

749
00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:23,100
small ice box in the shared 
kitchen. 

750
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:26,300
Laboring your items with your 
apartment number to prevent 

751
00:42:26,300 --> 00:42:29,400
confusion. 
Non-perishables you keep in your

752
00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:32,600
room on a shelf, designated for 
food items. 

753
00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:36,900
You maintain a mental inventory 
noting when supplies were unload

754
00:42:36,900 --> 00:42:38,500
and adding items to your 
shopping list. 

755
00:42:39,500 --> 00:42:42,800
Eating alone is common for you, 
you've grown comfortable with it

756
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:46,800
finding it, neither sad, nor 
particularly notable you eat at 

757
00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:48,700
your own pace. 
Reading, while you chew, 

758
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:52,600
thinking your own thoughts. 
Shared meals happen, frequently,

759
00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:56,400
enough lunch with co-workers, 
dinner, with your roommate. 

760
00:42:56,400 --> 00:43:00,300
Occasional restaurant outings 
with friends that solitary 

761
00:43:00,300 --> 00:43:03,600
eating feels like a normal 
variation rather than a lack. 

762
00:43:04,500 --> 00:43:08,000
The rhythm of regular meals 
structures, your days breakfast,

763
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:11,300
lunch and dinner. 
These fixed points, provides 

764
00:43:11,300 --> 00:43:14,900
stability and predictability. 
You rarely skip meals, 

765
00:43:14,900 --> 00:43:18,300
understanding that consistent, 
eating maintains your energy for

766
00:43:18,300 --> 00:43:22,500
work and other activities. 
Food is fuel necessary and 

767
00:43:22,500 --> 00:43:25,600
mostly unremarkable. 
But also occasionally Pleasant. 

768
00:43:26,500 --> 00:43:30,200
Source of small satisfactions 
woven into the larger pattern of

769
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:32,800
your life. 
Evening's open differently 

770
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:34,300
depending on the day in your 
energy. 

771
00:43:35,300 --> 00:43:37,900
The time between finishing 
dinner and preparing for bed 

772
00:43:37,900 --> 00:43:41,100
Rangers from one hour to four 
and you've learned to fill it. 

773
00:43:41,100 --> 00:43:44,300
In ways that feel restorative 
and enjoyable without requiring 

774
00:43:44,300 --> 00:43:48,500
elaborate planning or expense 
The simplest evening's involve 

775
00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:51,500
staying in your apartment. 
You settle in to comfortable 

776
00:43:51,500 --> 00:43:53,100
clothes, off to remove your 
work. 

777
00:43:53,100 --> 00:43:58,100
Attire changing into a warn 
skirt and soft, blows or when 

778
00:43:58,100 --> 00:44:01,700
you're certain of not receiving,
visitors loose, trousers, and a 

779
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:04,800
cotton shirt. 
You remove your shoes, which 

780
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:07,800
provides immediate relief after 
a day of walking and standing 

781
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:11,000
your feet spread naturally 
against the floor, muscles 

782
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:13,400
relaxing. 
You and your roommate might 

783
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:16,300
spend the evening in 
companionable parallel activity.

784
00:44:17,100 --> 00:44:19,900
She sits on her bed writing 
letters while you sit at the 

785
00:44:19,900 --> 00:44:21,200
desk. 
Leafing through a magazine 

786
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:25,600
neither of you feels obligated 
to entertain the other The 

787
00:44:25,600 --> 00:44:29,000
shared silence is comfortable 
broken, occasionally by brief 

788
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:32,600
comments or questions. 
Sometimes you read aloud, short 

789
00:44:32,600 --> 00:44:36,200
passages, that amuse or interest
you she responds or doesn't 

790
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:40,200
depending on her mood? 
This unstructured, time feels 

791
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:42,500
valuable precisely because it 
demands nothing. 

792
00:44:43,300 --> 00:44:45,800
Radio programs have become part 
of your evening routine. 

793
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:49,400
Several nights a week, your 
building doesn't have radios in 

794
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:52,400
individual apartment's, but the 
couple on the second floor, 

795
00:44:52,400 --> 00:44:55,300
invites neighbors to gather in 
their larger room when popular 

796
00:44:55,300 --> 00:44:58,500
programs are You and your 
roommate go down together, 

797
00:44:58,500 --> 00:45:02,900
joining six or eight, other 
residents, arranged on chairs 

798
00:45:02,900 --> 00:45:05,000
and floor. 
Cushions around the radio set, 

799
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:08,700
the voices coming from the 
speaker, create a peculiar sense

800
00:45:08,700 --> 00:45:10,300
of connection to the wider 
world. 

801
00:45:11,300 --> 00:45:14,300
You listen to music programs, 
comedy shows and dramatic 

802
00:45:14,300 --> 00:45:17,700
cereals. 
The experiences communal but not

803
00:45:17,700 --> 00:45:21,600
interactive everyone. 
Focuses on the radio listening 

804
00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:24,600
together, occasionally laughing 
at the same moments. 

805
00:45:25,300 --> 00:45:27,900
When the program ends people 
dispersed back to their own 

806
00:45:27,900 --> 00:45:30,000
apartments with minimal 
conversation. 

807
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:33,400
You've come for the program. 
Not for socializing though. 

808
00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:37,400
The Gathering provides both. 
Moving pictures are your most 

809
00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:39,900
frequent evening, outing the 
neighborhood. 

810
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:42,200
Theaters a 12 minute walk from 
your building. 

811
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:46,800
It shows films six nights a 
week, changing the program three

812
00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:50,500
times weekly. 
Admission is Affordable enough 

813
00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:53,000
that you can attend weekly 
without straining your budget. 

814
00:45:53,800 --> 00:45:57,500
You go alone, sometimes with 
your roommate other times and 

815
00:45:57,500 --> 00:45:59,300
occasionally with a larger group
of friends. 

816
00:46:00,300 --> 00:46:03,900
The theater's a large or Nate 
space dim except for the 

817
00:46:03,900 --> 00:46:06,600
illuminated screen, you purchase
your ticket. 

818
00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:09,800
Find a seat in the middle rows 
and settle in as the lights dim 

819
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:12,700
further. 
The piano player begins and 

820
00:46:12,700 --> 00:46:14,400
images flicker to life on the 
screen. 

821
00:46:15,300 --> 00:46:18,500
You watch Cowboys and comedians 
romances and Adventures. 

822
00:46:18,500 --> 00:46:22,600
The plots are often simple, but 
the experience is immersive. 

823
00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:27,400
For 90 minutes, your transported
from your ordinary life into 

824
00:46:27,400 --> 00:46:30,800
these fictional worlds. 
Between films. 

825
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:34,200
You might stop at a nearby ice 
cream parlor or coffee shop with

826
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:38,000
whoever you've attended with you
discuss the picture you just saw

827
00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:40,400
and share opinions about the 
actors and story. 

828
00:46:41,100 --> 00:46:44,700
The conversation is light and 
pleasant extending the evening 

829
00:46:44,700 --> 00:46:46,700
slightly before everyone returns
home. 

830
00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:49,800
Dance halls off a lively evening
entertainment. 

831
00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:54,000
You attend less frequently than 
moving pictures, perhaps, twice 

832
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,700
a month. 
The atmosphere is energetic and 

833
00:46:56,700 --> 00:46:59,800
social. 
Live bands, play current popular

834
00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:03,500
music, and the floors fill with 
couples and groups learning and 

835
00:47:03,500 --> 00:47:05,400
Performing the latest dance 
steps. 

836
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:08,900
You dance, some numbers, sit 
out, others and talk with 

837
00:47:08,900 --> 00:47:12,900
friends between songs. the 
dancing itself is physical and 

838
00:47:12,900 --> 00:47:16,000
requires coordination, but 
you've practiced enough that the

839
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:19,500
movements come naturally You 
follow your partner's lead 

840
00:47:19,500 --> 00:47:22,200
stepping, and turning in rhythm 
with the music. 

841
00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:26,900
Some partners are skilled, 
making the dance, smooth and 

842
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:30,200
enjoyable. 
Others, a clumsy stepping on 

843
00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:32,900
your feet or losing the Rhythm 
you smile. 

844
00:47:32,900 --> 00:47:34,900
Politely through both 
experiences. 

845
00:47:34,900 --> 00:47:39,200
Knowing the dance will end soon.
Regardless, Between dance. 

846
00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:42,000
Is you cool down? 
Fanning yourself with your hand 

847
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:43,800
or stepping outside for fresh 
air? 

848
00:47:44,500 --> 00:47:47,300
The holes can become warm with 
the Press of bodies and the 

849
00:47:47,300 --> 00:47:51,100
exertion of dancing. 
Outside small groups gather on 

850
00:47:51,108 --> 00:47:52,800
the sidewalk talking and 
laughing. 

851
00:47:53,700 --> 00:47:56,900
You join a cluster of 
acquaintances participating in 

852
00:47:56,900 --> 00:47:58,900
the conversation without 
dominating it. 

853
00:47:59,700 --> 00:48:04,200
Topics are trivial comments 
about other dancers observations

854
00:48:04,200 --> 00:48:06,700
about the band and plans for the
rest of the weekend. 

855
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:10,000
Quiet a social Gatherings happen
in Trends Apartments. 

856
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:13,900
You attend small parties were 
six or 10 people crowd into 

857
00:48:13,900 --> 00:48:17,500
spaces, similar to your own. 
Someone might bring a phonograph

858
00:48:17,500 --> 00:48:20,000
and records and you play music 
while talking. 

859
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,600
People perch on beds sit on the 
floor and lean against walls. 

860
00:48:24,600 --> 00:48:27,200
The atmosphere is relaxed and 
informal. 

861
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,700
You know, most of the people 
present at least slightly and 

862
00:48:30,700 --> 00:48:33,700
conversation flows naturally 
across multiple small groups. 

863
00:48:34,500 --> 00:48:37,400
These gatherings sometimes 
include light Refreshments 

864
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:42,500
cookies, someone bake to fruit 
and crackers and cheese. 

865
00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:46,700
You nibble, while talking 
holding a small plate, there's 

866
00:48:46,700 --> 00:48:48,800
no pressure to drink alcohol, 
though. 

867
00:48:48,800 --> 00:48:50,700
Some people bring bottles and 
shared drinks. 

868
00:48:51,500 --> 00:48:54,400
You accept a small glass, if 
offered but nurses slowly 

869
00:48:54,400 --> 00:48:58,100
preferring to stay clear-headed.
Occasionally you attend 

870
00:48:58,100 --> 00:49:00,700
organised. 
Social events lectures are to 

871
00:49:00,700 --> 00:49:04,400
local library, concerts in 
public parks during summer and 

872
00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:06,000
Community. 
Gatherings at neighborhood. 

873
00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:08,700
Centers. 
These structured events provide 

874
00:49:08,700 --> 00:49:11,500
something to do outside your 
apartment without requiring 

875
00:49:11,500 --> 00:49:13,600
significant expense or 
commitment. 

876
00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:17,900
You sit among strangers, 
listening to a speaker discuss a

877
00:49:17,900 --> 00:49:20,900
topic of general interest or 
watching performers on a 

878
00:49:20,908 --> 00:49:23,800
makeshift stage. 
The quality varies. 

879
00:49:23,800 --> 00:49:28,300
But the novelty itself has value
walking is another form of 

880
00:49:28,300 --> 00:49:30,500
evening leisure. 
You stroll through your 

881
00:49:30,500 --> 00:49:33,300
neighborhood and Beyond 
observing the city as it 

882
00:49:33,300 --> 00:49:36,100
transitions from day to night. 
Shop. 

883
00:49:36,100 --> 00:49:39,300
Windows light up. 
Street lamps, cast, pools of 

884
00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:42,600
Illumination and restaurants, 
fill with dinner, patrons. 

885
00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:46,900
You walk without destination 
turning down streets that 

886
00:49:46,900 --> 00:49:51,000
interests you pausing to look at
window displays or watch Street 

887
00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:54,800
musicians perform. sometimes you
walk with a companion, 

888
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:59,600
maintaining a steady Pace while 
talking Other times you walk 

889
00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:01,900
alone content in your own 
thoughts. 

890
00:50:03,100 --> 00:50:06,900
The city at night, feels 
different from daytime quieter. 

891
00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:11,200
In some ways Lively are in 
others, you feel safe enough in 

892
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:14,300
the areas, you know, staying on 
well, lit populated streets. 

893
00:50:14,300 --> 00:50:17,400
Remaining alert to your 
surroundings without feeling 

894
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:20,300
anxious. 
Reading continues into the 

895
00:50:20,300 --> 00:50:23,300
evening often. 
Becoming your final activity 

896
00:50:23,300 --> 00:50:27,300
before bed preparation, you 
return to whatever book you're 

897
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:30,600
currently absorbed in settling 
into a comfortable position with

898
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:33,400
good light. 
Your reading tastes includes 

899
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:37,600
novels biographies. 
And popular non-fiction, you 

900
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:40,500
progress through books. 
Steadily finishing one every 

901
00:50:40,500 --> 00:50:44,600
week or two borrowing, new ones 
from the lending library or 

902
00:50:44,600 --> 00:50:47,400
occasionally, purchasing 
inexpensive Editions. 

903
00:50:48,600 --> 00:50:50,400
Letter writing, fill some 
evenings. 

904
00:50:50,400 --> 00:50:53,700
You maintain regular 
correspondence with family and a

905
00:50:53,700 --> 00:50:56,900
few distant friends. 
The writing is neither a churn 

906
00:50:56,900 --> 00:50:59,800
or a passionate Pursuit. the 
pleasant way to maintain 

907
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:03,900
connections, while occupying 
your hands and mine and You 

908
00:51:03,900 --> 00:51:06,400
describe your weak and 
straightforward terms, ask 

909
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:10,400
questions about their lives and 
share observations about City 

910
00:51:10,400 --> 00:51:11,700
living. 
That might interest them. 

911
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:14,600
They completed letters. 
Wait in your room and you can 

912
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:18,100
mail them on your way to work. 
Some evening's, you simply 

913
00:51:18,100 --> 00:51:20,900
prepare for the next day? 
You lay out your clothes 

914
00:51:20,900 --> 00:51:22,800
clothing. 
Checking for necessary, repairs 

915
00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:25,000
or cleaning. 
You review your schedule, 

916
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:27,300
confirming appointments or 
plans. 

917
00:51:27,300 --> 00:51:29,800
You prepare your lunch. 
If you're bringing one from 

918
00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:33,900
home, wrapping sandwiches and 
wax paper and storing them in 

919
00:51:33,900 --> 00:51:37,400
the icebox. 
These practical tasks, provide a

920
00:51:37,408 --> 00:51:40,900
sense of control and Readiness, 
allowing you to sleep without 

921
00:51:40,900 --> 00:51:44,100
worrying about the morning. 
By 9 or 10:00, you're usually 

922
00:51:44,100 --> 00:51:48,000
ready to begin winding down 
evening's, don't extend late on 

923
00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:50,600
work nights. 
You need adequate sleep to 

924
00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:52,700
function. 
Well the next day and you've 

925
00:51:52,700 --> 00:51:55,800
learned to prioritize rest over 
extended socializing. 

926
00:51:56,700 --> 00:52:00,100
We can evenings might stretch 
later but even then you rarely 

927
00:52:00,100 --> 00:52:03,700
stay out past midnight. 
The life, you're living requires

928
00:52:03,700 --> 00:52:07,300
energy and alertness and you 
protect your capacity for both 

929
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:11,000
the transition from evening 
activity to sleep, follows a 

930
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:13,800
sequence. 
You've refined over time, each 

931
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:17,500
step prepares your body and mind
for rest creating a ritual that 

932
00:52:17,508 --> 00:52:21,300
signals the Days end. 
You Begin by removing your 

933
00:52:21,300 --> 00:52:24,100
clothing. 
If you've been out, you hang 

934
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:28,200
your dress or skirt carefully, 
checking for stains or damage 

935
00:52:28,200 --> 00:52:31,800
that need attention. 
You drape stockings over a chair

936
00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:35,300
to are overnight noting, any 
runs that require mending. 

937
00:52:36,000 --> 00:52:39,200
If the clothes are still fresh 
enough for another wearing, you 

938
00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:40,700
arrange them to minimize. 
Ringling. 

939
00:52:41,600 --> 00:52:44,400
If they need cleaning, you set 
them aside in your laundry pile.

940
00:52:44,400 --> 00:52:46,500
You're undergarments come off 
next. 

941
00:52:46,500 --> 00:52:50,400
The relief of removing your 
Brazil and garters is immediate 

942
00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:54,500
and physical, your skin shows 
slight indentation where a 

943
00:52:54,500 --> 00:52:56,100
elastic pressed against flesh 
all day. 

944
00:52:56,900 --> 00:53:00,900
You massage, these areas briefly
restoring circulation. 

945
00:53:01,500 --> 00:53:05,600
Your body feels lighter Freer 
and able to breathe and move 

946
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:08,300
without constraint at the vanity
face. 

947
00:53:08,300 --> 00:53:12,000
The most involved part of your 
nighttime routine, removing your

948
00:53:12,000 --> 00:53:14,800
makeup, you open the jar of Cold
Cream. 

949
00:53:15,600 --> 00:53:18,600
A thick white substance that 
smells slightly medicinal. 

950
00:53:19,400 --> 00:53:22,400
You scoop out a generous amount 
and begin, spreading it over 

951
00:53:22,400 --> 00:53:25,000
your face, massaging it into 
your skin. 

952
00:53:26,100 --> 00:53:27,800
Cream. 
Warms from contact with your 

953
00:53:27,800 --> 00:53:32,800
skin, becoming more liquid to 
dissolving the powder Rouge and 

954
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:35,900
lipstick. 
You use a soft cloth to wipe 

955
00:53:35,900 --> 00:53:37,900
away, the cream and dissolved 
cosmetics. 

956
00:53:38,900 --> 00:53:44,000
The cloth shows streaks of color
red from your lipstick, pink 

957
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:47,800
from your Rouge and beige from 
your powder. 

958
00:53:48,800 --> 00:53:53,100
You wipe methodically making 
sure to remove all traces from 

959
00:53:53,100 --> 00:53:56,300
your hairline, around your nose 
and under your chin. 

960
00:53:57,400 --> 00:53:59,600
You rinse the cloth in the 
basement of water, on your 

961
00:53:59,600 --> 00:54:03,200
vanity, wring it out and wipe 
again and until your face feels 

962
00:54:03,200 --> 00:54:06,700
completely clean. 
Your reflection in the mirror 

963
00:54:06,700 --> 00:54:09,500
looks softer. 
Now younger, perhaps and 

964
00:54:09,500 --> 00:54:13,900
certainly more exposed Your skin
is your actual skin. 

965
00:54:13,900 --> 00:54:18,100
Not the perfected version, you 
present to the world, you apply 

966
00:54:18,100 --> 00:54:20,400
a light moisturizing cream 
patting. 

967
00:54:20,400 --> 00:54:24,000
It gently into your face and 
neck. your skin absorbs, the 

968
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:28,000
moisture feeling Supple and 
cared for You brush your teeth 

969
00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:31,300
at the sink, in the bathroom, 
using tooth powder and a brush. 

970
00:54:31,300 --> 00:54:35,100
You keep in a small case, the 
powder Taste of mint and chalk 

971
00:54:35,100 --> 00:54:39,000
you, scrub thoroughly, rinse and
run your tongue over your teeth 

972
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:42,100
to check for cleanliness. 
You wash your face again with 

973
00:54:42,100 --> 00:54:44,200
plain water and Pat. 
It dry with a towel. 

974
00:54:44,200 --> 00:54:47,100
Your hair requires attention 
before bed. 

975
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:51,100
If your planning to set it, you 
dump and section slightly and 

976
00:54:51,100 --> 00:54:54,400
wind them around your fingers, 
securing each curl with a pin. 

977
00:54:55,500 --> 00:54:58,900
The pin is press against your 
scalp mildly uncomfortable, but 

978
00:54:58,900 --> 00:55:02,700
tolerable, you tie a soft scarf 
over your head to protect the 

979
00:55:02,700 --> 00:55:05,800
set while you sleep. 
On nights when you skip setting,

980
00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:09,300
you simply brush your hair 
thoroughly, removing Tangles and

981
00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:12,000
distributing natural oils from 
scalp to ends. 

982
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:16,700
You use the toilet, wash your 
hands, and check your reflection

983
00:55:16,700 --> 00:55:20,800
one final time without makeup in
your nightgown with your hair 

984
00:55:20,800 --> 00:55:23,900
covered or unpinned. 
You look entirely different from

985
00:55:23,900 --> 00:55:27,500
your daytime self. 
This private version feels more 

986
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:30,000
genuine, though. 
You show it to almost no one. 

987
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:33,200
Back in your room, you pull on 
your nightgown. 

988
00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:36,600
A simple cotton garment that 
falls to mid calf. 

989
00:55:37,200 --> 00:55:42,400
The fabric is soft from any 
Washings in Winter you add a bed

990
00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:45,900
jacket for extra warmth. 
Your feet are bare against the 

991
00:55:45,900 --> 00:55:50,800
floor toes spreading naturally. 
If your roommate is already in 

992
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:53,600
bed, you move quietly, 
respecting her rest. 

993
00:55:53,600 --> 00:55:56,000
If she still awake, you might 
exchange. 

994
00:55:56,000 --> 00:55:58,200
A few words about the day or 
plans for tomorrow. 

995
00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:02,700
The conversation is brief and 
drowsy, you're both ready for 

996
00:56:02,700 --> 00:56:05,200
sleep, not sustained 
interaction. 

997
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:08,900
You turn down your bed, folding 
the blanket and top sheet 

998
00:56:08,900 --> 00:56:11,500
carefully. 
Sheets are cool against your 

999
00:56:11,500 --> 00:56:13,000
skin. 
As you slide between them. 

1000
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:17,400
Your pillow testing different 
positions, until you find the 

1001
00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:20,400
most comfortable angle for your 
head and neck, your body begins 

1002
00:56:20,400 --> 00:56:23,900
to relax and to the mattress 
muscles, releasing the days 

1003
00:56:23,900 --> 00:56:26,300
tension. 
You reach for the lamp, on your 

1004
00:56:26,300 --> 00:56:29,400
bedside table. 
Turning the switch to extinguish

1005
00:56:29,400 --> 00:56:33,300
the light. 
Darkness fills the room broken. 

1006
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:35,500
Only by fainted illumination 
from the Street. 

1007
00:56:35,500 --> 00:56:38,800
Lamp outside your window. 
Your eyes are just gradually. 

1008
00:56:38,800 --> 00:56:42,400
You can make out the shapes of 
furniture, the rectangle of the 

1009
00:56:42,400 --> 00:56:45,500
window, and the form of your 
roommate in her bed across the 

1010
00:56:45,500 --> 00:56:50,500
room, the building settles into 
its nighttime, sounds, you hear 

1011
00:56:50,500 --> 00:56:54,600
Footsteps in the hallway, water 
running in pipes and The Creeks 

1012
00:56:54,600 --> 00:56:58,100
of floorboards above you These 
sounds are familiar and 

1013
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:00,400
non-threatening part of the 
building's personality. 

1014
00:57:01,400 --> 00:57:04,400
You've learned to distinguish 
between normal sounds and those 

1015
00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:06,700
that might signal problems and 
everything. 

1016
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:10,300
You hear tonight is routine, 
your mind begins to slow its 

1017
00:57:10,300 --> 00:57:14,500
racing thoughts, you review the 
day, briefly noting what went 

1018
00:57:14,500 --> 00:57:17,500
well and what didn't, but 
without dwelling or analyzing 

1019
00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:20,800
you think ahead to tomorrow 
running through your schedule 

1020
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:23,100
mentally. 
But without anxiety. 

1021
00:57:24,600 --> 00:57:28,700
These thoughts are gentle and 
unfocused slipping away as sleep

1022
00:57:28,700 --> 00:57:31,600
approaches. 
Sometimes you remain aware of 

1023
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:33,600
the boundary between waking and 
sleeping. 

1024
00:57:34,500 --> 00:57:37,700
Feeling yourself drift closer to
unconsciousness, while still 

1025
00:57:37,700 --> 00:57:41,500
technically aware. 
Other times, sleep arrived. 

1026
00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:44,200
So smoothly that you don't 
notice the transition. 

1027
00:57:45,300 --> 00:57:47,600
One moment. 
Your thinking drowsy thoughts, 

1028
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:52,500
the next your elsewhere entirely
in the confused logic of Dreams.

1029
00:57:53,300 --> 00:57:57,400
Your sleep is usually sound and 
uninterrupted you've developed 

1030
00:57:57,400 --> 00:58:00,200
the capacity to sleep through 
normal building noises. 

1031
00:58:01,000 --> 00:58:04,600
Other residents coming home. 
Late occasional Street Sounds 

1032
00:58:04,600 --> 00:58:07,000
and the rumble of distant 
trains. 

1033
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:11,700
Only unusual noises wake you, 
and even then you typically 

1034
00:58:11,700 --> 00:58:14,600
assess the situation quickly and
return to sleep. 

1035
00:58:15,400 --> 00:58:18,900
Your dreams are varied and 
mostly forgotten by morning. 

1036
00:58:19,900 --> 00:58:24,800
Sometimes you dream about work, 
endless typing stacks of papers 

1037
00:58:24,800 --> 00:58:28,600
and managers making demands. 
Sometimes, you dream about your 

1038
00:58:28,600 --> 00:58:32,800
family, your childhood home and 
situations that blend memory and

1039
00:58:32,800 --> 00:58:37,000
invention Sometimes the dreams 
are strange and disconnected 

1040
00:58:37,000 --> 00:58:38,900
following. 
No rational plot. 

1041
00:58:39,700 --> 00:58:43,100
You rarely remember them in 
detail retaining only vague 

1042
00:58:43,100 --> 00:58:46,900
impressions of mood and setting 
your body shifts positions 

1043
00:58:46,900 --> 00:58:50,700
naturally throughout the night 
you might sleep on your back on 

1044
00:58:50,700 --> 00:58:53,900
your side or curled slightly 
Within These drawn up. 

1045
00:58:54,700 --> 00:58:57,700
You rarely wake fully during 
these adjustments moving 

1046
00:58:57,700 --> 00:58:59,500
instinctively to maintain 
comfort. 

1047
00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:04,400
The mattress is familiar, molded
slightly to your preferred 

1048
00:59:04,400 --> 00:59:07,900
sleeping position. 
In the deepest part of night, 

1049
00:59:07,900 --> 00:59:12,300
the city quiets. 
Fewer automobiles pass on the 

1050
00:59:12,308 --> 00:59:15,000
street below. 
The building becomes still. 

1051
00:59:15,000 --> 00:59:19,200
You sleep through these hours. 
Undisturbed your body performing

1052
00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:22,800
its necessary, rest and 
restoration, your breathing is 

1053
00:59:22,800 --> 00:59:27,400
slow and steady your heartbeat 
calm and your mind at rest. 

1054
00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:30,700
Toward mourning, your sleep 
becomes lighter. 

1055
00:59:30,700 --> 00:59:34,300
You might wake, briefly note the
darkness still outside your 

1056
00:59:34,300 --> 00:59:37,900
window and return to sleep, or 
you might remain in a half a 

1057
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:41,400
week, State aware of sounds and 
Sensations, but not fully 

1058
00:59:41,400 --> 00:59:44,600
conscious. 
This lightest leap continues and

1059
00:59:44,608 --> 00:59:47,300
your alarm sounds or natural 
waking pulls. 

1060
00:59:47,300 --> 00:59:51,200
You fully back to awareness. 
The cycle completes itself, 

1061
00:59:51,200 --> 00:59:54,100
you'll wait rise and begin 
again. 

1062
00:59:54,100 --> 00:59:57,400
The process of preparing 
yourself for the day, But for 

1063
00:59:57,400 --> 01:00:01,800
now, in these nighttime hours, 
you simply rest your body 

1064
01:00:01,800 --> 01:00:06,300
repairs itself, your mind 
processes, the days experience 

1065
01:00:06,300 --> 01:00:10,500
is you exist, in a state of 
necessary, unconsciousness 

1066
01:00:10,500 --> 01:00:13,400
Gathering energy for tomorrow's 
demands. 

1067
01:00:14,300 --> 01:00:17,300
Sleep is perhaps the most 
democratic aspect of your life. 

1068
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:23,500
Ritual poor fashionable, or 
plain everyone requires it in 

1069
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:24,800
sleep. 
You're reduced to your most 

1070
01:00:24,800 --> 01:00:29,700
basic self, a breathing body, a 
resting mind, the human being 

1071
01:00:29,700 --> 01:00:34,000
requiring renewal. 
Flapper Persona, you construct 

1072
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:36,600
each morning Falls away 
completely in these hours. 

1073
01:00:36,600 --> 01:00:40,600
What remains is simpler and more
essential the foundation upon 

1074
01:00:40,600 --> 01:00:44,400
which everything else is built. 
Your life as a young working 

1075
01:00:44,400 --> 01:00:48,200
woman in the 1920s is not a 
dramatic Revolution, but a 

1076
01:00:48,200 --> 01:00:51,200
gradual shift in what's 
considered normal. you're not 

1077
01:00:51,208 --> 01:00:54,800
consciously rebelling or making 
Grand statements your simply 

1078
01:00:54,800 --> 01:00:57,600
living according to the options 
of available to you making 

1079
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:02,100
choices that feel reasonable and
right for your circumstances The

1080
01:01:02,100 --> 01:01:05,400
changes you embody of visible in
small daily details. 

1081
01:01:05,400 --> 01:01:09,700
Your short hair saves time and 
feels modern but it's also 

1082
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:11,600
practical. 
Your knee. 

1083
01:01:11,600 --> 01:01:14,500
Length, skirts, allow easier 
movement for walking, climbing 

1084
01:01:14,500 --> 01:01:16,800
stairs, and boarding street 
cars. 

1085
01:01:16,800 --> 01:01:20,400
Your Cosmetics, enhance your 
appearance, but also signal 

1086
01:01:20,400 --> 01:01:23,000
participation in current fashion
in. 

1087
01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:26,600
Professional workplace culture 
and in Social expectations of 

1088
01:01:26,600 --> 01:01:29,500
your peer group. 
Your work provides income. 

1089
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:32,300
That allows Independence. 
You pay your own rent. 

1090
01:01:32,300 --> 01:01:36,000
Buy your own clothing and food 
and make decisions about how to 

1091
01:01:36,000 --> 01:01:39,100
spend your money and time. 
This financial autonomy is 

1092
01:01:39,100 --> 01:01:41,700
perhaps the most significant 
aspect of your life. 

1093
01:01:41,700 --> 01:01:44,800
You're not waiting for marriage 
to begin adult life. 

1094
01:01:44,800 --> 01:01:47,300
You're living it. 
Now, supporting yourself 

1095
01:01:47,300 --> 01:01:51,300
building routines and skills and
relationships on your own terms.

1096
01:01:52,300 --> 01:01:54,700
The independence is not absolute
or unlimited. 

1097
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:58,900
Your salary is modest, 
restricting your choices. 

1098
01:01:59,700 --> 01:02:02,700
Your gender still closest 
certain professional doors and 

1099
01:02:02,700 --> 01:02:05,900
limits advancement. 
Social expectations. 

1100
01:02:05,900 --> 01:02:07,800
Still pressure, you toward 
eventual, marriage and 

1101
01:02:07,800 --> 01:02:10,300
motherhood. 
But Within These constraints, 

1102
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:13,900
you exercise more control over 
your life than your mother did 

1103
01:02:13,900 --> 01:02:17,000
at your age and significantly 
more than your grandmother. 

1104
01:02:17,800 --> 01:02:20,500
You don't offer think about this
in historical terms. 

1105
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:23,700
You're not aware of living 
through a transformative period.

1106
01:02:24,500 --> 01:02:27,800
From your perspective, your 
simply navigating the world as 

1107
01:02:27,800 --> 01:02:31,600
it currently exists, making the 
best choice of available with 

1108
01:02:31,600 --> 01:02:33,300
the information and resources 
you have. 

1109
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:36,400
The fact that these choices 
differ from what previous 

1110
01:02:36,400 --> 01:02:39,900
generations of women experience,
is not your primary concern. 

1111
01:02:40,700 --> 01:02:44,100
Your mother, sometimes expresses
concern about your lifestyle. 

1112
01:02:44,800 --> 01:02:48,100
She worries about your safety, 
living in the city, your lack of

1113
01:02:48,108 --> 01:02:51,100
supervision and your delayed 
marriage prospects. 

1114
01:02:51,800 --> 01:02:54,700
You reassure her without fully 
engaging with her fears? 

1115
01:02:54,700 --> 01:02:58,900
You understand that her frame of
reference is different what 

1116
01:02:58,900 --> 01:03:01,900
seems risky or inappropriate to 
her feels normal to you. 

1117
01:03:02,600 --> 01:03:06,700
You love her and respect her 
experience, but you cannot live 

1118
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:09,900
according to her expectations 
without sacrificing the life 

1119
01:03:09,900 --> 01:03:14,200
you're building. your younger 
sister, sometimes expresses Envy

1120
01:03:15,100 --> 01:03:18,300
Still lives at home, in your 
small home town working, as a 

1121
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:22,400
teacher living under your 
parents roof, and ruled, she 

1122
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:25,000
sees your Independence as 
glamorous and exciting. 

1123
01:03:25,900 --> 01:03:28,600
You try to explain the 
realities, the smaller 

1124
01:03:28,600 --> 01:03:33,100
apartment, the repetitive work, 
the constant budgeting, and the 

1125
01:03:33,108 --> 01:03:37,100
occasional loneliness. 
You all so acknowledge the truth

1126
01:03:37,100 --> 01:03:39,900
in her perception. 
You do have freedoms, she does 

1127
01:03:39,900 --> 01:03:42,000
not. 
You can stay out late without 

1128
01:03:42,000 --> 01:03:45,000
explaining yourself. 
Spend your money as you choose 

1129
01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:48,600
and see friends without 
permission the men, you know, 

1130
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:50,900
relate to you differently than 
they would have a decade 

1131
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:54,900
earlier, they're more likely to 
encounter you as a co-worker, a 

1132
01:03:54,900 --> 01:03:57,400
fellow resident in a mixed 
building or a casual 

1133
01:03:57,400 --> 01:03:59,000
acquaintance and social 
settings. 

1134
01:04:00,200 --> 01:04:02,700
The strict chaperone 
requirements have relaxed. 

1135
01:04:03,500 --> 01:04:06,300
You can go to dinner with a man 
without a third person present. 

1136
01:04:06,300 --> 01:04:09,900
You can walk alone in public 
spaces without scandal. 

1137
01:04:10,500 --> 01:04:15,100
These small freedoms reshape how
relationships develop, Not all 

1138
01:04:15,100 --> 01:04:16,500
men. 
Approve of these changes. 

1139
01:04:16,500 --> 01:04:19,700
Some find working women, 
threatening or improper. 

1140
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:23,200
Some still expect traditional 
courtship and marriage patterns.

1141
01:04:24,100 --> 01:04:27,700
You navigate these attitudes 
carefully avoiding conflicts 

1142
01:04:27,700 --> 01:04:30,200
when possible and standing your 
ground when necessary. 

1143
01:04:30,200 --> 01:04:33,600
You've learned to distinguish 
between men who respect your 

1144
01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:36,600
Independence and those who 
tolerate it, while hoping to 

1145
01:04:36,600 --> 01:04:39,700
eliminate it through marriage, 
the women's suffrage movement, 

1146
01:04:39,700 --> 01:04:42,900
which succeeded in gaining 
rights before you came of age, 

1147
01:04:42,900 --> 01:04:45,800
created a foundation for your 
current freedoms. 

1148
01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:49,500
You vote in elections are right?
You exercise, seriously, if not 

1149
01:04:49,500 --> 01:04:53,000
passionately You understand that
women fought for this privilege,

1150
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:55,000
though. 
You don't involve yourself in 

1151
01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:58,500
political activism. 
Your energy goes toward managing

1152
01:04:58,500 --> 01:05:02,100
your daily life, not toward all 
organizing for the change. 

1153
01:05:02,900 --> 01:05:05,500
You and your peers sometimes 
discuss women's roles and 

1154
01:05:05,500 --> 01:05:07,400
rights. 
But these conversations are 

1155
01:05:07,400 --> 01:05:09,400
usually practical rather than 
theoretical. 

1156
01:05:10,500 --> 01:05:13,900
You talk about workplace 
discrimination wage inequality 

1157
01:05:13,900 --> 01:05:16,500
and limited advancement 
opportunities. 

1158
01:05:17,200 --> 01:05:19,700
You share strategies for 
handling difficult situations, 

1159
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:23,100
support each. 
Other's career Ambitions and 

1160
01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:26,900
validate each other's choices. 
But you don't see yours as 

1161
01:05:26,908 --> 01:05:29,600
political activists or social 
revolutionaries. 

1162
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,700
The changes your living through 
are cultural as much as legal. 

1163
01:05:34,500 --> 01:05:36,500
Standards of propriety of 
shifted. 

1164
01:05:36,500 --> 01:05:40,400
What's considered scandalous or 
inappropriate has been redefined

1165
01:05:40,400 --> 01:05:42,800
though? 
Not entirely or uniformly. 

1166
01:05:43,600 --> 01:05:46,700
You navigate these shifting 
boundaries carefully aware that 

1167
01:05:46,708 --> 01:05:49,400
your freedom depends. 
Partly on, not pushing too far. 

1168
01:05:49,400 --> 01:05:52,800
Not violating Unwritten rules. 
That still govern social 

1169
01:05:52,800 --> 01:05:57,200
acceptance. your appearance, a 
short hair, the makeup, the 

1170
01:05:57,200 --> 01:06:00,500
modern clothing marks, you, as a
particular type of young woman, 

1171
01:06:01,400 --> 01:06:04,600
This visibility has 
consequences, it's signals 

1172
01:06:04,600 --> 01:06:08,000
availability for certain kinds 
of social interaction, it 

1173
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:11,700
suggests particular attitudes 
and values, you're aware of 

1174
01:06:11,700 --> 01:06:13,900
being read and judge based on 
these visual markers. 

1175
01:06:13,900 --> 01:06:17,800
Even when the judgments are 
inaccurate, the term flapper 

1176
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:19,700
itself, carries mixed 
connotations. 

1177
01:06:19,700 --> 01:06:23,400
Some use it affectionately to 
describe modern young women. 

1178
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:27,300
Others, use it dismissively or 
critically suggesting 

1179
01:06:27,300 --> 01:06:31,300
superficiality impropriety or 
moral laxness. 

1180
01:06:32,100 --> 01:06:34,400
You don't use the term to 
describe yourself. 

1181
01:06:34,400 --> 01:06:39,000
You simply are who you are, 
living your life, making your 

1182
01:06:39,000 --> 01:06:41,400
choices. 
The label is applied to you by 

1183
01:06:41,408 --> 01:06:44,500
others and you have limited 
control over what they mean by 

1184
01:06:44,500 --> 01:06:47,300
it. 
Your life includes Pleasures. 

1185
01:06:47,300 --> 01:06:50,500
Your grandmother never 
experienced moving pictures 

1186
01:06:50,500 --> 01:06:56,300
radio programs dance, halls 
restaurant meals and travel for 

1187
01:06:56,300 --> 01:06:58,800
leisure. 
But it also includes pressures 

1188
01:06:58,800 --> 01:07:01,800
and challenges. 
She didn't face workplace 

1189
01:07:01,800 --> 01:07:06,300
competition, financial 
self-sufficiency, and navigating

1190
01:07:06,300 --> 01:07:09,600
complex social situations 
without clear guidelines or 

1191
01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:13,300
family oversight. 
You sometimes feel tired, not 

1192
01:07:13,300 --> 01:07:15,300
just physically, but in a deeper
way. 

1193
01:07:16,400 --> 01:07:18,800
The constant effort of 
maintaining your Independence 

1194
01:07:18,800 --> 01:07:24,100
managing your appearance meeting
work demands and navigating 

1195
01:07:24,100 --> 01:07:26,600
social expectations can be 
exhausting. 

1196
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:31,500
You push through this tiredness 
most days, but it accumulates. 

1197
01:07:32,400 --> 01:07:36,500
The rest periods, your quiet, 
evening's and your Sundays alone

1198
01:07:36,500 --> 01:07:39,900
are essential for continuing. 
You don't know what your future 

1199
01:07:39,900 --> 01:07:43,700
holds marriage is likely. 
At some point though, not 

1200
01:07:43,700 --> 01:07:47,200
certain and not immediate 
children are probable though, 

1201
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:49,100
you have not yet developed, 
strong feelings about 

1202
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:52,200
motherhood. 
Career advancement is limited by

1203
01:07:52,200 --> 01:07:55,200
your gender, but small 
progressions are possible. 

1204
01:07:55,800 --> 01:07:59,200
You might learn new skills, 
change jobs or move to a 

1205
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:02,400
different neighborhood or City. 
What you do know is that the 

1206
01:08:02,400 --> 01:08:05,900
life, you're living now matters,
these years of Independence, 

1207
01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:10,200
work friendship, and small 
freedoms are shaping who you're 

1208
01:08:10,200 --> 01:08:12,500
becoming. 
They're not merely awaiting 

1209
01:08:12,500 --> 01:08:16,700
period, before real life begins.
They are real life valuable in 

1210
01:08:16,707 --> 01:08:20,200
themselves, creating memories 
and experiences and capabilities

1211
01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:23,500
you'll carry forward regardless 
of what comes next. 

1212
01:08:24,600 --> 01:08:26,700
The city around you is changing 
constantly. 

1213
01:08:27,600 --> 01:08:30,500
New buildings. 
Rise and old ones are demolished

1214
01:08:30,500 --> 01:08:34,000
Transportation improves 
Technologies. 

1215
01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:37,399
Advanced Fashion shifts from 
season to season. 

1216
01:08:37,399 --> 01:08:42,800
Political Landscapes, transform 
economic conditions fluctuate, 

1217
01:08:42,800 --> 01:08:46,000
you adapt to these changes. 
As they occur. 

1218
01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:49,500
Maintaining your core routines 
while adjusting details as 

1219
01:08:49,500 --> 01:08:52,100
necessary. 
Your contributions to this 

1220
01:08:52,100 --> 01:08:55,700
changing World a modest. 
But real You perform work. 

1221
01:08:55,700 --> 01:08:58,899
That keeps businesses 
functioning you participate in 

1222
01:08:58,899 --> 01:09:02,300
economic activity as both a 
Wagner and a consumer. 

1223
01:09:03,200 --> 01:09:05,700
You model new possibilities for 
women's lives. 

1224
01:09:05,700 --> 01:09:09,000
Even if only to the few people 
who observe you directly. 

1225
01:09:09,800 --> 01:09:12,600
You maintain relationships that 
sustain you and others. 

1226
01:09:12,600 --> 01:09:17,700
You exist, persist and continue.
The night deepens around you as 

1227
01:09:17,700 --> 01:09:21,700
you rest in your small room, the
city quiets outside your window,

1228
01:09:21,700 --> 01:09:25,200
you're breathing slows, steady 
and regular. 

1229
01:09:26,000 --> 01:09:27,800
Tomorrow will bring another 
ordinary day. 

1230
01:09:27,800 --> 01:09:31,899
Waking preparing, working eating
resting and sleeping. 

1231
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:36,800
The pattern repeats with small 
variations creating the texture 

1232
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:39,600
of your life. 
You are a young woman in the 

1233
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:43,300
1920s, living in dependently, 
working for wages, making 

1234
01:09:43,300 --> 01:09:45,700
choices about your appearance, 
and activities and 

1235
01:09:45,700 --> 01:09:48,700
relationships. 
Your neither a rebel or a 

1236
01:09:48,700 --> 01:09:51,300
revolutionary, neither a victim 
or a Pioneer. 

1237
01:09:51,300 --> 01:09:55,100
You are simply yourself 
navigating the world as you 

1238
01:09:55,100 --> 01:09:58,900
find, it building a life that 
feels authentic and manageable 

1239
01:09:58,900 --> 01:10:01,800
within the constraints and 
possibilities of your time. 

1240
01:10:02,800 --> 01:10:06,700
Sleep comes gently settling over
you like a familiar blanket. 

1241
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:11,200
The day releases its hold. 
Your mind drifts into the 

1242
01:10:11,200 --> 01:10:15,000
formless territory of Dreams, 
your body rests, and repairs 

1243
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:17,800
itself, the world continues 
outside. 

1244
01:10:17,800 --> 01:10:24,100
But here in this moment there is
only Stillness only breathe only

1245
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:27,700
the quiet continuity of another 
night passing in to another 

1246
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:39,100
Dawn, the first voice came not 
with thunderous Clarity, but as 

1247
01:10:39,100 --> 01:10:42,700
a whisper easily mistaken for 
Wind Through the garden, I was 

1248
01:10:42,708 --> 01:10:46,500
13 Gathering herbs behind my 
father, Jacques house in 

1249
01:10:46,500 --> 01:10:49,000
dhamrait. 
Most people remember me? 

1250
01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:51,700
Describing the voice as 
appearing with blinding light at

1251
01:10:51,700 --> 01:10:56,000
noon but the truth differs it 
was actually dusk the hour when 

1252
01:10:56,000 --> 01:10:57,500
Shadows transformed into 
something else. 

1253
01:10:57,500 --> 01:10:59,600
Entirely. 
Jahan. 

1254
01:11:00,300 --> 01:11:03,800
It said my name in the old 
tongue it was familiar. 

1255
01:11:03,800 --> 01:11:07,600
Not commanding or frightening 
like someone who had known me 

1256
01:11:07,600 --> 01:11:09,800
before. 
I knew myself, I dropped my 

1257
01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:11,900
basket herb scattering across 
soil. 

1258
01:11:11,900 --> 01:11:15,700
Still warm from the day son. 
No one had prepared me for this 

1259
01:11:15,700 --> 01:11:17,800
moment. 
Even though our priest father, 

1260
01:11:17,800 --> 01:11:21,200
the Franti frequently spoke 
about Saints and visions. 

1261
01:11:22,000 --> 01:11:25,000
People imagine I was overcome 
with religious Ecstasy, but my 

1262
01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:28,300
initial reaction was irritation.
I had chores to finish before 

1263
01:11:28,300 --> 01:11:30,300
dark. 
And mother would scold me for 

1264
01:11:30,300 --> 01:11:32,600
dallying only, when the voice 
came again. 

1265
01:11:32,600 --> 01:11:35,000
Three days later while I tended 
our sheep, did I begin to 

1266
01:11:35,000 --> 01:11:36,900
understand. 
It was Michael, the Archangel 

1267
01:11:36,900 --> 01:11:40,300
though he did not announce 
himself, grandly he simply began

1268
01:11:40,300 --> 01:11:42,700
speaking as if he were 
continuing along established 

1269
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:46,100
conversation. 
Our village existed in Perpetual

1270
01:11:46,100 --> 01:11:49,400
anxiety, the English and 
burgundians raided regularly 

1271
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:51,800
forcing us to flee with our 
livestock to the nearby 

1272
01:11:51,800 --> 01:11:55,700
fortified island of vaakula. 
My father served as a village 

1273
01:11:55,700 --> 01:11:58,000
official Dean. 
They called him and I watched 

1274
01:11:58,000 --> 01:12:01,300
how the weight of protecting 
others bet his shoulders, when 

1275
01:12:01,300 --> 01:12:03,600
he returned from bearing, 
neighbors killed in raids. 

1276
01:12:05,100 --> 01:12:09,700
He'd sit silently by our half. 
Staring at nothing. 

1277
01:12:11,200 --> 01:12:14,000
This was the inheritance of 
every child in Lorraine. 

1278
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:16,900
The knowledge that safety was 
temporary violence. 

1279
01:12:16,900 --> 01:12:21,000
Inevitable. 
The voices Catherine and 

1280
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:23,800
Margaret joined, Michael. 
Eventually did not immediately 

1281
01:12:23,800 --> 01:12:27,800
speak of saving France. 
He spoke of me how I must remain

1282
01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:29,800
pure, how I must listen 
carefully. 

1283
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:34,400
People think I was a simple girl
that Simplicity was impossible 

1284
01:12:34,400 --> 01:12:38,200
in our border region where 
language loyalty and custom 

1285
01:12:38,200 --> 01:12:41,800
blurred, we spoke a dialect that
was neither purely French 

1286
01:12:41,800 --> 01:12:44,600
Norman. 
We pledged a legion to Lords 

1287
01:12:44,600 --> 01:12:46,100
whose names changed with the 
seasons. 

1288
01:12:47,100 --> 01:12:50,000
You will recognize the dofa. 
They told me once though I had 

1289
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:52,800
never traveled beyond our Valley
and had never seen nobility safe

1290
01:12:52,800 --> 01:12:56,700
for occasional passing nights. 
How I inquired, my ignorance 

1291
01:12:56,700 --> 01:13:00,400
weighing heavily on my mind, you
will know was all they answered.

1292
01:13:00,400 --> 01:13:02,600
Mother taught me to sow and 
spin. 

1293
01:13:02,600 --> 01:13:05,900
Not knowing these domestic 
skills would later serve me well

1294
01:13:05,900 --> 01:13:08,800
in Army Camps. 
Father, taught me to manage our 

1295
01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:12,000
few acres and to recognize when 
rain threatened the hay Harvest.

1296
01:13:12,600 --> 01:13:15,800
These mundane lessons proved as 
crucial as anything the voices 

1297
01:13:15,800 --> 01:13:18,700
imparted. 
I hid the voices from everyone, 

1298
01:13:18,700 --> 01:13:21,200
especially my dear friend of 
yet. 

1299
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:23,900
We gathered flowers for the 
church altar together. 

1300
01:13:23,900 --> 01:13:26,600
Gossiped about Village, boys and
waded. 

1301
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:28,200
In the Meuse River during 
Summer's heat. 

1302
01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:32,000
Normalcy became my disguise. 
When my mother, spoke of 

1303
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:34,200
arranging a marriage with the 
son of a nearby farmer. 

1304
01:13:34,200 --> 01:13:37,800
I neither agreed nor objected 
though the voices had already 

1305
01:13:37,800 --> 01:13:41,600
commanded, my virginity be 
preserved I simply continue 

1306
01:13:41,600 --> 01:13:45,400
spinning wool, kneading bread 
and appearing unchanged while 

1307
01:13:45,400 --> 01:13:48,800
something profound transformed. 
Within me the summer, it turned 

1308
01:13:48,800 --> 01:13:51,800
16 English forces. 
Pushed deeper into our region. 

1309
01:13:51,800 --> 01:13:54,000
I watched refugees stream 
through. 

1310
01:13:54,000 --> 01:13:57,900
Domini women, carrying whatever 
possessions they could say men 

1311
01:13:57,900 --> 01:14:00,600
with haunted eyes and children 
to exhausted to cry. 

1312
01:14:00,600 --> 01:14:04,100
They brought stories of 
villages, burned of harvest 

1313
01:14:04,100 --> 01:14:07,600
destroyed and of casual 
cruelties inflicted by mercenary

1314
01:14:07,600 --> 01:14:09,700
soldiers, who fought for coin 
rather than calls. 

1315
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:12,900
One night while our family 
sheltered in the church during a

1316
01:14:12,900 --> 01:14:15,200
raid. 
I watched a woman Rock her dead.

1317
01:14:15,200 --> 01:14:18,700
Infant refusing to acknowledge 
the child had stopped breathing 

1318
01:14:18,700 --> 01:14:22,300
hours before. 
Something hardened in me, then a

1319
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:24,300
resolve that matched the voices 
growing urgency. 

1320
01:14:25,400 --> 01:14:27,500
It is time. 
Michael told me as Autumn Leaves

1321
01:14:27,500 --> 01:14:30,700
fell as France bleeds. 
The King's son hides while the 

1322
01:14:30,700 --> 01:14:34,000
kingdom crumbles. 
I am a girl who cannot read. 

1323
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:36,300
I answered. 
I've never held a sword. 

1324
01:14:37,000 --> 01:14:39,400
Yet you will lead armies. 
Catherine replied. 

1325
01:14:40,200 --> 01:14:43,800
I laughed aloud at the absurdity
earning a questioning look from 

1326
01:14:43,800 --> 01:14:47,400
my brother Pierre as we gathered
kindling in the forest. you were

1327
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:50,300
chosen before birth Margaret, 
added not for your knowledge, 

1328
01:14:50,300 --> 01:14:55,000
but for your heart, As winter 
approached the Indian soldiers 

1329
01:14:55,000 --> 01:14:58,500
burned part of our village. 
I helped neighbor's Salvage, 

1330
01:14:58,500 --> 01:15:01,200
what remained of their homes by 
digging through Ash for cooking 

1331
01:15:01,200 --> 01:15:04,300
pots and for anything usable. 
The voice is grew more. 

1332
01:15:04,300 --> 01:15:07,600
Insistent speaking, not just in 
Quiet Moments, but during daily 

1333
01:15:07,600 --> 01:15:10,900
tasks during mass and during 
rare moments of Village 

1334
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:15,500
celebration, Go to vacuole as 
they commanded speak to Robert 

1335
01:15:15,500 --> 01:15:19,600
de Boudreaux, the name the 
Garrison Commander, a Gruff 

1336
01:15:19,600 --> 01:15:21,400
Soldier loyal to the uncrowned 
fair. 

1337
01:15:21,400 --> 01:15:23,600
What? 
I didn't know was how a peasant 

1338
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:26,500
girl might gain his audience, 
how I might convince him of the 

1339
01:15:26,500 --> 01:15:29,100
Divine messages. 
Only, I could hear that the 

1340
01:15:29,100 --> 01:15:30,500
voice is left, no room for 
doubt. 

1341
01:15:30,500 --> 01:15:34,100
I would go, I would speak. 
I would begin this impossible 

1342
01:15:34,100 --> 01:15:36,700
Journey. 
So, I planted my hair one. 

1343
01:15:36,700 --> 01:15:38,300
Final time before. 
Cutting it away. 

1344
01:15:38,300 --> 01:15:41,200
Trading, A daughter's life for 
something without precedent. 

1345
01:15:41,200 --> 01:15:44,400
My cousin Doohan, laswa thought 
I was insane, when I asked him 

1346
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:48,000
to escort me to vocular, a 
practical, man with calloused 

1347
01:15:48,000 --> 01:15:50,200
hands and a Perpetual Furrow 
between his brows and 

1348
01:15:50,200 --> 01:15:53,400
nonetheless agreed perhaps out 
of curiosity about what a 

1349
01:15:53,400 --> 01:15:56,200
transformed his once quiet, 
cousin into someone who spoke 

1350
01:15:56,200 --> 01:15:59,300
with unnerving certainty. 
Three times. 

1351
01:15:59,300 --> 01:16:00,800
You will knock on the captain's 
door. 

1352
01:16:00,800 --> 01:16:04,900
Katherine told me twice. 
He will refuse you the third 

1353
01:16:04,900 --> 01:16:08,700
time, he will listen. 
During the January journey to 

1354
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:12,500
vaakula my feet became numb from
wearing worn, leather shoes, 

1355
01:16:12,500 --> 01:16:16,800
Frost glazed the bare trees, 
like, spun sugar, beautiful and 

1356
01:16:16,800 --> 01:16:19,200
bitter. 
I'd never traveled so far from 

1357
01:16:19,200 --> 01:16:22,400
home a mere 20 miles that 
stretched like a pilgrimage. 

1358
01:16:23,100 --> 01:16:25,700
Jerome filled silence is with 
nervous chatter about his 

1359
01:16:25,700 --> 01:16:27,400
Vineyard and about Village 
gossip. 

1360
01:16:27,400 --> 01:16:30,100
Carefully, avoiding questions 
about my purpose until we 

1361
01:16:30,100 --> 01:16:33,700
crested the final Hill. 
What exactly would you say to 

1362
01:16:33,700 --> 01:16:35,900
him? 
He finally asked as vocalists 

1363
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:39,300
stonewall's, came into view. 
The truth seemed both too simple

1364
01:16:39,300 --> 01:16:42,900
and too extraordinary Voices. 
From Heaven commanded me to seek

1365
01:16:42,900 --> 01:16:45,500
an audience with the Garrison 
Commander so that I could 

1366
01:16:45,500 --> 01:16:48,200
eventually lead the dough to his
coronation at Ryan's. 

1367
01:16:48,900 --> 01:16:52,200
Instead I said only what God 
wishes me to say. 

1368
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:56,400
Boudreaux cause guards snickered
at the sight of me a peasant, 

1369
01:16:56,400 --> 01:16:58,700
girl, in a Homespun dress, 
requesting an audience with 

1370
01:16:58,700 --> 01:17:01,500
their Commander, but something 
in my demeanor made them 

1371
01:17:01,500 --> 01:17:05,400
hesitate to Simply turn me away.
Perhaps it was the way I stood 

1372
01:17:05,400 --> 01:17:08,000
as if inhabited by something 
larger than myself. 

1373
01:17:08,700 --> 01:17:11,500
They brought record to the 
Courtyard rather than admitting 

1374
01:17:11,500 --> 01:17:14,800
me to his quarters, a public 
humiliation intended to 

1375
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:18,600
discourage further persistence. 
The Heavenly Lord has a messages

1376
01:17:18,600 --> 01:17:20,300
concerning the welfare of 
France. 

1377
01:17:20,300 --> 01:17:23,900
I announced boring formality. 
I'd never needed indomie. 

1378
01:17:24,700 --> 01:17:28,200
Boudreaux bearded broad 
shouldered perpetually armored 

1379
01:17:28,200 --> 01:17:31,200
even in peace time laughed, not 
cruelty. 

1380
01:17:31,200 --> 01:17:34,100
But with the weariness of a man 
besieged by people claiming 

1381
01:17:34,100 --> 01:17:36,100
special knowledge in Desperate 
Times. 

1382
01:17:37,100 --> 01:17:40,300
Return to your father child, he 
said, learn to improve your 

1383
01:17:40,300 --> 01:17:42,600
thread spinning skills and stead
of telling stories. 

1384
01:17:43,500 --> 01:17:46,800
I did not argue the voices had 
prepared me for rejection. 

1385
01:17:46,800 --> 01:17:49,500
Iran looked relieved as we left 
believe. 

1386
01:17:49,500 --> 01:17:53,100
In the Mata concluded that I 
remained in vocalo, staying with

1387
01:17:53,100 --> 01:17:56,000
distant relatives. 
The kindly wheel, right Honore 

1388
01:17:56,000 --> 01:17:59,300
and his wife Catherine larae who
took me in despite their 

1389
01:17:59,300 --> 01:18:01,900
confusion about my purpose. 
Daily. 

1390
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:05,400
I attended mass at the chapel of
Saint Marie, kneeling, on Stone 

1391
01:18:05,400 --> 01:18:07,100
floors. 
That bruised, my knees. 

1392
01:18:07,900 --> 01:18:10,500
Townspeople began noticing. 
The strange girl, who prayed 

1393
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:14,000
with unusual intensity. 
Some mocked me others. 

1394
01:18:14,000 --> 01:18:16,900
Sensing something Beyond 
ordinary Faith, began asking for

1395
01:18:16,900 --> 01:18:19,700
blessings, for prayers, specific
to their troubles. 

1396
01:18:20,600 --> 01:18:23,700
I have no power to bless. 
I told a woman who brought her 

1397
01:18:23,700 --> 01:18:26,400
feverish child. 
I am only a messenger. 

1398
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:30,800
Yet I placed my hands on the 
child's forehead feeling heat 

1399
01:18:30,800 --> 01:18:33,300
radiating through Papyrus skin 
and prayed. 

1400
01:18:33,300 --> 01:18:37,000
Anyway, when the fever broke 
three days later, whispers about

1401
01:18:37,000 --> 01:18:40,400
me changed tenor, I was back at 
beards door six days. 

1402
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:43,900
After my initial rejection this 
time, he received me properly in

1403
01:18:43,908 --> 01:18:46,800
his Chambers, curious about 
rumors circulating through his 

1404
01:18:46,800 --> 01:18:49,700
town. 
I stood before his massive Oak 

1405
01:18:49,700 --> 01:18:52,500
death, my shadow small against 
the Stonewall behind me. 

1406
01:18:53,300 --> 01:18:56,300
You claim Heaven speaks to you. 
He said not bothering with a 

1407
01:18:56,300 --> 01:19:00,200
greeting, not claims truth. 
The steadiness in my voice 

1408
01:19:00,200 --> 01:19:05,200
surprised even me. 
Today, nearly all are forces of 

1409
01:19:05,200 --> 01:19:08,100
suffered defeat. 
Skirmish near a place called 

1410
01:19:08,100 --> 01:19:11,700
Revere the Ambush targeted, men 
carrying Lenten, fish and 

1411
01:19:11,700 --> 01:19:15,100
provisioned for the perceived. 
You will receive confirmation of

1412
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:18,000
the situation in days. 
I had not known. 

1413
01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:21,000
These words would come from my 
mouth until they emerged the 

1414
01:19:21,000 --> 01:19:22,600
voices. 
Had whispered to the moments 

1415
01:19:22,600 --> 01:19:25,500
before I understood and his 
chamber, Boudreaux cause 

1416
01:19:25,508 --> 01:19:28,500
expression changed from 
skepticism to guarded caution. 

1417
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:34,000
If the story proves true, he 
began when it proves true, I 

1418
01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:38,200
corrected you will provide me an
escort to Chenault. he dismissed

1419
01:19:38,200 --> 01:19:41,300
me without commitment 
Messengers, confirmed the battle

1420
01:19:41,300 --> 01:19:44,300
of the herrings four days later 
while my prediction was not 

1421
01:19:44,300 --> 01:19:48,100
particularly detail, its 
verification, startled into 

1422
01:19:48,100 --> 01:19:52,500
taking me seriously on my third 
visit, he listened fully I must 

1423
01:19:52,508 --> 01:19:56,400
dress as a man, I explained the 
journey is dangerous and I have 

1424
01:19:56,400 --> 01:19:59,900
been promised protection. 
If I maintain my virtue, What I 

1425
01:19:59,900 --> 01:20:02,300
didn't say is that the voice is 
sometimes revealed to me, 

1426
01:20:02,300 --> 01:20:05,600
glimpses of what a weighted Road
crawling with burgundy. 

1427
01:20:05,600 --> 01:20:08,900
Patrols English archers in 
forest, clearings, and rivers 

1428
01:20:08,900 --> 01:20:12,700
swollen with winter melt A woman
traveling would face dangers, 

1429
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:16,300
Beyond enemy soldiers. 
The voice is promise safety, but

1430
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:19,800
required Prudence Boudreaux 
commission, Male clothing for 

1431
01:20:19,800 --> 01:20:23,300
me, a dark, Woolen tunic 
leggings and a boots that needed

1432
01:20:23,300 --> 01:20:26,500
stuffing at the toes. 
Boudreaux cut, my hair even 

1433
01:20:26,500 --> 01:20:29,900
shorter cropping it close to my 
scalp when I dressed in these 

1434
01:20:29,900 --> 01:20:32,500
garments for the first time. 
The La Jolla watched with 

1435
01:20:32,500 --> 01:20:35,300
troubled Fascination. 
Honorary crossed himself, 

1436
01:20:35,300 --> 01:20:38,400
Catherine wiped tears. 
You look on. 

1437
01:20:38,400 --> 01:20:41,100
Restarted unable to find 
appropriate words. 

1438
01:20:41,900 --> 01:20:44,900
Like God's instrument. 
I finished for him, though, I 

1439
01:20:44,900 --> 01:20:49,100
felt only like myself, simply 
clad differently, Jeanette and 

1440
01:20:49,100 --> 01:20:53,100
bertrande poulomi two of boat 
records, men volunteered to 

1441
01:20:53,100 --> 01:20:56,200
accompany me to Shino. 
Both later claimed divine 

1442
01:20:56,200 --> 01:20:57,900
inspiration, moved them to offer
an escort. 

1443
01:20:57,900 --> 01:21:00,500
But I saw more Earthly 
calculation in their eyes 

1444
01:21:00,500 --> 01:21:03,500
curiosity about whether the 
strange girl might truly have 

1445
01:21:03,500 --> 01:21:06,300
Heavenly favor whether their 
fortunes might Rise by 

1446
01:21:06,300 --> 01:21:09,900
proximity. 
The night before departure Bode 

1447
01:21:09,900 --> 01:21:13,600
recourse, summon me wants more 
the chambers single candle cast,

1448
01:21:13,600 --> 01:21:15,200
dramatic Shadows across his 
face. 

1449
01:21:15,200 --> 01:21:19,100
Deepening already severe 
features. if you are deceiving 

1450
01:21:19,100 --> 01:21:22,700
us, if you lead my men into 
danger through false prophecy, 

1451
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:24,800
he let the threat hang on 
finished. 

1452
01:21:25,700 --> 01:21:29,000
I move only as directed, I 
answered your men safety as 

1453
01:21:29,000 --> 01:21:32,500
precious to heaven. 
He handed me a sword, then not 

1454
01:21:32,500 --> 01:21:35,500
ceremoniously, but with a 
practicality that acknowledge 

1455
01:21:35,500 --> 01:21:38,000
the dangers ahead. 
Can you use this? 

1456
01:21:38,900 --> 01:21:42,300
I had never held a sword before.
It's white surprised me the 

1457
01:21:42,300 --> 01:21:46,400
pommel cool against my palm. 
I will not need to I said, 

1458
01:21:46,400 --> 01:21:49,700
others will fight. 
I carry the standard. 

1459
01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:54,700
This answer so specific yet, so 
odd seemed to finally convinced 

1460
01:21:54,700 --> 01:21:58,400
him, he nodded once, reclaimed 
The Sword and uttered words that

1461
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:01,700
would become famous, despite 
their lack of theatrical Flair 

1462
01:22:01,700 --> 01:22:05,800
in their actual delivery. 
Go then and let come what comes?

1463
01:22:06,600 --> 01:22:10,900
The following morning, February 
23rd, I departed vaakula with my

1464
01:22:10,900 --> 01:22:14,300
small escort townspeople 
gathered to watch some touching 

1465
01:22:14,300 --> 01:22:16,300
my garments as if I were already
a saint. 

1466
01:22:16,900 --> 01:22:18,700
A woman pressed a rosary into my
hand. 

1467
01:22:18,700 --> 01:22:21,400
A blacksmith crossed himself as 
I passed. 

1468
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:24,700
I did not look back at the 
town's gate, even though home 

1469
01:22:24,700 --> 01:22:26,200
sickness was already pulling at 
me. 

1470
01:22:26,200 --> 01:22:29,600
Not for Dahmer me. 
But for a Simplicity that I had 

1471
01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:34,200
now irrevocably lost Ahead layer
11 days of hard travel through 

1472
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:36,900
enemy territory and beyond that 
challenges. 

1473
01:22:36,900 --> 01:22:40,400
I could scarcely imagine but 
Michael's voice accompanied me 

1474
01:22:40,400 --> 01:22:44,500
Steady as my heartbeat. 
France's Liberation begins with 

1475
01:22:44,500 --> 01:22:47,700
each step. 
You take the journey to shine on

1476
01:22:47,700 --> 01:22:49,400
tested faith, more than physical
endurance. 

1477
01:22:49,400 --> 01:22:53,000
We traveled, mainly at night 
avoiding main roads, where 

1478
01:22:53,000 --> 01:22:56,000
English and Beyond Patrol sought
travelers to Rob or Ransom 

1479
01:22:56,000 --> 01:22:59,000
during daylight hours. 
We hid in a band and Shepherd's,

1480
01:22:59,000 --> 01:23:01,600
Huts, or dense Woodland. 
Jeanette. 

1481
01:23:01,600 --> 01:23:05,900
And pulan G insisted I sleep 
separate from them to protect my

1482
01:23:05,900 --> 01:23:09,400
virtue but practicality soon, 
dissolved such courtesies. 

1483
01:23:09,400 --> 01:23:13,600
We huddled together for warmth. 
In February's biting cold, my 

1484
01:23:13,600 --> 01:23:16,300
male attire and their honor 
providing sufficient barriers. 

1485
01:23:17,100 --> 01:23:20,000
My companions attitudes toward 
me, evolved during our journey 

1486
01:23:20,000 --> 01:23:23,100
initial skepticism transformed 
into cautious. 

1487
01:23:23,100 --> 01:23:26,100
Reverence after we narrowly 
avoided a Burgundian Patrol that

1488
01:23:26,100 --> 01:23:30,200
should have intercepted us. the 
wind shifted pooling remarked 

1489
01:23:30,200 --> 01:23:33,200
not connecting the sudden where 
the change to my silent prayer 

1490
01:23:33,200 --> 01:23:37,300
moments before Later when we 
reached a swollen river, that 

1491
01:23:37,300 --> 01:23:38,900
Maps showed, no Crossing for 
Miles. 

1492
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:42,900
A local boy appeared as if 
conjured guiding us to a hidden 

1493
01:23:42,900 --> 01:23:46,000
Ford. 
My escorts exchange meaningful 

1494
01:23:46,000 --> 01:23:49,200
glances, but I knew these were 
not Miracles, merely the 

1495
01:23:49,200 --> 01:23:51,100
everyday, working of divine 
guidance. 

1496
01:23:52,100 --> 01:23:54,700
Will you truly recognize the 
doffo Jean asked? 

1497
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:57,300
One evening as we warmed. 
Our hands over a small 

1498
01:23:57,300 --> 01:24:00,900
carefully, shielded fire They 
say he often hides among his 

1499
01:24:00,900 --> 01:24:04,700
courtiers to test visitors. 
God will identify his anointed. 

1500
01:24:04,700 --> 01:24:07,900
I answered though, privately, I 
wondered how this recognition 

1501
01:24:07,900 --> 01:24:10,500
would manifest. 
The voices remained 

1502
01:24:10,500 --> 01:24:12,800
frustratingly. 
Vague on practical details. 

1503
01:24:13,600 --> 01:24:17,200
We reached chinon on March 6th, 
but two more days passed before 

1504
01:24:17,200 --> 01:24:20,300
gaining entrance to the castle. 
We lodged in the town below 

1505
01:24:20,300 --> 01:24:23,400
where I endured the first of 
many examinations by Church 

1506
01:24:23,400 --> 01:24:26,600
officials and sent to determine 
whether my claims were divine 

1507
01:24:26,600 --> 01:24:30,000
inspiration, demonic influence, 
or simple Madness. 

1508
01:24:30,700 --> 01:24:32,300
How can we know God speaks 
through. 

1509
01:24:32,300 --> 01:24:34,700
You demanded. 
An elderly priest, with 

1510
01:24:34,700 --> 01:24:37,800
yellowed, fingers and breathes, 
sour from fasting. 

1511
01:24:38,800 --> 01:24:40,600
By the signs that follow. 
I replied. 

1512
01:24:40,600 --> 01:24:42,300
Remembering Catherine's 
coaching. 

1513
01:24:43,100 --> 01:24:46,000
God does not ask for Blind 
Faith, but provides confirmation

1514
01:24:46,000 --> 01:24:49,500
for those who truly seek. 
What signs of you performed? 

1515
01:24:49,500 --> 01:24:52,200
None, yet signs. 
Are not tricks. 

1516
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:53,800
Of The Conjurer performed on 
demand. 

1517
01:24:53,800 --> 01:24:57,700
They unfold as needed. 
He seemed satisfied with this 

1518
01:24:57,700 --> 01:25:00,700
answer, which surprised me. 
Later. 

1519
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:04,100
I learned he reported favorably 
on my Orthodoxy noting I 

1520
01:25:04,100 --> 01:25:07,700
answered questions about faith 
with simple Clarity rather than 

1521
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:10,200
elaborate theological 
constructions that might suggest

1522
01:25:10,200 --> 01:25:14,800
educated heretical influences. 
When I eventually gained entry 

1523
01:25:14,800 --> 01:25:17,300
to the castle, I faced a plan 
challenge. 

1524
01:25:18,100 --> 01:25:21,000
Charles not yet crowned, an 
increasingly doubtful of his 

1525
01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:23,500
legitimacy. 
Had a range for another man to 

1526
01:25:23,500 --> 01:25:26,800
sit on the throne while he stood
among dozens of richly dressed 

1527
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:30,000
courtiers. 
The great hole blazed, with 

1528
01:25:30,000 --> 01:25:33,300
hundreds of candles, they're 
like reflecting off jeweled 

1529
01:25:33,300 --> 01:25:36,000
fingers and Golden Threads woven
through Noble garments. 

1530
01:25:36,700 --> 01:25:40,100
The assembled Court, watched 
expectantly many smirking at the

1531
01:25:40,108 --> 01:25:41,900
prospect of a peasant girls 
confusion. 

1532
01:25:42,800 --> 01:25:46,200
I had never seen such finery 
such concentrated wealth. 

1533
01:25:47,000 --> 01:25:50,000
For a moment, my confidence 
wavered, these were people whose

1534
01:25:50,000 --> 01:25:52,700
everyday garments cost more than
my family earned in years. 

1535
01:25:53,500 --> 01:25:57,500
What arrogance brought me here. 
Then Margaret whispered not in 

1536
01:25:57,500 --> 01:25:59,200
my ear but directly within my 
mind. 

1537
01:25:59,200 --> 01:26:03,300
Remember your purpose, you are 
not sent to be dazzled by 

1538
01:26:03,300 --> 01:26:06,800
Earthly riches. 
Without hesitation, I walked 

1539
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:09,300
directly through the crowd 
toward a plainly Dressed Man 

1540
01:26:09,300 --> 01:26:12,000
Standing among the courtiers 
kneeling before him. 

1541
01:26:12,000 --> 01:26:13,900
I said what the voice is 
prompted. 

1542
01:26:14,700 --> 01:26:17,500
God gives you life and Glory, 
gentle dofa. 

1543
01:26:18,200 --> 01:26:22,100
Charles's face registered shock 
quickly, controlled I am not the

1544
01:26:22,100 --> 01:26:23,300
king. 
He protested. 

1545
01:26:23,300 --> 01:26:26,900
Maintaining the charade. 
I did not call you King. 

1546
01:26:26,900 --> 01:26:30,100
I answered. 
You are the dofa but you will be

1547
01:26:30,100 --> 01:26:34,600
king when properly consecrated 
at his God's will. the court 

1548
01:26:34,600 --> 01:26:38,400
mermaid, Charles gestured for 
seclusion, guiding me to a 

1549
01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:41,700
window ledge where we could 
Converse discreetly If you truly

1550
01:26:41,700 --> 01:26:45,400
come from God, he said, quietly 
tell me something, only Divine 

1551
01:26:45,400 --> 01:26:48,800
knowledge could reveal. 
I repeated words, Michael had 

1552
01:26:48,800 --> 01:26:52,000
given me during our journey. 
You made a private prayer at All

1553
01:26:52,000 --> 01:26:54,300
Saints. 
Last November asking God, for 

1554
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:57,100
confirmation of your right to 
the throne questioning, whether 

1555
01:26:57,100 --> 01:27:00,100
your mother's reputation, spoke 
truth, about your birth, God 

1556
01:27:00,100 --> 01:27:02,800
answers. 
Now you are the legitimate heir 

1557
01:27:02,800 --> 01:27:06,500
to France, your suffering is 
seen your doubts are understood,

1558
01:27:06,500 --> 01:27:09,400
but you must claim what heaven 
has preserved for you. 

1559
01:27:10,900 --> 01:27:14,400
Charles paled visibly he later 
confirmed that he had prayed 

1560
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,500
this prayer in solitude. 
That I knew its contents 

1561
01:27:17,500 --> 01:27:19,200
convinced him when nothing else 
might have. 

1562
01:27:20,300 --> 01:27:23,300
Yet, despite this private 
conviction, Charles remained 

1563
01:27:23,300 --> 01:27:26,200
publicly cautious. 
I was subjected to further 

1564
01:27:26,200 --> 01:27:29,000
examinations, including three 
weeks of questioning, by 

1565
01:27:29,000 --> 01:27:32,300
theologians are quite a who 
probe for heretical beliefs or 

1566
01:27:32,300 --> 01:27:35,800
signs of demonic influence. 
They examined my body for 

1567
01:27:35,800 --> 01:27:39,900
witches marks, questioned, by 
insistence on mayo and tested. 

1568
01:27:39,900 --> 01:27:42,600
My knowledge of Christian 
doctrine, what history really 

1569
01:27:42,600 --> 01:27:45,300
records, is the humiliation of 
these examinations and the 

1570
01:27:45,308 --> 01:27:48,300
indignity of learning men 
debating, whether my virginity 

1571
01:27:48,300 --> 01:27:52,200
indicated Divine protection, or 
simply lack of opportunity. 

