Secret Medieval Rules That Made Life Easier | Boring History

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Welcome back. 
You sleepy spuds and dozing 

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Donuts. 
I know you guys are ready to 

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sleep with history so let's 
snuggle up fast. 

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And let me tell you a story 
here. 

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Tonight about odd medieval rules
that secretly made life easier. 

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I mean these things were crazy 
so if you are new to the channel

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or returning liking the video 
and commenting significantly 

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helps us out Also, please let me
know where you are listening in 

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from and what time it is for you
now, get comfortable, turn that 

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fan up Max Speed and let's get 
it. 

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You've spent your whole life 
here about the Dark Ages. 

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That's supposedly miserable 
stretch of human history. 

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When everyone was filthy 
ignorant and constantly 

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terrified of both, their Earthly
Lords and an Angry God, You've 

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seen the movies where peasants 
grovel in mud, when nights 

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commit casual brutality and 
where life is as Thomas Hobbs 

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would later put it nasty brutish
and short. 

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But here's what those dramatic 
retellings. 

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Rarely mentioned. 
Medieval people were stupid and 

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they certainly weren't 
interested in making their 

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already challenging lives harder
than necessary tonight. 

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As you settle into the warmth of
your bed. 

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Let's wander together through a 
medieval Town, not the Hollywood

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version with its overall drama, 
but the real thing where 

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Ordinary People developed 
extraordinarily clever systems 

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to manage the chaos of daily 
existence. 

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These weren't the grand laws. 
Debated in Royal courts or the 

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theological proclamations issued
by Bishops. 

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These were the Practical street 
level rules that governed 

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everything from when you could 
Hammer a horseshoe to how much 

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your bread should weigh. 
And the Beautiful secret hiding 

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in plain sight. 
Most of these supposedly 

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restrictive regulations were 
actually making everyone's life 

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considerably easier picture 
yourself walking through a 

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medieval town on an Autumn 
evening just as the sun begins 

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its to set by the thatched roofs
and Timber framed buildings. 

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The air carriers that particular
coolness that makes you pull 

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your cloak a bit tighter mixed 
with the smoke from countless, 

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half fires and the earthy smell 
of the unpaved streets. 

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This isn't the romanticized 
Middle Ages of Troubadours and 

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tournaments. 
Nor is it the nightmare version 

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of plague and poverty. 
This is somewhere in between a 

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functional community of people 
who figured out how to live 

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together in surprisingly 
sophisticated ways, the Medieval

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World operated on system so 
different from your own that 

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they can seem almost alien. 
At first glance, there were no 

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police officers patrolling the 
streets, no building inspectors 

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checking construction work and 
no Health Department. 

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Monitoring food safety. 
Yet somehow towns functioned 

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Market operated people generally
got along without killing each 

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other. 
The trick was in the rules, 

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hundreds of small regulations, 
that sound bizarre to Modern 

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ears, but made perfect sense in 
their context, take the simple 

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matter of when you could make 
noise in your world, you can 

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vacuum at three in the morning. 
If you're so inclined, though, 

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your neighbor's might have words
with you about it. 

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You can run power tools on 
Sunday morning or practice. 

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The drums at midnight. 
Medieval people found this kind 

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of Freedom, baffling and frankly
and considerate. 

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They lived in close quarters 
with house is practically 

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leaning against each other and 
thin walls that did little to 

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muffle sound. 
More importantly, they lived by 

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the sun schedule and needed 
their sleep to survive, the 

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physical demands of the next 
day. 

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So they created rules about 
noises and these rules were 

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surprisingly specific. 
In many towns, you couldn't 

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operate your Workshop after the 
evening bell. 

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Rang blacksmith Hammer Coopers 
couldn't pound Barrel Hoops, 

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even arguments between neighbors
were supposed to quiet down. 

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Once Darkness fell, First, this 
sounds like the kind of 

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heavy-handed Regulation that 
would drive you crazy. 

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Imagine someone telling you that
you couldn't finish your project

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just because the sun went down. 
But here's the clever part, 

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everyone lived by the same 
constraints which meant everyone

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also benefited from the quiet, 
the blacksmith who had to stop 

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his hammering at dusk knew that,
he also wouldn't be kept awake 

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by his neighbor. 
The Cooper working late Into the

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Night. 
The baker who had to cease 

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grinding grain after dark could 
sleep soundly without the noise 

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of someone else's industry. 
Disturbing him, it was a kind of

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mutual agreement and coded in 
law and it worked because 

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everyone was equally restricted 
and equally protected. 

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You gave up your freedom to make
noise at night but you gain the 

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guarantee of Peace when you need
to sleep, not a bad trade, 

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really these quiet evening. 
Hours. 

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Also had an unintended benefit 
that the towns, people probably 

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didn't consciously plan but 
certainly came to appreciate 

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They created a natural Rhythm to
the day. 

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You worked when you could see 
what you were doing. 

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You stopped when darkness May 
detail work difficult, wake your

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evening meal by firelight told 
stories or sangs, 10 to the 

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small domestic tasks that didn't
require much light, and then you

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went to bed at a reasonable 
hour, there was no temptation to

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work yourself into exhaustion 
under artificial light because 

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artificial light was expensive 
and dim. 

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The rules around noise 
dovetailed with the Practical 

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realities of pre-electric, life 
to create a schedule. 

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That while certainly not 
leisurely, at least made sense 

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for human biology. 
But how did everyone know when 

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these quiet hours began? 
You can glance at your phone or 

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check the clock on your wall. 
Medieval people had something 

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both simpler and more communal. 
The curfew Bell. 

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The word curfew itself comes 
from the old French Hoover. 

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Meaning cover fire, when the 
bell rang from the church Tower 

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or town hall, you were supposed 
to bank, your heart Fire, cover 

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it with Ash to keep it 
smoldering safely through the 

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night and settle in the Bell 
wasn't just about fire safety 

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though. 
That was certainly part of it in

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a world of wooden buildings 
packed together and unattended 

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fire could consume an entire 
neighborhood in less than an 

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hour. 
The curfew Bell served as the 

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town's Collective alarm clock or
rather its Collective bedtime 

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reminders. 
It rang, at the same time, every

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evening and everyone heard it. 
There was no confusion about 

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when quiet hours began, no 
arguments about whether it was 

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dark enough yet. 
The bell rang and that was that.

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You finished your current task 
cleaned up your workspace and 

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joined your family for the 
evening. 

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If you are out visiting 
neighbors or finishing business 

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at the market, the Bell reminded
you to head home before the 

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streets became too dark to 
navigate safely walking through.

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Those medieval streets after 
curfew was an experienced 

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markedly different from your 
nighttime strolls through a 

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modern city. 
There were no street lights, 

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obviously. 
No, illuminated shop windows, or

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neon signs or the ambient glow 
of civilization that you take 

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for granted. 
Once the sun went down and 

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people shuttered, their Windows,
the darkness was profound. 

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Kind of Darkness that feels 
almost solid that presses 

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against your eyes. 
The only light came from the 

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moon and stars if the sky was 
clear, and maybe the occasional 

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flicker of a lantern, if someone
had urgent business Out of 

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Doors, this Darkness was exactly
why the curfew made sense. 

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Walking through pitch black 
streets, where the ground was 

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uneven where you might trip over
a sleeping dog or step into 

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something, unpleasant. 
Where criminals could operate 

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unseen. 
It wasn't just inconvenient. 

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It was genuinely dangerous. 
The curfew Bell encouraged 

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people to be home before, 
navigating became treacherous, 

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it wasn't about controlling the 
population or restricting 

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freedom for his own sake. 
It was about basic safety in a 

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world without Street lighting. 
Of course, there were 

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exceptions, nightwatchman 
patrolled with lanterns calling 

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out the hours and looking for 
fires or trouble. 

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Midwives could be summoned at 
any our babies. 

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Don't wait for convenient times 
to be born. 

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Doctors or priests might be 
called for emergencies. 

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But for the average person, the 
evening Bell marked the boundary

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between the active day and the 
quiet night. 

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And most people appreciated this
boundary, because it applied to 

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everyone, which meant the 
streets, truly did fall silent 

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after curfew making sleep easier
for all. 

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Now, you might be thinking that 
all this regulation, sounds 

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oppressive, but consider what 
you've traded for your modern 

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freedom. 
You can make noise at any hour, 

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but so, can your neighbors? 
And there's not much you can do 

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about it, except complain. 
You can work 24 hours a day if 

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you choose, but the expectation 
that you'll always be available,

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always productive can feel like 
a different kind of prison. 

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Medieval people had less 
individual freedom in some ways,

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but they also had more 
Collective piece. 

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They couldn't do what ever they 
want wanted whenever they want 

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it, but neither, could anyone 
else and that Mutual limitation,

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created a kind of social 
harmony. 

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That's hard to achieve. 
When everyone's acting 

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independently, let's move from 
noise to another aspect of 

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medieval life, that seems overly
regulated at first glance bread,

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You buy your bread from a 
supermarket or bakery without 

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giving it much thought. 
Maybe you check, if it's whole 

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wheat or sourdough whether it 
fits your dietary preferences. 

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But you don't worry about 
whether the loaf ways what it 

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should or whether the baker is 
trying to cheat you. 

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Medieval people worry about this
constantly because bread was 

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serious business. 
Often the main source of 

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calories for ordinary folks. 
If your Baker was shorting you 

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on weight or adding too much 
cheap filler to the dough, you 

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are being robbed of essential 
nutrition. 

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So towns developed elaborate 
rules about bread. 

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The size of bread introduced in 
England, in the 13th century was

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typical of such regulations. 
It established that the price of

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bread should be fixed relative 
to the price of grain and that 

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loaves should meet specific 
weights downwards. 

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If we was cheap the baker to 
give you more bread for your 

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penny. 
If we was expensive, you got a 

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smaller loaf but at least you 
knew why The baker, couldn't 

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simply charge whatever he felt 
like, or make whatever size 

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loaf. 
Suited him inspectors would 

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periodically test loaves by 
weighing them. 

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Bakers who were found selling 
underweight bread, face serious,

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penalties. 
In some places, a dishonest 

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Baker might be dragged through 
the streets on a sledge with the

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offending loaf. 
Hung around his neck, a 

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humiliating punishment, designed
to shame him in front of his 

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neighbors and customers. 
In other places, the baker might

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be fined or even banned from his
trade. 

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These weren't gentle slaps on 
the wrist. 

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The authorities took breadth. 
Seriously, because everyone 

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understood how important bread 
was to survive. 

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Or here's what's clever about 
this system. 

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It protected both the customer 
and the honest baker. 

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You were getting fair value for 
your money because the weights 

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were standardized and enforced. 
but the baker who played by the 

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rules also benefitted, because 
his dishonest competitors 

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couldn't undercut him by selling
substandard loaves, The 

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regulations, created a Level 
Playing Field where quality 

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mattered more than Corner 
cutting. 

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An honest baker could build a 
reputation for consistently good

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bread knowing that the cheaters 
would have eventually be caught 

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and punished the bread rolls all
so, did something else they 

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created trust in the 
marketplace. 

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You didn't need to carry a scale
with you when you went to buy 

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bread. 
You didn't need to examine every

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loaf, suspiciously wandering. 
If the baker was trying to trick

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you the system of weights and 
measures and regular 

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inspections, did that work for 
you? 

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You could hand over your money 
and receive your bread with 

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confidence knowing that the 
transaction was fair. 

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This trust is something you 
probably take for granted in 

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your modern regulated economy. 
But in a medieval marketplace, 

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where you knew your Baker 
personally, and would see him 

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every week for years, 
maintaining that trust was 

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essential the bread regulations 
extended Beyond just weight. 

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Some towns specified, what 
ingredients could be used. 

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And in what proportions Bakers? 
Couldn't add excessive amounts 

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of bean flour or pflour to wheat
bread. 

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These cheaper ingredients could 
stretch the dough increasing 

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profit margins but they also 
reduce nutritional value and 

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change the texture. 
If you paid for wheat bread, you

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got wheat bread. 
Not some mystery mixture that 

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happened to be cheaper to 
produce. 

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The regulations ensure that 
bread names meant something 

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consistent, that white bread 
actually indicated refined wheat

233
00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:40,700
flour and maslan, mantis 
specific wheat Rime mixture, 

234
00:12:40,700 --> 00:12:43,300
these standards mattered, more 
than you might think. 

235
00:12:44,300 --> 00:12:47,400
In a world where most people 
couldn't read, where written 

236
00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:50,800
contracts were rare for every 
day transactions and where you 

237
00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:54,900
relied on spoken agreements and 
Community reputation having 

238
00:12:54,900 --> 00:12:58,500
standardized products within 
forced definitions, created a 

239
00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:02,100
common language for Commerce. 
When you asked for a penny loaf 

240
00:13:02,100 --> 00:13:05,900
of wheat bread, both you and the
baker knew exactly what that 

241
00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:09,100
meant. 
The regulation eliminated 

242
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:11,900
ambiguity and the potential for 
disputes. 

243
00:13:11,900 --> 00:13:15,300
Speaking of the marketplace. 
Let's Wander over there now. 

244
00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:19,900
It's morning, a few hours after 
sunrise, and the Market Square 

245
00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:23,700
is coming alive with activity. 
Farmers have brought in their 

246
00:13:23,700 --> 00:13:25,500
produce from the surrounding 
Countryside. 

247
00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:28,300
Crafts. 
People have set up stalls 

248
00:13:28,300 --> 00:13:31,600
displaying their Wares. 
The butcher has hung up his cuts

249
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:35,400
of meat, the fish mongers laid 
out his catch on beds of straw. 

250
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:38,900
The whole scene buzzes with 
Commerce and conversation. 

251
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:42,500
People haggling over prices 
examining goods and catching up 

252
00:13:42,500 --> 00:13:45,200
on Neighborhood News. 
But notice something odd. 

253
00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:47,400
Not everyone can sell their 
goods. 

254
00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:51,200
At any time there are rules 
about when the Market opens and 

255
00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:52,700
these rules are strictly 
enforced. 

256
00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:56,400
In many towns. 
No one could begin trading until

257
00:13:56,400 --> 00:14:00,100
after a bell rang or until the 
mayor or Market official had 

258
00:14:00,100 --> 00:14:04,500
formerly opened the proceedings.
Everyone had to wait their goods

259
00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:07,900
laid out but untouchable. 
Until the signal came? 

260
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:12,200
Why this elaborate ceremony? 
Why not just let people start 

261
00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:14,400
selling? 
As soon as they arrive, the 

262
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:18,300
answer lies In fairness, Farmers
from distant Villages, might 

263
00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:21,800
need hours to reach Town. 
Arriving, just as local vendors 

264
00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:25,100
were already set up and ready. 
If trading could begin 

265
00:14:25,100 --> 00:14:28,100
immediately, those local sellers
would have already attracted 

266
00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:32,000
customers and made sales before 
the rural Farmers even arrived. 

267
00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:35,600
The delayed start gave everyone 
a chance to get their goods 

268
00:14:35,600 --> 00:14:38,600
properly displayed and their 
stalls organized. 

269
00:14:39,500 --> 00:14:43,500
When the opening bell, finally 
rang everyone began on equal 

270
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:46,200
footing. 
The farmer who had walked five 

271
00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:49,700
miles Before Dawn had the same 
opportunity to attract customers

272
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:53,000
as the baker who shot fronted on
the market square. 

273
00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:56,800
These Market rules extended 
Beyond just the opening time. 

274
00:14:57,500 --> 00:14:59,900
In many places there were 
regulations about where 

275
00:14:59,900 --> 00:15:01,500
different types of goods could 
be sold. 

276
00:15:01,500 --> 00:15:05,400
All the butchers had to set up 
in one area, all the cloth, 

277
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:08,700
merchants in another and all the
vegetable sellers in a third. 

278
00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:13,100
This sounds restrictive. 
Why shouldn't a merchant set up 

279
00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:17,000
wherever he could find Space? 
But the system actually made 

280
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:20,500
shopping more efficient. 
He knew exactly where to go to 

281
00:15:20,500 --> 00:15:23,900
compare prices on wheat or to 
examine different cuts of meat. 

282
00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:27,400
You didn't have to wander around
the entire Market hoping to 

283
00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,900
stumble across what you needed. 
The organization turned, what 

284
00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:33,600
could have been chaos into a 
logical navigable system. 

285
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:36,900
There were also rules about who 
could sell in the Market at all.

286
00:15:37,700 --> 00:15:40,000
Generally, you needed to pay for
a stall and follow. 

287
00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:43,700
The town's trading regulations. 
This fee supported the market 

288
00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:46,100
infrastructure. 
Someone had to maintain the 

289
00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:49,100
square settle disputes and 
enforce the weights and 

290
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:51,600
measures. 
But it also meant that random 

291
00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,100
Peddlers couldn't just show up 
and undercut, establish 

292
00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:55,700
Merchants without any 
accountability. 

293
00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:00,000
If you paid for your stall and 
followed the rules, you have the

294
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,900
right to trade. 
If you were caught selling 

295
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:05,900
fraudulent Goods or using false 
weights, you could lose that, 

296
00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:08,200
right? 
The system created 

297
00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:10,900
accountability in a world 
without modern business license 

298
00:16:10,900 --> 00:16:15,400
or consumer protection agencies.
The market rules, even extended 

299
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:18,700
to the practice of forestalling 
by buying goods before they 

300
00:16:18,700 --> 00:16:21,200
reach the market and then 
reselling them at a markup. 

301
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:25,400
This was considered deeply 
unethical and was often illegal.

302
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:29,000
The idea was that Goods brought 
to Market should be available to

303
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:33,000
everyone at the same time and at
fair price is if wealthy 

304
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:36,400
merchants could intercept 
Farmers on the road and buy up 

305
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:39,400
all their grain before it 
reached town, they could then 

306
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:42,700
create artificial scarcity and 
charge whatever they wanted. 

307
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:47,100
For stalling laws, prevented 
this manipulation, ensuring that

308
00:16:47,108 --> 00:16:49,500
ordinary towns people could 
purchase food and other 

309
00:16:49,500 --> 00:16:51,200
necessities at reasonable 
prices. 

310
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:55,200
Similarly, there were rules 
against regretting buying goods 

311
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,700
in the market and then 
immediately reselling them at a 

312
00:16:57,700 --> 00:17:02,000
higher price in the same Market.
This practice added, no value. 

313
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,700
It just inserted a middleman who
profited from information 

314
00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:08,599
asymmetry or aggressive 
purchasing. 

315
00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:12,500
If you bought grain, you were 
supposed to use it yourself or 

316
00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:15,700
take it elsewhere to sell. 
You couldn't simply stand in the

317
00:17:15,700 --> 00:17:18,300
same Market by buying from one 
stall and selling from another 

318
00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:21,000
taking advantage of customers, 
who hadn't yet. 

319
00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:24,300
Found the best prices again. 
You can see the underlying 

320
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:27,400
wisdom in these regulations. 
They weren't about controlling 

321
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,500
every aspect of Commerce, for 
its own sake. 

322
00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:33,300
They were about creating Fair 
conditions where everyone played

323
00:17:33,300 --> 00:17:36,700
by the same rules where the rich
couldn't manipulate the system, 

324
00:17:36,700 --> 00:17:40,300
to exploit the poor and where 
quality and honest dealing 

325
00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:41,800
mattered more than clever 
tricks. 

326
00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:46,400
The market was regulated. 
Yes, but those regulations made 

327
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:48,800
it function, better for everyone
except the Cheetahs. 

328
00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:52,100
The marketplace also had rules 
about weights and measures that 

329
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:55,400
went beyond just bread. 
Every town maintained official 

330
00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:57,900
standards. 
Marked measuring rods for cloth.

331
00:17:57,900 --> 00:18:02,200
Certified weights for grain and 
meat and standard containers for

332
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:04,900
liquids. 
Merchants had to use the 

333
00:18:04,900 --> 00:18:08,100
standardized tools and Market 
officials would check them 

334
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:12,300
periodically for accuracy. 
A merchant Court using false 

335
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:17,500
weights, faced severe penalties 
fines, confiscation of goods and

336
00:18:17,500 --> 00:18:19,500
sometimes even banishment from 
the market. 

337
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:21,800
The severity of these 
punishments. 

338
00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:25,200
Reflected how seriously 
communities took honest dealing.

339
00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:28,800
These standardized measures did 
more than just prevent fraud. 

340
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:31,500
They may trade possible between 
strangers. 

341
00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:35,000
If if you were buying cloth from
a merchant, you'd never met 

342
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:38,400
before you needed confidence, 
that his yard was the same 

343
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:42,500
length as everyone else's yard. 
If you were purchasing grained, 

344
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:45,200
you needed to know that his 
bushel measure matched. 

345
00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:47,800
The official standard the 
regulations. 

346
00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:51,600
Created a common Foundation that
allowed Commerce to happen with 

347
00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:55,500
a basic level of trust. 
Even between people who had no 

348
00:18:55,500 --> 00:18:58,200
prior relationship, let's turn 
to something. 

349
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:00,900
That seems even more intrusive 
by modern standards. 

350
00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:04,900
Clothing regulations. 
You wear whatever you want, 

351
00:19:04,900 --> 00:19:07,500
within the bounds of weather and
social context. 

352
00:19:07,500 --> 00:19:10,800
Of course, you might dress up 
for a wedding or down for yard 

353
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:13,400
work, but nobody's going to 
arrest you for wearing silk, 

354
00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:16,800
when you're only a clerk or 
putting on colors reserved for 

355
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:20,300
nobility. 
Medieval people faced a 

356
00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:23,800
Labyrinth of sumptuary laws that
dictated what Fabrics colors and

357
00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:25,600
styles were appropriate for 
different. 

358
00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:28,500
Social classes. 
A peasant couldn't legally wear 

359
00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:32,400
silk or velvet a merchant, no 
matter how well, he could not 

360
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:35,300
dress like a noble. 
Even the length of your shoes 

361
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:38,200
pointed toe might be regulated 
based on your rank. 

362
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:41,900
These laws were passed and 
repast throughout the Middle 

363
00:19:41,900 --> 00:19:46,000
Ages, which tells you something 
important people constantly 

364
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,100
ignored them. 
Merchants who had grown rich in 

365
00:19:49,100 --> 00:19:52,700
trade, wanted to display their 
success and what better way than

366
00:19:52,700 --> 00:19:56,200
by wearing the Fine Fabrics, 
they'd helped import Crafts 

367
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:58,800
People took pride in their work 
and wanted address. 

368
00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:01,200
Well. 
The authorities kept trying to 

369
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:04,800
enforce these distinctions and 
people kept finding ways around 

370
00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:07,300
them. 
Why did these laws exist at all?

371
00:20:08,100 --> 00:20:10,400
The official reason was 
maintaining social order. 

372
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:14,300
If anyone could dress like a 
noble, how would you know who 

373
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:18,100
deserved respect? 
How would Society function if 

374
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:20,100
you couldn't tell at a glance 
who was a knight? 

375
00:20:20,100 --> 00:20:23,500
And who was a carpenter? 
But there was a more practical 

376
00:20:23,500 --> 00:20:26,500
economic reason, too controlling
luxury consumption. 

377
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,700
Fine Fabrics, rare dies and 
intricate tailoring were 

378
00:20:30,700 --> 00:20:33,600
expensive. 
Money spent on fancy clothes was

379
00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:37,300
money not spent on land or 
business Investments. rulers 

380
00:20:37,300 --> 00:20:40,000
were that their subjects would 
bankrupt themselves trying to 

381
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:43,400
dress above their station, but 
here's where these clothing laws

382
00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:47,300
had none intentional benefit, 
they created thriving Industries

383
00:20:47,300 --> 00:20:51,700
and clever substitution if you 
couldn't wear silk, Enterprise 

384
00:20:51,700 --> 00:20:54,000
housing, Weavers developed, 
techniques to make linen look 

385
00:20:54,008 --> 00:20:58,100
silky If purple dye was 
restricted to royalty, other 

386
00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:00,700
colors became fashionable among 
the merchant classes. 

387
00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:04,600
If you couldn't have a mine for 
trim, you found other ways to 

388
00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:07,100
decorate your clothes that 
showed taste and wealth. 

389
00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:10,500
Without breaking the law. 
The restrictions spurred 

390
00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:13,800
Innovation as people sought ways
to look prosperous within the 

391
00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:17,300
legal bounds, a clothing. 
Regulation was also created a 

392
00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:19,200
kind of readable social 
landscape. 

393
00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:22,100
You could walk through a 
medieval town and understand 

394
00:21:22,100 --> 00:21:24,500
much about the people. 
You passed based on their dress.

395
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:29,400
That man in the rough and tunic 
was probably a laborer that 

396
00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:31,600
woman in the neat linen dress 
with modest. 

397
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:33,600
Trim was perhaps a Merchant's 
wife. 

398
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,200
Those children in matching 
Livery belong to a noble 

399
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:40,500
household. 
This instant readability served 

400
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:43,700
practical purposes. 
If you needed to find someone 

401
00:21:43,700 --> 00:21:46,500
with authority, you looked for 
good clothing. 

402
00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:50,700
If you were seeking skilled 
craft work, you might approach 

403
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:53,400
someone who's dressed suggested 
to success in their trade. 

404
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,700
The visual hierarchy made the 
social World more navigable. 

405
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:01,500
Even if it limited personal 
expression yet, even with all 

406
00:22:01,500 --> 00:22:05,600
these rules, people found ways 
to express individuality the cut

407
00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:09,200
of a garment, the quality of the
stitching and the choice of 

408
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:11,800
accessories. 
All these could vary within 

409
00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:15,800
legal bounds, Skilled tailor 
could make a legally acceptable 

410
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:17,900
outfit that still stood out for 
its Elegance. 

411
00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:22,000
A woman might not be able to 
wear silk, but she could ensure 

412
00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,500
her linen. 
Was impeccably white and 

413
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,600
beautifully embroidered. 
The regulation set boundaries 

414
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:31,700
but within those boundaries 
there was still room for 

415
00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:35,300
personal style and pride in 
appearance, he enforcement of 

416
00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:39,400
clothing laws was inconsistent. 
Probably saved them from 

417
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,400
becoming unbearable. 
In practice authorities tended 

418
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,800
to crack down on some of 
violations when they needed 

419
00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:50,400
revenue from fines or when they 
wanted to make an example of 

420
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:51,900
someone who had gotten too 
uppity. 

421
00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:56,400
Most of the time if you dress 
slightly above your station but 

422
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:59,600
weren't too blatant about it, 
you could probably get away with

423
00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:02,200
it. 
The laws existed as much as 

424
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:07,000
social pressure and aspiration 
as actual legal constraint, as 

425
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:09,700
evening approaches in our 
medieval Town, let's consider 

426
00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:11,700
one of the more surprising 
regulations. 

427
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:16,100
Hospitality laws, In your world,
you're free to turn away, 

428
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:19,800
visitors, lock your door against
strangers and keep your home 

429
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:21,000
entirely. 
Private. 

430
00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,100
If you choose medieval, people 
had a more complicated 

431
00:23:24,100 --> 00:23:27,500
relationship with hospitality 
particularly when it came to 

432
00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:29,600
Travelers. 
And those in need, many 

433
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:33,100
communities have rules requiring
in Keepers to provide lodging to

434
00:23:33,100 --> 00:23:36,500
Travelers, who could pay or 
compelling householders to offer

435
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:39,300
shelter to Wayfair as during 
storms or emergencies. 

436
00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:43,500
These were not just nice 
suggestions, they were legal 

437
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:46,900
obligations. 
If you ran in, you could not 

438
00:23:46,900 --> 00:23:49,600
turn away a decent stranger just
because you didn't like his 

439
00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,600
looks or wanted to save the room
for a possibly better customer. 

440
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:56,800
If a traveler was caught in 
dangerous, whether you might be 

441
00:23:56,800 --> 00:24:00,300
required to offer basic shellter
even in your private home. 

442
00:24:00,300 --> 00:24:04,200
This seems intrusive even a 
alarming by your modern 

443
00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:07,200
standards. 
The idea of being legally forced

444
00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:10,300
to welcome strangers into your 
home or business, sounds like a 

445
00:24:10,300 --> 00:24:13,900
violation of basic rights. 
But consider the world. 

446
00:24:13,900 --> 00:24:18,100
These rules emerged from Travel 
was dangerous roads. 

447
00:24:18,100 --> 00:24:21,100
Were poor often barely more than
muddy tracks. 

448
00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:25,500
Through forests Bandits operated
with relative impunity between 

449
00:24:25,500 --> 00:24:28,900
towns weather could turn deadly 
without warning. 

450
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:32,500
If you were caught miles from 
any settlement, when night fell 

451
00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:36,000
or a storm arose, you could die.
Not metaphorically. 

452
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:41,100
You could actually freeze or be 
killed Hospitality laws, created

453
00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:44,600
a safety, net for travelers and 
by extension for Commerce and 

454
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:47,700
communication. 
A merchant transporting goods 

455
00:24:47,700 --> 00:24:49,900
needed to know. 
He could find shelter along his 

456
00:24:49,900 --> 00:24:52,500
route. 
A messenger carrying important, 

457
00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:55,000
letters needed, reliable 
stopping points. 

458
00:24:55,700 --> 00:24:58,700
Even a pilgrim traveling to a 
holy site needed assurance. 

459
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:02,000
That he wouldn't be left to die 
in a ditch because no one felt 

460
00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:05,600
like helping him. 
The laws made travel possible by

461
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:08,800
making shell to predictable. 
But here's the reciprocal 

462
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:12,200
element, the same laws protected
in Keepers and hosts. 

463
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:16,400
If you are required to provide 
logging, you were also protected

464
00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:19,600
in how you provided it. 
You didn't have to offer luxury 

465
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:23,800
accommodations basic shelter, 
simple food, and a place to 

466
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:27,200
sleep with sufficient, you could
charge reasonable rates as 

467
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:30,700
established by local custom. 
And if a guest calls trouble, 

468
00:25:30,700 --> 00:25:34,200
you had legal recourse to remove
them and seek compensation for 

469
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:37,400
any damage. 
The regulations, cut both ways 

470
00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:41,000
protecting both The Travelers 
need for shelter and the host 

471
00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:44,700
right to maintain order in his 
establishment lost fatality. 

472
00:25:44,700 --> 00:25:48,600
Rules also created a kind of 
social insurance system, Today, 

473
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:51,900
if you fell on hard times, while
traveling, you might end up 

474
00:25:51,908 --> 00:25:55,000
sleeping in your car or at a 
shelter run by charities. 

475
00:25:55,900 --> 00:25:58,400
Medieval people who couldn't 
afford, an inn might rely on 

476
00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:01,500
religious house is or invoke 
cost fatality costs to find a 

477
00:26:01,500 --> 00:26:03,800
nice shelter. 
It wasn't charity. 

478
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:07,600
Exactly. 
It was obligation encoded in law

479
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:11,300
and Custer and because it was an
obligation rather than charity, 

480
00:26:11,300 --> 00:26:14,900
it came without quite the same 
stigma you won't begging for 

481
00:26:14,908 --> 00:26:17,200
kindness. 
You were claiming a right that 

482
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,500
any traveler possessed, there's 
something profound in this 

483
00:26:20,500 --> 00:26:23,300
arrangement. 
It acknowledged that anyone 

484
00:26:23,300 --> 00:26:25,600
might someday be the Stranger in
need of help. 

485
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:30,300
The wealthy Merchant enforcing 
Hospitality laws is in like, 

486
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:34,200
someday, find himself stranded 
far from home grateful that 

487
00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:35,800
someone was required to take him
in. 

488
00:26:37,100 --> 00:26:40,000
The Peasant offering is bond to 
a travel during a storm might 

489
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,700
someday be that traveler seeking
shelter in someone else's Barn. 

490
00:26:44,700 --> 00:26:48,600
The laws created reciprocal 
obligations that over safety net

491
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:52,200
across the landscape religious 
houses, monasteries convents and

492
00:26:52,208 --> 00:26:55,800
hospitals, operated under 
particularly strict Hospitality 

493
00:26:55,800 --> 00:26:58,400
requirements. 
They were expected to welcome, 

494
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:01,200
Travelers. 
Feed the hungry and care for the

495
00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:05,700
sick regardless of ability to 
pay This wasn't optional 

496
00:27:05,700 --> 00:27:08,300
charity. 
It was Central to their 

497
00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:11,300
religious mission. 
Traveler could arrive at a 

498
00:27:11,308 --> 00:27:14,900
monastery gate with reasonable 
confidence that he'd receive at 

499
00:27:14,900 --> 00:27:20,200
least basic Hospitality a meal, 
a place to sleep perhaps medical

500
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:24,100
attention if needed. 
This network of religious houses

501
00:27:24,100 --> 00:27:27,800
created waypoints across the 
medieval landscape, making 

502
00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:31,400
long-distance travel feasible. 
Even for those of modest means. 

503
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:35,100
Now let's Venture beyond the 
town walls in to the forests and

504
00:27:35,108 --> 00:27:37,800
common lands. 
Spaces that were neither quite 

505
00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:42,000
wild nor fully tamed, where some
of the most practical medieval 

506
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:45,600
regulations operated. 
You might assume forests were 

507
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:48,700
free for all zones where anyone 
could hunt gather wood or passed

508
00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:51,500
your animals. 
The reality was far more 

509
00:27:51,508 --> 00:27:54,200
controlled. 
And once again, these controls 

510
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:57,500
were more practical than you 
might expect Forest laws, could 

511
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:01,100
be severe particularly in Royal 
forests where the king claimed 

512
00:28:01,100 --> 00:28:03,200
hunting rights. 
Killing a deer. 

513
00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:07,200
In the king's Forest might cost 
you your hands or eyes penalties

514
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:09,500
that sound barbaric to your 
modern sensibilities. 

515
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,300
But surrounding those harsh 
penalties for poaching game. 

516
00:28:13,300 --> 00:28:15,900
Were hundreds of smaller 
regulations about Forest. 

517
00:28:15,900 --> 00:28:19,300
Use that actually protected, 
common people's rights while 

518
00:28:19,300 --> 00:28:22,800
preserving the wrestlers, you 
couldn't cut down trees wherever

519
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:25,700
you wanted, but you did have the
right to gather and wood and 

520
00:28:25,700 --> 00:28:29,000
dead branches. 
A right called Deadwood or 

521
00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:32,000
windfall. 
This distinction was important. 

522
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:35,500
It meant that common people 
could collect fuel for heating 

523
00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:38,300
and cooking without destroying 
the forest living trees. 

524
00:28:39,300 --> 00:28:42,700
Forest remained intact for 
hunting and Timba while still 

525
00:28:42,708 --> 00:28:44,900
providing resources for those 
who needed them. 

526
00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:49,500
It was a sustainable use policy 
that protected both the powerful

527
00:28:49,500 --> 00:28:51,900
Nobles interests and the poor 
Villages needs. 

528
00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:55,600
Similarly, you might have rights
to pass through your pigs in the

529
00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:59,000
forest During certain Seasons, a
practice called page. 

530
00:28:59,700 --> 00:29:03,500
Pigs Would forage for acorns and
other masks fattening themselves

531
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:07,300
at no cost to you. 
But the practice was regulated 

532
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:11,300
by season and number to prevent 
overgrazing and Forest damage. 

533
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:14,700
You couldn't just turn loose 
unlimited pigs year round. 

534
00:29:15,500 --> 00:29:18,400
There were rules about how many 
animals each household could run

535
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:22,600
when the page season opened and 
closed and what fees might be 

536
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:24,600
owed. 
These regulations sound 

537
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:28,600
restrictive and they were, but 
they prevented the tragedy of 

538
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:31,700
the commons that occurs when 
everyone takes as much as they 

539
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:33,900
can with no regard for 
sustainability. 

540
00:29:34,900 --> 00:29:38,100
If every villager could cut all 
the wood they wanted the forest 

541
00:29:38,100 --> 00:29:41,400
would soon be denuded. 
If everyone passed, she had 

542
00:29:41,408 --> 00:29:43,800
unlimited animals, the 
undergrowth would be destroyed 

543
00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:47,800
and young trees couldn't grow. 
Their regulations ensured that 

544
00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:51,500
the forest remained productive 
generation after generation 

545
00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:54,800
providing for everyone, rather 
than being exhausted by the 

546
00:29:54,808 --> 00:29:59,300
greediest users commonlands 
Meadows pastures and wastelands 

547
00:29:59,300 --> 00:30:02,600
shared by a village operated 
under similar principles. 

548
00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:06,300
You have the right to graze, 
your animals on the common but 

549
00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:09,600
not unlimited animals. 
You could cut rushes for Floor 

550
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,900
Covering or reads for thatching 
but not more than your household

551
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:16,900
needed. these use rights were 
carefully defined and jealously 

552
00:30:16,900 --> 00:30:20,700
guarded because they represented
real value to families who owned

553
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:24,200
little land of their own, the 
common land regulations, created

554
00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:27,700
a functional sharing economy, 
Your single cow. 

555
00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:30,700
Could graze alongside your 
neighbor's sheep and someone 

556
00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:33,500
else's goats and there was 
enough grass for all. 

557
00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:36,100
Because the total number of 
animals was controlled. 

558
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:40,100
If someone tried to run extra 
animals or take more than their 

559
00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:43,700
share of resources, the other 
commoners would quickly object 

560
00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:47,100
and enforce the rules. 
The system worked because 

561
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:50,500
everyone benefited from 
sustainable use and everyone 

562
00:30:50,500 --> 00:30:54,000
suffered if someone overused the
commons there's a lesson here 

563
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:56,700
about how regulations can 
protect Freedom rather than 

564
00:30:56,700 --> 00:30:59,800
restrict it. 
You had less individual Freedom,

565
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:03,300
he couldn't exploit common 
resources without limit, but you

566
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:06,000
had more practical freedom 
because the shared resources 

567
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:08,000
remained available year after 
year. 

568
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,700
Your children and grandchildren 
would have access to the same 

569
00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:15,200
common lands because the 
regulations prevented anyone 

570
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:18,600
generation from exhausting the 
forest and common land 

571
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:21,800
regulations also included 
details about when certain 

572
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:25,000
activities could take place. 
You might be allowed to graze 

573
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:28,000
animals on the common only after
the hay Harvest was complete 

574
00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:30,700
giving everyone a chance to 
secure winter. 

575
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:33,300
Fodder. 
First You might be permitted to 

576
00:31:33,300 --> 00:31:37,200
gather specific types of wood 
only during certain months when 

577
00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:39,900
taking them wouldn't harm the 
forest reproductive cycle. 

578
00:31:40,900 --> 00:31:43,600
These temporal regulations 
showed sophisticated 

579
00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:46,600
understanding of ecological 
processes and Resource 

580
00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:49,000
Management. 
The enforcement of these rules 

581
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:52,200
often felt a local officials 
elected or appointed from within

582
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:55,400
the community. 
A Hayward might oversee common 

583
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:59,400
lands, a Woodward might manage 
Forest resources and these 

584
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:02,400
officials were typically people 
who lived in the area, their 

585
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:05,000
whole lives and understood both 
the resources and the needs of 

586
00:32:05,008 --> 00:32:07,800
their neighbors. 
They weren't distant bureaucrats

587
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:09,500
imposing. 
Arbitrary rules. 

588
00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:12,600
They were community members, 
trying to balance competing 

589
00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:16,700
interests and ensure long-term 
sustainability as we Circle back

590
00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:20,400
toward the Town Center, let's 
consider how time itself was 

591
00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:24,700
regulated and communal in ways 
that might surprise you You have

592
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:28,500
a clock on your wrist or phone 
synchronized to the second with 

593
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:32,900
atomic time pieces you know 
exactly what time it is anywhere

594
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:36,100
in the world. 
Any moment of the day medieval 

595
00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:39,000
people had a much looser 
relationship with clock time, 

596
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:42,600
not because they were imprecise 
but because their needs were 

597
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:47,000
different churches, marked the 
hours with bells, ringing it 

598
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:48,900
intervals throughout the day and
night for prayers. 

599
00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:54,200
These canonical hours, matins 
Lords Prime, tourist, sex, and 

600
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:58,300
none Vespers and compline 
divided the day into segments, 

601
00:32:58,300 --> 00:33:02,100
but not equal segments. 
The hours of adjusted with the 

602
00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:04,200
seasons since they were based on
daylight. 

603
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,300
Summerhour was longer than a 
winter, our this seems chaotic 

604
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:10,500
to you, but it made perfect 
sense. 

605
00:33:10,500 --> 00:33:13,700
In a world where useful work was
limited by available light. 

606
00:33:13,700 --> 00:33:17,700
The church bells served as the 
town's timekeeping system, and 

607
00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:20,800
everyone lived by them. 
The morning Bells tolled, you 

608
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:22,300
went to rise and start. 
Work. 

609
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:26,800
Midday Bells reminded you to eat
evening, Bells, signaled, the 

610
00:33:26,808 --> 00:33:29,800
end of the work day. 
These shared time, signals 

611
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:32,800
synchronize the community in 
ways that individual time 

612
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:36,400
keeping never could. 
Everyone heard the same bells 

613
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:38,400
and organized their day around 
the same markers. 

614
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:41,300
You didn't need to worry about 
your clock, being five minutes 

615
00:33:41,300 --> 00:33:45,100
fast, or wonder if you'd Miss 
read the time the bell rang 

616
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:48,600
everyone heard it and everyone 
what time it was collectively. 

617
00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:51,300
If not precisely this communal 
time. 

618
00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:53,800
Keeping all the time was less of
a burden. 

619
00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:56,700
He couldn't be late for 
something if no one knew 

620
00:33:56,700 --> 00:33:58,300
exactly, when it was supposed to
start. 

621
00:33:59,300 --> 00:34:04,600
Meeting's happened after the 
midday Bell or before Vespers or

622
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:09,000
when the Sun reaches mid sky. 
There was inherent flexibility 

623
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:12,300
in these Arrangements. 
Showed up within a reasonable 

624
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:15,199
period around the appointed 
time, and that was sufficient. 

625
00:34:16,100 --> 00:34:19,800
The anxiety of modern, 
punctuality of being exactly on 

626
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:24,100
time or being considered rude. 
Didn't exist in quite the same 

627
00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,000
way yet. 
For all this flexibility. 

628
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:29,199
Medieval people could be 
remarkably precise when 

629
00:34:29,199 --> 00:34:32,199
Precision mattered. 
Mechanical clocks began 

630
00:34:32,199 --> 00:34:35,199
appearing in churches and town 
halls in the late Middle Ages. 

631
00:34:35,199 --> 00:34:37,600
And their use was carefully 
regulated. 

632
00:34:38,300 --> 00:34:40,900
The town clock needed to be 
accurate because people made 

633
00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:44,300
agreements based on it. 
Markets opened at specific 

634
00:34:44,300 --> 00:34:48,400
hours, work shift at Mills or 
workshops needed coordination. 

635
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:52,300
Legal proceedings happened at 
designated times. 

636
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:56,600
So the community invested in 
maintaining a good clock and 

637
00:34:56,600 --> 00:34:59,900
ensuring everyone had access to 
its information, the regulation 

638
00:34:59,900 --> 00:35:04,300
of time, like so many medals was
about creating common reference 

639
00:35:04,300 --> 00:35:06,700
points. 
Just as the weights and measures

640
00:35:06,700 --> 00:35:09,900
for bread needed to be 
standardized and Market hours 

641
00:35:09,900 --> 00:35:13,700
needed to be known to all time 
itself needed to be a shared 

642
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:16,500
resource. 
The bells and clocks were just 

643
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:19,600
tools for individuals. 
They were public infrastructure.

644
00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:24,000
That enabled the whole Community
to function in synchronized ways

645
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,700
when synchronization mattered 
the division of time also 

646
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:30,400
reflected and reinforced the 
rhythm of medieval religious 

647
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,000
life. 
The canonical hours weren't just

648
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,400
arbitrary divisions. 
They represented times of prayer

649
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:38,700
that structured the day for 
monks nuns. 

650
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:41,400
And by extension, for the whole 
community. 

651
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:45,700
When the bells rang for Vespers,
even if you weren't particularly

652
00:35:45,700 --> 00:35:49,400
devout, you are reminded that 
the day was winding down and 

653
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:52,500
that it was time to think about 
evening, tasks, and preparation 

654
00:35:52,500 --> 00:35:55,100
for night. 
The religious framework for 

655
00:35:55,100 --> 00:35:57,300
time, gave it meaning Beyond 
mere measurement. 

656
00:35:57,300 --> 00:35:59,300
Let's take a moment to think 
about, what? 

657
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:03,000
All these regulations about 
noise bread, markets clothing, 

658
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:08,500
Hospitality forests and time add
up to They created a world where

659
00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:11,600
individual Freedom was 
constrained, certainly you 

660
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:14,000
couldn't do what ever you want 
it whenever you wanted. 

661
00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:18,300
To follow rules about the most 
mundane aspects of daily life. 

662
00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:22,400
But in exchange for these 
constraints, you gained 

663
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,800
something valuable a functioning
Community with shared 

664
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:29,600
expectations and mutual 
obligations in your neighbor, 

665
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:31,700
couldn't keep your weight with 
his hammering because the noise 

666
00:36:31,700 --> 00:36:34,900
rules protected you both. 
In your bread was fairly 

667
00:36:34,900 --> 00:36:38,200
weighted because the regulations
protected honest Bakers and 

668
00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:41,300
customers alike. 
He knew that if you travel and 

669
00:36:41,300 --> 00:36:45,200
met with Misfortune Hospitality 
laws, might save your life. 

670
00:36:45,900 --> 00:36:48,600
He knew the common lands would 
still be there for your children

671
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,000
because usage was controlled and
sustainable. 

672
00:36:51,700 --> 00:36:54,700
You what time it was because 
everyone heard the same Bells 

673
00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:59,100
these regulations created Trust.
Trust that others would follow 

674
00:36:59,100 --> 00:37:02,300
the same rules, you followed. 
Trust that cheaters would be 

675
00:37:02,300 --> 00:37:06,400
caught and punished. and trust 
that the systems enabling daily 

676
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:10,400
life would continue functioning 
This trust was the invisible 

677
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,300
Foundation, that allowed 
medieval communities to work 

678
00:37:13,300 --> 00:37:17,300
despite all their challenges. 
Without police forces to enforce

679
00:37:17,300 --> 00:37:20,700
every Rule and without 
surveillance technology to catch

680
00:37:20,700 --> 00:37:25,000
every violation, the system 
depended on community pressure, 

681
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:28,900
shared understanding, and the 
knowledge that today's enforce 

682
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:31,900
her might be tomorrow's, rule 
breaker needing the communities 

683
00:37:31,900 --> 00:37:34,100
protection. 
There's something almost 

684
00:37:34,100 --> 00:37:37,700
beautiful in how these practical
regulations emerge, not from 

685
00:37:37,700 --> 00:37:41,800
Theory, but from necessity. 
Nobody sat down with a 

686
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:44,700
comprehensive plan for managing 
evil Town life. 

687
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:50,600
Instead community of solutions 
to specific problems, how to 

688
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:54,400
keep the peace at night, how to 
prevent bread crawled, how to 

689
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:58,200
make markets Fair, how to ensure
Travelers didn't die on the 

690
00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:03,300
roads and how to preserve shared
resources. each solution became 

691
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:07,900
accustomed and Customs hardened 
into regulations and regulations

692
00:38:07,900 --> 00:38:11,800
accumulated into a comprehensive
system that looks from your 

693
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:15,400
perspective simultaneously 
strange and remarkably 

694
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:18,900
sophisticated consider how 
interconnected these rules were 

695
00:38:19,700 --> 00:38:21,700
The curfew Bell that marked 
quiet hours. 

696
00:38:21,700 --> 00:38:25,100
Also signaled, when to bank your
fire which reduced the risk of 

697
00:38:25,100 --> 00:38:27,600
conflagrations that would 
destroy the wooden buildings, 

698
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:31,100
where people lived and worked. 
The market regulations that 

699
00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:34,700
prevented for stalling. 
And regretting helped ensure 

700
00:38:34,700 --> 00:38:38,000
that bread prices remained 
affordable, which made the bread

701
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:39,800
weight, regulations, more 
meaningful. 

702
00:38:41,100 --> 00:38:44,300
The hospitality laws that 
protected Travelers enable the 

703
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:46,900
commas that kept Market supplied
with diverse Goods. 

704
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:50,600
Forest regulations that preserve
Timber resources. 

705
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:54,100
Ensured that they would be wood 
for building the homes and shops

706
00:38:54,100 --> 00:38:56,100
where people followed the other 
regulations. 

707
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,600
Each rule supported and 
reinforced the others creating a

708
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:02,900
system greater than the son of 
its parts. 

709
00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:06,400
The medieval approach to 
regulation, or reflected a 

710
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:09,500
fundamentally different 
understanding of community, then

711
00:39:09,500 --> 00:39:13,200
what you might be accustomed to 
in your world, there's often a 

712
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:16,700
sharp distinction between public
and private life between what 

713
00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,700
the community can regulate and 
what is purely personal. 

714
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:22,500
Medieval people drew that line 
differently. 

715
00:39:23,300 --> 00:39:25,800
They believed that almost 
nothing was purely personal 

716
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:28,900
because almost everything you 
did affected your neighbor's 

717
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:33,500
noisy work, Disturbed, their 
sleep, your bread fraud, 

718
00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:36,700
cheated, your customers, your 
wasteful use of common 

719
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:38,800
resources. 
Diminished what was available to

720
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:41,400
others? 
Your choice to wear clothing, 

721
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:44,600
above your station, disrupted, 
social hierarchy. 

722
00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:48,700
Even your private half fire, if 
left unbanked could burn down 

723
00:39:48,700 --> 00:39:51,100
the whole neighborhood. 
This perspective sounds 

724
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:54,700
intrusive to Modern ears, but it
came from lived experience in 

725
00:39:54,700 --> 00:39:58,000
densely packed communities, 
where privacy was rare and 

726
00:39:58,000 --> 00:39:59,800
Independence was often 
impossible. 

727
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:03,900
You depended on your neighbor's 
for help with harvests the 

728
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:06,900
defense against threats. 
And for support during hard 

729
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:10,300
times, they depended on you in 
the same ways. 

730
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:14,300
This Mutual dependence meant 
that individual actions had 

731
00:40:14,300 --> 00:40:17,700
communal consequences and 
therefore, the community had a 

732
00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:19,500
legitimate interest in 
regulating. 

733
00:40:19,500 --> 00:40:23,700
Those actions regulations were 
about control for its own sake. 

734
00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:27,500
They were about managing the 
inevitable friction that comes 

735
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:30,700
from people living in close 
proximity has the medieval 

736
00:40:30,700 --> 00:40:34,300
evening deepens around you, and 
the Darkness becomes complete 

737
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,600
Imagine one final time. 
What it was like to live within 

738
00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:42,900
this web of rules and customs. 
Your day has followed a rhythm 

739
00:40:42,900 --> 00:40:46,600
set by communal bells and shared
expectations. 

740
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:50,100
You've bought your bread, 
knowing it was fairly weighted. 

741
00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:53,900
Sold your goods in a market 
where everyone competed on equal

742
00:40:53,900 --> 00:40:58,000
terms dressed in clothing, that 
both identified and constrained 

743
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:00,100
you. 
And now you're settling in for 

744
00:41:00,100 --> 00:41:03,000
the night, knowing that quiet 
hours will bring actual quiet 

745
00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:05,400
because everyone is obligated to
respect them. 

746
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:08,800
The rules have not made your 
life, easy medieval life was 

747
00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:11,400
never easy, but they've made it 
workable. 

748
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:15,000
They've created predictability 
in an unpredictable World. 

749
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:19,000
Fairness in a world that could 
be arbitrary and cruel and 

750
00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:21,600
community in a world where 
isolation could mean death. 

751
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:25,300
You've traded some individual 
freedom for collective security 

752
00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:28,600
and most of the time that seemed
like a reasonable bargain. 

753
00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:31,000
These regulations were never 
perfect. 