1572
01:27:52,200 --> 01:27:55,500
As well as whether my voice is 
were Angels or clever demons, 

1573
01:27:56,700 --> 01:27:58,500
One elderly, Theologian 
suggested. 

1574
01:27:58,500 --> 01:28:01,200
I might simply suffer from 
female hysteria due to my 

1575
01:28:01,208 --> 01:28:04,400
unmarried state. 
Perhaps I replied evenly. 

1576
01:28:04,400 --> 01:28:07,800
But does hysteria typically 
predict military outcomes or 

1577
01:28:07,800 --> 01:28:11,400
recognized disguised Kings? 
During these weeks of 

1578
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:15,400
examination, I grew increasingly
frustrated by delays, all Leon 

1579
01:28:15,400 --> 01:28:18,600
remained Under Siege, its 
situation deteriorating, the 

1580
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:21,900
voices, became more urgent. 
Sometimes waking me from sleep 

1581
01:28:21,900 --> 01:28:25,900
with commands to move quickly. 
Time, Slips Away, Michael warned

1582
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:29,100
France's heart weakens with each
person's passing day. 

1583
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:32,900
I petition Charles repeatedly 
for Action, facing resistance 

1584
01:28:32,900 --> 01:28:34,900
from his advisor, George de La 
Creme. 

1585
01:28:34,900 --> 01:28:37,400
Where who viewed me as a threat 
to his influence? 

1586
01:28:38,200 --> 01:28:40,800
The maid makes Bold claims. 
He told Charles within my 

1587
01:28:40,800 --> 01:28:42,900
hearing, yep, prophecy is a 
cheap. 

1588
01:28:42,908 --> 01:28:45,500
While soldiers lives a dire 
prophecies. 

1589
01:28:45,500 --> 01:28:48,700
May be cheap, I counter it. 
But the price of ignorance is 

1590
01:28:48,700 --> 01:28:51,800
the fall of your kingdom. 
Charles wavered between 

1591
01:28:51,800 --> 01:28:54,500
believing my Divine mandate and 
fearing the consequences of 

1592
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:58,200
following an unproven visionary.
What finally convinced him was 

1593
01:28:58,200 --> 01:29:02,200
pragmatism all conventional 
military strategies had failed. 

1594
01:29:02,900 --> 01:29:05,300
His treasury emptied while 
English territory in France 

1595
01:29:05,300 --> 01:29:07,900
expanded. 
What harm could come from, 

1596
01:29:07,900 --> 01:29:10,000
allowing me to attempting The 
Siege at all. 

1597
01:29:10,008 --> 01:29:12,400
Should I fail? 
My losses would be minimal 

1598
01:29:12,400 --> 01:29:14,600
compared to the Daily losses 
already incurred. 

1599
01:29:14,600 --> 01:29:17,800
If I succeeded, the reward was 
incalculable. 

1600
01:29:19,100 --> 01:29:22,000
In late, April after nearly 
seven weeks of delay and 

1601
01:29:22,000 --> 01:29:23,800
examination. 
Charles, finally granted me. 

1602
01:29:23,800 --> 01:29:27,100
My mission I was provided armor 
made to my measurements, 

1603
01:29:27,100 --> 01:29:30,100
lightweight plates, that 
nonetheless felt foreign against

1604
01:29:30,100 --> 01:29:32,600
my body. 
The sword given to me was 

1605
01:29:32,600 --> 01:29:35,400
serviceable but ordinary, not 
the special blade. 

1606
01:29:35,400 --> 01:29:39,200
I described seeing in my vision.
There is a sword Meant For Me, 

1607
01:29:39,200 --> 01:29:43,000
Explain to Charles buried behind
the older at Saint Catherine, 

1608
01:29:43,000 --> 01:29:46,900
Deerfield, five, crosses on its 
blade and his Lane there since 

1609
01:29:46,900 --> 01:29:50,600
Charles martel's time. 
Charles still testing the limits

1610
01:29:50,600 --> 01:29:51,500
of My Strange. 
Knowledge. 

1611
01:29:51,500 --> 01:29:54,500
Sent men to investigate this 
oddly specific claim. 

1612
01:29:54,500 --> 01:29:57,700
They indeed found an ancient 
sword buried exactly where 

1613
01:29:57,700 --> 01:30:02,100
described its existence unknown 
to the local priests, this sword

1614
01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:04,100
became my physical token of 
divine sanction. 

1615
01:30:04,100 --> 01:30:07,700
However, I primarily carried a 
standard instead of wielding 

1616
01:30:07,700 --> 01:30:11,000
weapons. 
The standard was my design, a 

1617
01:30:11,000 --> 01:30:14,600
White Field adorned with flooded
Lee bearing, the name's Jesus 

1618
01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:18,300
Maria and depicting God, holding
the world with angels at his 

1619
01:30:18,300 --> 01:30:20,800
side. 
This Banner would proceed me 

1620
01:30:20,808 --> 01:30:23,900
into battle a visible. 
Reminder that our cores carried.

1621
01:30:23,900 --> 01:30:27,000
Heavenly blessing. 
Before departing chinon. 

1622
01:30:27,000 --> 01:30:29,000
I dictated a letter to the 
English. 

1623
01:30:29,000 --> 01:30:32,100
Commanders surrounding all, they
are warning them to depart 

1624
01:30:32,100 --> 01:30:34,900
France or face. 
Divine judgment, The Scribe. 

1625
01:30:34,900 --> 01:30:37,400
Who recorded my words kept 
glancing up in disbelief as 

1626
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:40,600
increasingly forceful language 
flowed from The Peasant, girl 

1627
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:43,300
before him. 
Surrender to the maid sent by 

1628
01:30:43,300 --> 01:30:46,100
God, the king of Heaven. 
You will not hold the kingdom of

1629
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:49,300
France from God, the king of 
heaven, son of sink, Mary, King 

1630
01:30:49,300 --> 01:30:53,000
Charles, the true heir. 
Will hold it for God wills it. 

1631
01:30:54,000 --> 01:30:57,000
When read aloud afterward, the 
words sounded strange to my 

1632
01:30:57,000 --> 01:31:00,500
ears, both mine and not mine, 
carrying an authority. 

1633
01:31:00,500 --> 01:31:03,700
I'd never possessed in Romney, 
The courtiers Exchange. 

1634
01:31:03,700 --> 01:31:06,800
Troubled glance is uncertain, 
whether they witnessed inspired 

1635
01:31:06,800 --> 01:31:10,800
prophecy or dangerous delusion. 
However, Charles had chosen to 

1636
01:31:10,800 --> 01:31:14,100
support my journey, Charles had 
gathered equipment in assembled 

1637
01:31:14,100 --> 01:31:16,100
troops. 
The Impossible campaign was 

1638
01:31:16,100 --> 01:31:18,800
about to begin. 
On the evening before our 

1639
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:21,600
departure for Orleans, I stood 
alone on the castle. 

1640
01:31:21,600 --> 01:31:26,300
Ramparts watching spring Stars 
emerge. home sickness washed 

1641
01:31:26,300 --> 01:31:30,100
over me unexpectedly, not for my
Village specifically, but for 

1642
01:31:30,100 --> 01:31:33,400
anonymity for the piece of 
tending sheep on quiet Hillside 

1643
01:31:34,400 --> 01:31:37,400
Having doubts, Catherine asked 
her voice gentle within my mind.

1644
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:42,000
No doubts I answered silently. 
Simply a conscious understanding

1645
01:31:42,000 --> 01:31:46,500
of what you can't take back. 
The path Narrows before you she 

1646
01:31:46,500 --> 01:31:48,800
acknowledged. 
Remember, why you were chosen 

1647
01:31:48,800 --> 01:31:52,700
not for skill with sword or 
strategy, but for perfect faith 

1648
01:31:52,700 --> 01:31:55,400
in God's plan. 
I nodded though. 

1649
01:31:55,400 --> 01:31:57,600
No human eyes witness this 
private exchange. 

1650
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:01,900
Perfect faith. 
It was not blindness to danger 

1651
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:05,700
or an absence of fear, but a 
willingness to proceed despite 

1652
01:32:05,700 --> 01:32:09,300
both With that understanding, I 
descended to prepare for 

1653
01:32:09,300 --> 01:32:12,200
departure. 
Ready to transform from examined

1654
01:32:12,200 --> 01:32:15,500
curiosity to Battlefield. 
Commander we departed tours on 

1655
01:32:15,500 --> 01:32:18,500
April 27th, with supplies and 
reinforcements for the besieged 

1656
01:32:18,500 --> 01:32:20,500
city. 
But conflict emerged immediately

1657
01:32:20,500 --> 01:32:22,200
between military commanders and 
me. 

1658
01:32:22,200 --> 01:32:24,700
A teenage girl claiming Divine 
guidance. 

1659
01:32:25,800 --> 01:32:31,400
The Army's veteran captions Jean
de vignola regarded me with open

1660
01:32:31,400 --> 01:32:33,800
skepticism. 
They had where the years of 

1661
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:37,300
defeats and develop cautious. 
Strategies avoid confrontation 

1662
01:32:37,300 --> 01:32:41,100
preserve remaining forces and 
accept that Allie on would 

1663
01:32:41,100 --> 01:32:44,400
eventually fall like other 
strongholds before it God did 

1664
01:32:44,400 --> 01:32:46,000
not send me to follow cautious 
men. 

1665
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:48,300
I informed them during our first
Council. 

1666
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:51,900
Volume will not fall. 
We will not merely deliver 

1667
01:32:51,900 --> 01:32:53,900
supplies. 
We will break The Siege 

1668
01:32:53,900 --> 01:32:56,200
entirely. 
La here. 

1669
01:32:57,000 --> 01:33:00,000
And notorious Soldier known for 
Creative profanity. 

1670
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:04,600
Stared me in disbelief. 
With what divine wind to blow 

1671
01:33:04,600 --> 01:33:07,600
the English away. 
They outnumber us, they have 

1672
01:33:07,600 --> 01:33:10,300
secured their positions. 
They outnumbered David against 

1673
01:33:10,300 --> 01:33:13,000
Goliath. 
I replied numbers mean nothing 

1674
01:33:13,000 --> 01:33:17,200
against God's will. 
These exchanges established our 

1675
01:33:17,200 --> 01:33:19,700
working relationship. 
They planned according to 

1676
01:33:19,700 --> 01:33:22,700
military experience and I 
insisted on more aggressive 

1677
01:33:22,700 --> 01:33:25,200
action than conventional wisdom 
suggested was prudent. 

1678
01:33:25,200 --> 01:33:28,900
The compromised that emerged 
involved approaching Ali from an

1679
01:33:28,900 --> 01:33:31,700
unexpected Direction, crossing 
the Loire, rather than 

1680
01:33:31,700 --> 01:33:34,100
confronting the stronger English
positions directly. 

1681
01:33:35,300 --> 01:33:37,800
This decision portrayed in 
Chronicles as my strategic 

1682
01:33:37,800 --> 01:33:41,000
Brilliance actually resulted 
from practical necessity 

1683
01:33:41,000 --> 01:33:44,800
combined with fortunate timing. 
Spring rains had made the river 

1684
01:33:44,800 --> 01:33:47,700
higher than usual, limiting 
Crossing points, but also 

1685
01:33:47,700 --> 01:33:49,700
focusing English defensive 
positions. 

1686
01:33:50,400 --> 01:33:54,200
My inspiration to approach from 
the East, simply utilized 

1687
01:33:54,200 --> 01:33:57,500
terrain the English a deemed too
difficult to defend heavily. 

1688
01:33:58,300 --> 01:34:01,600
We reached the laws, Southern 
Bank, on, April 29th, where I 

1689
01:34:01,600 --> 01:34:03,900
dictated another letter to the 
English commanders. 

1690
01:34:03,900 --> 01:34:07,000
This one delivered by Harold 
directly to their lines. 

1691
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:10,400
Human of England who have no 
right in this Kingdom of France,

1692
01:34:10,400 --> 01:34:13,100
go away into your country, in 
God's name. 

1693
01:34:13,800 --> 01:34:17,200
And if you do not do this, await
Tidings from the maid, who will 

1694
01:34:17,200 --> 01:34:19,800
come to see you shortly to your 
very great injury. 

1695
01:34:20,900 --> 01:34:22,600
The English soldiers who heard 
this message? 

1696
01:34:22,600 --> 01:34:26,400
Reportedly laughed asking if the
French had grown so desperate, 

1697
01:34:26,400 --> 01:34:28,800
they now sent girls to fight 
their battles. 

1698
01:34:28,800 --> 01:34:32,600
William, Glasgow their Commander
sent back a message, threatening

1699
01:34:32,600 --> 01:34:34,800
to burn me as a witch, and hang 
those who followed me as 

1700
01:34:34,800 --> 01:34:37,200
Heretics. 
If captured fear clenched, my 

1701
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:40,700
stomach upon hearing this not of
burning specifically, but a 

1702
01:34:40,700 --> 01:34:43,500
failure of leading others to 
death, through misplaced 

1703
01:34:43,500 --> 01:34:46,600
confidence. 
That night, I prayed longer than

1704
01:34:46,600 --> 01:34:50,100
usual seeking reassurance from 
my voices, who had grown 

1705
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:52,600
somewhat quietest. 
Since my departure from shinyo, 

1706
01:34:53,100 --> 01:34:56,100
The English threatened fire. 
I whispered to the darkness of 

1707
01:34:56,100 --> 01:34:58,300
my tent. 
All human flesh. 

1708
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:01,100
Fears Flames Margaret answered 
compassionately. 

1709
01:35:01,100 --> 01:35:05,400
But remember, the true fire is 
God's purpose burning through 

1710
01:35:05,400 --> 01:35:08,600
you, it seems doubt and 
illuminates the path. 

1711
01:35:09,800 --> 01:35:13,200
On April 30th, we successfully 
transported supplies into all 

1712
01:35:13,200 --> 01:35:16,600
your river, barges bringing 
desperately needed Provisions to

1713
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:19,600
the city's Defenders. 
I entered that evening during a 

1714
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:23,100
rainstorm soaked and physically 
exhausted but filled with 

1715
01:35:23,100 --> 01:35:26,900
strange exhilaration citizens 
lined, the narrow streets, 

1716
01:35:26,900 --> 01:35:30,700
despite the weather, reaching to
touch my armor or standard as if

1717
01:35:30,700 --> 01:35:34,500
I carried a tangible blessing. 
Jacques Bushey, the city 

1718
01:35:34,500 --> 01:35:36,500
treasurer offered his home for 
my lodging. 

1719
01:35:36,500 --> 01:35:39,200
His daughter. 
Charlotte closest to my 

1720
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:42,500
household helped, remove my 
armor out that the first 

1721
01:35:42,508 --> 01:35:45,200
evening. 
She gasped seeing bruises 

1722
01:35:45,200 --> 01:35:47,900
already forming Where Metal had 
pressed against my skin during 

1723
01:35:47,900 --> 01:35:50,600
the long ride. 
Does it hurt terribly? 

1724
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:53,600
She asked applying herbal Salve 
to the worst marks. 

1725
01:35:54,600 --> 01:35:56,600
Less than fear hurts this city. 
I answered. 

1726
01:35:57,500 --> 01:35:59,300
The truth was. 
I barely noticed physical 

1727
01:35:59,300 --> 01:36:02,100
discomfort. 
I focus had narrowed to a single

1728
01:36:02,100 --> 01:36:04,800
purpose, fulfilling. 
What the voice is promised. 

1729
01:36:06,000 --> 01:36:07,900
Following days brought 
increasing frustration. 

1730
01:36:09,000 --> 01:36:13,300
Military commanders insisted on 
gradual approaches small gains 

1731
01:36:13,300 --> 01:36:14,900
and careful conservation of 
resources. 

1732
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:19,600
I demanded immediate decisive 
action against key English 

1733
01:36:19,600 --> 01:36:22,200
fortification. 
Each War counts will become a 

1734
01:36:22,208 --> 01:36:25,700
battle itself, me against 
experienced soldiers, who saw my

1735
01:36:25,700 --> 01:36:30,700
urgency as neither, Tay On May 
4th while commanders deliberated

1736
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:34,200
yet, another cautious player 
inapt briefly in the chamber 

1737
01:36:34,200 --> 01:36:37,500
within dreamlike moments. 
Michael appeared with unusual 

1738
01:36:37,500 --> 01:36:40,100
clarity. 
They attack the Eastern Gate. 

1739
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:45,900
He stated without Preamble now. 
I woke instantly calling for my 

1740
01:36:45,900 --> 01:36:48,700
Squire to help with armor, 
Charlotte who had been mending 

1741
01:36:48,700 --> 01:36:52,300
nearby looked startled, at my 
sudden urgency what happens. 

1742
01:36:52,300 --> 01:36:56,800
She asked Eastern Gate was all, 
I managed while struggling 

1743
01:36:56,800 --> 01:37:00,400
through my padded undergarment 
fighting has begun, indeed, 

1744
01:37:00,400 --> 01:37:02,800
welcomed as planned. 
English forces, had launched a 

1745
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:06,100
surprise assault against Saint 
Luke, one of the Cities Eastern 

1746
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:09,300
fortifications. 
By the time I reached the area 

1747
01:37:09,300 --> 01:37:11,800
French Defenders were already 
retreating in disarray. 

1748
01:37:12,700 --> 01:37:14,200
Without waiting for formal 
orders. 

1749
01:37:14,200 --> 01:37:17,100
I rode directly toward the 
conflict with the standardized 

1750
01:37:17,100 --> 01:37:18,600
High. 
Soldiers. 

1751
01:37:18,600 --> 01:37:21,500
Later described the events as 
miraculous noting, how 

1752
01:37:21,500 --> 01:37:24,900
retreating men turned back upon 
seeing me and how their broken 

1753
01:37:24,900 --> 01:37:27,300
courage transformed into a 
determined Advance. 

1754
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:30,600
The reality was less mystical, 
but no, less effective. 

1755
01:37:31,900 --> 01:37:34,100
In the confusion of battle. 
A symbolic. 

1756
01:37:34,100 --> 01:37:37,100
Vocal Point. 
Distinctive figure on Horseback 

1757
01:37:37,100 --> 01:37:40,800
with an unmistakable Banner, 
provided a rallying point and 

1758
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:44,200
renewed purpose. 
Who Retreats When Heaven fights 

1759
01:37:44,200 --> 01:37:46,900
alongside us? 
I called my voice caring 

1760
01:37:46,900 --> 01:37:48,700
surprisingly. 
Well, across the dinner of 

1761
01:37:48,700 --> 01:37:52,000
combat forward. 
God has delivered them into our 

1762
01:37:52,000 --> 01:37:56,600
hands. 
The battle turned by evening. 

1763
01:37:56,600 --> 01:37:59,600
Saint Luke had fallen to our 
forces this Victory, while 

1764
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:03,000
modest in strategic terms, 
transformed perceptions 

1765
01:38:03,000 --> 01:38:06,300
soldiers, who had doubted began 
viewing me with superstitious 

1766
01:38:06,300 --> 01:38:08,600
ore? 
Commanders who had dismissed my 

1767
01:38:08,600 --> 01:38:11,700
Council became more willing to 
listen yet challenges to 

1768
01:38:11,700 --> 01:38:15,500
Authority continued. 
On May the 5th Juno. 

1769
01:38:15,500 --> 01:38:18,400
Attempted to exclude me from 
councils planning operations, 

1770
01:38:18,400 --> 01:38:20,800
without my knowledge. 
Upon discovering this I 

1771
01:38:20,800 --> 01:38:24,100
confronted him directly. 
Do you believe you can conceal 

1772
01:38:24,100 --> 01:38:27,500
God's battle from his messenger?
I demanded interrupting their 

1773
01:38:27,500 --> 01:38:30,100
closed meeting. 
Why do you plot in Shadows When 

1774
01:38:30,100 --> 01:38:33,000
Heaven watches regardless? 
Do you know what intelligent 

1775
01:38:33,000 --> 01:38:36,500
politically astute recognized 
the changing mood among troops? 

1776
01:38:36,500 --> 01:38:39,300
We sought only to spare you the 
technical details. 

1777
01:38:39,300 --> 01:38:42,100
He offered diplomatically Spare 
me nothing. 

1778
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:46,100
I counted, I was not sent to be 
spared, but to lead. 

1779
01:38:47,500 --> 01:38:49,900
The following day, The Assault 
on Saint, John LeBlanc and the 

1780
01:38:49,900 --> 01:38:53,400
Augusta Fortress took place. 
This incident was one of the key

1781
01:38:53,400 --> 01:38:55,800
events that solidified my 
reputation among common 

1782
01:38:55,800 --> 01:38:58,300
soldiers. 
English Defenders had positioned

1783
01:38:58,300 --> 01:38:59,800
archers to cover the main 
approach. 

1784
01:39:00,800 --> 01:39:03,300
As our forces, hesitated under 
the deadly rain of arrows. 

1785
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:06,400
I rode forward alone standard 
Held High. 

1786
01:39:07,400 --> 01:39:09,600
An arrow struck. 
Her armor Witnesses later, 

1787
01:39:09,600 --> 01:39:11,700
reported. 
Yet she continued as if 

1788
01:39:11,708 --> 01:39:14,900
untouched. 
In truth, the arrow glanced off 

1789
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:18,200
my shoulder plate, bruising but 
not penetrating. more 

1790
01:39:18,200 --> 01:39:21,800
significant than this, minor 
miracle was the psychological 

1791
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:25,600
effect of my advanced Soldiers, 
Shame by a girl's courage, 

1792
01:39:25,600 --> 01:39:28,700
surged forward, the 
fortification fell by evening 

1793
01:39:28,700 --> 01:39:32,500
May 7th brought the decisive 
assault against lateral, the 

1794
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:34,900
main Fortress controlling 
alleles River Crossing. 

1795
01:39:35,500 --> 01:39:38,500
Here, my Legend and reality most
dramatically intersect 

1796
01:39:38,500 --> 01:39:41,700
historical accounts described 
me, taking an arrow to the 

1797
01:39:41,700 --> 01:39:44,600
shoulder have been predicted 
this injury the previous day, 

1798
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:47,600
the wound was real and English 
Longbow Arrow. 

1799
01:39:47,600 --> 01:39:50,900
Penetrating between neck and 
shoulder armor but my prediction

1800
01:39:50,900 --> 01:39:54,800
had been more General Blood will
be drawn to Morrow but not all 

1801
01:39:54,800 --> 01:39:57,500
of it, French. 
The pain nearly caused 

1802
01:39:57,500 --> 01:40:00,100
unconsciousness. 
I was pulled from Battle briefly

1803
01:40:00,100 --> 01:40:03,400
while the arrow was removed, not
ceremoniously, as depicted in 

1804
01:40:03,400 --> 01:40:06,600
romantic painting's, but with 
Bruce Will efficiency by a field

1805
01:40:06,600 --> 01:40:10,100
surgeon who feared wound fever 
would set in if the barbed head 

1806
01:40:10,100 --> 01:40:13,200
remained embedded. 
Poured boiling oil into the 

1807
01:40:13,200 --> 01:40:15,500
wound to court rise. 
The bleeding pain that exceeded 

1808
01:40:15,500 --> 01:40:19,000
the original injury. 
Why I got afterward? 

1809
01:40:19,800 --> 01:40:23,600
Just a little. 
Instead of wine, they gave me 

1810
01:40:23,600 --> 01:40:27,100
consecrated bread communion 
without formal ceremony 

1811
01:40:27,100 --> 01:40:31,000
Battlefield sacrament. 
The pain receded enough that I 

1812
01:40:31,008 --> 01:40:34,000
could stand again by using my 
right arm remained impossible. 

1813
01:40:34,900 --> 01:40:37,600
Military commanders. 
Seeing my condition, ordered a 

1814
01:40:37,600 --> 01:40:39,600
retreat for the day. 
The assault would resume 

1815
01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:41,800
tomorrow. 
They decided without consulting 

1816
01:40:41,800 --> 01:40:44,000
me. 
I heard this decision while 

1817
01:40:44,000 --> 01:40:48,600
having my wound bandaged. 
Know I counted struggling back 

1818
01:40:48,600 --> 01:40:50,700
into partial armor despite 
Charlotte's protests. 

1819
01:40:50,700 --> 01:40:53,700
We finished today. 
The English resolved dwindles 

1820
01:40:53,700 --> 01:40:56,500
with each passing hour returning
to battle with the wound. 

1821
01:40:56,500 --> 01:40:59,100
Still fresh became the defining 
moment, Witnesses, remembered, 

1822
01:40:59,100 --> 01:41:02,900
the injured made refusing 
Retreat standard transferred to 

1823
01:41:02,900 --> 01:41:06,200
my left hand while my right arm 
hunting useless rallying troops 

1824
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:09,700
for the final push as daylight 
began fading What's rarely 

1825
01:41:09,700 --> 01:41:11,800
recorded is how fever already 
began clouding. 

1826
01:41:11,800 --> 01:41:15,100
My thoughts, how each movement 
sent waves of nausea through me 

1827
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:17,800
and how the voices seemed to 
speak from an increasingly 

1828
01:41:17,800 --> 01:41:21,400
enormous distance yet? 
Purpose carried me forward, when

1829
01:41:21,400 --> 01:41:23,300
physical strengths should have 
failed. 

1830
01:41:23,300 --> 01:41:26,800
The English Commander glass, 
Dale, who had promised to burn 

1831
01:41:26,800 --> 01:41:29,700
me as a witch died during this 
final assault. 

1832
01:41:29,700 --> 01:41:32,500
When a makeshift Bridge 
collapsed beneath him, he 

1833
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:35,700
drowned in the Loire weighed 
down by the very armored meant 

1834
01:41:35,700 --> 01:41:38,700
to protect him soldiers. 
On both sides viewed, his death 

1835
01:41:38,700 --> 01:41:41,400
as Divine judgment. 
Superstitious fear spreading 

1836
01:41:41,400 --> 01:41:45,400
through remaining, English 
forces by Nightfall, lateral had

1837
01:41:45,400 --> 01:41:48,800
fallen, The Siege that had 
strangled, all the offer seven 

1838
01:41:48,800 --> 01:41:51,200
months broken, just four days of
concerted action. 

1839
01:41:52,100 --> 01:41:55,200
The following morning May 8th. 
Remaining English troops 

1840
01:41:55,200 --> 01:41:57,500
retreated from positions. 
They'd held since October, 

1841
01:41:57,500 --> 01:42:00,300
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

1842
01:42:01,200 --> 01:42:04,300
All your erupted in Celebration 
Church bells. 

1843
01:42:04,300 --> 01:42:07,800
Rang continuously citizens who 
had expected either starvation 

1844
01:42:07,800 --> 01:42:11,600
or mastercorp instead found the 
liberated, they credited, the 

1845
01:42:11,600 --> 01:42:14,400
maid The Peasant girl, from 
Dahmer, who had promised 

1846
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:17,400
deliverance and against all 
rational, expectation delivered 

1847
01:42:17,400 --> 01:42:20,600
it. 
That Night Fever and weak from 

1848
01:42:20,600 --> 01:42:23,600
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

1849
01:42:23,600 --> 01:42:26,200
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

1850
01:42:26,200 --> 01:42:28,400
through me. 
Well, had my presence, simply 

1851
01:42:28,400 --> 01:42:31,800
catalyzed human courage that 
already existed waiting only for

1852
01:42:31,800 --> 01:42:33,700
symbol and purpose to 
crystallize action. 

1853
01:42:34,700 --> 01:42:38,200
Both Catherine whispered as I 
drifted between Consciousness 

1854
01:42:38,200 --> 01:42:41,000
and dream. 
The greatest Miracles work 

1855
01:42:41,000 --> 01:42:43,300
through natural channels, not to
pipe them. 

1856
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:47,100
Citizens began calling the lepus
El door. 

1857
01:42:47,100 --> 01:42:50,400
Leon the maid of Orleans a title
that would follow me through 

1858
01:42:50,400 --> 01:42:53,700
history. 
Yet alone in prayer that night I

1859
01:42:53,700 --> 01:42:58,400
remained simply Jean aching. 
Feverish wondering what further 

1860
01:42:58,400 --> 01:43:01,500
price for filling Heaven's 
commands might require by 

1861
01:43:01,500 --> 01:43:05,200
Nightfall. 
Lateral had fallen The Siege 

1862
01:43:05,200 --> 01:43:08,000
that had strangled all the offer
seven months broke in just four 

1863
01:43:08,000 --> 01:43:11,500
days of concerted action. 
The following morning May 8th. 

1864
01:43:11,500 --> 01:43:14,400
Remaining English troops 
retreated from positions. 

1865
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:17,300
They'd held since October, 
abandoning equipment and 

1866
01:43:17,300 --> 01:43:20,900
supplies in their haste. 
Allele erupted in Celebration 

1867
01:43:20,900 --> 01:43:25,200
Church bells, rang continuously 
citizens who had expected either

1868
01:43:25,200 --> 01:43:27,600
starvation or master in Stead 
found themselves. 

1869
01:43:27,600 --> 01:43:31,100
Liberated, they credited, the 
maid The Peasant girl from 

1870
01:43:31,100 --> 01:43:33,700
Dahmer, who had promised 
deliverance and against all 

1871
01:43:33,700 --> 01:43:35,400
rational, expectation delivered 
it. 

1872
01:43:36,500 --> 01:43:39,000
That Night Fever and weak from 
blood loss. 

1873
01:43:39,000 --> 01:43:41,900
I struggled to understand what a
truly happened. 

1874
01:43:41,900 --> 01:43:45,900
Had God performed Miracles 
through me, Well, I had my 

1875
01:43:45,900 --> 01:43:48,700
presence, simply catalyzed human
courage that already existed 

1876
01:43:48,700 --> 01:43:51,700
waiting only for symbol and 
purpose to crystallize action. 

1877
01:43:52,600 --> 01:43:56,200
Both Catherine whispered as I 
drifted between Consciousness 

1878
01:43:56,200 --> 01:43:58,900
and dream. 
The greatest Miracles work 

1879
01:43:58,900 --> 01:44:01,300
through natural channels, not to
pipe them. 

1880
01:44:02,900 --> 01:44:05,000
Citizens began calling me lepus 
El door. 

1881
01:44:05,000 --> 01:44:08,300
Leon the maid of Orleans a title
that would follow me through 

1882
01:44:08,300 --> 01:44:11,600
history. 
Yet alone in prayer that night I

1883
01:44:11,600 --> 01:44:16,300
remained simply Jeanne aching. 
Feverish wondering what further 

1884
01:44:16,300 --> 01:44:18,600
price fulfilling Heaven's 
commands might require 

1885
01:44:18,600 --> 01:44:22,200
throughout this journey. 
I maintained my male attire and 

1886
01:44:22,200 --> 01:44:25,300
slept fully armored most nights 
surrounded by guards. 

1887
01:44:25,300 --> 01:44:28,900
This practice later used as 
evidence of impropriety during 

1888
01:44:28,900 --> 01:44:31,500
my trial. 
Served practical purposes beyond

1889
01:44:31,500 --> 01:44:34,700
the voices commands traveling 
with thousands of soldiers. 

1890
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:38,200
While I identify female invited 
dangers, obvious to any woman 

1891
01:44:38,200 --> 01:44:42,300
Divine protection, not 
withstanding, The armor provided

1892
01:44:42,300 --> 01:44:44,300
a physical barrier against 
casual assault. 

1893
01:44:44,300 --> 01:44:47,200
Male clothing, minimized on 
wanted attention during 

1894
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:51,400
necessary activities. 
We reached Wayans on July 16th, 

1895
01:44:51,400 --> 01:44:53,900
the city welcomed Charles, with 
without resistance. 

1896
01:44:53,900 --> 01:44:57,300
Its citizens, lining streets to 
witness, what many had thought 

1897
01:44:57,300 --> 01:45:00,500
impossible months early. 
I wrote to Philip of burgundy 

1898
01:45:00,500 --> 01:45:03,400
that same day urging 
reconciliation with Charles 

1899
01:45:03,400 --> 01:45:06,500
calling on him to make good 
piece that will last with the 

1900
01:45:06,508 --> 01:45:09,300
rightful King. 
This letter received no 

1901
01:45:09,300 --> 01:45:11,800
immediate response but 
represented my growing political

1902
01:45:11,800 --> 01:45:13,800
involvement Beyond Battlefield 
leadership. 

1903
01:45:13,800 --> 01:45:17,800
The coronation ceremony on July,
the 17th exists in popular 

1904
01:45:17,800 --> 01:45:20,300
imagination. 
As a triumphant culmination, the

1905
01:45:20,300 --> 01:45:22,300
maid standing proudly beside her
King. 

1906
01:45:22,300 --> 01:45:27,200
As Divine prophecy is fulfilled.
Reality contained more nuanced. 

1907
01:45:27,200 --> 01:45:30,200
I indeed stood near the altar 
holding my standard, but 

1908
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:33,900
experience, the ceremony with 
complicated emotions, initially 

1909
01:45:33,900 --> 01:45:36,700
relief. 
Predominated, I had accomplished

1910
01:45:36,700 --> 01:45:38,600
the primary mission of the 
voices in me. 

1911
01:45:39,600 --> 01:45:42,100
Charles melt before the 
Archbishop received sacred 

1912
01:45:42,100 --> 01:45:45,400
anointing from the holy ampulla 
and Rose as King, Charles the 

1913
01:45:45,400 --> 01:45:48,200
seventh, his legitimacy, no 
longer questionable. 

1914
01:45:48,900 --> 01:45:51,500
As the Archbishop placed the 
crown on his head, I 

1915
01:45:51,500 --> 01:45:55,800
spontaneously broken into tears.
Now God's work is accomplished. 

1916
01:45:55,800 --> 01:45:59,000
I told him afterward during the 
celebration Feast where I was 

1917
01:45:59,000 --> 01:46:02,000
granted a position of Honor. 
You are the true king of France 

1918
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:04,100
by holy coronation as well as by
birth. 

1919
01:46:05,100 --> 01:46:08,000
Charles emotionally moved. 
Despite his typically, reserved 

1920
01:46:08,000 --> 01:46:10,700
nature asked, what reward I 
desired for my service. 

1921
01:46:11,500 --> 01:46:14,900
Courteous, leaned forward, 
anticipating requests for titles

1922
01:46:14,900 --> 01:46:18,100
lands and wealth, the normal 
currency of Royal gratitude. 

1923
01:46:18,900 --> 01:46:22,900
Grant tax exemption to domini. 
I requested instead my people 

1924
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:25,300
are poor and have suffered much 
from the wars Passage. 

1925
01:46:26,500 --> 01:46:29,500
This modest request enhanced my 
reputation for saintly 

1926
01:46:29,500 --> 01:46:32,500
disinterest, in worldly gain as 
it costs the crown, almost 

1927
01:46:32,500 --> 01:46:34,500
nothing and showed my lack of 
personal ambition. 

1928
01:46:35,700 --> 01:46:38,500
The voice is never promised a 
personal reward for completing 

1929
01:46:38,500 --> 01:46:41,400
Heaven's tasks. 
My future remained conspicuously

1930
01:46:41,400 --> 01:46:44,900
absent from their pronouncements
that evening alone in Chambers 

1931
01:46:44,900 --> 01:46:47,600
provided within the archbishop's
palace experience. 

1932
01:46:47,600 --> 01:46:51,400
Something unprecedented Silence 
from the voices that had guided 

1933
01:46:51,400 --> 01:46:55,800
me since age 13 I prayed for 
hours, seeking their familiar 

1934
01:46:55,800 --> 01:46:58,400
presence but encountered only 
ordinary Stillness. 

1935
01:46:59,500 --> 01:47:03,000
Have I failed in some manner. 
I finally asked aloud desperate 

1936
01:47:03,000 --> 01:47:06,400
for a response Catherine's voice
when it finally came sounded 

1937
01:47:06,400 --> 01:47:09,300
distant as if speaking across 
enormous separation. 

1938
01:47:10,100 --> 01:47:13,100
The path, divides. 
Before You One Direction, leads 

1939
01:47:13,100 --> 01:47:15,800
to Earthly Glory. 
But spiritual Peril, the other 

1940
01:47:15,800 --> 01:47:18,000
is bodily suffering, but 
Heavenly Triumph. 

1941
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:21,800
Which should I choose? 
I begged but receive no answer. 

1942
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:24,000
The voice is diminishing 
Clarity. 

1943
01:47:24,000 --> 01:47:28,400
Troubled, me deeply as we 
departed Rams on July 20th for 

1944
01:47:28,400 --> 01:47:30,500
years. 
They had provided unmistakable 

1945
01:47:30,500 --> 01:47:33,500
Direction. 
Now at the moment of greatest 

1946
01:47:33,500 --> 01:47:37,500
public Acclaim, their guidance, 
grew ambiguous precisely when 

1947
01:47:37,500 --> 01:47:40,200
political complexity demanded, 
the clearest understanding 

1948
01:47:41,200 --> 01:47:44,600
Charles and his advisors favored
consolidating recent gains 

1949
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:48,100
negotiating with burgundy and 
avoiding confrontation with 

1950
01:47:48,100 --> 01:47:51,600
primary English forces. 
I advocated for an immediate 

1951
01:47:51,600 --> 01:47:54,700
Advance on Paris aiming to 
strike while our momentum 

1952
01:47:54,700 --> 01:47:57,300
remains strong and English 
Authority appeared. 

1953
01:47:57,300 --> 01:48:00,900
Weakest these Divergent 
strategies reflected fundamental

1954
01:48:00,900 --> 01:48:04,300
differences in perspective. 
Charles thinking in political 

1955
01:48:04,300 --> 01:48:06,300
terms of alliances and 
sustainable power. 

1956
01:48:06,300 --> 01:48:09,900
And me still operating from a 
Divine mandate to drive foreign 

1957
01:48:09,900 --> 01:48:13,600
forces from France entirely. 
God did not deliver victory at 

1958
01:48:13,600 --> 01:48:15,400
all. 
He could stop halfway to 

1959
01:48:15,400 --> 01:48:18,700
complete Liberation. 
I argued during counsel's Paris 

1960
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:21,400
is the Kingdom's, heart reclaim 
it and the English position 

1961
01:48:21,400 --> 01:48:24,200
collapses. 
What I couldn't share was my 

1962
01:48:24,200 --> 01:48:27,400
growing fear that time was 
running out, and that the fading

1963
01:48:27,400 --> 01:48:30,200
of the voices signaled, an 
impending end to Divine favor, 

1964
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:34,000
This created urgency, I couldn't
fully explain to military 

1965
01:48:34,000 --> 01:48:35,500
commanders. 
A custom to deliberate 

1966
01:48:35,500 --> 01:48:38,200
campaigns. 
As we travel through recently, 

1967
01:48:38,200 --> 01:48:40,900
liberated territories, common 
people flocked to see me, 

1968
01:48:40,900 --> 01:48:44,200
reaching to touch my armor 
begging blessings for children 

1969
01:48:44,200 --> 01:48:46,000
and offering tokens of 
appreciation. 

1970
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:50,300
Women wept openly seeing in me 
something that transcended 

1971
01:48:50,300 --> 01:48:54,000
conventional limitations placed 
on our gender men removed caps. 

1972
01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:56,100
Respectfully, as if you're in 
the presence of something 

1973
01:48:56,100 --> 01:49:00,100
wholly, this veneration 
discomforted me, increasingly, I

1974
01:49:00,100 --> 01:49:03,400
am not a saint. 
I told Charlotte dauber, a 

1975
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:05,700
noblewoman who had joined our 
traveling court and attempted to

1976
01:49:05,700 --> 01:49:07,700
collect my discarded. 
Garments, as relics. 

1977
01:49:07,700 --> 01:49:10,500
I'm only God's messenger nothing
in myself. 

1978
01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:12,400
Yet. 
God chose you. 

1979
01:49:12,400 --> 01:49:15,900
She counted that distinction 
itself, makes you extraordinary.

1980
01:49:17,200 --> 01:49:20,100
This growing Cult of Personality
served immediate political 

1981
01:49:20,100 --> 01:49:23,900
purposes, rallying support, for 
Charles, demonstrating Divine 

1982
01:49:23,900 --> 01:49:27,000
favor for his rule. 
But created complications, I was

1983
01:49:27,000 --> 01:49:31,300
ill equipped to navigate each 
miraculous attribution each 

1984
01:49:31,300 --> 01:49:34,700
story embellished in retelling 
placed me further from the 

1985
01:49:34,700 --> 01:49:38,200
simple girl who had left on Remy
leaving Heaven's instructions 

1986
01:49:38,200 --> 01:49:41,500
were straightforward. 
By Late July Charles had begun 

1987
01:49:41,500 --> 01:49:44,300
secret negotiations with 
burgundy, seeking diplomatic 

1988
01:49:44,300 --> 01:49:47,200
resolution, while publicly 
maintaining military pressure. 

1989
01:49:48,100 --> 01:49:49,800
This strategy made political 
sense. 

1990
01:49:49,800 --> 01:49:52,300
But contradicted, the voices 
increasingly sporadic. 

1991
01:49:52,300 --> 01:49:55,200
Instructions for complete 
Liberation through direct 

1992
01:49:55,200 --> 01:49:58,300
action. 
The resulting tension manifested

1993
01:49:58,300 --> 01:50:00,500
in Council debate. 
Where my previously. 

1994
01:50:00,500 --> 01:50:03,800
Decisive guidance. 
Now competed with experienced 

1995
01:50:03,800 --> 01:50:06,800
political advisors offering 
conventional alternatives. 

1996
01:50:07,800 --> 01:50:10,800
You are not sent to negotiate 
half measures Michael told me 

1997
01:50:10,800 --> 01:50:14,000
during rare communication, we 
must fully cleanse France of 

1998
01:50:14,000 --> 01:50:17,400
foreign presence. 
Yet when I repeated such 

1999
01:50:17,400 --> 01:50:20,100
sentiments to Charles and his 
counselors, they increasingly 

2000
01:50:20,100 --> 01:50:22,600
regarded them as militarily 
unrealistic and politically 

2001
01:50:22,600 --> 01:50:25,000
naive. 
The maid had served her purpose 

2002
01:50:25,000 --> 01:50:27,800
in delivering coronation. 
Now practical governance, 

2003
01:50:27,800 --> 01:50:30,600
required compromises, Heaven, 
seemed unwilling to acknowledge 

2004
01:50:30,600 --> 01:50:34,800
this Divergence would soon lead 
to Paris and decisions that 

2005
01:50:34,800 --> 01:50:38,900
would alter my path irrevocably 
August found using incrementally

2006
01:50:38,900 --> 01:50:41,500
toward Paris while Charles 
simultaneously, pursued 

2007
01:50:41,500 --> 01:50:45,000
negotiations with burgundy. 
This contradictory approach 

2008
01:50:45,000 --> 01:50:47,900
military pressure paired up with
diplomatic Outreach, created, 

2009
01:50:47,900 --> 01:50:51,400
strategic confusion. 
Where we truly attempting to 

2010
01:50:51,400 --> 01:50:54,200
recapture Paris or merely 
demonstrating military 

2011
01:50:54,200 --> 01:50:56,900
capability to strengthen 
Charles's negotiating position. 

2012
01:50:58,000 --> 01:51:00,700
The Duke of Bedford English 
Regent for their child, King 

2013
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:04,400
Henry, the sick recognized our 
momentum and retreated from 

2014
01:51:04,400 --> 01:51:07,500
direct confrontation reinforcing
Paris. 

2015
01:51:07,500 --> 01:51:09,600
While yielding smaller 
surrounding territories. 

2016
01:51:10,700 --> 01:51:13,800
On August 14th. 
Charles signed a 15-day truce 

2017
01:51:13,800 --> 01:51:16,800
with burgundy, supposedly, 
creating space for peace 

2018
01:51:16,800 --> 01:51:20,000
negotiation, while actually 
providing English forces. 

2019
01:51:20,000 --> 01:51:22,400
Critical time to strengthen 
paris's defenses. 

2020
01:51:22,400 --> 01:51:26,100
I oppose this truth via mentally
sensing opportunity slipping 

2021
01:51:26,100 --> 01:51:28,500
away. 
While you exchange Pleasant 

2022
01:51:28,500 --> 01:51:31,300
messages or enemies, rebuild 
walls and restore courage. 

2023
01:51:31,300 --> 01:51:35,300
I warned Charles the moment for 
decisive action passes with each

2024
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:40,300
day of delay, The voices though.
Less frequent reinforced. 

2025
01:51:40,300 --> 01:51:43,800
This urgency. 
Paris must not remain in enemy 

2026
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:46,100
hands, Margaret insisted during 
prayer. 

2027
01:51:46,100 --> 01:51:49,200
The city's, Liberation will 
break English resolved 

2028
01:51:49,200 --> 01:51:53,500
completely Charles wavered 
between my continued insistence 

2029
01:51:53,500 --> 01:51:56,400
on Divine mandate and his 
counselors emphasis on political

2030
01:51:56,400 --> 01:51:59,100
reality. 
The compromise that emerged 

2031
01:51:59,100 --> 01:52:01,800
satisfied. 
No one our forces would advance 

2032
01:52:01,800 --> 01:52:04,300
to paris's outskirts but of 
salt. 

2033
01:52:04,300 --> 01:52:07,900
While negotiations continued by 
late August, we established 

2034
01:52:07,900 --> 01:52:11,700
positions at Sandy within sight 
of paris's Northern walls. 

2035
01:52:11,700 --> 01:52:14,200
The city's proximity affected 
me. 

2036
01:52:14,200 --> 01:52:17,000
Strangely after months of 
campaigning focused on the 

2037
01:52:17,000 --> 01:52:20,700
subjective actually seeing its 
towers and spires created an 

2038
01:52:20,700 --> 01:52:23,300
almost physical yearning to 
complete what the voices had 

2039
01:52:23,300 --> 01:52:26,200
promised. 
Daily, I rode reconnaissance 

2040
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:29,500
along positions facing the city 
studying defenses planing 

2041
01:52:29,500 --> 01:52:32,500
approaches and praying for Clear
instruction that came with 

2042
01:52:32,500 --> 01:52:36,300
decreasing reliability. 
The truce with burgundy expired 

2043
01:52:36,300 --> 01:52:38,800
without meaningful agreement on 
September 8th. 

2044
01:52:38,800 --> 01:52:41,400
I convinced our commanders to 
attempt in assault against 

2045
01:52:41,400 --> 01:52:44,600
paris's defenses near the South 
honorary gate despite Charles 

2046
01:52:44,600 --> 01:52:46,700
with holding full support for 
the operational. 

2047
01:52:47,600 --> 01:52:50,100
This partial commitment meant 
attacking with insufficient 

2048
01:52:50,100 --> 01:52:53,200
forces against prepared 
positions, a military mistake 

2049
01:52:53,200 --> 01:52:55,500
Justified only by my 
increasingly desperate 

2050
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:58,700
insistence that heaven would 
provide necessary advantage. 

2051
01:52:59,400 --> 01:53:02,700
God will blind their Gunners. 
I promised troops assembled for 

2052
01:53:02,700 --> 01:53:05,100
the assault. 
Divine protection, covers us as 

2053
01:53:05,108 --> 01:53:09,600
we reclaim the Kingdom's heart. 
The attack commenced at noon 

2054
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:12,700
initial progress. 
Seemed to confirm Divine favor. 

2055
01:53:12,700 --> 01:53:15,500
We reached the outer moat with 
minimal casualties and 

2056
01:53:15,500 --> 01:53:17,400
established positions within 
bow. 

2057
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:20,600
Range of the walls. 
I led a contingent testing depth

2058
01:53:20,600 --> 01:53:23,300
that the inner moat seeking 
Crossing points, while carrying 

2059
01:53:23,300 --> 01:53:25,600
my standard forward as visible 
inspiration. 

2060
01:53:26,400 --> 01:53:30,300
Then reality asserted itself, 
brutally paris's Defenders had 

2061
01:53:30,300 --> 01:53:32,600
prepared thoroughly during the 
negotiation delays. 

2062
01:53:33,300 --> 01:53:37,500
Canon and crossbow fire rain 
down upon exposed positions the 

2063
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:38,800
moat proved deeper than 
expected. 

2064
01:53:38,800 --> 01:53:41,400
His bottom studded with sharp 
and Stakes. 

2065
01:53:41,400 --> 01:53:44,800
Invisible beneath, muddy water, 
men died, attempting Crossing 

2066
01:53:44,800 --> 01:53:46,800
that proved impossible without 
proper equipment. 

2067
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:50,100
We lacked Near dusk across bow. 
Bolt. 

2068
01:53:50,100 --> 01:53:52,600
Struck my thigh, penetrating 
deeply. 

2069
01:53:53,400 --> 01:53:55,200
Unlike the Orleans injury, this 
wound. 

2070
01:53:55,200 --> 01:53:58,600
Immediately incapacitated me. 
A continued shouting 

2071
01:53:58,600 --> 01:54:02,200
encouragement from where I fell.
Insisting the attack continued, 

2072
01:54:02,200 --> 01:54:05,400
despite my conditional. 
But commanders ordered Retreat 

2073
01:54:05,400 --> 01:54:07,000
upon seeing the standard Bearer 
down. 

2074
01:54:07,600 --> 01:54:09,900
Soldiers carried me from the 
battlefield as Darkness. 

2075
01:54:09,900 --> 01:54:13,100
Fell are forces withdrawing. 
And frustration, rather than 

2076
01:54:13,100 --> 01:54:16,800
defeat we had never established 
positions from which Victory was

2077
01:54:16,800 --> 01:54:19,600
possible. 
The wound itself, while painful 

2078
01:54:19,600 --> 01:54:22,900
would heal cleanly. 
The spiritual injury proved more

2079
01:54:22,900 --> 01:54:26,500
significant for the first time I
had promised divine intervention

2080
01:54:26,500 --> 01:54:30,800
that fail to materialize. why I 
whispered that night, while 

2081
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:33,500
surgeons extracted the bolt 
using methodical cruelty 

2082
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:37,300
necessary to prevent festering, 
Why was Paris denied to us? 

2083
01:54:37,300 --> 01:54:40,300
When all he was granted. 
The voice is remained. 

2084
01:54:40,300 --> 01:54:43,500
Silent through hours of pain, 
there are absence felt more 

2085
01:54:43,500 --> 01:54:46,800
painful than physical harm had 
there been due to. 

2086
01:54:46,800 --> 01:54:49,400
Some failure, had I 
misunderstood Heaven's intent 

2087
01:54:49,400 --> 01:54:53,200
all along. 
Charles receiving news of the 

2088
01:54:53,200 --> 01:54:55,800
failed, assault ordered 
immediate withdrawal from 

2089
01:54:55,800 --> 01:54:59,000
paris's facility. 
In my view, this sensible 

2090
01:54:59,000 --> 01:55:01,400
military decision, represented a
personal betrayal. 

2091
01:55:01,400 --> 01:55:04,500
As it abandoned Divine Purpose, 
in favor of political 

2092
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:08,200
convenience, when I was finally 
permitted an audience, three 

2093
01:55:08,200 --> 01:55:11,800
days later, I found that he was 
already reframing recent events 

2094
01:55:11,800 --> 01:55:14,800
for the courtiers. 
The maid accomplished what God 

2095
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:16,600
sent her to do, he explained 
smoothly? 

2096
01:55:17,400 --> 01:55:21,900
Oleon liberated coronation 
achieved Heaven, never intended,

2097
01:55:21,900 --> 01:55:25,400
Paris is immediate recovery. 
You speak for heaven. 

2098
01:55:25,400 --> 01:55:28,500
Now a challenge him struggling 
to stand straight. 

2099
01:55:28,500 --> 01:55:31,400
Despite the pain in my bandaged 
leg the mission remains 

2100
01:55:31,400 --> 01:55:34,000
incomplete while Englishman 
occupy, French soil. 

2101
01:55:34,000 --> 01:55:37,900
Charles regarded me with the 
complex emotion, gratitude for 

2102
01:55:37,900 --> 01:55:41,200
past service tempered by growing
political inconvenience of my 

2103
01:55:41,200 --> 01:55:44,400
unyielding position. 
France's restoration will 

2104
01:55:44,400 --> 01:55:48,400
require years, not months. 
He said, gently Even Heaven, 

2105
01:55:48,400 --> 01:55:51,400
Must recognize Earthly 
limitations this exchange 

2106
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:52,900
marked. 
A fundamental shift in our 

2107
01:55:52,900 --> 01:55:56,100
relationship where Charles had 
once needed my perceived Divine 

2108
01:55:56,100 --> 01:56:00,300
sanction to legitimize his rule 
successful coronation, now 

2109
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:03,400
provided independent Authority. 
The maid remained useful 

2110
01:56:03,400 --> 01:56:06,800
symbolically, but increasingly 
problematic practically as 

2111
01:56:06,800 --> 01:56:09,700
military campaigns transition 
toward diplomatic Solutions, 

2112
01:56:09,700 --> 01:56:12,000
required compromise, and voices 
prohibited. 

2113
01:56:12,700 --> 01:56:16,100
Through Autumn a company, the 
Royal Court as it with Drew to 

2114
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:17,700
safer territories along the 
Loire. 

2115
01:56:17,700 --> 01:56:20,800
My wound healed gradually. 
While my position diminished 

2116
01:56:20,800 --> 01:56:24,000
subtly Still honored 
ceremonially but increasingly 

2117
01:56:24,000 --> 01:56:25,700
excluded from meaningful 
councils. 

2118
01:56:26,700 --> 01:56:28,900
Charles granted me Noble. 
Status in December. 

2119
01:56:28,900 --> 01:56:31,900
Providing arms depicting. 
A sword supporting the crown. 

2120
01:56:31,900 --> 01:56:35,100
Beneath the third, Elise 
recognition that pacified my 

2121
01:56:35,100 --> 01:56:38,200
supporters while effectively 
sidelining me from direct 

2122
01:56:38,200 --> 01:56:41,200
military command. 
This period marked my most 

2123
01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:44,300
difficult spiritual challenge, 
the voices returned 

2124
01:56:44,300 --> 01:56:47,000
intermittently. 
But spoke with disturbing and 

2125
01:56:47,000 --> 01:56:50,400
consistency, Michael demanded. 
Continued aggressive action, 

2126
01:56:50,400 --> 01:56:52,700
while Catherine, counseled 
patience. 

2127
01:56:53,400 --> 01:56:56,200
Margaret sometimes suggested 
accepting, a ceremonial role 

2128
01:56:56,200 --> 01:56:59,400
within Charles's court, but she 
also insisted that my work 

2129
01:56:59,400 --> 01:57:02,600
remained unfinished. 
These contradictions created 

2130
01:57:02,600 --> 01:57:04,700
profound out. 
I had never experienced during 

2131
01:57:04,700 --> 01:57:07,900
the clarity of earlier missions.
Had some of the voices. 

2132
01:57:07,900 --> 01:57:10,300
I heard been false all along 
was. 

2133
01:57:10,300 --> 01:57:13,600
I now miss hearing Divine 
instruction, or was Heaven 

2134
01:57:13,600 --> 01:57:15,900
itself. 
Divided on France's proper path 

2135
01:57:15,900 --> 01:57:19,100
forward. 
Christmas 1429 found me in 

2136
01:57:19,108 --> 01:57:22,900
ceremonial attendance at court 
celebrations, outwardly honored,

2137
01:57:22,900 --> 01:57:26,600
but inwardly conflicted. 
I watched elaborate pageantry 

2138
01:57:26,600 --> 01:57:29,500
commemorating Charles's 
coronation Performance. 

2139
01:57:29,500 --> 01:57:31,900
Is that all ready? 
Incorporated stylized to pick 

2140
01:57:31,900 --> 01:57:34,000
pictures of the maid as a 
semi-mythical figure. 

2141
01:57:34,000 --> 01:57:38,400
Guiding France's research and 
the actual jahani still bandaged

2142
01:57:38,400 --> 01:57:42,900
increasingly isolated observed, 
her transformation into a symbol

2143
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:46,200
with growing discomfort. 
That Knight kneeling alone in 

2144
01:57:46,200 --> 01:57:48,900
the castle Chapel long after 
formal Services concluded, 

2145
01:57:48,900 --> 01:57:52,300
experience the voices with 
unusual Clarity after months of 

2146
01:57:52,300 --> 01:57:55,100
ambiguity. 
Your time grows short. 

2147
01:57:55,100 --> 01:57:58,600
Michael stated without Preamble,
you must continue the fight, 

2148
01:57:58,600 --> 01:58:02,200
while Freedom remains yours. 
The king no longer heeds, my 

2149
01:58:02,200 --> 01:58:04,300
counsel. 
I protested commanders, follow 

2150
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:07,900
his Direction, not mine. 
Then you must act independently.

2151
01:58:07,900 --> 01:58:11,300
You know, came the reply better 
capture by enemies than 

2152
01:58:11,300 --> 01:58:13,700
surrender to comfortable 
irrelevance though. 

2153
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:16,300
Troubling this guidance, offered
direction that I had been 

2154
01:58:16,308 --> 01:58:20,400
lacking for months. 
As 1429 ended a resolved to 

2155
01:58:20,400 --> 01:58:23,300
escape the increasingly gilded, 
constraints of Court life and 

2156
01:58:23,300 --> 01:58:26,400
returned to direct action. 
Even without Royal sanction, 

2157
01:58:26,400 --> 01:58:29,900
this decision tactically 
questionable politically naive 

2158
01:58:29,900 --> 01:58:33,100
would determine my fate in ways.
The voice is never clearly 

2159
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:35,200
revealed the New Year began with
me. 

2160
01:58:35,200 --> 01:58:38,200
Effectively sidelined at court 
while Charles pursued diplomatic

2161
01:58:38,200 --> 01:58:42,100
arrangements, with burgundy. 
I chafe at inactivity sensing 

2162
01:58:42,100 --> 01:58:45,300
precious time wasting, while the
voice is growing, increasingly 

2163
01:58:45,300 --> 01:58:50,000
urgent about continuing France's
liberation by March 1430. 

2164
01:58:50,000 --> 01:58:52,600
I could bear ceremonial 
confinement. 

2165
01:58:52,600 --> 01:58:55,300
No longer Without Royal 
permission. 

2166
01:58:55,300 --> 01:58:59,300
Technically desertion though my 
status remained ambiguous, I 

2167
01:58:59,300 --> 01:59:01,800
departed secretly with a small 
company of loyal followers. 

2168
01:59:02,800 --> 01:59:05,500
We rode for compliance 
strategically, vital Town, 

2169
01:59:05,500 --> 01:59:08,100
threatened by the Bergen forces,
north of Paris. 

2170
01:59:08,100 --> 01:59:11,600
This decision reflected both 
military logic and the voices, 

2171
01:59:11,600 --> 01:59:14,800
and systems, that action could 
not awake World convenience. 

2172
01:59:15,700 --> 01:59:19,000
My departure created political 
complications for Charles who 

2173
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:21,800
neither officially commend nor 
endorsed my independent 

2174
01:59:21,800 --> 01:59:25,600
operation, this ambiguity, 
proved ultimately fatal had I 

2175
01:59:25,600 --> 01:59:27,000
remained clearly under Royal 
protection. 

2176
01:59:27,000 --> 01:59:29,900
Subsequent events might have 
unfolded differently. 

2177
01:59:31,500 --> 01:59:35,600
We reached compean April, where 
the town's Governor gilm de 

2178
01:59:35,600 --> 01:59:37,600
flavie, welcome to 
reinforcement, despite its 

2179
01:59:37,600 --> 01:59:41,200
unofficial nature Burgundian 
forces, under Jean. 

2180
01:59:41,200 --> 01:59:43,200
De Luxembourg had been 
methodically isolating. 

2181
01:59:43,200 --> 01:59:47,700
The town capturing surrounding 
positions Our arrival boosted 

2182
01:59:47,700 --> 01:59:50,800
Defender, morale temporarily. 
But the Strategic situation 

2183
01:59:50,800 --> 01:59:55,300
remained precarious. 
On May the 23rd, I led a sortie 

2184
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:59,000
against positions at Marney 
initially achieving surprise. 

2185
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:02,000
However, enemy reinforcements 
arrived quickly. 

2186
02:00:02,000 --> 02:00:05,600
Forcing retirement toward the 
town as our forces retreated 

2187
02:00:05,600 --> 02:00:08,100
across the single Bridge, into 
compliance disaster. 

2188
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:11,300
Struck the drawbridge raised. 
Prematurely stranding. 

2189
02:00:11,300 --> 02:00:15,600
Rear guard Defenders, including 
my sea of outside the walls. 

2190
02:00:16,800 --> 02:00:20,000
Accounts of this moment, very 
dramatically some claimed 

2191
02:00:20,000 --> 02:00:23,500
deliberate betrayal by flavy who
supposedly ordered early closure

2192
02:00:23,500 --> 02:00:26,400
knowing I would be captured 
others suggested simple 

2193
02:00:26,400 --> 02:00:28,800
miscommunication during confused
withdrawal. 

2194
02:00:28,800 --> 02:00:31,600
The voices had warned of 
betrayal for months. 

2195
02:00:31,600 --> 02:00:35,900
Trust Only Heaven not 
changeable, men like a caution 

2196
02:00:35,900 --> 02:00:39,000
repeatedly, but provided no 
specific protection against this

2197
02:00:39,000 --> 02:00:42,100
development. 
Burgundian soldiers, surrounded 

2198
02:00:42,100 --> 02:00:44,200
me. 
And after a brief battle, they 

2199
02:00:44,200 --> 02:00:48,800
pulled me from my horse. 
A minor nobleman Lionel of one. 

2200
02:00:48,800 --> 02:00:51,900
Donny claimed, my surrender. 
Technically, capturing Me by 

2201
02:00:51,900 --> 02:00:54,400
laying hand on my leg. 
According to contemporary 

2202
02:00:54,400 --> 02:00:56,900
accounts. 
My sword raised to continue 

2203
02:00:56,900 --> 02:00:58,700
resistance lowered, upon 
recognition. 

2204
02:00:58,700 --> 02:01:02,000
That futile struggle would only 
result in unnecessary deaths 

2205
02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:04,200
among my few remaining 
companions. 

2206
02:01:05,100 --> 02:01:07,200
I am worth more alive for ransom
than dead. 

2207
02:01:07,200 --> 02:01:10,600
I told one Dawn in a practical 
manner, even though I knew that 

2208
02:01:10,600 --> 02:01:13,900
the ransom would likely never 
materialized, the voices had 

2209
02:01:13,900 --> 02:01:15,700
never specifically predicted 
capture. 

2210
02:01:15,700 --> 02:01:18,900
That had indicated, great 
suffering layer ahead as part of

2211
02:01:18,908 --> 02:01:22,000
Heaven's plan. 
Initially captivity seemed 

2212
02:01:22,000 --> 02:01:25,300
relatively benign, Luxembourg 
treated me as a valuable 

2213
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:27,400
prisoner rather than a criminal 
housing. 

2214
02:01:27,400 --> 02:01:29,400
Me reasonably at his castle at 
boulier. 

2215
02:01:30,100 --> 02:01:32,800
I made one escape attempt, 
nearly succeeding by squeezing 

2216
02:01:32,800 --> 02:01:35,900
between wooden bars before being
recaptured and transferred. 

2217
02:01:35,900 --> 02:01:38,300
To more secure confinement of 
borov Castle. 

2218
02:01:39,000 --> 02:01:42,300
Their luxembourg's aren't Jan 
and wife Jean bun. 

2219
02:01:42,300 --> 02:01:45,700
Treated me with unexpected 
kindness, providing female 

2220
02:01:45,700 --> 02:01:48,100
clothing, and gentling 
encouragement to abandon male 

2221
02:01:48,100 --> 02:01:52,700
attire and Military aspirations.
The Compassion the first 

2222
02:01:52,700 --> 02:01:55,300
feminine companionship I'd 
experienced since leaving. 

2223
02:01:55,300 --> 02:01:57,900
Dom Remi tempted me toward 
compromise. 

2224
02:01:57,900 --> 02:02:01,800
I knew the voices would forbid. 
Why must I maintain a male 

2225
02:02:01,800 --> 02:02:03,400
appearance now that fighting has
ended? 

2226
02:02:03,400 --> 02:02:07,300
I asked during prayer, receiving
Catherine's uncompromising 

2227
02:02:07,300 --> 02:02:11,300
response, your mission hasn't 
changed, with capture male 

2228
02:02:11,300 --> 02:02:14,900
attire remains both practical 
protection and a visible sign of

2229
02:02:14,900 --> 02:02:17,100
a Divine exception to worldly 
constraints. 

2230
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:21,800
News reached me at borova the 
comprehensive situation, worsen 

2231
02:02:21,800 --> 02:02:23,500
daily. 
In desperation. 

2232
02:02:23,500 --> 02:02:27,300
I attempted a second Escape in 
October, this time jumping from 

2233
02:02:27,300 --> 02:02:31,100
the tower window, approximately 
70 feet above ground, the fall 

2234
02:02:31,100 --> 02:02:34,500
should have proof fatal that I 
survived with only bruising and 

2235
02:02:34,500 --> 02:02:36,400
temporary. 
Unconsciousness was later 

2236
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:40,400
presented as either a miracle or
evidence of demonic protection. 

2237
02:02:40,400 --> 02:02:44,500
Depending on The Interpreter. 
I know November political 

2238
02:02:44,500 --> 02:02:47,300
machinations around my captivity
clarified horribly. 

2239
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:51,200
The English, recognizing my 
symbolic value arranged a 

2240
02:02:51,200 --> 02:02:53,900
purchase from Luxembourg for 
10,000 levers. 

2241
02:02:53,900 --> 02:02:57,500
A substantial sum indicating my 
importance to their strategy. 

2242
02:02:57,500 --> 02:03:01,200
Charles made no counter offer. 
Effectively abandoning me to the

2243
02:03:01,208 --> 02:03:04,300
enemies judgment. 
The English faced a dilemma 

2244
02:03:04,300 --> 02:03:07,700
regarding my disposition. 
Simple, execution of a captured 

2245
02:03:07,700 --> 02:03:09,900
enemy competent would risk 
martyrdom, potentially, 

2246
02:03:09,900 --> 02:03:12,300
strengthening French Resistance 
rather than weakening it. 

2247
02:03:13,100 --> 02:03:17,100
A more complex strategy emerged.
Systematic, destruction of my 

2248
02:03:17,100 --> 02:03:20,000
Divine claims through 
ecclesiastical condemnation for 

2249
02:03:20,000 --> 02:03:22,200
heresy. 
This approach would not only 

2250
02:03:22,200 --> 02:03:26,400
eliminate me physically but more
importantly, delegitimize. 

2251
02:03:26,400 --> 02:03:30,500
Everything I represented, Divine
sanction for Charles's Rule and 

2252
02:03:30,500 --> 02:03:33,000
Heaven, support for French 
Resurgence against English 

2253
02:03:33,000 --> 02:03:35,600
occupation. 
In December 1430. 

2254
02:03:35,600 --> 02:03:37,900
They transferred me to rule of 
firmly within English, 

2255
02:03:37,900 --> 02:03:41,400
controlled territory conditions,
deteriorated immediately. 

2256
02:03:41,400 --> 02:03:44,700
I was placed in secular prison 
rather than ecclesiastical 

2257
02:03:44,700 --> 02:03:47,900
custody normally accorded, those
facing religious charges 

2258
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:52,000
confined in Iron shackles and 
guarded continuously by Common 

2259
02:03:52,000 --> 02:03:55,600
soldiers, whose Behavior range 
from verbal abuse to attempted 

2260
02:03:55,600 --> 02:03:58,000
assault. 
Why does heaven permit such 

2261
02:03:58,000 --> 02:04:00,100
treatment? 
I asked during increasingly. 

2262
02:04:00,100 --> 02:04:02,800
Desperate prayers. 
What purpose does this suffering

2263
02:04:02,800 --> 02:04:06,000
serve? 
remember Christ before Pilate 

2264
02:04:06,000 --> 02:04:11,400
Margaret answered truth remains 
truth, even when power condemns 

2265
02:04:11,400 --> 02:04:16,400
it, The trial officially began. 
February 21st 1431. 

2266
02:04:16,400 --> 02:04:19,900
Under Bishop Pierre. 
He was appointment revealed. 

2267
02:04:19,900 --> 02:04:23,700
The proceedings predetermined 
nature, he was a known English 

2268
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:27,800
sympathizer, with personal 
animosity toward me, assessors, 

2269
02:04:27,800 --> 02:04:30,400
and judges were carefully 
selected to ensure the desired 

2270
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:32,900
outcome though. 
It was technically an 

2271
02:04:32,900 --> 02:04:35,100
ecclesiastical Court. 
The proceedings were entirely 

2272
02:04:35,100 --> 02:04:37,200
controlled by English 
authorities. 

2273
02:04:38,000 --> 02:04:41,000
Looking Back Now across times 
distance, I see legal 

2274
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:44,500
complexities, I couldn't 
recognize then my request for 

2275
02:04:44,500 --> 02:04:47,100
balanced representation from 
both English, and French. 

2276
02:04:47,100 --> 02:04:49,800
Clerics was denied my appeal to 
the pope. 

2277
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:53,300
Technically my right, under 
Church law was ignored most 

2278
02:04:53,300 --> 02:04:56,300
cruelty, Highly Educated 
theologians denied me, counsel 

2279
02:04:56,300 --> 02:05:00,000
twisting, simple, statements 
into heretical formulations. 

2280
02:05:01,200 --> 02:05:03,600
Do you believe yourself to be in
God's grace core? 

2281
02:05:03,600 --> 02:05:05,000
Sean asked early in the 
proceedings? 

2282
02:05:05,000 --> 02:05:08,700
A theological trap answering? 
Yes, would imply a presumption 

2283
02:05:08,700 --> 02:05:12,100
that is condemned by church 
doctrine while answering. 

2284
02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:14,000
No, would indicate an admission 
of guilt. 

2285
02:05:15,300 --> 02:05:17,500
If I am not. 
May God put me there. 

2286
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:19,600
I replied after a moment's 
thought. 

2287
02:05:20,300 --> 02:05:25,200
If I am, may God, keep me there.
This answer frustrated the 

2288
02:05:25,200 --> 02:05:27,800
interrogators, but I simply 
expressed my actual 

2289
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:30,300
understanding, showing, 
unexpected, theological 

2290
02:05:30,300 --> 02:05:34,400
sophistication, Grace remained, 
God's Province, not mind to 

2291
02:05:34,400 --> 02:05:36,900
claim. 
Absolutely For five months 

2292
02:05:36,900 --> 02:05:41,000
interrogation, continued, 
sometimes publicly before a full

2293
02:05:41,000 --> 02:05:44,500
tribunal sometimes in private 
prison questioning, my male 

2294
02:05:44,500 --> 02:05:47,700
attire became the central Focus 
providing tangible evidence of 

2295
02:05:47,700 --> 02:05:51,800
defiance against Natural order. 
Voices were dissected endlessly,

2296
02:05:51,800 --> 02:05:55,600
where they Angels or demons. 
Why did they speak to an 

2297
02:05:55,600 --> 02:05:58,500
uneducated girl rather than 
through the established church 

2298
02:05:58,500 --> 02:06:01,700
hierarchy? 
I recorded and examined each of 

2299
02:06:01,708 --> 02:06:04,900
my answers for inconsistencies 
and potential heresies. 

2300
02:06:04,900 --> 02:06:09,000
What records don't capture the 
physical deterioration during 

2301
02:06:09,000 --> 02:06:11,000
this period. 
Prison conditions. 

2302
02:06:11,000 --> 02:06:15,100
Continuous shackling, poor 
nutrition, sleep interrupted by 

2303
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:17,900
God's harassment, gradually 
weakened a body already 

2304
02:06:17,900 --> 02:06:20,100
compromised by previous wounds 
and hardship. 

2305
02:06:20,800 --> 02:06:23,800
By may, I suffered recurring, 
fevers dramatic weight loss and 

2306
02:06:23,800 --> 02:06:26,200
periods of confusion during 
longer integration's. 

2307
02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:29,900
The voice is remained present 
but changed character, less 

2308
02:06:29,900 --> 02:06:33,000
commanding more comforting. 
He spoke increasingly of 

2309
02:06:33,000 --> 02:06:36,500
heavenly reward rather than 
Earthly Victory preparing me for

2310
02:06:36,500 --> 02:06:38,600
an outcome that seemed 
increasingly inevitable. 

2311
02:06:39,600 --> 02:06:41,800
Will I burn? 
I asked directly during one 

2312
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,900
night's prayer. 
The body is temporary answer. 

2313
02:06:44,900 --> 02:06:48,600
Gently what matters is truth 
maintained and till the end. 

2314
02:06:49,600 --> 02:06:52,100
On May the 24th. 
I was taking to the room on 

2315
02:06:52,100 --> 02:06:55,100
Cemetery where scaffolds had 
been erected one holding 

2316
02:06:55,100 --> 02:06:58,000
officials, who would witness my 
anticipated recommendation? 

2317
02:06:58,000 --> 02:07:00,500
Another displaying instruments 
of execution. 

2318
02:07:00,500 --> 02:07:04,000
Should I refuse? 
Exhausted physically and 

2319
02:07:04,000 --> 02:07:07,200
isolated completely. 
I briefly wavered when presented

2320
02:07:07,200 --> 02:07:09,900
with a document, I was told 
contained a simple app, duration

2321
02:07:09,900 --> 02:07:12,700
of male clothing and independent
interpretation of voices. 

2322
02:07:13,600 --> 02:07:16,500
What I was unaware of was that 
the actual document contained, a

2323
02:07:16,500 --> 02:07:20,300
comprehensive admission of fraud
demonic influence and heretical 

2324
02:07:20,300 --> 02:07:22,500
intent. 
Completely repudiating. 

2325
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:26,600
Everything I had experienced and
represented Unable to read, I 

2326
02:07:26,600 --> 02:07:29,700
trusted partial translations 
provided by clerics whose 

2327
02:07:29,700 --> 02:07:32,000
deception served their 
predetermined purpose. 

2328
02:07:32,000 --> 02:07:35,600
I signed with a simple Crossmark
unaware that I was giving my 

2329
02:07:35,600 --> 02:07:37,100
enemies exactly what they 
needed. 

2330
02:07:37,100 --> 02:07:40,500
And apparent admission that 
everything I had claimed about 

2331
02:07:40,500 --> 02:07:44,600
Divine guidance was false this 
temporary weak weakness, a 

2332
02:07:44,600 --> 02:07:47,600
product of extreme duress rather
than a genuine change of heart 

2333
02:07:47,600 --> 02:07:51,800
provided legal justification For
What followed Return to prison 

2334
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:54,300
rather than transferred to 
ecclesiastical custody as 

2335
02:07:54,300 --> 02:07:56,700
promised. 
I found myself still surrounded 

2336
02:07:56,700 --> 02:07:59,100
by hostile guards. 
Still denied female 

2337
02:07:59,100 --> 02:08:00,900
companionship. 
That would have made feminine 

2338
02:08:00,900 --> 02:08:02,500
clothing, practically 
sustainable. 

2339
02:08:03,500 --> 02:08:06,500
When my clothes were taken while
I stepped and only male attire 

2340
02:08:06,500 --> 02:08:09,100
was left available. 
I faced an impossible Choice 

2341
02:08:09,100 --> 02:08:12,400
remain naked among male guards 
or Dawn. 

2342
02:08:12,400 --> 02:08:15,800
Forbidden garments the voices 
spoke with unusual Clarity that 

2343
02:08:15,800 --> 02:08:18,600
morning. 
Better modest impropriety than 

2344
02:08:18,600 --> 02:08:22,300
in modest vulnerability. 
I dressed in Male clothing. 

2345
02:08:22,300 --> 02:08:25,800
Knowing this relapse provided 
the final justification enemy 

2346
02:08:25,800 --> 02:08:28,200
sought. 
When judges returned to document

2347
02:08:28,200 --> 02:08:31,600
this transgression, I formally 
recanted my previous Abdul 

2348
02:08:32,500 --> 02:08:35,900
Stating clearly, that voices 
were indeed Divine, that the 

2349
02:08:35,900 --> 02:08:38,800
mission had been Heaven Sent and
that temporary weakness had 

2350
02:08:38,800 --> 02:08:42,100
betrayed truth. 
I would rather do Penance once 

2351
02:08:42,100 --> 02:08:45,200
with death, the bear 
imprisonment suffering 

2352
02:08:45,200 --> 02:08:48,600
continuously. 
I told them with renewed Clarity

2353
02:08:48,600 --> 02:08:53,000
despite knowing the consequence 
On May the 30th 1431. 