754
00:41:31,900 --> 00:41:35,200
People invaded them broke them 
and chafed against them. 

755
00:41:36,100 --> 00:41:38,800
The wealthy often found ways 
around rules that bound the 

756
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:41,100
poor. 
The powerful enforced, 

757
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:43,800
regulations selectively to their
advantage. 

758
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:48,100
Medieval Society was far from 
Equitable or just by your modern

759
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:51,200
standards. 
Yet within all its limitations 

760
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:54,800
and inequalities the regulation 
of daily life showed a practical

761
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:58,300
wisdom about human nature and 
Community needs people needed 

762
00:41:58,300 --> 00:42:00,800
sleep. 
So noise was controlled people 

763
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:04,200
needed food security. 
So, bread was regulated people 

764
00:42:04,200 --> 00:42:07,600
needed, Fair Commerce. 
So markets had rules, people 

765
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:11,900
needed to travel, so Hospitality
was mandated, people needed, 

766
00:42:11,900 --> 00:42:14,100
shared resources, so Commons 
were managed. 

767
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:16,500
People needed temporal 
coordination. 

768
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:21,300
So time was communal, each rule 
addressed a genuine need and 

769
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:24,500
together they created a 
functioning social order, the 

770
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:27,600
genius of these regulations lay 
in their reciprocity. 

771
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:31,400
You gave up the freedom to make 
noise but you gain the guarantee

772
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:34,000
of quiet. 
You accepted limits on your 

773
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:36,900
bread pricing, but you were 
protected from other Bakers, 

774
00:42:36,900 --> 00:42:39,700
fraud. 
You couldn't monopolize commonly

775
00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:41,300
resources, but neither could 
anyone else? 

776
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:45,800
You had to offer Hospitality, 
but you could also claim it when

777
00:42:45,800 --> 00:42:48,400
needed. 
The restrictions flowed both 

778
00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:52,100
ways creating a balanced system 
where everyone was both 

779
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:56,100
constrained and protected by the
same rules as you drift towards 

780
00:42:56,100 --> 00:42:57,800
sleep. 
Think about your own world's 

781
00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:01,200
rules and regulations. 
You have far more individual 

782
00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:04,800
freedom than any medieval person
and you probably wouldn't trade 

783
00:43:04,800 --> 00:43:08,100
places even if you could. 
But you've also lost something 

784
00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:11,800
they had that sense of being 
embedded in a community with 

785
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:15,300
shared rules and mutual 
obligations where restrictions 

786
00:43:15,300 --> 00:43:17,800
on your freedom, came with 
protections against others 

787
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:21,300
freedoms and we're giving up 
some autonomy meant gaining 

788
00:43:21,300 --> 00:43:24,700
security and Trust medieval 
regulations weren't about 

789
00:43:24,700 --> 00:43:28,200
control for its own sake. 
They were about making life work

790
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:31,500
in a world, where everything was
harder, where cooperation was 

791
00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:35,100
essential for survival and where
individual desires has to be 

792
00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:39,100
balanced against communal needs.
The rules sound, or to your 

793
00:43:39,100 --> 00:43:40,900
ears, but they emerge from the 
same. 

794
00:43:40,900 --> 00:43:44,400
Impulse that drives you to 
appreciate noise ordinances or 

795
00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:47,500
truth in advertising laws or 
national parks with usage 

796
00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:50,100
limits. 
They were attempts to create 

797
00:43:50,100 --> 00:43:53,600
order, fairness and 
sustainability in a world that 

798
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:55,300
offered none of those things 
naturally. 

799
00:43:55,300 --> 00:43:58,700
The legacy of these medieval 
rules lives on in ways, you 

800
00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:02,300
might not realize your 
assumptions about Fair weights 

801
00:44:02,300 --> 00:44:05,900
and measures in Commerce. 
Medieval bread regulations 

802
00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:09,700
established that principle. 
Your expectation that markets 

803
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:13,300
should operate on Earthly. 
Medieval Market rules set that 

804
00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:16,000
standard. 
Your sentence that excessive 

805
00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:18,400
noise is a violation of 
community norms. 

806
00:44:19,100 --> 00:44:22,000
Medieval quiet hours codified 
that understanding. 

807
00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:25,900
Your belief that certain spaces 
should be preserved for common 

808
00:44:25,900 --> 00:44:28,900
use. 
But evil forest and common land 

809
00:44:28,900 --> 00:44:31,300
regulations embedded that idea 
in law. 

810
00:44:31,300 --> 00:44:34,300
Even your relationship with time
owes something to Medieval 

811
00:44:34,300 --> 00:44:37,200
practices. 
The idea that a whole Community 

812
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:40,600
should operate on synchronized 
schedules, that public clock 

813
00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,400
should be available to all. 
And that time keeping is a 

814
00:44:43,408 --> 00:44:47,700
shared social function, rather 
than just an individual concern,

815
00:44:47,700 --> 00:44:51,200
these Concepts were hammered out
in medieval towns and church 

816
00:44:51,200 --> 00:44:53,900
towers. 
When you check the time to 

817
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:56,900
coordinate meeting a friend, 
your participating in a 

818
00:44:56,900 --> 00:44:59,900
tradition of communal time, 
keeping that stretches back 

819
00:44:59,900 --> 00:45:03,300
centuries, the specific rules of
changed. 

820
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:06,400
Of course you don't live by 
church bells or curfew 

821
00:45:06,400 --> 00:45:09,700
regulations, you can wear 
whatever you want and make noise

822
00:45:09,700 --> 00:45:12,800
at any hour, at least legally, 
if not considerately. 

823
00:45:14,300 --> 00:45:18,100
But the, underlying principle 
remains communities need shared 

824
00:45:18,100 --> 00:45:21,300
rules to function and those were
rules work best when they 

825
00:45:21,300 --> 00:45:24,800
protect Everyone by limiting. 
Everyone, when they create trust

826
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:27,300
through predictability. 
And when they balanced 

827
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:30,800
individual desires against 
Collective needs, medieval 

828
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:33,500
people understood something, 
that's easy to forget in your 

829
00:45:33,500 --> 00:45:37,100
individualistic age, Freedom 
isn't just the absence of 

830
00:45:37,100 --> 00:45:40,100
constraint. 
Sometimes Freedom comes from 

831
00:45:40,100 --> 00:45:43,600
knowing what the constraints are
knowing they apply to everyone 

832
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,700
and knowing their designed to 
make life, work better for the 

833
00:45:46,700 --> 00:45:49,900
whole community. 
You gain freedom to sleep 

834
00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:52,700
peacefully by giving up freedom 
to make noise at night. 

835
00:45:53,500 --> 00:45:57,000
You gain freedom to buy food, 
confidently by accepting 

836
00:45:57,000 --> 00:45:58,900
regulation of weights and 
prices. 

837
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:02,800
You gain freedom to use common 
resources by limiting how much 

838
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:07,100
any individual can take these? 
Oddly specific medieval rules 

839
00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:11,600
about bells and bread markets 
and noise, hospitality, and 

840
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:14,100
forests. 
They weren't signs of a pressure

841
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:15,900
though. 
They certainly could be 

842
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:17,600
oppressive when enforced 
unjustly. 

843
00:46:18,700 --> 00:46:21,200
They were signs of communities 
figuring out how to live 

844
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:24,700
together, how to balance 
competing needs, and how to 

845
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:27,700
create systems that benefited. 
Most people most of the time, 

846
00:46:28,500 --> 00:46:31,100
they were practical solutions to
practical problems. 

847
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:35,300
Tested and refined over 
Generations, until they became 

848
00:46:35,300 --> 00:46:37,700
the invisible infrastructure 
that made medieval life 

849
00:46:37,700 --> 00:46:40,000
possible. 
The medieval approached to 

850
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:42,900
community regulation, offers 
lessons, that remain relevant. 

851
00:46:43,900 --> 00:46:47,200
In your interconnected world, 
where your actions affect people

852
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:50,500
across the globe through 
environmental impact, economic, 

853
00:46:50,500 --> 00:46:55,100
ties, and digital connections. 
The question of how to balance 

854
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:57,500
individual Freedom with 
Collective welfare is more 

855
00:46:57,500 --> 00:47:00,400
pressing than ever. 
Medieval people had no choice 

856
00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:03,800
but to Grapple with this balance
because their physical proximity

857
00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:06,700
made the consequences of 
individual actions immediately 

858
00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:09,400
visible. 
You faced similar challenges on 

859
00:47:09,400 --> 00:47:13,900
a larger scale with consequences
that may be less visible, but no

860
00:47:13,900 --> 00:47:16,700
less real. 
So a sleep finally claims you 

861
00:47:16,700 --> 00:47:19,400
maybe these medieval rules don't
seem quite so old after all. 

862
00:47:20,200 --> 00:47:23,600
Maybe they seem remarkably 
sensible different in detail, 

863
00:47:23,600 --> 00:47:26,600
but similar in spirit to the 
countless rules that structure 

864
00:47:26,600 --> 00:47:29,500
your own life. 
Maybe the Middle Ages weren't so

865
00:47:29,508 --> 00:47:33,200
dark after all, at least, not in
the sense of being ignorant or 

866
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:36,500
chaotic. 
Medieval people were solving 

867
00:47:36,500 --> 00:47:40,800
problems building community and 
trying to make their lives work 

868
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:42,700
with the tools and knowledge 
that they had available. 

869
00:47:42,700 --> 00:47:46,000
They created systems that 
acknowledged Human Nature. 

870
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:50,800
The tendency to cheat to take 
more than your share to disturb 

871
00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:54,300
others for your own convenience 
and build structures to channel 

872
00:47:54,300 --> 00:47:56,400
those impulses toward more 
productive ends. 

873
00:47:57,400 --> 00:48:00,000
They understood that left 
entirely to individual Choice, 

874
00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:03,700
Community would fracture and 
essential resources would be 

875
00:48:03,708 --> 00:48:06,700
depleted. 
So they created rules that 

876
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:10,200
limited everyone equally And 
protected everyone, equally 

877
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:13,300
trading individual autonomy, for
collective security. 

878
00:48:13,300 --> 00:48:17,000
And on that thought with the 
peaceful certainly that comes 

879
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:20,400
from understanding how even 
strange seeming rules can make 

880
00:48:20,400 --> 00:48:24,000
sense and context. 
Let yourself sink into sleep 

881
00:48:24,000 --> 00:48:26,700
grateful. 
For the continuity of human 

882
00:48:26,700 --> 00:48:29,100
wisdom. 
Across the centuries, grateful 

883
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:31,400
for all the invisible 
regulations, that make your own 

884
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:35,200
life, work and grateful, most of
all for the quiet dark that 

885
00:48:35,200 --> 00:48:38,100
medieval people fought so hard 
to preserve for everyone's 

886
00:48:38,100 --> 00:48:39,800
benefit. 
Sleep. 

887
00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:43,300
Well, knowing that people have 
been solving similar problems 

888
00:48:43,300 --> 00:48:46,100
for centuries. 
Finding ways to live together, 

889
00:48:46,100 --> 00:48:49,900
despite all the challenges and 
creating order from chaos 

890
00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:53,900
through the simple, but profound
tool of shared rules and mutual 

891
00:48:53,900 --> 00:48:59,700
respect. 
Imagine yourself standing on the

892
00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:02,800
Palatine Hill just to September 
slide into October. 

893
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:07,000
The brutal Mediterranean summer 
has finally loosened its grip on

894
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:09,500
the city, and you can breathe 
without feeling. 

895
00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:11,100
Like, you're inhaling warm 
honey. 

896
00:49:11,100 --> 00:49:13,200
The air carries a different 
quality. 

897
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:17,500
Now sharper cleaner with that 
peculiar Clarity, that makes 

898
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:20,000
distant objects seem closer than
they really are. 

899
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:23,000
This is autumn in ancient Rome 
though. 

900
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:26,100
The Romans themselves, never 
used that word, they called this

901
00:49:26,100 --> 00:49:29,100
season or tumnus, which 
originally meant the time of 

902
00:49:29,100 --> 00:49:32,300
increased referring to the 
Harvest rather than the falling 

903
00:49:32,300 --> 00:49:35,200
leaves. 
But whatever you called it this 

904
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:38,300
time of year felt different from
the others, the city seemed to 

905
00:49:38,308 --> 00:49:42,600
Exhale, after months of heat and
with that, exhalation came, a 

906
00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:44,400
subtle shift in the Roman 
psyche. 

907
00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:49,100
The light changes first, you'd 
notice it in the way sunbeams 

908
00:49:49,100 --> 00:49:52,700
slant Through The Columns of 
temples catching dust Motes and 

909
00:49:52,708 --> 00:49:55,600
golden shafts that seem almost 
solid enough to touch. 

910
00:49:56,700 --> 00:50:00,200
Shadows grow longer stretching 
across the Forum, like dark 

911
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:04,600
fingers, reaching toward evening
by mid-afternoon sunsets, lower 

912
00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:08,300
in the sky painting, the marble 
buildings in shades of Amber and

913
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:11,500
honey, that make the entire city
look like it's been dipped in 

914
00:50:11,508 --> 00:50:16,000
some Divine preserve jar. 
The vegetation transforms too. 

915
00:50:16,800 --> 00:50:19,800
Though, not with the dramatic 
color changes, you might see in 

916
00:50:19,800 --> 00:50:22,300
New England or the European. 
North Rome's. 

917
00:50:22,300 --> 00:50:25,900
Climate is gentlemen that more 
subtle in its transitions. 

918
00:50:26,600 --> 00:50:29,600
The Laurel trees, keep their 
glossy green leaves, but the 

919
00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:32,500
Great Vines in the surrounding 
Countryside, turned shades of 

920
00:50:32,500 --> 00:50:35,200
rust. 
And burgundy fig trees dropped 

921
00:50:35,200 --> 00:50:39,200
their last fruits, which split 
open on sun warmed Stones, 

922
00:50:39,200 --> 00:50:41,900
filling the air with their 
peculiar musky. 

923
00:50:41,900 --> 00:50:46,000
Sweetness, that attracts clouds 
of wasps drunk on fermented 

924
00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:49,400
sugar. 
In the markets, the produce 

925
00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:52,800
changes with the season, some as
Peaches and cherries, give way 

926
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:56,400
to pomegranates those strange 
fruits that Romans associated 

927
00:50:56,400 --> 00:50:59,700
with the underworld, thanks to 
the Greek story of Persephone. 

928
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:03,800
Vendor stack them in pyramids, 
their leathery Red Skins, 

929
00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:08,500
promising, the jeweled seeds 
Within Quince is appear too hard

930
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:11,600
and astringent when raw but 
transformed into something 

931
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:13,200
magical. 
When cooked with honey. 

932
00:51:13,900 --> 00:51:16,300
The smell of roasting chestnuts 
begins to drift through the 

933
00:51:16,300 --> 00:51:18,400
streets. 
He sent that will become 

934
00:51:18,400 --> 00:51:20,500
ubiquitous as the weather cools 
further. 

935
00:51:21,200 --> 00:51:25,100
The wind shifts direction as 
Autumn deepens some as breezes 

936
00:51:25,100 --> 00:51:28,400
come from the south carrying the
smell of the Sea and the promise

937
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:32,300
of rain, that rarely arrives. 
Autumn winds blow from the north

938
00:51:32,300 --> 00:51:35,000
down from the mountains bringing
with them. 

939
00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:38,000
The first real chill that Romans
of felt in months. 

940
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:42,400
These winds have names, the 
aquilo and the Cora's each 

941
00:51:42,400 --> 00:51:45,800
associated with different 
qualities and Omens old women 

942
00:51:45,800 --> 00:51:47,600
claim. 
They can predict the winter by 

943
00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:50,000
studying which wind blows 
strongest in October. 

944
00:51:51,300 --> 00:51:54,700
With the cooler, weather comes a
change in Daily rhythms during 

945
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:56,700
summer. 
Romans wake, Before Dawn to 

946
00:51:56,700 --> 00:51:59,300
accomplish their work before the
heat becomes unbearable. 

947
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:02,500
Then retreating doors for long 
after noon CSS. 

948
00:52:03,500 --> 00:52:06,500
Autumn allows for more 
flexibility, you can walk 

949
00:52:06,500 --> 00:52:08,900
through the city at midday 
without feeling like you're 

950
00:52:08,900 --> 00:52:12,100
being slowly baked in an oven, 
the baths become less about 

951
00:52:12,100 --> 00:52:14,000
cooling off and more about 
social connection. 

952
00:52:14,000 --> 00:52:17,500
They're heated rooms now 
appealing rather than stifling. 

953
00:52:18,200 --> 00:52:20,000
The smell of the city changes 
too. 

954
00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:24,500
Some as Rome has a particular 
perfume, a mixture of sun, baked

955
00:52:24,500 --> 00:52:29,000
Stone, human sweat, cooking oil,
and occasionally depending on 

956
00:52:29,000 --> 00:52:31,800
which neighborhood you're in. 
The Less Pleasant Aromas of 

957
00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:35,000
inadequate sanitation. 
Autumn brings relief from some 

958
00:52:35,000 --> 00:52:38,300
of these scents, while adding 
new ones smoke from cooking 

959
00:52:38,300 --> 00:52:41,100
fires differently in the cooler 
denser air. 

960
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:45,200
The first wood fires for 
heating, begin to appear, adding

961
00:52:45,200 --> 00:52:47,800
a pleasant Tang to the 
atmosphere rain. 

962
00:52:47,800 --> 00:52:51,900
When it finally comes releases, 
the smell of Wet Stone and 

963
00:52:51,900 --> 00:52:54,500
Earth. 
Electrical that seems to rise 

964
00:52:54,500 --> 00:52:57,600
from the ancient cobblestones 
themselves for Romans. 

965
00:52:57,600 --> 00:53:00,700
Autumn Mark, the end of the 
military campaigning seas and 

966
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:03,300
armies returned from distant 
province's. 

967
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:06,500
And the city swelled with 
soldiers, bringing strange 

968
00:53:06,500 --> 00:53:09,200
stories and strangers. 
Spoils ships. 

969
00:53:09,200 --> 00:53:12,400
Arrived from Egypt and Beyond 
the holes full of grain for the 

970
00:53:12,400 --> 00:53:17,700
winter along with exotic spice's
textiles and occasionally wild 

971
00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:20,900
animals destined for the arena. 
The City's population 

972
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:24,100
fluctuated. 
With these arrivals creating a 

973
00:53:24,100 --> 00:53:25,800
sense of gathering and 
preparation. 

974
00:53:26,900 --> 00:53:29,700
But beyond these practical 
changes Autumn brought something

975
00:53:29,700 --> 00:53:31,900
else. 
A shift in the spiritual 

976
00:53:31,900 --> 00:53:35,700
atmosphere that every Roman 
could feel even if they couldn't

977
00:53:35,700 --> 00:53:38,500
quite articulate. 
It, this was the season when the

978
00:53:38,500 --> 00:53:41,800
boundary between the living and 
the dead group permeable when 

979
00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:44,700
certain rituals had to be 
performed to maintain the 

980
00:53:44,700 --> 00:53:48,200
delicate balance between worlds.
The Romans might not have had 

981
00:53:48,200 --> 00:53:52,100
Halloween, but they had 
something older stranger and in 

982
00:53:52,100 --> 00:53:56,400
some ways more unsettling, The 
knights grow longer now and 

983
00:53:56,400 --> 00:53:59,800
darkness comes early in a world 
without electric lights. 

984
00:53:59,800 --> 00:54:02,400
This meant something more 
profound than it does to date 

985
00:54:02,400 --> 00:54:05,500
night, full transformed, the 
city into a place of Shadows and

986
00:54:05,500 --> 00:54:09,100
uncertain shapes where the 
flicker of oil lamps, created 

987
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:12,100
dancing, Illusions, and every 
Alleyway, held potential 

988
00:54:12,100 --> 00:54:14,700
Mysteries. 
This was the time when Romans 

989
00:54:14,700 --> 00:54:18,500
told stories, about the dead 
about spirits who walked and 

990
00:54:18,500 --> 00:54:21,500
about the importance of proper 
rituals to keep the Restless at 

991
00:54:21,500 --> 00:54:24,300
peace. 
To understand how Romans 

992
00:54:24,300 --> 00:54:27,200
approached their festivals of 
the Dead, you need to understand

993
00:54:27,200 --> 00:54:29,800
their relationship with time 
itself. 

994
00:54:29,800 --> 00:54:33,900
The Roman Calendar wasn't just a
tool for organizing daily life. 

995
00:54:33,900 --> 00:54:37,600
It was a sacred text a contract 
with the Divine. 

996
00:54:37,600 --> 00:54:41,100
And a road map for maintaining 
Cosmic order every month. 

997
00:54:41,100 --> 00:54:45,900
Every day had its own character,
its own requirements and its own

998
00:54:45,900 --> 00:54:49,100
dangers. 
Picture the calendar as Romans 

999
00:54:49,100 --> 00:54:52,000
saw it, not as a simple grid of 
dates. 

1000
00:54:52,000 --> 00:54:57,100
But as a complex tapestry, woven
from Divine birthdays historical

1001
00:54:57,100 --> 00:55:01,000
anniversaries, favorable days 
and Dangerous Ones. 

1002
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:04,300
The calendar was maintained by 
the pontiffs Rome's, religious 

1003
00:55:04,300 --> 00:55:07,000
officials who had the 
responsibility of determining 

1004
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:10,000
when festivals should occur and 
which days were safe for public 

1005
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:13,400
business. 
The Roman year was divided into 

1006
00:55:13,400 --> 00:55:16,000
12 months, though, it hadn't 
always been that way. 

1007
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:19,800
Originally, Romans only counted 
10 months with winter being 

1008
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:21,700
considered a vague period that 
didn't count. 

1009
00:55:21,700 --> 00:55:25,900
As real time, this created all 
sorts of problems as you might 

1010
00:55:25,900 --> 00:55:29,600
imagine, and by the time, our 
story takes place, they'd added 

1011
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:32,500
January and February to bring 
things into better alignment 

1012
00:55:32,500 --> 00:55:36,100
with the solar year, though, 
onestly Roman time keeping 

1013
00:55:36,100 --> 00:55:38,600
remained something of a creative
exercise throughout the 

1014
00:55:38,600 --> 00:55:41,800
Republic. 
Each month began with the colors

1015
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:44,400
from which we get our word 
calendar. 

1016
00:55:45,300 --> 00:55:48,600
The carrlands was followed by 
the nonas and the Ides and 

1017
00:55:48,600 --> 00:55:51,800
Romans counted days not forward 
from these markers. 

1018
00:55:51,800 --> 00:55:55,000
But backward toward them, which 
made announcing dates, sound 

1019
00:55:55,000 --> 00:55:58,900
like a mathematical riddle, you 
wouldn't say October 10th you'd 

1020
00:55:58,900 --> 00:56:02,300
say six days before the Ides of 
October counting inclusively 

1021
00:56:02,300 --> 00:56:05,200
because Romans included both the
start and endpoints. 

1022
00:56:05,200 --> 00:56:07,900
It was the kind of system that 
made perfect sense. 

1023
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:10,900
If you grew up with it, and 
absolutely no sense. 

1024
00:56:10,900 --> 00:56:14,400
If you didn't but the real 
complexity came from the 

1025
00:56:14,400 --> 00:56:17,800
Calendar's religious 
designations days were marked as

1026
00:56:17,800 --> 00:56:23,300
either fastest or nephews lawful
or unlawful On fastest days you 

1027
00:56:23,300 --> 00:56:26,400
could conduct legal business, 
hold assemblies, and generally 

1028
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:29,900
go about your public affairs. 
The fastest days were different,

1029
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:33,800
they belonged to the gods and 
Mortals were supposed to tread 

1030
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:37,100
carefully. 
Some days were divided with the 

1031
00:56:37,100 --> 00:56:41,100
morning, being the fastest and 
the afternoon fastest or vice 

1032
00:56:41,100 --> 00:56:43,500
versa. 
Imagine planning a wedding or a 

1033
00:56:43,500 --> 00:56:45,300
business meeting. 
When half the days on the 

1034
00:56:45,300 --> 00:56:48,300
calendar are essentially 
religious, no-go zones. 

1035
00:56:48,300 --> 00:56:52,500
The calendar was packed with 
festivals, Romans celebrated 

1036
00:56:52,500 --> 00:56:55,700
about 60 major, religious 
festivals throughout the year, 

1037
00:56:55,700 --> 00:57:00,000
plus countless minor ones, 
anniversaries and special, 

1038
00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:04,300
observances Some were public 
spectacles involving the entire 

1039
00:57:04,300 --> 00:57:07,200
city While others were intimate 
family Affairs. 

1040
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:11,100
Some required animal sacrifice, 
While others called for simple 

1041
00:57:11,100 --> 00:57:14,900
offering of cakes and wine. 
Calendar was so crowded with 

1042
00:57:14,900 --> 00:57:17,700
Divine obligations. 
That his remarkable Romans found

1043
00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:20,800
time for anything else. 
Each Festival had its own 

1044
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:23,800
rituals, its own requirements, 
and its own story. 

1045
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:26,200
The lupercalia in February 
involved. 

1046
00:57:26,200 --> 00:57:29,200
Priests running Nearly Naked 
through the streets, striking 

1047
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:33,000
women with strips of goatskin to
promote fertility which sounds 

1048
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:37,000
bizarre until you remember that 
most ancient religious practices

1049
00:57:37,000 --> 00:57:40,400
sound bizarre when removed from 
their original context. 

1050
00:57:40,400 --> 00:57:44,800
The saturnalia in December, was 
a wild Carnival and social 

1051
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:47,700
norms, inverted and slaves, 
dined with Masters. 

1052
00:57:47,700 --> 00:57:51,200
The vestalia in June honored, 
the goddess of the half with 

1053
00:57:51,200 --> 00:57:53,100
ceremonies that only women could
attend. 

1054
00:57:53,100 --> 00:57:56,000
But are focus is on the Autumn 
festivals. 

1055
00:57:56,000 --> 00:58:00,200
The ones concerned with death 
the underworld and the Harvest. 

1056
00:58:00,200 --> 00:58:03,800
These festivals formed a loose 
network of observances that 

1057
00:58:03,800 --> 00:58:05,100
acknowledged something 
important. 

1058
00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:09,200
The approach of Winter, the 
dormant sea of the earth and 

1059
00:58:09,200 --> 00:58:12,200
Humanity's need to maintain good
relations with the Dead. 

1060
00:58:13,100 --> 00:58:16,400
Romans didn't have a single 
festival for the dead like 

1061
00:58:16,400 --> 00:58:18,500
modern Halloween or the other 
los Muertos. 

1062
00:58:18,500 --> 00:58:21,700
Instead, they have several 
scattered throughout the year 

1063
00:58:21,700 --> 00:58:24,000
each with its own focus and 
flavor. 

1064
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:28,900
This reflected Roman pragmatism.
Why have one Festival? 

1065
00:58:28,900 --> 00:58:32,100
When multiple festivals mean 
more opportunities to address? 

1066
00:58:32,100 --> 00:58:34,600
The problem. 
The dead would not want to hear 

1067
00:58:34,600 --> 00:58:37,900
concern but ongoing presence. 
That required regular attention 

1068
00:58:37,900 --> 00:58:41,400
and appeasement. 
The religious calendar, also 

1069
00:58:41,400 --> 00:58:44,500
reflected agricultural, 
realities, Romans were 

1070
00:58:44,500 --> 00:58:46,500
fundamentally and agricultural 
people. 

1071
00:58:46,500 --> 00:58:50,100
Even as their city grew into a 
metropolitan Colossus. 

1072
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:54,400
The Harvest determined survival 
and the gods who controlled the 

1073
00:58:54,400 --> 00:58:58,600
Harvest needed to be honored 
thanked and implored for future 

1074
00:58:58,600 --> 00:59:02,100
blessing Autumn festivals. 
Therefore combined two concerns,

1075
00:59:02,100 --> 00:59:04,900
honoring the dead and 
celebrating the Harvest 

1076
00:59:04,900 --> 00:59:07,200
acknowledging that both 
involved. 

1077
00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:10,600
Transition transformation and 
the Mysterious processes by 

1078
00:59:10,600 --> 00:59:12,700
which life emerged from a parent
death. 

1079
00:59:14,600 --> 00:59:17,900
Understanding this calendar 
means understanding how Romans 

1080
00:59:17,900 --> 00:59:21,300
experience time differently than
we do time was on a neutral 

1081
00:59:21,300 --> 00:59:23,100
medium through which of events 
flowed. 

1082
00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:26,600
It was thick with meaning 
dangerous, and some moments and 

1083
00:59:26,600 --> 00:59:29,200
propitious in others. 
He couldn't just do anything. 

1084
00:59:29,200 --> 00:59:33,400
On any day, you had to consult 
the calendar, determine whether 

1085
00:59:33,400 --> 00:59:35,400
the gods approved and proceed 
accordingly. 

1086
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:40,200
This created a life structured 
around ritual, observance where 

1087
00:59:40,200 --> 00:59:44,200
religious Duty woe through daily
existence like threads and cloth

1088
00:59:44,200 --> 00:59:47,800
you couldn't separate sacred 
from secular because the sacred 

1089
00:59:47,800 --> 00:59:51,100
permeated everything. 
When autumn arrived, it arrived 

1090
00:59:51,100 --> 00:59:54,400
not just as a meteorological 
event, but as a series of 

1091
00:59:54,400 --> 00:59:56,800
religious obligations, that had 
to be fulfilled. 

1092
00:59:56,800 --> 00:59:58,900
If you wanted the gods to 
remain. 

1093
00:59:58,900 --> 01:00:02,800
Favorably disposed toward you, 
your family, and your city. 

1094
01:00:05,000 --> 01:00:09,500
In late February, just as winter
begins loosening, its grip in 

1095
01:00:09,500 --> 01:00:11,300
the first flowers. 
Start appearing in the Roman 

1096
01:00:11,300 --> 01:00:14,400
Countryside. 
The City observed a festival 

1097
01:00:14,400 --> 01:00:16,600
that modern Halloween 
enthusiasts would find 

1098
01:00:16,600 --> 01:00:19,600
hauntingly familiar. 
This was the ferraria. 

1099
01:00:19,600 --> 01:00:23,400
The culmination of the 
parentalia a nine-day period 

1100
01:00:23,400 --> 01:00:26,800
dedicated to honoring dead 
ancestors picture, the 

1101
01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:28,900
atmosphere in Rome during these 
nine days. 

1102
01:00:28,900 --> 01:00:33,100
The usual bustle of City. 
Life didn't exactly stop but it 

1103
01:00:33,100 --> 01:00:35,800
muted itself. 
Like someone had turned down the

1104
01:00:35,800 --> 01:00:39,900
volume on the entire Metropolis.
Temples closed their doors. 

1105
01:00:39,900 --> 01:00:43,000
Magistrates didn't conduct 
public business. 

1106
01:00:43,000 --> 01:00:46,600
Wedding's were forbidden, who 
would want to celebrate New 

1107
01:00:46,600 --> 01:00:50,200
Beginnings during a Time, 
dedicated to ending even the 

1108
01:00:50,200 --> 01:00:53,600
Vestal virgins, who normally 
kept their sacred flame burning 

1109
01:00:53,600 --> 01:00:56,700
bright. 
Let it dim the entire city 

1110
01:00:56,700 --> 01:01:01,800
oriented itself toward the Dead.
The parentalia began on February

1111
01:01:01,800 --> 01:01:04,000
13th. 
And for the first eight days, 

1112
01:01:04,000 --> 01:01:06,500
families made private, 
observance is at the tombs of 

1113
01:01:06,500 --> 01:01:10,800
their ancestors, but it was the 
9th day, the ferraria that 

1114
01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:14,300
marked the festival's climax. 
This was when the entire city 

1115
01:01:14,300 --> 01:01:17,700
participated in public rituals 
meant to ensure that the dead 

1116
01:01:17,700 --> 01:01:20,100
remained peaceful and 
well-disposed toward the living.

1117
01:01:21,200 --> 01:01:24,100
You need to understand something
about Roman attitudes toward 

1118
01:01:24,100 --> 01:01:26,400
death. 
They didn't sentimental it the 

1119
01:01:26,408 --> 01:01:29,800
way modern culture. 
Sometimes does death wasn't a 

1120
01:01:29,800 --> 01:01:32,200
peaceful sleep or a joyful 
reunion in heaven. 

1121
01:01:32,200 --> 01:01:34,400
He was a transition into the 
underworld. 

1122
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:37,500
Shadowy existence. 
As a shade that was neither 

1123
01:01:37,500 --> 01:01:39,900
Fully Alive nor completely 
extinguished. 

1124
01:01:39,900 --> 01:01:43,600
These Shades could become 
Restless even dangerous. 

1125
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:48,300
If the living failed in their 
obligations Romans believed that

1126
01:01:48,300 --> 01:01:50,600
the dead needed sustenance from 
the living. 

1127
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:55,200
Not physical food, exactly. 
But something offering's 

1128
01:01:55,200 --> 01:01:58,600
Rememberance. 
Opera ritual, observance, 

1129
01:01:58,600 --> 01:02:02,000
without these things the dead 
might become what Romans called,

1130
01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:05,800
leaners angry, wandering spirits
who cause trouble for the 

1131
01:02:05,800 --> 01:02:08,100
living. 
The Pharaoh was insurances 

1132
01:02:08,100 --> 01:02:11,200
against this possibility, a 
collective effort to keep the 

1133
01:02:11,200 --> 01:02:16,200
boundaries between life and 
death properly maintained During

1134
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:19,800
the Fairly families would visit 
the tombs of their ancestors, 

1135
01:02:19,800 --> 01:02:24,000
which in Rome were always 
located outside the city walls, 

1136
01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:27,300
the dead were not allowed within
the sacred boundary of the city 

1137
01:02:27,300 --> 01:02:29,300
itself. 
It would pollute the living 

1138
01:02:29,300 --> 01:02:33,200
spaces so Romans built their 
tombs along the roads leading 

1139
01:02:33,200 --> 01:02:36,900
out of the city creating these 
strange Avenue's line with 

1140
01:02:36,900 --> 01:02:42,000
monuments to mortality the Via 
Appia ROMs. Most famous Road was

1141
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:44,100
essentially a highway through a 
city of the Dead. 

1142
01:02:45,200 --> 01:02:48,400
The offerings brought to these 
tombs were specific and symbolic

1143
01:02:48,400 --> 01:02:50,700
families, carried wreaths of 
flowers. 

1144
01:02:50,700 --> 01:02:54,000
Violets were particularly 
favored for their association 

1145
01:02:54,000 --> 01:02:56,800
with death. 
Brought wine, which they would 

1146
01:02:56,800 --> 01:03:00,400
pour, directly onto the grave, 
letting it seep into the Earth 

1147
01:03:00,400 --> 01:03:04,400
to reach the dead below, they 
brought bread salt and sometimes

1148
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:07,000
wine soaked bread which they 
would scatter around the tomb. 

1149
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:10,100
Some families brought rose 
petals believing that their 

1150
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:11,700
beauty and fragrance. 
Pleased the Dead. 

1151
01:03:12,700 --> 01:03:16,100
But the key offering was 
something simpler remembrance 

1152
01:03:16,100 --> 01:03:19,300
family members would speak the 
names of the Dead loud, 

1153
01:03:19,300 --> 01:03:22,100
recounting their 
accomplishments, and expressing 

1154
01:03:22,100 --> 01:03:26,100
continued devotion. 
This act of naming was crucial 

1155
01:03:26,100 --> 01:03:29,000
to be forgotten was the worst 
fighter Roman could imagine 

1156
01:03:29,000 --> 01:03:33,000
worse than death itself because 
it meant a kind of second death.

1157
01:03:33,000 --> 01:03:37,700
A final extinguishing of 
existence, the Raleigh ensured 

1158
01:03:37,700 --> 01:03:40,600
that the dead remained 
remembered their name spoke and 

1159
01:03:40,600 --> 01:03:44,400
their lives acknowledge. 
The rituals had a practical 

1160
01:03:44,400 --> 01:03:47,900
component to families would 
clean and maintain the tombs 

1161
01:03:47,900 --> 01:03:50,400
making repairs to damaged 
monuments. 

1162
01:03:50,400 --> 01:03:54,000
Pulling weeds and generally 
ensuring that the resting places

1163
01:03:54,000 --> 01:03:55,800
of their ancestors. 
Remained dignified. 

1164
01:03:55,800 --> 01:04:00,500
This was partly piously and 
partly practicality a 

1165
01:04:00,500 --> 01:04:03,200
well-maintained tomb reflected. 
Well on the living family 

1166
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:06,000
demonstrating that they honored 
their obligations. 

1167
01:04:07,200 --> 01:04:10,500
As Darkness fell on the 
ferraria, the atmosphere grew 

1168
01:04:10,500 --> 01:04:13,900
more intense, Romans believed 
that the dead were most active 

1169
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:17,500
at night when the sun's 
protective power waned and 

1170
01:04:17,500 --> 01:04:21,200
shadows gained substance. 
Families would like lamps around

1171
01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:24,400
the tombs creating islands of 
flickering, light in the 

1172
01:04:24,400 --> 01:04:27,000
darkness. 
These lights served multiple 

1173
01:04:27,000 --> 01:04:29,000
purposes. 
They honored the dead. 

1174
01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:31,800
They guided living family 
members safely through the 

1175
01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:35,100
dangerous nighttime streets and 
they helped maintain the 

1176
01:04:35,100 --> 01:04:40,900
boundary between the living and 
dead worlds. the poet of it, in 

1177
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:44,600
his calendar of Roman festivals 
described the Ferrari as a time 

1178
01:04:44,600 --> 01:04:48,500
when ghosts demand their due, He
wrote about simple offering as 

1179
01:04:48,500 --> 01:04:51,500
being most effective. 
Not elaborate sacrifices, but 

1180
01:04:51,500 --> 01:04:55,100
genuine devotional, expressed 
through modest means an old 

1181
01:04:55,108 --> 01:04:57,700
woman. 
He said could perform effective 

1182
01:04:57,700 --> 01:05:01,700
rights with just a few grains of
salt and bread soaked in wine as

1183
01:05:01,700 --> 01:05:03,200
long as her intentions were 
pure. 

1184
01:05:04,400 --> 01:05:06,700
There was something both Solomon
and comforting about these 

1185
01:05:06,700 --> 01:05:09,100
rituals. 
Yes they acknowledged death 

1186
01:05:09,100 --> 01:05:11,400
reality and the dead continued 
presence. 

1187
01:05:12,300 --> 01:05:15,100
But they also provided a 
structured way to process grief 

1188
01:05:15,100 --> 01:05:17,100
and maintain connection with 
lost loved ones. 

1189
01:05:17,100 --> 01:05:22,100
Before Aaliyah wasn't more bid, 
it was practical a necessary 

1190
01:05:22,100 --> 01:05:24,600
maintenance of the relationship 
between Generations. 

1191
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:28,900
During the festival. 
Romans also told stories about 

1192
01:05:28,900 --> 01:05:30,700
what happened. 
When these rituals were 

1193
01:05:30,700 --> 01:05:34,200
neglected, there were Tales of 
houses haunted by unquiet 

1194
01:05:34,200 --> 01:05:38,400
Spirits, a family's plagued by 
Misfortune because they'd failed

1195
01:05:38,400 --> 01:05:42,300
to honor their dead properly of 
entire cities suffering because 

1196
01:05:42,300 --> 01:05:44,400
some crucial, observance have 
been overlooked. 

1197
01:05:44,400 --> 01:05:46,700
These stories served as 
reminders. 

1198
01:05:46,700 --> 01:05:49,900
That religious Duty wasn't 
optional, it was the glue that 

1199
01:05:49,900 --> 01:05:54,200
held reality together. 
The farrier concluded with a 

1200
01:05:54,200 --> 01:05:56,700
sense of relief and 
accomplishment, the dead had 

1201
01:05:56,700 --> 01:06:00,100
been honored, the boundaries had
been maintained, and another 

1202
01:06:00,100 --> 01:06:02,900
year of proper relationship 
between the living and dead had 

1203
01:06:02,900 --> 01:06:06,300
been secured. 
Temples could reopen wedding 

1204
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:10,700
could be shared and life could 
return to its normal rhythms at 

1205
01:06:10,700 --> 01:06:13,300
least until the next time. 
The dead required attention. 

1206
01:06:14,600 --> 01:06:17,800
For Aliyah was Rome's Collective
orderly approached to honoring 

1207
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:20,900
the dead. 
Then lemuria was its dark twin. 

1208
01:06:20,900 --> 01:06:25,900
A festival born from Fear 
Superstition and the Practical 

1209
01:06:25,900 --> 01:06:29,300
acknowledgment, that sometimes 
the dead didn't stay peace in 

1210
01:06:29,300 --> 01:06:31,400
their graves, no matter how well
you are on them. 

1211
01:06:32,100 --> 01:06:37,400
Lemuria occurred in May on three
separate nights, the 9th 11th 

1212
01:06:37,400 --> 01:06:40,600
and 13th. 
Roman, scheduled it for odd 

1213
01:06:40,600 --> 01:06:43,500
numbered days because they 
Associated even numbers with bad

1214
01:06:43,500 --> 01:06:47,500
luck and Supernatural, danger. 
This was a festival specifically

1215
01:06:47,500 --> 01:06:51,800
concerned with the Lemurs, those
angry Restless ghosts who had 

1216
01:06:51,800 --> 01:06:55,000
not been properly buried or who 
had died violently, or 

1217
01:06:55,000 --> 01:06:57,800
prematurely and therefore 
couldn't find peace in the 

1218
01:06:57,800 --> 01:07:00,700
Underworld. 
The atmosphere during lemuria 

1219
01:07:00,700 --> 01:07:04,200
was completely different from 
the solemn piety of ferraria. 

1220
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:07,900
This wasn't about maintaining 
family connections with beloved 

1221
01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:11,100
ancestors. 
This was about protection about 

1222
01:07:11,100 --> 01:07:14,300
keeping malevolent Spirits at 
Bay and about performing the 

1223
01:07:14,300 --> 01:07:17,900
right rituals to ensure that the
dangerous dead stayed away from 

1224
01:07:17,900 --> 01:07:22,000
your household. 
Picture a Roman house on a 

1225
01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:24,300
Lemurian night. 
All temples are closed. 

1226
01:07:24,300 --> 01:07:28,800
This is purely domestic magic 
performed by individual families

1227
01:07:28,800 --> 01:07:32,200
without Priestly intervention. 
The household slaves have been 

1228
01:07:32,208 --> 01:07:35,900
sent to bed early, the Master of
the House, the paterfamilias, 

1229
01:07:35,900 --> 01:07:40,300
wait until midnight, then Rises 
alone to perform a ritual that 

1230
01:07:40,300 --> 01:07:42,100
has been passed down through 
generations. 

1231
01:07:43,100 --> 01:07:45,800
First, he makes a protective 
gesture with his hand. 

1232
01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:49,900
Thumb tucked between fingers in 
the Fig sign that Romans 

1233
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:53,600
believed warded off evil. 
Then he washes his hands in pure

1234
01:07:53,600 --> 01:07:55,800
spring water, ensuring ritual 
cleanliness. 

1235
01:07:56,900 --> 01:07:59,300
He walks barefoot through his 
house and here's where the 

1236
01:07:59,300 --> 01:08:01,300
ritual gets specific and 
strange. 

1237
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:05,300
He places nine black beans in 
his mouth without chewing them. 

1238
01:08:05,300 --> 01:08:09,600
Why black beans Romans 
Associated them with death and 

1239
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:13,400
the Underworld the color black 
itself had funeral connotations 

1240
01:08:13,400 --> 01:08:17,000
and beans were believed to 
contain the souls of the Dead, a

1241
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:18,600
belief. 
So strong that Pythagoras 

1242
01:08:18,600 --> 01:08:20,899
reportedly forbade his followers
from eating them. 

1243
01:08:20,899 --> 01:08:24,000
Nine was a sacred number of 
associated with the underworld 

1244
01:08:24,000 --> 01:08:29,700
and with completion, so 9 black 
beans, the color of death held 

1245
01:08:29,700 --> 01:08:32,600
in the mouth to prevent speech 
that might anger the spirits 

1246
01:08:33,600 --> 01:08:36,899
Walking through his dark and 
house the pattern for Melius 

1247
01:08:36,899 --> 01:08:41,100
would spit out these beans. 
One by one saying each time with

1248
01:08:41,100 --> 01:08:43,700
these beans I redeem me and 
mine. 

1249
01:08:43,700 --> 01:08:48,000
The beans were offering ransoms 
paid to the Hungry Ghost to 

1250
01:08:48,000 --> 01:08:50,500
leave his household alone. 
He wouldn't look back as he 

1251
01:08:50,500 --> 01:08:53,800
dropped the beans to look back, 
might invite the spirits to 

1252
01:08:53,800 --> 01:08:56,500
follow him. 
To notice him to take an 

1253
01:08:56,500 --> 01:09:00,700
interest in his family. 
After dispensing, all nine 

1254
01:09:00,700 --> 01:09:05,200
beans, he would wash his hands 
again then Clash brass pots 

1255
01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:07,899
together. 
The noise was meant to frighten 

1256
01:09:07,899 --> 01:09:11,399
away any lingering Spirits, 
finally, he would repeat nine 

1257
01:09:11,399 --> 01:09:16,700
times ghosts of my father's 
depart Only then with the ritual

1258
01:09:16,700 --> 01:09:19,600
complete, could you look back 
and consider his household safe 

1259
01:09:19,600 --> 01:09:22,500
for another year? 
This ritual reveals something 

1260
01:09:22,500 --> 01:09:24,899
important about Roman religious 
psychology. 

1261
01:09:24,899 --> 01:09:28,200
They understood that not all the
dead were beneficial ancestors 

1262
01:09:28,200 --> 01:09:29,899
waiting to bless their 
descendants. 

1263
01:09:30,700 --> 01:09:33,100
Some were angry confused or 
malevolent. 

1264
01:09:33,899 --> 01:09:36,399
Some had been denied Proper 
Burial and therefore couldn't 

1265
01:09:36,399 --> 01:09:39,100
enter the underworld. 
Some had died in ways that left 

1266
01:09:39,100 --> 01:09:42,700
them frustrated or vengeful. 
He Spirits needed to be dealt 

1267
01:09:42,700 --> 01:09:46,300
with, but carefully with the 
right words and gestures that 

1268
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:48,800
acknowledge their power while 
keeping them at arms length. 

1269
01:09:49,600 --> 01:09:53,300
The lemuria rituals varied by 
household some families would 

1270
01:09:53,300 --> 01:09:57,300
make additional offerings milk 
honey or wine poured onto the 

1271
01:09:57,300 --> 01:09:59,400
floor, as light basins to the 
Restless Dead. 

1272
01:09:59,400 --> 01:10:02,700
Some would hang protective 
amulets over doorways or place 

1273
01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:06,900
iron objects which Spirits 
reportedly couldn't cross that 

1274
01:10:06,900 --> 01:10:08,200
strategic points around the 
house. 

1275
01:10:08,200 --> 01:10:12,600
Some would burn special incense 
believed to purify the air and 

1276
01:10:12,600 --> 01:10:14,500
drive away Supernatural 
contamination. 

1277
01:10:16,000 --> 01:10:19,100
Children found lemuria 
simultaneously terrifying and 

1278
01:10:19,100 --> 01:10:21,900
fascinating the way. 
Modern children feel about 

1279
01:10:21,900 --> 01:10:25,400
Halloween parents would tell 
them stories about the Lemurs, 

1280
01:10:25,400 --> 01:10:28,900
How they looked like Twisted, 
Shadows, how they could slip 

1281
01:10:28,900 --> 01:10:32,600
through the smallest cracks and 
how they hungered for the warmth

1282
01:10:32,600 --> 01:10:34,800
and life. 
They had lost these stories, 

1283
01:10:34,800 --> 01:10:37,500
served to keep children. 
Well, behaved and respectful of 

1284
01:10:37,508 --> 01:10:40,800
religious observances, but they 
also tapped into something 

1285
01:10:40,800 --> 01:10:46,200
deeper The universal human fear 
of death and what might come 

1286
01:10:46,200 --> 01:10:49,800
after. 
The odd timing of lemuria three 

1287
01:10:49,800 --> 01:10:52,700
separate nights rather than one.
Continuous Festival. 

1288
01:10:52,700 --> 01:10:56,600
Reflects Roman belief about 
supernatural, power evil had to 

1289
01:10:56,608 --> 01:11:00,100
be addressed multiple times from
multiple angles to ensure 

1290
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:03,600
complete Protection. 
One Night of ritual might not be

1291
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:08,300
enough three nights separated, 
by days of normal life, created 

1292
01:11:08,300 --> 01:11:11,300
a pattern of observance, that 
was more likely to be effective 

1293
01:11:11,300 --> 01:11:16,100
interestingly, during lemuria 
days all public business ceased,

1294
01:11:16,100 --> 01:11:18,900
it wasn't just about individual 
household protection. 

1295
01:11:18,900 --> 01:11:21,800
The entire Community 
acknowledged that these were 

1296
01:11:21,800 --> 01:11:24,800
dangerous times, when normal 
activity should be curtailed 

1297
01:11:25,700 --> 01:11:29,700
Marriages were forbidden during 
lemuria just as during ferraria,

1298
01:11:29,700 --> 01:11:32,700
who would want to begin a new 
life when the air itself was 

1299
01:11:32,700 --> 01:11:36,100
thick with death. 
The festival also reveals Roman 

1300
01:11:36,100 --> 01:11:38,200
attitudes toward poverty and 
proper burial. 

1301
01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:41,300
Many of the Lemurs were believed
to be spirits of people who 

1302
01:11:41,300 --> 01:11:44,300
couldn't afford elaborate 
funerals or who had been buried 

1303
01:11:44,300 --> 01:11:48,100
in properly due to Poverty war 
or accident in a sense. 

1304
01:11:48,100 --> 01:11:50,300
Lemuria was societies 
acknowledgment, that not 

1305
01:11:50,300 --> 01:11:53,300
everyone received the death 
rights they deserved and that 

1306
01:11:53,300 --> 01:11:55,800
this created ongoing problems 
for the living. 

1307
01:11:55,800 --> 01:11:59,000
It was a kind of collective 
guilt and Collective protection.

1308
01:11:59,000 --> 01:12:03,100
Rolled into one of observance. 
After the third night of lemuria

1309
01:12:03,100 --> 01:12:05,300
Romans would feel a collective 
relief. 

1310
01:12:05,300 --> 01:12:08,900
The dangerous period had passed.
The proper rituals had been 

1311
01:12:08,908 --> 01:12:11,500
performed and life could return 
to normal. 

1312
01:12:12,300 --> 01:12:15,800
The lemurs have been fed their 
beans and sent away at least for

1313
01:12:15,800 --> 01:12:18,900
another year, the boundaries 
between living and dead had been

1314
01:12:18,900 --> 01:12:22,300
reinforced and people could 
sleep soundly again without fear

1315
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:23,800
of ghostly visitors in the 
night. 

1316
01:12:24,900 --> 01:12:28,300
As Autumn deepened and November 
approached Roman attention 

1317
01:12:28,300 --> 01:12:30,800
shifted from the dead to the 
Harvest though. 

1318
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:35,000
As we'll see, these concerns 
were more into twined than you 

1319
01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:37,200
might. 
Initially think this was the 

1320
01:12:37,200 --> 01:12:40,600
season of Pomona, God, as a 
fruit trees, and Orchards whose 

1321
01:12:40,600 --> 01:12:43,600
Festival represented a very 
different aspect of Rome's, 

1322
01:12:43,600 --> 01:12:48,300
relationship, with the natural 
and Supernatural worlds, Pomona 

1323
01:12:48,300 --> 01:12:50,500
was an unusual deity in the 
Roman Pantheon. 