2354
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:57,000
The final sentence was announced
declared a relapsed heretic. 

2355
02:08:57,000 --> 02:09:00,700
I would face public execution, 
by burning the most painful 

2356
02:09:00,700 --> 02:09:04,300
death authorities could legally.
Impose, deliberately chosen to 

2357
02:09:04,300 --> 02:09:07,400
create maximum suffering, they 
hoped would produce a final 

2358
02:09:07,400 --> 02:09:11,300
public confession that morning, 
I made a final confession to a 

2359
02:09:11,300 --> 02:09:13,700
sympathetic priest and received 
communion, despite being 

2360
02:09:13,700 --> 02:09:17,600
formally excommunicated, a small
Act of compassionate Defiance by

2361
02:09:17,600 --> 02:09:21,400
a cleric who recognized in 
Justice unfolding Wearing the 

2362
02:09:21,400 --> 02:09:24,300
traditional long, white garment 
for heresy executions. 

2363
02:09:24,300 --> 02:09:27,500
A cart transported me through 
Rouen streets toward the old 

2364
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:31,200
marketplace, where executioner 
waited, The crowds mood 

2365
02:09:31,200 --> 02:09:36,000
surprise, me, not triumphant, 
but somber, many openly weeping.

2366
02:09:36,700 --> 02:09:39,800
These were not my French 
compatriots but Norman subjects,

2367
02:09:39,800 --> 02:09:42,600
under English rule, yet 
something about my situation, 

2368
02:09:42,600 --> 02:09:46,500
transcended, political loyalty. 
Later accounts would claim 

2369
02:09:46,500 --> 02:09:48,900
English authorities. 
Grew concerned that sympathy 

2370
02:09:48,900 --> 02:09:52,200
might transform into riots and 
that Marty was being created 

2371
02:09:52,200 --> 02:09:55,900
despite their careful, legal 
maneuvering, At the execution. 

2372
02:09:55,900 --> 02:09:59,000
Ground officials had me a final 
opportunity to recount before. 

2373
02:09:59,000 --> 02:10:01,800
Tying me to a tall. 
Stake erected atop a substantial

2374
02:10:01,800 --> 02:10:03,400
paire. 
The method was deliberate. 

2375
02:10:04,100 --> 02:10:06,700
Slow death by Suffocation and 
burning rather than quicker, 

2376
02:10:06,700 --> 02:10:09,400
execution methods available. 
Jesus. 

2377
02:10:09,400 --> 02:10:13,400
I called repeatedly as flames 
were lit, no longer concerned 

2378
02:10:13,400 --> 02:10:15,200
with appearing strong before 
enemies. 

2379
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:18,600
Simply seeking comfort in the 
name that had guided my journey 

2380
02:10:18,600 --> 02:10:22,000
from its beginning. 
The voice is spoke one final 

2381
02:10:22,000 --> 02:10:26,500
time as smoke began Rising. 
Your suffering ends today your 

2382
02:10:26,500 --> 02:10:30,800
Vindication begins. 
The physical Agony that followed

2383
02:10:30,800 --> 02:10:34,500
transcends description, 
historical accounts, pay my 

2384
02:10:34,508 --> 02:10:36,100
heart. 
Remained intact among ashes 

2385
02:10:36,100 --> 02:10:38,500
afterward. 
Symbolic detail probably 

2386
02:10:38,500 --> 02:10:40,900
invented by later. 
Chroniclers seeking miraculous 

2387
02:10:40,900 --> 02:10:44,800
elements for potential canonized
in nization, What mattered 

2388
02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:48,000
wasn't physical preservation, 
but the truth maintained until 

2389
02:10:48,000 --> 02:10:51,900
the end that simple Faith could 
withstand elaborate machinations

2390
02:10:51,900 --> 02:10:55,000
of power and that Divine 
Purpose, worked through unlikely

2391
02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:59,300
instruments. 25 years later, 
Charles the seventh firmly 

2392
02:10:59,300 --> 02:11:02,600
established as France's 
legitimate, king would order an 

2393
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:04,900
investigation that formerly. 
Nullified my conviction 

2394
02:11:04,900 --> 02:11:10,400
declaring the trial Prejudiced 
and illegitimate in 1456 a 

2395
02:11:10,400 --> 02:11:12,900
rehabilitation trial formerly 
cleared, my name of heresy 

2396
02:11:12,900 --> 02:11:16,500
charges Yet, full Vindication 
waited, nearly five, centuries 

2397
02:11:16,500 --> 02:11:21,200
until May 6th 1920 when the 
Catholic Church, declared me, a 

2398
02:11:21,200 --> 02:11:24,900
Saint official recognition that 
voices, condemned as demonic had

2399
02:11:24,900 --> 02:11:26,700
indeed. 
Been Divine history. 

2400
02:11:26,700 --> 02:11:31,600
Remembers outcome all relieved. 
Charles, crowned France of 

2401
02:11:31,600 --> 02:11:33,800
eventually liberated from the 
English occupational. 

2402
02:11:33,800 --> 02:11:37,900
These visible victories obscure,
the internal Journey that began 

2403
02:11:37,900 --> 02:11:41,400
with a garden Whisperer and 
ended in Marketplace, Flames. 

2404
02:11:41,400 --> 02:11:44,500
The voice is never promised, 
Earthly, reward or personal 

2405
02:11:44,500 --> 02:11:48,300
Glory, they offered only purpose
Direction and the chance to 

2406
02:11:48,300 --> 02:11:50,700
serve as an instrument for 
something larger than myself. 

2407
02:11:51,600 --> 02:11:54,300
They called me made of all y'all
dubbed me a miracle. 

2408
02:11:54,300 --> 02:11:57,700
Worker labeled me a witch and a 
heretic and eventually 

2409
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:01,000
recognized me as a saint. 
Yet through all the 

2410
02:12:01,000 --> 02:12:04,000
Transformations, I remained 
Johannes from Domi. 

2411
02:12:04,000 --> 02:12:08,400
A simple girl who answered when 
voices called, who held a truth 

2412
02:12:08,408 --> 02:12:12,800
heard within more firmly than to
comfort offered without That 

2413
02:12:12,800 --> 02:12:14,300
represents the most enduring 
Legacy. 

2414
02:12:14,300 --> 02:12:18,000
That extraordinary purpose May 
inhabit ordinary lives. 

2415
02:12:18,700 --> 02:12:21,600
That Divine participation in 
human history, rarely follows 

2416
02:12:21,600 --> 02:12:25,400
expected channels but instead 
Works through unlikely vessels 

2417
02:12:25,400 --> 02:12:27,900
willing to say simply here, am I
send me? 

2418
02:12:35,900 --> 02:12:38,600
Imagine your driving through the
Rolling Hills of central Italy 

2419
02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:40,800
maybe along to the song on the 
radio. 

2420
02:12:40,800 --> 02:12:44,400
When you suddenly see the 
landscape start to change the 

2421
02:12:44,400 --> 02:12:47,700
soft Farmland gives way to 
something more dramatic, a huge 

2422
02:12:47,700 --> 02:12:49,800
Limestone Mountain. 
That looks like the shoulder of 

2423
02:12:49,800 --> 02:12:52,100
a sleeping giant. 
Its slopes are covered in 

2424
02:12:52,100 --> 02:12:54,800
medieval Stone buildings that 
look like they grew right out of

2425
02:12:54,808 --> 02:12:56,900
the rock. 
This is Monty titano. 

2426
02:12:56,900 --> 02:13:00,400
If you squint just right in the 
afternoon light, you can almost 

2427
02:13:00,400 --> 02:13:03,500
see the ghost of a stonemason 
named marinus from the fourth 

2428
02:13:03,500 --> 02:13:05,300
Century climbing, its Rocky 
paths. 

2429
02:13:05,300 --> 02:13:08,700
He's probably wondering why he 
left the relative comfort of the

2430
02:13:08,700 --> 02:13:10,800
Croatian Coast for this Italian 
wilderness. 

2431
02:13:11,500 --> 02:13:14,200
We could say that marinus was a 
very religious person. 

2432
02:13:14,200 --> 02:13:17,700
He had become a Christian at a 
time when being one was about as

2433
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:19,000
popular as being a tax 
collector. 

2434
02:13:19,000 --> 02:13:22,300
He thought the best way to serve
God was to build a church. 

2435
02:13:22,300 --> 02:13:26,100
In the most inconvenient place, 
he could find Monte titano, must

2436
02:13:26,100 --> 02:13:28,300
have seemed like the perfect 
place because of its steep 

2437
02:13:28,300 --> 02:13:31,300
Cliffs, unpredictable, weather 
and lack of amenities. 

2438
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:34,400
The mountain itself, is an 
interesting geological feature. 

2439
02:13:34,400 --> 02:13:37,500
It's a piece of limestone that 
sticks out from the surrounding 

2440
02:13:37,500 --> 02:13:39,600
area, like a medieval castle 
made by Nature. 

2441
02:13:39,600 --> 02:13:43,200
The Three Peaks make it a 
natural Fortress with steep 

2442
02:13:43,200 --> 02:13:46,200
drops on most sides and only a 
few easy ways to get there. 

2443
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:48,900
This Rocky outcropping looks 
like it was made just for 

2444
02:13:48,900 --> 02:13:50,400
Hermits. 
And people who want to prove 

2445
02:13:50,400 --> 02:13:52,400
something. 
If you were trying to hide from 

2446
02:13:52,400 --> 02:13:55,300
the world, you could not do much
better than this Marina came to 

2447
02:13:55,300 --> 02:13:59,400
roam around 301 CE when the 
Roman Empire was still trying to

2448
02:13:59,400 --> 02:14:01,600
figure out what to do about this
new Christian religion. 

2449
02:14:01,600 --> 02:14:04,200
Most people were keeping their 
heads down and not saying 

2450
02:14:04,200 --> 02:14:06,600
anything but mine is wasn't like
most people. 

2451
02:14:06,600 --> 02:14:09,900
He built a small Hermitage on 
the side of the mountain and 

2452
02:14:09,900 --> 02:14:12,300
started letting other Christian.
Stay there. 

2453
02:14:12,600 --> 02:14:15,400
Over time he built what was 
basically a very small, very 

2454
02:14:15,400 --> 02:14:17,100
high altitude religious 
community. 

2455
02:14:17,100 --> 02:14:21,000
In those days, the area around 
Monte titano was a mix of Roman 

2456
02:14:21,000 --> 02:14:24,800
Farms forest, clearings and wild
Countryside that may Travel and 

2457
02:14:24,800 --> 02:14:26,100
Adventure in the most dangerous 
way. 

2458
02:14:26,100 --> 02:14:29,900
Possible wolves, still roamed, 
the hills and its use the Forest

2459
02:14:29,900 --> 02:14:31,900
roads as their own personal 
shopping centers. 

2460
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:35,300
And the weather could change 
from nice to deadly in the time 

2461
02:14:35,300 --> 02:14:38,500
it takes for a toddler to get 
upset, but marinas and is 

2462
02:14:38,500 --> 02:14:41,000
growing Community, had found 
something that would define San 

2463
02:14:41,000 --> 02:14:44,900
Marino for the next 1700 years. 
Sometimes the best way to 

2464
02:14:44,900 --> 02:14:48,200
protect yourself is to just be 
too much trouble to attack. 

2465
02:14:48,200 --> 02:14:52,000
The mountain was too steep for 
an army, to climb, too far away 

2466
02:14:52,000 --> 02:14:55,100
from you to gain, much from 
controling it and two poor for 

2467
02:14:55,100 --> 02:14:58,000
you to ever get back, what you 
spent to conquer it, the people 

2468
02:14:58,000 --> 02:15:00,700
who live there at first survived
by growing what they could in 

2469
02:15:00,700 --> 02:15:02,700
the thin Mountain soil and 
trading. 

2470
02:15:02,700 --> 02:15:05,200
With the few Merchants, who were
brave enough to make the climb. 

2471
02:15:05,200 --> 02:15:08,000
They kept goats because goats 
seem to, like, living on the 

2472
02:15:08,000 --> 02:15:11,200
edge of cliffs, unlike sheep, 
they grew great because great 

2473
02:15:11,200 --> 02:15:14,800
finds like Hermits, do well in 
Rocky hard to reach places and 

2474
02:15:14,800 --> 02:15:17,300
they got that kind of mountain 
stubbornness that comes from. 

2475
02:15:17,300 --> 02:15:19,100
Knowing that no one else will 
care about you. 

2476
02:15:19,100 --> 02:15:22,700
If you don't as you fall asleep,
tonight, picture the sound of 

2477
02:15:22,700 --> 02:15:24,900
church bells. 
Ringing offline, Stone cliffs. 

2478
02:15:25,600 --> 02:15:29,000
Smell of wood smoke mixing with 
the smell of wild herbs, and the

2479
02:15:29,000 --> 02:15:32,500
sight of a small group of people
who chose the hard path, because

2480
02:15:32,500 --> 02:15:35,300
it was the right one. 
They had no idea they were 

2481
02:15:35,300 --> 02:15:37,800
making the groundwork for one of
the most successful countries in

2482
02:15:37,800 --> 02:15:40,600
the world by accident they were 
just trying to make it through 

2483
02:15:40,600 --> 02:15:43,400
each day on a mountain. 
San Marino is the answer. 

2484
02:15:43,400 --> 02:15:46,000
If you've ever wondered what it 
would be like to live in a place

2485
02:15:46,000 --> 02:15:48,300
where you could walk from one 
end of your country, to the 

2486
02:15:48,300 --> 02:15:51,300
other, in about an hour, it's 
about the size of a small 

2487
02:15:51,300 --> 02:15:54,700
American suburb, but it has all 
the problems and quirks of a 

2488
02:15:54,700 --> 02:15:57,600
real nation state. 
The Republic is like a ship's 

2489
02:15:57,600 --> 02:15:59,400
Crow's Nest. 
That looks out over the Amelia 

2490
02:15:59,400 --> 02:16:01,500
Romania region of Italy from 
there. 

2491
02:16:01,500 --> 02:16:04,100
You can see all the way from the
Adriatic Sea, to the opinion 

2492
02:16:04,100 --> 02:16:07,400
mountains, on clear days, which 
happened a lot, because the 

2493
02:16:07,400 --> 02:16:10,500
mountain is so high, you can see
all the way to the Croatian 

2494
02:16:10,500 --> 02:16:13,000
Coast Western Marina started his
journey. 

2495
02:16:13,000 --> 02:16:15,600
You can see why people in the 
Middle Ages thought. 

2496
02:16:15,600 --> 02:16:17,700
They could see the whole world 
from high places. 

2497
02:16:17,700 --> 02:16:21,100
When you look at this view, 
quite her sister and montale are

2498
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:24,100
the three peaks of Monte each. 
One is topped with old 

2499
02:16:24,100 --> 02:16:27,200
fortifications making A natural 
defensive triangle that has 

2500
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:30,300
never been breached by force. 
Of course, this wasn't planned. 

2501
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,400
When you build a settlement on a
mountain with three convenient 

2502
02:16:33,400 --> 02:16:36,700
Peaks and live in a time when 
people use swords to settle 

2503
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:39,700
arguments, it's only natural 
that you would put watch Towers 

2504
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:43,799
on the high points Italians call
the climate here, Continental 

2505
02:16:43,799 --> 02:16:46,799
Mediterranean, which sounds 
fancy, but really just means 

2506
02:16:46,799 --> 02:16:49,400
nice weather. 
Most of the time with enough 

2507
02:16:49,400 --> 02:16:51,100
seasonal change to keep things. 
Interesting. 

2508
02:16:52,100 --> 02:16:53,600
Summers are warm but not too 
hot. 

2509
02:16:53,600 --> 02:16:57,000
Thanks to the elevation and the 
breezes that come up from The 

2510
02:16:57,000 --> 02:17:00,600
Valleys around, the winters are 
cool and sometimes snowy, which 

2511
02:17:00,600 --> 02:17:02,400
makes the medieval Stone 
buildings. 

2512
02:17:02,400 --> 02:17:05,500
Look like a Christmas card made 
by someone with great taste in 

2513
02:17:05,500 --> 02:17:09,400
architecture, the soil and Monty
titano is thin and Rocky which 

2514
02:17:09,400 --> 02:17:11,100
might seem like a bad thing at 
first. 

2515
02:17:11,100 --> 02:17:14,299
But this is the kind of land 
that grows great wine, grapes 

2516
02:17:14,299 --> 02:17:16,700
and tough people. 
The Vineyards in San Marino, 

2517
02:17:16,700 --> 02:17:19,200
grow on terrorists, slopes that 
would scare a mountain goat. 

2518
02:17:19,200 --> 02:17:22,400
The wines they make taste, like 
they've taken in the essence of 

2519
02:17:22,400 --> 02:17:24,600
limestone sunshine and sheer 
willpower. 

2520
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:27,400
But maybe the most important 
thing about San Marino's 

2521
02:17:27,400 --> 02:17:30,700
geography is that it is 
surrounded by nothing but Italy,

2522
02:17:30,700 --> 02:17:34,400
geographers call, the Republican
Enclave, which means that it is 

2523
02:17:34,407 --> 02:17:37,100
a country that is completely 
surrounded by another country. 

2524
02:17:37,100 --> 02:17:41,400
It's like being a tiny Island in
a huge Italian sea, which is 

2525
02:17:41,400 --> 02:17:44,000
affected every part of San 
Marino's growth from the Middle 

2526
02:17:44,000 --> 02:17:47,400
Ages to now this Geographic 
reality made, what you could 

2527
02:17:47,400 --> 02:17:51,000
call the Goldilocks effect of 
survival, San Marino was big 

2528
02:17:51,000 --> 02:17:53,700
enough to keep its own Culture 
and traditions, but not so big. 

2529
02:17:53,700 --> 02:17:55,600
That anyone really wanted to 
take it over. 

2530
02:17:55,600 --> 02:17:58,299
It was rich enough to keep its 
people from having to move 

2531
02:17:58,299 --> 02:18:01,500
somewhere else because they were
so poor, but not so rich that it

2532
02:18:01,500 --> 02:18:03,700
got the kind of attention that 
makes armies show up at your 

2533
02:18:03,700 --> 02:18:05,500
door with paperwork, to take 
your stuff. 

2534
02:18:05,500 --> 02:18:08,700
The mountains location also, 
made it a natural stop for 

2535
02:18:08,700 --> 02:18:10,900
people, traveling between 
northern and southern Italy, 

2536
02:18:10,900 --> 02:18:13,700
people who were Merchants 
pilgrims, or even lost. 

2537
02:18:13,700 --> 02:18:17,700
Nobles would climb the winding 
paths to Monte titano, spend a 

2538
02:18:17,700 --> 02:18:21,000
night or two there by supplies, 
and then move on this. 

2539
02:18:21,000 --> 02:18:23,500
Kept the Republic from becoming 
completely cut off from the 

2540
02:18:23,500 --> 02:18:26,100
outside world. 
But it was never enough to 

2541
02:18:26,100 --> 02:18:29,299
threaten its independence water,
was always hard to find on the 

2542
02:18:29,299 --> 02:18:31,700
mountain. 
So people built complex systems 

2543
02:18:31,700 --> 02:18:35,299
to collect and store rainwater, 
you can still see the Old Stone 

2544
02:18:35,299 --> 02:18:37,700
channels and underground 
reservoirs that the Saint Mary's

2545
02:18:37,700 --> 02:18:39,299
built. 
Catch every drop of water. 

2546
02:18:39,299 --> 02:18:42,299
It reminds us that Independence.
Often means learning how to 

2547
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:44,000
survive, especially in small 
places. 

2548
02:18:44,000 --> 02:18:47,299
The forest That Grew on the 
lower, slopes gave the Republic 

2549
02:18:47,299 --> 02:18:51,200
would for building fuel for 
heating and places to hunt that 

2550
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:54,799
added to the Republic's diet. 
There are enough wild boar, dear

2551
02:18:54,799 --> 02:18:57,700
and smaller game to feed the 
people that the communities 

2552
02:18:57,700 --> 02:18:59,700
changing laws. 
Made sure that hunting rights 

2553
02:18:59,700 --> 02:19:02,700
were carefully, controlled the 
mountains natural boundaries may

2554
02:19:02,700 --> 02:19:05,400
have given people a healthy 
sense of scale which is 

2555
02:19:05,400 --> 02:19:08,900
something psychologists might 
recognize San Marino was small 

2556
02:19:08,900 --> 02:19:10,200
enough. 
That everyone knew everyone 

2557
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:12,200
else. 
Big enough to hold all the 

2558
02:19:12,200 --> 02:19:15,500
different parts of human society
and far enough away from the 

2559
02:19:15,500 --> 02:19:17,799
rest of the world that problems 
could be solved by working 

2560
02:19:17,799 --> 02:19:19,600
together. 
Instead of needing help from 

2561
02:19:19,600 --> 02:19:21,700
outside. 
Imagine living in a house 

2562
02:19:21,708 --> 02:19:24,500
between two neighbors, who spend
most of their time fighting over

2563
02:19:24,500 --> 02:19:28,299
property lines, fence lines and 
whose dog is making too much 

2564
02:19:28,308 --> 02:19:30,400
noise. 
Now picture that your neighbors 

2565
02:19:30,400 --> 02:19:34,200
are huge, medieval kingdoms, 
with armies goals and a habit of

2566
02:19:34,208 --> 02:19:36,400
settling arguments by setting 
things on fire. 

2567
02:19:36,400 --> 02:19:39,700
Instead of suburban homeowners, 
for most of its early history, 

2568
02:19:39,700 --> 02:19:43,000
this was the case in San Marino.
Amazingly, they turned what 

2569
02:19:43,000 --> 02:19:46,100
seemed like a disadvantage into 
their biggest strength to the 

2570
02:19:46,100 --> 02:19:48,900
north and east were the lands 
ruled by different Italian city 

2571
02:19:48,900 --> 02:19:51,300
states Venice. 
Had its Maritime Empire 

2572
02:19:51,300 --> 02:19:54,300
Florence, had its banking 
networks, and there was a 

2573
02:19:54,300 --> 02:19:57,300
rotating cast of Duchess, and 
Prince of pallets that changed 

2574
02:19:57,300 --> 02:19:59,900
hands faster than a cursed 
Medieval sword. 

2575
02:19:59,900 --> 02:20:02,300
The Papal States were to the 
South and West. 

2576
02:20:02,300 --> 02:20:05,000
The pope had both spiritual and 
political power there. 

2577
02:20:05,000 --> 02:20:08,000
And his armies could be blessed 
by God and still stab you with a

2578
02:20:08,008 --> 02:20:10,400
sword. 
San Marino was smart enough to 

2579
02:20:10,400 --> 02:20:12,700
know early on That when you're 
too small to fight the big 

2580
02:20:12,700 --> 02:20:15,900
Powers, the best thing to do is 
to make yourself, too useful to 

2581
02:20:15,900 --> 02:20:19,400
destroy and to harmless to fear.
They were like Switzerland in 

2582
02:20:19,400 --> 02:20:21,900
medieval Italy. 
But in stead of banking and 

2583
02:20:21,900 --> 02:20:24,500
chocolate, they offered 
strategic neutrality and great 

2584
02:20:24,500 --> 02:20:28,000
Hospitality to anyone who 
climbed their Mountain San 

2585
02:20:28,000 --> 02:20:30,900
Marino became very good at being
diplomatically invisible during 

2586
02:20:30,900 --> 02:20:32,800
the long Wars between the 
guelphs and ghibellines. 

2587
02:20:32,800 --> 02:20:36,000
These wars were like a political
argument that lasted for 

2588
02:20:36,000 --> 02:20:39,200
centuries about who should be in
charge the pope or the Holy 

2589
02:20:39,200 --> 02:20:42,300
Roman Emperor as Guelph armies 
marched Through The Valleys 

2590
02:20:42,300 --> 02:20:45,300
below, the San Marino's would 
wave from their mountain tops 

2591
02:20:45,300 --> 02:20:48,300
and offered to pray for their 
Victory when gibling troops came

2592
02:20:48,300 --> 02:20:51,000
by, they would do the same thing
with the same enthusiasm and 

2593
02:20:51,000 --> 02:20:53,100
sincerity. 
This wasn't cowardice. 

2594
02:20:53,100 --> 02:20:55,800
It was smart politics by people 
who knew that. 

2595
02:20:55,800 --> 02:20:58,700
Sometimes you have to put aside 
your pride and serve tea to 

2596
02:20:58,700 --> 02:21:00,400
everyone who might think you're 
an anime. 

2597
02:21:00,400 --> 02:21:03,600
People started to think of the 
Republic as a place where people

2598
02:21:03,600 --> 02:21:06,800
from different sides could meet 
to talk things over where 

2599
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:08,700
religious pilgrims could find 
safety. 

2600
02:21:08,700 --> 02:21:11,900
No matter what their political 
beliefs were And where tired 

2601
02:21:11,900 --> 02:21:14,500
medieval Warriors could rest 
without worrying about being 

2602
02:21:14,500 --> 02:21:17,600
attacked by their enemies. 
The relationship with the Papal 

2603
02:21:17,600 --> 02:21:19,900
States was especially fragile 
because San Marino was 

2604
02:21:19,900 --> 02:21:23,200
technically part of land that 
the pope claimed as his own, the

2605
02:21:23,200 --> 02:21:25,900
popes, who were busy running, 
both the church and a government

2606
02:21:25,900 --> 02:21:28,700
usually found it easier to 
recognize San Marino's 

2607
02:21:28,700 --> 02:21:31,500
Independence than to spend the 
time and money needed to take 

2608
02:21:31,500 --> 02:21:34,300
over such a small and 
economically unimportant area. 

2609
02:21:34,300 --> 02:21:37,600
This led to a series of papal 
recognitions that were more like

2610
02:21:37,600 --> 02:21:40,000
acknowledgments of reality than 
formal treaties. 

2611
02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:43,700
The Pope seem to be saying fine,
you can keep your little 

2612
02:21:43,700 --> 02:21:46,100
mountain Republic but don't 
cause any trouble and remember 

2613
02:21:46,100 --> 02:21:48,100
to invite us to your important 
festivals. 

2614
02:21:49,000 --> 02:21:52,700
In return, San Marino stuck to 
strict religious rules, and made

2615
02:21:52,700 --> 02:21:55,200
sure that any Pope who came 
would get a warm, welcome that 

2616
02:21:55,200 --> 02:21:57,800
made the climb worthwhile. 
The relationship with the 

2617
02:21:57,800 --> 02:22:00,700
Italian Powers around. 
It was similar, San Marino would

2618
02:22:00,700 --> 02:22:03,500
pay tribute when it was 
appropriate, help with military 

2619
02:22:03,500 --> 02:22:05,200
matters when it was asked for 
impossible. 

2620
02:22:05,200 --> 02:22:09,800
And always, always show the kind
of diplomatic courtesy that made

2621
02:22:09,800 --> 02:22:11,200
it clear. 
They knew their place in the 

2622
02:22:11,208 --> 02:22:13,700
grand scheme of things. 
They were like the ideal 

2623
02:22:13,700 --> 02:22:16,700
neighbor, who never complains 
about noise always returns 

2624
02:22:16,700 --> 02:22:19,600
borrowed Tools, in better shape 
than they got them and can be 

2625
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:21,500
counted on to water your plants 
when you're away. 

2626
02:22:21,500 --> 02:22:24,700
But this plan of strategic 
insignificance needed to be 

2627
02:22:24,700 --> 02:22:27,400
adjusted all the time. 
If you are too independent, you 

2628
02:22:27,400 --> 02:22:30,200
might be seen as a threat. 
If you are too dependent, you 

2629
02:22:30,200 --> 02:22:33,600
might be completely absorbed for
100s of years, San Marino, 

2630
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:37,200
walked this tightrope developing
an almost Supernatural sense of 

2631
02:22:37,200 --> 02:22:40,200
when to stand up for themselves.
And when to fade into the 

2632
02:22:40,200 --> 02:22:43,700
background of bigger events, the
Republic's location, also made 

2633
02:22:43,700 --> 02:22:46,200
it natural place for people to 
go when they were fleeing the 

2634
02:22:46,200 --> 02:22:48,700
political unrest, that happened 
all the time in medieval it, 

2635
02:22:49,300 --> 02:22:52,400
Nobles, who had been kicked out 
of their homes, intellectuals 

2636
02:22:52,400 --> 02:22:55,500
who had been persecuted and the 
occasional Merchants, who had 

2637
02:22:55,500 --> 02:22:58,300
backed the wrong side, in a 
city-state dispute, would all 

2638
02:22:58,300 --> 02:23:01,100
make their way up Monty titano, 
to wait out the storm and plan. 

2639
02:23:01,100 --> 02:23:04,400
Their next moves, this brought 
in a steady stream of outside 

2640
02:23:04,400 --> 02:23:06,800
Knowledge and Skills that made 
San Marino's culture. 

2641
02:23:06,800 --> 02:23:09,300
Better without ever threatening 
to, take it over. 

2642
02:23:09,300 --> 02:23:12,700
If you can imagine a community 
meeting where everyone has to be

2643
02:23:12,700 --> 02:23:15,000
there because there is no one 
else to make the important 

2644
02:23:15,000 --> 02:23:17,400
decisions. 
You can start to understand how 

2645
02:23:17,400 --> 02:23:20,600
San Marino accidentally came up 
with one of the most stable 

2646
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:22,400
forms of democratic government 
in the world. 

2647
02:23:22,400 --> 02:23:26,500
Their political system wasn't 
based on ideas, it was based on 

2648
02:23:26,508 --> 02:23:29,200
need and the kind of common 
sense that comes from. 

2649
02:23:29,200 --> 02:23:32,700
Knowing that if you fail, 
everyone will starve the early 

2650
02:23:32,700 --> 02:23:34,100
Saint. 
Marinis had a problem that 

2651
02:23:34,100 --> 02:23:36,100
anyone who has ever been in 
charge of a neighborhood 

2652
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:39,400
association would know about 
some one had to decide how to 

2653
02:23:39,400 --> 02:23:42,700
use shared resources, cetl 
fights between neighbors and 

2654
02:23:42,700 --> 02:23:45,300
deal with emergencies, but they 
couldn't go to a higher 

2655
02:23:45,300 --> 02:23:47,600
authority, when things got 
tough, like most communities, 

2656
02:23:47,600 --> 02:23:51,100
could it would take days To get 
to the nearest Duke, bishop, or 

2657
02:23:51,100 --> 02:23:54,500
imperial representative and they
were probably too busy with more

2658
02:23:54,500 --> 02:23:56,400
important. 
Things to care about fights over

2659
02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:58,900
goat grazing rights or when to 
clean the system. 

2660
02:23:58,900 --> 02:24:01,900
So they did what people of 
always done when they lived 

2661
02:24:01,900 --> 02:24:04,300
together. 
They made a system that let the 

2662
02:24:04,308 --> 02:24:07,900
people who are most affected by 
decisions help make them the 

2663
02:24:07,900 --> 02:24:11,000
arengo which is San Marino's. 
General Assembly Grew From 

2664
02:24:11,000 --> 02:24:13,900
informal Community, meetings 
into something like a town hall 

2665
02:24:13,900 --> 02:24:16,300
democracy. 
But the town was actually the 

2666
02:24:16,300 --> 02:24:18,600
whole country. 
The arengo wasn't a modern 

2667
02:24:18,600 --> 02:24:20,700
Parliament. 
It was more like a big family 

2668
02:24:20,700 --> 02:24:22,500
meeting where everyone had 
strong opinions. 

2669
02:24:22,500 --> 02:24:26,100
Most decisions needed to be 
agreed upon and the loudest 

2670
02:24:26,100 --> 02:24:29,000
voice didn't always win in 
medieval times. 

2671
02:24:29,000 --> 02:24:31,800
Every head of household could 
take part which meant adult 

2672
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:34,400
males who owned land. 
However, the property 

2673
02:24:34,400 --> 02:24:37,500
requirement was so low that it 
basically included anyone who 

2674
02:24:37,500 --> 02:24:40,600
owned a goat to Vineyard or 
could show that they were 

2675
02:24:40,600 --> 02:24:43,000
completely dependent on someone 
else for survival. 

2676
02:24:43,000 --> 02:24:46,300
The Duel captaincy came out of 
these meetings and became San 

2677
02:24:46,300 --> 02:24:48,100
Marino's. 
Most important contribution to 

2678
02:24:48,100 --> 02:24:51,300
political science they didn't 
choose one leader who might be 

2679
02:24:51,300 --> 02:24:53,500
tempted by power or corrupted by
Authority. 

2680
02:24:53,500 --> 02:24:56,800
Instead they chose two captains 
Regent who served together for 

2681
02:24:56,800 --> 02:24:58,700
six months. 
It was like having two 

2682
02:24:58,700 --> 02:25:01,600
presidents who kept each other 
Honest, by making sure that any 

2683
02:25:01,600 --> 02:25:04,800
abuse of power would be seen 
right away by the person sitting

2684
02:25:04,800 --> 02:25:06,900
next to you. 
This system came about because 

2685
02:25:06,900 --> 02:25:09,300
of Real World Experience, not 
political Theory. 

2686
02:25:09,300 --> 02:25:12,500
They had noticed that single 
leaders often started to believe

2687
02:25:12,500 --> 02:25:14,400
they were more important than 
they really were. 

2688
02:25:14,400 --> 02:25:17,600
But Mittys could argue about 
decisions until the Wolves were 

2689
02:25:17,600 --> 02:25:20,200
actually at the door. 
Two people chosen for their 

2690
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:22,800
skills and required to work 
together could make decisions 

2691
02:25:22,800 --> 02:25:25,400
quickly and keep an eye on each 
other's possible excesses. 

2692
02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:27,700
The six-month term limit was 
also useful. 

2693
02:25:27,700 --> 02:25:30,600
Six months was enough time to 
deal with the complicated 

2694
02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:33,800
business of running a small 
Republic, like negotiating with 

2695
02:25:33,800 --> 02:25:37,700
nearby Powers managing shared 
resources and settling major 

2696
02:25:37,700 --> 02:25:40,000
disagreements. 
But it was not long enough for 

2697
02:25:40,000 --> 02:25:43,500
anyone to start thinking of the 
job as a career in a civic duty.

2698
02:25:43,500 --> 02:25:46,400
It meant that everyone knew that
today's leader would be 

2699
02:25:46,408 --> 02:25:48,900
tomorrow's neighbor. 
This makes people much more 

2700
02:25:48,900 --> 02:25:51,800
polite when they are in charge, 
but maybe the most creative 

2701
02:25:51,800 --> 02:25:54,200
thing about San Marino's 
government was how it handled 

2702
02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:57,000
Law And Justice. 
Instead of using a complicated 

2703
02:25:57,000 --> 02:26:00,200
legal code that came from above.
They came up with a way to 

2704
02:26:00,208 --> 02:26:02,900
settle disputes that was based 
on common sense and local 

2705
02:26:02,900 --> 02:26:05,300
Customs. 
Most disagreements were worked 

2706
02:26:05,300 --> 02:26:08,400
out through mediation with the 
Elders of the Community, Helping

2707
02:26:08,400 --> 02:26:10,800
neighbor's, come to agreements 
that everyone could live with, 

2708
02:26:10,800 --> 02:26:14,000
they set up a system of Courts 
for more serious cases, that 

2709
02:26:14,000 --> 02:26:16,200
focused more on fixing. 
And things then on punishing 

2710
02:26:16,200 --> 02:26:19,500
people, if someone damaged their
neighbor's property, the goal 

2711
02:26:19,500 --> 02:26:22,000
was to fix the damage, not to 
get back at them. 

2712
02:26:22,000 --> 02:26:25,100
If someone broke the rules of 
the community, the usual 

2713
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:27,900
response was to try to get them 
back in good standing instead of

2714
02:26:27,908 --> 02:26:30,700
kicking them out for good. 
This method worked in part 

2715
02:26:30,708 --> 02:26:33,200
because San Marino was small 
enough that everyone's 

2716
02:26:33,200 --> 02:26:36,400
reputation mattered and social 
pressure was more effective than

2717
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:39,300
formal punishment. 
But it also worked because the 

2718
02:26:39,300 --> 02:26:42,100
people in the community knew 
that in a place where everyone 

2719
02:26:42,100 --> 02:26:45,200
depended on everyone else to 
live breaking up relationships 

2720
02:26:45,200 --> 02:26:47,700
was a luxury they couldn't 
afford the way. 

2721
02:26:47,700 --> 02:26:51,300
The Republic handled taxes was 
also very practical instead of a

2722
02:26:51,300 --> 02:26:53,400
complicated system of taxes and 
fees. 

2723
02:26:53,400 --> 02:26:56,300
They mostly relied on people 
giving them goods and services 

2724
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:58,900
everyone in the community 
pitched in to help build 

2725
02:26:58,900 --> 02:27:02,500
fortifications by doing work or 
bringing materials, depending on

2726
02:27:02,500 --> 02:27:05,200
what they could do. 
Everyone pitched in to help pay 

2727
02:27:05,200 --> 02:27:08,500
for diplomatic trips or to host 
important guests based on what 

2728
02:27:08,500 --> 02:27:11,100
they could afford. 
This system of government had to

2729
02:27:11,100 --> 02:27:14,000
create something amazing. 
A political culture where 

2730
02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:17,100
leadership was seen as Service 
instead of privilege, where 

2731
02:27:17,100 --> 02:27:20,300
decisions were made to gather, 
in by one person and where the 

2732
02:27:20,300 --> 02:27:23,200
health of the community was more
important than individual goals?

2733
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:27,000
It wasn't perfect. 
No human system ever is, but it 

2734
02:27:27,008 --> 02:27:30,200
was very strong and surprisingly
good at managing the difficult 

2735
02:27:30,200 --> 02:27:33,900
task of keeping a small Mountain
Republic free for more than 17 

2736
02:27:33,900 --> 02:27:36,000
centuries. 
It's funny how a community 

2737
02:27:36,000 --> 02:27:38,800
realizes. 
It has become a country like 

2738
02:27:38,800 --> 02:27:42,200
someone who starts collecting 
stamps as a hobby and then finds

2739
02:27:42,200 --> 02:27:43,600
out their running, a philatelic 
Empire. 

2740
02:27:43,600 --> 02:27:47,400
San Marino slowly came to this 
realization one day. 

2741
02:27:47,400 --> 02:27:49,800
They were just a group of people
living on a mountain. 

2742
02:27:49,800 --> 02:27:52,300
Trying to keep their traditions 
and Independence. 

2743
02:27:52,300 --> 02:27:56,100
The next day they were Sovereign
Nation with diplomatic ties and 

2744
02:27:56,100 --> 02:27:58,200
everything. 
There wasn't a declaration of 

2745
02:27:58,200 --> 02:28:02,300
independence a revolutionary war
or even a very dramatic ceremony

2746
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:05,400
to Mark the change. 
Instead it happened through a 

2747
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:09,600
series of small acknowledgments,
practical agreements and the 

2748
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:12,300
gradual building up of Preston's
that eventually led to something

2749
02:28:12,300 --> 02:28:15,700
that looked like statehood, it 
was like becoming Famous without

2750
02:28:15,700 --> 02:28:17,500
realizing. 
When you stopped being a private

2751
02:28:17,500 --> 02:28:22,200
person in 1631, Pope Urban the 
8th, officially recognized San 

2752
02:28:22,200 --> 02:28:25,000
Marino's Independence. 
This was the first sign that the

2753
02:28:25,000 --> 02:28:28,000
small community had crossed an 
invisible line in to becoming a 

2754
02:28:28,000 --> 02:28:29,900
real country. 
It wasn't that the pope was 

2755
02:28:29,900 --> 02:28:31,000
being a specially. 
Nice. 

2756
02:28:31,000 --> 02:28:33,700
It was more like a busy. 
Landlord officially saying that 

2757
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:35,900
the tenants in the smaller 
apartment upstairs, could take 

2758
02:28:35,900 --> 02:28:39,100
care of themselves and probably 
didn't need to be directly 

2759
02:28:39,100 --> 02:28:42,000
supervised, but getting the 
Pope's approval was one thing 

2760
02:28:42,000 --> 02:28:44,800
living in a world where nation 
states were getting stronger. 

2761
02:28:44,800 --> 02:28:48,100
Was something else entirely 
during the 17th and 18th, 

2762
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:51,700
centuries, Europe, saw the rise 
of territorial consolidation 

2763
02:28:51,700 --> 02:28:54,800
where bigger Powers took over 
smaller ones through War 

2764
02:28:54,800 --> 02:28:58,900
marriage or just to make things 
easier to run San Marino's 

2765
02:28:58,900 --> 02:29:01,800
continued Independence started 
to seem less like a strange 

2766
02:29:01,800 --> 02:29:04,600
thing from the Middle Ages and 
more like a political. 

2767
02:29:04,600 --> 02:29:08,000
They were able to stay alive 
because they were very good at 

2768
02:29:08,000 --> 02:29:09,900
what we might call Strategic 
relevance. 

2769
02:29:10,700 --> 02:29:13,600
There were two small to be a 
threat to poor to be worth. 

2770
02:29:13,600 --> 02:29:16,200
Conquering for economic reasons 
and too. 

2771
02:29:16,200 --> 02:29:18,000
Well positioned to be completely
ignored. 

2772
02:29:18,000 --> 02:29:21,000
They were in a good place in the
complicated world of European 

2773
02:29:21,000 --> 02:29:24,700
politics, important enough to be
a neutral meeting place but not 

2774
02:29:24,700 --> 02:29:27,100
so important that they could be 
dangerous on their own. 

2775
02:29:27,100 --> 02:29:30,700
This was especially important 
during the time of Napoleon when

2776
02:29:30,700 --> 02:29:33,300
the French Emperor was changing 
the map of Europe with the same 

2777
02:29:33,300 --> 02:29:36,100
excitement as someone who had 
just bought a house and was 

2778
02:29:36,100 --> 02:29:38,300
rearranging the furniture 
Napoleon. 

2779
02:29:38,300 --> 02:29:41,100
Strangely enough, not only left 
San Marino alone, but also 

2780
02:29:41,100 --> 02:29:44,500
offered to give them more land. 
The sand Marinis who had been 

2781
02:29:44,508 --> 02:29:46,100
able to stay alive for 100s of 
years. 

2782
02:29:46,100 --> 02:29:49,600
Politely said no they knew that 
taking gifts from Napoleon could

2783
02:29:49,600 --> 02:29:51,600
mean making promises they 
couldn't keep and getting 

2784
02:29:51,600 --> 02:29:53,800
attention. 
They didn't want the 19th 

2785
02:29:53,800 --> 02:29:55,300
century. 
Brought new problems as 

2786
02:29:55,300 --> 02:29:58,400
nationalism spread across Europe
and the Italian Peninsula 

2787
02:29:58,400 --> 02:30:00,300
started. 
Its long journey towards 

2788
02:30:00,300 --> 02:30:03,400
unification San Marino was in 
the strange position of being 

2789
02:30:03,400 --> 02:30:05,600
asked to join something that 
didn't really exist. 

2790
02:30:05,600 --> 02:30:09,500
Yet a unified Italian nation 
that was still more of a dream 

2791
02:30:09,500 --> 02:30:12,000
that a reality. 
They answered in a way that was 

2792
02:30:12,000 --> 02:30:15,700
typical of them practical. 
They generally supported Italian

2793
02:30:15,700 --> 02:30:19,000
unification gave political 
refugees from Austrian and 

2794
02:30:19,008 --> 02:30:22,200
Papal, authorities are placed to
stay and even offered military 

2795
02:30:22,200 --> 02:30:24,400
help when they could do. 
So, without putting their own 

2796
02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:27,300
safety at risk, but they also 
made it clear that they would 

2797
02:30:27,300 --> 02:30:29,700
not give up their own 
independence in order to support

2798
02:30:29,700 --> 02:30:32,408
Italian nationalism. 
This job needed a lot of 

2799
02:30:32,416 --> 02:30:35,700
diplomatic skill, San Marino 
needed to show that they were on

2800
02:30:35,700 --> 02:30:37,500
the same page as their Italian 
neighbors. 

2801
02:30:37,500 --> 02:30:40,700
But they didn't want to look 
like a remnant of the old feudal

2802
02:30:40,700 --> 02:30:42,600
system that the nationalists 
were trying to get rid of. 

2803
02:30:42,600 --> 02:30:45,600
They had to show the new Italian
state that they were useful. 

2804
02:30:45,600 --> 02:30:49,300
But not so useful, that it would
be tempting to take them in San 

2805
02:30:49,300 --> 02:30:51,000
Marino's. 
Main idea that help them get 

2806
02:30:51,000 --> 02:30:53,200
through this time was 
understanding the difference 

2807
02:30:53,200 --> 02:30:55,600
between Independence and 
sovereignty, they could 

2808
02:30:55,600 --> 02:30:58,100
negotiate defend and keep their 
sovereignty. 

2809
02:30:58,100 --> 02:31:01,600
The formal recognition of their 
right to exist as a separate 

2810
02:31:01,600 --> 02:31:05,200
political entity through careful
diplomacy Independence. 

2811
02:31:05,200 --> 02:31:08,400
The ability to make their own 
decisions about their own lives.

2812
02:31:08,400 --> 02:31:10,500
Was something they had to show 
through good. 

2813
02:31:10,800 --> 02:31:12,600
Moment and strong Community 
ties. 

2814
02:31:12,600 --> 02:31:15,900
The charismatic leader of 
Italian unification Giuseppe 

2815
02:31:15,900 --> 02:31:18,700
Garibaldi knew this difference 
after a failed campaign. 

2816
02:31:18,700 --> 02:31:20,600
He went to San Marino for 
safety. 

2817
02:31:20,600 --> 02:31:24,100
There, he was not welcome as a 
Conquering Hero but as a guest 

2818
02:31:24,100 --> 02:31:27,200
who had earned Sanctuary through
his dedication to Freedom, the 

2819
02:31:27,200 --> 02:31:28,800
Republic's decision to protect 
him. 

2820
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:31,000
Even though the Austrian 
authorities were putting 

2821
02:31:31,000 --> 02:31:34,000
pressure on them showed that 
their independence wasn't just a

2822
02:31:34,000 --> 02:31:36,900
legal technicality, but a real 
commitment to the values that 

2823
02:31:36,900 --> 02:31:41,100
had kept them going for hundreds
of years, by 1871 when Italy 

2824
02:31:41,100 --> 02:31:44,600
became a unified country, San 
Marino, a change from a medieval

2825
02:31:44,600 --> 02:31:47,100
Oddity in to a real member of 
the community of Nations. 

2826
02:31:47,100 --> 02:31:50,200
They had treaties with big 
countries, diplomatic 

2827
02:31:50,200 --> 02:31:54,700
representation in important 
cities and most importantly an 

2828
02:31:54,700 --> 02:31:56,100
international reputation that 
made. 

2829
02:31:56,100 --> 02:31:58,000
It seem normal for them to stay 
independent. 

2830
02:31:58,000 --> 02:32:01,300
But the most interesting thing 
about Samus accidental 

2831
02:32:01,300 --> 02:32:03,600
nationhood is how little it 
changed the way. 

2832
02:32:03,600 --> 02:32:06,000
They ran their government and 
lived in their communities. 

2833
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:08,800
They stayed a republic of 
neighbors who just happened to 

2834
02:32:08,800 --> 02:32:11,800
live in the same country. 
Not Objects of a state who just 

2835
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:13,100
happened to live in the same 
place. 

2836
02:32:13,100 --> 02:32:16,300
The difference may seem small 
but it changed how they saw 

2837
02:32:16,300 --> 02:32:18,500
their relationship with each 
other and the world around them.

2838
02:32:18,500 --> 02:32:21,900
Imagine waking up every day in a
place where your commute to work

2839
02:32:21,900 --> 02:32:24,400
might take you past. 
Fortifications that are 1000 

2840
02:32:24,400 --> 02:32:27,400
years old, where your local 
grocery store is built on a 

2841
02:32:27,408 --> 02:32:30,900
foundation that is older than 
most European Cathedrals and 

2842
02:32:30,900 --> 02:32:33,100
where you might run into your 
head of state at the market. 

2843
02:32:33,100 --> 02:32:36,400
This was the daily life of 
people in San Marino, who 

2844
02:32:36,400 --> 02:32:38,200
somehow managed to live normal 
lives. 

2845
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:41,700
And one of the most accidentally
amazing places on Earth, the 

2846
02:32:41,700 --> 02:32:44,300
mountain itself, set the pace 
for daily life, in the Republic,

2847
02:32:44,300 --> 02:32:47,200
the Eastern slopes of monteano 
woke up early. 

2848
02:32:47,200 --> 02:32:50,300
The warm Gold light painted the 
Limestone walls of the old 

2849
02:32:50,300 --> 02:32:53,200
towers and the light slowly 
spread across the Terrace. 

2850
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:56,700
Vineyards, and Olive Groves that
clung to the Mountainside the 

2851
02:32:56,700 --> 02:32:59,900
air in the morning smelled like 
wild herbs like rosemary, thyme 

2852
02:32:59,900 --> 02:33:01,700
and Sage that grew in the Rocky 
crevasses. 

2853
02:33:01,700 --> 02:33:05,200
It also smelled like wood smoke 
from the chimneys of houses that

2854
02:33:05,200 --> 02:33:07,900
looked like they were made of 
Mountain Stone as it. 

2855
02:33:07,900 --> 02:33:10,300
Always has been in farming 
communities where daylight is 

2856
02:33:10,600 --> 02:33:12,300
Just in Seasons. 
Don't wait for anyone. 

2857
02:33:12,300 --> 02:33:15,800
Work started early. 
The Vineyards needed constant 

2858
02:33:15,800 --> 02:33:18,600
care pruning in the winter 
training in the spring and 

2859
02:33:18,600 --> 02:33:21,500
harvesting in the fall, the thin
Mountain soil needed. 

2860
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:23,900
Careful cultivation to grow 
anything more than food. 

2861
02:33:23,900 --> 02:33:26,800
But maybe because of these 
problems San Marino's wines 

2862
02:33:26,800 --> 02:33:29,400
became known far beyond the tiny
borders of the Republic. 

2863
02:33:29,400 --> 02:33:33,000
The olive Groves were just as 
hard to work in their silver 

2864
02:33:33,008 --> 02:33:36,000
trees were routed into Terraces.
That previous generations had 

2865
02:33:36,000 --> 02:33:38,800
carved out of the Mountainside 
with only their willpower and 

2866
02:33:38,800 --> 02:33:41,200
simple tools. 
Olive oil wasn't just something 

2867
02:33:41,200 --> 02:33:46,100
to cook with it was also money 
medicine and the basis for trade

2868
02:33:46,100 --> 02:33:49,200
with the valleys below, a good 
harvest could pay for diplomatic

2869
02:33:49,200 --> 02:33:50,900
missions, or infrastructure 
projects. 

2870
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:54,000
But a bad one meant having to 
cut back and hope for a better 

2871
02:33:54,008 --> 02:33:56,700
year next year. 
But farming was only one part of

2872
02:33:56,708 --> 02:33:59,700
the Republic's economy because 
of where it was on Old trade 

2873
02:33:59,700 --> 02:34:01,800
routes. 
San Marino was a natural place 

2874
02:34:01,800 --> 02:34:04,300
for merchants to stop on their 
way between northern and 

2875
02:34:04,300 --> 02:34:06,900
southern Italy. 
The Republic's markets which 

2876
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:09,900
were held in the shadow of 
medieval Towers became known for

2877
02:34:09,900 --> 02:34:11,900
their honesty. 
In a world where traveling 

2878
02:34:11,900 --> 02:34:14,700
Merchants never knew, if they 
would be cheated robbed, or both

2879
02:34:14,700 --> 02:34:19,100
San Marino offered something 
rare reliable Fair dealing. 

2880
02:34:19,100 --> 02:34:22,800
This reputation for honesty and 
business wasn't just a fluke in 

2881
02:34:22,800 --> 02:34:25,100
a community where everyone's 
actions had an impact on 

2882
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:28,000
everyone else's wealth. 
Keeping trust wasn't just the 

2883
02:34:28,000 --> 02:34:30,900
right thing to do. 
It was necessary for economic 

2884
02:34:30,900 --> 02:34:33,400
survival. 
If a merchant cheated visitors, 

2885
02:34:33,400 --> 02:34:34,900
their neighbor's would shun 
them. 

2886
02:34:34,900 --> 02:34:37,500
Because they knew that their 
reputation as a group was their 

2887
02:34:37,500 --> 02:34:40,900
most valuable asset craft 
Traditions that grew up in San 

2888
02:34:40,900 --> 02:34:44,300
Marino, were based on both need 
and charts, stonemasons had to 

2889
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:46,900
learn how to work with the local
Limestone, for both building and

2890
02:34:46,900 --> 02:34:49,800
decorating Woodworkers, who 
lived on the lower, slopes of 

2891
02:34:49,800 --> 02:34:52,800
the mountain had access to the 
forests and learned how to make 

2892
02:34:52,800 --> 02:34:55,300
furniture and tools that could 
stand up to the mountains. 

2893
02:34:55,300 --> 02:34:58,200
Extreme weather. 
At first metalwork is only made 

2894
02:34:58,200 --> 02:35:00,500
weapons and tools for farming 
over time. 

2895
02:35:00,500 --> 02:35:03,400
They became artists, whose work 
was sought after by collectors 

2896
02:35:03,400 --> 02:35:06,100
all over Italy. 
But the most unique thing about 

2897
02:35:06,100 --> 02:35:09,300
daily life in San Marino was how
everyone was expected to be 

2898
02:35:09,308 --> 02:35:10,700
responsible for their own 
action. 

2899
02:35:11,200 --> 02:35:14,600
In bigger countries, you have to
deal with government in San 

2900
02:35:14,600 --> 02:35:16,400
Marino. 
It was just as natural as taking

2901
02:35:16,400 --> 02:35:18,000
care of your Vineyard or your 
home. 

2902
02:35:18,000 --> 02:35:21,500
The arango meetings, weren't 
official political events, they 

2903
02:35:21,500 --> 02:35:23,400
were Community. 
Gatherings where neighbors 

2904
02:35:23,400 --> 02:35:25,100
talked about things that were 
important to them. 

2905
02:35:25,100 --> 02:35:27,800
And made decisions together 
about things like how to keep 

2906
02:35:27,800 --> 02:35:30,800
the roads in good shape and how 
to handle Foreign Affairs. 

2907
02:35:30,800 --> 02:35:34,000
The social calendar was made up 
of both religious holidays and 

2908
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:36,700
Civic festivals. 
This created a rhythm of 

2909
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:39,000
Celebration that made the 
community feel like they were 

2910
02:35:39,000 --> 02:35:41,900
all part of something bigger. 
The feast of Saint Mariners, 

2911
02:35:41,900 --> 02:35:45,200
which took place on September 
3rd was both a religious holiday

2912
02:35:45,200 --> 02:35:48,300
and a national celebration. 
It included processions, 

2913
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:51,500
traditional foods and the kind 
of communal activities that 

2914
02:35:51,500 --> 02:35:54,200
reminded everyone why they chose
to live on a mountain together. 

2915
02:35:54,200 --> 02:35:57,900
The food culture in San Marino 
is unique because it is based on

2916
02:35:57,908 --> 02:36:01,500
mounting ingredients and Italian
influences but it is still very 

2917
02:36:01,500 --> 02:36:05,200
local, the food, tasted like the
mountain itself because it was 

2918
02:36:05,200 --> 02:36:07,200
made with Wild game from the 
nearby. 

2919
02:36:07,200 --> 02:36:12,200
Forests cheese from mountain. 
Goats wine from, Vineyards and 

2920
02:36:12,200 --> 02:36:14,900
olive oil pressed from trees 
that grew in soil. 

2921
02:36:14,900 --> 02:36:17,600
That was so Rocky. 
It seemed impossible, the 

2922
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:20,500
Republic's approached education 
showed that it knew that in a 

2923
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:22,800
small country. 
Everyone's work is important. 

2924
02:36:22,800 --> 02:36:25,800
Kids learned more than just 
reading writing and math. 

2925
02:36:25,800 --> 02:36:29,500
They also learned useful skills 
like farming making things and 

2926
02:36:29,500 --> 02:36:32,200
how to be a good citizen. 
They learned as they grew up 

2927
02:36:32,208 --> 02:36:34,900
that they were inheriting more 
than just property or a job. 

2928
02:36:34,908 --> 02:36:38,100
They were all inheriting the 
responsibility of keeping a 

2929
02:36:38,100 --> 02:36:41,000
unique way of life alive. 
That had lasted for hundreds of 

2930
02:36:41,008 --> 02:36:43,000
years. 
Through the hard work of many 

2931
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:46,700
people San Marino's culture saw 
Public Service as a normal part 

2932
02:36:46,700 --> 02:36:48,900
of adult life, not as a special 
job. 

2933
02:36:48,900 --> 02:36:52,900
This is perhaps the most amazing
thing about the country citizens

2934
02:36:52,900 --> 02:36:55,700
were expected to serve on 
committees help make decisions 

2935
02:36:55,700 --> 02:36:58,700
about public issues and take 
turns in different government 

2936
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:01,000
job. 
The captain's Regent were not 

2937
02:37:01,000 --> 02:37:03,900
professional politicians, they 
were neighbors who had been 

2938
02:37:03,900 --> 02:37:07,500
chosen to run the communities 
business for six months before, 

2939
02:37:07,500 --> 02:37:10,900
going back to their Vineyards 
workshops or whatever else they 

2940
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:11,500
did. 
For a living. 

2941
02:37:11,508 --> 02:37:14,800
This blending of government into
everyday, life made a political 

2942
02:37:14,800 --> 02:37:17,800
culture, that was both. 
Very stable, and very Dynamic 

2943
02:37:17,800 --> 02:37:21,800
changes occurred incrementally 
facilitated by dialogue and 

2944
02:37:21,800 --> 02:37:24,500
consensus, rather than through 
Revolution, or edict. 

2945
02:37:24,500 --> 02:37:28,400
However, they transpired as the 
community adjusted to emerging 

2946
02:37:28,400 --> 02:37:31,400
challenges while preserving its 
fundamental values and 

2947
02:37:31,400 --> 02:37:33,600
traditions. 
When you're not sure you wanted 

2948
02:37:33,600 --> 02:37:36,900
International recognition in the
first place, it can be a little 

2949
02:37:36,908 --> 02:37:39,200
awkward. 
San Marino went through this in 

2950
02:37:39,200 --> 02:37:43,900
the 1800s and 1900s as the world
slowly realized that this tiny 

2951
02:37:43,900 --> 02:37:47,200
Mountain Republic was more than 
just a Charming medieval 

2952
02:37:47,200 --> 02:37:49,900
curiosity. 
It was a real Sovereign Nation. 

2953
02:37:49,900 --> 02:37:52,500
With all the rights and duties 
that come with being a state. 

2954
02:37:52,500 --> 02:37:55,600
Getting formal, diplomatic 
recognition was like being asked

2955
02:37:55,600 --> 02:37:57,400
to join a club. 
You didn't know, you wanted to 

2956
02:37:57,400 --> 02:38:00,500
join only to find out that being
a member came with a lot of 

2957
02:38:00,500 --> 02:38:01,900
rules. 
You hadn't thought of before, 

2958
02:38:01,900 --> 02:38:05,500
all of a sudden San Marino was 
expected to have opinions on 

2959
02:38:05,500 --> 02:38:09,300
global issues, follow formal 
diplomatic procedures and have 

2960
02:38:09,300 --> 02:38:12,300
the kind of bureaucratic system 
that Bigger countries, take for 

2961
02:38:12,300 --> 02:38:15,000
granted World War. 
One was the first big test of 

2962
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:18,200
their new international status. 
Most of Europe was too busy 

2963
02:38:18,200 --> 02:38:22,200
tearing itself apart over issues
of nationalism, imperialism and 

2964
02:38:22,200 --> 02:38:24,800
royal family feuds that had 
gotten way out of hand. 

2965
02:38:24,800 --> 02:38:28,000
San Marino, showing the 
Diplomatic skill that had kept 

2966
02:38:28,000 --> 02:38:31,600
them free for hundreds of years,
declared neutrality, and spent 

2967
02:38:31,600 --> 02:38:34,900
the War years helping refugees 
while carefully avoiding any 

2968
02:38:34,900 --> 02:38:36,600
actions. 
That could be seen as taking 

2969
02:38:36,600 --> 02:38:38,800
sides. 
This neutrality didn't mean 

2970
02:38:38,800 --> 02:38:41,600
staying out of world affairs. 
It meant doing active 

2971
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:44,000
peacekeeping work. 
That took a lot of skill and 

2972
02:38:44,000 --> 02:38:47,200
resources, the Republic became a
safe place for people fleeing 

2973
02:38:47,200 --> 02:38:49,400
the violence. 
A place where people from both 

2974
02:38:49,400 --> 02:38:51,700
sides could talk to each other 
and assign that. 

2975
02:38:51,700 --> 02:38:54,400
Not every disagreement had to be
settled with guns. 

2976
02:38:54,400 --> 02:38:58,100
It was hard work that used up a 
lot of their resources, but it 

2977
02:38:58,100 --> 02:39:00,700
also made San Marino known as a 
real neutral power. 

2978
02:39:00,700 --> 02:39:04,300
Instead of just a country that 
was too small to matter during 

2979
02:39:04,300 --> 02:39:07,100
the interval years, fascist 
movement spread across Europe. 

2980
02:39:07,100 --> 02:39:09,800
And the old way of doing 
diplomacy fell apart in to 

2981
02:39:09,800 --> 02:39:13,100
ideological conf. 
San Marino was in a strange 

2982
02:39:13,100 --> 02:39:15,700
situation because it was 
surrounded by Mussolini's Italy.

2983
02:39:15,700 --> 02:39:19,000
While trying to keep Democratic 
institutions that their powerful

2984
02:39:19,000 --> 02:39:22,300
neighbor saw is outdated. 
The Republic's response was a 

2985
02:39:22,300 --> 02:39:25,000
lesson in how to stay alive by 
being flexible in diplomacy. 

2986
02:39:25,000 --> 02:39:28,300
They got along well, with a 
fascist government while quietly

2987
02:39:28,300 --> 02:39:30,500
keeping up their usual 
democratic practices. 

2988
02:39:30,500 --> 02:39:33,800
They didn't say anything that 
would make things worse and they

2989
02:39:33,800 --> 02:39:36,800
continue to shelter political 
refugees overall. 

2990
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:39,300
They acted like good neighbors, 
who just had different ideas 

2991
02:39:39,300 --> 02:39:40,700
about how to run their own 
Affairs. 

2992
02:39:40,700 --> 02:39:43,800
This Balancing Act needed to be 
adjusted all the time and 

2993
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:47,200
sometimes needed to be given up 
San Marino, couldn't openly 

2994
02:39:47,200 --> 02:39:49,500
oppose fascism without risking 
being taken over. 

2995
02:39:49,500 --> 02:39:52,300
But they couldn't support it 
without going against the 

2996
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:54,300
democratic values that made them
who they are. 

2997
02:39:54,300 --> 02:39:57,800
The answer was what we might 
call principal pragmatism. 

2998
02:39:58,400 --> 02:40:01,000
Keeping their core values while 
changing, how they acted in 

2999
02:40:01,000 --> 02:40:03,700
order to stay alive in a world, 
that was becoming more hostile. 

3000
02:40:03,700 --> 02:40:07,200
The tensions reached a breaking 
point during World War Two, even

3001
02:40:07,200 --> 02:40:10,300
though San Marino was officially
neutral, its location, made it 

3002
02:40:10,300 --> 02:40:13,100
impossible to be. 
Truly neutral, Allied planes 

3003
02:40:13,100 --> 02:40:16,400
flew over their land and German 
troops were nearby the Republic 

3004
02:40:16,400 --> 02:40:19,700
clearly sided with the 
Democratic Powers, even if they 

3005
02:40:19,700 --> 02:40:22,100
couldn't say. 
So out loud, the most dramatic 

3006
02:40:22,100 --> 02:40:26,200
event happened in 1944, when 
German troops briefly, took over

3007
02:40:26,200 --> 02:40:29,200
San Marino, they said it was to 
keep the Allies from using their

3008
02:40:29,200 --> 02:40:32,000
territory, but it was really to 
show what could happen if the 

3009
02:40:32,000 --> 02:40:33,900
Republic's neutrality became a 
problem. 

3010
02:40:33,900 --> 02:40:37,900
The occupation only lasted a few
weeks, but it reminded everyone 

3011
02:40:37,900 --> 02:40:41,500
that Independence, no matter how
legally solid depended on the 

3012
02:40:41,500 --> 02:40:44,900
Goodwill of bigger Powers. 
After the war, San Marino became

3013
02:40:44,900 --> 02:40:47,700
independent and its wartime 
record made it even stronger. 

3014
02:40:47,700 --> 02:40:50,700
The Republic had been able to 
keep both Allied and axis 

3015
02:40:50,700 --> 02:40:54,200
refugees safe, avoid major 
damage and show that small 

3016
02:40:54,200 --> 02:40:57,000
countries could stay strong even
when things got really bad, 

3017
02:40:57,000 --> 02:40:59,900
their reputation. 
A principled neutrality became 

3018
02:40:59,900 --> 02:41:02,100
one of their most useful 
diplomatic tools. 

3019
02:41:02,100 --> 02:41:05,400
But being recognized came with 
new duties that sometimes 

3020
02:41:05,400 --> 02:41:08,800
clashed with the old ways of 
doing things, international law,

3021
02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:11,300
expected San Marino to have 
up-to-date legal codes, 

3022
02:41:11,300 --> 02:41:14,700
standardized administrative 
procedures and the kind of 

3023
02:41:14,708 --> 02:41:17,100
institutional infrastructure 
that could work with other 

3024
02:41:17,100 --> 02:41:19,600
modern countries, this meant 
slowly changing. 

3025
02:41:19,600 --> 02:41:22,800
In formal Community practices, 
into formal government systems. 

3026
02:41:22,800 --> 02:41:26,200
This process kept the substance 
of traditional governance while 

3027
02:41:26,200 --> 02:41:29,800
changing its form to fit, modern
needs tourism growth, brought 

3028
02:41:29,800 --> 02:41:33,300
both chances and problems. 
San Marino is the world's oldest

3029
02:41:33,300 --> 02:41:36,400
Republic and its beautiful 
mountains and well-preserved 

3030
02:41:36,400 --> 02:41:39,500
medieval buildings, make it a 
great place for travelers who 

3031
02:41:39,500 --> 02:41:41,100
want something different from 
the usual. 

3032
02:41:41,100 --> 02:41:44,500
European tourist experience, 
tourism brought in money and 

3033
02:41:44,500 --> 02:41:47,200
made the Republic known around 
the world, but it also 

3034
02:41:47,200 --> 02:41:49,900
threatened to turn it from a 
real Community into a kind of 

3035
02:41:49,900 --> 02:41:52,300
historical theme park to keep 
this balance. 

3036
02:41:52,300 --> 02:41:54,900
They needed the same kind of 
wisdom that had helped San 

3037
02:41:54,900 --> 02:41:56,700
Marino. 
Stay in power, for hundreds of 

3038
02:41:56,700 --> 02:41:59,800
years, they needed to be able To
welcome visitors without being 

3039
02:41:59,800 --> 02:42:02,700
overwhelmed by them to show off 
their history without being 

3040
02:42:02,700 --> 02:42:06,000
stuck in it and to stay true to 
who they were while taking 

3041
02:42:06,000 --> 02:42:08,000
advantage of the economic 
opportunities. 

3042
02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:11,200
That tourism brought the sand 
Marinis solution was to welcome 

3043
02:42:11,200 --> 02:42:12,900
tourists. 
While making it clear, which 

3044
02:42:12,900 --> 02:42:16,100
parts of their society were open
to business and which was still 

3045
02:42:16,100 --> 02:42:18,900
private Community matters. 
People could visit the old 

3046
02:42:18,900 --> 02:42:22,200
fortifications by local crafts 
and taste the wine, but the 

3047
02:42:22,200 --> 02:42:25,400
arengo meetings were still only 
for Citizens and self-government

3048
02:42:25,400 --> 02:42:28,800
went on mostly the same way had 
always had take a seat and think

3049
02:42:28,800 --> 02:42:31,800
about this. 
Amazing fact, in an age, when 

3050
02:42:31,800 --> 02:42:34,700
huge corporations span 
continents and Global Powers 

3051
02:42:34,700 --> 02:42:36,500
measure their power and billions
of people. 

3052
02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:40,100
San Marino has not only 
survived, but thrived as a 

3053
02:42:40,108 --> 02:42:43,400
country with only 34,000, people
living there and governing 

3054
02:42:43,400 --> 02:42:46,000
themselves on a mountain that 
you could walk across in an 

3055
02:42:46,000 --> 02:42:48,100
afternoon. 
It's like finding out that a 

3056
02:42:48,100 --> 02:42:50,300
community still runs by Town 
Hall meetings and everyone 

3057
02:42:50,300 --> 02:42:52,608
really goes. 
Even though we live in an age of

3058
02:42:52,616 --> 02:42:56,000
smartphones and space travel, 
the story of how San Marino went

3059
02:42:56,000 --> 02:42:59,000
from being a medieval Mountain 
Village to a modern European 

3060
02:42:59,000 --> 02:43:02,000
nation, state is one of 
adaptation without abandonment. 

3061
02:43:02,000 --> 02:43:04,700
The country kept the basic 
principles of traditional 

3062
02:43:04,700 --> 02:43:07,700
government while also adopting 
the Technologies and 

3063
02:43:07,700 --> 02:43:09,800
institutions needed from a 
modern State. 

3064
02:43:09,800 --> 02:43:13,000
It's like fixing up a house that
is hundreds of years old by 

3065
02:43:13,000 --> 02:43:15,800
adding modern plumbing and 
electricity while keeping the 

3066
02:43:15,800 --> 02:43:18,700
stone walls and wooden beams 
that give it character, the 

3067
02:43:18,700 --> 02:43:21,100
Republic had to come up with 
some creative ways to solve 

3068
02:43:21,100 --> 02:43:23,500
problems that bigger countries 
don't have to deal with when 

3069
02:43:23,500 --> 02:43:25,200
they join the modern 
international system. 

3070
02:43:25,200 --> 02:43:28,600
How do you keep diplomatic ties 
with dozens of countries when 

3071
02:43:28,600 --> 02:43:31,100
your whole country could fit in 
a medium sized sport Stadium? 

3072
02:43:31,100 --> 02:43:34,000
How do you build a modern 
economy when your whole country 

3073
02:43:34,000 --> 02:43:37,100
could fit on a big college 
campus during Peak? 

3074
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:40,000
Season when tourist out, number 
residents by a wide margin. 

3075
02:43:40,000 --> 02:43:42,400
How do you keep real Traditions 
alive? 

3076
02:43:42,400 --> 02:43:45,400
San Marino's way of dealing with
these problems showed the same 

3077
02:43:45,400 --> 02:43:47,400
practical wisdom that had helped
them. 

3078
02:43:47,400 --> 02:43:50,800
Stay alive for 17 centuries 
instead of trying to compete in 

3079
02:43:50,800 --> 02:43:54,200
every area of national activity,
they focused on doing a few 

3080
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:56,900
things really well. 
San Marino like a small 

3081
02:43:56,900 --> 02:43:59,500
restaurant, that becomes famous 
by perfecting a small menu 

3082
02:43:59,500 --> 02:44:02,000
figured out what made them 
better than their competitors 

3083
02:44:02,000 --> 02:44:04,700
and built modern institutions 
around those things. 

3084
02:44:04,700 --> 02:44:08,100
Their diplomatic strategy took 
advantage of the fact that they 

3085
02:44:08,100 --> 02:44:11,300
were an ancient Republic with a 
long history of staying neutral 

3086
02:44:11,300 --> 02:44:14,200
and running a democracy. 
San Marino, could be truly 

3087
02:44:14,200 --> 02:44:16,500
neutral because it has never 
been powerful enough to make 

3088
02:44:16,500 --> 02:44:19,800
enemies while larger countries 
may have trouble letting go of 

3089
02:44:19,800 --> 02:44:23,100
old grudges and Imperial. 
Baggage they became experts in 

3090
02:44:23,100 --> 02:44:26,600
international mediation and 
peaceful diplomacy which were 

3091
02:44:26,600 --> 02:44:29,200
becoming more and more important
in a world that was getting more

3092
02:44:29,200 --> 02:44:31,400
complicated. 
The Republic's way of growing, 

3093
02:44:31,400 --> 02:44:34,400
the economy was all so smart 
instead of trying to compete 

3094
02:44:34,400 --> 02:44:37,700
with Italy's industrial centers 
or relying on one, Industry. 

3095
02:44:37,700 --> 02:44:41,000
They branched out into areas 
where their small size was an 

3096
02:44:41,000 --> 02:44:42,800
advantage asset rather than a 
hindrance. 

3097
02:44:42,800 --> 02:44:46,100
San Marino's reputation for 
being private and stable helped.

3098
02:44:46,100 --> 02:44:49,600
Its Banking and Financial 
Services tourism took advantage 

3099
02:44:49,600 --> 02:44:52,100
of their unique history and 
beautiful natural setting, 

3100
02:44:52,100 --> 02:44:55,100
visitors looking for real 
alternatives to mass produced 

3101
02:44:55,100 --> 02:44:57,500
Goods, help traditional crafts, 
find new markets. 

3102
02:44:57,500 --> 02:45:00,800
But the most impressive thing 
about San Marino is that they 

3103
02:45:00,800 --> 02:45:03,400
were able to modernize their 
government systems without 

3104
02:45:03,400 --> 02:45:06,500
giving up their basic commitment
to participatory democracy 

3105
02:45:06,500 --> 02:45:09,800
urango still meets, but now 
people who can't go in person 

3106
02:45:09,800 --> 02:45:13,100
can watch the meetings online. 
The Dual Captain Regency is 

3107
02:45:13,100 --> 02:45:16,200
still going on but now the 
captain's deal with both local 

3108
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:19,200
and Global issues as well as 
working with International 

3109
02:45:19,200 --> 02:45:21,300
organizations. 
In the media, the 

3110
02:45:21,300 --> 02:45:24,900
community-based way of solving 
problems is still around but now

3111
02:45:24,900 --> 02:45:27,700
the problems include things like
adapting to climate change and 

3112
02:45:27,700 --> 02:45:29,200
protecting against cyber 
attacks. 

3113
02:45:29,200 --> 02:45:32,400
The growth of Information, 
Technology gave a country whose 

3114
02:45:32,400 --> 02:45:35,100
whole government was based on 
personal relationships and 

3115
02:45:35,100 --> 02:45:39,400
face-to-face interaction. 
Chances and problems, how do you

3116
02:45:39,408 --> 02:45:42,300
keep your community together 
when social media connects your 

3117
02:45:42,300 --> 02:45:45,000
people to Global networks? 
That are much bigger than their 

3118
02:45:45,000 --> 02:45:47,000
own? 
How do you keep real civic 

3119
02:45:47,000 --> 02:45:49,600
participation alive when it's 
easier to engage with people 

3120
02:45:49,600 --> 02:45:51,500
online than to go to meetings in
person? 

3121
02:45:51,508 --> 02:45:55,000
San Marino's, answer was typical
of how they think they saw 

3122
02:45:55,000 --> 02:45:59,200
technology as a way to improve, 
not replace traditional ways of 

3123
02:45:59,200 --> 02:46:02,100
doing things in their 
communities online platforms. 

3124
02:46:02,100 --> 02:46:04,400
Gave people new ways to get 
information and join 

3125
02:46:04,400 --> 02:46:07,500
discussions, but people still 
had to be there in person for 

3126
02:46:07,500 --> 02:46:10,900
important meetings, digital 
communication, added to, but 

3127
02:46:10,900 --> 02:46:13,700
didn't replace the personal 
relationships that were still 

3128
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:16,900
the basis of their political 
culture, the educational system 

3129
02:46:16,900 --> 02:46:19,600
of the Republic changed over 
time to get, people ready to be 

3130
02:46:19,600 --> 02:46:22,300
active members of both their own
community, and the world as a 

3131
02:46:22,300 --> 02:46:25,400
whole students learned about the
history and Customs that link 

3132
02:46:25,400 --> 02:46:27,500
them to 17th centuries of 
self-rule. 