1324
01:12:50,500 --> 01:12:53,500
Unlike many gods who were 
borrowed from the Greeks or 

1325
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:57,200
other cultures she was 
distinctly Roman her worship 

1326
01:12:57,200 --> 01:13:00,500
rooted in the Italian 
Countryside and the Practical 

1327
01:13:00,500 --> 01:13:03,800
concerns of people who depended 
on fruit harvests for their 

1328
01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:06,900
survival. 
Her name comes from poem, the 

1329
01:13:06,900 --> 01:13:09,600
Latin word for fruit, 
particularly tree fruit, like 

1330
01:13:09,600 --> 01:13:14,200
apples, pears and plums. 
The Romans imagined Pomona as a 

1331
01:13:14,200 --> 01:13:16,500
nymph who cared for nothing 
except her Orchards. 

1332
01:13:17,100 --> 01:13:20,000
She carried a pruning knife 
rather than a spear or scepter 

1333
01:13:20,000 --> 01:13:23,100
and she spent her days. 
Tending, fruit trees, with the 

1334
01:13:23,100 --> 01:13:26,800
focused devotion of someone who 
understood that proper care 

1335
01:13:26,800 --> 01:13:29,400
meant the difference between 
abundance and starvation. 

1336
01:13:29,400 --> 01:13:33,600
She was practical, this goddess 
less interested in Grand 

1337
01:13:33,600 --> 01:13:36,200
mythological drama's. 
Then in the simple Miracle of 

1338
01:13:36,208 --> 01:13:40,700
flowers becoming fruit, Her 
Festival didn't have a fixed 

1339
01:13:40,700 --> 01:13:44,600
date in the way for Aaliyah or 
lemuria did instead it roughly 

1340
01:13:44,600 --> 01:13:46,800
coincided with the final Fruit 
Harvest. 

1341
01:13:46,800 --> 01:13:51,200
Usually, in November, the exact 
time in varied by region, and by

1342
01:13:51,200 --> 01:13:54,400
which fruits were being 
gathered, Apple's and some areas

1343
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:58,500
late season Pairs, and others 
and quinces, that needed cold 

1344
01:13:58,500 --> 01:14:00,000
weather to become properly. 
Sweet. 

1345
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:03,500
The festival, followed the 
Harvest rather than dictating it

1346
01:14:03,500 --> 01:14:07,000
a refreshingly pragmatic 
approach for a Roman religious, 

1347
01:14:07,000 --> 01:14:10,300
observance. 
Imagine visiting a Roman Orchard

1348
01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:13,800
during Pomona's Festival. 
The trees mostly bare. 

1349
01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:18,200
Now stand in ordered rows their 
branches dark against the Autumn

1350
01:14:18,200 --> 01:14:20,800
sky. 
The ground underneath is 

1351
01:14:20,800 --> 01:14:25,200
carpeted with fallen leaves and 
the air carries that peculiar 

1352
01:14:25,200 --> 01:14:28,600
Center of decomposition. 
Mixed with the clean smell of 

1353
01:14:28,608 --> 01:14:32,400
cold weather here and there late
fruit still clings to branches 

1354
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:34,500
Apple. 
So ripe, they've begun to 

1355
01:14:34,508 --> 01:14:37,500
wrinkle their skins deep red or 
mottled yellow. 

1356
01:14:38,600 --> 01:14:41,100
The Orchard's owner would make 
offerings to Pomona at the base 

1357
01:14:41,100 --> 01:14:43,500
of the oldest. 
Most productive tree these 

1358
01:14:43,500 --> 01:14:45,600
offerings were simpler than 
those made to other gods. 

1359
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:47,900
No animal. 
Sacrifice was required. 

1360
01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:50,900
Just the first fruits of the 
Harvest, some wine. 

1361
01:14:50,900 --> 01:14:53,900
And perhaps some, honey, the 
point wasn't to impress the 

1362
01:14:53,900 --> 01:14:56,300
goddess with the elaborate 
ceremonies, but to show 

1363
01:14:56,300 --> 01:14:59,700
gratitude and ensure her 
continued favor Farmers. 

1364
01:14:59,700 --> 01:15:02,800
Understood that Pomona valued 
results over pageantry. 

1365
01:15:03,700 --> 01:15:05,400
Romans approached fruit 
cultivation. 

1366
01:15:05,400 --> 01:15:08,500
With the seriousness, they 
brought to all agricultural 

1367
01:15:08,500 --> 01:15:10,700
matters. 
Their detailed knowledge about 

1368
01:15:10,700 --> 01:15:13,500
pruning grafting and Orchard 
management that wouldn't look 

1369
01:15:13,500 --> 01:15:16,900
out of place in a modern 
Horticultural textbook. 

1370
01:15:16,900 --> 01:15:20,700
They understood that fruit trees
needed specific Care at specific

1371
01:15:20,700 --> 01:15:24,400
times that proper pruning 
increased yields and that 

1372
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:26,800
grafting could combine the best 
qualities of different 

1373
01:15:26,800 --> 01:15:29,300
varieties. 
This practical knowledge was 

1374
01:15:29,300 --> 01:15:31,800
Inseparable from their religious
observances. 

1375
01:15:31,800 --> 01:15:34,900
Honoring Pomona meant 
maintaining your orchard 

1376
01:15:34,900 --> 01:15:38,500
properly, which in turn required
understanding her preferences 

1377
01:15:38,500 --> 01:15:41,400
and requirements. 
The Harvest itself was a 

1378
01:15:41,400 --> 01:15:44,100
communal Affair. 
Family members would gather to 

1379
01:15:44,100 --> 01:15:46,400
pick fruit sorting it into 
categories. 

1380
01:15:46,400 --> 01:15:50,900
The best specimens for immediate
eating or sale, slightly damaged

1381
01:15:50,900 --> 01:15:54,100
fruit from making preserved 
foods and Fallen fruit for 

1382
01:15:54,100 --> 01:15:56,800
animal feed or cider nothing was
wasted. 

1383
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:01,000
Romans had an almost modern 
aware of food security and the 

1384
01:16:01,008 --> 01:16:05,700
need to maximize every resource.
During the Harvest workers would

1385
01:16:05,700 --> 01:16:09,400
sing traditional songs. 
Many of which invoked Pomona's 

1386
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:11,900
blessing or thank her for the 
years Bounty. 

1387
01:16:11,900 --> 01:16:15,600
These songs were recorded in the
way hymns to Greater gods were 

1388
01:16:16,300 --> 01:16:19,500
But fragment suggests, they 
combined practical advice about 

1389
01:16:19,500 --> 01:16:22,000
fruit cultivation with religious
devotion. 

1390
01:16:22,000 --> 01:16:25,800
Instructions for pruning 
techniques nestled alongside 

1391
01:16:25,800 --> 01:16:28,700
prayers for protection, from 
frost and blight. 

1392
01:16:29,500 --> 01:16:32,500
A connection between Pomona and 
the dead becomes clearer. 

1393
01:16:32,500 --> 01:16:35,000
When you understand Roman 
beliefs about agricultural 

1394
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:39,800
Cycles, growth fruiting Harvest 
and dormant sea mirrored, the 

1395
01:16:39,800 --> 01:16:44,200
human life cycle. 
Birth maturity death and 

1396
01:16:44,200 --> 01:16:47,500
potential rebirth. 
Fruit itself was a kind of 

1397
01:16:47,508 --> 01:16:50,900
Miracle, sweetness and 
nourishment emerging from 

1398
01:16:50,900 --> 01:16:53,900
flowers, which emerged from 
apparently Deadwood. 

1399
01:16:53,900 --> 01:16:57,200
The whole process suggested that
death and life were not 

1400
01:16:57,200 --> 01:16:59,600
opposites, but phases in a 
continuous cycle. 

1401
01:17:00,500 --> 01:17:03,400
Romans also Associated certain 
fruits with the underworld 

1402
01:17:03,400 --> 01:17:07,200
pomegranates as mentioned 
earlier, had connections to the 

1403
01:17:07,200 --> 01:17:10,400
story of Persephone and her 
forced marriage to Hades. 

1404
01:17:11,300 --> 01:17:14,000
Apple's appeared in various 
myths, involving death and 

1405
01:17:14,000 --> 01:17:17,000
transformation. 
Even the sweetness of ripe fruit

1406
01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:19,300
suggested, a kind of necessary 
decay. 

1407
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:22,700
Fruit becomes sweetest. 
Just before it begins to rot. 

1408
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:26,300
As if approaching its own death,
makes it more valuable to the 

1409
01:17:26,308 --> 01:17:29,800
living. 
During Pomona's Festival, Romans

1410
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:33,400
would preserve fruits for winter
using techniques that involved 

1411
01:17:33,400 --> 01:17:35,100
both practical knowledge and 
ritual. 

1412
01:17:35,100 --> 01:17:37,600
Significance. 
Fruits would be dried in the 

1413
01:17:37,608 --> 01:17:41,600
Autumn Sun stored in honey made 
into preserves or carefully 

1414
01:17:41,600 --> 01:17:43,600
packed in straw for Cool 
Storage. 

1415
01:17:43,600 --> 01:17:47,100
Each preservation method had its
own traditions and prayers 

1416
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:49,908
acknowledging that keeping fruit
through winter was a kind of 

1417
01:17:49,916 --> 01:17:54,600
suspension of natural Decay a 
small victory over death itself.

1418
01:17:56,100 --> 01:17:59,300
The festival also included 
offerings at household shrines, 

1419
01:17:59,300 --> 01:18:03,000
Urban Romans who didn't own 
Orchards would still on a Pomona

1420
01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:04,400
by placing fruit on their 
family. 

1421
01:18:04,400 --> 01:18:07,500
Altars even poor. 
Families would try to acquire at

1422
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:11,800
least one perfect apple or pear 
to offer understanding that 

1423
01:18:11,800 --> 01:18:15,600
neglecting any God, even a 
relatively minor agricultural 

1424
01:18:15,600 --> 01:18:17,200
deity. 
Was risky business. 

1425
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:22,200
There was something particularly
Roman about pomonis worship 

1426
01:18:22,200 --> 01:18:26,600
practical focused on results, 
integrating religious 

1427
01:18:26,600 --> 01:18:28,200
observance, with technical 
knowledge. 

1428
01:18:28,200 --> 01:18:31,500
The goddess didn't demand, 
elaborate temples or priest 

1429
01:18:31,500 --> 01:18:35,100
hoods, she wanted properly. 
Maintained Orchards careful 

1430
01:18:35,100 --> 01:18:37,800
harvesting in gratitude for her 
gifts. 

1431
01:18:38,200 --> 01:18:42,300
This was religion as partnership
rather than supplication a 

1432
01:18:42,300 --> 01:18:45,200
working relationship between 
humans and the Divine powers 

1433
01:18:45,200 --> 01:18:49,900
that governed natural processes.
As November progressed and the 

1434
01:18:49,900 --> 01:18:52,900
last fruits were gathered. 
Romans could look at their 

1435
01:18:52,900 --> 01:18:55,200
stored, Provisions with 
satisfaction. 

1436
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:59,200
The Harvest was complete winter.
Could be faced with full storms 

1437
01:18:59,200 --> 01:19:02,500
and Pomona had been properly 
honored The orchard could rest. 

1438
01:19:02,500 --> 01:19:06,100
Now it's bare branches dormant 
until Spring's return. 

1439
01:19:06,100 --> 01:19:10,700
And in that dormancy in that 
apparent death, lay the promise 

1440
01:19:10,700 --> 01:19:15,000
of future blossoms, and future 
harvests the Eternal cycle that 

1441
01:19:15,000 --> 01:19:19,000
connected all living things. 
As Autumn deepened into the 

1442
01:19:19,000 --> 01:19:21,900
time, we'd recognize as late 
October and early November 

1443
01:19:21,900 --> 01:19:26,100
Romans engaged and Customs. 
At might look, surprisingly 

1444
01:19:26,100 --> 01:19:30,000
familiar to anyone who's ever 
attended a Halloween party or a 

1445
01:19:30,000 --> 01:19:32,700
Thanksgiving dinner. 
He's worked single festivals. 

1446
01:19:32,700 --> 01:19:35,100
But rather, a complex of 
practices centered around 

1447
01:19:35,100 --> 01:19:38,800
Gathering feasting and Fire. 
The three anchors that helped 

1448
01:19:38,800 --> 01:19:42,000
Romans navigate the transition 
from Autumn's abundance to 

1449
01:19:42,000 --> 01:19:46,300
Winter scarce City. 
Fire held special significance 

1450
01:19:46,300 --> 01:19:49,900
during the season in a world 
without electric heating or 

1451
01:19:49,900 --> 01:19:53,600
lighting fire was life itself, 
during the cold months, Romans 

1452
01:19:53,600 --> 01:19:57,100
marked the transition to Winter 
by rekindling household fires, 

1453
01:19:57,100 --> 01:19:59,800
with deliberate ceremony 
acknowledging. 

1454
01:19:59,800 --> 01:20:02,500
That the flame that would warm 
their homes and cook their food 

1455
01:20:02,500 --> 01:20:06,600
for months to come deserved 
proper, respect and ritual. 

1456
01:20:06,600 --> 01:20:12,000
Attention the half, the central 
fireplace in a Roman home, was 

1457
01:20:12,000 --> 01:20:14,700
sacred to Vesta, goddess of the 
half. 

1458
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:18,400
And by extension to the layers, 
the household spirits, who 

1459
01:20:18,400 --> 01:20:21,700
protected, the family, as the 
weather turned, cold families 

1460
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:25,000
would gather at their half for a
small ceremony that marked the 

1461
01:20:25,008 --> 01:20:26,800
beginning of the fire centered 
season. 

1462
01:20:26,800 --> 01:20:30,400
The paterfamilias would make 
offerings of Sultan grain to the

1463
01:20:30,400 --> 01:20:33,300
fire speaking. 
Traditional words that thank the

1464
01:20:33,300 --> 01:20:36,900
gods for past protection and 
requested continued favor. 

1465
01:20:38,500 --> 01:20:41,300
These half fires were not 
supposed to go out during winter

1466
01:20:41,300 --> 01:20:45,000
letting your half fire. 
Die was considered unlucky at 

1467
01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:47,300
best and potentially disastrous 
at worst. 

1468
01:20:48,200 --> 01:20:50,900
It's suggested negligence in 
honoring, the household gods, 

1469
01:20:50,900 --> 01:20:53,900
and could leave the family, 
vulnerable to Supernatural, and 

1470
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:57,100
natural dangers alike. 
So Romans tended their fires 

1471
01:20:57,100 --> 01:21:00,400
carefully, banking them at night
to preserve Embers, that could 

1472
01:21:00,400 --> 01:21:01,900
be blown back to life in the 
morning. 

1473
01:21:03,000 --> 01:21:06,800
The smoke from these fires 
rising from thousands of homes, 

1474
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:09,600
across Rome changed the city's 
atmosphere. 

1475
01:21:09,600 --> 01:21:13,200
In ottoman, winter. 
Rome wore a Perpetual Haze of 

1476
01:21:13,208 --> 01:21:15,800
wood smoke, which at least had 
the benefit of masking. 

1477
01:21:15,800 --> 01:21:19,400
Some of the Less Pleasant Urban 
smells the smoke carried with 

1478
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:20,500
it. 
The scent of burning. 

1479
01:21:20,500 --> 01:21:23,800
Okay, on Olive Wood, 
occasionally mixed with aromatic

1480
01:21:23,800 --> 01:21:27,700
herbs that families would throw 
into the Flames as offerings or 

1481
01:21:27,700 --> 01:21:30,800
simply to improve. 
The household are around these 

1482
01:21:30,800 --> 01:21:34,900
fires families gathered for 
meals, The increased in 

1483
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:38,300
importance as the day shortened 
dinner in a Roman household was 

1484
01:21:38,300 --> 01:21:41,600
never just about nutrition. 
It was a social and religious 

1485
01:21:41,600 --> 01:21:44,800
event that reinforced family, 
bonds and acknowledged divine 

1486
01:21:44,800 --> 01:21:46,900
presence. 
But Autumn dinners had 

1487
01:21:46,900 --> 01:21:49,900
particular significance because 
they Mark the transition from 

1488
01:21:49,900 --> 01:21:53,500
outdoor to indoor life. 
From agricultural labor to the 

1489
01:21:53,500 --> 01:21:55,400
more sedentary occupations of 
winter. 

1490
01:21:56,400 --> 01:22:00,500
The Autumn Feast not a single 
event, but rather a type of meal

1491
01:22:00,500 --> 01:22:04,200
that occurred repeatedly during 
the seasons centered on Harvest 

1492
01:22:04,200 --> 01:22:06,800
Foods. 
Roasted chestnuts mentioned 

1493
01:22:06,800 --> 01:22:10,500
earlier were ubiquitous they'd 
be cracked open to reveal their 

1494
01:22:10,500 --> 01:22:13,300
creamy Interiors eaten hot from 
the pan. 

1495
01:22:13,300 --> 01:22:16,500
The slightly sweet flavor, a 
perfect accompaniment to 

1496
01:22:16,500 --> 01:22:20,100
conversation greats both fresh 
and in the form of new wine 

1497
01:22:20,100 --> 01:22:21,800
appeared at every level of 
society. 

1498
01:22:21,800 --> 01:22:26,300
Even poor families could afford 
must the freshly pressed grape 

1499
01:22:26,300 --> 01:22:28,700
juice that hadn't yet fully 
fermented into wine. 

1500
01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:33,100
More prosperous families would 
Feast on roasted pork which 

1501
01:22:33,100 --> 01:22:35,800
Romans considered the perfect 
Autumn meat. 

1502
01:22:35,800 --> 01:22:37,900
Pigs were usually slaughtered in
late. 

1503
01:22:37,900 --> 01:22:41,200
Autumn their meat preserved for 
winter consumption, but the 

1504
01:22:41,200 --> 01:22:45,000
slaughter itself was an occasion
for feasting with fresh pork 

1505
01:22:45,000 --> 01:22:49,700
prepared in various ways roasted
with herbs stewed with Autumn 

1506
01:22:49,700 --> 01:22:51,900
vegetables or made into 
sausages. 

1507
01:22:51,900 --> 01:22:55,200
That would be smoked and stored 
the Romans were masters of 

1508
01:22:55,200 --> 01:22:58,800
charcuterie and Autumn was when 
their skills particularly shown 

1509
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:03,600
vegetables from the last Harvest
appeared in abundance leaks, 

1510
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:08,800
cabbages, beets and variously 
gums, Romans had sophisticated 

1511
01:23:08,800 --> 01:23:12,300
ways of preparing vegetables 
that modern Cooks might envy 

1512
01:23:13,200 --> 01:23:17,000
Stewing them with herbs and 
spices mixing them with eggs and

1513
01:23:17,000 --> 01:23:21,500
cheese or serving them dressed 
with garam that ubiquitous 

1514
01:23:21,500 --> 01:23:25,800
fermented fish sauce that added 
a depth to nearly every dish. 

1515
01:23:25,800 --> 01:23:29,600
Mushrooms forage from Autumn 
Woods brought their earthy 

1516
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:31,800
flavors to tables wealthy and 
humble alike. 

1517
01:23:32,500 --> 01:23:35,900
Brett took on special importance
at these Autumn meals, the 

1518
01:23:35,900 --> 01:23:39,300
Summers wheat had been harvested
and milled and the resulting 

1519
01:23:39,300 --> 01:23:42,600
flour made bread that tasted 
subtly different from Red made 

1520
01:23:42,600 --> 01:23:46,300
later in Winter fresh bread 
broken and shared around the 

1521
01:23:46,300 --> 01:23:49,200
table, symbolize the Earth's 
generosity and the family's 

1522
01:23:49,200 --> 01:23:52,300
participation in the Harvest 
bounty to waste bread was 

1523
01:23:52,300 --> 01:23:56,400
considered almost sacrilegious. 
It represented too much labor, 

1524
01:23:56,400 --> 01:23:59,200
both human, and divine to be 
treated carelessly. 

1525
01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:03,500
These family meals Incorporated 
ritual elements, that 

1526
01:24:03,500 --> 01:24:06,600
acknowledge the presence of the 
Divine, and the dead before, 

1527
01:24:06,600 --> 01:24:09,700
eating the paterfamilias, would 
place a portion of food into the

1528
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:11,900
half fire as an offering to the 
household gods. 

1529
01:24:12,800 --> 01:24:16,000
Sometimes he would also Place 
food on the family, altar, or 

1530
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:18,400
even leave offerings at the door
for passing Spirits. 

1531
01:24:18,400 --> 01:24:22,100
A meal itself, was the communion
that included not just the 

1532
01:24:22,100 --> 01:24:25,900
living family members but also 
their gods and their ancestors. 

1533
01:24:25,900 --> 01:24:30,000
The atmosphere at these Autumn 
dinners combined coziness with 

1534
01:24:30,000 --> 01:24:33,900
awareness of the world Outside 
Inside the Fire crackled and 

1535
01:24:33,900 --> 01:24:38,000
conversation flowed outside. 
Darkness came early each evening

1536
01:24:38,000 --> 01:24:42,500
and the night held on certain 
dangers a contrast made endorse 

1537
01:24:42,500 --> 01:24:46,100
space is Philly warm and 
protected creating the same 

1538
01:24:46,100 --> 01:24:49,600
psychological comfort that 
modern people feel when they are

1539
01:24:49,600 --> 01:24:51,100
safely home during a winter 
storm. 

1540
01:24:52,100 --> 01:24:54,600
As dinner progressed stories 
would be told. 

1541
01:24:54,608 --> 01:24:59,100
Romans loved storytelling, an 
Autumn evenings provided perfect

1542
01:24:59,100 --> 01:25:02,100
opportunities for narratives, 
that range from family history, 

1543
01:25:02,100 --> 01:25:06,300
to mythology to ghost stories. 
Older family members would 

1544
01:25:06,300 --> 01:25:09,600
recount Tales of ancestors, 
keeping their memory alive. 

1545
01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:13,500
Someone might tell a traditional
story about the gods, perhaps 

1546
01:25:13,500 --> 01:25:17,100
explaining, why certain rituals 
had to be performed or certain 

1547
01:25:17,100 --> 01:25:21,000
days of voided and inevitably, 
especially if children were 

1548
01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:22,900
present, someone would tell a 
ghost story. 

1549
01:25:23,600 --> 01:25:27,000
These ghost stories. 
Served multiple purposes, the 

1550
01:25:27,000 --> 01:25:30,100
entertained certainly, but they 
also educated children about 

1551
01:25:30,100 --> 01:25:32,600
proper religious, observances, 
and social behavior. 

1552
01:25:33,400 --> 01:25:36,400
A story about a man haunted by 
Angry Spirits because he 

1553
01:25:36,400 --> 01:25:40,100
neglected his family's, tomb was
simultaneously frightening and 

1554
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:43,800
instructive, it taught that 
actions had consequences, that 

1555
01:25:43,800 --> 01:25:46,900
religious duties mattered and 
that the boundaries between 

1556
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:48,900
living and dead required. 
Careful maintenance. 

1557
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:53,300
Music sometimes accompanied, 
these Autumn Gatherings, not 

1558
01:25:53,300 --> 01:25:56,800
elaborate performers. 
But simple songs work songs from

1559
01:25:56,800 --> 01:26:00,100
The Harvest lullabies and 
traditional Melodies that 

1560
01:26:00,100 --> 01:26:02,800
everyone knew and could join the
human voice. 

1561
01:26:02,800 --> 01:26:06,600
Lifted in song around a fire, 
while Darkness pressed against 

1562
01:26:06,608 --> 01:26:10,500
the windows, create a sense of 
community and continuity that 

1563
01:26:10,500 --> 01:26:12,500
connected. 
The present moment to countless 

1564
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:16,400
similar moments, stretching back
through generations as the 

1565
01:26:16,400 --> 01:26:19,000
evening. 
Well down and family members 

1566
01:26:19,000 --> 01:26:21,400
prepared for sleep. 
There was often a moment of 

1567
01:26:21,400 --> 01:26:25,300
collective gratitude not 
formally expressed perhaps but 

1568
01:26:25,300 --> 01:26:28,200
felt nonetheless the Harvest was
complete. 

1569
01:26:28,200 --> 01:26:31,300
The store rooms were full, the 
fire burned bright and the 

1570
01:26:31,308 --> 01:26:35,200
family was gathered safe and 
warm winter was coming with all 

1571
01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:39,000
its challenges but for this 
moment surrounded by a abundant 

1572
01:26:39,000 --> 01:26:42,000
and familial love future could 
wait. 

1573
01:26:43,400 --> 01:26:46,700
To truly understand Roman 
attitudes toward death and the 

1574
01:26:46,700 --> 01:26:49,100
dead. 
You need to step outside the 

1575
01:26:49,100 --> 01:26:53,300
city walls and walk among the 
tombs Roman law as mentioned 

1576
01:26:53,300 --> 01:26:56,300
earlier for bade burial within 
the sacred boundary of the city 

1577
01:26:56,300 --> 01:26:58,700
itself. 
So, the dead gathered along the 

1578
01:26:58,700 --> 01:27:01,900
roads leading into Rome, 
creating these extraordinary 

1579
01:27:01,900 --> 01:27:05,000
neighborhoods with The Living 
Past constantly among monuments 

1580
01:27:05,000 --> 01:27:08,000
to mortality. 
The Via Appia. 

1581
01:27:08,000 --> 01:27:12,500
The Appian Way offers the most 
famous example, walking along 

1582
01:27:12,500 --> 01:27:16,600
this ancient Road even today. 
You're surrounded by tombs in 

1583
01:27:16,600 --> 01:27:20,000
various states of preservation. 
Some intact enough to read their

1584
01:27:20,008 --> 01:27:24,100
inscriptions, others reduced to 
romantic ruins, overgrown with 

1585
01:27:24,100 --> 01:27:26,400
wild herbs. 
In ancient times. 

1586
01:27:26,400 --> 01:27:29,200
This road would have been even 
more crowded with monuments. 

1587
01:27:29,200 --> 01:27:31,500
A constant reminder, to 
Travelers. 

1588
01:27:31,500 --> 01:27:34,500
That death was not something to 
be hidden away, but rather 

1589
01:27:34,500 --> 01:27:39,300
integrated into daily life. 
Roman tombs varied wildly 

1590
01:27:39,300 --> 01:27:42,800
depending on the wealth and 
status of their occupants, the 

1591
01:27:42,800 --> 01:27:44,700
very well. 
He constructed massive. 

1592
01:27:44,700 --> 01:27:48,800
Mausoleums small buildings with 
Chambers inside were family 

1593
01:27:48,800 --> 01:27:50,900
members could be entered over 
Generations. 

1594
01:27:50,900 --> 01:27:53,600
These structures were 
architectural statements, 

1595
01:27:53,600 --> 01:27:56,600
declaring the family's 
importance through Marble 

1596
01:27:56,600 --> 01:28:00,200
columns, elaborate sculptures 
and inscriptions, that 

1597
01:28:00,200 --> 01:28:04,000
catalogued achievements and 
virtues the tomb of Cecilia 

1598
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:06,200
matela. 
Still Standing on the Appian 

1599
01:28:06,200 --> 01:28:08,200
Way. 
Gives us a sense of the grand. 

1600
01:28:08,200 --> 01:28:12,100
These monuments could achieve 
Middle class Romans couldn't 

1601
01:28:12,100 --> 01:28:14,800
afford such elaborate 
structures, but they still 

1602
01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:18,800
wanted permanent memorials. 
Many joined burial societies. 

1603
01:28:18,800 --> 01:28:21,800
Essentially, ancient versions of
funeral insurances. 

1604
01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:25,200
Were members contributed regular
payments in exchange for 

1605
01:28:25,200 --> 01:28:27,800
guaranteed. 
Proper Burial and a place in a 

1606
01:28:27,800 --> 01:28:30,400
communal tomb. 
These societies have their own 

1607
01:28:30,400 --> 01:28:33,900
rituals and traditions creating 
communities Bound by the shared 

1608
01:28:33,900 --> 01:28:38,100
understanding of mortality, 
Poorer Romans faced greater 

1609
01:28:38,100 --> 01:28:42,100
challenges, burial costs money. 
And those without resources, 

1610
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:45,800
might be unceremoniously dumped 
in common pits outside the city.

1611
01:28:46,900 --> 01:28:49,100
This was considered a terrible 
fate. 

1612
01:28:49,700 --> 01:28:53,800
Not just on dignified but 
spiritually dangerous without 

1613
01:28:53,800 --> 01:28:57,400
Proper Burial and Memorial these
dead wrists becoming the very 

1614
01:28:57,400 --> 01:29:00,500
lemurs that Romans feared during
their May festivals. 

1615
01:29:01,300 --> 01:29:05,400
Poverty and death, as in life, 
created ongoing problems. 

1616
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:10,400
But even modest tombs shared 
certain features, almost all 

1617
01:29:10,400 --> 01:29:13,500
included inscriptions, that 
spoke directly to pass as by 

1618
01:29:14,300 --> 01:29:16,700
These were the solemn formal 
epitaphs. 

1619
01:29:16,700 --> 01:29:18,300
You might find in modern 
cemeteries. 

1620
01:29:19,300 --> 01:29:22,200
Roman tomb inscriptions often 
address Travelers Inn 

1621
01:29:22,200 --> 01:29:26,300
surprisingly conversational. 
Tones one famous example reads. 

1622
01:29:26,300 --> 01:29:32,200
I was not, I was, I am not, I 
care not A philosophical 

1623
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:34,000
statement about death's 
finality. 

1624
01:29:34,800 --> 01:29:37,300
Others were more personal. 
Stranger. 

1625
01:29:37,300 --> 01:29:43,100
I have few words to say stop and
read, this is the unwelcome tomb

1626
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:48,200
of an unwelcome woman. 
She was named Claudia These 

1627
01:29:48,200 --> 01:29:51,100
inscriptions reveal something 
touching about Roman attitudes 

1628
01:29:51,100 --> 01:29:54,200
toward mortality. 
The dead wanted to be remembered

1629
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:58,000
to have their lives acknowledged
by strangers, as well as family,

1630
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:01,500
the act of reading an 
inscription of speaking, a dead 

1631
01:30:01,500 --> 01:30:05,900
person's name allowed even 
silently in your mind was a form

1632
01:30:05,900 --> 01:30:08,800
of continued life. 
The tomb thus became a kind of 

1633
01:30:08,800 --> 01:30:12,700
bridge between past and present 
between the Dead who once walked

1634
01:30:12,700 --> 01:30:14,500
these roads and the living who 
walk them. 

1635
01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:19,700
Now, Many tombs included, 
portrait sculptures or busts the

1636
01:30:19,700 --> 01:30:22,700
tradition of creating Death 
Masks taking from the faces of 

1637
01:30:22,708 --> 01:30:27,100
the deceased ensured remarkable,
lightness, walking past these 

1638
01:30:27,100 --> 01:30:29,500
tombs. 
You wouldn't see idealized or 

1639
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:32,900
generic phases. 
But actual people, a merchant 

1640
01:30:32,900 --> 01:30:35,600
with a crooked nose. 
A matron with a Stern 

1641
01:30:35,600 --> 01:30:38,300
expression. 
A soldier with a scar across his

1642
01:30:38,300 --> 01:30:40,300
cheek. 
These faces, demanded 

1643
01:30:40,300 --> 01:30:43,600
recognition and insisted on 
their continued presence in the 

1644
01:30:43,608 --> 01:30:45,900
world. 
They'd left the tombs were 

1645
01:30:45,900 --> 01:30:47,600
designed to be interactive 
spaces. 

1646
01:30:47,600 --> 01:30:51,400
Many included benches were 
family, members could sit during

1647
01:30:51,400 --> 01:30:54,900
their visits, some had small 
kitchens or dining areas for 

1648
01:30:54,900 --> 01:30:58,600
funeral, Banquets meals eaten at
the tomb site where the dead 

1649
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:02,700
were in effect guests of honor. 
The idea was that death didn't 

1650
01:31:02,700 --> 01:31:05,400
end family relationships, but 
merely changed them. 

1651
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:08,600
You still visited your 
relatives, you still shared 

1652
01:31:08,600 --> 01:31:12,300
meals with them, you still 
updated them on family news and 

1653
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:14,500
you still sought their 
intercession with the Gods. 

1654
01:31:15,700 --> 01:31:17,700
During the parentalia and 
ferraria. 

1655
01:31:17,700 --> 01:31:21,300
These two lined roads were 
transformed into something like 

1656
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:25,000
an ancient version of a festival
ground families, moving from 

1657
01:31:25,000 --> 01:31:28,100
tomb to tomb, making their 
offerings, reciting their 

1658
01:31:28,100 --> 01:31:31,000
prayers and cleaning and 
maintaining The Monuments. 

1659
01:31:31,700 --> 01:31:34,800
The roads would be crowded with 
people carrying flowers, wine 

1660
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:38,600
food, and lamps children would 
run between the two tombs 

1661
01:31:38,600 --> 01:31:42,100
simultaneously ordered and 
fascinated by the City of the 

1662
01:31:42,100 --> 01:31:45,100
Dead. 
The sensory experience of these 

1663
01:31:45,100 --> 01:31:47,000
tomb visits was rich and 
complex. 

1664
01:31:47,900 --> 01:31:51,600
The smell of flowers mixed with 
incense and wine poured onto 

1665
01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:53,600
Stone. 
The sound of prayers and 

1666
01:31:53,600 --> 01:31:57,400
conversations, sometimes laughed
as family, shared stories about 

1667
01:31:57,400 --> 01:32:01,300
the deceased, the visual 
spectacle of hundreds of tombs, 

1668
01:32:01,300 --> 01:32:05,600
each different, each demanding 
attention, the tactile 

1669
01:32:05,600 --> 01:32:08,900
experience of touching cold, 
marble inscribed with names and 

1670
01:32:08,900 --> 01:32:12,100
dates, feeling the connection to
people who had touched these 

1671
01:32:12,100 --> 01:32:14,400
same Stones decades or centuries
earlier. 

1672
01:32:15,400 --> 01:32:19,300
Some tombs included small altars
where families could burn 

1673
01:32:19,300 --> 01:32:22,000
offerings. 
The smoke from these fires would

1674
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:25,500
rise and dissipate carrying 
prayers and messages to the 

1675
01:32:25,500 --> 01:32:28,708
underworld on Festival days. 
The roads outside Rome would be 

1676
01:32:28,716 --> 01:32:32,100
hazy with this smoke. 
The air thick with the smell of 

1677
01:32:32,100 --> 01:32:35,900
burning incense rendered fat and
various aromatics. 

1678
01:32:35,900 --> 01:32:39,500
It created an atmosphere. 
That was simultaneously solemn 

1679
01:32:39,500 --> 01:32:44,200
and celebratory, mournful and 
life-affirming The wealthier 

1680
01:32:44,200 --> 01:32:48,300
tombs often included, Gardens 
enclosed spaces with plants 

1681
01:32:48,300 --> 01:32:51,900
fountains and shade trees where 
visitors could rest these 

1682
01:32:51,900 --> 01:32:55,500
Gardens served practical 
purposes, providing Pleasant 

1683
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:57,800
spots for funerals and family 
gatherings. 

1684
01:32:58,800 --> 01:33:01,000
But they also had symbolic 
significance. 

1685
01:33:01,800 --> 01:33:05,700
A garden represented life, 
continuing growth, emerging from

1686
01:33:05,700 --> 01:33:08,500
death, and Beauty arising from 
Decay. 

1687
01:33:08,500 --> 01:33:11,800
The Romans understood that 
Garden's required dead matter. 

1688
01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:15,300
Composted leaves, aged manure to
flourish. 

1689
01:33:16,100 --> 01:33:18,900
Death, literally, nurtured life 
at night. 

1690
01:33:18,900 --> 01:33:22,400
The tombs took on a different 
character entirely oil lamps 

1691
01:33:22,400 --> 01:33:25,700
placed around monuments created 
pools of light in the darkness, 

1692
01:33:25,700 --> 01:33:29,300
making the sculptured faces 
seemed to move and shift with 

1693
01:33:29,300 --> 01:33:33,200
the flickering Flames Shadows, 
grew deeper and the spaces 

1694
01:33:33,200 --> 01:33:35,600
between tombs became uncertain 
voids. 

1695
01:33:35,600 --> 01:33:38,700
Where imagination could populate
all sorts of Supernatural 

1696
01:33:38,700 --> 01:33:40,800
entities. 
This was when the dead were 

1697
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:44,000
believed to be most active. 
When the boundary between worlds

1698
01:33:44,000 --> 01:33:47,400
grew thin enough to permit 
passage walking these roads at 

1699
01:33:47,400 --> 01:33:50,800
night required courage. 
Most Romans avoided it when 

1700
01:33:50,800 --> 01:33:54,400
possible, but sometimes 
necessity demanded travel after 

1701
01:33:54,400 --> 01:33:56,900
dark. 
Those who ventured out would 

1702
01:33:56,900 --> 01:34:00,800
speak, prayers of protection, 
make defensive gestures, and 

1703
01:34:00,800 --> 01:34:03,800
move quickly passed the tombs 
without looking too closely at 

1704
01:34:03,800 --> 01:34:07,000
the Shadows story. 
Circulated about people who had 

1705
01:34:07,000 --> 01:34:10,300
seen Spirits among the tombs 
encountered Restless. 

1706
01:34:10,300 --> 01:34:13,500
Dead or heard voices, calling 
from empty, monuments. 

1707
01:34:14,500 --> 01:34:17,400
Yet, there was also something 
oddly comforting about the tombs

1708
01:34:17,400 --> 01:34:21,600
presents a represented 
continuity, The Unbroken chain 

1709
01:34:21,600 --> 01:34:25,000
of generations that stretched 
back through time, every family 

1710
01:34:25,000 --> 01:34:27,900
had ancestors. 
Every living person would have 

1711
01:34:27,900 --> 01:34:31,000
eventually join the dead and the
tombs were physical proof of 

1712
01:34:31,000 --> 01:34:34,300
this continuity in a world that 
could be brutally harsh and 

1713
01:34:34,300 --> 01:34:38,200
unpredictable the tombs. 
Offered a kind of permanents the

1714
01:34:38,200 --> 01:34:41,000
stones would endure even when 
flesh failed. 

1715
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:44,000
The Romans practice of locating 
tombs. 

1716
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:47,300
Along roads was more than a 
practical necessity or religious

1717
01:34:47,300 --> 01:34:50,200
requirement. 
It was a philosophical statement

1718
01:34:50,200 --> 01:34:53,800
about the relationship between 
life and death, The Living Past 

1719
01:34:53,800 --> 01:34:57,700
constantly among the dead 
reminded with every Journey that

1720
01:34:57,700 --> 01:34:59,600
mortality was not an 
abstraction. 

1721
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:03,700
But a certainty death was not 
hidden in remote cemeteries but 

1722
01:35:03,700 --> 01:35:08,400
integrated into the landscape of
daily life. neither, feared nor 

1723
01:35:08,400 --> 01:35:10,700
forgotten, but simply 
acknowledged as part of 

1724
01:35:10,700 --> 01:35:15,300
existence, As Rome's Empire 
expanded Northwood and Westwood 

1725
01:35:15,300 --> 01:35:19,500
Roman Legions in countered. 
Celtic people whose Autumn 

1726
01:35:19,500 --> 01:35:21,600
festivals bore strange, 
similarities too. 

1727
01:35:21,600 --> 01:35:24,500
And fascinating different sizes 
from Roman practices. 

1728
01:35:25,100 --> 01:35:28,100
This cultural encounter would 
eventually influence how all of 

1729
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:31,600
Europe thought about the season 
of the Dead creating Traditions 

1730
01:35:31,600 --> 01:35:34,300
that echo down to our own 
Halloween celebrations. 

1731
01:35:34,300 --> 01:35:38,700
The Celts, those tribal people 
who have the kid, much of Gaul 

1732
01:35:38,700 --> 01:35:44,000
Britain and Ireland, celebrated 
Sammy the end of October a 

1733
01:35:44,000 --> 01:35:46,500
festival that marked the 
transition from the light half 

1734
01:35:46,500 --> 01:35:50,300
of the year to The Dark Half 
like Romans the Celts believed. 

1735
01:35:50,300 --> 01:35:52,700
This was a time when the 
boundary between the living and 

1736
01:35:52,700 --> 01:35:55,600
the dead became permeable. 
But their response to this 

1737
01:35:55,600 --> 01:35:58,700
belief differed in significant 
ways from Roman practices. 

1738
01:35:59,600 --> 01:36:02,500
Roman soldiers stationed in 
Celtic, territories would have 

1739
01:36:02,508 --> 01:36:06,200
observed Sammy and celebrations 
with a mixture of recognition 

1740
01:36:06,200 --> 01:36:09,400
and bewilderment they'd 
recognize the offerings to the 

1741
01:36:09,400 --> 01:36:13,700
Dead, the ritual fires, and the 
sense of communal observance. 

1742
01:36:13,700 --> 01:36:17,900
But the scale and intensity of 
Celtic practices exceeded 

1743
01:36:17,900 --> 01:36:21,500
anything they'd experienced in 
Rome, the Celts didn't just 

1744
01:36:21,500 --> 01:36:24,000
honor the dead. 
They seemed to believe that the 

1745
01:36:24,000 --> 01:36:27,500
deadly returned to walk among 
the living during Samhain. 

1746
01:36:28,500 --> 01:36:31,300
Celtic communities, would 
extinguish all fires in their 

1747
01:36:31,300 --> 01:36:35,100
homes as Samurai and approached 
creating a moment of complete. 

1748
01:36:35,100 --> 01:36:38,900
Darkness that symbolized the 
death of the old year, then 

1749
01:36:38,900 --> 01:36:42,200
Druid priests would Kindle a new
sacred fire and from this flame.

1750
01:36:42,200 --> 01:36:44,800
All the community's fires would 
be relit. 

1751
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:48,600
This practice of ritual, death 
and rebirth had no precise, 

1752
01:36:48,600 --> 01:36:52,200
roman equivalent, and it 
suggested of view of time as 

1753
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:56,300
cyclical rather than linear. 
each year dying and being reborn

1754
01:36:56,300 --> 01:37:02,200
each Harvest containing the 
seeds of the next Celt enormous,

1755
01:37:02,200 --> 01:37:06,900
bonfires for Sammy far larger 
than anything Romans used in 

1756
01:37:06,900 --> 01:37:10,400
their more modest household. 
Observances, these fires served 

1757
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:14,800
multiple purposes, the gods, 
they provided protection against

1758
01:37:14,800 --> 01:37:18,200
harmful spirits, and they 
created gathering places for the

1759
01:37:18,200 --> 01:37:22,400
entire community. 
Animals were driven between two 

1760
01:37:22,400 --> 01:37:26,500
fires as a purification ritual 
young people would perform Feats

1761
01:37:26,500 --> 01:37:28,900
of Bravery by leaping over 
Flames. 

1762
01:37:28,900 --> 01:37:32,500
The fires, transform the 
landscape turning ordinary 

1763
01:37:32,500 --> 01:37:35,800
hillsides into stages for human 
drama played out against 

1764
01:37:35,800 --> 01:37:40,500
Darkness around these fires, the
Celts practice divination. 

1765
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:42,800
Attempting to Glimpse the 
future. 

1766
01:37:42,800 --> 01:37:46,500
During this, liminal time, when 
normal rules were suspended, 

1767
01:37:46,500 --> 01:37:50,200
they would read Omens in the 
Flames, interpret, the behavior 

1768
01:37:50,200 --> 01:37:53,700
of animals, and perform rituals 
designed to reveal who they 

1769
01:37:53,700 --> 01:37:56,600
would marry whether they would 
survive the coming winter. 

1770
01:37:56,600 --> 01:38:00,100
And what luck the next year 
would bring Romans practice 

1771
01:38:00,100 --> 01:38:03,900
divination 2, of course, but not
with the same intensity, or the 

1772
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:07,200
same belief that this particular
season offered special access to

1773
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:10,400
Hidden knowledge. 
The Celts all so left offerings 

1774
01:38:10,400 --> 01:38:12,700
of food outside their homes, for
the returning dead. 

1775
01:38:12,700 --> 01:38:16,400
But with a different Spirit than
Roman offering's where Romans 

1776
01:38:16,400 --> 01:38:18,900
made offerings with a sense of 
Duty and respect. 

1777
01:38:19,800 --> 01:38:22,100
Celtic offering's often 
contained an element of 

1778
01:38:22,100 --> 01:38:25,400
appeasement or even fear the 
dead were not just honored 

1779
01:38:25,400 --> 01:38:27,800
ancestors. 
But potentially dangerous beings

1780
01:38:27,800 --> 01:38:29,600
whose favor had to be secured 
through. 

1781
01:38:29,600 --> 01:38:33,100
Generous gifts tables would be 
set with the best food of 

1782
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:36,100
available and portions of the 
feast would be placed outside 

1783
01:38:36,100 --> 01:38:39,200
for spirits who might otherwise 
cause Mischief or worse. 

1784
01:38:40,400 --> 01:38:44,700
When Rome conquered Celtic lands
both cultures, influenced each 

1785
01:38:44,700 --> 01:38:48,600
other, Roman soldiers adopted 
some Celtic practices, the 

1786
01:38:48,600 --> 01:38:52,100
bonfires some of the Divination 
techniques and certain 

1787
01:38:52,100 --> 01:38:57,000
protective rituals Celts in turn
Incorporated, Roman religious 

1788
01:38:57,000 --> 01:39:00,700
Concepts, creating hybrid 
festivals that combined elements

1789
01:39:00,700 --> 01:39:04,000
from both traditions. 
This cultural mixing was most 

1790
01:39:04,000 --> 01:39:07,700
intense in the Border regions 
places, like Roman Britain, 

1791
01:39:07,700 --> 01:39:10,900
where Celtic and Roman 
populations lived side by side 

1792
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:14,300
for centuries. 
The Roman writer Lucan 

1793
01:39:14,300 --> 01:39:16,900
describing Celtic religious 
practices. 

1794
01:39:16,900 --> 01:39:21,200
Was both horrified and 
fascinated by their intensity. 

1795
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:24,600
He wrote about sacred Grove's 
where the Celts made offerings 

1796
01:39:24,600 --> 01:39:27,400
places. 
So permeated with Supernatural 

1797
01:39:27,400 --> 01:39:31,000
presence, that even Birds 
wouldn't land in the trees his 

1798
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:34,400
description, though probably 
exaggerated capture the sense 

1799
01:39:34,400 --> 01:39:36,900
that Roman observers felt they 
were encountering, something 

1800
01:39:36,900 --> 01:39:42,100
older and wilder than their own 
relatively organized religious 

1801
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:45,400
practices. 
But Romans also brought their 

1802
01:39:45,400 --> 01:39:50,100
own influences to Celtic lands. 
They constructed tombs along 

1803
01:39:50,100 --> 01:39:53,400
Roman roads in Celtic 
territories establishing the 

1804
01:39:53,400 --> 01:39:56,000
same kind of relationship 
between the living and the dead.

1805
01:39:56,000 --> 01:39:59,400
That existed around Rome itself,
they brought their calendar, 

1806
01:39:59,400 --> 01:40:02,300
their festivals and their 
organized approach to religious 

1807
01:40:02,300 --> 01:40:06,400
observance over Generations 
Celtic and Roman practices 

1808
01:40:06,400 --> 01:40:10,100
blended into something new. 
Not quite either one, but 

1809
01:40:10,100 --> 01:40:14,200
containing elements of both. 
This blending accelerated with 

1810
01:40:14,200 --> 01:40:17,400
the spread of Christianity, 
through the Roman Empire, early 

1811
01:40:17,400 --> 01:40:20,800
Christians seeking to replace 
Pagan festivals with Christian. 

1812
01:40:20,800 --> 01:40:24,400
Observance is chose dates that 
coincided with existing 

1813
01:40:24,400 --> 01:40:27,500
celebrations. 
All Saints Day was deliberately 

1814
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:32,300
placed on November 1st the day 
after Sam Hine in an attempt to 

1815
01:40:32,300 --> 01:40:33,900
christianize the existing 
Festival. 

1816
01:40:33,900 --> 01:40:36,600
All Souls day. 
Followed on November the 2nd 

1817
01:40:36,600 --> 01:40:40,400
incorporating elements of both 
Roman and Celtic practices 

1818
01:40:40,400 --> 01:40:42,700
around. 
Honoring the dead these 

1819
01:40:42,700 --> 01:40:46,300
Christian festivals retained 
many pre-christian elements, the

1820
01:40:46,300 --> 01:40:49,100
practice of visiting Graves and 
leaving offerings continued, 

1821
01:40:49,100 --> 01:40:52,500
just with Christian prayers and 
stead of pagan ones. 

1822
01:40:52,500 --> 01:40:56,600
The bonfires continued. 
Now blessed by priests rather 

1823
01:40:56,600 --> 01:41:00,600
than Druids, the sense that late
Autumn was a special time for 

1824
01:41:00,600 --> 01:41:04,500
thinking about death, and the 
dead persisted even as the 

1825
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:08,900
theological framework change. 
What emerged from the centuries 

1826
01:41:08,900 --> 01:41:12,200
of cultural mixing was a set of 
traditions that combined Roman 

1827
01:41:12,200 --> 01:41:15,000
practicality. 
The Celtic mysticism, 

1828
01:41:15,000 --> 01:41:18,500
Mediterranean order with 
Northern intensity and Civic 

1829
01:41:18,500 --> 01:41:22,100
religion with ecstatic practice,
when these Traditions eventually

1830
01:41:22,100 --> 01:41:23,900
crossed the Atlantic to North 
America. 

1831
01:41:23,900 --> 01:41:26,900
They evolved further 
incorporating yet. 

1832
01:41:26,900 --> 01:41:29,700
More cultural influences to 
become the Halloween, we know, 

1833
01:41:29,700 --> 01:41:32,900
today, but the Roman 
contribution to this Evolution 

1834
01:41:32,900 --> 01:41:36,500
shouldn't be underestimated. 
The idea that the dead need to 

1835
01:41:36,500 --> 01:41:39,300
be remembered and honored that 
offering should be made to 

1836
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:41,600
maintain good relationships with
the deceased. 

1837
01:41:41,600 --> 01:41:46,000
That Autumn is a time for 
thinking about mortality, All of

1838
01:41:46,000 --> 01:41:49,500
these, have Roman roots that 
reach back to the ferraria. 

1839
01:41:49,500 --> 01:41:51,500
Lemuria and the countless 
household. 

1840
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:53,800
Rituals that punctuated Roman 
Life. 

1841
01:41:54,900 --> 01:41:57,900
As you nestled deeper into your 
blanket, perhaps wandering, what

1842
01:41:57,900 --> 01:41:59,900
all these ancient history has to
do with the world? 

1843
01:41:59,900 --> 01:42:02,900
You inhabit? 
Let's trace the threads that 

1844
01:42:02,900 --> 01:42:05,900
connect Roman Autumn festivals 
to the Customs. 

1845
01:42:05,900 --> 01:42:08,700
You might practice today without
even realizing their Origins. 

1846
01:42:09,700 --> 01:42:12,700
Every time you visit a cemetery 
on Memorial Day or All Souls 

1847
01:42:12,700 --> 01:42:16,100
day, placing flowers on a grave 
and speaking memories of the 

1848
01:42:16,100 --> 01:42:20,100
deceased, your participating in 
a tradition that leads directly 

1849
01:42:20,100 --> 01:42:23,300
back to Roman practices. 
During the ferraria, the 

1850
01:42:23,300 --> 01:42:26,700
specific forms of changed you 
probably don't pour wine on the 

1851
01:42:26,708 --> 01:42:29,900
grave or scatter grain, but the 
essential gesture remains 

1852
01:42:29,900 --> 01:42:32,200
identical. 
You're maintaining the 

1853
01:42:32,200 --> 01:42:34,100
connection between the living 
and the dead. 