3133
02:46:27,500 --> 02:46:30,700
They also learned how to do 
well, in a modern economy and 

3134
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:33,300
take part in international 
discussions, about a wide range 

3135
02:46:33,300 --> 02:46:36,500
of topics from protecting the 
environment to digital rights. 

3136
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:40,800
Dual Focus led to a generation 
of Saint Moranis citizens, who 

3137
02:46:40,800 --> 02:46:43,300
were both deeply connected to 
their local customs and 

3138
02:46:43,300 --> 02:46:46,600
open-minded about the world. 
They knew that their Republic's 

3139
02:46:46,600 --> 02:46:49,000
Independence depended, not on 
being cut off from Global 

3140
02:46:49,000 --> 02:46:52,300
Trends, but on being selective 
about which ones to engage with,

3141
02:46:52,300 --> 02:46:56,300
and which ones to change, it was
hard to keep real culture alive 

3142
02:46:56,300 --> 02:46:58,300
in a time of global media and 
mass tourism. 

3143
02:46:58,308 --> 02:47:01,500
So people had to be on the 
lookout all the time and come up

3144
02:47:01,500 --> 02:47:04,400
with new ideas, San Marino 
created, what we might call 

3145
02:47:04,400 --> 02:47:07,600
cultural curation, they 
carefully chose which parts of 

3146
02:47:07,600 --> 02:47:10,900
their society were open to 
Outsiders while keeping the most

3147
02:47:10,908 --> 02:47:13,700
important parts of their culture
safe for the people who live 

3148
02:47:13,700 --> 02:47:15,800
there. 
For instance, the yearly 

3149
02:47:15,800 --> 02:47:18,100
celebration of Saint Marina 
stayed, a real Community 

3150
02:47:18,100 --> 02:47:20,400
Festival, where people 
reconnected with each other and 

3151
02:47:20,400 --> 02:47:23,200
their shared history. 
At the same time, some parts of 

3152
02:47:23,208 --> 02:47:25,700
the celebration were opened to 
visitors who wanted to see real 

3153
02:47:25,700 --> 02:47:27,300
traditional, instead of a fake 
show. 

3154
02:47:27,300 --> 02:47:30,600
It was like keeping up a family 
dinner tradition that sometimes 

3155
02:47:30,600 --> 02:47:33,700
includes thoughtful guests, but 
still keeps the closeness. 

3156
02:47:33,700 --> 02:47:37,000
That makes it special for family
members because San Marino was a

3157
02:47:37,100 --> 02:47:39,700
Number of international 
organizations, they had to learn

3158
02:47:39,700 --> 02:47:41,400
things that their medieval 
ancestors. 

3159
02:47:41,400 --> 02:47:44,500
Could never have imagined. 
They needed to take a stand on 

3160
02:47:44,500 --> 02:47:47,700
climate change, which is 
surprisingly complicated for a 

3161
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:50,900
mountain Republic, digital 
privacy rights, which were 

3162
02:47:50,900 --> 02:47:53,900
important for their banking 
sector and international trade 

3163
02:47:53,900 --> 02:47:56,500
agreements, which are very 
important for their economy, 

3164
02:47:56,500 --> 02:47:59,500
which relies on tourism. 
But they dealt with these world 

3165
02:47:59,500 --> 02:48:01,600
problems. 
Using the same community-based 

3166
02:48:01,600 --> 02:48:04,100
decision making processes that 
had worked for them. 

3167
02:48:04,100 --> 02:48:07,000
For hundreds of years, the way 
the Republic dealt with the 

3168
02:48:07,000 --> 02:48:09,100
European. 
Union was a great example of how

3169
02:48:09,100 --> 02:48:10,900
they handle problems in the 
modern world. 

3170
02:48:10,900 --> 02:48:14,500
San Marino didn't want to join 
the EU but they made cooperation

3171
02:48:14,500 --> 02:48:17,000
agreements that let them benefit
from European integration. 

3172
02:48:17,000 --> 02:48:20,400
While still being independent. 
They used the Euro as their 

3173
02:48:20,400 --> 02:48:23,700
money took part in European 
programs that help their people 

3174
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:26,400
and made sure that their rules 
were in line with European 

3175
02:48:26,400 --> 02:48:28,100
standards when it made sense to 
do. 

3176
02:48:28,100 --> 02:48:31,000
So, they did all of this while 
still being able to make their 

3177
02:48:31,000 --> 02:48:32,600
own choices about their own 
future. 

3178
02:48:32,600 --> 02:48:35,800
This selective integration 
showed that they had a deep 

3179
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:38,500
understanding of how small 
Countries can do well in a 

3180
02:48:38,500 --> 02:48:40,700
globalized world. 
San Marino didn't see 

3181
02:48:40,700 --> 02:48:43,000
globalization as a threat to 
their independence. 

3182
02:48:43,000 --> 02:48:46,700
Instead, they sought as a chance
to use their unique traits for 

3183
02:48:46,708 --> 02:48:49,500
the good of everyone because 
they were smaller, they could be

3184
02:48:49,500 --> 02:48:52,700
more flexible and responsive 
than bigger countries their 

3185
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:54,800
stability and Democratic. 
Traditions made them, good 

3186
02:48:54,800 --> 02:48:56,500
partners for international 
cooperation. 

3187
02:48:56,500 --> 02:48:59,600
As you get ready for bed, think 
about what San Marino. 

3188
02:48:59,600 --> 02:49:02,200
Strange story can teach us about
the good and bad things that can

3189
02:49:02,200 --> 02:49:05,400
happen when people live together
in today's complicated world. 

3190
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:08,700
This is a place that almost 
accidentally became a nation 

3191
02:49:08,700 --> 02:49:12,800
survived by being able to change
rather than being strong and 

3192
02:49:12,800 --> 02:49:15,800
thrived by knowing that the best
way to protect what matters most

3193
02:49:15,800 --> 02:49:20,100
is to be open to change in all 
other areas, the Republic's 

3194
02:49:20,100 --> 02:49:22,900
Journey from a hermit's refuge 
to a modern nation state over 

3195
02:49:22,900 --> 02:49:26,400
the course of 17th centuries. 
Teachers things that go far 

3196
02:49:26,400 --> 02:49:29,300
beyond its small boarders. 
San Marino shows that real 

3197
02:49:29,300 --> 02:49:32,600
participatory democracy is not 
only possible, but also 

3198
02:49:32,600 --> 02:49:36,500
sustainable when it is based on 
community responsibility rather 

3199
02:49:36,500 --> 02:49:40,200
than Individual rights. 
This is important in a time when

3200
02:49:40,200 --> 02:49:43,100
many people feel disconnected 
from the political systems that 

3201
02:49:43,100 --> 02:49:46,100
govern them their way of running
things shows that size and 

3202
02:49:46,100 --> 02:49:49,200
complex, de aren't always 
necessary for Effectiveness San 

3203
02:49:49,200 --> 02:49:50,500
Marino. 
On the other hand makes 

3204
02:49:50,500 --> 02:49:53,600
decisions as a group, using 
processes that value consensus 

3205
02:49:53,600 --> 02:49:55,400
building over winner-take-all 
competition. 

3206
02:49:55,400 --> 02:49:59,100
This is in contrast to larger 
countries, which have problems 

3207
02:49:59,100 --> 02:50:02,000
with bureaucratic inefficiency 
and political polarization. 

3208
02:50:02,000 --> 02:50:05,100
It's a reminder that talking 
about problems is often better 

3209
02:50:05,100 --> 02:50:07,800
than fighting over them. 
The Diplomatic history of the 

3210
02:50:07,800 --> 02:50:10,500
Republic is a great example of 
how to use soft power and 

3211
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:12,900
position. 
Yourself strategically San 

3212
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:15,000
Marino showed that power doesn't
come from having a strong 

3213
02:50:15,000 --> 02:50:17,900
military or a strong economy. 
It comes from having a good 

3214
02:50:17,900 --> 02:50:21,400
reputation being reliable, and 
being able to offer something 

3215
02:50:21,400 --> 02:50:23,600
useful to others, their new 
reality. 

3216
02:50:23,600 --> 02:50:25,500
Wasn't just a way to stay out of
world events. 

3217
02:50:25,500 --> 02:50:28,200
It was an active Choice based on
principles. 

3218
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:31,600
That people from all political 
backgrounds respected San Marino

3219
02:50:31,600 --> 02:50:34,300
Story shows how important it is 
for communities to stick 

3220
02:50:34,300 --> 02:50:36,400
together to protect their 
independence and identity. 

3221
02:50:37,200 --> 02:50:39,300
Larger societies often have 
problems with social 

3222
02:50:39,300 --> 02:50:41,700
fragmentation and a lack of 
Civic engagement. 

3223
02:50:41,700 --> 02:50:45,300
The Republic on the other hand, 
kept strong Community ties by 

3224
02:50:45,300 --> 02:50:48,600
making sure that every citizen 
had both opportunities and 

3225
02:50:48,600 --> 02:50:50,300
responsibilities to help the 
common. 

3226
02:50:50,300 --> 02:50:53,800
Good, the economic lessons from 
San Marino, adjusters important,

3227
02:50:53,800 --> 02:50:57,200
instead of trying to compete in 
areas where their size was a 

3228
02:50:57,200 --> 02:50:59,000
disadvantage. 
They worked on building 

3229
02:50:59,000 --> 02:51:02,200
competitive advantages, based on
what made them unique, they 

3230
02:51:02,200 --> 02:51:04,800
became Specialists, instead of 
generalists using their 

3231
02:51:04,800 --> 02:51:07,400
reputation and position instead 
of trying to match their 

3232
02:51:07,400 --> 02:51:10,700
neighbor's industrial capacity. 
Their way of preserving culture 

3233
02:51:10,700 --> 02:51:13,400
in the face of modernization. 
Gives hope to communities all 

3234
02:51:13,400 --> 02:51:16,200
over the world that are trying 
to keep real Traditions alive. 

3235
02:51:16,200 --> 02:51:20,000
While also adapting to Modern 
Life, San Marino showed that its

3236
02:51:20,000 --> 02:51:22,500
possible to welcome him outside 
influences while keeping your 

3237
02:51:22,500 --> 02:51:25,700
own identity to join Global 
networks while keeping your 

3238
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:28,800
local community and to embrace 
positive changes while 

3239
02:51:28,800 --> 02:51:31,800
protecting your core values. 
The way that generations of 

3240
02:51:31,800 --> 02:51:34,900
Saint Marinis of taking care of 
the environment is an early 

3241
02:51:34,900 --> 02:51:36,600
example of sustainable 
development. 

3242
02:51:37,200 --> 02:51:40,500
But carefully managing their 
limited resources, water, soil, 

3243
02:51:40,500 --> 02:51:43,400
forest and stone. 
They were able to live in a way 

3244
02:51:43,408 --> 02:51:46,100
that could last forever without 
damaging the natural systems 

3245
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:48,400
that supported it. 
The terrorists Vineyards and 

3246
02:51:48,400 --> 02:51:50,900
Olive Groves that still got the 
landscape are a type of 

3247
02:51:50,908 --> 02:51:54,400
partnership between human 
activity and natural processes. 

3248
02:51:54,400 --> 02:51:57,500
That modern environmentalists 
are trying to bring back but 

3249
02:51:57,500 --> 02:52:00,000
maybe the most important thing 
we can learn from San Marino's 

3250
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:02,000
accidental. 
Nationhood is what political 

3251
02:52:02,000 --> 02:52:05,100
legitimacy really means the 
Republic survived. 

3252
02:52:05,100 --> 02:52:07,800
Not because it was forced on 
people or kept Alive by force, 

3253
02:52:07,800 --> 02:52:11,400
but because its citizens still 
saw value in their shared goal 

3254
02:52:11,400 --> 02:52:14,300
of self-governance. 
Their loyalty will wasn't based 

3255
02:52:14,300 --> 02:52:16,800
on ethnic nationalism or 
ideological commitment. 

3256
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:20,000
It was based on how well, the 
system worked for the people who

3257
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:22,300
lived under it. 
This means that political 

3258
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:24,300
systems that last must be earned
all the time. 

3259
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:27,300
Not just passed out the 
government of San Marino was 

3260
02:52:27,300 --> 02:52:29,800
still legitimate because it 
continued to serve its people. 

3261
02:52:29,800 --> 02:52:33,500
Well adapted to new situations 
while keeping important values 

3262
02:52:33,500 --> 02:52:36,600
and kept the trust needed for 
generations of people to work 

3263
02:52:36,600 --> 02:52:38,900
together. 
Story of the Republic, also 

3264
02:52:38,900 --> 02:52:41,700
shows how personal freedom, and 
group responsibility are 

3265
02:52:41,700 --> 02:52:43,000
connected. 
Saint. 

3266
02:52:43,000 --> 02:52:44,600
Marinis citizens. 
Had a lot of freedom because 

3267
02:52:44,600 --> 02:52:46,400
they also took on 
responsibilities to their 

3268
02:52:46,400 --> 02:52:48,700
Community. 
They were able to be free 

3269
02:52:48,700 --> 02:52:51,200
because they understood 
interdependence, which means 

3270
02:52:51,200 --> 02:52:54,500
that personal freedom grows when
people help each other and are 

3271
02:52:54,500 --> 02:52:57,000
committed to each other. 
San Marino's model is becoming 

3272
02:52:57,000 --> 02:52:59,600
more and more important. 
As we Face, Global problems, 

3273
02:52:59,600 --> 02:53:03,200
that need both local adaptation 
and international cooperation. 

3274
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:05,800
They showed that. 
It's possible to keep a strong 

3275
02:53:05,800 --> 02:53:09,200
sense of local identity while 
working well with bigger systems

3276
02:53:09,200 --> 02:53:12,500
to keep Traditional Values. 
While accepting new ideas that 

3277
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:14,900
are good for you and to be 
responsible with your 

3278
02:53:14,900 --> 02:53:16,500
sovereignty in a world that is 
connected. 

3279
02:53:16,500 --> 02:53:19,900
The Republic's way of resolving 
conflicts which focuses on 

3280
02:53:19,900 --> 02:53:23,700
mediation instead of punishment 
restoration instead of Revenge 

3281
02:53:23,700 --> 02:53:27,600
and Community healing. 
In of individual satisfaction is

3282
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:30,600
different from the adversarial 
ways that most big political 

3283
02:53:30,600 --> 02:53:34,000
systems use their ability to 
keep social cohesion, through 

3284
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:36,800
centuries of change shows that 
communities can become more 

3285
02:53:36,800 --> 02:53:39,600
resilient by putting the needs 
of the group of those of the 

3286
02:53:39,600 --> 02:53:42,400
individual. 
The story of San Marino shows us

3287
02:53:42,400 --> 02:53:44,200
that countries can choose their 
own character. 

3288
02:53:44,200 --> 02:53:47,500
Just like, people can, they 
could have turned into a tourist

3289
02:53:47,500 --> 02:53:49,500
trap that traded authenticity 
for money. 

3290
02:53:50,200 --> 02:53:53,800
Tax Haven that put profit ahead 
of principles or a museum piece 

3291
02:53:53,800 --> 02:53:56,800
that kept Traditions alive while
losing touch with modern times 

3292
02:53:56,800 --> 02:53:58,900
in. 
They decided to stay a living 

3293
02:53:58,908 --> 02:54:01,600
community that honors its past 
while looking forward to its 

3294
02:54:01,600 --> 02:54:04,100
future. 
They became an accidental nation

3295
02:54:04,100 --> 02:54:06,600
that accidentally learned 
something important about how 

3296
02:54:06,600 --> 02:54:09,600
people can work together as you.
Fall asleep, picture yourself 

3297
02:54:09,600 --> 02:54:13,300
standing on the old walls of San
Marino's guiteau Fortress and 

3298
02:54:13,300 --> 02:54:16,000
looking out over the lights of 
the Italian Countryside below 

3299
02:54:16,000 --> 02:54:19,500
which look like a constellation 
that has fallen to Earth. 

3300
02:54:19,500 --> 02:54:22,300
The wind, brings the smell of 
wild herbs and the sound of 

3301
02:54:22,300 --> 02:54:25,500
church bells ringing in the 
distance, the same stars that 

3302
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:28,200
led Saint Marina to this 
mountain 17th century ago. 

3303
02:54:28,200 --> 02:54:31,200
Are still moving across the sky.
From this point of view, you can

3304
02:54:31,200 --> 02:54:32,500
see the whole history of 
humanity. 

3305
02:54:32,500 --> 02:54:35,600
You can see the Roman roads, 
that still connect cities that 

3306
02:54:35,600 --> 02:54:39,000
are far apart, the medieval 
towns that grew up around Market

3307
02:54:39,000 --> 02:54:42,100
squares, and Cathedral spiers, 
and the modern highways that 

3308
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:44,300
take people between ancient 
places at speeds. 

3309
02:54:44,300 --> 02:54:46,800
That would have seemed magical 
to people in the past. 

3310
02:54:46,800 --> 02:54:50,800
But this little Republic on its 
unlikely, Mountain has Stayed 

3311
02:54:50,800 --> 02:54:53,500
the same through all these 
changes, like the Limestone 

3312
02:54:53,500 --> 02:54:55,900
under your feet that has changed
and stayed the same. 

3313
02:54:55,900 --> 02:54:59,500
The story of San Marino is 
ultimately about how people can 

3314
02:54:59,500 --> 02:55:01,900
still make a difference in a 
world where institutions often 

3315
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:04,100
seem too big to understand or 
change. 

3316
02:55:04,100 --> 02:55:07,200
It's about the chance to have 
real community in a world full 

3317
02:55:07,200 --> 02:55:09,800
of fake connections. 
The strength of principled, 

3318
02:55:09,800 --> 02:55:13,200
pragmatism in a time of 
ideological extremism and the 

3319
02:55:13,200 --> 02:55:16,200
long-lasting nature of systems 
built on mutual, respect and 

3320
02:55:16,200 --> 02:55:18,800
shared responsibility. 
But maybe the most important 

3321
02:55:18,800 --> 02:55:21,500
thing is The Accidental wisdom 
that comes from paying attention

3322
02:55:21,500 --> 02:55:23,400
to. 
What works instead of what 

3323
02:55:23,400 --> 02:55:26,700
theory says should work. 
San Marino became a successful 

3324
02:55:26,700 --> 02:55:30,100
country, not by following a big 
plan but by making good choices,

3325
02:55:30,100 --> 02:55:33,400
one at a time, not by trying to 
get power but by being 

3326
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:36,000
responsible and not by trying to
get attention. 

3327
02:55:36,000 --> 02:55:38,900
But by earning respect their 
unintentional. 

3328
02:55:38,900 --> 02:55:40,700
Success. 
Gives hope to all the other 

3329
02:55:40,700 --> 02:55:43,900
unintentional communities, 
neighborhoods groups, families, 

3330
02:55:43,900 --> 02:55:46,500
and friendships that make up our
daily lives. 

3331
02:55:46,500 --> 02:55:49,100
Like San Marino the smaller 
human systems. 

3332
02:55:49,100 --> 02:55:51,700
Often work best when They focus 
on working together in a 

3333
02:55:51,708 --> 02:55:56,100
practical way rather than, on 
abstract ideals, when they value

3334
02:55:56,100 --> 02:55:59,200
flexibility over rigidity and 
when they remember that, the 

3335
02:55:59,200 --> 02:56:01,000
goal isn't to become something 
impressive. 

3336
02:56:01,000 --> 02:56:04,400
But to stay true to themselves a
sleep approaches, the lights 

3337
02:56:04,400 --> 02:56:06,900
below start to blur, but the 
lesson is still clear. 

3338
02:56:06,900 --> 02:56:10,300
Even though the world can seem 
too big and complicated to 

3339
02:56:10,300 --> 02:56:13,200
navigate, there are still room 
for small communities, where 

3340
02:56:13,200 --> 02:56:16,100
everyone's voice matters where 
Neighbors Know Each Other's 

3341
02:56:16,100 --> 02:56:19,100
names and where the business of 
living together is done with the

3342
02:56:19,100 --> 02:56:22,800
kind of practical wisdom, that 
turns survival into thriving. 

3343
02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:26,000
San Marino became a country by 
mistake because it wouldn't stop

3344
02:56:26,000 --> 02:56:28,600
being a community. 
We can make something lasting 

3345
02:56:28,600 --> 02:56:31,700
real and worth. 
Keeping for the generations that

3346
02:56:31,700 --> 02:56:33,700
will have to deal with the 
results of our choices. 

3347
02:56:33,700 --> 02:56:36,400
In the community's we 
accidentally create like 

3348
02:56:36,400 --> 02:56:40,200
choosing where to spend our time
energy and Care sleep. 

3349
02:56:40,200 --> 02:56:42,500
Well, knowing that the lights 
are still on in the world's 

3350
02:56:42,500 --> 02:56:46,000
smallest Republic, which is on a
mountain in Italy, tomorrow's 

3351
02:56:46,000 --> 02:56:47,700
Captain. 
Regents might be tonight's 

3352
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:51,500
Vineyard workers ancient Stones.
Protect Modern dreams and The 

3353
02:56:51,500 --> 02:56:54,500
Accidental nation is still on 
its unlikely journey into a 

3354
02:56:54,500 --> 02:56:58,200
future that is uncertain. 
But hopeful the Republic of San 

3355
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:00,300
Marino is still around, not 
because it was meant to be 

3356
02:57:00,300 --> 02:57:04,300
great, but because for 17th 
centuries, ordinary people made 

3357
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:06,300
extraordinary choices to protect
something. 

3358
02:57:06,300 --> 02:57:09,600
Valuable change, something 
useful and make something 

3359
02:57:09,600 --> 02:57:12,100
beautiful out of the simple 
things that people can work 

3360
02:57:12,100 --> 02:57:15,500
together on like Mountain Stone.
We all have the chance to build 

3361
02:57:15,500 --> 02:57:17,600
something worth keeping in our 
own small ways. 

3362
02:57:17,600 --> 02:57:20,400
And in the communities, we 
choose this can happen by 

3363
02:57:20,400 --> 02:57:24,000
accident, but it can also happen
with purpose care, and the kind 

3364
02:57:24,000 --> 02:57:26,700
of practical wisdom, that turns 
good neighbors into lasting 

3365
02:57:26,700 --> 02:57:36,300
Nations. 
Your settling in for the night. 

3366
02:57:36,300 --> 02:57:39,400
Probably checking your phone one
last time, adjusting, your 

3367
02:57:39,400 --> 02:57:41,700
pillow. 
Just so maybe wondering if you 

3368
02:57:41,700 --> 02:57:45,500
remember to set your alarm. 
But imagine for a moment that 

3369
02:57:45,500 --> 02:57:48,800
you're living 4,000 years ago 
and your bedroom is a cramped, 

3370
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:53,000
wooden Hut, that smells like 
smoke and wet wool, your bed, a 

3371
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:54,500
pile of straw that seen better 
days. 

3372
02:57:54,500 --> 02:57:57,300
And your alarm clock is the 
rooster next door who apparently

3373
02:57:57,300 --> 02:58:00,400
never learned the concept of 
sleeping in, welcome to the 

3374
02:58:00,400 --> 02:58:03,300
Bronze Age, when getting a good 
night's sleep was about as 

3375
02:58:03,300 --> 02:58:06,800
reliable as your wife. 
I during a thunderstorm, you'd 

3376
02:58:06,800 --> 02:58:09,600
think that after a long day of 
hacking away at Copper veins 

3377
02:58:09,600 --> 02:58:13,000
deep underground, these ancient 
miners would collapse into bed, 

3378
02:58:13,000 --> 02:58:16,100
like, exhausted teenagers but 
here's where things get 

3379
02:58:16,100 --> 02:58:19,400
interesting and a little weird 
These were not your typical 

3380
02:58:19,408 --> 02:58:22,000
nine-to-five workers. 
They had developed sleep 

3381
02:58:22,000 --> 02:58:24,300
patterns, that would make a 
modern sleep, specialist scratch

3382
02:58:24,300 --> 02:58:26,100
their head and possibly 
recommend therapy. 

3383
02:58:26,700 --> 02:58:29,700
Picture this, you're a Bronze 
Age Miner named. 

3384
02:58:29,700 --> 02:58:32,300
Well, let's call you copper arm 
names. 

3385
02:58:32,300 --> 02:58:35,400
Were simpler back then, you've 
just spent 12 hours underground 

3386
02:58:35,400 --> 02:58:39,200
in what can only be described as
a very expensive cave breathing 

3387
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:42,200
air, that would make a coal 
plant jealous and your back. 

3388
02:58:42,200 --> 02:58:45,500
Feels like you've been carrying 
a mammoth uphill naturally, 

3389
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:47,600
you'd want to sleep for about 14
hours straight. 

3390
02:58:47,600 --> 02:58:50,700
But instead, your lie on your 
straw bed staring at the 

3391
02:58:50,700 --> 02:58:53,900
ceiling, which is probably just 
more straw, completely unable to

3392
02:58:53,900 --> 02:58:57,300
drift off. 
Your mind is racing with 

3393
02:58:57,300 --> 02:58:59,800
thoughts. 
Like did I remember to shore up 

3394
02:58:59,800 --> 02:59:02,600
that tunnel? 
And was that creaking sound? 

3395
02:59:02,600 --> 02:59:05,200
The Mind settling, or is it 
about to become my two? 

3396
02:59:05,200 --> 02:59:08,600
These were not exactly the kind 
of counting sheep, thoughts that

3397
02:59:08,600 --> 02:59:12,400
lead to Peaceful slumber. 
The Bronze Age, mining 

3398
02:59:12,400 --> 02:59:15,100
communities are discovered 
something that modern science is

3399
02:59:15,100 --> 02:59:17,100
only. 
Now catching up to when your 

3400
02:59:17,100 --> 02:59:20,000
daily survival depends on not 
being crushed by tons of rock. 

3401
02:59:20,000 --> 02:59:23,100
Your brain doesn't exactly 
embrace the concept of letting 

3402
02:59:23,100 --> 02:59:26,400
its guard down. 
Sleep became the strange dance 

3403
02:59:26,400 --> 02:59:29,400
between exhaustion and 
hypervigilance, like trying to 

3404
02:59:29,408 --> 02:59:31,100
nap while riding a roller 
coaster. 

3405
02:59:31,100 --> 02:59:35,400
What's fascinating is how these 
ancient miners adapted, they 

3406
02:59:35,400 --> 02:59:38,800
didn't have sleep studies, or 
melatonin supplements or those 

3407
02:59:38,800 --> 02:59:41,300
white noise machines. 
That sound like, gentle rain but

3408
02:59:41,308 --> 02:59:43,500
somehow cost, more than your 
monthly coffee budget. 

3409
02:59:44,300 --> 02:59:47,300
Instead they developed their own
peculiar strategies that were 

3410
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:50,600
part practical Parts 
superstitious and entirely 

3411
02:59:50,600 --> 02:59:53,100
human. 
Some miners would sleep in 

3412
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:55,100
shifts? 
Not because they were working 

3413
02:59:55,100 --> 02:59:58,000
around the clock, but because 
they discovered that sleeping 

3414
02:59:58,000 --> 03:00:00,800
alone made every little sound 
feel like impending doom. 

3415
03:00:01,500 --> 03:00:05,500
So they rotate who was on watch 
even while sleeping, taking 

3416
03:00:05,500 --> 03:00:07,600
turns, being the designated 
light sleeper. 

3417
03:00:08,500 --> 03:00:10,700
It was like having a buddy 
system for unconsciousness. 

3418
03:00:11,700 --> 03:00:14,200
Others developed what we might 
call preparation rituals. 

3419
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:16,000
That would make your bed time 
routine. 

3420
03:00:16,000 --> 03:00:18,300
Look, minimalist, they'd spend 
an hour. 

3421
03:00:18,300 --> 03:00:20,700
Arranging their Tools in 
specific patterns around their 

3422
03:00:20,700 --> 03:00:24,300
sleeping area, not for easy 
access, but because the familiar

3423
03:00:24,300 --> 03:00:26,400
ritual helped calm their 
overactive Minds. 

3424
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:29,800
Imagine explaining to your 
spouse that you need to arrange 

3425
03:00:29,800 --> 03:00:33,200
your lap top coffee mug, and 
reading glasses in a perfect 

3426
03:00:33,200 --> 03:00:35,400
triangle before you can possibly
fall asleep. 

3427
03:00:36,900 --> 03:00:40,600
But perhaps the most intriguing 
adaptation was how these miners 

3428
03:00:40,600 --> 03:00:43,700
learn to embrace what we now? 
Call fragmented sleep. 

3429
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:47,000
Instead of fighting their 
tendency to wake up every few 

3430
03:00:47,000 --> 03:00:49,000
hours in a panic. 
They built their rest around it.

3431
03:00:49,000 --> 03:00:52,200
They'd sleep for a few hours. 
Wake up naturally. 

3432
03:00:52,200 --> 03:00:54,800
Usually convince something 
terrible was about to happen. 

3433
03:00:54,800 --> 03:00:58,700
Spend an hour or two doing quiet
activities like mending tools or

3434
03:00:58,700 --> 03:01:00,900
planning. 
The next day's work, then settle

3435
03:01:00,900 --> 03:01:02,500
back down for another sleep 
cycle. 

3436
03:01:02,500 --> 03:01:06,900
This wasn't insomnia, it was 
evolution in action, their 

3437
03:01:06,900 --> 03:01:09,400
bodies and Minds were adapting 
to a lifestyle that required 

3438
03:01:09,400 --> 03:01:11,400
constant alertness. 
Even during rest. 

3439
03:01:11,400 --> 03:01:14,400
They were literally rewiring, 
their sleep patterns to match 

3440
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:17,300
their dangerous profession, 
creating a survival strategy 

3441
03:01:17,300 --> 03:01:21,000
disguised as a sleep disorder. 
And you thought your habit of 

3442
03:01:21,000 --> 03:01:23,200
checking your phone at 2 a.m. 
was problematic. 

3443
03:01:23,200 --> 03:01:25,700
Now, here's where the story 
takes a turn that would make 

3444
03:01:25,700 --> 03:01:27,800
your afternoon coffee break. 
Look like Child's Play. 

3445
03:01:27,800 --> 03:01:31,700
You see these Bronze Age miners 
are discovered something that 

3446
03:01:31,700 --> 03:01:34,300
modern workplace efficiency 
experts are still trying to 

3447
03:01:34,308 --> 03:01:37,400
figure out the Strategic 
underground nap. 

3448
03:01:38,200 --> 03:01:39,900
Picture yourself back in Copper 
arms. 

3449
03:01:39,900 --> 03:01:43,000
Well worn boots. 
Deep in a mine shaft, that's lit

3450
03:01:43,000 --> 03:01:45,400
by oil lamps that flicker more 
than your grandmother's old 

3451
03:01:45,400 --> 03:01:48,600
television. 
The air is thick, your muscles 

3452
03:01:48,600 --> 03:01:50,500
ache. 
And you've been swinging that 

3453
03:01:50,500 --> 03:01:54,400
bronze pickaxe for hours. 
Logic would suggest that the 

3454
03:01:54,400 --> 03:01:56,400
last thing you'd want to do is 
fall asleep. 

3455
03:01:56,400 --> 03:01:59,700
Surrounded by unstable rock 
walls and toxic fumes. 

3456
03:02:00,500 --> 03:02:03,900
But logic, as you're about to 
discover wasn't exactly the 

3457
03:02:03,900 --> 03:02:07,500
miners strong suit. 
These crafty underground workers

3458
03:02:07,500 --> 03:02:09,900
had figured out that a 
well-timed 20-minute nap. 

3459
03:02:09,900 --> 03:02:12,300
In the depths of the mine could 
be the difference between 

3460
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:15,800
productive afternoon digging and
accidentally pickaxe in your own

3461
03:02:15,800 --> 03:02:19,500
foot. 
But here's the catch and this is

3462
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:21,000
where things get delightfully 
weird. 

3463
03:02:21,000 --> 03:02:23,100
They couldn't just curl up 
anywhere. 

3464
03:02:23,100 --> 03:02:27,500
Oh no, that would be too easy. 
Underground napping had rules, 

3465
03:02:27,500 --> 03:02:30,700
serious rules. 
The kind of rules that would 

3466
03:02:30,700 --> 03:02:32,900
make your office Handbook. 
Look like grocery list. 

3467
03:02:33,700 --> 03:02:37,200
First, you had to find what they
called a singing spot a place in

3468
03:02:37,200 --> 03:02:39,100
the mine where the Acoustics 
were just right. 

3469
03:02:39,900 --> 03:02:43,400
Not too echoey which meant 
unstable Rock, not too muffled, 

3470
03:02:43,400 --> 03:02:47,200
which could mean dangerous gas 
Pockets, but just right, like 

3471
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:49,200
some sort of geological 
Goldilocks situation. 

3472
03:02:50,200 --> 03:02:53,400
These spots were highly covered 
and miners would actually trade 

3473
03:02:53,400 --> 03:02:55,800
shifts and rationals for access 
to the premium laughing 

3474
03:02:55,800 --> 03:02:59,100
locations. 
Imagine the workplace politics, 

3475
03:02:59,100 --> 03:03:01,800
listen, tin beard. 
I'll give you my extra bread 

3476
03:03:01,800 --> 03:03:03,100
ration and cover your morning 
shift. 

3477
03:03:03,100 --> 03:03:05,900
If you let me have the Tuesday 2
p.m. slot in the good sleeping 

3478
03:03:05,900 --> 03:03:09,400
Alcove, it was like booking a 
conference room, except the 

3479
03:03:09,400 --> 03:03:11,800
stakes were your sanity, and the
conference room could 

3480
03:03:11,800 --> 03:03:14,900
potentially collapse on you. 
But the weirdness doesn't stop 

3481
03:03:14,900 --> 03:03:17,400
there. 
These miners had developed a 

3482
03:03:17,400 --> 03:03:18,900
buddy system for underground 
napping. 

3483
03:03:18,900 --> 03:03:22,100
That was part safety protocol 
part superstition. 

3484
03:03:22,800 --> 03:03:26,000
One person would sleep while 
another kept watch, not for 

3485
03:03:26,000 --> 03:03:28,800
cavins or dangerous gases. 
But for what they called, The 

3486
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:32,500
Dream Thieves, Now, before you 
start picturing, some sort of 

3487
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:35,800
Bronze Age, sleep Bandit, 
sneaking around stealing dreams.

3488
03:03:35,800 --> 03:03:38,800
Let me explain. 
The miners believed that 

3489
03:03:38,800 --> 03:03:41,500
sleeping underground could lead 
to prophetic dreams about the 

3490
03:03:41,500 --> 03:03:45,100
location of Rich ore veins. 
These dreams were considered. 

3491
03:03:45,100 --> 03:03:47,900
So valuable that there were 
actual cases of miners, trying 

3492
03:03:47,900 --> 03:03:51,000
to steal each other's sleeping 
spots to intercept these 

3493
03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:53,900
geological Visions. 
It was like corporate Espionage 

3494
03:03:53,900 --> 03:03:57,800
but with more dirt and fewer 
PowerPoint presentations, the 

3495
03:03:57,800 --> 03:04:01,100
watching partner had a specific 
job if the sleeping minor 

3496
03:04:01,100 --> 03:04:04,500
started mumbling about copper or
tin or gold in their sleep, The 

3497
03:04:04,500 --> 03:04:07,900
Watcher was supposed to memorize
every word some watches even 

3498
03:04:07,900 --> 03:04:09,800
developed their own short-handed
for recording. 

3499
03:04:09,800 --> 03:04:13,300
These drowsy proclamation's. 
Imagine waking up from your nap 

3500
03:04:13,300 --> 03:04:15,800
to find your co-worker 
frantically scribbling notes 

3501
03:04:15,800 --> 03:04:19,100
about your sleep talking 
session, He said something about

3502
03:04:19,100 --> 03:04:22,000
shiny veins near the singing 
water, your partner would 

3503
03:04:22,008 --> 03:04:24,700
whisper urgently, do you 
remember what that means? 

3504
03:04:24,700 --> 03:04:28,800
And you'd be standing there. 
Still groggy trying to figure 

3505
03:04:28,800 --> 03:04:31,600
out if you just solved the 
mind's productivity problems or 

3506
03:04:31,600 --> 03:04:33,800
if you'd simply been dreaming 
about your lunch again. 

3507
03:04:34,500 --> 03:04:37,500
The really fascinating part is 
that this system actually 

3508
03:04:37,500 --> 03:04:41,700
worked, not because the dreams 
were genuinely prophetic, but 

3509
03:04:41,700 --> 03:04:44,600
because the process of sleeping 
underground, had actually 

3510
03:04:44,600 --> 03:04:47,700
trained these miners to be 
incredibly observant about 

3511
03:04:47,700 --> 03:04:51,800
subtle geological signs. 
Their subconscious Minds were 

3512
03:04:51,800 --> 03:04:54,000
processing details, they'd 
noticed during their waking 

3513
03:04:54,000 --> 03:04:56,500
hours. 
Slight changes in rock color 

3514
03:04:56,500 --> 03:05:00,200
variations in airflow, unusual, 
sounds or echoes. 

3515
03:05:01,300 --> 03:05:03,900
So when they dreamed about 
promising locations, they were 

3516
03:05:03,900 --> 03:05:06,200
actually accessing a kind of 
intuitive knowledge. 

3517
03:05:06,200 --> 03:05:09,000
They build up through months, or
years of underground experience.

3518
03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:12,500
It was like having a geological 
GPS system, Powered By REM, 

3519
03:05:12,500 --> 03:05:16,100
sleep, and Bronze Age intuition,
but here's the mildly stressful 

3520
03:05:16,100 --> 03:05:17,400
part that would keep you on 
edge. 

3521
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:19,600
Not everyone's dreams were 
welcome. 

3522
03:05:19,600 --> 03:05:23,500
If a miners underground naps, 
consistently led to dry holes or

3523
03:05:23,500 --> 03:05:26,000
dangerous cavan's. 
They'd be banned from the good 

3524
03:05:26,008 --> 03:05:28,800
sleeping spots. 
Imagine the pressure of knowing 

3525
03:05:28,800 --> 03:05:31,200
that your dream quality could 
affect your career prospects. 

3526
03:05:32,100 --> 03:05:34,100
Performance reviews were 
literally based on your 

3527
03:05:34,100 --> 03:05:37,400
subconscious performance. 
Sorry copper arm but your last 

3528
03:05:37,400 --> 03:05:40,100
three dream tips led us to Solid
Rock and a small flood. 

3529
03:05:40,100 --> 03:05:43,300
Your relegated to the noisy 
alcove near the ventilation 

3530
03:05:43,300 --> 03:05:45,900
shaft. 
Until further notice it was like

3531
03:05:45,900 --> 03:05:47,700
being demoted for your sleep 
performance. 

3532
03:05:47,700 --> 03:05:50,800
Talk about workplace, stress 
following, you into your dreams.

3533
03:05:50,800 --> 03:05:53,900
You'd think that people who 
spent their days in near total 

3534
03:05:53,900 --> 03:05:57,600
darkness would relish the 
opportunity to sleep in actual 

3535
03:05:57,600 --> 03:06:01,700
comfortable Darkness, but Bronze
Age miners, as you're beginning 

3536
03:06:01,708 --> 03:06:05,200
to understand, weren't exactly 
conventional in their approach 

3537
03:06:05,200 --> 03:06:08,700
to rest and relaxation instead 
of embracing the darkness. 

3538
03:06:08,700 --> 03:06:11,300
They turned bed time into what 
can only be described as a 

3539
03:06:11,300 --> 03:06:15,000
competitive Sport and like most 
competitive Sports, it was 

3540
03:06:15,000 --> 03:06:17,400
simultaneously ridiculous. 
And intensely serious. 

3541
03:06:18,300 --> 03:06:21,100
Picture this. 
Your back in your straw filled 

3542
03:06:21,100 --> 03:06:22,700
Hut. 
After another day of underground

3543
03:06:22,700 --> 03:06:25,900
adventures in stead of Simply 
lying down, and closing your 

3544
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:28,800
eyes like a reasonable person. 
Your participating in what? 

3545
03:06:28,800 --> 03:06:31,700
The mining Community called 
Darkness challenges. 

3546
03:06:31,700 --> 03:06:35,200
These were official competitions
with prizes and ceremonies. 

3547
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:38,400
They were the kind of informal 
contest that emerge when people 

3548
03:06:38,400 --> 03:06:41,700
have too much time, too much 
stress and not nearly enough 

3549
03:06:41,700 --> 03:06:45,800
entertainment options. 
The basic concept was simple. 

3550
03:06:46,500 --> 03:06:47,600
See. 
Who could fall asleep? 

3551
03:06:47,600 --> 03:06:51,400
Fastest in complete darkness. 
But like everything else in 

3552
03:06:51,400 --> 03:06:54,800
Bronze Age, mining culture, the 
execution was wonderfully 

3553
03:06:54,800 --> 03:06:57,900
complicated. 
First there were the preparation

3554
03:06:57,900 --> 03:07:01,300
rituals each minor had their own
pre-sleep routine that they 

3555
03:07:01,300 --> 03:07:03,500
swore was the key to Rapid 
unconsciousness. 

3556
03:07:04,200 --> 03:07:07,300
Some would count their breathing
in specific patterns, not the 

3557
03:07:07,300 --> 03:07:11,100
gentle 478 breathing, you might 
have learned in yoga class but 

3558
03:07:11,100 --> 03:07:13,700
intense mathematical sequences 
that would make your high school

3559
03:07:13,700 --> 03:07:16,900
algebra teacher proud. 
Others would mentally catalog 

3560
03:07:16,900 --> 03:07:20,100
every tool in their collection, 
every support beam in their 

3561
03:07:20,100 --> 03:07:23,000
section of the mine, every 
Pebble in their daily path. 

3562
03:07:23,900 --> 03:07:26,800
One popular technique involved, 
what they called, reverse mining

3563
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:30,100
mentally digging their way out 
of the mine tunnel by tunnel 

3564
03:07:30,100 --> 03:07:32,100
from their deepest point to the 
surface. 

3565
03:07:32,100 --> 03:07:35,000
It was like counting sheep 
except the Sheep would 

3566
03:07:35,000 --> 03:07:37,400
geological formations and the 
counting could take hours. 

3567
03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:41,700
But here's where the competitive
element kicked in miners would 

3568
03:07:41,700 --> 03:07:43,900
actually meet each other's 
descent into sleep. 

3569
03:07:43,900 --> 03:07:47,500
They'd use water clocks. 
Basically ancient our glasses 

3570
03:07:47,500 --> 03:07:50,900
filled with water instead of Sam
and to measure who could have 

3571
03:07:50,900 --> 03:07:52,400
unconsciousness most 
efficiently. 

3572
03:07:53,300 --> 03:07:55,800
The current record holder in 
most communities was usually 

3573
03:07:55,800 --> 03:07:58,000
treated with the kind of 
respect, we might reserve for 

3574
03:07:58,000 --> 03:08:00,900
Olympic athletes. 
Did you hear Stone George fell 

3575
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:02,600
asleep in under three drips? 
Last night? 

3576
03:08:02,600 --> 03:08:05,700
Three drips, I can barely get 
comfortable in under 10. 

3577
03:08:06,700 --> 03:08:09,700
This Timing System led to all 
sorts of creative strategies. 

3578
03:08:10,400 --> 03:08:12,700
Some miners, would deliberately 
exhaust themselves during the 

3579
03:08:12,700 --> 03:08:16,200
day performing, extra tasks or 
taking on additional shifts 

3580
03:08:16,200 --> 03:08:19,400
thinking that extreme fatigue 
would guarantee rapid sleep. 

3581
03:08:20,200 --> 03:08:21,600
Others went the opposite 
direction. 

3582
03:08:21,600 --> 03:08:24,700
Trying to achieve the perfect 
balance of tiredness without 

3583
03:08:24,700 --> 03:08:27,600
Crossing into that overtired 
zone where your brain starts 

3584
03:08:27,600 --> 03:08:29,800
acting like a caffeinated 
squirrel. 

3585
03:08:30,400 --> 03:08:32,300
The really dedicated competitors
developed. 

3586
03:08:32,300 --> 03:08:35,000
What we might recognize as early
meditation techniques. 

3587
03:08:35,000 --> 03:08:37,900
They'd spend their evening hours
practicing what they called. 

3588
03:08:37,900 --> 03:08:41,500
Mind darkening, essentially 
training, their thoughts to slow

3589
03:08:41,500 --> 03:08:43,400
down and Fade to Black on 
command. 

3590
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:48,000
It was mindfulness meditation to
sleep competition and it 

3591
03:08:48,000 --> 03:08:50,600
actually worked surprisingly 
well, but then there were the 

3592
03:08:50,600 --> 03:08:52,800
cheaters. 
Oh yes, even Bronze Age, 

3593
03:08:52,800 --> 03:08:55,800
sleeping competitions, had their
scandals, some miners would 

3594
03:08:55,800 --> 03:08:57,600
secretly. 
Consume fermented beverages 

3595
03:08:57,600 --> 03:09:00,700
before the challenge figuring 
that alcohol induced. 

3596
03:09:00,700 --> 03:09:03,200
Drowsiness, should count as 
legitimate sleep speed. 

3597
03:09:03,200 --> 03:09:06,300
Others would claim they'd fallen
asleep when they were actually 

3598
03:09:06,300 --> 03:09:08,700
just flying very still with 
their eyes closed. 

3599
03:09:08,700 --> 03:09:12,500
Hoping the time keeper wouldn't 
notice the difference there were

3600
03:09:12,500 --> 03:09:15,100
heated debates about whether 
these tactics were within the 

3601
03:09:15,100 --> 03:09:18,400
spirit of the competition. 
That's not real sleep. 

3602
03:09:18,400 --> 03:09:21,900
Copper arm, real sleep means 
dream activity. 

3603
03:09:21,900 --> 03:09:25,500
You were just pretending prove 
it bronze tooth. 

3604
03:09:25,500 --> 03:09:27,500
You can't measure dreams with a 
water clock. 

3605
03:09:27,500 --> 03:09:30,800
These arguments would sometimes 
go on for hours, which kind of 

3606
03:09:30,800 --> 03:09:33,500
defeated the entire purpose of a
rapid sleep competition. 

3607
03:09:33,500 --> 03:09:37,000
The most, elaborate cheating 
scheme involved miners, who 

3608
03:09:37,000 --> 03:09:38,700
would practice falling asleep 
during their lunch. 

3609
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:42,200
Breaks essentially training for 
the evening competitions, like, 

3610
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:45,400
athletes preparing for the 
Olympics, they'd find quiet 

3611
03:09:45,400 --> 03:09:48,100
spots in the mine. 
Set up their own Timing Systems 

3612
03:09:48,100 --> 03:09:50,500
and work on. 
Perfecting this sleep on set 

3613
03:09:50,500 --> 03:09:53,600
technique during workout hours. 
This led to the sum. 

3614
03:09:53,600 --> 03:09:56,600
What's stressful situation, 
where supervisors had to watch 

3615
03:09:56,600 --> 03:09:58,200
for minors? 
Who were two good at falling 

3616
03:09:58,200 --> 03:10:00,600
asleep? 
If you could doze off to quickly

3617
03:10:00,600 --> 03:10:03,600
during the day, you might be 
suspected of practicing for the 

3618
03:10:03,600 --> 03:10:07,000
evening competitions, instead of
focusing on your actual job. 

3619
03:10:08,400 --> 03:10:09,800
Why were you able to fall 
asleep? 

3620
03:10:09,800 --> 03:10:12,900
So fast during lunch break in 
hand, the U training? 

3621
03:10:12,900 --> 03:10:15,200
For tonight's Darkness challenge
when you should be thinking 

3622
03:10:15,200 --> 03:10:18,900
about copper extraction. 
Imagine having to defend your 

3623
03:10:18,900 --> 03:10:21,800
natural sleepiness as evidence 
that you weren't being 

3624
03:10:21,800 --> 03:10:25,100
competitive about bed time, it 
was like being too good at 

3625
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:29,400
relaxation for your own good. 
The competitions also created an

3626
03:10:29,400 --> 03:10:33,300
unexpected side effect miners 
became incredibly sensitive to 

3627
03:10:33,300 --> 03:10:36,600
sleep disruption. 
Snoring neighbor, a creaking 

3628
03:10:36,600 --> 03:10:38,900
roof beam or an unusually active
Mouse. 

3629
03:10:38,900 --> 03:10:41,500
Could completely ruin your 
competitive sleep time. 

3630
03:10:42,300 --> 03:10:44,600
This led to elaborate 
pre-competition rituals 

3631
03:10:44,600 --> 03:10:47,700
involving soundproofing attempts
neighbor, negotiations. 

3632
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:50,800
And what can only be described 
as Bronze Age, White Noise 

3633
03:10:50,800 --> 03:10:53,800
machines, usually involving 
controlled water dripping, or 

3634
03:10:53,800 --> 03:10:56,500
rhythmic tool tapping. 
And just when you thought it 

3635
03:10:56,500 --> 03:10:59,200
couldn't get more complicated, 
the communities started 

3636
03:10:59,200 --> 03:11:02,400
developing seasonal, variations 
of the challenges with different

3637
03:11:02,400 --> 03:11:06,000
rules for winter, sleeping vs, 
Summer, sleeping New Moon vs. 

3638
03:11:06,000 --> 03:11:09,300
Full moon Knights and pre-mining
vs, post mining sleep, 

3639
03:11:09,300 --> 03:11:13,000
session's, It was the kind of 
thing that started as simple fun

3640
03:11:13,000 --> 03:11:16,200
and evolved into a complex 
subculture with its own rules 

3641
03:11:16,200 --> 03:11:19,300
strategies, and social 
hierarchies, because apparently 

3642
03:11:19,300 --> 03:11:22,900
even sleep needed to be 
optimized for maximum efficiency

3643
03:11:22,900 --> 03:11:26,600
and competitive advantage. 
Who knew Bronze Age miners with 

3644
03:11:26,600 --> 03:11:29,200
the original life hackers. 
Just when you thought Bronze 

3645
03:11:29,200 --> 03:11:30,900
Age, sleep habits, couldn't get 
any stranger. 

3646
03:11:30,900 --> 03:11:34,200
We encounter what might be the 
most peculiar phenomenon of all 

3647
03:11:34,200 --> 03:11:39,100
the singing sleepers and no, 
this isn't about minors. 

3648
03:11:39,100 --> 03:11:41,800
Who humbled lullabies to help 
himself drift off, though. 

3649
03:11:41,800 --> 03:11:44,100
That would be charmingly normal 
compared to what actually 

3650
03:11:44,100 --> 03:11:46,700
happened. 
You're lying in your Bronze Age 

3651
03:11:46,708 --> 03:11:50,100
bed remember, it's still that 
pile of straw, that's definitely

3652
03:11:50,100 --> 03:11:53,300
seen better days and from 
somewhere in the darkness, comes

3653
03:11:53,300 --> 03:11:57,200
a sound that's part Melody part 
moan and entirely mysterious. 

3654
03:11:57,900 --> 03:12:01,500
It's your neighbor bronzebeard 
engaging in what the mining 

3655
03:12:01,500 --> 03:12:04,900
Community called Sleep singing. 
A phenomenon that was part 

3656
03:12:04,900 --> 03:12:08,600
medical condition parts, social 
ritual, an entirely fascinating 

3657
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:11,900
to everyone who witnessed it. 
Sleep singing wasn't like the 

3658
03:12:11,900 --> 03:12:14,300
occasional snoring or sleep 
talking that you might be 

3659
03:12:14,300 --> 03:12:17,100
familiar with. 
These were random mumbles or 

3660
03:12:17,100 --> 03:12:20,100
unconscious vocalizations the 
singing sleepers. 

3661
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:23,000
Produced, elaborate melodic 
compositions, while completely 

3662
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:26,700
unconscious often lasting for 
hours, and featuring complex 

3663
03:12:26,700 --> 03:12:30,500
harmonies that they couldn't 
reproduce while awake the weird 

3664
03:12:30,500 --> 03:12:33,100
part as if it wasn't weird 
enough already. 

3665
03:12:34,100 --> 03:12:37,400
The songs seemed to follow the 
rhythm of mining, The Melodies 

3666
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:39,500
match the tempo of pickaxe 
swing's. 

3667
03:12:39,500 --> 03:12:42,900
The harmony echoed, the sound of
copper being separated from 

3668
03:12:42,900 --> 03:12:46,200
Stone and the overall 
compositions had a distinctly 

3669
03:12:46,200 --> 03:12:49,300
geological quality that somehow 
made perfect sense if you'd 

3670
03:12:49,300 --> 03:12:50,500
spent enough time on 
Underground. 

3671
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:53,700
Imagine trying to explain this 
to your modern, sleep 

3672
03:12:53,700 --> 03:12:56,700
specialist. 
Well, doctor I seem to be 

3673
03:12:56,700 --> 03:13:00,000
composing symphonies in my 
sleep, but only ones that sound 

3674
03:13:00,000 --> 03:13:02,800
like mining equipment. 
And I can't remember any of it 

3675
03:13:02,800 --> 03:13:06,200
when I wake up. 
The mining communities didn't 

3676
03:13:06,200 --> 03:13:08,400
treat this as a medical Oddity 
to be cured. 

3677
03:13:08,400 --> 03:13:10,800
They embraced it, as a form of 
entertainment. 

3678
03:13:10,800 --> 03:13:14,400
And in some cases Divine 
communication families would 

3679
03:13:14,400 --> 03:13:16,800
actually adjust their sleeping 
arrangements, to be closer, to 

3680
03:13:16,808 --> 03:13:19,200
their household, sleep singer, a
neighbors. 

3681
03:13:19,200 --> 03:13:22,400
Would sometimes request specific
songs by leaving symbolic 

3682
03:13:22,400 --> 03:13:26,200
objects near the singer's bed. 
Want to hear the copper vein 

3683
03:13:26,200 --> 03:13:29,200
Discovery song, Leave a small 
piece of copper or by the 

3684
03:13:29,200 --> 03:13:32,800
sleeper's head hoping for the 
safe journey underground Melody.

3685
03:13:33,800 --> 03:13:36,300
Mining tool placed just so might
do the trick. 

3686
03:13:36,300 --> 03:13:39,700
It was like having a prehistoric
Duke box that operated on 

3687
03:13:39,700 --> 03:13:43,700
unconscious request will film 
and but here's where things got 

3688
03:13:43,700 --> 03:13:46,700
mildly stressful, for the 
sleeping as themselves, they 

3689
03:13:46,700 --> 03:13:49,200
started feeling performance 
pressure, even while unconscious

3690
03:13:50,100 --> 03:13:52,900
Some singers reported anxiety 
dreams about not producing good 

3691
03:13:52,900 --> 03:13:55,900
enough, not internal, concerts, 
or nightmares about forgetting. 

3692
03:13:55,900 --> 03:13:59,600
The Melodies, their communities 
had come to expect. bronzebeard 

3693
03:13:59,600 --> 03:14:03,300
might wake up feeling exhausted,
not from physical labor, but 

3694
03:14:03,300 --> 03:14:06,200
from the cycle pressure of being
the neighborhood's primary 

3695
03:14:06,200 --> 03:14:09,200
source of nighttime 
entertainment Imagine the 

3696
03:14:09,200 --> 03:14:12,300
responsibility of knowing that 
your Sleep Quality directly 

3697
03:14:12,300 --> 03:14:14,600
affected. 
Everyone else's enjoyment of 

3698
03:14:14,600 --> 03:14:17,900
their evening. 
Did you hear bronze beards 

3699
03:14:17,900 --> 03:14:20,300
performance last night? 
Usually, his underground. 

3700
03:14:20,300 --> 03:14:22,000
Flooding song is much more, 
dramatic. 

3701
03:14:22,000 --> 03:14:25,300
I hope he's not coming down with
something the phenomenon 

3702
03:14:25,300 --> 03:14:27,100
created, its own social 
dynamics. 

3703
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:30,900
Sleep, singers became informal 
Community leaders their 

3704
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:33,600
unconscious musical choices, 
influencing group decisions 

3705
03:14:33,600 --> 03:14:36,900
about mining locations, safety, 
protocols, and even 

3706
03:14:36,900 --> 03:14:40,000
interpersonal conflicts. 
If the sleep song featured, 

3707
03:14:40,000 --> 03:14:42,800
Harmony is about, avoiding a 
particular tunnel, the mining 

3708
03:14:42,800 --> 03:14:45,400
crew might genuinely consider 
changing their plans. 

3709
03:14:46,200 --> 03:14:48,900
It was like having a focus group
that operated entirely through 

3710
03:14:48,900 --> 03:14:52,000
dream state musical. 
Compositions the Practical 

3711
03:14:52,000 --> 03:14:54,200
challenges were considerable 
sleep. 

3712
03:14:54,200 --> 03:14:57,200
Singers could not control their 
nocturnal performance is, which 

3713
03:14:57,200 --> 03:15:00,200
meant they might launch into 
arousing mining Anthem just when

3714
03:15:00,200 --> 03:15:01,500
everyone else was trying to fall
asleep. 

3715
03:15:03,000 --> 03:15:06,700
This led to the development of 
singer statues, informal 

3716
03:15:06,700 --> 03:15:09,300
agreements about when different 
sleeping as would be allowed to 

3717
03:15:09,300 --> 03:15:12,000
perform. 
Bronzebeard gets the first part 

3718
03:15:12,000 --> 03:15:14,100
of the night. 
Copper voice takes the middle 

3719
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:18,000
shift and Tin throat handles, 
the pre-dawn slot That way 

3720
03:15:18,008 --> 03:15:20,400
everyone gets some quiet sleep 
time and some musical 

3721
03:15:20,400 --> 03:15:24,600
entertainment. scheduling on 
conscious performers is about as

3722
03:15:24,600 --> 03:15:28,300
reliable as predicting, the 
weather using tea leaves Singers

3723
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:30,600
would sometimes sleep through 
their designated performance 

3724
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:33,200
Windows leaving their audiences 
disappointed. 

3725
03:15:33,900 --> 03:15:36,500
Other times they'd have 
particularly energetic, Knights 

3726
03:15:36,500 --> 03:15:39,300
and sing right through someone 
else's scheduled quiet time. 

3727
03:15:39,300 --> 03:15:42,800
The communities developed, 
surprisingly sophisticated ways 

3728
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:45,900
to manage these challenges, some
groups appointed sleep. 

3729
03:15:45,900 --> 03:15:49,000
Conductors people whose job was 
to gently influence. 

3730
03:15:49,000 --> 03:15:51,500
The singers performance is 
through subtle environmental 

3731
03:15:51,500 --> 03:15:55,100
cues, they'd adjust the 
temperature introduce specific 

3732
03:15:55,100 --> 03:15:58,200
sense or create gentle 
background sounds that might 

3733
03:15:58,200 --> 03:15:59,700
encourage certain types of 
songs. 

3734
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:03,400
It was like being a DJ for 
unconscious performers, trying, 

3735
03:16:03,400 --> 03:16:06,100
to create the right atmosphere 
for the kind of musical dreaming

3736
03:16:06,100 --> 03:16:07,800
that would benefit the entire 
community. 

3737
03:16:08,700 --> 03:16:10,900
The most talented sleep 
conductors could allegedly 

3738
03:16:10,900 --> 03:16:14,100
influence, not just the style of
the song that their content. 

3739
03:16:14,800 --> 03:16:17,900
Once songs about successful 
mining Ventures, create an 

3740
03:16:17,900 --> 03:16:20,800
environment that feels 
prosperous and secure need 

3741
03:16:20,800 --> 03:16:24,200
Melodies that would calm 
pre-mining, anxiety, focus on 

3742
03:16:24,200 --> 03:16:28,200
comfort and safety cues. 
Of course this system was about 

3743
03:16:28,200 --> 03:16:31,200
as reliable as you'd expect when
dealing with unconscious minds 

3744
03:16:31,200 --> 03:16:34,200
environmental manipulation and 
Bronze Age Technology. 

3745
03:16:35,400 --> 03:16:38,000
Sleep conductors would spend 
hours preparing the perfect 

3746
03:16:38,000 --> 03:16:41,600
conditions for inspiring mining 
themed lullabies only to have 

3747
03:16:41,600 --> 03:16:44,200
their featured singer produced, 
three hours of what sounded like

3748
03:16:44,200 --> 03:16:47,900
rocks, falling down a mountain. 
I specifically arranged 

3749
03:16:47,900 --> 03:16:50,400
everything to encourage the 
peaceful underground, Journey, 

3750
03:16:50,400 --> 03:16:54,300
composition, and instead we got 
four hours of avalanche in a 

3751
03:16:54,300 --> 03:16:56,000
copper mine. 
What am I doing wrong? 

3752
03:16:56,000 --> 03:16:58,800
The pressure on both singers and
conductors led to the 

3753
03:16:58,800 --> 03:17:00,900
development of backup 
Entertainment Systems, 

3754
03:17:00,900 --> 03:17:05,200
storytellers, musicians, and 
other performers who could fill 

3755
03:17:05,200 --> 03:17:07,700
in, when the sleeping didn't 
meet Community expectations. 

3756
03:17:07,700 --> 03:17:11,000
Because apparently even 
unconscious entertainment needed

3757
03:17:11,000 --> 03:17:14,600
under Studies by now, you've 
probably realized that Bronze 

3758
03:17:14,600 --> 03:17:17,500
Age miners had turned sleep into
something, resembling a complex,

3759
03:17:17,500 --> 03:17:20,400
logistical operation. 
But just when you think you've 

3760
03:17:20,400 --> 03:17:24,000
got a handle on their nocturnal 
peculiarities, we encounter what

3761
03:17:24,000 --> 03:17:27,400
might be their most ambitious 
sleep related Innovation, the 

3762
03:17:27,400 --> 03:17:32,000
great sleep migration picture, 
this your copper arm again and 

3763
03:17:32,000 --> 03:17:35,100
you've just discovered that your
usual sleeping spot that 

3764
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:38,100
carefully chose and corner of 
your heart where the straw is 

3765
03:17:38,100 --> 03:17:41,500
just the right density in the 
roof, doesn't leak too much is 

3766
03:17:41,500 --> 03:17:43,400
no longer providing quality 
rest. 

3767
03:17:44,300 --> 03:17:47,500
Maybe the sleeping neighbor has 
changed their repertoire to 

3768
03:17:47,500 --> 03:17:48,900
something that sounds like 
rocks. 

3769
03:17:48,900 --> 03:17:52,000
Have an argument. 
Maybe the local Mouse population

3770
03:17:52,000 --> 03:17:55,500
has decided your sleeping area 
is primary real estate, or may 

3771
03:17:55,500 --> 03:17:57,800
be you've simply outgrown your 
current sleep environment. 

3772
03:17:57,800 --> 03:17:59,800
The way you might outgrow a 
favorite coffee shop that 

3773
03:17:59,800 --> 03:18:01,900
suddenly starts playing music, 
that makes your teeth hurt. 

3774
03:18:02,700 --> 03:18:05,100
The Logical solution would be to
adjust your sleeping 

3775
03:18:05,100 --> 03:18:08,700
Arrangements within your 
existing space, add more straw, 

3776
03:18:08,700 --> 03:18:11,900
negotiate with the neighbor 
declare war on the mice. 

3777
03:18:12,600 --> 03:18:15,600
But Bronze Age miners, as you've
learned weren't particularly 

3778
03:18:15,600 --> 03:18:18,300
interested in logical Solutions,
when creative ones were 

3779
03:18:18,300 --> 03:18:22,100
available, instead they 
developed a system of seasonal, 

3780
03:18:22,100 --> 03:18:24,700
sleep, migration, that would 
make modern minimalists. 

3781
03:18:24,700 --> 03:18:28,300
Weep with envy and digital 
Nomads nod with understanding. 

3782
03:18:29,000 --> 03:18:32,000
The concept was beautifully. 
Simple, instead of trying to 

3783
03:18:32,000 --> 03:18:35,500
perfect one sleeping location, 
why not rotate through multiple 

3784
03:18:35,500 --> 03:18:36,900
sleeping spots throughout the 
year? 

3785
03:18:36,900 --> 03:18:40,000
Following optimal sleep 
conditions, the way Birds 

3786
03:18:40,000 --> 03:18:43,300
follow, favorable weather 
patterns This wasn't just about 

3787
03:18:43,300 --> 03:18:45,700
Comfort though. 
Comfort was certainly part of 

3788
03:18:45,708 --> 03:18:47,800
it. 
The miners, had observed, that 

3789
03:18:47,800 --> 03:18:50,500
different sleeping locations 
seemed to produce different 

3790
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:54,000
types of Dreams, different 
quality of rest, and different 

3791
03:18:54,000 --> 03:18:56,600
levels of preparation, for the 
next days underground work. 

3792
03:18:57,400 --> 03:19:00,000
Some places were better for deep
restorative sleep. 

3793
03:19:00,000 --> 03:19:03,900
Others seem to encourage the 
kind of light alert, rest that 

3794
03:19:03,900 --> 03:19:07,700
kept you ready for unexpected? 
Mine, emergencies migration 

3795
03:19:07,700 --> 03:19:11,100
routes, were random mining 
communities developed, a labret 

3796
03:19:11,100 --> 03:19:14,100
maps of optimal, sleeping 
locations, complete with 

3797
03:19:14,100 --> 03:19:18,300
seasonal ratings, dream quality,
assessments, and detailed notes 

3798
03:19:18,300 --> 03:19:21,000
about environmental factors that
affected rest quality. 

3799
03:19:21,900 --> 03:19:23,500
The sleeping Alcove behind 
Stone. 

3800
03:19:23,500 --> 03:19:26,800
Jaws Hut is excellent for deep 
winter, rest, but avoid it 

3801
03:19:26,800 --> 03:19:29,400
during the rainy season. 
Unless you enjoy the sound of 

3802
03:19:29,400 --> 03:19:33,100
water dripping, directly onto 
your forehead, every 37 seconds,

3803
03:19:34,100 --> 03:19:35,900
the elevated platform near the 
mine. 

3804
03:19:35,900 --> 03:19:38,400
Entrance provides Superior 
ventilation for summer sleeping,

3805
03:19:38,400 --> 03:19:41,000
but the sunrise light makes it 
unsuitable. 

3806
03:19:41,000 --> 03:19:44,900
For anyone who values sleeping 
past Dawn, these sleep migration

3807
03:19:44,900 --> 03:19:48,300
Maps became highly valued 
Community Resources passed down 

3808
03:19:48,300 --> 03:19:50,900
through families and traded 
between mining settlements like 

3809
03:19:50,900 --> 03:19:54,300
Precious commodities. 
The details sleep location guide

3810
03:19:54,300 --> 03:19:57,300
could be worth several days 
wages and experience sleep. 

3811
03:19:57,300 --> 03:20:01,000
Migrants were consulted like 
travel advisors I'm thinking of 

3812
03:20:01,000 --> 03:20:03,700
trying the rocky outcrop near 
the Eastern, mine shaft from my 

3813
03:20:03,700 --> 03:20:06,800
Autumn sleep rotation. 
What's your assessment of the 

3814
03:20:06,800 --> 03:20:09,000
wind patterns and Rodin activity
of that area? 

3815
03:20:09,700 --> 03:20:13,300
The migration System created its
own social dynamics popular 

3816
03:20:13,300 --> 03:20:16,200
sleeping spots would become 
overcrowded during Peak Seasons 

3817
03:20:16,200 --> 03:20:19,700
leading to reservation systems 
and waiting lists Prime. 

3818
03:20:19,700 --> 03:20:21,500
Locations. 
Might be booked months in 

3819
03:20:21,500 --> 03:20:24,900
advance with mine as their sleep
schedules around availability, 

3820
03:20:24,900 --> 03:20:28,100
rather than personal preference 
some entrepreneurs. 

3821
03:20:28,100 --> 03:20:31,600
Yes, Bronze Age miners had 
entrepreneurs started offering 

3822
03:20:31,600 --> 03:20:34,700
sleeping location, rental 
services, they'd Scout new 

3823
03:20:34,700 --> 03:20:38,100
spots, test them for optimal 
sleep conditions and then lease 

3824
03:20:38,100 --> 03:20:40,600
them to other miners for premium
rates during high demand 

3825
03:20:40,600 --> 03:20:43,200
periods. 
For just three extra copper 

3826
03:20:43,200 --> 03:20:46,100
pieces per moon cycle. 
You can have guaranteed access 

3827
03:20:46,100 --> 03:20:49,200
to the sheltered Grove with the 
natural sound dampening and 

3828
03:20:49,200 --> 03:20:53,000
built-in Morning. 
Sun alarm, no mice, no leaks, no

3829
03:20:53,000 --> 03:20:55,700
snoring. 
Neighbors premium sleep location

3830
03:20:55,700 --> 03:20:59,500
with a satisfaction guarantee. 
But the migration system also 

3831
03:20:59,500 --> 03:21:03,200
created, unexpected challenges 
miners would sometimes get so 

3832
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:06,200
attached to particular seasonal 
sleeping spots that they'd 

3833
03:21:06,200 --> 03:21:09,300
refused to migrate when 
conditions changed they'd 

3834
03:21:09,300 --> 03:21:10,800
stubbornly remain in some 
locations. 

3835
03:21:10,800 --> 03:21:13,900
Well into winter suffering 
through cold and discomfort 

3836
03:21:13,900 --> 03:21:16,000
rather than give up their 
favorite sleep environment. 

3837
03:21:17,600 --> 03:21:21,200
This led to the development of 
migration counselors community 

3838
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:23,700
members who specialized in 
helping mine as make healthy 

3839
03:21:23,700 --> 03:21:26,500
transitions between seasonal, 
sleeping locations. 

3840
03:21:27,200 --> 03:21:29,500
They'd provide emotional support
for minors who are having 

3841
03:21:29,500 --> 03:21:32,800
trouble letting go of unsuitable
sleeping spots, and practical 

3842
03:21:32,800 --> 03:21:35,100
advice for adapting to new sleep
environments. 

3843
03:21:35,900 --> 03:21:38,200
I understand your attachment to 
the moss covered Boulder 

3844
03:21:38,200 --> 03:21:41,400
formation in tooth but it's been
flooding regularly for three 

3845
03:21:41,400 --> 03:21:43,800
weeks now. 
Perhaps it's time to consider 

3846
03:21:43,800 --> 03:21:47,200
the elevated platform optional. 
We discussed the most dedicated 

3847
03:21:47,200 --> 03:21:50,500
sleep migrants would maintain 
details documenting their 

3848
03:21:50,500 --> 03:21:52,300
experience in different 
locations. 

3849
03:21:52,300 --> 03:21:56,200
Noting factors like dream 
quality morning, energy levels 

3850
03:21:56,200 --> 03:22:00,300
and overall satisfaction rating.
These journals became valuable 

3851
03:22:00,300 --> 03:22:03,200
references for future migration 
planning and were sometimes 

3852
03:22:03,200 --> 03:22:05,900
shared with other minors seeking
optimal sleep solution. 

3853
03:22:06,900 --> 03:22:09,300
According to my records, the 
hollow tree sleeping spot. 

3854
03:22:09,300 --> 03:22:12,100
Provides, excellent dream recall
but poor neck support. 

3855
03:22:13,000 --> 03:22:15,500
The cave entrance location 
offers superior protection from 

3856
03:22:15,500 --> 03:22:19,000
weather, but tends to produce 
anxiety dreams about cave-ins. 

3857
03:22:19,700 --> 03:22:22,400
The meadow area is perfect for 
summer but becomes completely 

3858
03:22:22,400 --> 03:22:24,100
unsuitable. 
Once the seasonal flooding 

3859
03:22:24,100 --> 03:22:28,000
begins some miners took the 
migration concept so seriously 

3860
03:22:28,000 --> 03:22:30,200
that they'd spend more time 
traveling between sleeping 

3861
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:32,400
locations than actually sleeping
in them. 

3862
03:22:33,100 --> 03:22:35,500
They'd become so focused on 
finding the perfect sleep 

3863
03:22:35,500 --> 03:22:38,300
environment that they'd exhaust 
themselves with constant 

3864
03:22:38,300 --> 03:22:41,600
relocation Logistics. 
The communities eventually had 

3865
03:22:41,600 --> 03:22:44,700
to establish migration limits to
prevent minors from wearing 

3866
03:22:44,700 --> 03:22:47,300
themselves out with excessive 
sleep location optimization. 

3867
03:22:48,400 --> 03:22:50,300
Too much time. 
Spent searching for perfect 

3868
03:22:50,300 --> 03:22:52,200
rest. 
Could actually cause worse 

3869
03:22:52,200 --> 03:22:55,200
Sleep, Quality than just 
settling for good enough. 

3870
03:22:56,000 --> 03:22:58,500
It was like the Bronze Age 
version of analysis, paralysis, 

3871
03:22:58,500 --> 03:23:02,200
accepting of endless research 
about mattress types and thread 

3872
03:23:02,200 --> 03:23:04,900
counts. 
It involved geographical surveys

3873
03:23:04,900 --> 03:23:06,700
and seasonal weather pattern 
analysis. 

3874
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:10,900
And just when the system seemed 
to be working smoothly, some 

3875
03:23:10,900 --> 03:23:13,600
Innovative miners, started 
experimenting with micro 

3876
03:23:13,600 --> 03:23:17,300
migration changing, sleeping 
locations multiple times within 

3877
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:20,000
a single night to optimize 
different phases of their sleep 

3878
03:23:20,000 --> 03:23:22,200
cycles. 
Because, apparently even 

3879
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:25,100
migration needed to be optimized
for maximum efficiency. 

3880
03:23:25,100 --> 03:23:27,800
Now, we're approaching, what 
might be the most extraordinary 

3881
03:23:27,800 --> 03:23:30,200
aspect of Bronze Age mining 
sleep culture? 

3882
03:23:30,200 --> 03:23:33,200
The systematic attempt to 
industrialize dreaming. 

3883
03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:37,200
Yes, you read that correctly. 
These ancient miners, tried to 

3884
03:23:37,208 --> 03:23:40,200
transform their dream lives into
a kind of underground think tank

3885
03:23:40,200 --> 03:23:43,300
and the results were equal 
parts, brilliant and completely 

3886
03:23:43,300 --> 03:23:45,900
bonkers. 
You're settling into your 

3887
03:23:45,900 --> 03:23:49,100
current migration location. 
Let's say it's the Early Autumn 

3888
03:23:49,100 --> 03:23:51,100
rotation. 
So you're probably in that nice 

3889
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:53,200
spot near the stream with the 
natural Windbreak. 

3890
03:23:53,200 --> 03:23:56,400
And in stead of Simply hoping 
for good, dreams your 

3891
03:23:56,400 --> 03:23:59,200
participating in what the mining
Community called dream, 

3892
03:23:59,200 --> 03:24:01,400
crafting. 
This wasn't just about 

3893
03:24:01,400 --> 03:24:04,300
encouraging helpful dreams. 
It was about manufacturing, 

3894
03:24:04,300 --> 03:24:06,900
specific types of dreams for 
specific purposes. 

3895
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:10,700
The concept emerge from the 
observation that miners who 

3896
03:24:10,700 --> 03:24:13,800
dreamed about their work, often 
came up with Creative Solutions 

3897
03:24:13,800 --> 03:24:17,300
to underground challenges. 
Someone might dream about new 

3898
03:24:17,300 --> 03:24:20,300
way to shore up on stable 
tunnels or visualize a more 

3899
03:24:20,300 --> 03:24:23,100
efficient method for extracting 
ore from difficult veins. 

3900
03:24:24,200 --> 03:24:27,000
These work related dreams seem 
to access a kind of problem 

3901
03:24:27,000 --> 03:24:29,500
solving capability that 
conscious Minds. 

3902
03:24:29,500 --> 03:24:32,700
Could not always achieve 
Naturally mining communities 

3903
03:24:32,700 --> 03:24:36,600
decided to systematize this 
process dream crafting involves 

3904
03:24:36,600 --> 03:24:39,500
elaborate pre-sleep preparation.
Rituals designed to encourage 

3905
03:24:39,500 --> 03:24:43,000
specific types of Dreams. 
Want to dream about finding new 

3906
03:24:43,000 --> 03:24:45,900
copper deposits spend. 
Your evening handling copper 

3907
03:24:45,900 --> 03:24:49,100
samples studying geological 
formations and mentally 

3908
03:24:49,100 --> 03:24:52,400
rehearsing successful. 
Mining scenarios hoping for 

3909
03:24:52,400 --> 03:24:54,900
dreams that would solve 
Structural Engineering problems.

3910
03:24:54,900 --> 03:24:57,300
Focus. 
Your Priestly potential on 

3911
03:24:57,300 --> 03:25:00,500
support beams tunnel design and 
Architectural challenges. 

3912
03:25:00,500 --> 03:25:03,600
It was like programming your 
unconscious mind to work on 

3913
03:25:03,600 --> 03:25:05,100
specific projects while you 
slept. 

3914
03:25:06,200 --> 03:25:08,700
The communities developed 
specialized roles for dream 

3915
03:25:08,700 --> 03:25:12,200
crafting support. 
Dream preparers would help 

3916
03:25:12,200 --> 03:25:15,200
miners set up their Priestly 
environments with appropriate 

3917
03:25:15,200 --> 03:25:17,800
visual tactile and olfactory 
cues. 

3918
03:25:18,600 --> 03:25:21,600
Dream recorders will be standing
by when mine is woke up. 

3919
03:25:21,608 --> 03:25:24,900
Ready to capture and document 
any potentially useful dream 

3920
03:25:24,900 --> 03:25:26,700
content before it faded from 
memory. 

3921
03:25:28,000 --> 03:25:31,500
Quick copper arm your mumbling, 
something about Twisted Metal 

3922
03:25:31,500 --> 03:25:35,100
binding and spiral support 
structures, can you remember any

3923
03:25:35,100 --> 03:25:38,300
details about the dream? 
And you'd be lying there, still 

3924
03:25:38,300 --> 03:25:40,400
half asleep trying to 
reconstruct a complex 

3925
03:25:40,400 --> 03:25:43,600
engineering Vision while someone
frantically takes notes about 

3926
03:25:43,600 --> 03:25:46,900
your drowsy mumbling, the most 
ambitious dream, crafting, 

3927
03:25:46,900 --> 03:25:49,300
experiments involved group 
dreaming sessions. 

3928
03:25:50,000 --> 03:25:53,200
Multiple miners would prepare to
sleep together, focusing on the 

3929
03:25:53,200 --> 03:25:56,300
same challenges and hoping to 
generate complementary dreams, 

3930
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:58,700
that could be combined into 
comprehensive Solutions. 

3931
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:02,000
It was like forming a dream 
based research and development 

3932
03:26:02,000 --> 03:26:04,400
team. 
Tonight we're all going to focus

3933
03:26:04,400 --> 03:26:08,100
on the flooding problem in the 
Eastern tunnels bronzebeard you.

3934
03:26:08,100 --> 03:26:09,800
Concentrate on drainage 
Solutions. 

3935
03:26:09,800 --> 03:26:14,800
Tin hand focus on waterproofing,
materials, Stone jaw, see if you

3936
03:26:14,808 --> 03:26:17,300
can dream up some kind of early 
warning system for water 

3937
03:26:17,300 --> 03:26:20,600
detection, the success rate for 
these group dreaming, projects 

3938
03:26:20,600 --> 03:26:23,600
was about what you'd expect when
trying to coordinate unconscious

3939
03:26:23,600 --> 03:26:25,800
minds, working on complex, 
technical problems. 

3940
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:29,000
Occasionally the miners would 
awaken with Innovative 

3941
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:32,100
complementary solutions that 
seamlessly Blended together like

3942
03:26:32,100 --> 03:26:33,700
a puzzle. 
More often. 

3943
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:36,800
They produce a collection of 
unrelated dreams about fish 

3944
03:26:36,800 --> 03:26:40,100
childhood memories and that 
embarrassing incident with the 

3945
03:26:40,100 --> 03:26:43,700
pickaxe from three summers ago. 
But the occasional successes 

3946
03:26:43,700 --> 03:26:46,600
were impressive enough to keep 
the system going and some mining

3947
03:26:46,600 --> 03:26:49,200
communities became quite 
sophisticated in their dream, 

3948
03:26:49,200 --> 03:26:52,100
crafting techniques. 
They developed what we might 

3949
03:26:52,100 --> 03:26:55,000
recognize as early version of 
lucid dreaming training, 

3950
03:26:55,000 --> 03:26:58,200
teaching mine is to recognize 
when they were dreaming and to 

3951
03:26:58,208 --> 03:27:00,800
maintain some level of conscious
control over their dream 

3952
03:27:00,800 --> 03:27:03,700
narratives. 
The goal was to stay focused on 

3953
03:27:03,700 --> 03:27:06,500
work-related problem solving 
even while asleep. 

3954
03:27:08,100 --> 03:27:11,500
Remember when you realize you're
dreaming, don't get distracted 

3955
03:27:11,500 --> 03:27:13,400
by flying or other dream 
nonsense. 

3956
03:27:13,400 --> 03:27:17,900
Focus on the tunnel ventilation 
challenge, use your dream state 

3957
03:27:17,900 --> 03:27:20,500
to visualize solutions that 
might not occur to your waking 

3958
03:27:20,500 --> 03:27:22,800
mind. 
This created some mildly 

3959
03:27:22,800 --> 03:27:25,308
stressful situations, where mine
has felt pressured to be 

3960
03:27:25,316 --> 03:27:27,000
productive even while 
unconscious. 

3961
03:27:27,000 --> 03:27:30,600
Imagine the anxiety of knowing 
that your sleep performance was 

3962
03:27:30,600 --> 03:27:33,800
being evaluated, not just for 
rest quality, but for Creative 

3963
03:27:33,800 --> 03:27:36,500
problem solving output, Sorry 
everyone. 

3964
03:27:36,500 --> 03:27:39,100
My dreams last night were 
completely useless. 

3965
03:27:39,100 --> 03:27:42,600
I spent the whole time dreaming 
about a giant copper colored 

3966
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:44,700
rabbit that kept giving me 
mining advice. 

3967
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:48,000
That made no sense. 
I don't think we can use dig 

3968
03:27:48,000 --> 03:27:51,300
tunnels like carrot Burrows as a
viable engineering strategy. 

3969
03:27:51,300 --> 03:27:55,100
The community's eventually had 
to establish dream failure, 

3970
03:27:55,100 --> 03:27:58,100
forgiveness policies to prevent 
minors from developing sleep 

3971
03:27:58,100 --> 03:28:01,300
anxiety, that would actually 
reduce their dream productivity.

3972
03:28:02,300 --> 03:28:04,500
Some of the most dedicated dream
Crafters started. 

3973
03:28:04,500 --> 03:28:07,200
Keeping details dream journals 
documenting. 

3974
03:28:07,200 --> 03:28:10,200
Not just the content of their 
dreams but the Priestly 

3975
03:28:10,200 --> 03:28:12,700
preparation techniques that seem
to produce the most useful 

3976
03:28:12,700 --> 03:28:15,300
results. 
These journals became valuable 

3977
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,700
Community Resources like recipe 
books for generating specific 

3978
03:28:18,700 --> 03:28:22,300
types of Dreams. 
For dreams about all quality 

3979
03:28:22,300 --> 03:28:25,500
assessment, I recommend spending
the evening examining different 

3980
03:28:25,500 --> 03:28:28,200
metal samples, while thinking 
about color, variations and 

3981
03:28:28,200 --> 03:28:31,200
density testing. 
Avoid eating fermented foods 

3982
03:28:31,200 --> 03:28:34,600
before sleep as they seem to 
introduce random elements that 

3983
03:28:34,600 --> 03:28:36,300
distract from metallurgical 
Focus. 

3984
03:28:37,300 --> 03:28:39,700
The most successful dream 
Crafters developed personal 

3985
03:28:39,700 --> 03:28:43,000
specializations becoming known 
for their ability to generate 

3986
03:28:43,000 --> 03:28:45,400
specific types of 
problem-solving dreams. 

3987
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:48,800
Some became Specialists and 
Structural Engineering dreams, 

3988
03:28:48,800 --> 03:28:51,500
others focused, on Geological, 
Survey dreams. 

3989
03:28:51,500 --> 03:28:54,700
And a few became known for their
uncanny ability to dream about 

3990
03:28:54,700 --> 03:28:57,800
workplace Safety Solutions. 
These Specialists would 

3991
03:28:57,800 --> 03:29:01,500
sometimes be consulted by other 
mining communities facing 

3992
03:29:01,500 --> 03:29:04,000
similar challenges. 
They travel to different 

3993
03:29:04,000 --> 03:29:07,200
settlements, learn about local 
mining problems, and then 

3994
03:29:07,200 --> 03:29:10,000
attempt to dream up solutions, 
that could be implemented by the

3995
03:29:10,000 --> 03:29:12,900
visiting Community. 
It was like having Bronze Age 

3996
03:29:12,900 --> 03:29:15,800
Consulting Services Powered By 
REM sleep, and unconscious 

3997
03:29:15,800 --> 03:29:18,600
creativity. 
But the system also produced 

3998
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:21,900
some wonderful unexpected 
results miners who were trying 

3999
03:29:21,900 --> 03:29:24,800
to dream about Technical 
Solutions would sometimes come 

4000
03:29:24,800 --> 03:29:27,400
up with Innovation and 
completely unrelated areas. 

4001
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:30,700
Someone focusing on Tunnel 
support might dream up new food 

4002
03:29:30,700 --> 03:29:34,500
preservation techniques a minor 
concentrating on or extraction 

4003
03:29:34,500 --> 03:29:37,700
might wake up with ideas for 
improved textile manufacturing. 

4004
03:29:37,700 --> 03:29:40,600
The community started 
maintaining unexpected 

4005
03:29:40,600 --> 03:29:44,500
Innovation logs to capture these
accidental discoveries leading 

4006
03:29:44,500 --> 03:29:47,100
to a kind of Bronze Age, 
cross-pollination of ideas 

4007
03:29:47,100 --> 03:29:49,000
between different Industries and
crafts. 

4008
03:29:49,600 --> 03:29:52,300
And just when the dream crafting
system seemed to be reaching 

4009
03:29:52,300 --> 03:29:55,500
Peak sophistication, some 
Innovative miners, started 

4010
03:29:55,500 --> 03:29:59,100
experimenting with dream trading
attempting to share their dreams

4011
03:29:59,100 --> 03:30:01,800
with other people through 
detailed storytelling and 

4012
03:30:01,800 --> 03:30:05,100
visualization exercises. 
This suggests that even 

4013
03:30:05,100 --> 03:30:08,300
unconscious, creativity required
optimization for maximum 

4014
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:12,000
distribution and collaborative 
efficiency as your drifting 

4015
03:30:12,000 --> 03:30:14,200
towards sleep. 
In your modern bed, with your 

4016
03:30:14,200 --> 03:30:16,900
climate control and blackout 
curtains, and probably a dozen. 

4017
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:19,100
Different apps designed to 
optimize your rest. 

4018
03:30:19,100 --> 03:30:22,200
It's worth considering what 
happened to all this Bronze Age.

4019
03:30:22,208 --> 03:30:25,200
Sleep innovation did these 
elaborate systems simply 

4020
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:28,200
disappear when mining techniques
evolved, or did they leave 

4021
03:30:28,200 --> 03:30:29,800
traces? 
That still influence, how we 

4022
03:30:29,800 --> 03:30:32,300
think about rest and dreams the 
answer. 

4023
03:30:32,300 --> 03:30:35,100
As you might expect is 
wonderfully complicated. 

4024
03:30:35,100 --> 03:30:38,500
Some of the Bronze Age, sleep 
practices evolved into 

4025
03:30:38,500 --> 03:30:40,700
Traditions that persisted for 
thousands of years. 

4026
03:30:41,700 --> 03:30:45,000
The concept of sleep migration, 
for instance, influenced, the 

4027
03:30:45,000 --> 03:30:47,500
development of seasonal living 
patterns in many cultures. 

4028
03:30:47,500 --> 03:30:50,800
The idea that different 
environments produced different 

4029
03:30:50,800 --> 03:30:54,300
qualities of rest became 
embedded in various folk wisdom,

4030
03:30:54,300 --> 03:30:57,700
Traditions about optimal 
sleeping conditions, Dream 

4031
03:30:57,700 --> 03:31:00,900
crafting techniques found their 
way into religious and spiritual

4032
03:31:00,900 --> 03:31:04,700
practices were directed dreaming
became associated with Divine 

4033
03:31:04,700 --> 03:31:06,800
communication, and prophetic 
vision. 

4034
03:31:07,700 --> 03:31:09,800
The systematic approach to dream
incubation. 

4035
03:31:09,800 --> 03:31:13,200
That Bronze Age miners developed
can be traced through various 

4036
03:31:13,200 --> 03:31:17,200
mystery, Traditions shamanic 
practices and even early medical

4037
03:31:17,200 --> 03:31:20,100
applications where dreams were 
used for Diagnostic purposes. 

4038
03:31:21,100 --> 03:31:23,800
the competitive aspects of 
Bronze Age, sleep culture 

4039
03:31:23,800 --> 03:31:26,500
evolved into more formal, 
sleep-related customs and 

4040
03:31:26,500 --> 03:31:30,300
ceremonies Various cultures 
developed rituals around bedtime

4041
03:31:30,300 --> 03:31:34,000
Sleep Quality, assessment and 
dream sharing that Echo the 

4042
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:35,900
miners. 
Systematic approach to rest 

4043
03:31:35,900 --> 03:31:39,000
optimization. 
But perhaps the most significant

4044
03:31:39,000 --> 03:31:42,600
Legacy was the fundamental idea 
that sleep could be actively 

4045
03:31:42,600 --> 03:31:45,300
managed and optimized rather 
than simply endured. 

4046
03:31:46,600 --> 03:31:49,400
Bronze Age, miners were among 
the first people to treat sleep 

4047
03:31:49,400 --> 03:31:52,100
as a skill that could be 
developed a resource. 

4048
03:31:52,100 --> 03:31:55,200
That could be managed and a tool
that could be used for specific 

4049
03:31:55,200 --> 03:31:58,300
purposes. 
This conceptual framework laid, 

4050
03:31:58,300 --> 03:32:00,900
the groundwork for later, 
developments and sleep medicine,

4051
03:32:00,900 --> 03:32:05,500
dream research, and what we, now
call Sleep hygiene, The miners 

4052
03:32:05,500 --> 03:32:09,500
recognized that environmental 
factors, social dynamics and 

4053
03:32:09,500 --> 03:32:12,300
cycle preparation, could 
dramatically affect Sleep 

4054
03:32:12,300 --> 03:32:15,700
Quality, which was remarkably 
sophisticated for its time. 

4055
03:32:16,500 --> 03:32:18,900
There are understanding that 
different types of rests of 

4056
03:32:18,900 --> 03:32:22,400
different purposes. 
That deep sleep, like sleep and 

4057
03:32:22,400 --> 03:32:24,900
various dreaming States. 
Each had distinct benefits 

4058
03:32:24,900 --> 03:32:28,300
predated modern sleep science by
thousands of years. 

4059
03:32:29,200 --> 03:32:31,000
They were essentially conducting
primitive. 

4060
03:32:31,000 --> 03:32:34,900
Sleep studies using themselves 
as test subjects and developing 

4061
03:32:34,900 --> 03:32:37,000
practical applications for their
discoveries. 

4062
03:32:38,500 --> 03:32:41,200
The social aspects of their 
sleep Innovations were equally 

4063
03:32:41,200 --> 03:32:44,700
influential the idea that 
individuals Sleep Quality could 

4064
03:32:44,700 --> 03:32:47,800
affect Community well-being, 
that sleep patterns could be 

4065
03:32:47,808 --> 03:32:51,300
coordinated for group benefit 
and that sleep related skills 

4066
03:32:51,300 --> 03:32:54,100
could be shared and taught 
became embedded in many 

4067
03:32:54,100 --> 03:32:56,700
cultures, approaches to rest and
Community Living. 

4068
03:32:57,400 --> 03:33:00,100
Even some of their more unusual 
practices left lasting 

4069
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:03,900
influences, the concept of sleep
singing evolved into various 

4070
03:33:03,900 --> 03:33:06,900
traditional lullaby practices 
and bedtime musical Customs. 

4071
03:33:06,900 --> 03:33:10,600
The idea of sleep location, 
optimization influenced 

4072
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:13,300
architectural approaches to 
bedroom design and the 

4073
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:15,600
development of sleeping spaces 
in different cultures. 

4074
03:33:16,500 --> 03:33:19,300
Their systematic approach to 
managing sleep-related anxiety, 

4075
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:21,700
recognizing that worry about 
Sleep. 

4076
03:33:21,700 --> 03:33:23,800
Quality could actually interfere
with rest. 

4077
03:33:24,600 --> 03:33:27,500
Became a Cornerstone of later. 
Therapeutic approaches to sleep 

4078
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:30,700
disorders, Bronze Age miners 
were essentially practicing 

4079
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:34,400
primitive cognitive behavioral 
therapy for Sleep problems, but 

4080
03:33:34,400 --> 03:33:37,300
perhaps most importantly, they 
established the precedent. 

4081
03:33:37,300 --> 03:33:40,400
That sleep was worth paying 
attention to worth investing 

4082
03:33:40,400 --> 03:33:44,000
effort in and worth treating as 
a serious aspect of human health

4083
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:47,100
and productivity. 
This wasn't just about getting 

4084
03:33:47,100 --> 03:33:49,400
enough rest. 
It was about getting the right 

4085
03:33:49,400 --> 03:33:52,800
kind of rest in the right 
environment with the right 

4086
03:33:52,800 --> 03:33:55,400
preparation and support systems 
modern sleep. 

4087
03:33:55,400 --> 03:33:58,600
Research continues to confirm 
many intuitive findings. 

4088
03:33:58,600 --> 03:34:01,800
We now know that sleep 
environments do significantly 

4089
03:34:01,800 --> 03:34:05,700
affect risk, quality that social
factors can influence, sleep 

4090
03:34:05,700 --> 03:34:08,800
patterns, that pre-sleep 
routines, can improve sleep on 

4091
03:34:08,800 --> 03:34:12,000
set and quality, and that 
different types of sleep, serve 

4092
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:14,200
different physiological, and 
psychological functions. 

4093
03:34:15,000 --> 03:34:18,000
The Contemporary interest in 
sleep optimization sleep, 

4094
03:34:18,000 --> 03:34:20,500
tracking and sleep-related 
wellness products. 

4095
03:34:20,500 --> 03:34:24,400
Reflects the same basic impulse 
that drove Bronze Age miners to 

4096
03:34:24,400 --> 03:34:26,800
develop their elaborate sleep 
Management Systems. 

4097
03:34:26,800 --> 03:34:30,900
We're still trying to solve the 
same fundamental challenge, how 

4098
03:34:30,900 --> 03:34:34,200
to get the kind of rest that 
sustains our demanding often 

4099
03:34:34,200 --> 03:34:37,700
stressful lives. 
Of course, we have advantages 

4100
03:34:37,700 --> 03:34:40,900
that Bronze Age miners could not
have imagined, we understand 

4101
03:34:40,900 --> 03:34:44,200
sleep physiology, we have 
effective treatments for sleep 

4102
03:34:44,200 --> 03:34:47,200
disorders and we can create 
sleep environments that are 

4103
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:50,600
safer and more comfortable than 
anything available 4,000 years 

4104
03:34:50,600 --> 03:34:52,700
ago. 
But we may have lost some of 

4105
03:34:52,708 --> 03:34:55,300
their wisdom, about the social 
and psychological aspects of 

4106
03:34:55,300 --> 03:34:58,100
sleep. 
The recognition that rest is not

4107
03:34:58,100 --> 03:35:02,300
just an individual activity, but
a community resource that Sleep 

4108
03:35:02,300 --> 03:35:04,900
Quality affects not just 
personal performance, but group 

4109
03:35:04,900 --> 03:35:08,200
well-being and that the journey 
towards sleep can be as 

4110
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:11,600
important as the Sleep itself. 
Offers insights that remain 

4111
03:35:11,600 --> 03:35:14,500
relevant today. 
As you settle into your sleep 

4112
03:35:14,500 --> 03:35:17,400
routine tonight, your 
participating in a tradition 

4113
03:35:17,400 --> 03:35:20,500
that stretches back to those 
ancient copper miners, who 

4114
03:35:20,500 --> 03:35:24,000
refused to accept poor sleep as 
an inevitable part of difficult 

4115
03:35:24,000 --> 03:35:26,600
work. 
They understood something that 

4116
03:35:26,600 --> 03:35:29,700
we're still learning. 
The good sleep is not a luxury, 

4117
03:35:29,700 --> 03:35:34,100
but a necessity, not a passive 
experience, but an active skill 

4118
03:35:34,100 --> 03:35:37,600
and not just about rest. 
But about preparing for whatever

4119
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:41,700
challenges tomorrow might bring 
Their legacy lives on in every 

4120
03:35:41,700 --> 03:35:44,400
person who takes time to create 
a comfortable sleep environment,

4121
03:35:44,400 --> 03:35:48,000
who developed bed time routines 
that work for their individual 

4122
03:35:48,000 --> 03:35:51,500
needs and who recognizes that? 
Rest is an investment in 

4123
03:35:51,500 --> 03:35:54,800
productivity and well-being 
rather than time lost from more 

4124
03:35:54,800 --> 03:35:59,000
important activities. 
So tonight as you adjust your 

4125
03:35:59,000 --> 03:36:01,300
pillow and settle into your 
carefully, chose and sleep 

4126
03:36:01,300 --> 03:36:03,900
position. 
Your honoring thousands of years

4127
03:36:03,900 --> 03:36:05,900
of human innovation in the art 
of rest. 

4128
03:36:06,700 --> 03:36:09,200
You're the beneficiary of 
countless generations of people 

4129
03:36:09,200 --> 03:36:11,800
who refuse to accept that sleep 
was simply something that 

4130
03:36:11,800 --> 03:36:14,700
happened to them rather than 
something they could actively 

4131
03:36:14,700 --> 03:36:17,700
improve. 
Your memory foam mattress and 

4132
03:36:17,700 --> 03:36:20,400
your smartphone sleep tracking 
apps would probably amazed the 

4133
03:36:20,400 --> 03:36:23,300
Bronze Age miners, but they'd 
immediately understand your 

4134
03:36:23,300 --> 03:36:25,700
desire to optimize your rest for
tomorrow's challenges. 

4135
03:36:26,600 --> 03:36:29,300
They'd recognize the familiar 
human impulse to turn even 

4136
03:36:29,300 --> 03:36:32,800
unconsciousness into an 
opportunity for improvement and 

4137
03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:36,300
innovation. 
And maybe in their honor, you 

4138
03:36:36,300 --> 03:36:38,700
could take a moment to 
appreciate, not just the sleep. 

4139
03:36:38,700 --> 03:36:41,500
You are about to enjoy. 
But all the creativity, 

4140
03:36:41,500 --> 03:36:45,600
experimentation and stubborn 
determination that made it 

4141
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:48,200
possible. 
From their underground napping 

4142
03:36:48,200 --> 03:36:50,600
experiments to your white noise 
machine by the bed. 

4143
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:53,700
It's all part of the same 
ongoing human project. 

4144
03:36:54,500 --> 03:36:57,100
The Quest for rest that truly 
restores. 

4145
03:36:58,000 --> 03:37:02,600
Sweet dreams, the Bronze Age, 
miners would be proud of how far

4146
03:37:02,600 --> 03:37:05,300
we've come and how much we still
have in common with those 

4147
03:37:05,300 --> 03:37:07,300
ancient Seekers of perfect 
sleep. 

4148
03:37:07,300 --> 03:37:10,300
After all some things, never 
change. 

4149
03:37:10,300 --> 03:37:13,000
We all just want to wake up 
feeling like we can face 

4150
03:37:13,000 --> 03:37:16,000
whatever the day might throw at 
us, whether it's a dangerous 

4151
03:37:16,000 --> 03:37:18,000
mine shaft or a challenging 
Monday morning. 

4152
03:37:18,000 --> 03:37:22,300
And in that Universal desire for
restorative, rest were connected

4153
03:37:22,300 --> 03:37:25,600
across thousands of years to 
those ingenious sleep, obsessed 

4154
03:37:25,600 --> 03:37:28,900
miners, who turned bedtime into 
an art form and dreaming into a 

4155
03:37:28,908 --> 03:37:32,700
collaborative Enterprise rest. 
Well, knowing your part of a 

4156
03:37:32,708 --> 03:37:35,400
very long tradition of people 
who take their sleep seriously 

4157
03:37:35,400 --> 03:37:37,800
and aren't afraid to get 
creative about it. 

4158
03:37:44,700 --> 03:37:47,000
You'll stepping back into the 
late 1700s. 

4159
03:37:47,000 --> 03:37:51,200
When Kentucky was still a raw 
Frontier car from Wilderness and

4160
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:53,500
the people who settled there 
brought with them, the knowledge

4161
03:37:53,500 --> 03:37:56,300
of grain and fire passed down 
through generations. 

4162
03:37:56,300 --> 03:37:59,300
This is the story of how bourbon
came to be. 

4163
03:38:00,100 --> 03:38:02,700
Not through Grand invention, but
through patient. 

4164
03:38:02,700 --> 03:38:07,000
Hands, copper Stills glowing in 
the darkness and the kind of 

4165
03:38:07,000 --> 03:38:10,000
accidental discovery that only 
time and charred Oak could 

4166
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:14,600
reveal now picture this You're 
standing on a porch that groans 

4167
03:38:14,600 --> 03:38:18,000
beneath your boots. 
Watching the sun sink behind a 

4168
03:38:18,000 --> 03:38:19,600
ridge of trees. 
So dense, they look like a 

4169
03:38:19,600 --> 03:38:22,700
single dark wave Frozen against 
the Copper Sky. 

4170
03:38:22,700 --> 03:38:26,300
Yeah, here in Kentucky carries a
thickness you can almost chew 

4171
03:38:26,300 --> 03:38:29,600
humidity that clings to your 
shirt and makes every breath 

4172
03:38:29,600 --> 03:38:31,500
feel like drinking something 
substantial. 

4173
03:38:31,500 --> 03:38:35,700
This is 1792 and the land around
you is young in the way that 

4174
03:38:35,700 --> 03:38:37,900
only recently tamed Wilderness 
can be. 

4175
03:38:38,800 --> 03:38:42,100
Still holding the memory of what
it was before axes and plows 

4176
03:38:42,100 --> 03:38:45,000
arrive to reshape it. 
The Distillery sits in a 

4177
03:38:45,000 --> 03:38:48,600
clearing hacked from the forest 
surrounded by stumps that will 

4178
03:38:48,600 --> 03:38:52,600
take another decade to rot away.
Completely your hands smell of 

4179
03:38:52,600 --> 03:38:56,200
corn and would smoke a 
combination that's become so 

4180
03:38:56,200 --> 03:38:58,100
familiar. 
You barely notice at any more 

4181
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:01,700
accepted in moments like this. 
When the workers paused and you 

4182
03:39:01,700 --> 03:39:05,800
have time to Simply stand and 
notice things behind you through

4183
03:39:05,800 --> 03:39:08,600
the open door of the Stillhouse,
you can hear the gentle tick and

4184
03:39:08,600 --> 03:39:11,800
drip of cooling metal. 
The building settling in to 

4185
03:39:11,800 --> 03:39:14,700
evening like an old dog finding 
its spot by the fire. 

4186
03:39:14,700 --> 03:39:17,800
The nearest neighbor lives three
miles through Woods where 

4187
03:39:17,800 --> 03:39:21,700
Panthers still scream at night. 
Their cries, so human sounding 

4188
03:39:21,700 --> 03:39:23,500
that newcomers. 
Sometimes, go running with 

4189
03:39:23,500 --> 03:39:26,600
rifles thinking, someone's being
murdered in the dark. 

4190
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:28,800
You've learned to ignore those 
sounds. 

4191
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:31,800
The way you've learned to ignore
the walls that howl from The 

4192
03:39:31,800 --> 03:39:34,800
Ridges, when the moon is full, 
what matters is the work? 

4193
03:39:35,700 --> 03:39:39,100
The corn, you've grown, the 
water from the Limestone spring 

4194
03:39:39,100 --> 03:39:42,700
that bubbles up cold. 
And pure 100 yards from here and

4195
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:45,300
the still that Waits inside the 
building behind you like a 

4196
03:39:45,300 --> 03:39:48,400
patient bronze, animal. 
Your father taught you 

4197
03:39:48,400 --> 03:39:51,600
distilling back in Pennsylvania,
where the family had a small 

4198
03:39:51,600 --> 03:39:54,700
operation making rye whiskey 
that was decent enough. 

4199
03:39:54,700 --> 03:39:58,200
But nothing special, he'd 
learned it from his father who 

4200
03:39:58,200 --> 03:40:00,500
brought the knowledge from 
Scotland, where apparently 

4201
03:40:00,500 --> 03:40:04,600
everyone knew how to turn grain 
into something that burned going

4202
03:40:04,600 --> 03:40:06,500
down and warmed you from the 
inside out. 

4203
03:40:07,300 --> 03:40:09,500
The process seemed almost 
magical when you were young. 

4204
03:40:10,400 --> 03:40:14,900
Putting in corn and water and 
yeast applying heat and time and

4205
03:40:14,900 --> 03:40:18,200
getting out a clear liquid that 
could preserve meat, clean 

4206
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:21,500
wounds trade for goods and make 
a hard day. 

4207
03:40:21,500 --> 03:40:25,100
Feel slightly less hard when you
took a careful sip before bed 

4208
03:40:25,100 --> 03:40:29,600
but Kentucky isn't padalia. 
The corn grows differently here,

4209
03:40:29,600 --> 03:40:33,700
taller and sweeter in the thick 
River, Bottom soil, the water 

4210
03:40:33,700 --> 03:40:36,700
tastes different, filtered 
through Limestone that, makes it

4211
03:40:36,700 --> 03:40:39,100
soft in a way. 
That's hard to describe, but 

4212
03:40:39,100 --> 03:40:42,500
easy to notice once you've tried
making whiskey with it, even the

4213
03:40:42,500 --> 03:40:45,800
air feels different in the 
Stillhouse heavy and full in 

4214
03:40:45,800 --> 03:40:48,000
summer crisp and crackling in 
Winter. 

4215
03:40:48,000 --> 03:40:51,800
You found yourself adjusting the
old recipes changing 

4216
03:40:51,800 --> 03:40:55,100
proportions, almost without 
thinking about it and responding

4217
03:40:55,100 --> 03:40:57,200
to what this new place seems to 
want from you. 

4218
03:40:57,200 --> 03:40:59,700
The evening sounds are building 
around you now. 

4219
03:40:59,700 --> 03:41:04,100
Cicadas, starting their electric
chorus, a Wood Thrush singing. 

4220
03:41:04,100 --> 03:41:07,300
Its spiraling song from 
somewhere in the darkening trees

4221
03:41:07,300 --> 03:41:09,600
and the distant sound of your 
neighbor's. 

4222
03:41:09,600 --> 03:41:13,300
Cow, lowering to be milked, your
wife is inside the cabin 

4223
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:16,300
preparing supper, and you can 
smell onions, frying and bear 

4224
03:41:16,300 --> 03:41:17,800
Grease. 
Smell. 

4225
03:41:17,800 --> 03:41:19,500
That would have seemed strange 
two years ago. 

4226
03:41:19,500 --> 03:41:22,700
But now just smells like home in
a few minutes. 

4227
03:41:22,700 --> 03:41:24,800
You'll go inside. 
Eat whatever she's cooked. 

4228
03:41:24,800 --> 03:41:28,300
Maybe read a few verses from the
Bible by candlelight. 

4229
03:41:28,300 --> 03:41:31,600
If your eyes aren't too tired 
and then sleep, the heavy sleep 

4230
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:33,800
of someone who's been on his 
feet since Dawn. 

4231
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:36,900
But first you want to check the 
barrels, it's become a habit. 

4232
03:41:36,900 --> 03:41:39,300
This evening, walk through the 
Aging shed though. 

4233
03:41:39,300 --> 03:41:42,100
You're not entirely sure what 
you're checking for the 

4234
03:41:42,100 --> 03:41:44,900
Whiskey's in their sealed up. 
Tight in the charred. 

4235
03:41:44,900 --> 03:41:46,600
Oak containers. 
You made last month when the 

4236
03:41:46,600 --> 03:41:49,100
Cooper from Lexington came 
through and showed you his 

4237
03:41:49,100 --> 03:41:52,400
technique, he said the charring 
would filter out impurities and 

4238
03:41:52,400 --> 03:41:54,000
make the whiskey clearer and 
cleaner. 

4239
03:41:54,000 --> 03:41:56,700
You'd believed him because you 
had no reason not to. 

4240
03:41:56,700 --> 03:42:00,000
And because trying new things is
what you do out here on the 

4241
03:42:00,000 --> 03:42:02,900
frontier, where the old ways 
don't always fit the new 

4242
03:42:02,900 --> 03:42:07,800
circumstances, the Aging shared 
is nothing fancy, just four 

4243
03:42:07,800 --> 03:42:10,600
walls and a roof. 
To keep the rain off with gaps 

4244
03:42:10,600 --> 03:42:13,700
between the boards wide enough 
that you can see slivers of Sky 

4245
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:16,800
through them, when you are 
inside the barrel, sit on wooden

4246
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:20,000
racks you Built yourself. 
Each one holding about 50 

4247
03:42:20,000 --> 03:42:23,400
gallons of the clear, whiskey 
distilled two months ago, right 

4248
03:42:23,400 --> 03:42:26,300
after the call. 
Harvest in Pennsylvania, you 

4249
03:42:26,300 --> 03:42:27,600
would have bottled it 
immediately. 

4250
03:42:27,600 --> 03:42:30,600
Maybe letting it sit a few weeks
at most before selling or 

4251
03:42:30,600 --> 03:42:33,300
drinking it. 
But here with no immediate 

4252
03:42:33,300 --> 03:42:35,000
buyers and no urgent need for 
the revenue. 

4253
03:42:35,000 --> 03:42:38,300
You decided to just let it rest 
a while and see what happened. 

4254
03:42:39,300 --> 03:42:42,100
You push open the shed door and 
step into the dimness. 

4255
03:42:42,100 --> 03:42:46,200
The smell hits. 
You immediately a rich sweet? 

4256
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:48,900
Woody scent. 
That's nothing like the sharp. 

4257
03:42:48,900 --> 03:42:50,700
Alcohol. 
Smell of fresh whiskey. 

4258
03:42:51,400 --> 03:42:55,400
You freeze inhaling deeply 
trying to place what's 

4259
03:42:55,400 --> 03:42:57,600
different? 
It's like walking into a bakery 

4260
03:42:57,600 --> 03:43:01,000
or a cabinet Maker's shop, or 
maybe a combination of both with

4261
03:43:01,000 --> 03:43:02,800
something else. 
Underneath that you can't quite 

4262
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:07,200
name Vanilla, possibly caramel 
the charred. 

4263
03:43:07,200 --> 03:43:09,400
Wood is doing something to the 
whiskey that you didn't expect 

4264
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:13,000
and can't quite understand. 
Moving closer to the nearest 

4265
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:14,800
Barrel. 
You tap it gently with your 

4266
03:43:14,800 --> 03:43:18,100
knuckles listening to the Halo 
thunk that tells you it's still 

4267
03:43:18,100 --> 03:43:19,700
full. 
Nothing's leaked. 

4268
03:43:20,500 --> 03:43:24,200
The wood feels warm to your 
touch holding the days heat even

4269
03:43:24,200 --> 03:43:27,300
as the evening cools around it 
you know you shouldn't open it 

4270
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:28,900
yet. 
The whole point of Aging is to 

4271
03:43:28,908 --> 03:43:32,500
let sit under Disturbed but 
curiosity, is noring at you with

4272
03:43:32,508 --> 03:43:37,100
small persistent teeth. 
What's causing that smell as the

4273
03:43:37,100 --> 03:43:39,800
whiskey gone bad somehow or 
something else happened. 

4274
03:43:39,800 --> 03:43:43,400
Something you didn't plan for 
and can't predict Tomorrow, you 

4275
03:43:43,400 --> 03:43:46,700
decide tomorrow, you'll tap, one
of the barrels and see what's 

4276
03:43:46,700 --> 03:43:49,800
actually happening inside that 
Charter Oak tonight. 

4277
03:43:49,800 --> 03:43:52,400
You'll just stand here a moment.
Longer breathing in this 

4278
03:43:52,400 --> 03:43:56,400
unexpected sweetness feeling the
days exhaustion settle into your

4279
03:43:56,400 --> 03:43:59,600
bones like sediment drifting to 
the bottom of the Still Pond. 

4280
03:44:00,500 --> 03:44:01,900
The work will be there in the 
morning. 

4281
03:44:01,900 --> 03:44:04,800
It always is you wait to 
Darkness. 

4282
03:44:04,800 --> 03:44:07,400
So complete, it feels like a 
physical presence pressing 

4283
03:44:07,400 --> 03:44:10,200
against your eyes. 
The rooster hasn't crowded yet, 

4284
03:44:10,208 --> 03:44:13,200
which means it's probably around
four in the morning that dead 

4285
03:44:13,200 --> 03:44:14,800
our. 
When even the insects seem to be

4286
03:44:14,808 --> 03:44:17,700
sleeping, your wife is a warm 
presence beside. 

4287
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:21,200
You her breathing deep and 
steady and for a moment you can 

4288
03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:24,200
consider just lying here until 
proper Dawn arrives. 

4289
03:44:24,900 --> 03:44:28,600
But your bladder has other ideas
and besides, once you're awake, 

4290
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:31,600
you're awake. 
There's no point in fighting it.

4291
03:44:32,400 --> 03:44:35,400
Cabin floor is cold against your
bare feet, as you fumble for 

4292
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:37,400
your boots. 
Pulling them on, without 

4293
03:44:37,400 --> 03:44:40,900
bothering to lace them properly.
Outside the privy weights in the

4294
03:44:40,900 --> 03:44:42,900
darkness, and you navigate to 
it. 

4295
03:44:42,900 --> 03:44:46,600
More by memory than sight. 
Your eyes gradually adjusting 

4296
03:44:46,600 --> 03:44:49,500
until you can make out the shape
of trees against the slightly 

4297
03:44:49,500 --> 03:44:51,900
lighter Sky. 
A Whipple will calls from 

4298
03:44:51,900 --> 03:44:55,100
somewhere close by it's three 
notes on clear and insistent 

4299
03:44:55,100 --> 03:44:57,800
when you were a child, your 
grandmother told you that 

4300
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:01,000
hearing a whipper will meant 
someone was going to die, but 

4301
03:45:01,000 --> 03:45:03,800
you've heard them all most every
night since moving to Kentucky 

4302
03:45:03,800 --> 03:45:06,200
and everyone, you know, is still
alive. 

4303
03:45:06,200 --> 03:45:10,500
So you've stopped believing that
particular Superstition by the 

4304
03:45:10,500 --> 03:45:12,000
time. 
You finish your business and 

4305
03:45:12,000 --> 03:45:15,300
returned to the cabin, the 
Eastern Skies began its slow, 

4306
03:45:15,300 --> 03:45:19,800
brightening That gradual shift 
from black to deep blue that 

4307
03:45:19,800 --> 03:45:22,300
happens. 
So subtly you can never catch 

4308
03:45:22,300 --> 03:45:26,600
the exact moment of change. 
You don't go back to bed instead

4309
03:45:26,600 --> 03:45:29,300
you light a candle from The 
Embers still glowing in the 

4310
03:45:29,308 --> 03:45:32,700
fireplace. 
Put coffee on to boil and begin 

4311
03:45:32,700 --> 03:45:34,300
the process of waking up 
properly. 

4312
03:45:34,300 --> 03:45:37,600
Your wife will sleep another 
hour Rising when the real light 

4313
03:45:37,600 --> 03:45:39,900
comes. 
But you've always been someone 

4314
03:45:39,900 --> 03:45:44,000
who needs this quiet time before
the day, begins these minutes. 

4315
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:47,400
When the world belongs only to 
you and whatever thoughts. 

4316
03:45:47,400 --> 03:45:50,800
You want to think the coffee is 
bitter and strong made from 

4317
03:45:50,800 --> 03:45:52,800
Beans. 
You've roasted perhaps a bit too

4318
03:45:52,800 --> 03:45:56,200
dark, but it does its job 
sending warmth and alertness 

4319
03:45:56,200 --> 03:45:59,500
spreading through your chest. 
You drink it standing at the 

4320
03:45:59,500 --> 03:46:01,600
window, watching the world 
emerge from Darkness. 

4321
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:05,700
The Distillery building takes 
shape first, then the Aging 

4322
03:46:05,700 --> 03:46:09,000
shed, then the corn crib and the
small barn where you keep the 

4323
03:46:09,000 --> 03:46:12,200
mule and the milk cow. 
Everything is painted in Shades 

4324
03:46:12,200 --> 03:46:16,000
of Grey at first colorless and 
flat, but gradually the 

4325
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:19,500
dimension Returns, the red of 
the Barn Door, the green of the 

4326
03:46:19,500 --> 03:46:22,200
grass and the brown of the 
beaten Earth path. 

4327
03:46:22,200 --> 03:46:25,000
Connecting the building's, 
you'll check that Barrel today. 

4328
03:46:25,800 --> 03:46:28,900
The decision feels solid and 
write something you've actually 

4329
03:46:28,900 --> 03:46:30,200
been putting off too long 
already. 

4330
03:46:30,200 --> 03:46:35,000
But first the morning routine, 
feeding the animals, milking the

4331
03:46:35,000 --> 03:46:37,900
cow and checking the mash that's
been fermenting in the large, 

4332
03:46:37,900 --> 03:46:39,600
wooden Vats behind the 
Stillhouse. 

4333
03:46:40,400 --> 03:46:43,700
Distilling whiskey isn't just 
about the dramatic moments of 

4334
03:46:43,708 --> 03:46:47,500
fire and copper and steam is 
about these daily tasks. 

4335
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:50,000
The maintenance and monitoring 
that makes the dramatic moments 

4336
03:46:50,000 --> 03:46:52,900
possible. 
The mash that your first stop 

4337
03:46:52,900 --> 03:46:56,200
after finishing your coffee, 
they sit under a lean-to shelter

4338
03:46:56,200 --> 03:46:59,900
protected from direct sun and 
Rain each one containing a 

4339
03:46:59,900 --> 03:47:02,700
mixture of ground corn water and
yeast. 

4340
03:47:02,700 --> 03:47:05,500
That's been bubbling and working
for the past three days. 

4341
03:47:05,500 --> 03:47:09,900
You lift the wooden lid off the 
first fat and lean in inhaling, 

4342
03:47:09,900 --> 03:47:12,600
The Source yeasty smell of 
fermentation. 

4343
03:47:13,400 --> 03:47:16,900
The surface is covered with 
foam, a good sign that the yeast

4344
03:47:16,900 --> 03:47:19,700
is doing its job eating, the 
sugars from the corn and 

4345
03:47:19,708 --> 03:47:23,300
producing alcohol as waste. 
It's a process that seems almost

4346
03:47:23,300 --> 03:47:26,500
too simple to work. 
You're essentially making a kind

4347
03:47:26,500 --> 03:47:29,900
of beer from corn, then 
concentrating that beer through 

4348
03:47:29,900 --> 03:47:33,700
heat and distillation until what
remains is strong enough to 

4349
03:47:33,700 --> 03:47:36,400
preserve and potent enough to 
trade. 

4350
03:47:36,400 --> 03:47:39,600
You taste, it dipping a finger 
into the foam and touching it to

4351
03:47:39,600 --> 03:47:42,200
your tongue. 
It's sour and sweet at the same 

4352
03:47:42,200 --> 03:47:45,600
time with an alcohol content. 
That's probably around eight or 

4353
03:47:45,600 --> 03:47:48,400
nine percent, no, where near 
strong enough to be whiskey, but

4354
03:47:48,400 --> 03:47:52,200
definitely on its way. 
And other day, maybe two and 

4355
03:47:52,200 --> 03:47:55,300
it'll be ready to run through 
the still, you replace the lid 

4356
03:47:55,300 --> 03:47:57,000
carefully. 
Then move to the next fat. 

4357
03:47:57,000 --> 03:48:00,400
Then the next checking each one 
with the same careful attention 

4358
03:48:00,400 --> 03:48:03,600
this part of the work is boring 
and the best possible way. 

4359
03:48:03,600 --> 03:48:08,000
Repetitive predictable, 
requiring Focus but not much 

4360
03:48:08,000 --> 03:48:11,300
thought letting your mind 
wander, while your hands do, 

4361
03:48:11,300 --> 03:48:13,700
what they know how to do the 
still itself. 

4362
03:48:13,700 --> 03:48:17,200
Waits inside The Distillery 
building, a copper construction 

4363
03:48:17,200 --> 03:48:19,900
that cost you more money than 
you've ever spent on anything 

4364
03:48:19,900 --> 03:48:22,800
except land. 
It's beautiful in its way. 

4365
03:48:22,800 --> 03:48:26,500
All curves and Joints, soldered 
smooth with the long tapered 

4366
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:29,600
neck, that rises toward the 
ceiling before curving away into

4367
03:48:29,600 --> 03:48:32,300
the condensing coil. 
When you first set it up, you 

4368
03:48:32,300 --> 03:48:35,500
spent hours just looking at it. 
Trying to understand how 

4369
03:48:35,500 --> 03:48:37,300
something made by human hands. 
Could be. 

4370
03:48:37,300 --> 03:48:40,700
So elegant, the copper gleams 
even in low light. 

4371
03:48:41,200 --> 03:48:43,900
Catching and throwing back any 
available brightness. 

4372
03:48:43,900 --> 03:48:48,900
And when it's working, when fire
is roaring beneath it, and steam

4373
03:48:48,900 --> 03:48:52,000
is rising through, its neck and 
liquid is dripping from its 

4374
03:48:52,000 --> 03:48:54,700
spout. 
It seems almost alive. 

4375
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:57,100
But today, isn't a distilling 
day. 

4376
03:48:57,100 --> 03:49:00,000
You've learned through 
experience that you can't rush 

4377
03:49:00,000 --> 03:49:03,200
this process, you can't force it
to happen on your schedule. 

4378
03:49:03,200 --> 03:49:07,600
The mash has to be ready. 
Properly fermented, but not gone

4379
03:49:07,600 --> 03:49:09,400
sour. 
You have to have enough 

4380
03:49:09,400 --> 03:49:12,100
firewood, split and stacked 
enough clean containers. 

4381
03:49:12,100 --> 03:49:15,700
Waiting to catch the distillate.
You have to be rested and alert 

4382
03:49:15,700 --> 03:49:19,000
because distilling requires 
attention watching temperatures.

4383
03:49:19,000 --> 03:49:22,800
Adjusting the fire and tasting. 
The output to know when you're 

4384
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:26,400
getting the good Middle, Run 
versus the harsh heads or the 

4385
03:49:26,400 --> 03:49:29,300
weak tales. 
That you'll either throw away or

4386
03:49:29,300 --> 03:49:31,300
red distillate. 
Later today is for maintenance, 

4387
03:49:31,300 --> 03:49:35,000
instead, you check the still for
any signs of damage or wear 

4388
03:49:35,000 --> 03:49:38,400
running your hands along the 
copper seams looking for the 

4389
03:49:38,400 --> 03:49:42,500
green stains that would indicate
Elite everything seems solid. 

4390
03:49:42,500 --> 03:49:46,000
You check the Firebox beneath 
the still scraping out old. 

4391
03:49:46,000 --> 03:49:48,800
Ash making sure the draft holes 
aren't clogged. 

4392
03:49:49,600 --> 03:49:53,000
You check the condensing coil 
which sits in a barrel of cold 

4393
03:49:53,000 --> 03:49:54,500
water. 
That has to be refreshed 

4394
03:49:54,500 --> 03:49:57,400
regularly to Steam condensing 
properly. 

4395
03:49:57,400 --> 03:50:01,300
All of this is familiar work. 
Kind that lets your thoughts 

4396
03:50:01,300 --> 03:50:03,100
drift while your hands stay 
busy. 

4397
03:50:04,000 --> 03:50:07,100
And your thoughts, keep drifting
back to that smell from last 

4398
03:50:07,100 --> 03:50:09,900
night. 
That unexpected, sweetness is 

4399
03:50:09,900 --> 03:50:12,800
coming from the barrels. 
You've been making whiskey for 

4400
03:50:12,800 --> 03:50:15,600
almost 20 years now, first 
helping your father and then on 

4401
03:50:15,600 --> 03:50:18,700
your own and you've never 
encountered anything quite like 

4402
03:50:18,700 --> 03:50:21,200
it. 
Whiskey is supposed to be harsh,

4403
03:50:21,200 --> 03:50:25,100
clear and functional. 
It's medicine and currency and 

4404
03:50:25,100 --> 03:50:29,000
social lubricant, not something 
you described as sweet or smooth

4405
03:50:29,000 --> 03:50:32,000
or Pleasant. 
But that smell suggested 

4406
03:50:32,000 --> 03:50:34,700
something different. 
Something you don't have words 

4407
03:50:34,700 --> 03:50:37,200
for yet. 
By mid morning, you finish the 

4408
03:50:37,200 --> 03:50:39,300
maintenance work and run out of 
excuses. 

4409
03:50:39,300 --> 03:50:43,100
The barrel is waiting. 
You walk to the Aging shed with 

4410
03:50:43,100 --> 03:50:46,400
a hammer and a wooden spigot 
tools for tapping a barrel roll,

4411
03:50:46,400 --> 03:50:49,700
without having to remove the 
whole bung and risk exposing the

4412
03:50:49,700 --> 03:50:53,000
entire contents to wear. 
Your hands are steady of the new

4413
03:50:53,000 --> 03:50:55,100
expected. 
As you position the spigot 

4414
03:50:55,100 --> 03:50:58,000
against the barrel head finding 
the right spot between the 

4415
03:50:58,000 --> 03:51:01,000
staves. 
One sharp tap with the hammer 

4416
03:51:01,000 --> 03:51:03,200
and the spigot is in sealed 
tight. 

4417
03:51:03,200 --> 03:51:06,200
By the pressure of the wood 
around it, nothing comes out at 

4418
03:51:06,200 --> 03:51:08,700
first. 
You have to open the small valve

4419
03:51:08,700 --> 03:51:11,500
on the spigot and even then 
there's a moment of resistance 

4420
03:51:11,500 --> 03:51:13,300
before the whiskey begins to 
flow. 

4421
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:17,100
You've positioned a clay cup 
beneath the spigot and you watch

4422
03:51:17,100 --> 03:51:19,500
as it fills with liquid. 
That's nothing like what you put

4423
03:51:19,500 --> 03:51:22,400
into this Barrel two months ago 
instead of clear. 

4424
03:51:22,400 --> 03:51:26,400
It's the color of Honey or maybe
Amber or maybe sunlight 

4425
03:51:26,400 --> 03:51:29,700
filtering through old church, 
Windows, it flows thick and 

4426
03:51:29,700 --> 03:51:32,100
slow. 
And the smell that rises from 

4427
03:51:32,100 --> 03:51:34,300
the cup. 
Is that same complex, sweetness 

4428
03:51:34,300 --> 03:51:39,400
you notice last night but 
stronger, now more defined You 

4429
03:51:39,400 --> 03:51:42,400
lift the cup to your lips and 
take the smallest possible sip. 

4430
03:51:42,400 --> 03:51:46,200
Barely weting your tongue. 
Taste explodes across your 

4431
03:51:46,200 --> 03:51:50,400
mouth, sweet and spicy, and Oaky
and complex in ways that make 

4432
03:51:50,400 --> 03:51:55,100
your eyes widen involuntarily. 
This isn't whiskey or rather. 

4433
03:51:55,100 --> 03:51:58,800
It is whiskey. 
That's become something else. 

4434
03:51:58,800 --> 03:52:03,400
Something more the harshness is 
gone, replace by layers of 

4435
03:52:03,400 --> 03:52:06,200
flavor that you can't quite 
separate into individual 

4436
03:52:06,200 --> 03:52:09,600
components. 
The Miller is there definitely. 

4437
03:52:10,400 --> 03:52:13,200
Caramel too. 
Something that might be cinnamon

4438
03:52:13,200 --> 03:52:16,400
or might just be the Char from 
the barrel and Underneath It All

4439
03:52:16,400 --> 03:52:20,100
still present, but transformed, 
the corn sweetness that was 

4440
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:21,700
there in the original 
distillate. 

4441
03:52:22,600 --> 03:52:26,300
You take another sip larger this
time, letting it roll around 

4442
03:52:26,300 --> 03:52:29,300
your mouth before. 
Swallowing the warmth, spreads 

4443
03:52:29,300 --> 03:52:32,300
through your chest, like the 
coffee did this morning but 

4444
03:52:32,300 --> 03:52:37,000
gentler smoother without any of 
the sharp edges that raw whiskey

4445
03:52:37,000 --> 03:52:40,700
has You feel your shoulders, 
relax and feel some tension. 

4446
03:52:40,700 --> 03:52:42,700
You didn't know, you were 
carrying drain away. 

4447
03:52:42,700 --> 03:52:46,200
This is something special. 
You don't know the exact 

4448
03:52:46,200 --> 03:52:49,200
mechanisms that created it. 
You don't understand the 

4449
03:52:49,200 --> 03:52:51,900
chemistry of what happened in 
that child, Oak Barrel. 

4450
03:52:51,900 --> 03:52:55,000
But you understand enough to 
know that you've stumbled onto 

4451
03:52:55,000 --> 03:52:58,000
something valuable, you're 
sitting on a stump outside. 

4452
03:52:58,000 --> 03:53:00,900
The Aging shed, the clay cups 
still in your hands. 

4453
03:53:00,900 --> 03:53:03,500
Trying to understand what you've
just tasted. 

4454
03:53:03,500 --> 03:53:07,100
The sun has climbed high enough 
that your sweating despite the 

4455
03:53:07,100 --> 03:53:10,200
relative cool of the September 
morning and somewhere nearby. 

4456
03:53:10,200 --> 03:53:12,000
A crow is calling with that 
harsh. 

4457
03:53:12,000 --> 03:53:15,000
Insistent voice that makes you 
think it's complaining about 

4458
03:53:15,000 --> 03:53:19,200
something your mind is working 
in circles, trying to puzzle 

4459
03:53:19,200 --> 03:53:22,200
out, cause and effect, trying to
figure out what you did 

4460
03:53:22,200 --> 03:53:25,500
differently that resulted in 
this unexpected transformation. 

4461
03:53:26,600 --> 03:53:30,300
Charring is obviously important.
You've stored whiskey and 

4462
03:53:30,300 --> 03:53:32,400
regular barrels before back in 
Pennsylvania. 

4463
03:53:32,400 --> 03:53:35,500
And while it picked up some 
color and maybe a bit of wood 

4464
03:53:35,500 --> 03:53:38,600
taste, it never developed this 
kind of complexity. 

4465
03:53:38,600 --> 03:53:41,900
The Cooper from Lexington had 
made charring the barrel seem 

4466
03:53:41,900 --> 03:53:45,800
like a simple practical matter 
burn the inside to sterilize it 

4467
03:53:45,800 --> 03:53:49,400
and help filter the whiskey. 
But clearly, something more is 

4468
03:53:49,400 --> 03:53:51,800
happening. 
The Char is interacting with the

4469
03:53:51,808 --> 03:53:55,400
whiskey somehow pulling out 
harsh elements and adding in new

4470
03:53:55,400 --> 03:53:57,300
flavors. 
So, you couldn't explain the 

4471
03:53:57,300 --> 03:53:58,800
chemistry of it to save your 
life. 

4472
03:53:59,600 --> 03:54:03,600
Time matters too obviously you'd
plan to age the whiskey may be a

4473
03:54:03,600 --> 03:54:07,000
month, six weeks at most just 
long enough to let it settle and

4474
03:54:07,000 --> 03:54:10,100
clear. 
But this Barrel has been sitting

4475
03:54:10,100 --> 03:54:13,600
for almost eight weeks now and 
the extra time has clearly made 

4476
03:54:13,600 --> 03:54:15,900
a difference. 
You wonder how much longer you 

4477
03:54:15,900 --> 03:54:18,600
could? 
Let it sit three months, six 

4478
03:54:18,600 --> 03:54:21,200
months a year. 
What point would it? 

4479
03:54:21,208 --> 03:54:23,000
Stop improving and start going 
bad. 

4480
03:54:23,000 --> 03:54:26,300
These are questions that would 
require systematic testing to 

4481
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:29,800
answer and you're just one man 
with a small operation and bills

4482
03:54:29,800 --> 03:54:32,100
to pay. 
The temperature might be playing

4483
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:36,000
a role as well. 
Kentucky summers are brutal, the

4484
03:54:36,000 --> 03:54:39,400
kind of heat that makes work 
feel like punishment and turns 

4485
03:54:39,400 --> 03:54:43,100
the Stillhouse into an oven. 
Even when the fire isn't lit, 

4486
03:54:43,100 --> 03:54:45,900
the barrels have been sitting in
that shed through some of the 

4487
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:49,500
hottest whether you've ever 
experienced the wood expanding 

4488
03:54:49,500 --> 03:54:53,000
and Contracting with the daily 
temperature swings, the whiskey 

4489
03:54:53,000 --> 03:54:56,100
moving in and out of the charred
Oak, like breathe in 

4490
03:54:56,100 --> 03:54:59,000
Pennsylvania, you stored barrels
and a cool cell where the 

4491
03:54:59,000 --> 03:55:02,100
temperature barely changed here.
There is no seller. 

4492
03:55:02,100 --> 03:55:04,500
Just this shed with its gaps 
between the boards. 

4493
03:55:04,500 --> 03:55:07,800
And maybe that constant Heating 
and Cooling is part of what's 

4494
03:55:07,800 --> 03:55:10,900
creating these new flavors, you 
take another sip from the cup 

4495
03:55:10,900 --> 03:55:13,800
trying to taste. 
It analytically now to break 

4496
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:15,900
down what your experiencing into
components. 

4497
03:55:15,900 --> 03:55:18,900
You can understand and 
potentially replicate there's 

4498
03:55:18,900 --> 03:55:21,700
definitely sweetness but it's 
not simple sugar. 

4499
03:55:21,700 --> 03:55:27,000
Sweetness is more complex almost
burnt but not quite like the 

4500
03:55:27,000 --> 03:55:29,700
sugar that crystallizes on the 
edge of a pie when it's been 

4501
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:33,000
baked just a little too long 
yolk is present but not 

4502
03:55:33,000 --> 03:55:36,700
overwhelming adding structure 
and depth rather than making the

4503
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:39,900
whole thing taste like chewing 
on wood and there's something 

4504
03:55:39,900 --> 03:55:43,600
spicy happening A tingle on your
tongue, that might be from the 

4505
03:55:43,600 --> 03:55:46,400
court or might be from the 
barrel or might be from the 

4506
03:55:46,408 --> 03:55:50,700
interaction between the two Your
wife appears at the cabin, door 

4507
03:55:50,700 --> 03:55:54,100
shading, her eyes with one hand.
Are you planning to do any 

4508
03:55:54,100 --> 03:55:57,300
actual work today or are you 
just gonna sit there drinking in

4509
03:55:57,300 --> 03:56:00,100
the morning? 
You laugh standing up and 

4510
03:56:00,100 --> 03:56:03,000
stretching muscles that have 
gotten stiff from sitting too 

4511
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:05,800
long in one position. 
Come taste this you call her 

4512
03:56:05,800 --> 03:56:08,400
holding up the cup. 
Tell me if I'm imagining things.

4513
03:56:09,300 --> 03:56:11,400
She crosses the yard with that 
efficient walk. 

4514
03:56:11,400 --> 03:56:15,200
She has not hurrying, but not 
wasting time either and takes 

4515
03:56:15,200 --> 03:56:18,500
the cup from your hands. 
You watch her face as she sips 

4516
03:56:18,500 --> 03:56:22,000
seeing the exact same expression
of surprise that you must have 

4517
03:56:22,000 --> 03:56:27,000
had eyes, widening eyebrows, 
going up and mouth opening 

4518
03:56:27,000 --> 03:56:30,600
slightly in an involuntary 
response to unexpected pleasure.

4519
03:56:30,600 --> 03:56:33,500
What did you do to it? 
She asks taking another sip 

4520
03:56:33,500 --> 03:56:36,500
before you can answer. 
I don't know, you admit. 

4521
03:56:37,200 --> 03:56:39,700
I put regular whiskey in a 
charred barrel and left it there

4522
03:56:39,700 --> 03:56:41,600
for two months. 
This is what came out. 

4523
03:56:42,800 --> 03:56:44,500
She hands the cup back to you 
though. 

4524
03:56:44,500 --> 03:56:46,300
You Can Tell She's reluctant to 
Let It Go. 

4525
03:56:47,200 --> 03:56:49,400
Well, she says practical as 
always. 

4526
03:56:50,200 --> 03:56:52,500
I suppose you'd better figure 
out how to do it again then 

4527
03:56:52,500 --> 03:56:55,500
because if you can make whiskey,
that tastes like that people 

4528
03:56:55,500 --> 03:56:58,000
will pay good money for it. 
She's right. 

4529
03:56:58,000 --> 03:57:01,100
Of course, you've been treating 
this as an interesting accident,

4530
03:57:01,100 --> 03:57:03,500
something to puzzle over and 
Marvel at. 

4531
03:57:03,500 --> 03:57:06,100
But there's a commercial 
Dimension here that you haven't 

4532
03:57:06,100 --> 03:57:09,000
fully considered the whiskey, 
you've been making and selling 

4533
03:57:09,000 --> 03:57:11,500
as adequate. 
It does what whiskey supposed to

4534
03:57:11,500 --> 03:57:15,400
do which is burn, and warm and 
Preserve. it's not special, 

4535
03:57:15,400 --> 03:57:19,300
nobody seeks it out 
specifically, they buy it 

4536
03:57:19,300 --> 03:57:22,600
because it's available and the 
price is fair, not because it's 

4537
03:57:22,600 --> 03:57:27,100
notably better than anyone 
else's product but this This is 

4538
03:57:27,100 --> 03:57:29,200
different. 
This is the kind of thing. 

4539
03:57:29,200 --> 03:57:33,400
People might actually prefer 
might request by name and might 

4540
03:57:33,400 --> 03:57:37,000
even travel to obtain. 
The question is, whether you can

4541
03:57:37,000 --> 03:57:39,700
replicate it. 
You have a dozen other barrels 

4542
03:57:39,700 --> 03:57:42,100
in the shed. 
All filled at roughly the same 

4543
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:46,000
time, all made by the same 
Cooper, using the same charring 

4544
03:57:46,000 --> 03:57:48,100
technique. 
If the transformation you've 

4545
03:57:48,100 --> 03:57:51,200
discovered is real and reliable,
those other barrels should 

4546
03:57:51,200 --> 03:57:53,700
contain whiskey, that's 
undergone the same change. 

4547
03:57:53,700 --> 03:57:57,200
But if what happened was a 
fluke, some Quirk of this 

4548
03:57:57,200 --> 03:58:00,800
particular Barrel, well, this 
particular batch of whiskey or 

4549
03:58:00,800 --> 03:58:03,900
some variable you have to 
identified Then the other 

4550
03:58:03,900 --> 03:58:07,000
barrels, might still contain the
same harsh, clear liquid. 

4551
03:58:07,000 --> 03:58:09,500
You put into them. 
There's only one way to find 

4552
03:58:09,500 --> 03:58:11,800
out. 
You take the hammer and another 

4553
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:14,800
spigot and move to the second 
Barrel taping it with the same 

4554
03:58:14,800 --> 03:58:18,500
careful Precision you used on 
the first the whiskey that flows

4555
03:58:18,500 --> 03:58:22,000
out is the same beautiful amber 
color and when you taste it, 

4556
03:58:22,800 --> 03:58:25,200
Flavors are similar enough to 
confirm your hope. 

4557
03:58:25,200 --> 03:58:29,400
This is replicable, whatever 
you've done, you've done it to 

4558
03:58:29,400 --> 03:58:32,300
all the barrels. 
The transformation isn't a quirk

4559
03:58:32,300 --> 03:58:34,700
of one container, but a 
predictable result of the 

4560
03:58:34,700 --> 03:58:38,000
process you've accidentally 
created by the time, you've 

4561
03:58:38,000 --> 03:58:40,800
sampled from all 12 barrels, 
you're feeling pleasantly, warm,

4562
03:58:40,800 --> 03:58:44,300
and slightly muzzy-headed and 
your wife is giving you amused. 

4563
03:58:44,300 --> 03:58:46,100
Looks from a cross. 
The yard where she's hanging 

4564
03:58:46,100 --> 03:58:48,700
laundry to dry. 
The whiskey is definitely 

4565
03:58:48,700 --> 03:58:51,100
affecting you but not in the 
harsh aggressive way. 

4566
03:58:51,100 --> 03:58:55,300
That raw distillate does. 
This is gentler more of a glow 

4567
03:58:55,300 --> 03:58:58,700
than a burn and you realize that
part of what makes this aged 

4568
03:58:58,700 --> 03:59:02,200
whiskey special is that you 
could actually sip it slowly and

4569
03:59:02,200 --> 03:59:05,200
enjoy it for the taste rather 
than just throwing it back 

4570
03:59:05,200 --> 03:59:06,700
quickly to get the medicine 
down. 

4571
03:59:06,700 --> 03:59:10,800
You couple the barrels care for 
you, making sure the spigots are

4572
03:59:10,800 --> 03:59:13,100
sealed tight and won't leak 
these containers. 

4573
03:59:13,100 --> 03:59:15,000
Represent hundreds of hours of 
work. 

4574
03:59:15,000 --> 03:59:20,000
Growing the corn harvesting it, 
grinding it fermenting, it 

4575
03:59:20,000 --> 03:59:23,000
distilling it. 
And now they represent something

4576
03:59:23,000 --> 03:59:27,000
more a potential future where 
your known for Quality rather 

4577
03:59:27,000 --> 03:59:30,600
than just quantity where people 
seek out your whiskey 

4578
03:59:30,600 --> 03:59:34,000
specifically rather than just 
buying whatever's available, the

4579
03:59:34,000 --> 03:59:37,100
rest of the day passes in a 
pleasant blur of normal farm 

4580
03:59:37,100 --> 03:59:40,300
work, He repair a section of 
fence that the cow has been 

4581
03:59:40,308 --> 03:59:43,400
leaning against you split 
firewood for next week's 

4582
03:59:43,400 --> 03:59:46,200
distilling run. 
You weed the kitchen garden and 

4583
03:59:46,200 --> 03:59:48,000
help your wife carry water from 
the spring. 

4584
03:59:48,700 --> 03:59:52,200
But your mind keeps returning to
those barrels to the question of

4585
03:59:52,200 --> 03:59:55,300
what to do next. 
Do you sell this batch as it is 

4586
03:59:55,300 --> 03:59:59,000
age two months or do you wait 
longer to see if more aging? 

4587
03:59:59,000 --> 04:00:01,900
Improves it further? 
Do you tell people what you've 

4588
04:00:01,900 --> 04:00:04,000
discovered or do? 
You keep it quiet? 

4589
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:06,800
And let them think you've just 
gotten better at making whiskey.

4590
04:00:06,800 --> 04:00:09,700
Do you try to understand the 
science of what's happening? 

4591
04:00:09,700 --> 04:00:12,400
What do you just accept the gift
and move forward? 

4592
04:00:13,600 --> 04:00:16,500
Your lying in bed that night 
listening to your wife's 

4593
04:00:16,500 --> 04:00:18,800
breathing, settle into the 
rhythm of sleep. 

4594
04:00:19,600 --> 04:00:21,100
But your own mind won't quiet 
down. 

4595
04:00:21,100 --> 04:00:24,500
The darkness is complete, except
for the faint red. 

4596
04:00:24,500 --> 04:00:27,500
Glow of Embers in the fireplace,
and you can hear mice. 

4597
04:00:27,500 --> 04:00:30,500
Grappling in the walls, busy 
with their own mysterious Mouse 

4598
04:00:30,500 --> 04:00:36,400
business outside a fox barks, 
once sharp and sudden then Falls

4599
04:00:36,400 --> 04:00:38,600
silent. 
These are the usual night. 

4600
04:00:38,600 --> 04:00:41,400
Sounds of Kentucky. 
But tonight they feel different 

4601
04:00:41,400 --> 04:00:44,700
somehow like the world has 
shifted slightly and everything 

4602
04:00:44,700 --> 04:00:48,300
needs to be relearned. 
The question nagging at you is 

4603
04:00:48,300 --> 04:00:50,500
time. 
Two months was produced 

4604
04:00:50,500 --> 04:00:52,600
something remarkable. 
But is it finished? 

4605
04:00:53,400 --> 04:00:57,100
Wine gets better with age. 
You know that much the French 

4606
04:00:57,100 --> 04:00:59,900
are famous for their ancient 
sellers where bottle sit for 

4607
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:03,000
years or even decades 
accumulating value and 

4608
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:05,700
complexity does whiskey work the
same way. 

4609
04:01:06,600 --> 04:01:08,800
Or is there a point where the 
oak becomes too much? 

4610
04:01:08,800 --> 04:01:12,300
Where the barrel overwhelms, the
spirit and turns everything 

4611
04:01:12,300 --> 04:01:14,800
Woody and bitter? 
You make a decision in the 

4612
04:01:14,800 --> 04:01:17,100
darkness. 
You'll sell half the barrels. 

4613
04:01:17,100 --> 04:01:20,500
Now, at two months and leave the
other after age longer, Six 

4614
04:01:20,500 --> 04:01:24,400
months, total, maybe or even a 
year, it's a compromise between 

4615
04:01:24,400 --> 04:01:28,100
the Practical need for income 
and the experimental desire to 

4616
04:01:28,100 --> 04:01:31,200
see what's possible. 
Your wife will approve of the 

4617
04:01:31,200 --> 04:01:33,300
practicality and the part of 
you. 

4618
04:01:33,300 --> 04:01:36,000
That's always curious will be 
satisfied by the ongoing 

4619
04:01:36,000 --> 04:01:38,700
experiment. 
Sleep, finally comes. 

4620
04:01:38,700 --> 04:01:41,700
And when you wait, is to full 
daylight and the smell of corn 

4621
04:01:41,700 --> 04:01:44,700
Cake's cooking, your wife is 
already up and working. 

4622
04:01:44,700 --> 04:01:48,700
As usual you feel slightly 
guilty for oversleeping though. 

4623
04:01:48,700 --> 04:01:52,700
The sun's position suggests its 
only just passed door The coffee

4624
04:01:52,700 --> 04:01:55,700
is hot and waiting and you drink
it standing at the door. 

4625
04:01:55,700 --> 04:01:58,700
Looking out at your small 
Kingdom of Distillery and Fields

4626
04:01:58,700 --> 04:02:01,600
and Forest. 
The work of the day begins with 

4627
04:02:01,600 --> 04:02:05,000
checking the mash Vats again. 
Another day of fermentation has 

4628
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:08,400
done its job. 
Foamer subsided slightly in the 

4629
04:02:08,408 --> 04:02:10,900
liquid beneath. 
Has that cloudy, yeasty look. 

4630
04:02:10,900 --> 04:02:12,800
That means it's ready to 
distill. 

4631
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:17,600
You'll start tomorrow you decide
today is for Preparation 

4632
04:02:17,600 --> 04:02:21,700
gathering, firewood cleaning, 
the still setting up collection 

4633
04:02:21,700 --> 04:02:24,300
vessels and making sure 
everything's ready for the long.

4634
04:02:24,300 --> 04:02:26,100
Hot. 
Careful work of turning 

4635
04:02:26,100 --> 04:02:29,400
fermented Mash into clear 
Spirit, But first you need to 

4636
04:02:29,400 --> 04:02:32,500
deal with those barrels. 
The six you've decided to sell 

4637
04:02:32,500 --> 04:02:35,300
need to be loaded onto your 
wagon and taken to Lexington, 

4638
04:02:35,300 --> 04:02:38,700
where you have a standing 
arrangement with a merchant, who

4639
04:02:38,700 --> 04:02:41,000
sells Goods to the river, 
Traders heading down to New 

4640
04:02:41,000 --> 04:02:43,600
Orleans. 
It's a full day's trip there and

4641
04:02:43,600 --> 04:02:46,800
back but it's worth it for the 
access to a market bigger than 

4642
04:02:46,800 --> 04:02:49,700
the handful of neighbors within 
walking distance of your farm. 

4643
04:02:50,600 --> 04:02:53,800
Loading, the barrels is harder 
than you'd like to admit each 

4644
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:56,500
one weighs close to 400 pounds 
when full. 

4645
04:02:56,500 --> 04:02:59,700
And while you have a system of 
ramps and rollers, that makes it

4646
04:02:59,700 --> 04:03:03,300
possible to move them alone. 
It still brutal work that leaves

4647
04:03:03,300 --> 04:03:06,300
you sweating and cursing. 
Despite the relatively cool 

4648
04:03:06,300 --> 04:03:09,500
morning air the muhle watches 
you with its usual expression of

4649
04:03:09,500 --> 04:03:13,200
patient disdain as if wondering 
why humans, make everything so 

4650
04:03:13,200 --> 04:03:16,600
complicated by the time, all six
barrels are secured in the 

4651
04:03:16,608 --> 04:03:19,500
wagon, you're ready for a rest 
but there's no time. 

4652
04:03:19,500 --> 04:03:23,400
You need to get to Lexington and
back before fall dark and that 

4653
04:03:23,400 --> 04:03:26,100
means leaving. 
Soon your wife packs, you food 

4654
04:03:26,100 --> 04:03:31,200
for the journey cornbread dried 
venison a jar of pickles and a 

4655
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:34,100
clay jug of water. 
She kisses, you goodbye with the

4656
04:03:34,100 --> 04:03:37,600
same matter of fact, affection. 
She brings to everything and you

4657
04:03:37,600 --> 04:03:41,200
climb up onto the wagon seat, 
taking the reins and clicking 

4658
04:03:41,200 --> 04:03:44,800
your tongue at the mule to get 
it moving the wagon creeks and 

4659
04:03:44,800 --> 04:03:48,300
sways as it hits the ruts in the
road and you settle in the 

4660
04:03:48,300 --> 04:03:50,400
familiar discomfort of a long 
trip. 

4661
04:03:50,600 --> 04:03:54,500
On bad roads. 
The journey to Lexington takes 

4662
04:03:54,500 --> 04:03:57,200
you through forest and farmland 
in roughly equal measure. 

4663
04:03:57,200 --> 04:04:01,100
Kentucky is filling up fast with
new settlers families, from 

4664
04:04:01,100 --> 04:04:05,500
Virginia and Pennsylvania and 
the Carolinas all flooding in to

4665
04:04:05,500 --> 04:04:07,900
claim land and build lives in 
this fertile Valley. 

4666
04:04:08,600 --> 04:04:11,900
We passed cabins that weren't 
there, six months ago, and See 

4667
04:04:11,900 --> 04:04:13,800
Fields that have been cleared 
from forest. 

4668
04:04:13,800 --> 04:04:17,200
So recently, the stumps are 
still white and raw looking 

4669
04:04:17,200 --> 04:04:21,700
everyone waves, as you pass that
automatic Frontier friendliness 

4670
04:04:21,700 --> 04:04:25,700
that assumes anyone you meet is 
probably a decent person until 

4671
04:04:25,700 --> 04:04:28,400
proven. 
Otherwise lexingon is growing 

4672
04:04:28,400 --> 04:04:31,400
too spreading out from the 
original fort in to something 

4673
04:04:31,400 --> 04:04:33,800
that's starting to resemble an 
actual town. 

4674
04:04:33,800 --> 04:04:37,700
There are stores now and a 
church and streets that have 

4675
04:04:37,700 --> 04:04:41,400
names rather than just being the
road that goes to the spring or 

4676
04:04:41,400 --> 04:04:44,900
the path by Johnson's cabin. 
You guide the mules through the 

4677
04:04:44,900 --> 04:04:49,200
traffic, mostly other wagons, 
but also people on Horseback and

4678
04:04:49,200 --> 04:04:53,400
on foot until you reach the 
merchants establishment, a 

4679
04:04:53,400 --> 04:04:56,000
sturdy log building with a 
covered porch, where men sit and

4680
04:04:56,000 --> 04:04:58,900
smoke and discuss politics and 
whether and crop prices. 