1854
01:42:34,100 --> 01:42:38,100
And showing that the deceased to
remembered and affirming that 

1855
01:42:38,108 --> 01:42:42,500
death doesn't end relationships,
but transforms them when you 

1856
01:42:42,500 --> 01:42:46,800
attend a funeral and participate
in a memorial meal, afterward 

1857
01:42:46,800 --> 01:42:50,200
sharing food and stories about 
the person who died your 

1858
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:53,700
echoing, Roman funeral Bank 
wits, the Romans understood 

1859
01:42:53,700 --> 01:42:56,300
something that modern grief 
counselors have rediscovered, 

1860
01:42:57,000 --> 01:42:59,900
The communally eating in the 
presence of deaths of important 

1861
01:42:59,900 --> 01:43:13,100
cycle. 
The Halloween tradition of 

1862
01:43:13,100 --> 01:43:16,000
leaving out food, for Spirits, 
has direct parallels, to both 

1863
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:19,600
Roman and Celtic practices. 
When children place, cookies, 

1864
01:43:19,600 --> 01:43:22,400
and milk for Santa Claus. 
Their participating in a 

1865
01:43:22,400 --> 01:43:26,500
secularized version of offerings
to supernatural beings, a 

1866
01:43:26,500 --> 01:43:28,600
practice that Romans performed 
throughout the year. 

1867
01:43:28,600 --> 01:43:32,600
But especially during Autumn 
festivals, the form has changed,

1868
01:43:32,600 --> 01:43:35,800
the theological justification 
has vanished. 

1869
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:40,300
But the basic gesture persists, 
we leave food for beings. 

1870
01:43:40,300 --> 01:43:43,700
We cannot see acknowledging 
Powers beyond our control. 

1871
01:43:45,100 --> 01:43:48,700
Jacqueline Tums those carved 
pumpkins with candles inside 

1872
01:43:48,700 --> 01:43:51,700
descend from Celtic turnip 
Blanton's. 

1873
01:43:51,700 --> 01:43:54,500
But server function that Romans 
would have understood perfectly.

1874
01:43:54,500 --> 01:43:58,300
Their boundary markers 
protective devices that creates 

1875
01:43:58,300 --> 01:44:02,800
safe spaces around by Darkness, 
Roman lamps placed around tombs 

1876
01:44:02,800 --> 01:44:05,700
during the ferraria. 
Serve the same purpose like 

1877
01:44:05,700 --> 01:44:09,700
pushing back against Shadow 
human craft, creating zones of 

1878
01:44:09,700 --> 01:44:14,900
safety in a dangerous world. 
The modern practice of costume 

1879
01:44:14,900 --> 01:44:19,100
wearing on Halloween has 
multiple Origins, but one thread

1880
01:44:19,100 --> 01:44:22,300
leads back to Roman festivals 
where social norms were 

1881
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:26,200
temporarily suspended during 
saturnalia, Romans wore 

1882
01:44:26,200 --> 01:44:29,600
different clothes and adopted 
different roles, Master served 

1883
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:34,000
slaves, serious people, acted 
foolish, a normal hierarchies 

1884
01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:38,300
were inverted Halloween costume,
service similar function, their 

1885
01:44:38,300 --> 01:44:41,300
permission to become someone 
else to transgress normal, 

1886
01:44:41,300 --> 01:44:45,100
boundaries to play with identity
and ways that ordinary life 

1887
01:44:45,100 --> 01:44:47,800
doesn't permit. 
Even our modern Harvest 

1888
01:44:47,800 --> 01:44:51,800
festivals Thanksgiving an 
American Harvest Home. 

1889
01:44:51,800 --> 01:44:55,400
Celebrations in Britain Echo the
Roman practice of communal 

1890
01:44:55,400 --> 01:44:57,800
feasting to Mark agricultural 
Cycles. 

1891
01:44:57,800 --> 01:45:01,200
The specific foods of changed 
according to what different 

1892
01:45:01,200 --> 01:45:04,600
regions produce but the 
underlying pattern remains 

1893
01:45:04,600 --> 01:45:07,600
gather the community share of 
abundant food. 

1894
01:45:07,600 --> 01:45:11,200
Give thanks for survival and 
prepare, mentally and physically

1895
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:15,300
for winter, scarce City. 
The Roman Calendar reform that 

1896
01:45:15,308 --> 01:45:17,500
gave us. 
The Julian calendar later 

1897
01:45:17,500 --> 01:45:19,400
modified into the Gregorian 
calendar. 

1898
01:45:19,400 --> 01:45:23,000
We use today means that our 
entire temporal framework, has 

1899
01:45:23,000 --> 01:45:25,900
Roman Origins. 
We're not to gives way to 

1900
01:45:25,900 --> 01:45:28,200
November. 
When you note that the days are 

1901
01:45:28,200 --> 01:45:31,700
growing shorter and winter 
approaches, your experiencing 

1902
01:45:31,700 --> 01:45:34,700
time in a way that was 
deliberately structured by Roman

1903
01:45:34,700 --> 01:45:39,100
Innovations, our months have 
Roman names and our concept of 

1904
01:45:39,100 --> 01:45:42,300
when the year begins and ends 
reflects Roman decisions. 

1905
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:45,600
The Persistence of these 
Traditions reveal something 

1906
01:45:45,600 --> 01:45:49,400
important about human culture. 
We're not as modern as we 

1907
01:45:49,400 --> 01:45:52,700
sometimes think beneath the 
technology in the secular 

1908
01:45:52,700 --> 01:45:56,200
worldview in the scientific 
understanding of death, we're 

1909
01:45:56,200 --> 01:45:58,900
still performing rituals that 
are ancestors would recognize. 

1910
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:03,300
He still need to Mark 
transitions to honor our dead to

1911
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:07,000
gather in the face of Darkness 
to eat together and tell stories

1912
01:46:07,000 --> 01:46:09,100
and to light fires against the 
cold. 

1913
01:46:10,300 --> 01:46:13,200
Rome's lasting contribution to 
Autumn Traditions wasn't 

1914
01:46:13,200 --> 01:46:16,900
primarily in specific rituals, 
though many of those persist. 

1915
01:46:16,900 --> 01:46:20,400
But in the framework for 
thinking about death community 

1916
01:46:20,400 --> 01:46:22,900
and the relationship between 
living and dead. 

1917
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:26,900
The Roman approach was 
practical, structured communal 

1918
01:46:26,900 --> 01:46:30,900
and integrated into daily life 
rather than segregated into 

1919
01:46:30,900 --> 01:46:34,700
special spiritual moments. 
This framework proved remarkably

1920
01:46:34,700 --> 01:46:38,700
durable capable of absorbing 
influences from other cultures 

1921
01:46:38,700 --> 01:46:40,600
while maintaining essential 
character. 

1922
01:46:41,400 --> 01:46:44,500
When Christianity spread through
the Roman Empire, it didn't 

1923
01:46:44,500 --> 01:46:46,700
entirely replace these 
Traditions but rather 

1924
01:46:46,700 --> 01:46:50,800
Incorporated and transformed 
them Church, calendars included 

1925
01:46:50,800 --> 01:46:53,400
Saints days that mirrored the 
Roman festival calendar 

1926
01:46:53,400 --> 01:46:57,500
Christian funerals adopted, 
Roman practices around Memorial 

1927
01:46:57,500 --> 01:47:00,600
meals and tomb visiting the 
veneration of saints. 

1928
01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:03,500
Relics, reflected Roman 
practices around honoring the 

1929
01:47:03,508 --> 01:47:06,500
dead and maintaining connections
with the Departed. 

1930
01:47:07,400 --> 01:47:09,600
The Renaissance and 
Enlightenment challenged, some 

1931
01:47:09,600 --> 01:47:11,800
traditional practices around 
death and the dead. 

1932
01:47:11,800 --> 01:47:15,900
But even modern secular 
societies maintain versions of 

1933
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:20,200
ancient custards Memorial Day 
Veteran's Day Holocaust. 

1934
01:47:20,200 --> 01:47:22,900
Memorial Day. 
All of these are essentially 

1935
01:47:22,900 --> 01:47:25,500
secularized versions of 
festivals for the dead. 

1936
01:47:25,500 --> 01:47:29,200
Maintaining the principle that 
communities have obligations to 

1937
01:47:29,200 --> 01:47:30,800
remember and honor those who 
have died. 

1938
01:47:32,800 --> 01:47:36,800
The way we design cemeteries 
today with permanent markers and

1939
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:40,500
maintained grounds reflects 
Roman influence before Roman 

1940
01:47:40,500 --> 01:47:44,300
practices spread through Europe 
many cultures, buried their dead

1941
01:47:44,300 --> 01:47:48,000
in temporary or unmarked Graves.
The Roman insistence on 

1942
01:47:48,000 --> 01:47:52,100
permanent memorials on tombs 
that would endure and on 

1943
01:47:52,100 --> 01:47:55,200
inscription that would preserve 
names and achievements changed 

1944
01:47:55,200 --> 01:47:57,800
how Europeans thought about 
death and Rememberance. 

1945
01:47:58,500 --> 01:48:02,700
Even our ghost stories, a modern
Halloween staple Echo. 

1946
01:48:02,700 --> 01:48:05,700
Roman concerns about Restless 
spirits and proper burial. 

1947
01:48:05,700 --> 01:48:08,900
The archetype of the vengeful 
ghosts, who cannot rest until 

1948
01:48:08,900 --> 01:48:12,000
some wrong is rated appears in 
Roman literature and persists, 

1949
01:48:12,000 --> 01:48:15,200
in modern horror fiction, the 
tools for dealing with ghosts 

1950
01:48:15,200 --> 01:48:18,300
protective gestures specific 
rituals and offerings of 

1951
01:48:18,300 --> 01:48:20,800
appeasement all have Roman 
precedence. 

1952
01:48:21,500 --> 01:48:23,700
The agricultural calendar that 
structured. 

1953
01:48:23,700 --> 01:48:27,100
Roman Autumn festivals has 
become less relevant as most 

1954
01:48:27,100 --> 01:48:30,400
people no longer Farm or depend 
directly on harvests. 

1955
01:48:30,400 --> 01:48:34,100
But the cycle patterns those 
festivals addressed remain. 

1956
01:48:34,100 --> 01:48:37,900
We still need markers. 
For seasonal transitions, we 

1957
01:48:37,900 --> 01:48:40,900
still respond emotionally to 
Shorter days and Colder Weather.

1958
01:48:40,908 --> 01:48:44,200
And we still feel the need to 
gather, and feast before 

1959
01:48:44,200 --> 01:48:47,600
Winter's isolation, Halloween, 
and Thanksgiving, serve these 

1960
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:50,800
functions for modern Americans 
much as Autumn festivals. 

1961
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:55,200
Serve them for ancient Romans. 
What's perhaps most remarkable 

1962
01:48:55,200 --> 01:48:58,800
is, how these Traditions 
persist, even when their 

1963
01:48:58,800 --> 01:49:00,500
original meanings have been 
forgotten. 

1964
01:49:00,500 --> 01:49:03,700
Most people who carved 
jack-o-lanterns or visit Graves 

1965
01:49:03,700 --> 01:49:06,700
on Memorial Day, have no idea 
their participating in 

1966
01:49:06,700 --> 01:49:10,400
Traditions with roots. 2000 
years deep, the practices 

1967
01:49:10,400 --> 01:49:13,400
continue because they fulfill 
human needs that transcend 

1968
01:49:13,400 --> 01:49:15,900
specific cultural or historical 
contexts. 

1969
01:49:18,900 --> 01:49:21,900
As our journey through Roman, 
Autumn festivals, comes to its 

1970
01:49:21,900 --> 01:49:24,500
gentle clothes. 
And as you prepare to drift into

1971
01:49:24,500 --> 01:49:28,600
sleep, let's take a final moment
to reflect on what these ancient

1972
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:32,100
practices reveal about human 
nature and our relationship with

1973
01:49:32,100 --> 01:49:35,300
mortality. 
The Romans were not a 

1974
01:49:35,300 --> 01:49:39,400
particularly mystical people, 
they were practical legalistic 

1975
01:49:39,400 --> 01:49:41,800
concrete, thinkers, who 
approached religion as a 

1976
01:49:41,800 --> 01:49:45,900
contractual arrangement Do the 
right rituals and the gods will 

1977
01:49:45,900 --> 01:49:49,400
fulfill their obligations. 
Yet even these pragmatic people 

1978
01:49:49,400 --> 01:49:52,700
recognize that Autumn was 
special, that the boundary 

1979
01:49:52,700 --> 01:49:55,100
between living and dead 
required, careful maintenance, 

1980
01:49:55,100 --> 01:49:58,300
and that death was not something
to be ignored, but rather 

1981
01:49:58,300 --> 01:50:03,500
integrated into the Rhythm of 
Life, their Autumn festivals for

1982
01:50:03,500 --> 01:50:07,000
Aliyah lemuria, Pomona 
celebrations, and the countless 

1983
01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:11,000
household rituals represented. 
A sophisticated understanding of

1984
01:50:11,000 --> 01:50:14,000
what we might Now. 
Call death acceptance, Romans 

1985
01:50:14,000 --> 01:50:17,000
didn't try to deny more tality 
or pretend that death was an 

1986
01:50:17,000 --> 01:50:21,200
easily overcome obstacle, they 
face it squarely acknowledged, 

1987
01:50:21,200 --> 01:50:24,700
its power and developed 
elaborate social mechanisms for 

1988
01:50:24,700 --> 01:50:27,900
processing grief and maintaining
connections with the deceased. 

1989
01:50:30,000 --> 01:50:33,400
This approach has much to teach 
our own death, denying culture 

1990
01:50:33,400 --> 01:50:37,300
modern Western Society, often 
treats death as a failure rather

1991
01:50:37,300 --> 01:50:41,400
than an inevitability something 
to be hidden away in hospitals, 

1992
01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:44,600
and funeral homes, rather than 
integrated into daily life. 

1993
01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:48,800
We've lost the Roman comfort 
with mortality, their acceptance

1994
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:52,200
that death is part of existence 
rather than a violation of it. 

1995
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:56,200
The Roman practice of locating 
tombs along roads. 

1996
01:50:57,000 --> 01:50:59,500
Ensuring that The Living Past. 
Constantly among the dead 

1997
01:50:59,500 --> 01:51:02,700
embodied. 
A philosophy that modern people 

1998
01:51:02,700 --> 01:51:06,200
might benefit from recovering 
death is not separate from life,

1999
01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:09,600
but woven through it, every 
generation joins, the dead of 

2000
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:12,000
Venturi. 
Remembering this doesn't have to

2001
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:14,800
be more bid. 
It can be grounding perspective 

2002
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:18,900
giving and even comforting. 
The Autumn festivals. 

2003
01:51:18,900 --> 01:51:22,900
Also reveal Roman sophistication
about ritual and its cycle 

2004
01:51:22,900 --> 01:51:25,100
functions. 
He understood. 

2005
01:51:25,100 --> 01:51:29,300
The grief needs structure, that 
transitions require marking and 

2006
01:51:29,300 --> 01:51:32,300
that abstract Concepts become 
manageable when given concrete 

2007
01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:34,600
form. 
The bean spitting ritual of 

2008
01:51:34,608 --> 01:51:38,000
lemuria might seem silly to 
Modern sensibilities, but it 

2009
01:51:38,000 --> 01:51:41,500
provided a specific action that 
addressed generalized anxiety 

2010
01:51:41,500 --> 01:51:46,100
about malevolence Spirits, the 
offering gave morning families, 

2011
01:51:46,100 --> 01:51:48,100
something productive to do with 
their grief. 

2012
01:51:49,000 --> 01:51:52,600
We've lost much of this ritual 
sophistication and you can see 

2013
01:51:52,600 --> 01:51:55,800
the consequences in how modern 
people struggle with grief and 

2014
01:51:55,808 --> 01:51:59,600
mortality without structured, 
rituals, people often feel lost 

2015
01:51:59,600 --> 01:52:02,400
when facing death. 
Unsure, how to express sorrow, 

2016
01:52:02,400 --> 01:52:06,700
or honor the deceased, the Roman
Calendar of festivals provided a

2017
01:52:06,700 --> 01:52:09,000
framework that made death 
manageable without making it 

2018
01:52:09,000 --> 01:52:12,700
trivial the agricultural 
dimension of Roman, Autumn 

2019
01:52:12,700 --> 01:52:16,200
festivals reminds us that for 
most of human history survival 

2020
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:19,900
was precarious and seasonal, 
Harvest wasn't a quaint rural 

2021
01:52:19,900 --> 01:52:23,700
activity but a matter of life 
and death The abundance or 

2022
01:52:23,700 --> 01:52:25,700
scarcity of the Harvest 
determined. 

2023
01:52:25,700 --> 01:52:27,400
Whether families would survive 
the winter. 

2024
01:52:27,400 --> 01:52:31,300
Modern people insulated from 
these realities by grocery 

2025
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:35,000
stores and Global Food Systems 
have lost touch with the anxiety

2026
01:52:35,000 --> 01:52:37,200
and gratitude that Harvest 
generated. 

2027
01:52:38,100 --> 01:52:40,600
Yet we still respond to Autumn 
on some deep level. 

2028
01:52:40,600 --> 01:52:44,700
We still feel the urge to gather
Provisions to feast and to 

2029
01:52:44,700 --> 01:52:48,600
prepare for Winter's Darkness. 
These responses are written in 

2030
01:52:48,600 --> 01:52:51,800
to our Psychology, by thousands 
of years of seasonal, living 

2031
01:52:51,800 --> 01:52:55,300
Halloween and Thanksgiving tap 
into these ancient patterns 

2032
01:52:55,300 --> 01:52:59,400
giving us culturally sanctioned 
ways to express impulses that no

2033
01:52:59,400 --> 01:53:02,800
longer have practical, survival 
value, but remain emotionally 

2034
01:53:02,800 --> 01:53:07,100
significant. 
The Roman emphasis on community 

2035
01:53:07,100 --> 01:53:10,100
during Autumn festivals, also 
deserves attention. 

2036
01:53:10,100 --> 01:53:13,600
Their festivals were not Private
Affairs, but communal 

2037
01:53:13,600 --> 01:53:17,500
observances that strengthen 
social bonds families gathered 

2038
01:53:17,500 --> 01:53:21,100
neighbors helped each other with
Harvest and preservation and the

2039
01:53:21,100 --> 01:53:24,300
entire city participated in 
festivals for the dead. 

2040
01:53:24,300 --> 01:53:27,700
This communal Dimension, 
provided support systems that 

2041
01:53:27,700 --> 01:53:31,600
helped people cope with death 
scarcity, and the challenges of 

2042
01:53:31,600 --> 01:53:34,600
seasonal change. 
Modern life's. 

2043
01:53:34,600 --> 01:53:37,700
In individualism, has eroded 
many of these communal. 

2044
01:53:37,700 --> 01:53:42,000
Supports people often face 
grief, alone, process mortality,

2045
01:53:42,000 --> 01:53:45,100
and isolation and lack. 
The structured Community 

2046
01:53:45,100 --> 01:53:48,200
Gathering that helped Romans 
navigate difficult transitions 

2047
01:53:48,200 --> 01:53:51,500
rebuilding, some form of 
communal ritual around death and

2048
01:53:51,500 --> 01:53:53,200
seasonal. 
Change might address some of 

2049
01:53:53,208 --> 01:53:55,400
modern societies epidemic 
loneliness. 

2050
01:53:56,500 --> 01:53:58,800
As you drift towards sleep 
consider. 

2051
01:53:58,800 --> 01:54:01,300
The Romans who want to perform 
these Autumn rituals. 

2052
01:54:01,300 --> 01:54:04,600
They're all dead. 
Now, of course, dead for 2000 

2053
01:54:04,600 --> 01:54:09,300
years, the specific people who 
poured wine on family tombs, who

2054
01:54:09,300 --> 01:54:12,500
scattered beans to appease 
leaners, who offered first 

2055
01:54:12,500 --> 01:54:16,200
fruits to Pomona all gone. 
Their names mostly forgotten 

2056
01:54:16,200 --> 01:54:19,600
their lives reduced to 
archaeological traces and 

2057
01:54:19,600 --> 01:54:23,700
fragmentary texts. 
Yet in a sense, they're not 

2058
01:54:23,708 --> 01:54:28,000
entirely gone, their practices, 
persist transformed, but 

2059
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:31,900
recognizable their understanding
of death and seasonal change 

2060
01:54:31,900 --> 01:54:34,500
continues to influence how we 
think about these matters. 

2061
01:54:34,500 --> 01:54:38,100
When you carve a pumpkin or 
visit a cemetery or gather for a

2062
01:54:38,100 --> 01:54:41,200
harvest Feast, your performing 
variations on rituals, they 

2063
01:54:41,200 --> 01:54:44,800
would understand your part of a 
human story that stretches back 

2064
01:54:44,800 --> 01:54:47,100
through. 
Countless Generations, all of 

2065
01:54:47,100 --> 01:54:49,200
them facing the same basic 
realities. 

2066
01:54:49,900 --> 01:54:54,200
The changing seasons, the 
certainty of death, the need for

2067
01:54:54,200 --> 01:54:57,200
community, and the search for 
meaning in the face of 

2068
01:54:57,200 --> 01:55:00,900
mortality. 
The Autumn festivals of ancient 

2069
01:55:00,900 --> 01:55:02,800
Rome. 
Remind us that we're not the 

2070
01:55:02,800 --> 01:55:05,300
first people to Grapple with 
these Eternal questions. 

2071
01:55:05,300 --> 01:55:09,100
We're not alone in our mortality
or our struggles to make sense 

2072
01:55:09,100 --> 01:55:12,500
of death were part of a Long, 
human tradition of facing 

2073
01:55:12,500 --> 01:55:16,100
Darkness, with light meeting 
death, with ritual, and 

2074
01:55:16,100 --> 01:55:18,600
gathering together, when the 
nights grow, cold and long 

2075
01:55:18,600 --> 01:55:21,200
sleep. 
Well, then knowing that the 

2076
01:55:21,200 --> 01:55:25,100
rhythms that structured Roman 
Autumn the Harvest, the honoring

2077
01:55:25,100 --> 01:55:29,500
of the Dead, the preparation for
winter continue to structure, 

2078
01:55:29,500 --> 01:55:31,708
our own lives. 
Whether we recognize them or not

2079
01:55:31,716 --> 01:55:36,000
the season still turn, the dead 
still require our remembrance 

2080
01:55:36,000 --> 01:55:38,900
and Autumn Remains the time when
the boundary between worlds 

2081
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:43,500
grows in Tomorrow, when you wake
to another autumn day, you'll be

2082
01:55:43,500 --> 01:55:46,000
participating in that same 
Eternal cycle. 

2083
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:50,100
The specific forms may have 
changed You'll check your 

2084
01:55:50,100 --> 01:55:54,400
thermostat in a Hearthfire and 
you'll buy bread instead of 

2085
01:55:54,408 --> 01:55:58,000
baking it from your own wheat. 
But the underlying patterns 

2086
01:55:58,000 --> 01:56:02,500
persist, Autumn is still a time 
of transition, still a season 

2087
01:56:02,500 --> 01:56:05,500
that calls us to remember our 
dead and prepare for Darkness. 

2088
01:56:06,300 --> 01:56:09,400
Still a moment, when the veil 
Between Worlds seems permeable. 

2089
01:56:10,600 --> 01:56:13,500
And that's perhaps the most 
comforting Legacy of Roman 

2090
01:56:13,500 --> 01:56:16,200
Autumn festivals. 
They remind us that we're not 

2091
01:56:16,208 --> 01:56:19,500
alone in our experience of 
mortality, seasonal change, and 

2092
01:56:19,500 --> 01:56:22,800
the Mysteries that lie Beyond 
ordinary life were part of an 

2093
01:56:22,800 --> 01:56:25,600
unbroken human chain, reaching 
back through time. 

2094
01:56:25,600 --> 01:56:28,800
All of us, trying to make sense 
of the same Eternal questions. 

2095
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:32,100
All of us lighting our small 
fires against the Gathering 

2096
01:56:32,100 --> 01:56:36,400
dark, The Romans had a phrase, 
momentum Maury. 

2097
01:56:36,400 --> 01:56:41,500
Remember that you will die, it 
sounds Grim to Modern ears, but 

2098
01:56:41,500 --> 01:56:43,500
they didn't mean it as a morbid 
Obsession. 

2099
01:56:43,500 --> 01:56:46,800
They meant it. 
As a reminder to live fully to, 

2100
01:56:46,800 --> 01:56:50,600
not waste the time you have and 
to honor your relationships and 

2101
01:56:50,600 --> 01:56:53,100
obligations. 
While you can, there are Autumn 

2102
01:56:53,100 --> 01:56:54,000
festivals. 
Embodied. 

2103
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:56,800
This philosophy acknowledging 
death's reality while 

2104
01:56:56,800 --> 01:57:00,300
celebrating life's abundance 
preparing for winter, while 

2105
01:57:00,300 --> 01:57:03,200
giving thanks for Harvest and 
honoring the dead while 

2106
01:57:03,200 --> 01:57:06,600
affirming connection with the 
living, as your eyes, grow, 

2107
01:57:06,600 --> 01:57:08,900
heavy and Consciousness, begins 
to slip away. 

2108
01:57:08,900 --> 01:57:12,700
Let yourself feel connected to 
those ancient Romans performing,

2109
01:57:12,700 --> 01:57:16,100
their Autumn rituals. 
Let yourself feel the continuity

2110
01:57:16,100 --> 01:57:18,800
that links you to them. 
Across 2000 years of History, 

2111
01:57:18,800 --> 01:57:22,900
your part of the same human 
story facing the same, seasonal 

2112
01:57:22,900 --> 01:57:26,200
transitions grappling with the 
same fundamental Mysteries. 

2113
01:57:26,200 --> 01:57:30,500
The fire on the half Burns, low,
now, outside Autumn night as 

2114
01:57:30,500 --> 01:57:33,900
fully and the Stars, we all 
overhead in their Eternal 

2115
01:57:33,900 --> 01:57:38,200
patterns the same stars that 
Sean on Ancient Rome, the same 

2116
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:40,800
sky that covered the tombs along
the Via Appia. 