4681
04:04:58,900 --> 04:05:02,400
The merchant himself. 
A man named Harrison who came 

4682
04:05:02,400 --> 04:05:05,200
from Virginia and still dresses.
Like he's living in a city 

4683
04:05:05,200 --> 04:05:09,200
rather than on the frontier. 
Comes out to inspect your 

4684
04:05:09,200 --> 04:05:11,500
delivery. 
He's bought your whiskey before 

4685
04:05:11,500 --> 04:05:14,900
always paying fair prices and 
never complaining about quality 

4686
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:16,700
but you've never brought him 
anything. 

4687
04:05:16,700 --> 04:05:20,800
Like what's in these barrels? 
Same as usual, he asks, making 

4688
04:05:20,800 --> 04:05:23,400
notes on a piece of paper with a
pencil that he keeps tucked 

4689
04:05:23,400 --> 04:05:24,700
behind his ear when he's not 
using it. 

4690
04:05:25,700 --> 04:05:28,500
Better than usual, you say 
hopping down from the wagon 

4691
04:05:28,500 --> 04:05:30,300
here. 
Try it. 

4692
04:05:30,900 --> 04:05:33,800
You tap one of the barrels right
there on the street, filling a 

4693
04:05:33,800 --> 04:05:36,900
cup with the Amber liquid 
Harrison takes its skeptically. 

4694
04:05:36,900 --> 04:05:41,000
He's tasted hundreds of whiskeys
in his career as a merchant and 

4695
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:43,500
most of them range from barely 
drinkable to actively 

4696
04:05:43,500 --> 04:05:46,500
unpleasant. 
But his expression changes as 

4697
04:05:46,500 --> 04:05:51,200
soon as the liquid touches his 
tongue, what in the name of he 

4698
04:05:51,200 --> 04:05:54,100
Trails off taking another sip. 
How long have you been holding 

4699
04:05:54,100 --> 04:05:57,100
out on me? 
You explain about the barrels, 

4700
04:05:57,100 --> 04:06:00,900
the charring and The Accidental 
aging Harrison's with the 

4701
04:06:00,900 --> 04:06:04,300
focused attention of a man who 
recognizes an opportunity when 

4702
04:06:04,300 --> 04:06:07,100
he tastes one. 
By the time you finish talking, 

4703
04:06:07,100 --> 04:06:09,500
he's made his decision, I'll 
take it all. 

4704
04:06:09,500 --> 04:06:13,000
He says every barrel you've got 
and I'll pay you double the 

4705
04:06:13,000 --> 04:06:16,700
usual rate. 
Triple even if you can guarantee

4706
04:06:16,700 --> 04:06:19,000
me a regular supply of whiskey 
of this quality. 

4707
04:06:20,000 --> 04:06:23,500
You negotiate for another few 
minutes, but your heart isn't in

4708
04:06:23,500 --> 04:06:25,500
it. 
Price is offering is more than 

4709
04:06:25,508 --> 04:06:27,700
fair. 
Probably more than you should 

4710
04:06:27,700 --> 04:06:30,700
accept on the first sale. 
The Harrison isn't stupid. 

4711
04:06:30,700 --> 04:06:33,700
He knows that whiskey. 
This good will self even more 

4712
04:06:33,700 --> 04:06:36,600
when he moves it down, river to 
New Orleans where people have 

4713
04:06:36,600 --> 04:06:40,800
money and refined tastes and a 
taste for luxury goods, it's 

4714
04:06:40,800 --> 04:06:43,200
better to lock you in. 
Now with a generous price than 

4715
04:06:43,200 --> 04:06:45,500
risk, you finding another buyer 
who might appreciate the 

4716
04:06:45,500 --> 04:06:49,500
quality, the transaction 
concluded, you help Harrison's 

4717
04:06:49,500 --> 04:06:52,700
workers, roll the barrels into 
his storage building a 

4718
04:06:52,700 --> 04:06:55,700
substantial structure with a 
Cellar, dug deep enough that the

4719
04:06:55,700 --> 04:06:59,300
temperature stays relatively 
constant year round, he pays you

4720
04:06:59,300 --> 04:07:02,100
in silver coins that clink 
pleasantly in The Leather Pouch.

4721
04:07:02,100 --> 04:07:05,500
You carry for such purposes more
money than you've seen in one 

4722
04:07:05,500 --> 04:07:07,000
place. 
Since you bought the land for 

4723
04:07:07,000 --> 04:07:10,700
your farm, you're on the road 
back from Lexington, the empty 

4724
04:07:10,700 --> 04:07:13,000
wagon rattling along much faster
than it did. 

4725
04:07:13,000 --> 04:07:16,500
When loaded your pocket heavy 
with coins and your mind heavy 

4726
04:07:16,500 --> 04:07:19,000
with thoughts, the sun is 
passed, its peak. 

4727
04:07:19,000 --> 04:07:22,000
Now slanting in from the west 
and you're making good time. 

4728
04:07:22,700 --> 04:07:25,200
You should be home well before 
dark, which means you can 

4729
04:07:25,200 --> 04:07:28,500
actually help with evening 
chores and of arriving exhausted

4730
04:07:28,500 --> 04:07:31,100
and useless. 
The question occupying, your 

4731
04:07:31,100 --> 04:07:34,700
thoughts is what to call this 
new whiskey Harrison had asked 

4732
04:07:34,700 --> 04:07:37,600
quite reasonably if it had a 
name and you'd have to admit 

4733
04:07:37,600 --> 04:07:40,000
that you just been thinking of 
it as the whiskey, from the 

4734
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:44,400
charred, barrels or the Aged 
whiskey, neither of which 

4735
04:07:44,400 --> 04:07:48,100
exactly rolls off the tongue or 
sounds particularly marketable. 

4736
04:07:48,100 --> 04:07:51,300
He'd suggested you think about 
it and come up with something 

4737
04:07:51,300 --> 04:07:53,500
distinctive that people could 
ask for by name. 

4738
04:07:54,300 --> 04:07:56,900
The problem is that naming 
things is never been your 

4739
04:07:56,900 --> 04:08:00,200
strength. 
Your mule is named, mule your 

4740
04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:03,700
cow is named cow. 
Your dog back when you had one 

4741
04:08:03,700 --> 04:08:05,600
was named dog until he died of 
old age. 

4742
04:08:05,600 --> 04:08:09,400
You never got around to replace 
him your practical about most 

4743
04:08:09,400 --> 04:08:12,500
things, but creativity in naming
isn't something that comes 

4744
04:08:12,508 --> 04:08:15,400
naturally. 
Bourbon County whiskey, maybe 

4745
04:08:15,400 --> 04:08:19,300
you live in what's technically 
Bourbon County named after the 

4746
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:21,900
French royal family in gratitude
for France's help. 

4747
04:08:21,900 --> 04:08:25,000
During the Revolution, most of 
the whiskey being made, in 

4748
04:08:25,000 --> 04:08:26,800
Kentucky, comes from this 
general area. 

4749
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:30,400
So it would make sense to 
associate it with the place but 

4750
04:08:30,400 --> 04:08:31,800
that feels almost too. 
Obvious. 

4751
04:08:31,800 --> 04:08:35,300
Two simple, surely. 
Someone else will think of that 

4752
04:08:35,300 --> 04:08:37,000
eventually and then where will 
you be? 

4753
04:08:37,800 --> 04:08:41,100
You let your mind wander 
watching the forest, slide past 

4754
04:08:41,100 --> 04:08:43,500
on both sides of the road. 
Trees. 

4755
04:08:43,500 --> 04:08:47,600
Here are magnificent, massive 
Oaks and hickories and Maples. 

4756
04:08:47,600 --> 04:08:51,500
That must be hundreds of years 
old, their trunks wider than you

4757
04:08:51,500 --> 04:08:53,600
are tall. 
They've stood here since long 

4758
04:08:53,600 --> 04:08:55,400
before. 
European settlers arrived 

4759
04:08:55,400 --> 04:08:58,400
witnesses to everything. 
That's happened in this Valley 

4760
04:08:58,400 --> 04:09:01,800
and they'll probably still be 
standing long after your dead 

4761
04:09:01,800 --> 04:09:04,100
and forgotten. 
There's something humbling about

4762
04:09:04,100 --> 04:09:06,200
that. 
Something that puts your small 

4763
04:09:06,200 --> 04:09:10,300
concerns about whiskey names 
into perspective, Creek crosses 

4764
04:09:10,300 --> 04:09:14,100
the road ahead running clear and
cold over smooth Stones. 

4765
04:09:14,100 --> 04:09:18,000
You let the mules stop and drink
sitting in the afternoon shade 

4766
04:09:18,000 --> 04:09:20,500
and listening to the water 
chuckle over its Rocky bed. 

4767
04:09:20,500 --> 04:09:23,800
This is the kind of moment that 
makes all the hard work worth 

4768
04:09:23,800 --> 04:09:28,300
while These minutes of peace and
natural beauty, when you're not 

4769
04:09:28,300 --> 04:09:31,500
actively struggling against 
something or rushing to finish 

4770
04:09:31,500 --> 04:09:35,500
some tasks, you drink from your 
own water jug, eating a piece of

4771
04:09:35,500 --> 04:09:39,100
the cornbread, your wife packed,
letting the quietness sink in to

4772
04:09:39,100 --> 04:09:41,000
you. 
The name question, follows you 

4773
04:09:41,000 --> 04:09:43,500
home and stays with you through 
the evening chores and supper 

4774
04:09:43,500 --> 04:09:46,700
and the quiet hour before bed, 
when you and your wife sit by 

4775
04:09:46,700 --> 04:09:50,400
the fire and talk about the day,
she suggests calling it Creek 

4776
04:09:50,400 --> 04:09:52,900
Water whiskey after the 
Limestone spring. 

4777
04:09:52,900 --> 04:09:55,400
That provides your water, but 
that doesn't feel quite right 

4778
04:09:55,400 --> 04:09:58,400
either. 
Too literal somehow and it 

4779
04:09:58,400 --> 04:10:00,200
doesn't capture. 
What makes the whiskey special 

4780
04:10:00,200 --> 04:10:04,900
days pass then weeks and still 
the name question remains 

4781
04:10:04,900 --> 04:10:08,800
unsolved You make another batch 
of whiskey filling more. 

4782
04:10:08,800 --> 04:10:12,700
Charred barrels, committed. 
Now to the aging process, even 

4783
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:15,200
though you still don't fully 
understand, all the variables 

4784
04:10:15,200 --> 04:10:19,000
involved, Harrison sends word 
that the first shipment sold out

4785
04:10:19,000 --> 04:10:22,000
almost immediately in New 
Orleans and he wants more as 

4786
04:10:22,000 --> 04:10:24,400
soon as possible other 
distillers in the area. 

4787
04:10:24,400 --> 04:10:27,200
Starting to notice what you're 
doing and asking questions about

4788
04:10:27,200 --> 04:10:30,800
your Technique and you answer 
honestly because it's not in 

4789
04:10:30,800 --> 04:10:34,600
your nature to hoard knowledge. 
Sides competition will be good 

4790
04:10:34,600 --> 04:10:37,300
for everyone. 
He'll push you all to improve to

4791
04:10:37,300 --> 04:10:40,700
experiment and to discover new 
variations on what you've 

4792
04:10:40,700 --> 04:10:44,200
accidentally created. 
The barrel, your aging for a 

4793
04:10:44,208 --> 04:10:48,100
full year, sit in the shed like 
a patient promise every week or 

4794
04:10:48,100 --> 04:10:51,700
so you tap, it just a small 
taste to see how it's developing

4795
04:10:51,700 --> 04:10:55,400
and the changes are subtle. 
But real, the flavors are 

4796
04:10:55,400 --> 04:10:58,300
deepening becoming more 
integrated, and the sharp edges 

4797
04:10:58,300 --> 04:11:00,700
are smooth and away. 
And what remains is almost 

4798
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:03,100
impossibly Smooth. 
You're not sure. 

4799
04:11:03,100 --> 04:11:05,500
It's actually better than the 
two month aged whiskey. 

4800
04:11:05,500 --> 04:11:08,600
Its different certainly more 
refined in some ways, but 

4801
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:12,400
perhaps less vibrant But the 
experiment is valuable 

4802
04:11:12,400 --> 04:11:17,000
regardless of the outcome. 
One evening in later comes up 

4803
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:18,600
the road. 
Just as you're finishing the 

4804
04:11:18,600 --> 04:11:20,900
evening chores, he's a young 
man. 

4805
04:11:20,900 --> 04:11:25,500
Probably not yet. 20 dress 
clothes of someone who works for

4806
04:11:25,500 --> 04:11:29,100
a living rather than for show. 
He introduces himself as a 

4807
04:11:29,100 --> 04:11:31,100
representative from a 
tavern-keeper in Louisville, 

4808
04:11:31,100 --> 04:11:34,500
who's heard about your whiskey 
and wants to buy it directly 

4809
04:11:34,500 --> 04:11:36,700
rather than going through 
Harrison's operation in 

4810
04:11:36,700 --> 04:11:40,200
Lexington. 
You invited him inside pouring a

4811
04:11:40,200 --> 04:11:43,400
cup of the two-month age, 
whiskey and watches face light 

4812
04:11:43,400 --> 04:11:46,200
up with the same expression. 
Everyone has when they tasted it

4813
04:11:46,200 --> 04:11:48,900
for the first time, he's 
prepared to make an offer on the

4814
04:11:48,900 --> 04:11:52,400
spot, he says, and the price, he
mentioned is even higher than 

4815
04:11:52,400 --> 04:11:55,800
what Harrison is paying. 
You negotiate in a friendly way.

4816
04:11:55,800 --> 04:11:59,800
Neither of you trying to take 
advantage and eventually settle 

4817
04:11:59,800 --> 04:12:02,200
on terms that seem fair to both 
parties. 

4818
04:12:03,400 --> 04:12:06,100
What do you call it? 
The young man asks as he's 

4819
04:12:06,100 --> 04:12:09,800
preparing to leave. 
The Tavern keeper will want to 

4820
04:12:09,808 --> 04:12:13,600
know what to put on the sign. 
And suddenly without planning 

4821
04:12:13,600 --> 04:12:15,500
it. 
The answer is there. 

4822
04:12:16,700 --> 04:12:19,600
Bourbon, you say call it 
bourbon. 

4823
04:12:20,400 --> 04:12:23,900
It's not your decision exactly. 
The name has been hovering 

4824
04:12:23,900 --> 04:12:26,100
around the edges of your 
Consciousness for weeks now, 

4825
04:12:26,100 --> 04:12:30,100
inevitable as weather. 
Saying it out loud, makes it 

4826
04:12:30,100 --> 04:12:35,900
real bourbon, simple direct and 
tied to the place without being 

4827
04:12:35,900 --> 04:12:40,000
awkwardly long. 
The young man nods repeating it 

4828
04:12:40,000 --> 04:12:42,500
to himself, clearly liking the 
sound of it. 

4829
04:12:43,500 --> 04:12:46,600
Bourbon. 
After he leaves your wife looks 

4830
04:12:46,600 --> 04:12:49,400
at you with raised eyebrows. 
Bourbon. 

4831
04:12:49,400 --> 04:12:52,800
That's what we're going with. 
And unless you have a better 

4832
04:12:52,808 --> 04:12:55,900
idea, you say, but you can tell 
from her expression that she 

4833
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:58,900
approves or at least doesn't 
disapprove strongly enough to 

4834
04:12:58,900 --> 04:13:01,900
argue about it. 
And that's how it happens with 

4835
04:13:01,900 --> 04:13:04,300
less ceremony than you might 
expect for something that will 

4836
04:13:04,308 --> 04:13:08,000
eventually become famous. 
No, official declaration. 

4837
04:13:08,000 --> 04:13:11,900
No legal registration. 
Just a practical answer to a 

4838
04:13:11,900 --> 04:13:15,500
practical question. 
The whiskey you make aged in 

4839
04:13:15,500 --> 04:13:18,600
charred Oak barrels, until it 
turns Amber and smooth will be 

4840
04:13:18,608 --> 04:13:21,000
called bourbon. 
Other people are probably 

4841
04:13:21,000 --> 04:13:23,800
calling their whiskey. 
The same thing or will be soon. 

4842
04:13:23,800 --> 04:13:28,200
And over time, the name will 
become standardized associated 

4843
04:13:28,200 --> 04:13:31,400
with Kentucky, and with a 
specific techniques that you and

4844
04:13:31,400 --> 04:13:35,200
others are developing. 
But here now, on this October 

4845
04:13:35,200 --> 04:13:37,700
evening, with the first Frost of
the Season glittering on the 

4846
04:13:37,700 --> 04:13:41,100
grass, outside, bourbon is just 
a word you've chosen because it 

4847
04:13:41,100 --> 04:13:44,800
fits, you're in the Stillhouse 
on a December morning, cold 

4848
04:13:44,800 --> 04:13:48,000
enough that your breath makes 
clouds in the air feeding wood 

4849
04:13:48,000 --> 04:13:50,700
into the Firebox. 
Beneath the Copper Still, the 

4850
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:54,500
fire is just catching Flames 
licking up around the logs and 

4851
04:13:54,500 --> 04:13:57,100
you can already feel the heat 
beginning to radiate outward. 

4852
04:13:57,100 --> 04:13:59,200
This is good work for a winter 
day. 

4853
04:13:59,200 --> 04:14:01,400
The Stillhouse will be warm 
soon. 

4854
04:14:01,400 --> 04:14:04,600
Almost two warm. 
And the contrast with the 

4855
04:14:04,600 --> 04:14:07,700
freezing air outside makes the 
Heat To feel like a gift rather 

4856
04:14:07,700 --> 04:14:10,500
than a burden. 
There's been talk lately in the 

4857
04:14:10,508 --> 04:14:12,900
taverns and at the church 
meetings and wherever men, 

4858
04:14:12,900 --> 04:14:16,800
gather to discuss business about
a Baptist preacher over in 

4859
04:14:16,800 --> 04:14:19,900
Fayette County named Elijah. 
Craig who's also making whiskey 

4860
04:14:19,900 --> 04:14:22,000
using the charred Barrel 
technique. 

4861
04:14:22,000 --> 04:14:25,200
Some people are saying he 
invented it that he was the 

4862
04:14:25,208 --> 04:14:28,500
first to discover how Aging in 
charred, Oak transforms the 

4863
04:14:28,500 --> 04:14:30,700
spirit. 
You've heard these stories with 

4864
04:14:30,700 --> 04:14:35,500
mixed feelings, partly amused 
partly, irritated and partly 

4865
04:14:35,500 --> 04:14:39,100
just philosophical about the way
history gets written the truth, 

4866
04:14:39,100 --> 04:14:42,400
as you understand it. 
Is that several people probably 

4867
04:14:42,400 --> 04:14:44,500
discovered the technique around 
the same time. 

4868
04:14:44,500 --> 04:14:48,300
All working independently, all 
responding to the same 

4869
04:14:48,300 --> 04:14:51,100
circumstances. 
Craig is a preacher and 

4870
04:14:51,100 --> 04:14:53,800
therefore more memorable and 
more likely to be remembered and

4871
04:14:53,800 --> 04:14:57,200
talked about You're just a 
farmer who happens to also make 

4872
04:14:57,200 --> 04:14:59,400
whiskey not particularly 
noteworthy. 

4873
04:14:59,400 --> 04:15:03,000
Except for the quality of what 
you produce, if Craig wants to 

4874
04:15:03,000 --> 04:15:05,800
be known as the father of 
bourbon, you're not gonna fight 

4875
04:15:05,800 --> 04:15:08,400
him for the title. 
There's enough market for 

4876
04:15:08,400 --> 04:15:11,900
everyone and honestly the less 
attention, you attract the 

4877
04:15:11,900 --> 04:15:14,900
better but it does make you 
think about how stories become 

4878
04:15:14,900 --> 04:15:18,300
established how one version of 
events becomes the official 

4879
04:15:18,300 --> 04:15:22,300
version While others fade away? 
Craig is charismatic and 

4880
04:15:22,300 --> 04:15:24,500
educated and good at promoting 
himself. 

4881
04:15:24,500 --> 04:15:28,400
He gives sermons that people 
remember makes connections with 

4882
04:15:28,400 --> 04:15:31,700
influential men and understands 
how to shape narratives. 

4883
04:15:31,700 --> 04:15:34,300
You just make whiskey in 100 
years. 

4884
04:15:34,300 --> 04:15:37,000
Assuming bourbon is still being 
made, people will probably 

4885
04:15:37,000 --> 04:15:39,700
credit Craig with inventing it 
and that's fine. 

4886
04:15:39,700 --> 04:15:43,800
The invention matters more than 
the inventor really and besides,

4887
04:15:43,800 --> 04:15:47,000
who's to say that Craig didn't 
come up with it, independently 

4888
04:15:47,000 --> 04:15:50,600
maybe even before you did the 
still is heating. 

4889
04:15:50,600 --> 04:15:54,100
Now, the temperature rising 
steadily and you check 

4890
04:15:54,100 --> 04:15:59,100
thermometer, you've installed in
the side of the pot. 150 degrees

4891
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:02,200
still well below the boiling 
point of water, but getting 

4892
04:16:02,200 --> 04:16:04,700
warmer you've learned through 
experience. 

4893
04:16:04,700 --> 04:16:06,600
The distillation is all about 
temperature. 

4894
04:16:06,600 --> 04:16:10,400
Control too, cool and nothing 
happens, too hot and you boil 

4895
04:16:10,400 --> 04:16:12,800
off everything including the 
compounds. 

4896
04:16:12,800 --> 04:16:17,500
You don't want The Sweet Spot is
narrowing constant attention and

4897
04:16:17,500 --> 04:16:21,000
adjustment which is why you 
can't leave the still unattended

4898
04:16:21,000 --> 04:16:24,300
for more than a few minutes at a
time during a run, your wife 

4899
04:16:24,300 --> 04:16:27,700
brings you dinner around noon, a
bowl of bean soup and some fresh

4900
04:16:27,700 --> 04:16:31,300
bread and sits with you while 
you eat, she's been to church 

4901
04:16:31,300 --> 04:16:33,600
recently where Craig gave a 
guest sermon. 

4902
04:16:33,600 --> 04:16:36,900
And she reports that he spoke 
eloquently about the virtue of 

4903
04:16:36,908 --> 04:16:41,400
hard work and the importance of 
using God's gifts wiseley, he 

4904
04:16:41,400 --> 04:16:45,300
mentioned whiskey making 
specifically, she sets as an 

4905
04:16:45,300 --> 04:16:48,300
example of taking the raw 
materials of creation and 

4906
04:16:48,300 --> 04:16:51,000
transforming them into something
of greater value. 

4907
04:16:51,600 --> 04:16:53,300
Did he mention the charred 
barrels? 

4908
04:16:53,300 --> 04:16:56,600
You are curious than anything he
did. 

4909
04:16:56,600 --> 04:17:00,500
She says he talked about how the
fire purifies how the Char 

4910
04:17:00,500 --> 04:17:02,600
filled out impurities and 
improves the spirit. 

4911
04:17:02,600 --> 04:17:05,500
He made it sound almost 
religious like the whiskey is 

4912
04:17:05,508 --> 04:17:08,800
being baptized or something. 
You laugh at that because it's 

4913
04:17:08,800 --> 04:17:10,600
absurd and also kind of 
brilliant. 

4914
04:17:11,400 --> 04:17:14,100
Leave it to a preacher to find 
religious significance in 

4915
04:17:14,100 --> 04:17:17,700
Bourbon making, but there's 
something to it, too, something 

4916
04:17:17,700 --> 04:17:19,900
about transformation and 
patience. 

4917
04:17:19,900 --> 04:17:22,900
And the way time and specific 
conditions can turn something 

4918
04:17:22,900 --> 04:17:25,200
ordinary into something 
exceptional. 

4919
04:17:25,200 --> 04:17:28,200
If Craig wants to frame it in 
religious terms, that's his 

4920
04:17:28,200 --> 04:17:30,600
prerogative. 
And honestly, it might help 

4921
04:17:30,600 --> 04:17:33,600
bourbon gain acceptance among 
people who would otherwise be 

4922
04:17:33,600 --> 04:17:36,900
suspicious of alcohol. 
He afternoon passes in the 

4923
04:17:36,900 --> 04:17:41,000
familiar rhythm of distilling. 
Feeding the fire watching the 

4924
04:17:41,000 --> 04:17:44,400
temperature, collecting the 
output and judging whether it's 

4925
04:17:44,400 --> 04:17:48,300
heads or hearts or tails the 
heads come first, containing the

4926
04:17:48,300 --> 04:17:51,100
volatile compounds that will 
make you go blind if you drink 

4927
04:17:51,100 --> 04:17:53,900
them. 
These you discarding them into a

4928
04:17:53,900 --> 04:17:56,400
bucket that you'll eventually 
use for cleaning metal or 

4929
04:17:56,400 --> 04:18:00,300
starting fires the hearts. 
Come next, the good Middle Run, 

4930
04:18:00,300 --> 04:18:03,100
where the alcohol is clean and 
strong and suitable for aging. 

4931
04:18:03,100 --> 04:18:07,300
The tails come last weaker and 
containing compounds that tastes

4932
04:18:07,300 --> 04:18:10,800
bad or might make you sick 
these, you'll save to read 

4933
04:18:10,800 --> 04:18:13,900
distill with the next batch. 
Extracting, whatever useful 

4934
04:18:13,900 --> 04:18:17,000
alcohol they can attain by 
Evening, you've collected about 

4935
04:18:17,000 --> 04:18:20,600
10 gallons of good Hearts. 
Clear, liquid, that smells sharp

4936
04:18:20,600 --> 04:18:23,000
and clean and is ready to be 
transformed. 

4937
04:18:23,000 --> 04:18:26,300
By chardin time, you'll let it 
rest overnight. 

4938
04:18:26,300 --> 04:18:29,600
And then tomorrow, you'll fill 
another barrel and add it to the

4939
04:18:29,600 --> 04:18:34,000
Aging shed. 
Cycle continues batch after 

4940
04:18:34,000 --> 04:18:37,300
batch. 
Each one representing a week or 

4941
04:18:37,300 --> 04:18:40,800
two of work and then months or 
years of waiting over the 

4942
04:18:40,800 --> 04:18:44,200
following weeks, the story about
Elijah Craig inventing bourbon 

4943
04:18:44,200 --> 04:18:47,300
becomes more widespread. 
You hear it at the General Store

4944
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:51,300
at the Mill and at church always
told with slight variations, but

4945
04:18:51,300 --> 04:18:53,300
the basic narrative is 
consistent. 

4946
04:18:53,300 --> 04:18:57,700
Craig, the brilliant preacher 
discovering through divine 

4947
04:18:57,700 --> 04:19:01,200
inspiration, or careful. 
Experimentation, or possibly, 

4948
04:19:01,200 --> 04:19:03,400
just accident. 
That charred barrels. 

4949
04:19:03,400 --> 04:19:06,200
Improved whiskey your own role 
to the extent. 

4950
04:19:06,200 --> 04:19:09,100
Its mentioned at all, is as one 
of the early adopters who 

4951
04:19:09,100 --> 04:19:12,100
recognized Craig's genius and 
copied his technique. 

4952
04:19:12,900 --> 04:19:14,800
This bothers you less than you 
thought it would. 

4953
04:19:14,800 --> 04:19:17,900
You've never been someone who 
needs recognition or fame. 

4954
04:19:17,900 --> 04:19:21,500
And honestly, being associated 
with Craig's name, might help 

4955
04:19:21,500 --> 04:19:23,800
your whiskey. 
Sell better people trust 

4956
04:19:23,800 --> 04:19:26,800
preachers or at least they trust
them more than they trust random

4957
04:19:26,800 --> 04:19:29,800
Farmers. 
If Craig's endorsement even an 

4958
04:19:29,800 --> 04:19:33,200
indirect endorsement through 
Association helps convince 

4959
04:19:33,200 --> 04:19:36,500
people that bourbon as a quality
product, rather than just 

4960
04:19:36,500 --> 04:19:39,800
another harsh, Frontier Spirit, 
then you're happy to fade into 

4961
04:19:39,800 --> 04:19:41,400
the background. 
What matters? 

4962
04:19:41,400 --> 04:19:44,800
More is the work itself. 
The daily practice of making 

4963
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:47,900
whisky, as well, as you know, 
how constantly learning and 

4964
04:19:47,900 --> 04:19:51,400
adjusting and trying to improve.
You've started, keeping notes in

4965
04:19:51,400 --> 04:19:54,000
a leather bound Journal, where 
you record details about each 

4966
04:19:54,000 --> 04:19:57,800
batch. 
Corn, variety, the fermentation 

4967
04:19:57,800 --> 04:20:00,700
temperature, the still 
temperature during different 

4968
04:20:00,700 --> 04:20:05,300
parts of the run, the barrel 
characteristics, the Aging time 

4969
04:20:05,300 --> 04:20:08,900
and the weather conditions. 
It's not systematic, scientific 

4970
04:20:08,900 --> 04:20:11,000
research. 
Just one man trying to 

4971
04:20:11,008 --> 04:20:14,700
understand his craft better, but
it's something you're sitting on

4972
04:20:14,708 --> 04:20:17,600
your porch, on a warm spring 
evening, the kind where the 

4973
04:20:17,608 --> 04:20:20,200
temperature is perfect. 
And the air smells like growing 

4974
04:20:20,200 --> 04:20:23,500
things, and you can hear frogs 
singing from the creek down the 

4975
04:20:23,500 --> 04:20:25,900
hill. 
Your nearest neighbor a man 

4976
04:20:25,908 --> 04:20:28,500
named Thompson, who Farms about 
three miles to the east. 

4977
04:20:28,500 --> 04:20:31,000
The stopped by on his way home 
from Lexington. 

4978
04:20:31,000 --> 04:20:33,200
And you've poured him a cup of 
bourbon. 

4979
04:20:33,200 --> 04:20:36,200
Not the Aged stuff, just regular
two months. 

4980
04:20:36,200 --> 04:20:39,900
Whiskey that you're comfortable 
off shareing Thompson, sips. 

4981
04:20:39,900 --> 04:20:42,000
It slowly making a preacher 
named noises. 

4982
04:20:42,000 --> 04:20:45,500
He's a taciturn man. 
Normally not giving to elaborate

4983
04:20:45,500 --> 04:20:48,200
compliments but he's on his 
second cup and getting more 

4984
04:20:48,200 --> 04:20:52,900
talkative This is smooth, he 
says which from Thompson is 

4985
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:55,200
High. 
Praise smoothest whiskey. 

4986
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:58,700
I've had in Kentucky and I've 
had most of them You accept the 

4987
04:20:58,700 --> 04:21:01,000
compliment with the Nord, not 
making a big deal of it. 

4988
04:21:01,000 --> 04:21:03,000
Thompson isn't here, just to 
drink. 

4989
04:21:03,000 --> 04:21:06,800
He's got something on his mind. 
You can tell from the way he 

4990
04:21:06,800 --> 04:21:08,900
keeps starting to speak and then
stopping himself. 

4991
04:21:08,900 --> 04:21:12,600
You wait, patient. 
Letting the evening sounds. 

4992
04:21:12,600 --> 04:21:14,900
Fill the silence between you, 
finally. 

4993
04:21:14,900 --> 04:21:18,100
He comes out with it. 
I'm thinking of starting my own 

4994
04:21:18,100 --> 04:21:22,100
operation he says distilling I 
mean there's money in it clearly

4995
04:21:22,100 --> 04:21:25,500
and I've got corn I could use 
instead of selling I was 

4996
04:21:25,500 --> 04:21:28,000
wondering if you'd be willing to
share some of what you know. 

4997
04:21:28,008 --> 04:21:32,000
This is a question you've been 
getting more often lately as 

4998
04:21:32,000 --> 04:21:35,400
word spreads about Bourbon and 
more Farmers realize there's 

4999
04:21:35,400 --> 04:21:39,500
value in the process, your 
instinct is to help knowledge 

5000
04:21:39,500 --> 04:21:42,600
shared is knowledge preserved 
and besides you don't see 

5001
04:21:42,600 --> 04:21:45,500
Thompson as competition so much 
as a potential ally. 

5002
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:49,200
The more good bourbon being made
in Kentucky the better for 

5003
04:21:49,200 --> 04:21:51,200
everyone so you talk him through
it. 

5004
04:21:51,200 --> 04:21:55,200
Starting with the basics of 
fermentation and working up 

5005
04:21:55,200 --> 04:21:59,400
through distillation technique 
and Barrel aging Thompson, 

5006
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:02,900
listens carefully asking, good 
questions and taking mental 

5007
04:22:02,900 --> 04:22:04,300
notes. 
You can tell. 

5008
04:22:04,300 --> 04:22:07,100
He's serious about this. 
Not just looking for a quick 

5009
04:22:07,108 --> 04:22:11,200
profit but genuinely interested 
in learning the craft, by the 

5010
04:22:11,200 --> 04:22:14,900
time, he leaves well after dark,
you've agreed to let him observe

5011
04:22:14,900 --> 04:22:17,500
your next distilling run and to 
help him Source. 

5012
04:22:17,500 --> 04:22:21,400
Barrels from the same Cooper who
makes yours word gets around 

5013
04:22:21,400 --> 04:22:25,000
within a month, you've had 
visits from a half dozen other 

5014
04:22:25,000 --> 04:22:27,200
Farmers, all interested in 
Bourbon. 

5015
04:22:27,200 --> 04:22:31,000
Making all asking for advice, 
you help where you can share 

5016
04:22:31,000 --> 04:22:32,600
sharing. 
What you've learned though, your

5017
04:22:32,600 --> 04:22:36,100
careful not to present yourself 
as an expert, you're just a few 

5018
04:22:36,100 --> 04:22:38,000
years ahead of them on the 
learning curve, that's all 

5019
04:22:38,000 --> 04:22:40,400
everything. 
You know, has come from trial 

5020
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:42,500
and error rather than formal 
education. 

5021
04:22:42,500 --> 04:22:45,200
Some of your visitors. 
Bring their own whiskey to share

5022
04:22:45,200 --> 04:22:48,200
and you taste it critically 
offering suggestions where you 

5023
04:22:48,208 --> 04:22:52,400
see room for improvement. 
This one is too harsh, probably 

5024
04:22:52,400 --> 04:22:55,300
distilled too hot. 
Try lowering the temperature and

5025
04:22:55,300 --> 04:22:57,000
being more selective about what 
you collect. 

5026
04:22:57,800 --> 04:23:00,900
That one is too weak like likely
diluted too much. 

5027
04:23:00,908 --> 04:23:03,700
Trust the strength, Let It Be 
potent. 

5028
04:23:03,700 --> 04:23:07,500
The Aging will smooth it out. 
This other one has off flavors 

5029
04:23:07,500 --> 04:23:10,700
possibly from Dirty equipment or
contaminated yeast. 

5030
04:23:10,700 --> 04:23:15,000
Clean everything more thoroughly
between batches your building a 

5031
04:23:15,000 --> 04:23:18,900
community Without Really meaning
to a network of bourbon makers 

5032
04:23:18,900 --> 04:23:21,200
who share information and help 
each other improve. 

5033
04:23:22,000 --> 04:23:25,400
It's not organized or formal 
just neighbors, helping 

5034
04:23:25,400 --> 04:23:27,400
neighbors in the traditional 
Frontier way. 

5035
04:23:28,000 --> 04:23:31,300
But it's effective. 
The average quality of Kentucky,

5036
04:23:31,300 --> 04:23:34,200
bourbon is improving. 
The market is responding, 

5037
04:23:34,200 --> 04:23:37,800
merchants, and Louisville, and 
Lexington, are starting to 

5038
04:23:37,800 --> 04:23:41,400
actively seek out Kentucky, 
whiskey, preferring it over 

5039
04:23:41,400 --> 04:23:43,600
Spirits. 
From other states, the year 

5040
04:23:43,600 --> 04:23:45,700
Barrel, which you've been 
monitoring all this time. 

5041
04:23:45,700 --> 04:23:49,500
Finally, reaches its first 
anniversary in the shed, you tap

5042
04:23:49,500 --> 04:23:51,900
it on a morning in late spring 
with your wife. 

5043
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:54,300
Standing beside you to witness 
the result of this long 

5044
04:23:54,300 --> 04:23:56,800
experiment. 
The whiskey that flows out is 

5045
04:23:56,800 --> 04:23:58,800
darker than the two-month age 
version. 

5046
04:23:58,800 --> 04:24:03,300
Almost the color of strong tea, 
and the smell is intensely, 

5047
04:24:03,300 --> 04:24:07,100
complex and vanilla and caramel 
and something else. 

5048
04:24:07,100 --> 04:24:09,800
Some subtle note that you can't 
quite identify. 

5049
04:24:09,800 --> 04:24:14,200
But that makes your mouth water 
in anticipation, you taste, it 

5050
04:24:14,200 --> 04:24:18,000
carefully and its magnificent. 
Smoother than anything you've 

5051
04:24:18,000 --> 04:24:21,300
made before with flavors that 
seem to evolve and change as you

5052
04:24:21,308 --> 04:24:24,200
hold the liquid in your mouth. 
It's almost too smooth. 

5053
04:24:24,200 --> 04:24:27,900
You think there's such a thing 
as too much refinement with a 

5054
04:24:27,900 --> 04:24:31,800
drink loses its character. 
But it's undeniably impressive, 

5055
04:24:31,800 --> 04:24:34,900
you could probably charge even 
more for this year, aged 

5056
04:24:34,900 --> 04:24:38,600
Bourbon, and find buyers who 
appreciate the extra complexity 

5057
04:24:38,600 --> 04:24:41,800
and are willing to pay for it. 
There's a practical problem. 

5058
04:24:42,600 --> 04:24:46,500
The longer you aged whiskey, the
more you lose to evaporation and

5059
04:24:46,500 --> 04:24:50,300
absorption into the barrel wood.
What you put into the barrel 12 

5060
04:24:50,300 --> 04:24:53,100
months ago? 
As 50 gallons is probably become

5061
04:24:53,100 --> 04:24:57,000
45 gallons or less meaning, 
you're losing 10% or more of 

5062
04:24:57,008 --> 04:24:59,500
your product to time. 
At two months. 

5063
04:24:59,500 --> 04:25:03,100
The loss is minimal maybe two or
three percent at a year. 

5064
04:25:03,108 --> 04:25:05,900
It becomes significant. 
The question is whether the 

5065
04:25:05,900 --> 04:25:09,800
improved quality justifies the 
reduced quantity, and that's a 

5066
04:25:09,800 --> 04:25:13,700
calculation that involves both 
math and philosophy, you decide 

5067
04:25:13,700 --> 04:25:16,600
to split the difference. 
Most barrels will age for three 

5068
04:25:16,600 --> 04:25:19,400
to four months. 
A sweet spot where the whiskey 

5069
04:25:19,400 --> 04:25:22,800
is developed complexity but the 
evaporation losses are still 

5070
04:25:22,800 --> 04:25:25,600
manageable. 
A few special barrels were aged 

5071
04:25:25,600 --> 04:25:28,900
longer, maybe six months to a 
year to produce, premium 

5072
04:25:28,900 --> 04:25:31,000
bourbon, for buyers willing to 
pay extra. 

5073
04:25:31,000 --> 04:25:34,000
It's a compromise but 
distilling, his torture, that 

5074
04:25:34,000 --> 04:25:38,200
most of life is compromised 
balancing competing priorities 

5075
04:25:38,200 --> 04:25:42,200
making decisions with imperfect 
information and doing the best 

5076
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:46,500
you can with what you've got 
your 73 years old sitting in the

5077
04:25:46,508 --> 04:25:50,600
same chair where you've sat for 
the past, 40 years, watching the

5078
04:25:50,600 --> 04:25:52,600
sun set over the same Ridge of 
trees. 

5079
04:25:52,600 --> 04:25:55,000
Your hands are twisted with 
arthritis. 

5080
04:25:55,000 --> 04:25:58,300
Now, Knuckles swollen and 
fingers bent in ways. 

5081
04:25:58,300 --> 04:26:00,600
They weren't meant to bend but 
they still work. 

5082
04:26:00,600 --> 04:26:04,000
Well enough for light tasks, the
heavy work of distilling has 

5083
04:26:04,000 --> 04:26:07,500
been taken over by your son and 
Grandson who run the operation 

5084
04:26:07,500 --> 04:26:11,000
with the same careful attention.
You taught them though they've 

5085
04:26:11,000 --> 04:26:14,700
added in innovation of their own
better, temperature, controls 

5086
04:26:14,700 --> 04:26:19,300
more, systematic record, keeping
and relationships with Buyers 

5087
04:26:19,300 --> 04:26:22,600
across multiple States. 
The bourbon business, has grown 

5088
04:26:22,600 --> 04:26:25,900
beyond anything you Imagined 
during those early experimental 

5089
04:26:25,900 --> 04:26:28,600
years. 
What you discovered by accident 

5090
04:26:28,600 --> 04:26:32,700
has become an industry with 
dozens of distilleries operating

5091
04:26:32,700 --> 04:26:36,600
across Kentucky and even 
spreading to other states, the 

5092
04:26:36,600 --> 04:26:40,500
name bourbon is now standard 
Associated specifically with 

5093
04:26:40,500 --> 04:26:44,200
whiskey made from corn and aged 
in charred Oak barrels though. 

5094
04:26:44,200 --> 04:26:47,900
The exact requirements are still
being debated and refined some 

5095
04:26:47,900 --> 04:26:50,200
people insist. 
It must be made in Bourbon 

5096
04:26:50,200 --> 04:26:53,600
County, specifically While 
others argue that the technique 

5097
04:26:53,600 --> 04:26:55,800
is what matters, not the 
location. 

5098
04:26:57,100 --> 04:27:01,600
Elijah Craig died years ago and 
his story has indeed become the 

5099
04:27:01,600 --> 04:27:04,000
dominant Narrative of about 
Bourbons invention. 

5100
04:27:04,000 --> 04:27:07,900
You've long since stopped caring
about credit or recognition. 

5101
04:27:08,800 --> 04:27:12,100
What matters is that the 
tradition continues, that the 

5102
04:27:12,100 --> 04:27:14,700
knowledge you and others 
discovered is being preserved 

5103
04:27:14,700 --> 04:27:18,400
and passed down your grandson 
knows things about fermentation 

5104
04:27:18,400 --> 04:27:22,000
chemistry that you never learned
and understands the science 

5105
04:27:22,000 --> 04:27:24,300
behind what you only knew 
through observation and 

5106
04:27:24,300 --> 04:27:27,500
experience. 
That's progress and your 

5107
04:27:27,500 --> 04:27:31,300
grateful for it. 
The barrels in the Aging shed, a

5108
04:27:31,300 --> 04:27:35,300
much larger shared now more like
a warehouse contain whiskey of 

5109
04:27:35,300 --> 04:27:39,300
various stages of aging from 
fresh distillate to spirits that

5110
04:27:39,300 --> 04:27:41,000
have been resting for two or 
three years. 

5111
04:27:41,000 --> 04:27:44,700
The long aging is becoming more 
popular among buyers who 

5112
04:27:44,700 --> 04:27:47,300
appreciate the extra smoothness 
and complexity. 

5113
04:27:47,300 --> 04:27:50,300
Though they are still a market 
for the younger Bergen, too. 

5114
04:27:50,300 --> 04:27:53,300
Different styles for different 
tastes, your son likes to say 

5115
04:27:53,300 --> 04:27:55,200
and you agree with the wisdom of
that. 

5116
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:59,700
Your wife died two years ago 
peacefully in her sleep and her 

5117
04:27:59,700 --> 04:28:02,700
absence is a hollow place in 
your daily routine that never 

5118
04:28:02,700 --> 04:28:05,500
quite fills in. 
She lived to see the bourbon 

5119
04:28:05,500 --> 04:28:09,000
business become successful, but 
enjoyed the relative Prosperity,

5120
04:28:09,000 --> 04:28:12,100
it brought and had even 
developed her own opinions about

5121
04:28:12,100 --> 04:28:15,300
which batches were best. 
She preferred the three-month 

5122
04:28:15,300 --> 04:28:17,600
age bourbon. 
You remember saying it had 

5123
04:28:17,600 --> 04:28:20,000
liveliness that the older stuff 
sometimes lacked. 

5124
04:28:20,000 --> 04:28:23,000
You keep a bottle of three 
months bourbon on the Shelf in 

5125
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:25,900
her memory, occasionally 
pouring, a small glass and 

5126
04:28:25,900 --> 04:28:28,800
toasting her absence. 
The Cooper taught you about 

5127
04:28:28,800 --> 04:28:30,500
Charming. 
Barrels is long dead too, 

5128
04:28:30,500 --> 04:28:32,500
though. 
His son's of taking over the 

5129
04:28:32,500 --> 04:28:35,800
business and expanded, it 
considerably their supplying 

5130
04:28:35,800 --> 04:28:38,800
barrels to Distillery all of 
Kentucky now, and they've 

5131
04:28:38,800 --> 04:28:42,100
refined the charring process to 
include different levels like 

5132
04:28:42,100 --> 04:28:46,300
Char medium Char, and heavy Char
each producing slightly 

5133
04:28:46,300 --> 04:28:48,100
different flavors in the 
finished whiskey. 

5134
04:28:48,100 --> 04:28:51,900
It's become an art form, this 
marriage of wood, and fire and 

5135
04:28:51,900 --> 04:28:55,400
time, and you're pleased to have
played, even a small role in its

5136
04:28:55,400 --> 04:28:58,400
development. 
Thompson, your old neighbor who 

5137
04:28:58,400 --> 04:29:02,000
asked for advice all those years
ago, became a successful Bourbon

5138
04:29:02,000 --> 04:29:05,100
maker in his own right? 
He died last winter at the age 

5139
04:29:05,100 --> 04:29:08,300
of 81 and his funeral Drew 
distillers, from across the 

5140
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:10,500
state, all of them Gathering to 
honor. 

5141
04:29:10,500 --> 04:29:12,400
A man who had contributed to the
craft. 

5142
04:29:12,400 --> 04:29:16,700
You when, despite the difficulty
of travel at your age and you 

5143
04:29:16,700 --> 04:29:19,000
listen to stories about 
Thompson's Innovation and 

5144
04:29:19,000 --> 04:29:23,000
generosity and stubborn 
insistence on quality, Felt 

5145
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:25,900
right honoring him. 
That way, recognizing that 

5146
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:29,100
bourbon is bigger than any 
individual and that everyone who

5147
04:29:29,100 --> 04:29:32,800
makes it well deserves respect. 
Taste of bourbon has become 

5148
04:29:32,800 --> 04:29:35,100
familiar to you to the point 
where you barely notice it 

5149
04:29:35,100 --> 04:29:37,500
anymore. 
Though you still take a small 

5150
04:29:37,500 --> 04:29:42,000
glass, most evenings more out of
habit than desire, for grandson 

5151
04:29:42,000 --> 04:29:44,300
teases. 
You about this saying, your 

5152
04:29:44,300 --> 04:29:47,000
pickled and burden preserved, 
like fruit and alcohol. 

5153
04:29:47,008 --> 04:29:49,100
And you laugh because it's 
probably true. 

5154
04:29:49,100 --> 04:29:52,400
The whiskey has been part of 
your life for so long that you 

5155
04:29:52,408 --> 04:29:54,300
can't imagine existence without 
it. 

5156
04:29:54,300 --> 04:29:59,000
The smell of fermenting, mash 
the heat of the Stillhouse, the 

5157
04:29:59,000 --> 04:30:03,000
quiet patients of the Aging, 
shared all of it woven into the 

5158
04:30:03,008 --> 04:30:06,700
fabric of who you are on summer 
evening's, when the weather is 

5159
04:30:06,700 --> 04:30:09,800
good, you sometimes have 
visitors younger distillers who 

5160
04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:13,300
want to hear stories about the 
early days historians interested

5161
04:30:13,300 --> 04:30:16,300
in documenting how bourbon 
developed and even the 

5162
04:30:16,300 --> 04:30:19,600
occasional journalist writing 
articles for newspapers in 

5163
04:30:19,600 --> 04:30:22,400
Louisville or lexingham. 
You tell them what you remember 

5164
04:30:22,400 --> 04:30:25,600
though your memory isn't a sharp
as it used to be and you 

5165
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:29,300
sometimes mix up the sequence of
events or forget important 

5166
04:30:29,300 --> 04:30:31,800
details. 
They write down your words. 

5167
04:30:31,800 --> 04:30:35,000
Anyway, treating them as 
valuable even when you're not 

5168
04:30:35,000 --> 04:30:38,000
sure they are. 
The question they always ask is 

5169
04:30:38,000 --> 04:30:41,700
whether you realized back in 
those early days that you were 

5170
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:45,500
creating something that would 
last the honest answer is, no, 

5171
04:30:45,500 --> 04:30:48,200
you didn't. 
You were just trying to make a 

5172
04:30:48,200 --> 04:30:51,300
living trying to find some value
in the core new grew, and the 

5173
04:30:51,300 --> 04:30:52,800
skills you'd inherited from your
father. 

5174
04:30:52,800 --> 04:30:56,500
The discovery of aging and 
charred, barrels was pure 

5175
04:30:56,500 --> 04:31:00,700
accident, motivated by nothing 
more profound than convenience 

5176
04:31:00,700 --> 04:31:04,700
and curiosity that it turned 
into a tradition into an 

5177
04:31:04,700 --> 04:31:08,200
industry into something that 
people associate with Kentucky 

5178
04:31:08,200 --> 04:31:11,300
and American craftsmanship. 
That was never planned. 

5179
04:31:11,300 --> 04:31:14,600
Never foreseen. 
But maybe that's how all 

5180
04:31:14,600 --> 04:31:18,000
Traditions start you think not 
through Grand Design but through

5181
04:31:18,000 --> 04:31:21,700
small decisions practical 
solutions, to immediate problems

5182
04:31:21,700 --> 04:31:24,500
and axed and that turn out to be
improvements. 

5183
04:31:24,500 --> 04:31:27,000
Someone tries, something 
different, it works. 

5184
04:31:27,000 --> 04:31:29,700
They do it again. 
Other people notice and copy it,

5185
04:31:29,700 --> 04:31:32,900
and gradually, it becomes the 
standard way of doing things. 

5186
04:31:32,900 --> 04:31:37,400
Nobody sits down and declares I 
shall now create a tradition. 

5187
04:31:38,300 --> 04:31:41,600
Traditions emerge evolve and 
accumulate meaning through 

5188
04:31:41,600 --> 04:31:44,700
repetition and time. 
Sunset fully. 

5189
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:49,000
Now, the sky fading from Orange 
to purple to deep blue. 

5190
04:31:49,000 --> 04:31:51,400
Your grandson calls from inside 
the house. 

5191
04:31:51,400 --> 04:31:54,900
Asking, if you want supper and 
you push yourself up from the 

5192
04:31:54,900 --> 04:31:58,000
chair with a deliberate effort 
that all movement requires at 

5193
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:01,200
your age, the walk to the house 
is short, but you take it slowly

5194
04:32:01,200 --> 04:32:05,000
aware of your body's limitations
grateful for what strength 

5195
04:32:05,000 --> 04:32:08,200
remains inside. 
The table is set and the food is

5196
04:32:08,200 --> 04:32:12,800
ready, beans and cornbread and 
bacon, simple food, that tastes 

5197
04:32:12,800 --> 04:32:14,700
better than a elaborate meals 
ever. 

5198
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:18,100
Did your grandson pulls? 
Your small glass of three months

5199
04:32:18,100 --> 04:32:21,300
aged bourbon from a barrel that 
you helped Phil, lost spring 

5200
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:24,800
without asking and you sit it 
while the family eats and talks 

5201
04:32:24,800 --> 04:32:28,000
about tomorrow's work. 
The whiskey is warm and smooth 

5202
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:31,800
and familiar. 
Tasting of Oak and corn and time

5203
04:32:31,800 --> 04:32:35,800
tasting like home. 
After supper, you sit by the 

5204
04:32:35,808 --> 04:32:39,500
fire a while longer watching the
Flames dance and feeling the 

5205
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:43,200
Bourbons gentle warmth spreading
through your chest in the 

5206
04:32:43,200 --> 04:32:44,600
morning, there will be work to 
do. 

5207
04:32:44,608 --> 04:32:48,500
There's always work to do but 
tonight there's just this quiet 

5208
04:32:48,500 --> 04:32:52,900
contentment this satisfaction of
having lived, long enough to see

5209
04:32:52,900 --> 04:32:54,800
something, you helped create out
live. 

5210
04:32:54,800 --> 04:32:58,600
You the bourbon will continue 
after your gone made by people 

5211
04:32:58,600 --> 04:33:01,800
who never knew you, drunk by 
people who've never heard your 

5212
04:33:01,800 --> 04:33:04,200
name and that's exactly as it 
should be. 

5213
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:08,099
You close your eyes, listening 
to your grandson, and his wife 

5214
04:33:08,099 --> 04:33:11,800
talking in low voices, in the 
Next Room, hearing the crack of 

5215
04:33:11,800 --> 04:33:15,200
the fire and the distant sound 
of a whip, or will calling from 

5216
04:33:15,200 --> 04:33:18,800
the dark woods somewhere in the 
Aging shed, the barrels are 

5217
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:22,700
doing their patient work time 
and Oak transforming, Ross 

5218
04:33:22,700 --> 04:33:26,300
Spirit into something smoother 
richer and more complex. 

5219
04:33:27,300 --> 04:33:29,400
You don't need to be there 
watching it happen. 

5220
04:33:29,400 --> 04:33:34,000
The process continues whether 
your present or not reliable, as

5221
04:33:34,000 --> 04:33:37,000
Sunrise steadiest seasons, This 
is the thing. 

5222
04:33:37,000 --> 04:33:40,000
They don't tell you about 
Traditions, they're not Frozen 

5223
04:33:40,000 --> 04:33:42,400
in Time. 
Preserved like specimens in 

5224
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:45,599
jars. 
They're Alive changing and 

5225
04:33:45,599 --> 04:33:48,500
adapting to new circumstances 
while maintaining their 

5226
04:33:48,500 --> 04:33:51,599
essential character. 
The bourbon, your grandson makes

5227
04:33:51,599 --> 04:33:55,300
isn't identical to what you 
made. 50 years ago, it's better 

5228
04:33:55,300 --> 04:33:59,200
in some ways different in 
others, but it's recognizably 

5229
04:33:59,200 --> 04:34:03,300
the same thing connected by an 
unbroken thread of practice and 

5230
04:34:03,300 --> 04:34:05,800
knowledge, and care. 
You're nearly asleep in your 

5231
04:34:05,808 --> 04:34:07,400
chair. 
When your grandson gently 

5232
04:34:07,400 --> 04:34:10,500
shakes, your shoulder helping 
you up and guiding you to your 

5233
04:34:10,500 --> 04:34:13,599
bedroom. 
The bed feels good, the blankets

5234
04:34:13,599 --> 04:34:16,900
heavy and warm and you sink into
the them with a sigh of relief 

5235
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:19,300
tomorrow. 
You'll wake in the cycle will 

5236
04:34:19,300 --> 04:34:22,900
continue another day of bourbon 
making another small 

5237
04:34:22,900 --> 04:34:26,200
contribution to the tradition 
you accidentally helped start. 

5238
04:34:26,200 --> 04:34:29,900
But tonight, sleep comes easy, 
and your dreams Acquired 

5239
04:34:29,900 --> 04:34:33,200
untroubled and peaceful as aged 
bourbon on a warm evening. 

5240
04:34:39,400 --> 04:34:43,800
Picture yourself on a hillside 
in central Italy around 312, BCE

5241
04:34:43,800 --> 04:34:47,000
watching something amazing 
happen in the valley below. 

5242
04:34:47,800 --> 04:34:51,200
Of workers are moving in a way 
that is similar to how ants, 

5243
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:53,099
build something much bigger than
themselves. 

5244
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:55,599
They're building. 
What will become the Via Appia, 

5245
04:34:55,599 --> 04:34:58,700
the first big Roman Road and 
they have no idea that they're 

5246
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:01,500
making a model that will last 
for thousands of years, you can 

5247
04:35:01,500 --> 04:35:04,700
smell the Limestone dust in the 
air along with the sweat of 

5248
04:35:04,700 --> 04:35:07,000
workers and the smell of freshly
turned soil. 

5249
04:35:07,000 --> 04:35:11,400
The sound is steady hammers, 
hitting Stone bosses calling out

5250
04:35:11,400 --> 04:35:14,500
measurements and carts creaking 
as they bring materials. 

5251
04:35:14,500 --> 04:35:17,900
It's the sound of civilization 
literally Paving the way for the

5252
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:20,300
future. 
But let's take a step back from 

5253
04:35:20,300 --> 04:35:22,400
this building site and think 
about what roads meant to 

5254
04:35:22,408 --> 04:35:24,900
ancient empires. 
We usually think of them as 

5255
04:35:24,900 --> 04:35:28,099
basic transportation systems. 
Like the highways you drive on 

5256
04:35:28,099 --> 04:35:31,500
to visit family or get to work 
but old roads were much more 

5257
04:35:31,500 --> 04:35:33,200
than that. 
They were the physical 

5258
04:35:33,200 --> 04:35:36,800
embodiment of political power, 
economic systems and cultural 

5259
04:35:36,800 --> 04:35:41,000
identity all at the same time. 
When an empire built a road, it 

5260
04:35:41,000 --> 04:35:44,599
was making a big deal out of it.
It was saying we have complete 

5261
04:35:44,599 --> 04:35:46,599
control over this land so we can
change it. 

5262
04:35:47,300 --> 04:35:49,900
We have the power, the 
resources, and the organization 

5263
04:35:49,900 --> 04:35:52,700
to move mountains, or at least 
make paths through them. 

5264
04:35:52,700 --> 04:35:55,900
Every mile of paved Road was an 
investment, not only in getting 

5265
04:35:55,900 --> 04:36:00,000
around, but also in the idea of 
Empire itself, Think of Roads as

5266
04:36:00,000 --> 04:36:03,500
the heart and blood vessels of 
ancient civilizations like your 

5267
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:06,400
body needs blood vessels to get 
oxygen and nutrients to every 

5268
04:36:06,400 --> 04:36:09,900
cell Empires needed roads to 
move soldiers, Goods 

5269
04:36:09,900 --> 04:36:12,900
information, and ideas, to every
part of their land. 

5270
04:36:12,900 --> 04:36:15,900
You don't really notice your 
circulation when it's working, 

5271
04:36:15,900 --> 04:36:17,900
right? 
Everything starts to break down 

5272
04:36:17,900 --> 04:36:21,400
when it doesn't work, the Roman 
Empire probably understood this 

5273
04:36:21,400 --> 04:36:24,099
better than any other 
civilization before or since 

5274
04:36:25,000 --> 04:36:29,900
Rome had about 250000 miles of 
roads at its peak, which is 

5275
04:36:29,900 --> 04:36:31,900
enough to go around the world 
ten times. 

5276
04:36:31,900 --> 04:36:35,200
These were just dirt paths that 
people had walked on a lot and 

5277
04:36:35,200 --> 04:36:38,200
worn down. 
They were engineering ones with 

5278
04:36:38,200 --> 04:36:42,099
such care that some are still in
use today more than 2,000 years 

5279
04:36:42,099 --> 04:36:44,300
later. 
But Rome wasn't the only Empire 

5280
04:36:44,300 --> 04:36:45,900
that was crazy about building 
roads. 

5281
04:36:45,900 --> 04:36:49,000
The Inca Empire in South 
America, built a road Network 

5282
04:36:49,000 --> 04:36:52,900
that stretched over 25,000 miles
across, some of the hardest 

5283
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:55,099
terrain on Earth. 
They built roads through 

5284
04:36:55,099 --> 04:36:59,000
mountains that would make modern
Engineers cry across deserts. 

5285
04:36:59,000 --> 04:37:02,500
Where water was more valuable 
than gold and through jungles 

5286
04:37:02,500 --> 04:37:05,300
that seemed to determined to 
destroy any human construction 

5287
04:37:05,300 --> 04:37:08,099
within weeks. 
The Assyrian Empire built roads 

5288
04:37:08,099 --> 04:37:10,900
in Mesopotamia, that connected 
their capitals to the father's 

5289
04:37:10,900 --> 04:37:14,000
parts of their territory. 
They also build a postal system,

5290
04:37:14,000 --> 04:37:16,900
that was so fast that it could 
send messages faster than any 

5291
04:37:16,900 --> 04:37:19,700
other Communication System until
the telegraph was invented. 

5292
04:37:19,700 --> 04:37:23,400
Thousands of years later, 
imagine Royal Messengers riding 

5293
04:37:23,400 --> 04:37:26,700
through the night switching. 
Horses at stations exactly one 

5294
04:37:26,700 --> 04:37:30,300
day's ride apart and carrying 
sealed clay tablets with news 

5295
04:37:30,300 --> 04:37:31,700
that could change the fate of 
cities. 

5296
04:37:31,700 --> 04:37:36,400
The Persian Royal Road was over 
1,500 miles long and connected 

5297
04:37:36,400 --> 04:37:39,800
Sousa to Sardis. 
It was so well kept that Royal 

5298
04:37:39,800 --> 04:37:41,800
carriers could make the trip in 
just seven days. 

5299
04:37:41,800 --> 04:37:44,300
While it would take people 
walking 90 days. 

5300
04:37:44,300 --> 04:37:47,099
That's about the same as the 
difference between walking from 

5301
04:37:47,099 --> 04:37:49,099
New York to Los Angeles and 
flying there. 

5302
04:37:49,900 --> 04:37:52,400
They did it with only horses. 
Determination and careful 

5303
04:37:52,400 --> 04:37:54,800
planning. 
These roads weren't just about 

5304
04:37:54,800 --> 04:37:58,700
getting their quickly or easily,
they were about having power, an

5305
04:37:58,700 --> 04:38:00,700
Empire that could move its 
armies quickly could stop 

5306
04:38:00,700 --> 04:38:03,099
threats from turning into 
revolts an Empire. 

5307
04:38:03,099 --> 04:38:05,000
That could move Goods quickly 
could make money. 

5308
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:08,200
That could be used to grow even 
more an Empire that could build 

5309
04:38:08,200 --> 04:38:11,300
paved roads to spread its 
language and culture could bring

5310
04:38:11,300 --> 04:38:12,700
people together across 
different. 

5311
04:38:12,700 --> 04:38:16,000
You start to see roads in a 
different way when you think 

5312
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:18,400
about them. 
This way that Old Stone path you

5313
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:20,800
might see on a hike in Europe 
isn't just old pavement. 

5314
04:38:20,800 --> 04:38:24,800
It's a fossil of political 
power, a physical reminder that 

5315
04:38:24,800 --> 04:38:27,700
someone wants had enough power 
to change the landscape to suit 

5316
04:38:27,700 --> 04:38:30,000
their needs. 
Let's go back to that building 

5317
04:38:30,000 --> 04:38:33,000
site in ancient Italy but this 
time let's get closer. 

5318
04:38:33,000 --> 04:38:36,400
Get down on your knees next to 
one of the Roman Engineers who 

5319
04:38:36,400 --> 04:38:39,500
they called mentores and see how
they are really building this 

5320
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:41,400
road. 
The first thing that stands out 

5321
04:38:41,400 --> 04:38:43,300
to you is that they aren't 
starting with the surface. 

5322
04:38:43,300 --> 04:38:46,800
They are digging down and making
a trench that could be three or 

5323
04:38:46,800 --> 04:38:49,400
four feet deep. 
This doesn't make sense at first

5324
04:38:49,400 --> 04:38:52,000
but once you understand how 
Romans thought about 

5325
04:38:52,000 --> 04:38:55,300
engineering, you'll see that The
road is like an iceberg with 

5326
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:57,400
most of its mass hidden beneath 
the surface. 

5327
04:38:57,400 --> 04:39:00,300
You walk on the workers are now 
putting down the first layer, 

5328
04:39:00,300 --> 04:39:02,599
which is made up of big stones 
that are packed, tightly 

5329
04:39:02,599 --> 04:39:05,300
together. 
This is the stratum which is the

5330
04:39:05,300 --> 04:39:07,000
bottom layer that will hold up 
everything else. 

5331
04:39:07,000 --> 04:39:10,000
The Romans are putting these 
stones in place with the same 

5332
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:12,700
care that people used to put 
together a three-dimensional 

5333
04:39:12,700 --> 04:39:15,200
puzzle. 
Making sure that each piece fits

5334
04:39:15,200 --> 04:39:18,099
perfectly with the ones next to 
it to make a stable base. 

5335
04:39:18,099 --> 04:39:21,400
You can hear the foreman walking
across the foundation and 

5336
04:39:21,400 --> 04:39:24,599
listening for any Hollow sounds.
That might mean it is weak in 

5337
04:39:24,599 --> 04:39:26,800
ancient times. 
Your ears were just as important

5338
04:39:26,800 --> 04:39:29,200
as your eyes. 
When building an experienced 

5339
04:39:29,200 --> 04:39:32,200
engineer, could hear structural 
problems just like a mechanic, 

5340
04:39:32,200 --> 04:39:35,300
can hear problems with a cars 
engine on top of the statue in 

5341
04:39:35,300 --> 04:39:38,000
their putting down a layer of 
smaller Stones mixed with 

5342
04:39:38,000 --> 04:39:41,200
mortar. 
This is called the rudus heavy. 

5343
04:39:41,200 --> 04:39:42,500
Wooden. 
Mallets are being used to 

5344
04:39:42,500 --> 04:39:45,100
compact this layer and the 
workers are moving in time with 

5345
04:39:45,100 --> 04:39:46,300
each other like they are 
dancing. 

5346
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:51,700
The sound Echoes through the 
valley, thud each blow pushes 

5347
04:39:51,700 --> 04:39:54,100
the materials together, making 
them more solid. 

5348
04:39:54,900 --> 04:39:58,100
The nucleus is a layer of gravel
and sand that is sometimes mixed

5349
04:39:58,100 --> 04:40:01,600
with lime to make a kind of 
ancient concrete and Paul large 

5350
04:40:01,600 --> 04:40:03,800
Stone cylinders over this layer 
to smooth it out. 

5351
04:40:03,800 --> 04:40:06,200
And the animal strain against 
their harnesses. 

5352
04:40:06,200 --> 04:40:09,100
While their handlers guide them 
with skill, the smell of The 

5353
04:40:09,100 --> 04:40:13,600
Oxen, which is earthy musky. 
And clearly animal, like mixes 

5354
04:40:13,600 --> 04:40:17,600
with the smell of crushed stone,
which is mineral like, Last but 

5355
04:40:17,600 --> 04:40:20,000
not least, the top layer the 
summer Dawson. 

5356
04:40:20,000 --> 04:40:23,800
This means that big flat paving 
stones that fit perfectly with 

5357
04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:26,700
each other are needed for 
important roads, like the Via 

5358
04:40:26,700 --> 04:40:29,400
Appia. 
The Romans are so picky about 

5359
04:40:29,400 --> 04:40:32,100
this fit that you couldn't even 
fit a knife blade between most 

5360
04:40:32,100 --> 04:40:34,700
of the stones. 
They're making a surface, that 

5361
04:40:34,700 --> 04:40:36,400
will shed water last a long 
time. 

5362
04:40:36,400 --> 04:40:40,200
And give both iron shod Hooves 
and sandaled feet a safe place 

5363
04:40:40,200 --> 04:40:42,900
to stand. 
But here's the really amazing 

5364
04:40:42,900 --> 04:40:45,200
part. 
The Romans are not just making 

5365
04:40:45,200 --> 04:40:48,100
the road flat. 
They're making a subtle Crown by

5366
04:40:48,100 --> 04:40:50,500
raising the middle of the road a
little higher than the edges. 

5367
04:40:50,500 --> 04:40:54,300
This is only a few inches across
a width of 15 or 20 feet. 

5368
04:40:54,300 --> 04:40:57,500
This small detail means that 
water will run off to the side 

5369
04:40:57,500 --> 04:40:58,800
instead of pooling on the 
surface. 

5370
04:40:58,800 --> 04:41:02,300
In the winter. 
The water would freeze expand 

5371
04:41:02,300 --> 04:41:05,100
and break the paving Stone's 
apart there, even more 

5372
04:41:05,100 --> 04:41:07,500
impressive because they're 
putting in Drainage Systems next

5373
04:41:07,500 --> 04:41:10,000
to the road. 
There are Stone line to channels

5374
04:41:10,000 --> 04:41:12,700
that run next to the pavement to
move rainwater away from the 

5375
04:41:12,700 --> 04:41:16,000
foundation, culverts, go under 
the road at regular interval, so

5376
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:18,100
the streams can cross without 
damaging the road. 

5377
04:41:18,100 --> 04:41:21,500
These old Engineers knew more 
about hydrology than most modern

5378
04:41:21,500 --> 04:41:23,900
contractors. 
They knew that if you don't give

5379
04:41:23,900 --> 04:41:26,900
water a place to go, it will 
destroy any human-made structure

5380
04:41:26,900 --> 04:41:29,500
over time. 
The focus on details goes all 

5381
04:41:29,500 --> 04:41:30,800
the way through the building 
process. 

5382
04:41:30,800 --> 04:41:34,100
The Romans are using groma, 
which are vertical poles with 

5383
04:41:34,108 --> 04:41:37,800
horizontal crossbars, that are 
marked at exact right angles to 

5384
04:41:37,800 --> 04:41:41,200
look at the route, they can make
roads that go straight for Miles

5385
04:41:41,200 --> 04:41:43,300
with the simple tools and the 
rules of geometry. 

5386
04:41:43,300 --> 04:41:46,600
They only make small changes 
when they have to to get around 

5387
04:41:46,600 --> 04:41:49,800
obstacles. 
Engineers are very careful when 

5388
04:41:49,800 --> 04:41:52,100
they figure out the slopes of 
the road when it has to go up 

5389
04:41:52,100 --> 04:41:54,800
hills. 
If the slope is too steep carts 

5390
04:41:54,800 --> 04:41:56,400
with loads, won't be able to 
make it up. 

5391
04:41:56,400 --> 04:41:59,300
If it's too gradual, the road 
will take longer than it needs. 

5392
04:41:59,300 --> 04:42:03,400
To their goal is grades, that 
don't go above 5% very often 

5393
04:42:03,400 --> 04:42:06,400
which is about the same as what 
modern highway standard for 

5394
04:42:06,400 --> 04:42:09,200
mountain passes, the building 
process gets even more 

5395
04:42:09,200 --> 04:42:11,400
complicated. 
When the ground is wet or marshy

5396
04:42:11,400 --> 04:42:12,900
workers. 
Are driving. 

5397
04:42:12,900 --> 04:42:16,400
Wooden piles, deep into the soft
ground to make fake foundations.

5398
04:42:16,400 --> 04:42:19,300
That can hold up the stone 
layers of in some places. 

5399
04:42:19,300 --> 04:42:23,900
There are actually building the 
road on a race in Bank of the 

5400
04:42:23,900 --> 04:42:26,800
ground around it. 
This keeps the surface dry and 

5401
04:42:26,800 --> 04:42:30,100
passable, even during spring 
floods, the inkers who built 

5402
04:42:30,100 --> 04:42:32,600
their roads hundreds of years 
later, and halfway around the 

5403
04:42:32,600 --> 04:42:35,400
world, had even bigger 
engineering problems to deal 

5404
04:42:35,400 --> 04:42:39,100
with Inca Engineers carved. 
Steps directly into living rock 

5405
04:42:39,100 --> 04:42:42,300
on Mountainside. 
So steep that modern hikers need

5406
04:42:42,300 --> 04:42:45,900
both hands free to climb. 
They built suspension, bridges 

5407
04:42:45,900 --> 04:42:47,700
out of woven grass, ropes to 
cross. 

5408
04:42:47,700 --> 04:42:50,700
Valleys these Bridges swayed. 
A lot in the wind, but they 

5409
04:42:50,700 --> 04:42:53,200
could hold the weight of llama, 
Caravans, and Messengers 

5410
04:42:53,200 --> 04:42:55,500
running. 
What all these old Engineers 

5411
04:42:55,500 --> 04:42:57,600
knew that modern infrastructure 
planners sometimes? 

5412
04:42:57,600 --> 04:42:59,900
Forget, is that roads aren't 
just for the here? 

5413
04:42:59,900 --> 04:43:02,700
And now, a road that is built, 
well will last for many years, 

5414
04:43:02,700 --> 04:43:06,200
or even 100 of years? 
The total cost of constant 

5415
04:43:06,200 --> 04:43:08,600
repairs is always higher than 
the cost of building things, 

5416
04:43:08,600 --> 04:43:10,900
right? 
The first time standing on that 

5417
04:43:10,900 --> 04:43:13,300
Hillside and watching the Via 
Appia takes shaped Stone by 

5418
04:43:13,300 --> 04:43:16,300
Stone is a deep experience. 
Most of the names of these 

5419
04:43:16,300 --> 04:43:18,800
workers have been lost to 
history, but they are building 

5420
04:43:18,800 --> 04:43:21,500
infrastructure that will still 
be useful long after their 

5421
04:43:21,500 --> 04:43:22,800
civilization has become a 
legend. 

5422
04:43:23,600 --> 04:43:26,600
Some of them may know this, most
likely they just want to finish 

5423
04:43:26,600 --> 04:43:27,800
their shift and go home for 
dinner. 

5424
04:43:27,800 --> 04:43:31,300
Now picture yourself next to a 
big Roman Road at the height of 

5425
04:43:31,300 --> 04:43:35,100
the Empire. 
Let's say around 150 CE when 

5426
04:43:35,100 --> 04:43:37,700
Rome's power stretched from 
Britain to Mesopotamia. 

5427
04:43:37,700 --> 04:43:40,800
The first Travelers of the day 
are already on the road as Dawn 

5428
04:43:40,800 --> 04:43:43,000
breaks. 
The first sound you hear the 

5429
04:43:43,000 --> 04:43:46,700
bells of a merchant Caravan, 
he's a small chime that tied to 

5430
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:49,300
the lead animals so that people 
can hear them coming in the dark

5431
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:51,800
Before Dawn. 
The merchants have been on the 

5432
04:43:51,800 --> 04:43:54,600
road since before Dawn. 
When it was the coolest time of 

5433
04:43:54,600 --> 04:43:57,300
day, you can smell their cargo 
before you see them. 

5434
04:43:57,300 --> 04:44:00,600
It spices from the East and the 
smell is so strong and 

5435
04:44:00,600 --> 04:44:02,000
complicated that it makes your 
nose. 

5436
04:44:02,000 --> 04:44:04,400
Tingle more light, there is the 
more traffic. 

5437
04:44:04,400 --> 04:44:08,100
There is a military Courier 
rides by on Horseback and the 

5438
04:44:08,100 --> 04:44:10,800
sound of his horses hooves 
hitting the stone pavement is 

5439
04:44:10,800 --> 04:44:13,800
sharp and staccato fading 
quickly into the distance. 

5440
04:44:13,800 --> 04:44:16,800
He has messages sealed with the 
governor's Mark and he will 

5441
04:44:16,800 --> 04:44:19,900
switch horses at the next 
mansio, which is a mix of an 

5442
04:44:19,900 --> 04:44:22,200
inner post office and a 
government building. 

5443
04:44:22,200 --> 04:44:25,700
That is exactly one day's travel
away, a group of merchants on 

5444
04:44:25,700 --> 04:44:28,500
foot follows him their goods. 
Loaded onto donkeys that walk 

5445
04:44:28,500 --> 04:44:30,600
slowly. 
As if they have done this trip, 

5446
04:44:30,600 --> 04:44:33,500
many times before. 
They are talking to each other 

5447
04:44:33,500 --> 04:44:35,600
in a mix of Latin and the local 
dialect. 

5448
04:44:35,600 --> 04:44:38,900
They are talking about prices in
the next town and complaining 

5449
04:44:38,900 --> 04:44:41,600
about taxes which is what 
merchants have always done. 

5450
04:44:41,600 --> 04:44:45,500
You see a covered wagon moving 
slowly and the people inside, a 

5451
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:48,500
hidden behind leather curtains, 
this could be a rich family 

5452
04:44:48,500 --> 04:44:51,300
going to their country estate or
a provincial official being 

5453
04:44:51,300 --> 04:44:54,100
moved to a new job. 
The wheels of the wagon are made

5454
04:44:54,108 --> 04:44:56,200
of iron and make a grinding 
rumbling noise. 

5455
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:57,800
As they roll over the stone 
surface. 

5456
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:01,600
This noise travels far in the 
morning are a tinker, has set up

5457
04:45:01,600 --> 04:45:04,400
a temporary stall, near a 
milestone, which is one of the 

5458
04:45:04,400 --> 04:45:07,800
stone markers that Romans put up
every thousand Paces to show how

5459
04:45:07,800 --> 04:45:10,900
far they had traveled and 
reminded people of which Emperor

5460
04:45:10,900 --> 04:45:12,700
built or fixed. 
This part of the road. 

5461
04:45:12,700 --> 04:45:16,400
He'll fix sandals sharpen knives
or sell food to Travelers who 

5462
04:45:16,400 --> 04:45:17,700
forgot to bring enough food with
them. 

5463
04:45:18,500 --> 04:45:22,500
The smell of cooking food like 
bread and salted fish makes your

5464
04:45:22,500 --> 04:45:23,900
stomach. 
Remind you that you didn't eat 

5465
04:45:23,900 --> 04:45:26,000
breakfast. 
The road is really busy by 

5466
04:45:26,000 --> 04:45:28,200
mid-morning. 
Farmers are bringing their goods

5467
04:45:28,200 --> 04:45:32,100
to Market, their carts are full 
of vegetables, and four of wine 

5468
04:45:32,100 --> 04:45:35,200
and sacks of grain. 
They go slowly and often pull 

5469
04:45:35,200 --> 04:45:38,400
over to let faster cars. 
Go by most, Roman roads were 

5470
04:45:38,400 --> 04:45:42,000
wide enough for two carts to 
pass easily about 12 to 15 feet.

5471
04:45:42,700 --> 04:45:45,500
We also had shoulders on either 
side where slower traffic could 

5472
04:45:45,500 --> 04:45:48,200
yield, you see a group of 
students with their teacher on 

5473
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:51,000
their way to study, in a bigger 
city, some of them are reading 

5474
04:45:51,000 --> 04:45:53,900
from Scrolls as they walk. 
While others are arguing about 

5475
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:56,400
philosophical issues with the 
confidence of young people who 

5476
04:45:56,400 --> 04:45:59,100
have just learned about them. 
You Can hear them clearly in the

5477
04:45:59,100 --> 04:46:01,500
open are talking about what 
virtue is and whether it can be 

5478
04:46:01,500 --> 04:46:03,900
taught. 
The afternoon brings different 

5479
04:46:03,900 --> 04:46:06,900
people who are traveling a 
religious procession goes by 

5480
04:46:06,900 --> 04:46:09,800
with pilgrims on their way to a 
temple or holy site. 

5481
04:46:09,800 --> 04:46:12,900
Their voices, make Harmony, is 
that rise and fall with the 

5482
04:46:12,900 --> 04:46:15,700
gentle bumps in the road as they
sing hymns, that bounce off the 

5483
04:46:15,700 --> 04:46:18,800
stone pavement. 
Some people bring gifts like 

5484
04:46:18,800 --> 04:46:23,400
flowers small statues or jars of
oil that slosh around as they 

5485
04:46:23,400 --> 04:46:26,000
walk the road. 
Surface itself has been used for

5486
04:46:26,000 --> 04:46:28,200
hundreds of years and show signs
of wear. 

5487
04:46:28,200 --> 04:46:31,700
You can see grooves warning into
the stone pavement by countless 

5488
04:46:31,700 --> 04:46:33,900
iron rimmed Wheels where traffic
is heavy. 

5489
04:46:33,900 --> 04:46:37,400
As Specially on Hills, where 
animals are pulling heavy loads.

5490
04:46:37,400 --> 04:46:41,100
These ruts which are up to 
several inches deep, actually 

5491
04:46:41,100 --> 04:46:44,000
make it easier for wagon drivers
to get around because their 

5492
04:46:44,000 --> 04:46:46,100
wheels naturally, follow the 
grooves, that are already there 

5493
04:46:46,100 --> 04:46:49,500
along the road, you can see 
small shrines, where Travelers 

5494
04:46:49,500 --> 04:46:51,500
have left things like coins 
flowers or bread. 

5495
04:46:51,500 --> 04:46:55,200
These marked places where 
someone died in accident, where 

5496
04:46:55,200 --> 04:46:58,600
a soldier fell while protecting 
the road from Bandits or just 

5497
04:46:58,600 --> 04:47:01,100
where the view is, so beautiful 
that it seems to deserve 

5498
04:47:01,100 --> 04:47:04,900
recognition of the Divine. 
Traffic patterns change again as

5499
04:47:04,900 --> 04:47:08,000
night falls people, from the 
area who have been working in 

5500
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:10,100
Far Away, fields are going home 
with their tools over their 

5501
04:47:10,100 --> 04:47:13,100
shoulders and looks of 
exhaustion on their faces from 

5502
04:47:13,100 --> 04:47:16,000
working in the sun kids run 
along the side of the road 

5503
04:47:16,000 --> 04:47:18,500
playing games where they try, 
not to step on the edge of the 

5504
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:22,100
paving stones or jump from one 
Milestone to the next people who

5505
04:47:22,100 --> 04:47:24,300
are traveling and won't get to 
their destination before 

5506
04:47:24,300 --> 04:47:26,600
nightfall start looking for 
places to stay. 

5507
04:47:26,600 --> 04:47:29,200
Some people are lucky enough to 
have access to official 

5508
04:47:29,200 --> 04:47:31,600
Mansions, but these are only for
government officials. 

5509
04:47:31,600 --> 04:47:34,700
And people who carry the curse 
as publicus, which is the 

5510
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:37,900
Imperial seal that lets people 
use state funded for senators. 

5511
04:47:37,900 --> 04:47:40,100
Everyone else has to stay in 
private ends. 

5512
04:47:40,100 --> 04:47:43,500
These can be anything from nice 
places with hot meals and clean 

5513
04:47:43,500 --> 04:47:47,000
beds to places that make modern 
Budget Motels look like luxury 

5514
04:47:47,000 --> 04:47:50,900
hotels, you can tell these ends 
apart by their signs, which are 

5515
04:47:50,900 --> 04:47:53,700
usually pictures painted on wood
and hung from a poll because 

5516
04:47:53,700 --> 04:47:57,000
many Travelers can't read. 
A bed means there is a place to 

5517
04:47:57,000 --> 04:47:59,900
stay a cup. 
Means that wine is for sale. 

5518
04:47:59,900 --> 04:48:03,700
A Sheaf of grain means that food
is available some places show. 

5519
04:48:03,700 --> 04:48:06,300
All three hoping to show that 
they can meet the needs of every

5520
04:48:06,300 --> 04:48:09,300
Traveler The road doesn't 
completely clear when it gets 

5521
04:48:09,300 --> 04:48:12,200
dark, you might see processions 
of people with torches. 

5522
04:48:12,200 --> 04:48:15,300
These could be soldiers moving 
at night to avoid the heat of 

5523
04:48:15,308 --> 04:48:18,600
the day or a rich traveler with 
enough slaves, to light his way 

5524
04:48:18,600 --> 04:48:21,300
and keep thieves away the 
Torches that flicker make 

5525
04:48:21,300 --> 04:48:24,700
dramatic Shadows that dance 
across the stone surface, making

5526
04:48:24,700 --> 04:48:27,200
the road that, you know, seem 
strange and a little scary. 

5527
04:48:27,200 --> 04:48:30,600
The daily flow of traffic, the 
mixing of different social 

5528
04:48:30,600 --> 04:48:33,900
classes and jobs, and the 
constant movement of goods and 

5529
04:48:33,900 --> 04:48:36,900
ideas, were what roads really 
meant to ancient empires. 

5530
04:48:36,900 --> 04:48:39,100
They weren't just projects in 
engineering. 

5531
04:48:39,100 --> 04:48:42,300
They were places where all the 
complexities of human life 

5532
04:48:42,300 --> 04:48:45,000
happened. 
For example, a Senators 

5533
04:48:45,000 --> 04:48:48,400
daughter, might pass a farmer's 
cart or ideas from far away. 

5534
04:48:48,400 --> 04:48:50,200
Provinces might travel with 
trade goods. 

5535
04:48:50,200 --> 04:48:53,600
The empires great diverse City 
could be seen in the Stream of 

5536
04:48:53,600 --> 04:48:57,400
faces going both ways. 
Let's skip ahead to about 400 

5537
04:48:57,400 --> 04:48:59,800
CE. 
You'll still on that Roman Road,

5538
04:48:59,800 --> 04:49:03,400
but things have changed in ways 
that are both small and big. 

5539
04:49:03,400 --> 04:49:07,300
The pavement is still there, 
Roman construction was too good.

5540
04:49:07,600 --> 04:49:11,100
Appear in just a few 100 years. 
But if you look closely, you can

5541
04:49:11,100 --> 04:49:14,500
see small signs of neglect. 
There is a pothole near the edge

5542
04:49:14,500 --> 04:49:17,100
of the road where water has 
gotten under a Paving Stone and 

5543
04:49:17,100 --> 04:49:20,400
frozen over many Winters slowly,
loosening the stone. 

5544
04:49:21,400 --> 04:49:24,300
During the Empire's Heyday, a 
maintenance crew would have 

5545
04:49:24,300 --> 04:49:26,400
fixed this. 
In a matter of weeks, it's been 

5546
04:49:26,408 --> 04:49:27,900
there. 
Long enough for grass to grow in

5547
04:49:27,900 --> 04:49:31,000
the Gap and carts that go by 
have worn a path around it into 

5548
04:49:31,000 --> 04:49:33,600
the shoulder. 
The Milestone you're near also 

5549
04:49:33,600 --> 04:49:36,300
shows its age. 
Someone has chipped away at the 

5550
04:49:36,300 --> 04:49:39,400
inscription, this was probably 
done during one of the many 

5551
04:49:39,400 --> 04:49:42,800
civil wars in the third century.
When each new emperor wanted to 

5552
04:49:42,800 --> 04:49:45,600
erase any evidence that his 
predecessor had been there, 

5553
04:49:45,600 --> 04:49:49,100
people still use the stone to 
Mark distance, but no one 

5554
04:49:49,100 --> 04:49:50,600
remembers which emperor put it 
there. 

5555
04:49:50,600 --> 04:49:54,800
When the way traffic flows as 
changed, you don't see as many 

5556
04:49:54,800 --> 04:49:58,200
military units or official, 
couriers the merchant Caravans 

5557
04:49:58,200 --> 04:49:59,700
are smaller and have more 
guards. 

5558
04:49:59,700 --> 04:50:03,100
This is because the Empire's 
ability to keep its Road safe as

5559
04:50:03,100 --> 04:50:06,300
gone down, which is led to more 
banditry for safety. 

5560
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:09,200
Some Travelers are going in big 
groups even if they're not all 

5561
04:50:09,200 --> 04:50:12,000
going to the same place. 
What you're seeing is the start 

5562
04:50:12,000 --> 04:50:15,000
of a process that will take 
hundreds of years, the slow 

5563
04:50:15,000 --> 04:50:17,400
breakdown of the infrastructure 
that kept the Roman empire 

5564
04:50:17,400 --> 04:50:19,700
together. 
This fall wasn't sudden or 

5565
04:50:19,700 --> 04:50:22,800
dramatic, there wasn't a single 
moment when the road stopped 

5566
04:50:22,800 --> 04:50:24,600
working. 
It was more like watching a 

5567
04:50:24,600 --> 04:50:27,600
coastline a road with each way 
of taking away a little more 

5568
04:50:27,600 --> 04:50:30,700
sand until one day, you realize 
the beach has completely changed

5569
04:50:30,700 --> 04:50:32,900
shape. 
Because Empires fall apart. 

5570
04:50:32,900 --> 04:50:35,500
So do roads. 
This is because roads need 

5571
04:50:35,500 --> 04:50:39,300
something that Empires can't 
give regular organized 

5572
04:50:39,300 --> 04:50:43,300
maintenance paid for by stable 
tax revenues and done by skilled

5573
04:50:43,300 --> 04:50:45,800
administrators who expect to 
still be in their jobs next 

5574
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:48,000
year. 
Consider what it really takes to

5575
04:50:48,000 --> 04:50:50,400
keep the roads in good shape 
Engineers. 

5576
04:50:50,400 --> 04:50:53,000
Need to check the infrastructure
and find problems before they 

5577
04:50:53,000 --> 04:50:55,800
get out of hand. 
You need quarries to make new 

5578
04:50:55,800 --> 04:50:57,600
Stones. 
You need workers. 

5579
04:50:57,600 --> 04:50:59,300
Who know how to build things on 
a good at it. 

5580
04:50:59,308 --> 04:51:02,000
You need animals and carts to 
move things. 

5581
04:51:02,000 --> 04:51:05,400
You need money to pay for 
everything and you need a way to

5582
04:51:05,400 --> 04:51:08,200
organize these things over. 
Thousands of miles of land. 

5583
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:11,100
As the Western, Roman Empire 
started to fall apart in the 

5584
04:51:11,108 --> 04:51:13,900
third and fourth centuries. 
It got harder to meet all of 

5585
04:51:13,908 --> 04:51:18,100
these needs as the economy 
slowed down and province's broke

5586
04:51:18,100 --> 04:51:20,700
away. 
Tax revenue went down the 

5587
04:51:20,700 --> 04:51:23,200
currently lost, so much value. 
That skilled workers asked to be

5588
04:51:23,208 --> 04:51:27,800
paid in Goods or food in stead 
of worthless coins. people try 

5589
04:51:27,800 --> 04:51:30,300
to avoid administrative jobs, 
that used to be seen as 

5590
04:51:30,300 --> 04:51:33,500
prestigious the Empire needed, 
the roads more than ever as they

5591
04:51:33,500 --> 04:51:37,600
got worse, which is ironic With 
more Barbarian invasions and 

5592
04:51:37,600 --> 04:51:41,000
usurpers trying to take over the
empire, being able to move on is

5593
04:51:41,000 --> 04:51:44,200
quickly was literally a matter 
of life and death, but the same 

5594
04:51:44,200 --> 04:51:45,900
problems that made roads 
necessary. 

5595
04:51:45,900 --> 04:51:48,100
Also made it impossible to keep 
them in good shape. 

5596
04:51:49,000 --> 04:51:52,300
You can see this in the records 
of archeology Road, repairs 

5597
04:51:52,300 --> 04:51:54,700
become less and less skilled in 
layers that date, back to the 

5598
04:51:54,700 --> 04:51:57,600
fourth and fifth centuries 
instead of properly, lifting the

5599
04:51:57,600 --> 04:52:00,400
paving stones and rebuilding the
layers of the foundation below 

5600
04:52:00,400 --> 04:52:02,700
workers. 
Just dumped gravel into the 

5601
04:52:02,700 --> 04:52:06,100
holes, they didn't replace 
broken stones with perfectly cut

5602
04:52:06,100 --> 04:52:08,800
new ones. 
Instead they filled in the gaps 

5603
04:52:08,800 --> 04:52:12,000
with whatever they could find 
like broken pottery pieces of 

5604
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:15,100
building Rubble or even just 
dirt that had been compacted. 

5605
04:52:15,100 --> 04:52:18,600
These quick fixes worked for a 
while but didn't last so they 

5606
04:52:18,600 --> 04:52:20,400
had to be done over and over 
again. 

5607
04:52:21,200 --> 04:52:23,100
Putting a bandage on a wound 
that really needs. 

5608
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:25,600
Stitches is like putting a 
bandage on a wound that really 

5609
04:52:25,600 --> 04:52:28,200
needs stitches. 
It might stop the bleeding for a

5610
04:52:28,208 --> 04:52:29,700
while but it won't fix the 
problem. 

5611
04:52:29,700 --> 04:52:32,700
People who lived through this 
time must have been deeply 

5612
04:52:32,700 --> 04:52:34,800
affected by the cycle. 
Effects of watching 

5613
04:52:34,800 --> 04:52:38,000
infrastructure, fall apart. 
Imagine seeing roads that your 

5614
04:52:38,000 --> 04:52:40,200
great grandparents remembered 
being built to last forever, 

5615
04:52:40,200 --> 04:52:43,800
slowly fall apart, even though 
everyone is doing their best to 

5616
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:46,500
keep them in, good shape, it 
would feel like the very 

5617
04:52:46,500 --> 04:52:50,300
foundations of reality were 
shaking in some areas local 

5618
04:52:50,300 --> 04:52:52,000
communities. 
Try to keep the roads in good 

5619
04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:54,000
shape when the central 
government couldn't anymore, 

5620
04:52:54,000 --> 04:52:58,000
they charged Travelers tolls, 
set up volunteer, work parties 

5621
04:52:58,000 --> 04:53:00,800
were made, local, landowners, 
responsible for, keeping the 

5622
04:53:00,800 --> 04:53:02,700
roads in good shape as a civic 
duty. 

5623
04:53:02,700 --> 04:53:06,600
These efforts sometimes worked 
for decades, making islands of 

5624
04:53:06,600 --> 04:53:08,300
working infrastructure and 
Landscape. 

5625
04:53:08,300 --> 04:53:10,000
That was becoming more and more 
broken up. 

5626
04:53:10,900 --> 04:53:13,300
The people who are in charge of 
local maintenance have their own

5627
04:53:13,300 --> 04:53:17,200
problems, the road might be in 
good shape in one Community, but

5628
04:53:17,200 --> 04:53:19,900
if the next Community couldn't 
or didn't want to do the same, 

5629
04:53:19,908 --> 04:53:24,100
the whole Road became unsafe, 
it's like having a chain with 

5630
04:53:24,100 --> 04:53:27,500
some strong links and some that 
are rusting through the weakest 

5631
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:29,700
parts of the chain, are what? 
Keep it from being too strong. 

5632
04:53:29,700 --> 04:53:33,800
The end of long-distance trade 
made roads worse faster in a 

5633
04:53:33,800 --> 04:53:36,500
vicious cycle. 
Merchant stopped traveling long 

5634
04:53:36,500 --> 04:53:38,500
distances because the roads were
as reliable. 

5635
04:53:38,500 --> 04:53:42,200
This meant less traffic, which 
meant less economic reason to 

5636
04:53:42,200 --> 04:53:45,300
keep the roads in good shape, 
which made them worse, which 

5637
04:53:45,300 --> 04:53:48,200
made people less likely to 
travel in a few Generations 

5638
04:53:48,200 --> 04:53:50,800
roads that used to connect 
different parts of the Empire 

5639
04:53:50,800 --> 04:53:53,100
might only see traffic between 
nearby Villages. 

5640
04:53:53,100 --> 04:53:56,600
A lot of Roman roads were hard 
to tell apart by the sixth 

5641
04:53:56,600 --> 04:53:58,900
Century. 
The paving stones could still be

5642
04:53:58,900 --> 04:54:02,200
there but they might be buried 
under dirt and plants that have 

5643
04:54:02,200 --> 04:54:04,700
grown over time. 
The drainage systems were 

5644
04:54:04,700 --> 04:54:07,600
blocked which caused flooding 
that we can, the foundation's 

5645
04:54:07,600 --> 04:54:10,900
bridges fell down and worked 
fixed in places. 

5646
04:54:10,900 --> 04:54:13,500
With a lot of trees, the roots 
of the trees pushed apart, the 

5647
04:54:13,508 --> 04:54:15,800
carefully fitted pavement that 
Roman Engineers had put 

5648
04:54:15,808 --> 04:54:18,200
together. 
But the roads never completely 

5649
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:20,700
went away. 
Even after the pavement broke up

5650
04:54:20,700 --> 04:54:24,000
the roots themselves, the paths 
they made across the land were 

5651
04:54:24,000 --> 04:54:26,400
still useful. 
They were still known by Traders

5652
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:29,900
armies and people in the area 
who used them to get to nearby 

5653
04:54:29,900 --> 04:54:32,300
towns. 
The physical infrastructure made

5654
04:54:32,300 --> 04:54:35,400
deteriorate yet the awareness of
connectivity in jewels and 

5655
04:54:35,408 --> 04:54:38,800
cultural memory. 
Let's go to that same road 

5656
04:54:38,800 --> 04:54:42,900
around 800 CE, which historian 
sometimes called the Dark Ages, 

5657
04:54:42,900 --> 04:54:45,800
people who live through them 
would have been confused by that

5658
04:54:45,800 --> 04:54:47,900
name, because their days seemed 
bright enough to them. 

5659
04:54:47,900 --> 04:54:51,500
The changes amazing. 
There are still some parts of 

5660
04:54:51,500 --> 04:54:54,700
the Roman pavement but now it is
only the middle of a much wider 

5661
04:54:54,700 --> 04:54:57,900
less formal path. 
There are tracks worn into the 

5662
04:54:57,900 --> 04:55:00,600
ground by people and animals on 
either side of the Old Stone 

5663
04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:03,400
surface. 
When it's dry, the side paths 

5664
04:55:03,400 --> 04:55:06,600
are probably easier to walk on 
than the old Roman Stones, which

5665
04:55:06,600 --> 04:55:09,000
have become uneven over the 
years as the block settled or 

5666
04:55:09,008 --> 04:55:11,100
Tilted. 
You see that people have been 

5667
04:55:11,100 --> 04:55:12,900
looking for building materials 
on the road. 

5668
04:55:12,900 --> 04:55:15,700
Someone has taken the paving 
stones that have come loose. 

5669
04:55:15,700 --> 04:55:19,400
Probably during the Spring thaw.
When frosted pushed them up and 

5670
04:55:19,400 --> 04:55:23,200
use them to build a barn, line, 
a well, or make a half these 

5671
04:55:23,200 --> 04:55:27,000
Stones, which were cut with 
great care by Roman Engineers, a

5672
04:55:27,000 --> 04:55:29,100
two valuable to just sit around 
on an old road. 

5673
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:31,300
When they could be used to build
things that are useful right 

5674
04:55:31,300 --> 04:55:33,600
away. 
You can see that someone built a

5675
04:55:33,600 --> 04:55:36,100
small wooden Church near where a
roadside Temple used to be. 

5676
04:55:36,100 --> 04:55:39,400
They used some stones from the 
old Roman building to do this. 

5677
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:43,100
The Christian cross on top of 
the church stands where a statue

5678
04:55:43,100 --> 04:55:45,600
of a pagan, God used to be both 
of these things. 

5679
04:55:45,600 --> 04:55:48,500
Made this a special place where 
Travelers would naturally stop 

5680
04:55:48,500 --> 04:55:50,400
and think about something other 
than their Journey. 

5681
04:55:51,200 --> 04:55:54,300
The old mansio, which was a 
Roman weigh station, has been 

5682
04:55:54,300 --> 04:55:56,600
turned into a small fortified 
Manor House. 

5683
04:55:56,600 --> 04:56:00,100
The original Roman walls are 
still there but wooden buildings

5684
04:56:00,100 --> 04:56:02,800
have been added on top of them, 
along with the defensive 

5685
04:56:02,800 --> 04:56:05,300
Palisade that wasn't needed. 
When the empire was at its 

5686
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:07,900
height, the new Lord of this 
manner says, he has power. 

5687
04:56:07,900 --> 04:56:11,000
Because he controls this part of
the road, this is not in the old

5688
04:56:11,000 --> 04:56:13,000
Roman sense of keeping it up for
the public good. 

5689
04:56:13,000 --> 04:56:15,800
But in the more direct medieval 
sense of being able to charge 

5690
04:56:15,800 --> 04:56:18,800
tolls to anyone who passes 
through and people still go 

5691
04:56:18,800 --> 04:56:21,800
through the road, may not look 
like what Roman Engineers would 

5692
04:56:21,800 --> 04:56:23,200
have built, but it's still a 
road. 

5693
04:56:23,208 --> 04:56:26,900
You see a merchant with a small 
cart, his goods are covered in 

5694
04:56:26,900 --> 04:56:30,300
oil, leather to keep them dry in
the rain, a group of pilgrims 

5695
04:56:30,300 --> 04:56:32,400
walks by on their way to a 
distant Shrine. 

5696
04:56:32,400 --> 04:56:35,600
Their Journey will probably take
weeks longer than it would have 

5697
04:56:35,600 --> 04:56:38,100
in Roman times, but they are 
going to the same place. 

5698
04:56:38,100 --> 04:56:41,500
The social contract around the 
road is what makes it different.

5699
04:56:41,500 --> 04:56:45,200
The government and maintain the 
roads in Roman times and anyone 

5700
04:56:45,200 --> 04:56:48,600
could use them for free. 
Now, the law is less clear about

5701
04:56:48,600 --> 04:56:50,900
roads. 
This local Lord says he is 

5702
04:56:51,200 --> 04:56:53,600
Knowledge of this area. 
The next Village might think 

5703
04:56:53,600 --> 04:56:56,000
that the road that goes through 
their land belongs to everyone. 

5704
04:56:56,700 --> 04:56:59,800
A monastery, 20 miles down the 
road might keep their section as

5705
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:03,300
a way to help others hoping for 
prayers and stead of tolls in 

5706
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:07,000
return because there are so many
different jurisdictions each 

5707
04:57:07,000 --> 04:57:09,700
with its own rules and 
expectations traveling. 

5708
04:57:09,700 --> 04:57:13,000
Any significant distances 
difficult, it's like trying to 

5709
04:57:13,008 --> 04:57:16,400
drive through a modern country 
where each county has its own 

5710
04:57:16,400 --> 04:57:20,000
set of traffic laws. 
It's possible but you have to 

5711
04:57:20,000 --> 04:57:22,900
pay attention and change your 
plans all the time in some 

5712
04:57:22,900 --> 04:57:25,800
places, a specialty close to 
cities that have kept some Roman

5713
04:57:25,800 --> 04:57:28,100
administrative. 
Practices roads are actually 

5714
04:57:28,100 --> 04:57:31,400
being fixed and kept up but not 
in a way that would make a Roman

5715
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:34,100
engineer cry. 
Instead of properly rebuilding, 

5716
04:57:34,100 --> 04:57:36,900
the foundation layers workers 
are just filling in the holes 

5717
04:57:36,900 --> 04:57:40,300
with whatever they can find. 
The surface is Bumpy and uneven 

5718
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:43,600
and needs to be taken care of 
all the time, but it keeps the 

5719
04:57:43,600 --> 04:57:45,800
worst holes filled and works to 
some extent. 

5720
04:57:46,600 --> 04:57:49,400
Some parts of the road have been
changed on purpose to serve new 

5721
04:57:49,400 --> 04:57:52,500
purposes in places where a 
straight Roman Road crosses 

5722
04:57:52,500 --> 04:57:54,100
land. 
That is now disputed by two 

5723
04:57:54,100 --> 04:57:56,200
laws. 
Local people have sometimes 

5724
04:57:56,200 --> 04:57:59,300
purposely destroyed parts of the
road to make it harder for 

5725
04:57:59,300 --> 04:58:02,200
troops to move around. 
They've dug trenches across the 

5726
04:58:02,200 --> 04:58:05,500
road taking down, Bridges, will 
put up barriers that make it 

5727
04:58:05,500 --> 04:58:06,900
impossible to get around 
quickly. 

5728
04:58:07,800 --> 04:58:10,100
On the other hand, some 
communities have made their 

5729
04:58:10,100 --> 04:58:12,000
roads better than what the 
Romans required. 

5730
04:58:12,000 --> 04:58:15,400
If a villagers economy, depends 
on being able to get to a nearby

5731
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:18,200
Market, the people who live 
there might have used local 

5732
04:58:18,200 --> 04:58:21,200
materials and methods to make 
the road wider had passing 

5733
04:58:21,200 --> 04:58:24,800
places or build new Bridges. 
These improvements don't look 

5734
04:58:24,800 --> 04:58:27,100
Roman. 
They usually made of wood 

5735
04:58:27,100 --> 04:58:29,600
instead of stone and a more 
practical than Grande. 

5736
04:58:30,500 --> 04:58:32,600
But they often fit better with 
what we need now. 

5737
04:58:33,300 --> 04:58:35,700
Bridges are the most interesting
adaptations. 

5738
04:58:35,700 --> 04:58:38,300
Roman Bridges were amazing, 
feats of engineering. 

5739
04:58:38,300 --> 04:58:41,100
They were arched structures. 
That could hold a lot of weight.

5740
04:58:41,100 --> 04:58:44,400
And span long distance is 
keeping a stone bridge. 

5741
04:58:44,400 --> 04:58:46,700
In good shape. 
Takes a lot of money and special

5742
04:58:46,700 --> 04:58:50,100
skills when a Roman bridge fell 
down either because it was not 

5743
04:58:50,100 --> 04:58:51,700
taking care of because of 
flooding. 

5744
04:58:51,700 --> 04:58:55,400
Or on purpose, medieval 
communities, offered simpler 

5745
04:58:55,400 --> 04:58:57,800
bridges in its place. 
You might see a wooden beam 

5746
04:58:57,800 --> 04:59:00,400
bridge held up by Stone pilings 
that were taken from the 

5747
04:59:00,400 --> 04:59:03,800
original Roman building, or a 
Ford where people can just Wade 

5748
04:59:03,800 --> 04:59:06,600
across the stream with the ruins
of the old bridge, just 

5749
04:59:06,600 --> 04:59:09,300
Upstream, a reminder of what 
used to be possible. 

5750
04:59:09,300 --> 04:59:13,400
In some cases Enterprise in 
locals run, fairies, and charge 

5751
04:59:13,400 --> 04:59:15,900
travelers to cross places where 
they could have walked freely 

5752
04:59:15,900 --> 04:59:19,200
across Roman engineering. 
Because the old Drainage Systems

5753
04:59:19,200 --> 04:59:22,100
don't work anymore, a lot of 
Roads flood during the rainy 

5754
04:59:22,100 --> 04:59:25,100
season people in the area have 
learned which parts to stay away

5755
04:59:25,100 --> 04:59:27,800
from when it rains and made 
seasonal routes that go around 

5756
04:59:27,800 --> 04:59:30,800
trouble spots. 
This local knowledge which has 

5757
04:59:30,800 --> 04:59:33,900
been passed down through the 
years and shared by Travelers is

5758
04:59:33,900 --> 04:59:35,700
now just as important as the 
road itself. 

5759
04:59:35,700 --> 04:59:38,700
What's amazing, is that the 
roads are still doing their main

5760
04:59:38,700 --> 04:59:41,200
job of connecting places and 
letting people move around. 

5761
04:59:41,200 --> 04:59:44,600
Even with all these changes, 
they're not as good at what they

5762
04:59:44,608 --> 04:59:47,200
do, as they used to be, when the
Romans were in charge, and 

5763
04:59:47,200 --> 04:59:49,600
travel is definitely slower and 
less reliable. 

5764
04:59:49,600 --> 04:59:52,800
But the basic structure, The 
Roots themselves which were 

5765
04:59:52,800 --> 04:59:55,700
carved into the land and are 
still in people's minds remains 

5766
04:59:55,700 --> 04:59:57,800
this time. 
Period teaches us something 

5767
04:59:57,800 --> 05:00:00,900
important about infrastructure 
without central maintenance. 

5768
05:00:00,900 --> 05:00:03,600
People will find ways to fix 
things based on what they need 

5769
05:00:03,600 --> 05:00:06,300
right now. 
And what they have these fixes 

5770
05:00:06,300 --> 05:00:08,900
may not be pretty or 
long-lasting, but they do keep 

5771
05:00:08,900 --> 05:00:11,400
things working. 
It turns out that human 

5772
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:15,200
creativity can make up for a lot
but not forever and not without 

5773
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:18,600
cost. 
Let's go ahead to about 1200 CE 

5774
05:00:18,600 --> 05:00:21,900
again, still on that road, but 
the experience is very 

5775
05:00:21,900 --> 05:00:24,400
different. 
Now, the original Roman pavement

5776
05:00:24,400 --> 05:00:27,600
is mostly hidden under dirt or 
garlic matter and the fact that 

5777
05:00:27,600 --> 05:00:30,800
Landscapes tend to take back 
what people build you might see 

5778
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:34,100
a Paving Stone sticking out of 
the ground in some places like a

5779
05:00:34,100 --> 05:00:36,400
tooth. 
That hasn't fully erupted, this 

5780
05:00:36,400 --> 05:00:40,000
is a sign of What Lies Beneath 
It's interesting how the road is

5781
05:00:40,000 --> 05:00:42,600
still changing the landscape, 
even though it's broken. 

5782
05:00:42,600 --> 05:00:45,300
Even though most Travelers, 
don't know why this root stays 

5783
05:00:45,308 --> 05:00:48,400
drier than the land around it or
why some parts are easier to 

5784
05:00:48,408 --> 05:00:50,600
walk. 
On the Roman Engineers built 

5785
05:00:50,600 --> 05:00:52,600
their road base on a slightly 
higher path. 

5786
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:54,400
That is still the best place to 
walk. 

5787
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:57,700
There are trees along the road 
in some places, but if you look 

5788
05:00:57,700 --> 05:01:00,400
closely, you'll see that they're
not growing in a random way. 

5789
05:01:01,300 --> 05:01:04,400
Many people walk along the old 
Roman drainage ditches which 

5790
05:01:04,400 --> 05:01:06,200
used to carry water away from 
the road. 

5791
05:01:06,200 --> 05:01:10,100
Some of these trees of years old
and they are unintentionally 

5792
05:01:10,100 --> 05:01:13,100
marking the limits of Roman 
engineering, making a visible 

5793
05:01:13,100 --> 05:01:15,500
outline of infrastructure that 
the people who planted the 

5794
05:01:15,500 --> 05:01:17,800
trees. 
Never saw, the Roman Road has 

5795
05:01:17,800 --> 05:01:20,900
become a property line in some 
places farmers in the Middle 

5796
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:23,500
Ages used the old road as 
natural marker when they split 

5797
05:01:23,500 --> 05:01:25,900
up their land. 
Might now see a fence running 

5798
05:01:25,900 --> 05:01:28,700
along the length of the road 
with fields on either side that 

5799
05:01:28,700 --> 05:01:31,700
follow patterns set by Roman 
surveyors, more than 1,000 years

5800
05:01:31,700 --> 05:01:35,600
ago, the fence itself might have
Roman miles stones as fence 

5801
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:38,000
posts. 
The inscription on the stones 

5802
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:39,900
have been worn Smooth by wind 
and rain. 

5803
05:01:39,900 --> 05:01:42,700
These ruins have a lot of 
meaning that goes beyond their 

5804
05:01:42,700 --> 05:01:46,000
use people in the Middle Ages 
saw Roman roads as proof of a 

5805
05:01:46,008 --> 05:01:48,400
civilization that could do 
things that we can't do now, 

5806
05:01:48,400 --> 05:01:51,400
they thought of it as a lost 
golden age, when roads ran 

5807
05:01:51,400 --> 05:01:54,400
straight and true across whole 
continents, when Empires could 

5808
05:01:54,400 --> 05:01:56,100
move armies from Britain to 
Persia. 

5809
05:01:56,100 --> 05:01:59,100
And when the world was more 
connected and maybe even easier 

5810
05:01:59,100 --> 05:02:02,600
to understand, we can see this 
Kind of symbolism in medieval 

5811
05:02:02,600 --> 05:02:05,500
art and literature stories about
ancient roads. 

5812
05:02:05,500 --> 05:02:08,900
Often show them as ways to find 
Adventure links to a more 

5813
05:02:08,900 --> 05:02:12,500
glorious past or reminders of 
the Imperial power that existed 

5814
05:02:12,500 --> 05:02:14,900
before the current political 
landscape fell apart. 

5815
05:02:14,900 --> 05:02:18,700
In romances Knights, often go on
quests along Old Roman roads. 

5816
05:02:18,700 --> 05:02:21,500
As if the roads still have some 
magic left over from the 

5817
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:24,500
civilization that built them, 
churches and monasteries are 

5818
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:26,900
often built close to Old Roman 
roads on purpose. 

5819
05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:30,900
Both for practical reasons, and 
for symbolic Reasons, by 

5820
05:02:30,900 --> 05:02:33,900
building near these remnants of 
Roman Glory medieval 

5821
05:02:33,900 --> 05:02:36,100
institutions show that they are 
The Heirs of classical 

5822
05:02:36,100 --> 05:02:38,900
civilization. 
This suggests that there is a 

5823
05:02:38,900 --> 05:02:41,500
connection between the ancient 
past and the Christian present, 

5824
05:02:41,500 --> 05:02:44,800
the ruins are all so quarries, 
but not just for physical 

5825
05:02:44,800 --> 05:02:47,200
things. 
Engineers from the Middle Ages, 

5826
05:02:47,200 --> 05:02:49,700
look at how the Romans built 
roads to learn how to make 

5827
05:02:49,700 --> 05:02:52,900
things that last some of this 
knowledge is being used in new 

5828
05:02:52,900 --> 05:02:55,300
buildings. 
The best medieval roads are 

5829
05:02:55,300 --> 05:02:58,200
based on Roman engineering ideas
that have been changed to fit 

5830
05:02:58,200 --> 05:03:00,000
the materials and needs of the 
time. 

5831
05:03:00,000 --> 05:03:03,900
But these ruined also have a sad
quality to them when you stand 

5832
05:03:03,900 --> 05:03:06,600
on a crumbling Roman Road and 
look at paving stones that have 

5833
05:03:06,600 --> 05:03:09,700
moved until tilted bridges that 
have turned into Foundation 

5834
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:13,500
stones and Milestones with 
unreadable inscription, you are 

5835
05:03:13,500 --> 05:03:15,200
facing. 
The fact that human achievement 

5836
05:03:15,200 --> 05:03:18,700
is not permanent, the Roman's 
built things that would last 

5837
05:03:18,700 --> 05:03:21,700
forever, but forever, as longer 
than even the best engineering 

5838
05:03:21,700 --> 05:03:25,500
can handle, This sadness isn't 
just about love, it had 

5839
05:03:25,500 --> 05:03:29,600
real-world effects on society. 
In the Middle Ages, if Rome the 

5840
05:03:29,600 --> 05:03:32,200
largest Empire in history with 
more resources and better 

5841
05:03:32,200 --> 05:03:35,600
organization than we have now 
couldn't keep its infrastructure

5842
05:03:35,600 --> 05:03:39,200
going forever. 
What hope does smaller poorer 

5843
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:42,100
kingdoms have of building? 
Anything that lasts this 

5844
05:03:42,100 --> 05:03:45,600
acknowledgment leads to a new 
way of building Roman Builders 

5845
05:03:45,600 --> 05:03:48,500
built monuments that would last 
for centuries, thinking that 

5846
05:03:48,500 --> 05:03:51,100
they would always be 
well-maintained, medieval 

5847
05:03:51,100 --> 05:03:53,500
builders on the other hand, 
often built things with the idea

5848
05:03:53,500 --> 05:03:56,700
that maintenance might not be 
possible, they build things that

5849
05:03:56,700 --> 05:04:00,100
can gracefully fall apart that 
only need to last a generational

5850
05:04:00,100 --> 05:04:03,200
to instead of hundreds of years 
and that can be fixed easily 

5851
05:04:03,200 --> 05:04:05,300
with local materials and basic 
skills. 

5852
05:04:05,300 --> 05:04:08,400
But strangely, some medieval 
buildings last longer than 

5853
05:04:08,400 --> 05:04:10,600
expected because they were built
with low expectations. 

5854
05:04:11,800 --> 05:04:14,000
A wooden bridge that is meant to
last 20 years. 

5855
05:04:14,000 --> 05:04:17,900
Might last 50 with little care a
road made of local Stone could 

5856
05:04:17,900 --> 05:04:21,400
last for many generations. 
Without the Romans desire to 

5857
05:04:21,400 --> 05:04:24,200
build monuments that would last 
forever medieval Engineers 

5858
05:04:24,200 --> 05:04:26,800
sometimes built things that 
worked because they were humble 

5859
05:04:26,800 --> 05:04:29,600
instead of grand living. 
Among these ruins has a 

5860
05:04:29,600 --> 05:04:32,200
psychological effect on people, 
that is hard to fully understand

5861
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:35,800
from our modern point of view, 
you grow up with proof that the 

5862
05:04:35,800 --> 05:04:37,600
people who came before you could
do things. 

5863
05:04:37,600 --> 05:04:40,000
You can't. 
You walk on roads, they built 

5864
05:04:40,000 --> 05:04:43,000
see buildings, they build, and 
use tools that are based on 

5865
05:04:43,008 --> 05:04:45,800
their designs. 
You can also see these wonders 

5866
05:04:45,800 --> 05:04:48,400
falling apart, even though 
everyone is trying their best to

5867
05:04:48,400 --> 05:04:50,400
keep them in. 
Good shape, this creates a 

5868
05:04:50,400 --> 05:04:53,500
certain way of seeing the world 
one that values keeping 

5869
05:04:53,500 --> 05:04:56,400
Knowledge from the past that 
looks back as much as it looks 

5870
05:04:56,400 --> 05:04:59,600
forward and that compares the 
present to a lost golden age. 

5871
05:04:59,600 --> 05:05:02,500
It's a way of thinking that's 
very different from how we think

5872
05:05:02,500 --> 05:05:05,600
today, where each generation 
expects to do better than the 

5873
05:05:05,600 --> 05:05:09,100
last in 1200 CE. 
When you stand on this road, 

5874
05:05:09,100 --> 05:05:12,000
very few people alive, will 
remember seeing it when it was 

5875
05:05:12,000 --> 05:05:15,400
at its best, as a Roman Road, 
the smooth, Paving the good 

5876
05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:17,800
drainage and the regular 
upkeeper all just stories that 

5877
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:19,700
educated monks and Scholars tell
each other. 

5878
05:05:20,000 --> 05:05:22,000
The road is now partly 
legendary. 

5879
05:05:22,000 --> 05:05:25,400
It is a physical object, whose 
true nature is better understood

5880
05:05:25,400 --> 05:05:27,500
through tradition than direct 
experience. 

5881
05:05:28,400 --> 05:05:29,700
As we near the end of our 
journey. 

5882
05:05:29,700 --> 05:05:34,000
Let's take one last walk down 
this old road, but this time in 

5883
05:05:34,000 --> 05:05:37,400
our own time the experience is 
like looking at a palimpsest 

5884
05:05:37,400 --> 05:05:39,900
where different texts have been 
on the same. 

5885
05:05:39,900 --> 05:05:43,500
Parchment each one partially 
erases but never completely 

5886
05:05:43,500 --> 05:05:45,900
hides. 
What came before the road may 

5887
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:48,200
now be paved with asphalt and 
serve as a rural Highway 

5888
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:50,100
connecting. 
Small towns that were villages 

5889
05:05:50,100 --> 05:05:53,500
in Roman times and may not have 
even existed when the road was 

5890
05:05:53,500 --> 05:05:56,400
first built. 
But the root hasn't changed much

5891
05:05:56,400 --> 05:05:59,800
modern Engineers looked at the 
land and chose the same path. 

5892
05:05:59,800 --> 05:06:03,200
That Roman surveyors did 2000 
years ago because the way the 

5893
05:06:03,200 --> 05:06:06,600
land is always the same. 
You might find Roman paving 

5894
05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:09,800
stones that farmers of dug up 
over the years and piled along 

5895
05:06:09,800 --> 05:06:11,900
the property line. 
If you pull over and walk into 

5896
05:06:11,900 --> 05:06:15,600
the field, next door the stones.
Each cut and fitted with such 

5897
05:06:15,600 --> 05:06:17,700
care. 
Now, make a rustic, fence or a 

5898
05:06:17,700 --> 05:06:20,100
wall that holds things in place,
kids play on them. 

5899
05:06:20,100 --> 05:06:22,600
Without realizing that Roman 
Engineers wants measured and 

5900
05:06:22,600 --> 05:06:25,100
placed each stone with the same 
care that people use. 

5901
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:28,700
When building for eternity, You 
might see Roman milestones in 

5902
05:06:28,700 --> 05:06:31,500
town as historical artifacts. 
There worn out. 

5903
05:06:31,500 --> 05:06:34,600
Surfaces are protected by glass 
or built in to Modern monuments.

5904
05:06:34,600 --> 05:06:37,700
Archaeologists are now studying 
the inscriptions which used to 

5905
05:06:37,708 --> 05:06:41,000
be clear statements of Imperial 
power to try to piece together. 

5906
05:06:41,000 --> 05:06:44,800
Ancient political history, from 
bits of carved Latin some parts 

5907
05:06:44,800 --> 05:06:47,400
of Roman roads have been left 
alone on purpose so that they 

5908
05:06:47,400 --> 05:06:49,100
can be studied by 
archaeologists. 

5909
05:06:49,900 --> 05:06:52,800
You can walk on the original 
pavement, see how it was built 

5910
05:06:52,800 --> 05:06:56,300
in cross section displays and 
read signs that explain how the 

5911
05:06:56,300 --> 05:06:59,100
engineering works. 
These preserved parts are like 

5912
05:06:59,108 --> 05:07:01,600
outdoor museums that teach 
people about a way of building 

5913
05:07:01,600 --> 05:07:05,200
things that is better than ours 
in some ways modern highways. 

5914
05:07:05,200 --> 05:07:08,500
Often Run next to Roman roads 
but they are separated by a few 

5915
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:11,000
hundred yards. 
You can still see the old road 

5916
05:07:11,000 --> 05:07:13,700
from the new one, but they are 
far enough apart that each 

5917
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:16,600
serves its own purpose. 
The Old Road might be used by 

5918
05:07:16,600 --> 05:07:18,900
people who live nearby cyclists 
and hikers. 

5919
05:07:18,900 --> 05:07:22,000
While the new highway is used by
people who are just passing 

5920
05:07:22,000 --> 05:07:25,800
through quickly, both exist to 
meet different needs, and each 

5921
05:07:25,800 --> 05:07:28,300
has reflection of the way. 
People connected places in its 

5922
05:07:28,300 --> 05:07:30,900
time. 
The legacy of Roman roads goes 

5923
05:07:30,900 --> 05:07:34,100
beyond, just the physical 
remains when building roads, 

5924
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:36,700
that will last for decades, and 
stead of needing to be rebuilt 

5925
05:07:36,700 --> 05:07:39,100
every few years. 
Modern, civil engineers. 

5926
05:07:39,100 --> 05:07:41,900
Still use Roman methods. 
Layered construction. 

5927
05:07:41,900 --> 05:07:46,100
Good drainage and crowned 
surfaces are all Roman ideas 

5928
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:49,400
that are still used today. 
Roman Road had a big impact on 

5929
05:07:49,400 --> 05:07:51,500
the geography of Europe that can
still be seen today. 

5930
05:07:51,500 --> 05:07:54,700
A lot of modern cities are where
they are because they were on 

5931
05:07:54,700 --> 05:07:57,500
Roman roads. 
Roman Engineers often built 

5932
05:07:57,500 --> 05:08:00,300
roads, that came political 
boundaries, trade routes, 

5933
05:08:00,300 --> 05:08:02,900
cultural exchanges, and 
migration routes still follow 

5934
05:08:02,900 --> 05:08:05,500
the same paths that were first 
set up, when Rome ruled the 

5935
05:08:05,500 --> 05:08:09,100
Mediterranean The way we talk 
about roads is influenced by 

5936
05:08:09,100 --> 05:08:13,400
Latin in Latin, Mi comes from 
Mila Passos, which means a 

5937
05:08:13,400 --> 05:08:16,000
thousand Paces. 
The word Street comes from the 

5938
05:08:16,000 --> 05:08:19,500
Latin word via strata which 
means, paved Road, Romans 

5939
05:08:19,500 --> 05:08:22,400
improved and standardized the 
way they built roads, which is 

5940
05:08:22,400 --> 05:08:25,400
how we got the ideas of 
infrastructure maintenance and 

5941
05:08:25,400 --> 05:08:28,500
civic duty but maybe the most 
important Legacy is 

5942
05:08:28,500 --> 05:08:31,400
psychological not physical. 
Roman roads represented, a 

5943
05:08:31,400 --> 05:08:33,400
specific conception of 
civilization. 

5944
05:08:33,400 --> 05:08:37,300
The belief that human creativity
can transform the natural world.

5945
05:08:37,300 --> 05:08:40,500
That meticulous planning and 
Engineering can address 

5946
05:08:40,500 --> 05:08:43,300
seemingly insurmountable 
challenges and that the 

5947
05:08:43,300 --> 05:08:46,300
integration of diverse 
individuals and locale's 

5948
05:08:46,300 --> 05:08:48,100
generate greater value than 
Solitude. 

5949
05:08:48,100 --> 05:08:51,200
This vision is still alive in 
every modern Highway project, 

5950
05:08:51,200 --> 05:08:55,000
every infrastructure project. 
And every effort to link small 

5951
05:08:55,000 --> 05:08:58,600
towns to bigger networks, when 
we talk about how much to spend 

5952
05:08:58,600 --> 05:09:01,900
on infrastructure, how to keep 
current systems running or 

5953
05:09:01,900 --> 05:09:04,600
whether to build new connections
with dealing with the same 

5954
05:09:04,600 --> 05:09:06,800
problems that Romans did 2000 
years. 

5955
05:09:07,000 --> 05:09:10,500
Ago, the story of why ancient 
roads fell apart teaches us an 

5956
05:09:10,500 --> 05:09:13,100
important lesson. 
Infrastructure needs more than 

5957
05:09:13,100 --> 05:09:16,900
just being built, it needs to be
maintained the decline of Roman 

5958
05:09:16,900 --> 05:09:18,600
roads. 
Wasn't mostly due to bad 

5959
05:09:18,600 --> 05:09:20,600
engineering. 
Many of those roads were built 

5960
05:09:20,600 --> 05:09:22,900
well enough that they still look
like they did back then. 

5961
05:09:22,900 --> 05:09:26,200
It was about institutions 
failing, which meant that the 

5962
05:09:26,200 --> 05:09:29,000
administrative and economic 
systems needed to keep complex 

5963
05:09:29,000 --> 05:09:31,000
infrastructure running over time
fell apart. 

5964
05:09:32,000 --> 05:09:34,400
Modern societies have to deal 
with the same problems. 

5965
05:09:34,400 --> 05:09:37,600
We need to keep spending money 
on repairs and maintenance for 

5966
05:09:37,600 --> 05:09:40,000
our roads, Bridges and 
utilities. 

5967
05:09:40,700 --> 05:09:43,300
Decay starts when economic or 
political problems. 

5968
05:09:43,300 --> 05:09:45,600
Take resources away from this 
unglamorous work. 

5969
05:09:45,600 --> 05:09:47,400
It might not be clear right 
away. 

5970
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:51,500
Infrastructure gets worse over 
time with each small failure. 

5971
05:09:51,500 --> 05:09:54,400
Adding to the last one. 
Until one day, you look around 

5972
05:09:54,400 --> 05:09:57,400
and see that systems you used to
trust, aren't working anymore. 

5973
05:09:57,400 --> 05:10:00,500
The Romans would get what we're 
talking about when we argue 

5974
05:10:00,500 --> 05:10:03,500
about infrastructure, they had 
to deal with the same problems 

5975
05:10:03,500 --> 05:10:05,600
of balancing short, term 
savings, with long term 

5976
05:10:05,600 --> 05:10:08,300
investments, political 
expediency with engineering, 

5977
05:10:08,300 --> 05:10:11,300
assess, tea and local, needs 
with system wide needs. 

5978
05:10:11,300 --> 05:10:14,200
Their roads fell apart, not 
because they didn't know how to 

5979
05:10:14,200 --> 05:10:16,300
build them, right. 
But because keeping them up, 

5980
05:10:16,300 --> 05:10:19,000
took more resources and 
dedication than their society. 

5981
05:10:19,000 --> 05:10:22,000
Could give, let's take a break 
for a moment on a particularly 

5982
05:10:22,000 --> 05:10:25,100
beautiful stretch of preserved, 
Roman Road, it might be in the 

5983
05:10:25,100 --> 05:10:27,700
English Countryside where the 
old stones are on straight to 

5984
05:10:27,700 --> 05:10:30,700
cross a green hillsides, and the
landscape on either side looks 

5985
05:10:30,700 --> 05:10:32,500
like a painting of pastoral 
happiness. 

5986
05:10:32,500 --> 05:10:35,900
The Stone's under your feet are 
still strong after almost 2000 

5987
05:10:35,900 --> 05:10:38,400
years. 
Some have faint marks on them 

5988
05:10:38,400 --> 05:10:40,200
from ironed wheels that went 
over them. 

5989
05:10:40,200 --> 05:10:42,900
When Emperors ruled you might 
have learned their names in 

5990
05:10:42,900 --> 05:10:44,700
school, but can't quite remember
them. 

5991
05:10:44,700 --> 05:10:48,100
Other show how the weather has 
changed over many seasons with 

5992
05:10:48,100 --> 05:10:50,100
smooth. 
Slightly rounded surfaces from 

5993
05:10:50,100 --> 05:10:52,600
rain wind and millions of 
footsteps. 

5994
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:55,800
You can see how well these 
Stones fit together in the low 

5995
05:10:55,800 --> 05:10:59,000
light of the afternoon, even 
after hundreds of years of frost

5996
05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:02,100
heaving root growth and Nature's
General chaos, trying to take 

5997
05:11:02,100 --> 05:11:05,400
apart human buildings, most 
stones still touch each other 

5998
05:11:05,400 --> 05:11:07,900
with only a fingers width of 
space between them. 

5999
05:11:07,900 --> 05:11:10,800
It's the kind of craftsmanship 
that makes you feel bad about 

6000
05:11:10,800 --> 05:11:14,300
the Shelf you put up last 
weekend at wobbles If you close 

6001
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:17,700
your eyes and really listen, The
Sounds around, you aren't that 

6002
05:11:17,700 --> 05:11:19,800
different from what people 
traveling, in Rome would have 

6003
05:11:19,808 --> 05:11:22,600
heard birds are singing in the 
hedgerows that Mark, the edges 

6004
05:11:22,600 --> 05:11:26,700
of the modern field wind blowing
through the grass, the sound of 

6005
05:11:26,700 --> 05:11:30,300
sheep bleeding in the distance. 
These sheep are the descendants 

6006
05:11:30,300 --> 05:11:32,700
of flocks that may have walked 
along this road when it was new.

6007
05:11:32,700 --> 05:11:36,200
The English Countryside, stays 
the same, even as things change.

6008
05:11:36,200 --> 05:11:39,400
But if you look more closely, 
you'll see that the landscape 

6009
05:11:39,400 --> 05:11:42,900
tells a story of its own. 
The road is in a slight dip, but

6010
05:11:42,900 --> 05:11:44,500
not because the Roman's it that 
way. 

6011
05:11:45,400 --> 05:11:48,200
In dead, the land around, it has
been slowly built up by years of

6012
05:11:48,200 --> 05:11:51,300
farming, with each Year's leaves
and organic matter, adding 

6013
05:11:51,300 --> 05:11:53,100
microscopic thickness to the 
soil. 

6014
05:11:54,000 --> 05:11:55,600
The world has risen around the 
road. 

6015
05:11:55,600 --> 05:11:58,800
Not the other way around, you 
can see that some of the stones 

6016
05:11:58,800 --> 05:12:01,600
have wild flowers, growing 
between them, these aren't 

6017
05:12:01,600 --> 05:12:03,700
invasive weeds, that are ruining
old buildings. 

6018
05:12:03,700 --> 05:12:06,800
They're part of a unique 
ecosystem that can only be found

6019
05:12:06,800 --> 05:12:09,500
in places like this. 
Some of these plants are very 

6020
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:12,300
rare and only live in the 
specific conditions that Roman 

6021
05:12:12,300 --> 05:12:15,400
engineering made botanists. 
Sometimes look at old Roman 

6022
05:12:15,400 --> 05:12:18,000
roads, because they keep 
ecological conditions that have 

6023
05:12:18,000 --> 05:12:21,500
disappeared in other places, a 
modern hiker walks by on a trail

6024
05:12:21,500 --> 05:12:23,400
that includes this part of the 
Roman Road. 

6025
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:27,500
She is using GPS to find her way
following a root, she downloaded

6026
05:12:27,500 --> 05:12:30,500
to her smartphone, but she's 
walking on roads that were built

6027
05:12:30,500 --> 05:12:33,400
2000 years. 
Before electricity, the mix of 

6028
05:12:33,400 --> 05:12:36,600
old and new isn't jarring. 
It feels natural as if the road 

6029
05:12:36,600 --> 05:12:38,600
is taking in the technology of 
each time period. 

6030
05:12:38,600 --> 05:12:41,600
Without losing its basic 
character, you come across a 

6031
05:12:41,600 --> 05:12:43,700
part of the road that 
archaeologists have partially 

6032
05:12:43,700 --> 05:12:47,000
dug up further down the path. 
They've carefully dug out, dirt 

6033
05:12:47,000 --> 05:12:49,900
from one side, showing the cross
section of Roman construction. 

6034
05:12:49,900 --> 05:12:52,200
Like a slice through a layer 
cake. 

6035
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:56,800
You can see each layer The big 
stones that make up the base the

6036
05:12:56,800 --> 05:13:00,200
mixed gravel and mortar above 
the sand that levels the 

6037
05:13:00,200 --> 05:13:02,100
surface. 
And finally, the paving stones 

6038
05:13:02,100 --> 05:13:05,300
on top there is an interpretive 
sign that tells you what you're 

6039
05:13:05,300 --> 05:13:08,000
looking at, but the building 
itself is so clear that it 

6040
05:13:08,000 --> 05:13:10,800
doesn't need words. 
This is how to make something 

6041
05:13:10,800 --> 05:13:14,000
that will last, this is how you 
build infrastructure that will 

6042
05:13:14,000 --> 05:13:16,400
last for hundreds of years. 
And of just decades. 

6043
05:13:16,400 --> 05:13:19,800
This is how you show future 
Generations that you had faith 

6044
05:13:19,800 --> 05:13:22,400
in the future and did what you 
could to make it happen. 

6045
05:13:22,400 --> 05:13:25,700
But this exposed cross-section 
is also very sad. 

6046
05:13:25,700 --> 05:13:28,500
It feels like seeing the bones 
of the Earth itself. 

6047
05:13:28,500 --> 05:13:32,400
The skeleton that lies under the
skin of the land, it was never 

6048
05:13:32,400 --> 05:13:34,200
meant for people to see the road
like this. 

6049
05:13:34,200 --> 05:13:37,600
It's strength was supposed to 
come from everything working 

6050
05:13:37,600 --> 05:13:41,500
together as one taking apart. 
Its internal structure shows us 

6051
05:13:41,500 --> 05:13:45,300
how it works but it also makes 
it less useful turning a useful 

6052
05:13:45,300 --> 05:13:47,900
piece of infrastructure into an 
anatomical specimen. 

6053
05:13:47,900 --> 05:13:50,700
You might find things in the 
nearby museum that were found 

6054
05:13:50,700 --> 05:13:53,600
along this road like coins, that
Travelers dropped. 

6055
05:13:54,400 --> 05:13:57,800
Pieces of pottery that used to 
hold oil or wine and a bronze 

6056
05:13:57,800 --> 05:14:00,000
figurine. 
That someone lost 2000 years ago

6057
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:03,200
and never found each thing as a 
small tragedy and a small 

6058
05:14:03,200 --> 05:14:06,300
connection. 
Someone's lost his Arcane and we

6059
05:14:06,300 --> 05:14:08,000
can think about the moment that 
was lost. 

6060
05:14:08,700 --> 05:14:10,800
The simplest things are often 
the most moving. 

6061
05:14:11,500 --> 05:14:15,300
The toy cart for a child, a 
hairpin for a woman or a worn 

6062
05:14:15,300 --> 05:14:18,600
sandal sole these common things.
Make the road, feel more like a 

6063
05:14:18,600 --> 05:14:20,500
person than military or 
architectural history. 

6064
05:14:20,500 --> 05:14:24,000
Can they remind us that this 
road was used by more than just 

6065
05:14:24,000 --> 05:14:26,900
armies and trade goods. 
It was also used by families 

6066
05:14:26,900 --> 05:14:30,800
visiting relatives craftspeople 
going to Market children seeing 

6067
05:14:30,800 --> 05:14:33,900
the world for the first time. 
An old people making one last 

6068
05:14:33,900 --> 05:14:35,700
trip to places. 
They loved when they were young.

6069
05:14:35,700 --> 05:14:38,800
Roman roads were built for 
useful things like moving troops

6070
05:14:38,800 --> 05:14:42,500
making trade easier and keeping 
the government in check, but 

6071
05:14:42,500 --> 05:14:45,800
they ended up serving a more 
basic need, the need to connect 

6072
05:14:45,800 --> 05:14:49,100
with others to move and to see 
what's over the next Hill. 

6073
05:14:49,100 --> 05:14:51,900
And the one after that. 
This is why roads are important 

6074
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:55,100
for more than just their 
engineering specifications or 

6075
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:59,200
they usefulness to the economy. 
They meet a basic need in all of

6076
05:14:59,200 --> 05:15:01,100
us. 
Our constant need to be 

6077
05:15:01,100 --> 05:15:03,800
somewhere else and see more than
one place can offer, 

6078
05:15:03,800 --> 05:15:07,200
archaeologists and geographers. 
Have found something amazing. 

6079
05:15:08,100 --> 05:15:11,200
Even when the physical roads 
were gone, the paths they made a

6080
05:15:11,200 --> 05:15:14,900
land, often stayed in people's 
minds and practices for hundreds

6081
05:15:14,900 --> 05:15:18,100
of years picture, a part of a 
Roman road where all signs of 

6082
05:15:18,100 --> 05:15:20,900
construction of disappeared. 
The stones that were quarried 

6083
05:15:20,900 --> 05:15:23,400
for medieval buildings. 
The foundation layers that were 

6084
05:15:23,408 --> 05:15:25,100
spread out by centuries of 
farming. 

6085
05:15:25,100 --> 05:15:28,000
And even the road itself, have 
all been plowed under and grown 

6086
05:15:28,000 --> 05:15:30,900
over there doesn't seem to be 
anything left at the Casual 

6087
05:15:30,900 --> 05:15:33,100
Observer. 
But if you map out the trade 

6088
05:15:33,100 --> 05:15:36,100
routes from the Middle Ages, the
Paz that villagers used to get 

6089
05:15:36,100 --> 05:15:38,900
from one settlement to another 
or the property lines that 

6090
05:15:38,900 --> 05:15:41,200
farmer set up. 
You'll often find that they 

6091
05:15:41,200 --> 05:15:44,500
follow the same line as the 
Roman Road, that is no longer 

6092
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:47,800
there this persistence occurs. 
Because pathways through the 

6093
05:15:47,800 --> 05:15:51,300
landscape are not random, Roman 
Engineers chose their paths, for

6094
05:15:51,300 --> 05:15:54,700
good reasons, these were the 
easiest Hills to cross the most 

6095
05:15:54,700 --> 05:15:56,500
direct routes between Portland 
points. 

6096
05:15:56,500 --> 05:15:58,900
The best place is to build 
bridges over rivers. 

6097
05:15:58,900 --> 05:16:01,800
And the best place is to cross. 
Valleys where travel was 

6098
05:16:01,800 --> 05:16:03,900
possible. 
When the Roman Road went away, 

6099
05:16:03,900 --> 05:16:06,000
people found the same best 
routes on their own. 

6100
05:16:06,000 --> 05:16:09,500
They weren't following the road.
As they could see it, they were 

6101
05:16:09,500 --> 05:16:12,400
retracing it because geography 
still gave them the same answers

6102
05:16:12,400 --> 05:16:15,500
to the same problems even when 
people have built things on the 

6103
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:18,200
land it still remembers. 
This is still true in modern 

6104
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:21,500
Britain, where many of today's 
highways follow the same paths 

6105
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:24,500
as Roman roads, which often 
followed the same paths as 

6106
05:16:24,508 --> 05:16:26,200
Celtic trackways that came 
before them. 

6107
05:16:26,200 --> 05:16:29,600
The Roman Watling Street runs 
along, most of the A5 highway 

6108
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:33,300
from London to Wales the A1, 
which is the longest numbered 

6109
05:16:33,300 --> 05:16:36,400
road in the UK follows, a path 
that has been used since 

6110
05:16:36,400 --> 05:16:39,500
prehistoric times and was made 
official by the Romans. 

6111
05:16:39,500 --> 05:16:41,500
The modern highway system in 
France. 

6112
05:16:41,500 --> 05:16:44,100
Still uses Roman roads for both 
roots and names. 

6113
05:16:44,900 --> 05:16:47,700
French Engineers built their 
modern Road Network in the 18th 

6114
05:16:47,700 --> 05:16:50,300
and 19th centuries. 
And when they could, they 

6115
05:16:50,300 --> 05:16:52,800
followed Roman roots, they 
thought of themselves as 

6116
05:16:52,800 --> 05:16:55,400
restoring old infrastructure 
rather than replacing it. 

6117
05:16:56,200 --> 05:16:58,900
The Inca Road system in South 
America is another example of 

6118
05:16:58,900 --> 05:17:02,400
something that lasts the Inca 
empire fell apart in the 16th 

6119
05:17:02,400 --> 05:17:04,800
century and their roads fell 
into disrepair. 

6120
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:09,100
However, many modern Peruvian 
highways, following carrots. 

6121
05:17:09,800 --> 05:17:12,900
Modern roads wind along the same
paths as the Incas carved steps 

6122
05:17:12,900 --> 05:17:15,700
into Mountain sides. 
This is because the geography 

6123
05:17:15,700 --> 05:17:18,800
hasn't changed, these are still 
the best ways to get through 

6124
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:20,400
some of the most difficult 
terrain on Earth. 

6125
05:17:21,500 --> 05:17:24,300
This persistence teaches us, 
something deep about how 

6126
05:17:24,300 --> 05:17:27,600
human-made things and natural 
landscapes work together, we 

6127
05:17:27,600 --> 05:17:30,200
like to think of our roads and 
buildings as things that get in 

6128
05:17:30,200 --> 05:17:33,500
the way of nature as things that
people change the world to fit 

6129
05:17:33,500 --> 05:17:36,700
their needs. 
But in reality infrastructure, 

6130
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:39,600
works best when it works with 
the landscape instead of against

6131
05:17:39,600 --> 05:17:42,100
it. 
The roads that last whether in 

6132
05:17:42,100 --> 05:17:45,000
the physical world or in the 
minds of people are the ones 

6133
05:17:45,000 --> 05:17:47,600
that find the easiest way 
through the land and don't fight

6134
05:17:47,600 --> 05:17:49,900
it. 
There is a more profound lesson 

6135
05:17:49,900 --> 05:17:52,200
here, regarding the essence of 
civilization itself. 

6136
05:17:52,200 --> 05:17:55,700
We often think of civilizations 
as completely new things that 

6137
05:17:55,700 --> 05:17:58,900
come after what came before. 
For example, the Romans took 

6138
05:17:58,900 --> 05:18:02,300
over what was their before? 
Medieval kingdoms took over Rome

6139
05:18:02,300 --> 05:18:05,000
and modern Nations took over 
medieval structures. 

6140
05:18:05,000 --> 05:18:08,500
But human geography shows that 
things have stayed the same more

6141
05:18:08,500 --> 05:18:11,800
than these political stories. 
Say People keep living in the 

6142
05:18:11,808 --> 05:18:13,600
same place as because they have 
good water. 

6143
05:18:13,600 --> 05:18:17,500
Good places to defend 
themselves, good soil and easy, 

6144
05:18:17,500 --> 05:18:20,400
access to trade routes. 
They keep going the same way 

6145
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:22,900
because the mountains have not 
moved and the rivers still flow 

6146
05:18:22,900 --> 05:18:26,700
the same way, political systems 
come and go, but the basic link 

6147
05:18:26,700 --> 05:18:29,600
between human settlements and 
the landscape changes much more 

6148
05:18:29,600 --> 05:18:32,500
slowly. 
This is why archaeologists can 

6149
05:18:32,500 --> 05:18:35,100
sometimes guess where they will 
find old roads or settlements 

6150
05:18:35,100 --> 05:18:38,800
just by looking at the land and 
geography, there are only a few 

6151
05:18:38,808 --> 05:18:40,900
passes that don't require 
mountaineering gear. 

6152
05:18:40,900 --> 05:18:43,700
If you need to cross a mountain 
range, there are only a few 

6153
05:18:43,708 --> 05:18:46,000
places where the banks and 
current make it possible to 

6154
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:49,400
cross a river. 
Ancient engineers knew this and 

6155
05:18:49,400 --> 05:18:52,200
they picked the same places that
modern Engineers would pick if 

6156
05:18:52,200 --> 05:18:55,300
they were starting from scratch.
The fact that Roots stay the 

6157
05:18:55,300 --> 05:18:58,000
same over time is another reason
why some City stay important for

6158
05:18:58,000 --> 05:19:00,000
thousands of years While others 
fade away. 

6159
05:19:00,800 --> 05:19:03,700
Rome is located at a key 
Crossing on the Tiber River, 

6160
05:19:03,700 --> 05:19:06,200
which controls north-south 
travel through Italy. 

6161
05:19:06,200 --> 05:19:09,600
The ancient Latins who first 
settled there, the Romans who 

6162
05:19:09,600 --> 05:19:13,000
built their empire from it, the 
Medieval popes, who kept it as a

6163
05:19:13,000 --> 05:19:15,900
political Center and modern 
Italy, which made it their 

6164
05:19:15,900 --> 05:19:19,900
Capital all cared about this 
Geographic Advantage attempts 

6165
05:19:19,900 --> 05:19:22,000
Narrows in London, which is why 
the city is. 

6166
05:19:22,000 --> 05:19:24,200
There it is. 
The best place to cross the 

6167
05:19:24,200 --> 05:19:26,500
river. 
Paris grew on an island in the 

6168
05:19:26,500 --> 05:19:29,800
sand that was easy to defend 
Istanbul, which used to be 

6169
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:32,500
called Byzantium. 
And then Constantinople, is that

6170
05:19:32,500 --> 05:19:35,600
the most important point where 
Europe and Asia meet, These 

6171
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:38,300
aren't random choices are 
accidents, their places. 

6172
05:19:38,300 --> 05:19:40,800
Where the landscape almost 
requires people to live and 

6173
05:19:40,800 --> 05:19:44,100
build the story of Roman roads 
is just one part of a much 

6174
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:46,400
longer Story. 
Once you understand this, those 

6175
05:19:46,400 --> 05:19:49,400
roads were just one part of a 
long history of people trying to

6176
05:19:49,400 --> 05:19:53,200
get around quickly connect the 
places we've chosen to live and 

6177
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:55,400
get around the problems that 
geography puts in our way. 

6178
05:19:55,400 --> 05:19:58,700
The Romans did a great job of 
telling this story on a large 

6179
05:19:58,700 --> 05:20:01,500
scale but they were not the 
first or last to work on this 

6180
05:20:01,500 --> 05:20:04,600
old project. 
As we near the end of our trip 

6181
05:20:04,600 --> 05:20:07,600
down these old roads, let's 
think about what we've learned 

6182
05:20:07,600 --> 05:20:10,508
and how it affects us. 
Now, you're back in your 

6183
05:20:10,516 --> 05:20:13,800
comfortable spot and your team 
may have cooled down, but 

6184
05:20:13,800 --> 05:20:17,100
hopefully your mind is still 
busy thinking about roads, ruins

6185
05:20:17,100 --> 05:20:18,800
and the long history of human 
effort. 

6186
05:20:18,800 --> 05:20:22,200
The story of Old Road shows us, 
that infrastructure is always 

6187
05:20:22,200 --> 05:20:25,300
made up of both people and 
things the stone and mortar are 

6188
05:20:25,300 --> 05:20:28,200
important but they only work in 
a network of Institutions 

6189
05:20:28,200 --> 05:20:32,200
economic systems and cultural 
practices that give them meaning

6190
05:20:32,200 --> 05:20:34,700
and keep them useful. 
Even the best build, physical 

6191
05:20:34,700 --> 05:20:37,000
infrastructure will fail 
eventually if the supporting 

6192
05:20:37,000 --> 05:20:39,900
structure falls apart, this is 
very important. 

6193
05:20:39,900 --> 05:20:43,000
For today's society is 
infrastructure like roads 

6194
05:20:43,000 --> 05:20:45,900
Bridges, Water Systems, 
electrical grids and 

6195
05:20:45,908 --> 05:20:49,500
Telecommunications networks is 
all around us and we mostly take

6196
05:20:49,500 --> 05:20:51,400
it for granted. 
Granted until something goes 

6197
05:20:51,400 --> 05:20:53,400
wrong. 
We think that someone is taking 

6198
05:20:53,400 --> 05:20:55,400
care of these systems and that 
there are other right 

6199
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:57,700
institutions in place to make 
sure they keep working. 

6200
05:20:58,500 --> 05:21:00,900
We also think that future 
Generations will have the same 

6201
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:02,500
working infrastructure that we 
do. 

6202
05:21:02,500 --> 05:21:05,900
But the Roman experience shows 
that these ideas can be very 

6203
05:21:05,900 --> 05:21:08,600
dangerous. 
Infrastructure needs constant 

6204
05:21:08,600 --> 05:21:12,600
care enough money, Technical 
know-how and a commitment from 

6205
05:21:12,600 --> 05:21:16,800
the community Decay starts when 
one of these parts gets weaker 

6206
05:21:16,800 --> 05:21:20,300
at first. 
It happens slowly, but it speeds

6207
05:21:20,300 --> 05:21:22,500
up as small problems turn into 
bigger ones. 

6208
05:21:22,500 --> 05:21:26,900
The Romans built roads that 
could last for 2000 years but 

6209
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:29,200
they weren't able to build 
institutions that could keep 

6210
05:21:29,200 --> 05:21:30,700
those roads in good shape 
forever. 

6211
05:21:30,700 --> 05:21:33,400
The main problem is that 
physical infrastructure can last

6212
05:21:33,400 --> 05:21:36,300
a long time but the social 
infrastructure needed to keep it

6213
05:21:36,300 --> 05:21:39,200
up is weak and depends on 
stable, government enough 

6214
05:21:39,200 --> 05:21:41,100
resources and cultural 
continuity. 

6215
05:21:41,100 --> 05:21:44,200
It wasn't engineering failure, 
that caused Roman roads to fall 

6216
05:21:44,200 --> 05:21:45,900
apart. 
It was the collapse of the 

6217
05:21:45,900 --> 05:21:48,200
government. 
The Empire couldn't keep up with

6218
05:21:48,200 --> 05:21:50,200
the tax money, it needed to pay 
for repairs. 

6219
05:21:50,200 --> 05:21:54,500
Administrative systems, stopped,
working making it impossible for

6220
05:21:54,500 --> 05:21:57,200
the organization to coordinate 
repairs over large areas. 

6221
05:21:58,200 --> 05:22:00,800
When skilled workers died 
without properly training, their

6222
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:02,900
successors they lost technical 
knowledge. 

6223
05:22:02,900 --> 05:22:06,200
People's cultural priorities 
change from keeping old 

6224
05:22:06,200 --> 05:22:09,200
infrastructure, up to date, to 
just get in through immediate 

6225
05:22:09,200 --> 05:22:11,600
crises, all of these things are 
still true today. 

6226
05:22:11,600 --> 05:22:14,500
Countries have a hard time 
paying for infrastructure up, 

6227
05:22:14,500 --> 05:22:17,100
keep because it's easier for 
politicians to cut funding for 

6228
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:19,200
repairs. 
That aren't very glamorous than 

6229
05:22:19,200 --> 05:22:20,800
for new projects that are very 
visible. 

6230
05:22:20,800 --> 05:22:23,700
When people looked down on 
government jobs and said of 

6231
05:22:23,700 --> 05:22:26,000
respecting them, the 
government's ability to do its 

6232
05:22:26,000 --> 05:22:28,500
job. 
Suffers, when Society, don't 

6233
05:22:28,500 --> 05:22:31,000
value skilled trades. 
They lose technical. 

6234
05:22:31,000 --> 05:22:34,000
Know-how cultural attention is 
on short term issues. 

6235
05:22:34,000 --> 05:22:37,600
And stead of long-term 
sustainability But the story of 

6236
05:22:37,600 --> 05:22:41,200
old roads also gives us hope 
people kept roads working. 

6237
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:44,400
Even after Empires fell apart 
and formal maintenance stopped, 

6238
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:47,500
they did this through local 
initiative, creative adaptation 

6239
05:22:47,500 --> 05:22:51,400
and practical improvisation The 
roads may not have been as good 

6240
05:22:51,400 --> 05:22:54,200
as they used to be, but they 
still did their main job of 

6241
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:57,200
connecting people and places. 
This strength shows that 

6242
05:22:57,200 --> 05:23:00,700
infrastructure once built adds 
value that lasts, even during 

6243
05:23:00,700 --> 05:23:04,400
tough times, the road matters. 
Even when the pavement breaks up

6244
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:07,500
even when the journey gets 
harder, the connection is still 

6245
05:23:07,500 --> 05:23:10,700
important. 
The concept of a road ingrained 

6246
05:23:10,700 --> 05:23:14,300
in landscape and cultural memory
endures Beyond any tangible 

6247
05:23:14,300 --> 05:23:17,100
structure. 
This means that infrastructure 

6248
05:23:17,100 --> 05:23:20,200
investment is important for more
than just its immediate use in 

6249
05:23:20,200 --> 05:23:23,300
today's society infrastructure 
that works well creates 

6250
05:23:23,300 --> 05:23:25,700
connections that affect 
geography, the economy and 

6251
05:23:25,700 --> 05:23:29,100
culture for many years. 
The initial cost may seem high 

6252
05:23:29,100 --> 05:23:32,900
but the long-term benefits, some
of which are hard to measure or 

6253
05:23:32,900 --> 05:23:34,900
predict make the investment 
worth it. 

6254
05:23:34,900 --> 05:23:37,700
It also says that we should 
build infrastructure with the 

6255
05:23:37,700 --> 05:23:41,600
idea of graceful degradation in 
mind, Roman roads worked well, 

6256
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:44,600
when they were well maintained, 
but they all worked partially 

6257
05:23:44,600 --> 05:23:47,700
for hundreds of years. 
After maintenance stopped modern

6258
05:23:47,700 --> 05:23:49,700
infrastructure. 
Is often more fragile because it

6259
05:23:49,700 --> 05:23:52,300
is made to work perfectly only 
under certain conditions. 

6260
05:23:53,100 --> 05:23:55,600
If those conditions aren't met 
it can break down completely, 

6261
05:23:55,600 --> 05:23:59,300
what would it mean to build 
roads Bridges and utilities that

6262
05:23:59,300 --> 05:24:02,500
could handle less maintenance 
without any problems that could 

6263
05:24:02,500 --> 05:24:04,000
keep providing important 
Services? 

6264
05:24:04,000 --> 05:24:06,400
Even if money or knowledge 
became hard to find. 

6265
05:24:06,400 --> 05:24:08,900
That could be fixed with 
materials and skills that are 

6266
05:24:08,900 --> 05:24:11,700
available in the area rather 
than needing special ones. 

6267
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:14,000
These aren't just hypothetical 
questions. 

6268
05:24:14,000 --> 05:24:17,400
The real issues for any society 
that wants its infrastructure to

6269
05:24:17,400 --> 05:24:20,500
last through short-term 
problems, the story of Roman 

6270
05:24:20,500 --> 05:24:22,200
roads. 
Also reminds us to think about 

6271
05:24:22,200 --> 05:24:24,600
infrastructure in both practical
and symbolic ways. 

6272
05:24:25,500 --> 05:24:28,800
Roads are a symbol of 
civilization connection and 

6273
05:24:28,800 --> 05:24:31,600
possibility. 
People think their society works

6274
05:24:31,600 --> 05:24:33,300
and that the people in charge 
are smart. 

6275
05:24:33,300 --> 05:24:36,600
When the roads are well, kept, 
it seems like Civilization is 

6276
05:24:36,600 --> 05:24:40,200
falling apart when roads get 
worse, this symbolic aspect is 

6277
05:24:40,200 --> 05:24:42,900
important because infrastructure
affects how people see their 

6278
05:24:42,900 --> 05:24:46,100
relationships with each other 
and with the government Good 

6279
05:24:46,100 --> 05:24:49,300
infrastructure is a sign of good
government and social Unity 

6280
05:24:49,300 --> 05:24:51,600
infrastructure. 
That doesn't work shows that 

6281
05:24:51,600 --> 05:24:54,400
people aren't competent and 
things are broken up these 

6282
05:24:54,400 --> 05:24:58,000
Perceptions in turn affect how 
much political support there is 

6283
05:24:58,000 --> 05:25:01,200
for the institutions that keep 
infrastructure running which can

6284
05:25:01,200 --> 05:25:05,200
lead to good or bad Cycles. 
Romans understood this symbolic 

6285
05:25:05,200 --> 05:25:06,900
part of things on an instinctive
level. 

6286
05:25:06,900 --> 05:25:10,700
They built their roads to be big
and impressive not just to get 

6287
05:25:10,708 --> 05:25:14,300
people where they needed to go. 
Milestones told people which 

6288
05:25:14,300 --> 05:25:17,800
emperor had built or fixed each 
part turning roadwork into 

6289
05:25:17,800 --> 05:25:20,600
propaganda the Via. 
Appia wasn't just a road that 

6290
05:25:20,608 --> 05:25:22,300
connected Rome to Southern 
Italy. 

6291
05:25:22,300 --> 05:25:25,300
It was also a sign of Roman 
strength and stability. 

6292
05:25:26,100 --> 05:25:29,300
People in modern societies. 
Sometimes forget this lesson and

6293
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:30,900
treat infrastructure as just a 
tool. 

6294
05:25:30,900 --> 05:25:33,900
They wonder why people don't 
appreciate the complicated 

6295
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:35,900
systems that make Modern Life 
possible. 

6296
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:39,000
But infrastructure is never just
about how it works. 

6297
05:25:39,000 --> 05:25:43,000
It's about who you are, your 
pride, and how social values 

6298
05:25:43,000 --> 05:25:46,000
show up in the real world as we 
reach the end of our Journey 

6299
05:25:46,000 --> 05:25:48,500
Through Time. 
And over ancient stone, think 

6300
05:25:48,500 --> 05:25:51,100
about what it means to literally
walk in the footsteps of. 

6301
05:25:51,100 --> 05:25:54,300
So many people who came before 
us every Old Road, that is 

6302
05:25:54,300 --> 05:25:57,800
still, there has this quality of
deep time this feeling of being 

6303
05:25:57,800 --> 05:26:01,200
connected to a human story that 
goes far beyond your own life. 

6304
05:26:01,200 --> 05:26:04,200
When you walk on Roman paving 
stones, you're walking where 

6305
05:26:04,200 --> 05:26:08,400
Roman soldiers marked, where 
Merchants drove their cars were 

6306
05:26:08,400 --> 05:26:11,700
Messengers, ran with important 
news, a family's moved to new 

6307
05:26:11,700 --> 05:26:15,600
homes, where pilgrims looked for
God's favor and where Exiles 

6308
05:26:15,600 --> 05:26:17,700
left their homes and maybe never
came back. 

6309
05:26:17,700 --> 05:26:21,600
Each of those people was just as
real as you are with hopes and 

6310
05:26:21,600 --> 05:26:24,600
fears and small daily problems 
that took up their time just 

6311
05:26:24,600 --> 05:26:27,100
like yours do now. 
They were worried about their 

6312
05:26:27,100 --> 05:26:30,500
health, their families, their 
money, and whether they had made

6313
05:26:30,500 --> 05:26:34,600
the right choice in life. 
The roads saw it all, countless 

6314
05:26:34,600 --> 05:26:36,500
human. 
Dramas playing out on its 

6315
05:26:36,500 --> 05:26:39,600
unchanging surface. 
This is why parts of old roads 

6316
05:26:39,600 --> 05:26:42,500
that have been preserved. 
Often feel almost sacred, even 

6317
05:26:42,500 --> 05:26:45,300
to people who aren't very 
religious, you're standing in a 

6318
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:48,800
place where the line between the
past and the present is thin and

6319
05:26:48,800 --> 05:26:51,900
you can almost feel the presence
of all the lives that no longer 

6320
05:26:51,900 --> 05:26:54,100
there. 
The stones are proof, that those

6321
05:26:54,100 --> 05:26:56,900
people lived that their 
civilization was real. 

6322
05:26:56,900 --> 05:27:00,700
And that they did things that 
still matter The ruins of old 

6323
05:27:00,700 --> 05:27:02,500
roads. 
Also remind us that things don't

6324
05:27:02,500 --> 05:27:05,600
last forever, which is somehow 
comforting instead of sad. 

6325
05:27:05,600 --> 05:27:08,900
Yes, even the strongest Empires 
will fall apart. 

6326
05:27:08,900 --> 05:27:11,200
Yes. 
Even the best built 

6327
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:13,900
infrastructure will eventually 
need more upkeep than anyone can

6328
05:27:13,900 --> 05:27:15,200
give. 
Yes. 

6329
05:27:15,200 --> 05:27:18,100
Everything that people do is 
only temporary when compared to 

6330
05:27:18,100 --> 05:27:21,400
geological time scales, but that
doesn't mean that what people do

6331
05:27:21,400 --> 05:27:23,900
doesn't matter. 
The roads were important to the 

6332
05:27:23,900 --> 05:27:27,000
people who built them and the 
people who use them, they had a 

6333
05:27:27,000 --> 05:27:29,700
big impact on the growth of 
civilizations, the success of 

6334
05:27:29,700 --> 05:27:33,100
cities, the movement of armies 
and the flow of trade goods, 

6335
05:27:33,100 --> 05:27:36,700
their legacy lives on in the 
geography of today in the places

6336
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:40,100
where cities are in the paths of
Highways and in the shape of the

6337
05:27:40,100 --> 05:27:43,400
world, we live in now, the Roman
engineer who carefully placed 

6338
05:27:43,400 --> 05:27:46,500
paving stones on the Via, 
probably never thought that 

6339
05:27:46,500 --> 05:27:49,700
those stones would still be 
there 2000 years later in. 

6340
05:27:49,700 --> 05:27:51,900
Probably also, never thought 
that people with technology. 

6341
05:27:51,900 --> 05:27:54,600
We can't even imagine would 
study and preserve his work. 

6342
05:27:54,600 --> 05:27:57,700
Well that children who were not 
even born yet would someday run 

6343
05:27:57,700 --> 05:27:59,200
their hands over the surface. 
He made. 

6344
05:27:59,800 --> 05:28:02,000
But here we are and the stones 
are still there. 

6345
05:28:02,700 --> 05:28:05,400
This makes me think that we 
should see ourselves as links in

6346
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:08,600
a long chain. 
The infrastructure we build keep

6347
05:28:08,600 --> 05:28:11,600
up or let fall apart will affect
the world that future 

6348
05:28:11,600 --> 05:28:14,300
Generations. 
Get the decisions we make about 

6349
05:28:14,300 --> 05:28:17,600
how to use our resources. 
How to keep things running and 

6350
05:28:17,600 --> 05:28:20,500
how to teach the next generation
of Engineers and Crafts People 

6351
05:28:20,500 --> 05:28:23,100
all have effects that lasts long
after. 

6352
05:28:23,100 --> 05:28:25,200
We're gone. 
We don't know how the next 

6353
05:28:25,200 --> 05:28:26,800
Generations will see our 
decisions. 

6354
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:29,800
We can't say, for sure, which of
our buildings will still be 

6355
05:28:29,800 --> 05:28:32,800
standing in 2000 years and which
ones will have disappeared 

6356
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:35,600
Without a Trace. 
But we can try to build with the

6357
05:28:35,600 --> 05:28:39,300
same care and ambition that 
drove the best Roman Engineers 

6358
05:28:39,300 --> 05:28:42,900
making things that will last 
using materials that are better 

6359
05:28:42,900 --> 05:28:46,000
than what we need right now and 
spending money on things that 

6360
05:28:46,000 --> 05:28:48,800
will be useful in the future, 
even if it seems like a lot. 

6361
05:28:48,800 --> 05:28:52,000
The funny thing is that the 
Romans who are so sure that 

6362
05:28:52,000 --> 05:28:55,000
their empire would last forever 
would be shocked to learn that 

6363
05:28:55,000 --> 05:28:57,400
their roads lasted longer than 
their civilization? 

6364
05:28:57,400 --> 05:29:00,600
They probably would have liked 
it better if their empire state 

6365
05:29:00,600 --> 05:29:02,500
the same instead of Justice 
infrastructure. 

6366
05:29:02,500 --> 05:29:06,200
But from where we stand the fact
that Roman roads are still there

6367
05:29:06,200 --> 05:29:10,800
makes Rome Feel more not less 
Eternal as you finish your warm 

6368
05:29:10,800 --> 05:29:13,900
drink and get ready for bed, 
think about how this story could

6369
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:15,400
help you as you go about your 
day. 

6370
05:29:16,100 --> 05:29:19,700
When you drive on a highway or 
walk down a street, think about 

6371
05:29:19,700 --> 05:29:21,800
the history that Lies Beneath 
the surface. 

6372
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:25,400
I wonder who walked this path 
before it was paved, what 

6373
05:29:25,400 --> 05:29:28,500
natural features made this route
and what stories could be told 

6374
05:29:28,500 --> 05:29:30,200
about all the trips that have 
happened here. 

6375
05:29:30,900 --> 05:29:33,400
Think about the people, who keep
our modern infrastructure 

6376
05:29:33,400 --> 05:29:36,500
running, they do on glamorous 
work like filling in potholes, 

6377
05:29:36,500 --> 05:29:38,500
clearing drains and fixing 
bridges. 

6378
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:41,800
In terms of work they are the 
direct descendants of the Roman 

6379
05:29:41,800 --> 05:29:45,100
engineers and maintenance Crews.
They're using better technology 

6380
05:29:45,100 --> 05:29:48,800
to solve the same basic problem 
but it's the same basic problem.

6381
05:29:48,800 --> 05:29:51,900
Keeping paths open so that 
people and things can move. 

6382
05:29:52,800 --> 05:29:55,500
Don't just see ruins like old 
Roman roads are empty. 

6383
05:29:55,500 --> 05:29:59,400
Modern highways, as failures. 
Also see them as proof that 

6384
05:29:59,400 --> 05:30:01,500
people keep trying building and 
connecting. 

6385
05:30:01,500 --> 05:30:04,500
Think of them as proof that 
we're all part of a long story 

6386
05:30:04,500 --> 05:30:06,700
that started before we were born
and will go on after. 

6387
05:30:06,700 --> 05:30:09,000
We're gone. 
The last Light in your room is 

6388
05:30:09,000 --> 05:30:12,400
fading and you're probably 
getting sleepy, which is exactly

6389
05:30:12,400 --> 05:30:14,600
what should happen. 
When you read a bedtime story, 

6390
05:30:14,600 --> 05:30:17,400
you've been with me on trips to 
ancient building, site's 

6391
05:30:17,400 --> 05:30:21,100
medieval manor, houses, busy 
Imperial, highways and 

6392
05:30:21,100 --> 05:30:23,800
overgrown, ruins that the forest
is slowly taking back. 

6393
05:30:23,800 --> 05:30:26,700
You walked on pavement that 
people have been walking on for 

6394
05:30:26,700 --> 05:30:30,200
2000 years and you thought about
what it means that their work is

6395
05:30:30,200 --> 05:30:31,900
still there. 
Even though their civilization 

6396
05:30:31,900 --> 05:30:35,500
is gone, you've thought about 
why roads are important how they

6397
05:30:35,500 --> 05:30:38,800
are made, how they work and what
happens when the systems that 

6398
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:41,900
keep them up fail, but most 
importantly, you've tapped into 

6399
05:30:41,900 --> 05:30:43,500
something basic about being 
human. 

6400
05:30:43,500 --> 05:30:47,000
I'll need to move can connect 
and get past the things that 

6401
05:30:47,000 --> 05:30:48,900
keep us from getting to the 
people and places. 

6402
05:30:48,900 --> 05:30:52,200
We want to go roads are one of 
the most basic technologies that

6403
05:30:52,200 --> 05:30:53,100
people. 
Made. 

6404
05:30:53,100 --> 05:30:55,800
They make paths permanent and 
Roots, reliable. 

6405
05:30:56,500 --> 05:30:58,000
Because they meet this basic 
need. 

6406
05:30:58,000 --> 05:31:00,900
Every culture in history has 
made them in some way. 

6407
05:31:00,908 --> 05:31:04,200
The old roads that fell apart 
when Empires fell, show us that 

6408
05:31:04,208 --> 05:31:07,600
being strong isn't enough 
infrastructure, needs constant 

6409
05:31:07,600 --> 05:31:11,200
care, enough money, Technical 
know-how and a commitment to the

6410
05:31:11,208 --> 05:31:14,400
community, even the best made 
roads will eventually break down

6411
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:18,500
due to water plants Frost, and 
the slower work of nature to 

6412
05:31:18,500 --> 05:31:20,800
reclaim them but those same old 
roads. 

6413
05:31:20,800 --> 05:31:23,200
Also, show us how to be strong 
root. 

6414
05:31:23,200 --> 05:31:25,200
Stay the same. 
Even when the pavement goes 

6415
05:31:25,200 --> 05:31:28,200
away, local communities, find 
ways to stay connected. 

6416
05:31:28,200 --> 05:31:32,000
Even when the central government
fails and the memory that roads 

6417
05:31:32,000 --> 05:31:34,200
used to run straight and true 
across whole continents. 

6418
05:31:34,200 --> 05:31:37,500
Gives people hope that they can 
do the same thing in the future 

6419
05:31:37,500 --> 05:31:41,000
as you drift off to sleep. 
You might dream of old roads 

6420
05:31:41,000 --> 05:31:43,500
that run through your dreams 
like perfectly straight. 

6421
05:31:43,500 --> 05:31:47,600
Roman highways Mountain Parks 
made by Inca engineers, and 

6422
05:31:47,600 --> 05:31:49,500
Persian postal routes were 
Messengers. 

6423
05:31:49,500 --> 05:31:51,400
Ride through the night in 
dreams. 

6424
05:31:51,400 --> 05:31:54,400
These roads, might All Connect 
making a network that goes 

6425
05:31:54,400 --> 05:31:56,900
through time and space and 
connects the Past with the 

6426
05:31:56,900 --> 05:31:59,700
present, Rome with now and what 
has been done with. 

6427
05:31:59,700 --> 05:32:02,700
What could be done tomorrow, 
when you get up and start your 

6428
05:32:02,700 --> 05:32:06,300
day, you'll be on the road. 
You could be drying walking or 

6429
05:32:06,300 --> 05:32:08,000
even just looking out your 
window at the street. 

6430
05:32:08,900 --> 05:32:11,000
Those roads are part of the 
same, long story. 

6431
05:32:11,000 --> 05:32:14,000
We've been talking about 
tonight, their modern chapters 

6432
05:32:14,000 --> 05:32:16,500
in a story that started, when 
the first people decided that 

6433
05:32:16,500 --> 05:32:20,300
worn paths could be made better.
That routes could be kept up and

6434
05:32:20,300 --> 05:32:21,600
the connection was worth the 
money. 

6435
05:32:22,300 --> 05:32:25,200
The old roads have fallen apart,
but new ones have been built 

6436
05:32:25,200 --> 05:32:27,900
some of the roads were used 
today were last longer than our 

6437
05:32:27,900 --> 05:32:31,900
civilization, just like Roman 
roads did, some will be gone in 

6438
05:32:31,900 --> 05:32:35,800
a few decades, the materials 
were used and their paths lost. 

6439
05:32:35,800 --> 05:32:39,200
We can't tell, which is which 
just like Roman Engineers 

6440
05:32:39,200 --> 05:32:41,400
couldn't tell, which of their 
roads, would still be there. 

6441
05:32:41,400 --> 05:32:45,100
2000 years later, but we can 
build carefully, keep it up. 

6442
05:32:45,100 --> 05:32:47,600
And remember that infrastructure
is always a gift. 

6443
05:32:47,600 --> 05:32:50,800
We leave for people will never 
meet It's a gift that future 

6444
05:32:50,800 --> 05:32:54,200
Generations May value or take 
for granted, but it will always 

6445
05:32:54,200 --> 05:32:57,000
shape their world. 
Your part of this long human 

6446
05:32:57,000 --> 05:33:00,500
story of roads and ruins 
connection and Decay building 

6447
05:33:00,500 --> 05:33:03,900
and rebuilding sleep. 
Well, the Journey of Tomorrow is

6448
05:33:03,900 --> 05:33:06,900
waiting for you on roads, that 
link your present all the past 

6449
05:33:06,900 --> 05:33:09,400
and future that have come before
and will come off after. 

6450
05:33:10,200 --> 05:33:12,800
The road keeps going, even 
though some of the roads are 

6451
05:33:12,800 --> 05:33:16,500
falling apart, the journey goes 
on even when people stopped to 

6452
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:18,900
rest. 
The link between the past and 

6453
05:33:18,900 --> 05:33:21,300
the future. 
Stay strong, though, in stone 

6454
05:33:21,300 --> 05:33:24,700
memory and the human desire to 
see what's over the next Hill. 

6455
05:33:32,900 --> 05:33:33,500
Picture. 
This. 

6456
05:33:33,500 --> 05:33:37,600
It's 1911 and you've just landed
what everyone calls a good job 

6457
05:33:37,600 --> 05:33:40,500
at the local textile mill. 
Your family's practically 

6458
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:43,100
throwing a party because hey 
steady work is steady work, 

6459
05:33:43,100 --> 05:33:44,300
right? 
Little. 

6460
05:33:44,300 --> 05:33:46,900
Do you know you have just 
committed to what feels like a 

6461
05:33:46,900 --> 05:33:50,300
very long, very loud. 
And very dusty Adventure filled 

6462
05:33:50,300 --> 05:33:52,300
with creative ways to dislike 
your life. 

6463
05:33:53,400 --> 05:33:56,800
Your first day starts at 5:30 
a.m. which wouldn't be a 

6464
05:33:56,800 --> 05:33:59,300
problem. 
If you would say a rooster But 

6465
05:33:59,300 --> 05:34:03,000
you're not, you're a human being
who needs sleep and the mill, 

6466
05:34:03,000 --> 05:34:04,500
whistle doesn't care about your 
beauty. 

6467
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:07,800
Rest that whistle becomes, your 
new alarm clock, your lunch 

6468
05:34:07,800 --> 05:34:10,900
Bell, and your freedom song. 
All rolled into one ear 

6469
05:34:10,900 --> 05:34:13,500
splitting package. 
It's like having a very punctual

6470
05:34:13,500 --> 05:34:15,500
Furious metal bird living in 
your neighborhood. 

6471
05:34:16,700 --> 05:34:19,300
Walking into the mill for the 
first time is like, stepping 

6472
05:34:19,300 --> 05:34:22,200
into another world. 
If that world were designed by 

6473
05:34:22,200 --> 05:34:24,300
someone who really, really hated
Comfort. 

6474
05:34:24,300 --> 05:34:29,100
The noise hits you first imagine
a thousand typewriters having an

6475
05:34:29,100 --> 05:34:31,200
argument with a brass band, 
while someone runs a cheese 

6476
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:35,300
grater over a chalkboard, that's
your new sound track, 12 hours a

6477
05:34:35,300 --> 05:34:37,700
day. 
Six days a week, the air inside 

6478
05:34:37,700 --> 05:34:40,100
feels thick enough to chew 
cotton dust. 

6479
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:42,300
Floats everywhere. 
Like the world's most annoying 

6480
05:34:42,300 --> 05:34:46,000
snow except this snow makes you 
cough and never melts. 

6481
05:34:46,800 --> 05:34:49,200
You'll spend your first week 
thinking you're coming down with

6482
05:34:49,200 --> 05:34:52,000
something until you realize that
scratchy throat and those 

6483
05:34:52,008 --> 05:34:53,900
sneezing fits aren't temporary 
visitors. 

6484
05:34:53,900 --> 05:34:57,600
They're your new roommates. 
Your supervisor, a man who 

6485
05:34:57,600 --> 05:35:01,500
smiled disappeared sometime 
around 1897 explains your job. 

6486
05:35:01,500 --> 05:35:05,000
With the enthusiasm of someone 
reading a grocery list you'll be

6487
05:35:05,000 --> 05:35:07,600
tending machines that look like 
they were built by someone who 

6488
05:35:07,600 --> 05:35:11,600
thought You know what this 
device needs more ways to catch 

6489
05:35:11,600 --> 05:35:14,700
fingers? 
These mechanical beasts consume 

6490
05:35:14,700 --> 05:35:18,300
cotton and expel thread and 
their temperament is akin to 

6491
05:35:18,308 --> 05:35:20,000
that of a cat during a 
thunderstorm. 

6492
05:35:20,800 --> 05:35:23,800
The learning curve is steep, 
which is a polite way of saying 

6493
05:35:23,800 --> 05:35:26,100
you'll spend your first month 
feeling like you're trying to 

6494
05:35:26,108 --> 05:35:28,600
juggle, while riding a unicycle 
in an earthquake. 

6495
05:35:28,600 --> 05:35:32,200
Every machine has its 
personality and most of them 

6496
05:35:32,200 --> 05:35:34,900
have bad attitudes. 
There's the one that jams. 

6497
05:35:34,900 --> 05:35:37,500
If you look at it wrong, the one
that makes a weird clicking 

6498
05:35:37,500 --> 05:35:39,000
sound. 
That means either everything's 

6499
05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:42,400
fine or run for your life and 
the one that seems to wait until

6500
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:44,400
you're distracted to break 
something expensive. 

6501
05:35:45,300 --> 05:35:47,900
Your fellow workers, welcome you
with the kind of tired 

6502
05:35:47,900 --> 05:35:50,000
solidarity that comes from 
shared suffering. 

6503
05:35:51,000 --> 05:35:54,000
They will teach you important 
information, such as which water

6504
05:35:54,000 --> 05:35:57,700
fountain actually works where to
hide when the floor supervisor 

6505
05:35:57,700 --> 05:36:01,400
is in a bad mood and how to eat 
lunch in exactly 12 minutes. 

6506
05:36:01,400 --> 05:36:03,600
Since that is all the time, 
you'll give him. 

6507
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:07,000
These people become your Mill, 
family bonded, together by 

6508
05:36:07,000 --> 05:36:10,100
cotton dust and the mutual 
understanding that everyone's 

6509
05:36:10,100 --> 05:36:12,400
just trying to make it through 
another day, without losing a 

6510
05:36:12,400 --> 05:36:15,000
finger. 
The pay sounds decent when they 

6511
05:36:15,000 --> 05:36:18,400
tell you about it until you 
realize that decent is relative.

6512
05:36:19,300 --> 05:36:22,400
Sure you're making more than the
guy who sweeps streets but 

6513
05:36:22,400 --> 05:36:25,100
you're also working twice as 
hard and breathing are that's 

6514
05:36:25,100 --> 05:36:28,600
more cotton than oxygen, your 
wages, might cover, rent food, 

6515
05:36:28,600 --> 05:36:32,200
and maybe a small luxury like 
soap, but forget about those 

6516
05:36:32,200 --> 05:36:35,500
fancy things like saving money 
or buying clothes that don't 

6517
05:36:35,500 --> 05:36:37,100
smell permanently of machine 
oil. 

6518
05:36:38,400 --> 05:36:41,200
By the end of your first week, 
you've acquired what everyone 

6519
05:36:41,200 --> 05:36:43,900
refers to as a mill. 
Cough, the Charming little 

6520
05:36:43,900 --> 05:36:45,800
ailment that will accompany you 
constantly. 

6521
05:36:46,600 --> 05:36:48,900
Your hands are already showing 
the signs of your new 

6522
05:36:48,900 --> 05:36:51,700
profession. 
Small cuts from handling rough 

6523
05:36:51,700 --> 05:36:55,000
materials. 
Calluses from gripping tools and

6524
05:36:55,000 --> 05:36:57,300
a general toughness that comes 
from shaking hands with 

6525
05:36:57,300 --> 05:37:00,600
Machinery all day. 
Your mother would cry if she saw

6526
05:37:00,600 --> 05:37:04,400
your hands, but then again, your
mother isn't trying to feed a 

6527
05:37:04,400 --> 05:37:06,600
family on Mill wages. 
The worst part. 

6528
05:37:06,600 --> 05:37:10,800
Just getting started, your 
typical day begins before the 

6529
05:37:10,800 --> 05:37:13,100
sun recalls its task the mill, 
whistle. 

6530
05:37:13,100 --> 05:37:15,800
Doesn't care if you went to bed.
Late, if you're feeling under 

6531
05:37:15,800 --> 05:37:17,900
the weather, or if you'd rather 
spend the morning, doing 

6532
05:37:17,900 --> 05:37:22,600
literally, anything else. 
Screams at 5:30 a.m. sharp and 

6533
05:37:22,600 --> 05:37:25,600
you'd better be screaming back 
or at least stumbling toward the

6534
05:37:25,608 --> 05:37:27,800
mill. 
Gates breakfast is whatever you 

6535
05:37:27,800 --> 05:37:30,800
can grab and stuff in your mouth
while walking typically 

6536
05:37:30,800 --> 05:37:34,500
breakfast consists of bread, 
perhaps a company by a smidgen 

6537
05:37:34,500 --> 05:37:36,100
of butter. 
If you're indulging in luxury, 

6538
05:37:36,100 --> 05:37:39,500
coffee is a luxury most days, 
which means you're facing 12 

6539
05:37:39,500 --> 05:37:42,700
hours of Machinery, maintenance,
on whatever enthusiasm you can 

6540
05:37:42,700 --> 05:37:47,600
muster from stale bread and the 
fear of unemployment The walk to

6541
05:37:47,600 --> 05:37:49,800
work becomes a parade of the 
perpetually exhausted. 

6542
05:37:49,800 --> 05:37:52,400
You join a stream of fellow 
workers? 

6543
05:37:52,400 --> 05:37:55,100
All moving with the same 
determined shuffling of people. 

6544
05:37:55,100 --> 05:37:58,100
Who'd rather be anywhere else. 
But no, they can't afford to be 

6545
05:37:58,800 --> 05:38:00,500
Everyone's carrying their lunch 
pail. 

6546
05:38:00,500 --> 05:38:04,300
A tin box that contains what 
Optimist, call a meal and 

6547
05:38:04,300 --> 05:38:06,400
realistic call Food shaped 
objects. 

6548
05:38:06,400 --> 05:38:08,500
That might keep you alive until 
quitting time. 

6549
05:38:09,200 --> 05:38:11,500
Clocking in is not form, you 
have to be there. 

6550
05:38:11,500 --> 05:38:12,600
Exactly. 
On time. 

6551
05:38:12,600 --> 05:38:16,000
Not early enough to seem eager, 
not late enough to get docked 

6552
05:38:16,000 --> 05:38:19,500
pay. 
Time clock doesn't forgive and 

6553
05:38:19,500 --> 05:38:22,400
neither does your supervisor 
being too minutes. 

6554
05:38:22,400 --> 05:38:25,900
Late means losing half an hour's
wages, which might not sound 

6555
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:28,800
like much until you realize that
half an hour's wages, could mean

6556
05:38:28,800 --> 05:38:31,200
the difference between having 
meat for dinner or making 

6557
05:38:31,200 --> 05:38:34,600
friends with potatoes again. 
Once you're officially on the 

6558
05:38:34,600 --> 05:38:36,900
clock, The Machine's demand your
complete attention. 

6559
05:38:37,700 --> 05:38:41,000
Their like mechanical toddlers. 
They need constant watching and 

6560
05:38:41,000 --> 05:38:43,300
frequent fixing and they'll hurt
themselves. 

6561
05:38:43,300 --> 05:38:46,400
The moment you look away, your 
job is to keep the thread 

6562
05:38:46,400 --> 05:38:49,900
running smoothly, which sounds 
simple Until you realize that 

6563
05:38:49,900 --> 05:38:52,700
smoothly is apparently a foreign
concept to most textile 

6564
05:38:52,700 --> 05:38:57,600
Machinery, threads break, they 
break a lot when a thread snaps,

6565
05:38:57,600 --> 05:39:00,000
everything stops, until you can 
tie it back together. 

6566
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:03,800
Your tasks might sound easy, but
try doing it quickly while 

6567
05:39:03,800 --> 05:39:06,300
wearing thick work gloves 
squinting through cotton dust 

6568
05:39:06,300 --> 05:39:10,700
and knowing that every second of
downtime is a second, your 

6569
05:39:10,700 --> 05:39:13,300
supervisor is mentally. 
Calculating how much money your 

6570
05:39:13,300 --> 05:39:17,100
costing, the company. 
The noise never stops ever. 

6571
05:39:18,000 --> 05:39:20,700
You learn to communicate using 
gestures because shouting over 

6572
05:39:20,700 --> 05:39:23,000
the Machinery, makes your voice 
by noon. 

6573
05:39:23,600 --> 05:39:26,000
You develop your own sign 
language with your co-workers 

6574
05:39:26,000 --> 05:39:30,900
pointing means. 
Look out waving means help and 

6575
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:33,500
the universal gesture of 
clutching your throat means I 

6576
05:39:33,500 --> 05:39:36,800
need water before I pass out. 
Speaking of water. 

6577
05:39:36,800 --> 05:39:39,800
Staying hydrated is like trying 
to fill a bucket with a hole in 

6578
05:39:39,808 --> 05:39:42,000
it. 
You sweat constantly from the 

6579
05:39:42,000 --> 05:39:44,800
heat of the machines and the 
physical work, but getting a 

6580
05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:48,000
drink means leaving your 
station, which means risking a 

6581
05:39:48,000 --> 05:39:49,700
lecture from your supervisor 
about productivity. 

6582
05:39:49,700 --> 05:39:53,200
You learn to gulp water like a 
marathon runner whenever you can

6583
05:39:53,200 --> 05:39:57,000
sneak away for 30 seconds. 
Lunch break is exactly 30 

6584
05:39:57,000 --> 05:39:58,900
minutes and that includes the 
time. 

6585
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:00,600
It takes to find a clean spot to
sit. 

6586
05:40:00,600 --> 05:40:04,400
Unwrap your food, eat it and get
back to your machine. 

6587
05:40:05,300 --> 05:40:09,000
Most days, you can consume cold 
sandwiches oblivious, to the 

6588
05:40:09,000 --> 05:40:10,500
fact that cotton dust and 
machine. 

6589
05:40:10,500 --> 05:40:12,200
Oil have covered your clean 
spot. 

6590
05:40:12,800 --> 05:40:17,300
Gourmet dining. 
It is not The afternoon drags on

6591
05:40:17,300 --> 05:40:21,000
endlessly, in August, your back 
aches, from bending, over 

6592
05:40:21,000 --> 05:40:23,700
machines. 
Your feet throb from standing on

6593
05:40:23,700 --> 05:40:26,700
concrete floors, and your hands 
are starting to feel like they 

6594
05:40:26,700 --> 05:40:31,100
belong to someone else. 
The wall moves with the speed of

6595
05:40:31,100 --> 05:40:34,200
continental drift and you find 
yourself, checking it every few 

6596
05:40:34,200 --> 05:40:39,800
minutes certain that it must be 
broken. by 6 p.m. when the final

6597
05:40:39,800 --> 05:40:42,800
whistle blows, you've earned 
every penny of your wages and 

6598
05:40:42,800 --> 05:40:47,500
then some Walking home is an 
excruciating experience and the 

6599
05:40:47,500 --> 05:40:50,500
prospect of repeating the entire
process to tomorrow fills you 

6600
05:40:50,500 --> 05:40:53,200
with Dread. 
However, at least you have 

6601
05:40:53,200 --> 05:40:56,400
Sunday off a day, you'll spend 
recuperating sufficiently to 

6602
05:40:56,400 --> 05:40:59,200
resent Monday morning. 
Once more working in a textile 

6603
05:40:59,200 --> 05:41:02,100
mill in 1911 is like playing a 
daily game called, what's going 

6604
05:41:02,100 --> 05:41:05,100
to try to hurt me today. 
The rules are straightforward. 

6605
05:41:05,100 --> 05:41:08,200
Every object in the mill, 
carries the potential for 

6606
05:41:08,200 --> 05:41:10,400
danger. 
Other people's possessions 

6607
05:41:10,400 --> 05:41:13,200
serve, as safety equipment, and 
your best defense is 

6608
05:41:13,200 --> 05:41:16,500
attentiveness and optimism. 
Let's start with the machines 

6609
05:41:16,500 --> 05:41:19,500
themselves, shall we? 
These mechanical Marvels were 

6610
05:41:19,500 --> 05:41:21,900
designed by Engineers who 
apparently thought safety 

6611
05:41:21,900 --> 05:41:25,800
features were for weaklings. 
Exposed gears spin happily at 

6612
05:41:25,800 --> 05:41:29,300
eye level, ready to grab loose 
clothing, hair or any body part.

6613
05:41:29,300 --> 05:41:33,000
Foolish enough to get too close.
The spinning wheels and belts 

6614
05:41:33,000 --> 05:41:36,100
create a symphony of moving 
parts that look like they were 

6615
05:41:36,100 --> 05:41:38,400
inspired by medieval torture 
devices. 

6616
05:41:38,400 --> 05:41:42,500
Your fingers become precious 
Commodities, every textile. 

6617
05:41:42,500 --> 05:41:45,500
Worker has stories about someone
who got too close to the Picker 

6618
05:41:45,500 --> 05:41:47,800
or learned the hard way about 
the carding machine. 

6619
05:41:47,800 --> 05:41:50,800
You develop an almost 
Supernatural awareness of where 

6620
05:41:50,800 --> 05:41:53,700
your hands are at all times. 
Because losing a finger, doesn't

6621
05:41:53,700 --> 05:41:56,000
just hurt. 
It means you can't work and if 

6622
05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:59,800
you can't work, you can't eat. 
Cotton dust poses a unique 

6623
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:03,700
threat, it gets into everything,
your lungs, your eyes, your 

6624
05:42:03,700 --> 05:42:06,600
food, your clothes, and probably
your dreams. 

6625
05:42:06,600 --> 05:42:10,000
You breathe it, you eat it. 
And you wear it home, like the 

6626
05:42:10,000 --> 05:42:14,600
world's most persistent perfume.
After a few months, you develop 

6627
05:42:14,600 --> 05:42:17,100
a condition that everyone 
politely refers to as Mill, 

6628
05:42:17,100 --> 05:42:19,500
cough. 
All though, cotton lung would be

6629
05:42:19,500 --> 05:42:22,900
a more accurate description. 
It starts as a little tickle, in

6630
05:42:22,908 --> 05:42:25,200
your throat and grows into a 
reliable companion. 

6631
05:42:25,200 --> 05:42:26,300
That accompanies, you 
everywhere. 

6632
05:42:27,300 --> 05:42:30,300
Then there's the noise, not just
loud, but the kind of loud that 

6633
05:42:30,300 --> 05:42:33,300
makes your ears ring for hours. 
After you leave work, you find 

6634
05:42:33,300 --> 05:42:35,900
yourself shouting at home 
without realizing it because 

6635
05:42:35,900 --> 05:42:37,500
you're hearing has adjusted to 
compete. 

6636
05:42:37,500 --> 05:42:40,600
With the constant Roar of 
Machinery, the constant Roar of 

6637
05:42:40,608 --> 05:42:43,000
Machinery, encourages your 
family to speak up during 

6638
05:42:43,000 --> 05:42:45,900
dinner, making quiet 
conversations obsolete. 

6639
05:42:46,800 --> 05:42:49,800
The summer, heat transforms the 
mill into a sauna like 

6640
05:42:49,800 --> 05:42:53,100
environment complete with cotton
dust and a constant risk of 

6641
05:42:53,108 --> 05:42:56,400
mechanical injury. 
The large machines produce heat 

6642
05:42:56,400 --> 05:42:59,400
akin to Tiny furnaces. 
And when combined, with the 

6643
05:42:59,400 --> 05:43:02,400
intense Summer Sun on the tin 
roof, the working conditions 

6644
05:43:02,400 --> 05:43:04,800
escalate from discomfort to 
potential death. 

6645
05:43:05,600 --> 05:43:09,500
He exhaustion regularly causes 
workers to collapse prompting a 

6646
05:43:09,500 --> 05:43:11,100
response. 
Akin to resolving a machine Jam 

6647
05:43:11,100 --> 05:43:15,500
quickly and returning to work. 
Fire is another constant worry 

6648
05:43:15,500 --> 05:43:17,600
though, nobody likes to talk 
about it, much. 

6649
05:43:17,600 --> 05:43:21,100
All that cotton dust hanging in 
the air is basically kindling 

6650
05:43:21,100 --> 05:43:24,000
waiting for a spark. 
The wooden floors are soaked 

6651
05:43:24,000 --> 05:43:26,600
with machine oil. 
The electrical systems are what 

6652
05:43:26,608 --> 05:43:29,400
you might generously call 
experimental and everyone 

6653
05:43:29,400 --> 05:43:31,000
smokes. 
Because hey, what's one more 

6654
05:43:31,000 --> 05:43:33,500
risk? 
Fire drills consists mainly of 

6655
05:43:33,500 --> 05:43:36,900
hoping nothing catches fire and 
trusting that you can run faster

6656
05:43:36,900 --> 05:43:39,500
than the Flames. 
The chemical treatments used on 

6657
05:43:39,500 --> 05:43:42,000
the kotlin. 
Create their own problems, your 

6658
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:44,800
skin develops, a permanent 
relationship with various dies 

6659
05:43:44,800 --> 05:43:47,500
and treating agents that would 
make a chemist nervous. 

6660
05:43:48,300 --> 05:43:52,800
Your hands acquire captivating, 
Hughes that remain unwash, the 

6661
05:43:52,800 --> 05:43:55,500
ability to distinguish various 
chemical processes. 

6662
05:43:55,500 --> 05:43:59,100
Solely through scent. 
Not a choice but a necessity 

6663
05:44:00,300 --> 05:44:02,600
Accidents happen with the 
regularity of Sunrise. 

6664
05:44:02,600 --> 05:44:06,500
Someone gets their sleeve caught
in a machine and other worker 

6665
05:44:06,500 --> 05:44:08,700
slips on the oil. 
Slick floors, or somebody 

6666
05:44:08,700 --> 05:44:11,100
forgets just how hot those metal
Parts can get. 

6667
05:44:12,400 --> 05:44:14,800
The company's response to 
workplace injuries is usually 

6668
05:44:14,800 --> 05:44:18,700
some variation of be more 
careful next time accompanied by

6669
05:44:18,700 --> 05:44:23,300
a lecture about personal 
responsibility. your feet in 

6670
05:44:23,300 --> 05:44:26,600
case in whatever boots you can 
afford spend 12 hours a day on 

6671
05:44:26,600 --> 05:44:28,900
concrete, floors, that seem 
designed to cause maximum 

6672
05:44:28,900 --> 05:44:32,900
discomfort By the end of each 
day, walking feels like 

6673
05:44:32,900 --> 05:44:36,400
balancing on two clubs, new 
develop a deep appreciation, for

6674
05:44:36,400 --> 05:44:39,700
any opportunity to sit down. 
The worst part, is that all 

6675
05:44:39,700 --> 05:44:41,200
these hazards are, just part of 
the job. 

6676
05:44:41,200 --> 05:44:43,700
Nobody talks about making things
safer. 

6677
05:44:43,700 --> 05:44:47,600
They talk about being tougher, 
more careful and more aware you 

6678
05:44:47,600 --> 05:44:51,200
adapt out of necessity forming 
reflexes and habits that could 

6679
05:44:51,200 --> 05:44:53,800
potentially keep you alive. 
Long enough to earn your wages 

6680
05:44:53,800 --> 05:44:56,900
and tomorrow you get to do it 
all over again. 

6681
05:44:56,900 --> 05:45:00,700
Let's talk about money because 
in 1911, your relationship with 

6682
05:45:00,700 --> 05:45:03,700
money as a textile. 
Worker is complicated like being

6683
05:45:03,700 --> 05:45:06,400
married to someone who promises 
to love you but keeps forgetting

6684
05:45:06,400 --> 05:45:09,800
to show up for dinner. 
Your weekly wages sound almost 

6685
05:45:09,800 --> 05:45:12,500
respectable when the supervisor 
mentions them during hiring, 

6686
05:45:12,500 --> 05:45:14,600
maybe eight or nine dollars a 
week. 

6687
05:45:14,600 --> 05:45:17,600
If you're lucky and experienced 
that's real money. 

6688
05:45:18,300 --> 05:45:21,100
At least it's real money until 
you start trying to spend it on 

6689
05:45:21,108 --> 05:45:25,600
real things like food, rent, and
the occasional luxury of soap 

6690
05:45:25,600 --> 05:45:28,400
that doesn't smell like lye. 
Here's where things get 

6691
05:45:28,400 --> 05:45:31,100
interesting in that not actually
interesting more like, 

6692
05:45:31,100 --> 05:45:34,800
depressing way. 
The company has mastered the art

6693
05:45:34,800 --> 05:45:38,100
of giving generously while 
simultaneously, taking advantage

6694
05:45:38,100 --> 05:45:40,600
of you. 
Sure, they pay you weekly wages 

6695
05:45:40,600 --> 05:45:43,600
but they've also created a 
beautiful system of fines 

6696
05:45:43,600 --> 05:45:47,000
deductions and company policies 
that ensure most of your money 

6697
05:45:47,000 --> 05:45:48,700
never actually makes it to your 
pocket. 

6698
05:45:48,700 --> 05:45:51,600
If you arrive later at work, you
will incur penalties. 

6699
05:45:51,600 --> 05:45:54,200
That'll cost. 
You does the machine break down 

6700
05:45:54,200 --> 05:45:57,400
because of normal wear and tear.
Somehow that's your fault too. 

6701
05:45:57,400 --> 05:46:00,900
And it'll cost you need to buy 
work supplies conveniently. 

6702
05:46:00,900 --> 05:46:03,400
The Company Store is 
conveniently located, ready to 

6703
05:46:03,408 --> 05:46:06,000
sell you, everything at prices. 
That would make a highway robber

6704
05:46:06,000 --> 05:46:09,000
blush. 
Your thread, your needles, even 

6705
05:46:09,000 --> 05:46:11,800
your machine oil, all come out 
of your wages at rates. 

6706
05:46:11,800 --> 05:46:14,100
That make you wonder if the 
children of the company store 

6707
05:46:14,100 --> 05:46:15,600
owner, a planning to attend 
Harvard. 

6708
05:46:15,600 --> 05:46:18,400
The company housing is another 
beautiful scam. 

6709
05:46:18,400 --> 05:46:21,900
They offer you a place to live 
which sounds generous Until you 

6710
05:46:21,900 --> 05:46:24,400
realize their charging rent. 
That beats up nearly half your 

6711
05:46:24,400 --> 05:46:27,400
way wages for the privilege of 
living in water mounts to a 

6712
05:46:27,400 --> 05:46:30,400
wooden box with Windows. 
The construction of these 

6713
05:46:30,400 --> 05:46:34,100
houses, reflects the meticulous 
attention to detail and 

6714
05:46:34,100 --> 05:46:37,200
craftsmanship of someone 
attempting to complete a project

6715
05:46:37,200 --> 05:46:39,900
before lunch. 
The walls are thin enough that 

6716
05:46:39,900 --> 05:46:43,200
you know, everything about your 
neighbor's lives, the roof leaks

6717
05:46:43,200 --> 05:46:46,400
with artistic creativity and the
plumbing works on the same 

6718
05:46:46,400 --> 05:46:50,900
principles as prayer. 
Food becomes a daily exercise in

6719
05:46:50,908 --> 05:46:53,900
Creative mathematics. 
You learn to make meals out of 

6720
05:46:53,900 --> 05:46:56,600
ingredients that cost almost 
nothing and fill you up. 

6721
05:46:56,608 --> 05:47:00,100
Just enough to keep working. 
Potatoes become your best friend

6722
05:47:00,100 --> 05:47:03,700
beans, become your steady 
companion, and meet becomes that

6723
05:47:03,700 --> 05:47:05,900
exciting. 
Acquaintances you see maybe once

6724
05:47:05,900 --> 05:47:07,900
a week. 
If you're lucky, you develop 

6725
05:47:07,900 --> 05:47:11,100
cooking skills that would 
impress a frontier Pioneer, how 

6726
05:47:11,100 --> 05:47:13,900
to make filling super out of 
Bones and vegetables that other 

6727
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:17,400
people might throw away how to 
stretch a small piece of meter 

6728
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:20,900
cross, three days of meals, and 
how to make bread last longer by

6729
05:47:20,900 --> 05:47:23,200
eating less of it. 
Your work. 

6730
05:47:23,200 --> 05:47:26,300
Clothes are another expense that
nobody mentioned during hiring. 

6731
05:47:26,300 --> 05:47:29,600
The machines are hard on fabric,
the dust and chemicals stain. 

6732
05:47:29,600 --> 05:47:32,300
Everything permanently. 
And you need at least two sets 

6733
05:47:32,300 --> 05:47:34,900
of work clothes, so you can wash
one while wearing the other 

6734
05:47:35,700 --> 05:47:37,900
Buying new clothes means going 
without something else. 

6735
05:47:37,900 --> 05:47:41,700
So you learn to patch mend and 
where things until they're more 

6736
05:47:41,700 --> 05:47:43,200
patched than the original 
fabric. 

6737
05:47:43,900 --> 05:47:46,400
Saving money is like trying to 
hold water in your hands 

6738
05:47:46,400 --> 05:47:49,700
technically possible but 
requiring perfect conditions and

6739
05:47:49,700 --> 05:47:52,100
a lot of luck. 
Most weeks you're doing. 

6740
05:47:52,100 --> 05:47:55,200
Well, if you break even the good
weak means you have a few coins 

6741
05:47:55,200 --> 05:47:58,400
left over for something special 
like better food or maybe a 

6742
05:47:58,400 --> 05:48:00,800
newspaper. 
A bad week means choosing 

6743
05:48:00,800 --> 05:48:03,100
between paying rent on time or 
eating properly. 

6744
05:48:03,900 --> 05:48:06,800
The really frustrating part is 
watching The Mill owners drive 

6745
05:48:06,800 --> 05:48:10,200
past in their fancy carriages 
wearing clothes that cost more 

6746
05:48:10,200 --> 05:48:13,200
than you make in a year living 
in houses, that could fit your 

6747
05:48:13,200 --> 05:48:15,900
entire neighborhood. 
They talk about the Dignity of 

6748
05:48:15,900 --> 05:48:18,900
work and the value of honest 
labor, while paying wages that 

6749
05:48:18,900 --> 05:48:21,400
make dignity feel like an 
expensive luxury, you can't 

6750
05:48:21,408 --> 05:48:24,500
afford. 
Medical expenses are 

6751
05:48:24,500 --> 05:48:28,500
particularly cruel, get sick or 
injured, and you lose wages for 

6752
05:48:28,500 --> 05:48:29,600
the days. 
You can't work. 

6753
05:48:29,600 --> 05:48:32,500
Need to see a doctor that cost 
money. 

6754
05:48:32,500 --> 05:48:34,300
You don't have for treatment, 
you can't afford. 

6755
05:48:34,300 --> 05:48:38,000
The company solution is usually 
some variation of work through 

6756
05:48:38,000 --> 05:48:40,800
it or maybe you should have been
more careful. 

6757
05:48:41,800 --> 05:48:44,200
Your financial planning consists
mainly of hoping nothing 

6758
05:48:44,200 --> 05:48:47,200
unexpected happens. 
Because unexpected things cost 

6759
05:48:47,200 --> 05:48:51,800
money, you don't have A broken 
shoe, a sick child or a winter. 

6760
05:48:51,800 --> 05:48:54,600
That's colder than usual. 
Any of these can turn a tight 

6761
05:48:54,600 --> 05:48:56,100
budget into a financial 
disaster. 

6762
05:48:57,000 --> 05:48:58,900
But hey at least you have steady
work, right? 

6763
05:48:58,900 --> 05:49:02,300
That's what everyone keeps 
telling you anyway, social life 

6764
05:49:02,300 --> 05:49:05,500
as a textile worker. 
In 1911 is like trying to have a

6765
05:49:05,500 --> 05:49:08,800
party in a library during an 
earthquake technically possible.

6766
05:49:08,800 --> 05:49:12,800
But you're working with some 
serious, limitations your Social

6767
05:49:12,800 --> 05:49:16,100
Circle consists, mainly of other
people who understand why you 

6768
05:49:16,100 --> 05:49:18,300
smell permanently of cotton dust
and machine oil. 

6769
05:49:19,100 --> 05:49:21,300
These are folks who don't judge 
you for falling asleep, 

6770
05:49:21,300 --> 05:49:24,600
mid-conversation or having hands
that look like you've been 

6771
05:49:24,608 --> 05:49:27,400
wrestling with mechanical 
equipment, all day, because 

6772
05:49:27,400 --> 05:49:30,900
they've got the same problems. 
You Bond over shared misery, in 

6773
05:49:30,900 --> 05:49:33,500
a way, that's both heartwarming 
and deeply depressing. 

6774
05:49:34,300 --> 05:49:37,600
The mill becomes its own little 
Community complete with all the 

6775
05:49:37,608 --> 05:49:40,200
drama gossip and petty feuds, 
you'd expect. 

6776
05:49:40,200 --> 05:49:43,400
When you stick a bunch of tired 
underpaid people together for 12

6777
05:49:43,400 --> 05:49:46,000
hours a day. 
You learn everyone's business, 

6778
05:49:46,000 --> 05:49:49,700
whether you want to or not whose
behind on rent, whose husband 

6779
05:49:49,700 --> 05:49:53,100
drinks too much, who's been 
sneaking extra breaks and whose 

6780
05:49:53,100 --> 05:49:55,800
been getting cozy with the floor
supervisor in hopes of easier 

6781
05:49:55,800 --> 05:49:58,300
assignments. 
Romance in the mill, is 

6782
05:49:58,300 --> 05:50:02,400
complicated, potential Partners,
surround you understanding your 

6783
05:50:02,400 --> 05:50:05,900
life because they share it. 
On the other hand, everyone's 

6784
05:50:05,900 --> 05:50:09,500
exhausted stressed about money 
and covered in Cotton dust which

6785
05:50:09,500 --> 05:50:12,300
doesn't exactly create ideal 
conditions for romantic 

6786
05:50:12,300 --> 05:50:15,100
relationships. 
Mill courtships tend to be 

6787
05:50:15,108 --> 05:50:18,600
practical Affairs, finding 
someone who can help you survive

6788
05:50:18,600 --> 05:50:20,500
rather than someone who makes 
your heart flutter. 

6789
05:50:21,400 --> 05:50:23,600
Your work schedule. 
Makes having a social life about

6790
05:50:23,600 --> 05:50:26,900
as simple as juggling. 
While blindfolded you work six 

6791
05:50:26,900 --> 05:50:29,900
days a week, 12 hours a day 
which leaves you Sunday to 

6792
05:50:29,900 --> 05:50:32,100
recover, do laundry, buy 
groceries. 

6793
05:50:32,100 --> 05:50:35,200
And maybe if you're very lucky, 
have something resembling fun. 

6794
05:50:35,900 --> 05:50:39,300
Sunday becomes sacred the one 
day when you can remember what 

6795
05:50:39,300 --> 05:50:41,800
it feels like to be a human 
being, instead of a machine 

6796
05:50:41,800 --> 05:50:46,200
tender The company Town, social 
hierarchy is fascinating in its 

6797
05:50:46,200 --> 05:50:49,200
own Twisted, way at the top, 
you've got the mill owners and 

6798
05:50:49,200 --> 05:50:52,500
managers living in their fancy 
houses, on the hill, hosting 

6799
05:50:52,500 --> 05:50:55,700
Garden parties, and complaining 
about the difficulty of finding 

6800
05:50:55,700 --> 05:50:58,000
good help. 
Below them of the skilled 

6801
05:50:58,000 --> 05:51:01,200
workers and supervisors who get 
to look down on the regular 

6802
05:51:01,200 --> 05:51:03,500
millhams while still being 
looked down on by management. 

6803
05:51:04,400 --> 05:51:07,600
At the bottom, you've got the 
newest workers, the ones who 

6804
05:51:07,600 --> 05:51:09,900
have not figured out the system 
yet, and still think things 

6805
05:51:09,900 --> 05:51:12,600
might get better. 
Entertainment options are 

6806
05:51:12,600 --> 05:51:15,600
limited but creative There's 
usually a company store that 

6807
05:51:15,608 --> 05:51:18,600
doubles as a gathering place, 
where you can buy overpriced 

6808
05:51:18,600 --> 05:51:22,400
goods and catch up on Gossip. 
sometimes there's a church which

6809
05:51:22,400 --> 05:51:26,100
serves as both spiritual comfort
and Social Club The really 

6810
05:51:26,100 --> 05:51:29,500
exciting social events might 
include a company picnic once a 

6811
05:51:29,500 --> 05:51:32,400
year where management makes 
speeches about the mill, family,

6812
05:51:32,400 --> 05:51:35,500
while serving food that costs 
less per person than most 

6813
05:51:35,500 --> 05:51:38,800
workers make in an hour. 
Drinking is popular, which 

6814
05:51:38,800 --> 05:51:41,400
probably won't surprise anyone, 
who spent 12 hours a day 

6815
05:51:41,408 --> 05:51:43,600
tending. 
Temperamental machinery for 

6816
05:51:43,600 --> 05:51:47,000
wages that barely cover rent. 
The local taverns, understand 

6817
05:51:47,000 --> 05:51:50,000
their clientele working people 
who need to forget their 

6818
05:51:50,000 --> 05:51:52,700
problems for a few hours and 
don't have much money to spend 

6819
05:51:52,700 --> 05:51:55,300
doing it. 
These establishments serve 

6820
05:51:55,300 --> 05:51:58,100
during strong enough to cut 
through cotton dust and cheap 

6821
05:51:58,100 --> 05:52:00,500
enough that you can afford to 
buy around for your fellow 

6822
05:52:00,500 --> 05:52:04,500
sufferers Your reputation in the
community is directly linked to 

6823
05:52:04,500 --> 05:52:07,800
your work performance and your 
ability to remain silent about 

6824
05:52:07,800 --> 05:52:11,600
working conditions, complain too
much, and your labeled a 

6825
05:52:11,600 --> 05:52:13,700
troublemaker. 
If you make in frequent 

6826
05:52:13,700 --> 05:52:16,900
complaints, people may perceive 
you as being unresponsive to 

6827
05:52:16,900 --> 05:52:19,300
management. 
There's an arrow path between 

6828
05:52:19,300 --> 05:52:21,900
being considered a good worker 
and being considered someone 

6829
05:52:21,900 --> 05:52:24,800
who's giving up on life 
entirely, let us from family 

6830
05:52:24,800 --> 05:52:27,600
members, who don't work in Mills
become precious Treasures 

6831
05:52:27,600 --> 05:52:30,700
offering glimpses into a world 
where people have time for 

6832
05:52:30,700 --> 05:52:33,500
things, like Hobbies, where 
Sunday is actually a day of rest

6833
05:52:33,500 --> 05:52:36,500
and where conversations aren't 
conducted through gestures over 

6834
05:52:36,500 --> 05:52:39,700
the Roar of machinery. 
These letters remind you that 

6835
05:52:39,700 --> 05:52:42,700
there's life beyond the mill 
walls even if that life feels 

6836
05:52:42,700 --> 05:52:46,200
increasingly distant the social 
pressure to appear grateful for 

6837
05:52:46,200 --> 05:52:49,700
your job is constant, anyone who
suggests that working conditions

6838
05:52:49,700 --> 05:52:53,100
could be better is quickly 
reminded that jobs are scarce 

6839
05:52:53,100 --> 05:52:55,500
and there are plenty of people 
who would love to have your 

6840
05:52:55,500 --> 05:52:57,800
position. 
This phenomenon creates a 

6841
05:52:57,808 --> 05:53:00,900
community of people who are 
simultaneously miserable and 

6842
05:53:00,900 --> 05:53:03,700
afraid to admit it. 
Which makes for some very 

6843
05:53:03,700 --> 05:53:07,500
interesting social dynamics. 
However, it's comforting to 

6844
05:53:07,500 --> 05:53:09,600
share your misery with others by
now. 

6845
05:53:09,608 --> 05:53:12,000
Your body has become a Living 
testament to the joys of 

6846
05:53:12,000 --> 05:53:15,200
industrial labor. 
If bodies were books, yours 

6847
05:53:15,200 --> 05:53:18,300
would be titled, everything that
can go wrong in a textile mill, 

6848
05:53:18,300 --> 05:53:21,800
a personal Journey, your hands 
deserve their chapter. 

6849
05:53:21,800 --> 05:53:25,200
In this sad story, they've 
transformed from whatever. 

6850
05:53:25,200 --> 05:53:27,800
They used to be in to something.
Resembling leather gloves that 

6851
05:53:27,800 --> 05:53:31,700
have been through a war The 
calluses have calluses and your 

6852
05:53:31,700 --> 05:53:34,200
fingers of develop their own 
independent relationship, with 

6853
05:53:34,200 --> 05:53:36,800
pain. 
You can identify different types

6854
05:53:36,800 --> 05:53:39,900
of thread by feel alone. 
Not because you're particularly 

6855
05:53:39,900 --> 05:53:42,900
skilled, but because you're 
nerve ending of being educated, 

6856
05:53:42,900 --> 05:53:46,500
by thousands of hours of 
handling, rough materials. the 

6857
05:53:46,500 --> 05:53:48,900
constant vibration from the 
machine says, giving your hands 

6858
05:53:48,900 --> 05:53:52,000
a permanent slight, Trevor like 
you're always cold or nervous, 

6859
05:53:53,000 --> 05:53:55,700
This condition makes simple 
tasks at home, surprisingly 

6860
05:53:55,700 --> 05:53:59,200
difficult, eating soup, becomes 
an adventure writing a letter 

6861
05:53:59,208 --> 05:54:02,700
turns into an exercise in 
patience and trying to thread a 

6862
05:54:02,700 --> 05:54:04,900
needle for personal sewing. 
Projects is like performing 

6863
05:54:04,900 --> 05:54:08,700
surgery while riding a horse. 
Your hearing is being subjected 

6864
05:54:08,700 --> 05:54:12,100
to an intensity, that would make
a prize fighter sympathetic. 

6865
05:54:12,900 --> 05:54:15,600
Constant Roar of Machinery has 
left you with a permanent 

6866
05:54:15,600 --> 05:54:18,200
ringing in your ears. 
That sounds like a very small 

6867
05:54:18,200 --> 05:54:21,800
very persistent Bell. 
That never stops chiming. 

6868
05:54:23,100 --> 05:54:26,300
You find yourself asking people 
to repeat things, not because 

6869
05:54:26,300 --> 05:54:29,700
you're not paying attention, but
because normal conversation has 

6870
05:54:29,700 --> 05:54:32,600
become surprisingly quiet 
compared to your workplace 

6871
05:54:32,600 --> 05:54:35,200
soundtrack. 
Your lungs have developed their 

6872
05:54:35,200 --> 05:54:39,200
own cotton processing facility. 
The mild cough that started as 

6873
05:54:39,200 --> 05:54:42,000
an occasional tickle as evolved 
into a reliable companion. 

6874
05:54:42,000 --> 05:54:44,300
That wakes up with you every 
morning and stays with you 

6875
05:54:44,300 --> 05:54:47,000
throughout the day. 
You produce more cotton colored 

6876
05:54:47,000 --> 05:54:50,100
phlegm than any human should, 
and you've learned to time your 

6877
05:54:50,100 --> 05:54:52,300
coughing fit so they don't 
interfere with machine 

6878
05:54:52,300 --> 05:54:55,500
operation. 
Your back is aged about 20 years

6879
05:54:55,500 --> 05:54:58,600
in the first few months of 
Millwork all that bending over 

6880
05:54:58,600 --> 05:55:02,300
machine's, lifting materials and
standing on concrete floors. 

6881
05:55:02,300 --> 05:55:05,100
As giving your spine, the 
personality of an angry old man.

6882
05:55:05,100 --> 05:55:09,400
You awaken with stiffness and 
your escalating pain and retire 

6883
05:55:09,400 --> 05:55:10,900
to bed with a sense of 
resentment. 

6884
05:55:11,800 --> 05:55:15,300
Your feet have their complaints 
to file 12 hours a day on 

6885
05:55:15,300 --> 05:55:16,100
concrete. 
Floors. 

6886
05:55:16,100 --> 05:55:18,400
In whatever boots, you can 
afford, has given you an 

6887
05:55:18,400 --> 05:55:20,000
intimate relationship with foot 
pain. 

6888
05:55:20,800 --> 05:55:24,100
Your archers have fallen your 
heels, ache and your toes of 

6889
05:55:24,100 --> 05:55:25,900
developed their own Survival 
strategies. 

6890
05:55:25,900 --> 05:55:29,800
Each day, you walk home with the
Gate of someone who has hiked 

6891
05:55:29,800 --> 05:55:33,300
uphill in uncomfortable shoes, a
situation that is not far from 

6892
05:55:33,300 --> 05:55:36,800
reality, the heat and humidity 
of the mill of done. 

6893
05:55:36,800 --> 05:55:39,800
Strange things to your skin. 
You've developed, a permanent 

6894
05:55:39,800 --> 05:55:42,800
light Sheen of perspiration 
mixed with cotton dust that 

6895
05:55:42,800 --> 05:55:44,800
gives you the appearance of 
someone who's been lightly 

6896
05:55:44,800 --> 05:55:48,100
breaded for frying. 
Your complexion has taken on the

6897
05:55:48,100 --> 05:55:50,900
pale slightly grayish, tone of 
someone who spends most of their

6898
05:55:50,900 --> 05:55:53,100
daylight hours indoors under 
artificial lighting. 

6899
05:55:53,900 --> 05:55:56,500
Your sleep patterns have been 
completely reorganized around 

6900
05:55:56,500 --> 05:55:59,000
exhaustion. 
You don't wake up, so much as 

6901
05:55:59,000 --> 05:56:01,900
get dragged back to where, as by
the mill whistle and you don't 

6902
05:56:01,900 --> 05:56:04,200
so much, go to sleep as collapse
into unconsciousness. 

6903
05:56:04,200 --> 05:56:07,400
Your dreams. 
When you remember them, often 

6904
05:56:07,400 --> 05:56:10,000
feature the sound of machinery, 
and the feel of cotton dust in 

6905
05:56:10,000 --> 05:56:14,000
your throat, in your appetite 
has changed to the physical 

6906
05:56:14,000 --> 05:56:16,500
demands of the work. 
Make you hungry, but the dust 

6907
05:56:16,500 --> 05:56:18,100
and chemicals, you, breathe all 
day. 

6908
05:56:18,100 --> 05:56:20,400
Have given food. 
A slightly metallic after taste,

6909
05:56:20,400 --> 05:56:23,500
everything you eat, seems to 
have a faint cotton flavor, 

6910
05:56:23,500 --> 05:56:25,500
Which is less appealing than it 
sounds. 

6911
05:56:25,500 --> 05:56:28,900
The worst part is that all these
physical changes are considered 

6912
05:56:28,900 --> 05:56:33,200
normal even expected Nobody 
talks about preventing them. 

6913
05:56:33,200 --> 05:56:37,400
They talk about enduring them. 
Your body is depreciating like a

6914
05:56:37,400 --> 05:56:40,400
piece of Machinery. 
Wearing out from constant use 

6915
05:56:40,400 --> 05:56:43,500
under difficult conditions. 
And the general attitude is that

6916
05:56:43,500 --> 05:56:45,900
such degradation is simply the 
price of employment. 

6917
05:56:46,700 --> 05:56:49,200
Your mirror becomes less and 
less friendly over time. 

6918
05:56:50,000 --> 05:56:52,400
The person looking back at you 
has the appearance of someone 

6919
05:56:52,400 --> 05:56:54,600
who's been through something 
difficult and prolonged. 

6920
05:56:55,200 --> 05:56:58,200
Your posture has changed your 
expression has developed. 

6921
05:56:58,200 --> 05:57:01,500
A permanent slightly tired look 
and your hands are always 

6922
05:57:01,500 --> 05:57:04,800
slightly stained with dies and 
oils that never quite wash 

6923
05:57:04,800 --> 05:57:06,900
clean. 
But hey, at least you're 

6924
05:57:06,900 --> 05:57:09,700
building character, right? 
That's what people who don't 

6925
05:57:09,700 --> 05:57:13,000
work in Mills, like to say, 
anyway, after months or years of

6926
05:57:13,000 --> 05:57:15,300
this, lovely life. 
You may be asking, does it get 

6927
05:57:15,300 --> 05:57:17,700
better? 
Well, that depends on your 

6928
05:57:17,700 --> 05:57:20,500
definition of better and your 
relationship with a reality. 

6929
05:57:21,600 --> 05:57:24,900
Eventually some workers managed 
to break free from the mill life

6930
05:57:24,900 --> 05:57:28,800
although the term Escape may be 
overly dramatic. 

6931
05:57:29,800 --> 05:57:32,400
Few workers managed to save 
enough money to start small 

6932
05:57:32,400 --> 05:57:34,800
businesses. 
Usually, in textiles since that 

6933
05:57:34,800 --> 05:57:37,900
is what they know. 
Others, marry into slightly 

6934
05:57:37,900 --> 05:57:41,400
better circumstances or moved to
different towns where the Mills 

6935
05:57:41,400 --> 05:57:45,300
pay, marginally better wages. 
The success stories circulate 

6936
05:57:45,300 --> 05:57:48,700
throughout the mill Community 
like enchanting tales instilling

6937
05:57:48,700 --> 05:57:50,900
in everyone. 
Assemblance of Hope to continue 

6938
05:57:50,900 --> 05:57:53,800
attending work. 
The really optimistic workers 

6939
05:57:53,800 --> 05:57:56,300
talk about their children. 
Having Better Lives, getting 

6940
05:57:56,300 --> 05:57:59,500
educations and learning trades. 
That don't involve breathing 

6941
05:57:59,500 --> 05:58:03,300
cotton dust for 12 hours a day. 
This notion becomes your 

6942
05:58:03,308 --> 05:58:06,600
motivation on the worst days, 
the idea that you're suffering 

6943
05:58:06,600 --> 05:58:09,600
might mean something if it gives
the Next Generation, a chance at

6944
05:58:09,600 --> 05:58:12,700
something better. 
It's a beautiful thought, even 

6945
05:58:12,700 --> 05:58:15,000
if the mill owners children are 
already getting those better 

6946
05:58:15,000 --> 05:58:17,700
chances, while, yours are 
learning to patch clothes and 

6947
05:58:17,700 --> 05:58:20,700
stretch suit, You develop 
survival strategies. 

6948
05:58:20,700 --> 05:58:22,200
That would impress a Wilderness 
guide. 

6949
05:58:22,200 --> 05:58:25,800
You learn exactly how to pace 
yourself to last 12 hours, 

6950
05:58:25,800 --> 05:58:28,500
without collapsing. 
How to eat meals, that provide 

6951
05:58:28,500 --> 05:58:32,100
maximum energy for minimum cost 
and how to sleep deeply enough 

6952
05:58:32,100 --> 05:58:33,900
in six hours to function the 
next day. 

6953
05:58:35,100 --> 05:58:37,900
You become an expert in the art 
of functioning while miserable, 

6954
05:58:37,900 --> 05:58:42,200
which is a skill, nobody teaches
but everyone in the mill somehow

6955
05:58:42,200 --> 05:58:44,800
learns. 
The milk Community develops, its

6956
05:58:44,800 --> 05:58:48,200
own support systems workers, 
Chef food when someone's family 

6957
05:58:48,200 --> 05:58:51,400
is struggling cover for each 
other, when illness strikes and 

6958
05:58:51,400 --> 05:58:54,200
pass along information about 
better jobs or safer machines. 

6959
05:58:54,200 --> 05:58:57,400
You learn, that solidarity isn't
just a fancy word. 

6960
05:58:57,400 --> 05:59:00,500
It's what keeps you alive? 
When the company sees you as 

6961
05:59:00,500 --> 05:59:04,200
Expendable equipment? 
Some days you catch glimpses of 

6962
05:59:04,200 --> 05:59:05,800
the world outside the mill 
walls. 

6963
05:59:05,800 --> 05:59:08,300
And remember that. 
There are people living entirely

6964
05:59:08,300 --> 05:59:10,700
different lives. 
They wake up when they want to 

6965
05:59:10,700 --> 05:59:14,500
work at jobs that don't slowly 
kill them and have money left 

6966
05:59:14,500 --> 05:59:16,300
over after paying for basic 
necessities. 

6967
05:59:17,400 --> 05:59:20,500
These glimpses are both 
inspiring and deeply depressing 

6968
05:59:20,500 --> 05:59:23,500
like looking through a window. 
A party, you're not invited to 

6969
05:59:24,400 --> 05:59:27,900
Slowly, the political landscape 
is beginning to change labor, 

6970
05:59:27,900 --> 05:59:31,100
unions, workplace safety laws 
and the radical idea that 

6971
05:59:31,100 --> 05:59:33,400
workers might deserve. 
Basic protections are being 

6972
05:59:33,408 --> 05:59:35,800
discussed. 
These conversations happen in 

6973
05:59:35,808 --> 05:59:38,400
Whispers because Mill, owners 
don't appreciate employees who 

6974
05:59:38,400 --> 05:59:41,700
think too much about their 
rights, but the seeds of change 

6975
05:59:41,700 --> 05:59:46,000
are being planted watered by the
shared misery of thousands of 

6976
05:59:46,000 --> 05:59:49,100
workers who are starting to 
realize that grateful for any 

6977
05:59:49,100 --> 05:59:51,500
job, might not be the best 
approach to employment. 

6978
05:59:52,700 --> 05:59:55,700
Your relationship with work 
itself, becomes complicated in 

6979
05:59:55,700 --> 05:59:59,100
ways that are hard to explain to
people who've never spent years 

6980
05:59:59,100 --> 06:00:02,300
of their lives tending machines.
That seem designed to break down

6981
06:00:02,300 --> 06:00:05,900
at the worst possible moments. 
You develop a grudging respect 

6982
06:00:05,900 --> 06:00:09,000
for your toughness a pride in 
your ability to survive 

6983
06:00:09,000 --> 06:00:10,800
conditions that would break 
softer people. 

6984
06:00:10,800 --> 06:00:13,400
At the same time you're acutely 
aware that. 

6985
06:00:13,400 --> 06:00:17,100
This toughness came at a cost 
your health, your time, your 

6986
06:00:17,100 --> 06:00:19,000
dreams of doing something else 
with your life. 

6987
06:00:19,900 --> 06:00:23,100
Years later, if you're lucky 
enough to have those years, you 

6988
06:00:23,100 --> 06:00:24,600
will probably have mixed 
feelings. 

6989
06:00:24,600 --> 06:00:27,800
When you look back on your male 
experience, you will likely feel

6990
06:00:27,800 --> 06:00:31,100
a mixture of pride in your 
survival anger at the conditions

6991
06:00:31,100 --> 06:00:34,300
you endured and a deep 
appreciation, for any work that 

6992
06:00:34,300 --> 06:00:37,100
allows you to breathe clean air 
and keep your fingers intact. 

6993
06:00:37,900 --> 06:00:40,800
You'll tell stories that sound 
almost unbelievable to people 

6994
06:00:40,800 --> 06:00:43,900
who've never worked in heavy 
industry and you'll probably 

6995
06:00:43,900 --> 06:00:47,400
downplay just how bad it really 
was because some experience is 

6996
06:00:47,400 --> 06:00:49,900
too big and complicated to 
explain to people who were 

6997
06:00:49,900 --> 06:00:53,000
there. 
The mill whistle that sound that

6998
06:00:53,000 --> 06:00:56,300
dominated your life for so long,
will always trigger memories. 

6999
06:00:57,000 --> 06:01:00,500
Years later hearing a similar 
sound will transport you back to

7000
06:01:00,500 --> 06:01:02,300
those early mornings, those long
days. 

7001
06:01:02,300 --> 06:01:06,300
And that particular combination 
of exhaustion and determination 

7002
06:01:06,300 --> 06:01:09,600
that characterized me life. 
But here's the thing about 

7003
06:01:09,600 --> 06:01:12,700
surviving difficult experience, 
is they teach you what your 

7004
06:01:12,700 --> 06:01:15,900
capable of enduring and that 
knowledge becomes part of Who 

7005
06:01:15,900 --> 06:01:18,300
You Are. 
You learn your tougher more 

7006
06:01:18,300 --> 06:01:20,500
resourceful and more resilient 
than you thought. 

7007
06:01:21,400 --> 06:01:24,700
And sometimes on quiet Sunday 
mornings, when you're not 

7008
06:01:24,700 --> 06:01:27,300
rushing to answer a mill, 
whistle that knowledge feels 

7009
06:01:27,300 --> 06:01:29,100
almost worth the price. 
You paid for it. 

7010
06:01:29,100 --> 06:01:30,100
Almost