2117
01:57:40,800 --> 01:57:43,700
When families made their 
offerings during the ferraria 

2118
01:57:43,700 --> 01:57:48,400
time moves forward, but some 
things remain constant, the 

2119
01:57:48,400 --> 01:57:51,400
seasons, the stars, and the 
human need to Mark Transitions 

2120
01:57:51,400 --> 01:57:55,600
and honor the Dead. 
Rest now in the knowledge that 

2121
01:57:55,600 --> 01:57:59,500
you're held in patterns, older 
than Rome, part of cycles, that 

2122
01:57:59,500 --> 01:58:02,300
will continue long. 
After all of us, have joined the

2123
01:58:02,308 --> 01:58:04,500
ancestors. 
Tomorrow will bring another 

2124
01:58:04,500 --> 01:58:07,100
autumn day. 
Another opportunity to 

2125
01:58:07,100 --> 01:58:10,300
participate in the Eternal dance
between light and darkness, 

2126
01:58:10,300 --> 01:58:14,300
life, and death, and 
Remembrance, and forgetting. 

2127
01:58:15,200 --> 01:58:19,300
But for now sleep, let the 
ancient rhythms carry you into 

2128
01:58:19,300 --> 01:58:22,300
dreams. 
Let the wisdom of Roman Autumn 

2129
01:58:22,300 --> 01:58:26,000
festivals, inform your rest. 
The dead acquired tonight, 

2130
01:58:26,000 --> 01:58:29,700
properly honored and peacefully,
sleeping, the Harvest is 

2131
01:58:29,700 --> 01:58:33,400
gathered, the fires are lit and 
all is, as it should be. 

2132
01:58:33,400 --> 01:58:37,100
In this eternal, Autumn the 
Connex, past to present living 

2133
01:58:37,100 --> 01:58:41,000
today, and each of us to the 
Long human story that began long

2134
01:58:41,000 --> 01:58:48,800
ago and continues still. 
In 1907, on a warm spring day 

2135
01:58:48,800 --> 01:58:51,900
Janet Waterford entered, a world
that had yet, to imagine her 

2136
01:58:51,900 --> 01:58:54,500
possibilities. 
While the Wright brothers were 

2137
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:56,200
still perfecting their flying 
machines. 

2138
01:58:56,200 --> 01:58:59,300
And powered flight was a novelty
for Daredevils and dreamers. 

2139
01:58:59,300 --> 01:59:02,900
Born in Griffin, Georgia to 
parents who had witnessed the 

2140
01:59:02,900 --> 01:59:06,100
tail end of reconstruction. 
Janet arrived during an era. 

2141
01:59:06,100 --> 01:59:08,900
When black Americans were 
fighting for basic respect and 

2142
01:59:08,900 --> 01:59:13,300
dignity, let alone the freedom 
to sort through the skies The 

2143
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:16,000
conventional narratives about 
Janet often begin with her 

2144
01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:19,600
nursing career or jump straight 
to our Aviation accomplishments.

2145
01:59:20,500 --> 01:59:23,700
But what shaped the woman, who 
would challenge both racial and 

2146
01:59:23,700 --> 01:59:25,300
gender boundaries in American 
Aviation? 

2147
01:59:26,300 --> 01:59:28,800
The answer lies partly in the 
intellectual atmosphere of her 

2148
01:59:28,800 --> 01:59:31,900
childhood home, where her 
father, an architect and 

2149
01:59:31,900 --> 01:59:35,800
Builder, instilled in her, not 
just the confidence to pursue 

2150
01:59:35,800 --> 01:59:39,100
education but a fundamental 
understanding of structural 

2151
01:59:39,100 --> 01:59:44,400
Integrity balance and Design. 
Concepts that would later serve 

2152
01:59:44,400 --> 01:59:46,800
her. 
Well in aviation Janet's mother 

2153
01:59:46,800 --> 01:59:50,500
a seamstress whose Deft fingers 
crafted garments that transform 

2154
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:53,800
their wearers, demonstrated 
daily, how precision, and 

2155
01:59:53,800 --> 01:59:56,400
attention to detail could 
Elevate the mundane to the 

2156
01:59:56,408 --> 01:59:59,500
extraordinary. 
Between them, they created a 

2157
01:59:59,500 --> 02:00:02,400
household where Janet learned 
that buildings could rise and 

2158
02:00:02,400 --> 02:00:05,600
fabric could flow into new forms
with the application of 

2159
02:00:05,600 --> 02:00:08,700
knowledge and skill. 
When the Waterford family, 

2160
02:00:08,700 --> 02:00:12,400
relocated Chicago during Janet's
youth, they joined the wave of 

2161
02:00:12,400 --> 02:00:14,700
black American's participating 
in The Great Migration. 

2162
02:00:15,700 --> 02:00:18,700
However, unlike many families 
who were forced North by 

2163
02:00:18,700 --> 02:00:22,700
economic desperation or violent 
persecution, the Waterfords 

2164
02:00:22,700 --> 02:00:25,000
moved with relative privilege 
and preparation. 

2165
02:00:25,800 --> 02:00:29,500
This distinction rarely appears 
in some of Janet's life yet. 

2166
02:00:29,500 --> 02:00:33,100
It provided her with a crucial 
Foundation, she arrived in 

2167
02:00:33,100 --> 02:00:36,700
Chicago, not as a refugee, but 
as a young woman with resources 

2168
02:00:36,700 --> 02:00:40,100
and family support, Poised to 
take advantage of urban 

2169
02:00:40,100 --> 02:00:43,300
educational opportunities. 
At Wendell Phillips. 

2170
02:00:43,300 --> 02:00:45,800
High School, Janet distinguished
herself. 

2171
02:00:45,800 --> 02:00:49,200
Not through extraordinary 
academic performance as many 

2172
02:00:49,200 --> 02:00:52,500
biographical sketches suggest. 
But through her unusual 

2173
02:00:52,500 --> 02:00:56,400
combination of interests, while 
her female classmates focused on

2174
02:00:56,400 --> 02:00:59,900
domestic Sciences or teaching 
Janet gravitated towards the 

2175
02:00:59,900 --> 02:01:02,700
mechanical drawing classes 
dominated by boys. 

2176
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:04,700
She didn't mean merely 
participate. 

2177
02:01:04,700 --> 02:01:07,500
She questioned the instructors 
about the mechanics of Engineers

2178
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:10,500
and structural stability. 
Connecting these Concepts to her

2179
02:01:10,500 --> 02:01:14,200
father's work. 
After graduation Janet made what

2180
02:01:14,200 --> 02:01:17,200
appeared to be a conventional 
choice for a young black woman 

2181
02:01:17,200 --> 02:01:21,700
and hero nursing school. 
Yet her selection of this path. 

2182
02:01:21,700 --> 02:01:25,300
Reveal something more calculated
than Conformity nursing 

2183
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:27,000
represented. 
One of the few professional 

2184
02:01:27,000 --> 02:01:30,200
Fields open to black women that 
offered both Financial stability

2185
02:01:30,200 --> 02:01:33,400
and social respect. 
The Provident Hospital School of

2186
02:01:33,400 --> 02:01:37,100
Nursing, where Janet in rolled 
had been founded by Dr. Daniel 

2187
02:01:37,100 --> 02:01:41,000
Hale, Williams, A pioneering 
black surgeon, who performed one

2188
02:01:41,000 --> 02:01:44,000
of the first successful heart 
surgeries the institution 

2189
02:01:44,000 --> 02:01:46,000
embodied possibility within 
constraint. 

2190
02:01:46,600 --> 02:01:49,400
A concept Janet would later, 
apply to her Aviation career. 

2191
02:01:50,300 --> 02:01:52,300
What's often overlooked about 
Janet's? 

2192
02:01:52,300 --> 02:01:55,000
Nursing career was her 
specialization in public health 

2193
02:01:55,000 --> 02:01:58,808
rather than hospital nursing 
this Choice placed her at the 

2194
02:01:58,816 --> 02:02:01,800
intersection of Science, 
Education and Community 

2195
02:02:01,800 --> 02:02:05,400
advocacy, requiring her to 
develop skills in communicating 

2196
02:02:05,400 --> 02:02:07,600
complex information and 
navigating bureaucracies 

2197
02:02:07,600 --> 02:02:10,500
abilities that would prove 
invaluable when she later 

2198
02:02:10,500 --> 02:02:13,200
confronted. 
The aviation establishment By 

2199
02:02:13,200 --> 02:02:16,900
1929, when the stock market 
crashed and plunged America into

2200
02:02:16,900 --> 02:02:19,900
the Great Depression, Janet had 
established herself as a 

2201
02:02:19,908 --> 02:02:23,600
successful public health, nurse 
with Financial Security that few

2202
02:02:23,600 --> 02:02:25,800
Americans of any background 
enjoyed during this period. 

2203
02:02:26,700 --> 02:02:29,200
This economic independence gave 
her the freedom to pursue 

2204
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:32,600
Aviation that a moment when most
people were focused on basic 

2205
02:02:32,600 --> 02:02:35,700
survival. 
It was during a chance trolley 

2206
02:02:35,700 --> 02:02:38,000
ride through Chicago. 
That Janet spotted a billboard 

2207
02:02:38,000 --> 02:02:41,900
advertising, flying lessons, the
conventional telling suggests 

2208
02:02:41,900 --> 02:02:45,400
the event was a Whimsical moment
of inspiration, but considering 

2209
02:02:45,400 --> 02:02:48,200
Janet's methodical character and
long-standing interest in 

2210
02:02:48,200 --> 02:02:50,300
mechanics. 
It's more like likely this 

2211
02:02:50,300 --> 02:02:52,500
advertisement crystallized and 
ambition, she had been 

2212
02:02:52,508 --> 02:02:55,600
contemplating for some time. 
When she enrolled at the 

2213
02:02:55,608 --> 02:02:58,800
Aeronautical University, Janet 
wasn't just following a dream. 

2214
02:02:58,800 --> 02:03:01,300
She was making a calculated 
investment in her future. 

2215
02:03:01,300 --> 02:03:06,200
In 1929, Aviation represented 
the Forefront of technology and 

2216
02:03:06,200 --> 02:03:09,600
opportunity just as Computing or
artificial intelligence would do

2217
02:03:09,600 --> 02:03:12,600
decades later. 
Janet understood that mastering 

2218
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:14,600
flight could provide 
opportunities beyond what black 

2219
02:03:14,600 --> 02:03:18,200
women in pre-war America 
typically had the story of Janet

2220
02:03:18,200 --> 02:03:20,000
Bragg is not just about breaking
barriers. 

2221
02:03:20,000 --> 02:03:22,500
It's about strategic navigation 
of a system. 

2222
02:03:22,500 --> 02:03:24,200
Designed to exclude people like 
her. 

2223
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:26,400
Before she ever touched an 
aircraft control. 

2224
02:03:26,400 --> 02:03:30,000
She had already developed the 
cycle architecture that would 

2225
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:33,800
allow her to persist through 
rejections and setbacks, Her 

2226
02:03:33,800 --> 02:03:35,200
early life was not just a 
Prelude. 

2227
02:03:35,200 --> 02:03:39,200
It was preparation when Janet 
Waterford, Bragg joined the 

2228
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:42,000
Aeronautical University in 
Chicago, she entered a world 

2229
02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:45,400
constructed for white men. 
The aviation industry of the 

2230
02:03:45,400 --> 02:03:48,200
early, 1930s wasn't really 
segregated by custom. 

2231
02:03:48,200 --> 02:03:51,300
It was designed around the 
assumptions of male physicality,

2232
02:03:51,300 --> 02:03:54,700
and masculine social networks, 
yet Janet's approached to this 

2233
02:03:54,700 --> 02:03:56,500
environment. 
Revealed a sophistication, 

2234
02:03:56,500 --> 02:03:59,400
rarely highlighted in the 
accounts of her life, rather 

2235
02:03:59,400 --> 02:04:02,400
than confronting the system 
head-on Janet adopted, what 

2236
02:04:02,400 --> 02:04:05,800
might be called strategic 
assimilation She dressed 

2237
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:09,500
impeccably for every class 
arriving in professional attire 

2238
02:04:09,500 --> 02:04:12,500
that commanded respect without 
drawing undue attention. 

2239
02:04:13,300 --> 02:04:16,700
Her notebooks preserved in 
archives show, meticulous 

2240
02:04:16,700 --> 02:04:20,000
diagrams and calculations 
evidence of her determination to

2241
02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:21,300
master. 
Not just the minimum 

2242
02:04:21,300 --> 02:04:23,900
requirements, but also the 
underlying principles of 

2243
02:04:23,908 --> 02:04:25,500
aerodynamics and engine 
mechanics. 

2244
02:04:26,500 --> 02:04:28,900
The atmosphere at Aeronautical 
University was complex. 

2245
02:04:29,700 --> 02:04:32,200
While some instructors and 
students openly questioned her 

2246
02:04:32,200 --> 02:04:35,800
presence, others, exhibited, a 
sort of bemused tolerance. 

2247
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:38,500
The kind reserved, for 
Novelties, expected to 

2248
02:04:38,500 --> 02:04:41,900
eventually disappear. 
What none anticipated was 

2249
02:04:41,900 --> 02:04:45,200
Janet's quiet persistence. 
She absorbed technical 

2250
02:04:45,200 --> 02:04:48,500
information with remarkable 
efficiency, often spending 

2251
02:04:48,500 --> 02:04:51,500
evening's reviewing material. 
Multiple times to ensure Mastery

2252
02:04:51,500 --> 02:04:54,500
what seldom discussed in 
accounts of Janet's. 

2253
02:04:54,500 --> 02:04:57,400
Aviation journey is how she 
managed the emotional labor of 

2254
02:04:57,400 --> 02:05:00,300
being perpetually. 
The only one in these spaces. 

2255
02:05:00,300 --> 02:05:03,300
Her journals suggest she 
developed a practice of 

2256
02:05:03,300 --> 02:05:06,600
deliberate Detachment treating 
subtle hostility as data. 

2257
02:05:06,600 --> 02:05:09,900
Rather than personal assault. 
This cycle of geological 

2258
02:05:09,900 --> 02:05:12,800
strategy preserved, her energy 
for the actual work of learning 

2259
02:05:12,800 --> 02:05:15,900
to fly the formation. 
Of the Challenger are pilots 

2260
02:05:15,900 --> 02:05:19,300
Association in 1931 as often 
presented as a straightforward 

2261
02:05:19,300 --> 02:05:22,800
response to discrimination, but 
the organization structure 

2262
02:05:22,800 --> 02:05:25,800
reveals Janet's, sophisticated 
understanding of collective 

2263
02:05:25,800 --> 02:05:29,100
action, When she and a small 
group of other black Aviation 

2264
02:05:29,100 --> 02:05:32,100
students found themselves, 
unable to secure adequate flight

2265
02:05:32,100 --> 02:05:34,900
time at white-owned airfields, 
they didn't merely complain. 

2266
02:05:34,900 --> 02:05:37,600
They pulled their resources to 
purchase land in Robbins, 

2267
02:05:37,600 --> 02:05:40,100
Illinois, and build their own 
Airfield. 

2268
02:05:40,900 --> 02:05:45,200
This Airfield eventually named 
Robin's airport represents a 

2269
02:05:45,200 --> 02:05:46,900
remarkable example of 
self-determination. 

2270
02:05:46,900 --> 02:05:49,900
The construction wasn't 
contracted out to professionals,

2271
02:05:49,900 --> 02:05:54,100
but undertaken by the club 
members themselves Janet drawing

2272
02:05:54,100 --> 02:05:56,200
on knowledge gained from her 
father's building career 

2273
02:05:56,200 --> 02:05:59,700
participated, actively in the 
physical labor of clearing land 

2274
02:05:59,700 --> 02:06:01,600
and constructing basic 
facilities. 

2275
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:04,900
She later remarked that this 
hands on involvement gave her an

2276
02:06:04,908 --> 02:06:06,800
intimate understanding of 
Airfield operations. 

2277
02:06:06,800 --> 02:06:10,500
That many Pilots, never acquired
the purchase of the club's. 

2278
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:14,000
First aircraft are reveals 
Janet's fiscal pragmatism rather

2279
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:17,000
than selecting the newest or 
most impressive model, the group

2280
02:06:17,000 --> 02:06:19,000
chose a used but reliable, 
tailor Club. 

2281
02:06:19,700 --> 02:06:22,500
Janet personally, contributed a 
significant portion of the 

2282
02:06:22,500 --> 02:06:25,600
purchase price leveraging, her 
nursing salary at a time. 

2283
02:06:25,608 --> 02:06:27,300
When many Americans were 
struggling through the 

2284
02:06:27,300 --> 02:06:30,300
depression when this first 
plane, proved insufficient for 

2285
02:06:30,300 --> 02:06:32,700
their growing membership. 
Janice again, stepped forward 

2286
02:06:32,700 --> 02:06:35,500
financially helping to secure 
additional aircraft. 

2287
02:06:35,500 --> 02:06:39,000
The social dynamics within the 
Challenger Club deserve closer 

2288
02:06:39,000 --> 02:06:43,200
examination than they typically 
receive while United by racial 

2289
02:06:43,200 --> 02:06:46,300
identity and Aviation interest, 
the members brought diverse 

2290
02:06:46,300 --> 02:06:49,800
backgrounds and motivations to 
the organization, some were 

2291
02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:53,700
primarily recreational Pilots 
While others like Janet Harvard,

2292
02:06:53,700 --> 02:06:56,500
professional Ambitions as one of
the few women in the group, 

2293
02:06:56,500 --> 02:06:59,800
Janet navigated, gender 
Dynamics, even within this space

2294
02:06:59,800 --> 02:07:03,100
of racial solidarity. 
Her approach to leadership 

2295
02:07:03,100 --> 02:07:04,700
within the club of voided 
dramatic. 

2296
02:07:04,700 --> 02:07:07,500
Pronouncements or power 
struggles, instead she 

2297
02:07:07,500 --> 02:07:10,500
established influence through 
consistent contribution of quiet

2298
02:07:10,500 --> 02:07:13,400
competence. 
When mechanical problems, arose 

2299
02:07:13,400 --> 02:07:16,700
with Club aircraft Janet often 
stayed after others had left 

2300
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:20,800
working alongside the mechanics 
to understand each repair This 

2301
02:07:20,800 --> 02:07:23,900
knowledge translated into 
respect among her peers who 

2302
02:07:23,900 --> 02:07:26,800
increasingly turned to her for 
technical advice despite gender 

2303
02:07:26,800 --> 02:07:30,100
conventions of the era. 
The Challenger Club became more 

2304
02:07:30,100 --> 02:07:31,700
than just an aviation 
organization. 

2305
02:07:31,700 --> 02:07:34,600
It functioned as a hub for 
Chicago's black professional 

2306
02:07:34,600 --> 02:07:37,700
class. 
Doctors lawyers Educators and 

2307
02:07:37,700 --> 02:07:40,300
entrepreneurs were drawn to the 
Airfield to witness what their 

2308
02:07:40,300 --> 02:07:43,400
Community had built. 
Janet understood the symbolic 

2309
02:07:43,400 --> 02:07:45,900
importance of these gatherings 
and helped organize regular 

2310
02:07:45,900 --> 02:07:48,600
events that showcased it black 
achievement in advanced 

2311
02:07:48,600 --> 02:07:51,400
technology. 
These occasions served, the dual

2312
02:07:51,400 --> 02:07:54,700
purpose of normalizing, black 
participation in aviation and 

2313
02:07:54,700 --> 02:07:57,300
building networks of support 
across professional fields. 

2314
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:00,600
What's particularly notable 
about Janet's involvement with 

2315
02:08:00,600 --> 02:08:03,300
the Challenger Club was her 
insistence on formal 

2316
02:08:03,300 --> 02:08:07,100
documentation and record keeping
She maintained detailed logs of 

2317
02:08:07,100 --> 02:08:10,900
flights maintenance schedules 
and financial transactions. 

2318
02:08:10,900 --> 02:08:14,500
Creating an Institutional memory
that helped the organizational 

2319
02:08:14,500 --> 02:08:18,000
weather turnover in membership. 
This administrative diligence 

2320
02:08:18,000 --> 02:08:20,700
reflected her understanding that
the club needed to operate with 

2321
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:23,400
exceptional professionalism to 
withstand scrutiny from 

2322
02:08:23,400 --> 02:08:26,200
authorities constantly looking 
for reasons to challenge black 

2323
02:08:26,200 --> 02:08:29,300
owned Enterprise's. 
The Challenger are pilots 

2324
02:08:29,300 --> 02:08:32,100
Association represented more 
than an opportunity for Flight 

2325
02:08:32,100 --> 02:08:34,200
Training. 
It was a laboratory for 

2326
02:08:34,200 --> 02:08:36,200
Community organization and 
self-reliance. 

2327
02:08:37,300 --> 02:08:40,600
Janet's contributions extended 
far, the financial investments, 

2328
02:08:40,600 --> 02:08:43,400
or technical knowledge. 
She helped to establish a model 

2329
02:08:43,400 --> 02:08:46,300
for how excluded groups could 
create their own infrastructure 

2330
02:08:46,300 --> 02:08:49,400
rather than waiting for 
integration into existing 

2331
02:08:49,400 --> 02:08:53,200
systems. 
When Janet took her first solo 

2332
02:08:53,200 --> 02:08:55,600
flight from The Robin's Airfield
in, 1934. 

2333
02:08:56,400 --> 02:08:59,800
The achievement represented, not
just her personal Milestone, but

2334
02:08:59,800 --> 02:09:03,500
the success of a collective 
strategy, the small airstrip 

2335
02:09:03,500 --> 02:09:06,600
carved from unforgiving, 
Illinois, Prairie stood as 

2336
02:09:06,600 --> 02:09:09,600
testimony to what determination 
and solidarity could accomplish 

2337
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:11,100
in the face of systemic 
barriers. 

2338
02:09:11,100 --> 02:09:14,000
The Lessons Learned at Robbins 
would serve Janet. 

2339
02:09:14,000 --> 02:09:16,400
Well, as she prepared to 
confront even more formidable 

2340
02:09:16,400 --> 02:09:19,500
obstacles on her path to 
commercial certification by 

2341
02:09:19,500 --> 02:09:23,300
1937, Janet Bragg had 
accumulated, hundreds of flight 

2342
02:09:23,300 --> 02:09:25,500
hours and mastered. 
The technical aspects of 

2343
02:09:25,500 --> 02:09:28,100
Aviation to a degree that 
exceeded the requirements for 

2344
02:09:28,100 --> 02:09:31,700
commercial pilots certification.
Yet when she appeared at the 

2345
02:09:31,700 --> 02:09:35,000
examination office in Chicago, 
the atmosphere shifted 

2346
02:09:35,000 --> 02:09:39,000
perceptibly the testing officer.
A man who had routinely 

2347
02:09:39,000 --> 02:09:42,400
processed applications from 
white men with similar or lesser

2348
02:09:42,400 --> 02:09:46,000
qualifications suddenly became a
guardian of it, impossibly high 

2349
02:09:46,000 --> 02:09:49,800
standards what transpired that 
day has been summarized in many 

2350
02:09:49,800 --> 02:09:52,300
accounts as simple 
discrimination, but the 

2351
02:09:52,300 --> 02:09:54,300
mechanics of the rejection 
reveal, something more 

2352
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:58,000
Insidious, The Examiner 
refrained from explicitly citing

2353
02:09:58,000 --> 02:10:01,400
her race or gender. 
As disqualifications as such 

2354
02:10:01,400 --> 02:10:04,300
blatant bias would have been too
vulnerable to challenge. 

2355
02:10:05,100 --> 02:10:08,800
Instead, he subjected Janet to a
series of increasingly technical

2356
02:10:08,800 --> 02:10:11,500
questions about the engine 
components, and emergency 

2357
02:10:11,500 --> 02:10:14,200
procedures exceeded the standard
examination protocol. 

2358
02:10:15,000 --> 02:10:18,400
Janet recognized the strategy, 
her nursing career had taught 

2359
02:10:18,400 --> 02:10:20,900
her how systems maintain 
exclusion through selective 

2360
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:24,400
application of rules, rather 
than explicit prohibition. 

2361
02:10:25,300 --> 02:10:28,600
She answered each question with 
Precision drawing on the 

2362
02:10:28,608 --> 02:10:31,500
extensive technical knowledge. 
He had accumulated not just 

2363
02:10:31,500 --> 02:10:34,400
through formal training, but 
through her hands on experience 

2364
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:38,500
maintaining aircraft at Robin's.
When the oral examination failed

2365
02:10:38,500 --> 02:10:40,500
to find her lacking The 
Examiner. 

2366
02:10:40,500 --> 02:10:43,800
Pivoted to scrutinizing her 
paperwork questioning the 

2367
02:10:43,800 --> 02:10:46,400
legitimacy of her flight hours 
because they had been 

2368
02:10:46,400 --> 02:10:50,800
accumulated black owned Airfield
What followed was a masterclass 

2369
02:10:50,800 --> 02:10:54,900
in measured resistance rather 
than displaying anger that word 

2370
02:10:54,900 --> 02:10:58,600
of played into stereotypes about
black women, Janet Carly 

2371
02:10:58,600 --> 02:11:01,700
requested written, documentation
of the specific deficiencies in 

2372
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:04,700
her application. 
This simple administrative 

2373
02:11:04,700 --> 02:11:08,000
requests flummoxed The Examiner 
who had expected either 

2374
02:11:08,000 --> 02:11:09,800
acquiescence or emotional 
reaction. 

2375
02:11:10,600 --> 02:11:13,700
When he reluctantly provided a 
vague written statement, citing 

2376
02:11:13,700 --> 02:11:18,100
insufficient preparation, Janet 
secured the documentary evidence

2377
02:11:18,100 --> 02:11:20,500
of discriminatory treatment that
would later prove. 

2378
02:11:20,500 --> 02:11:24,200
Valuable The rejection in 
Chicago, pushed Janet to develop

2379
02:11:24,200 --> 02:11:26,200
an Innovative approach to 
certification. 

2380
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:28,900
Through her network of Aviation 
contacts. 

2381
02:11:28,900 --> 02:11:31,900
She learned that examiners in 
different regions sometimes 

2382
02:11:31,900 --> 02:11:35,600
applied, standards differently. 
This geographical variation in 

2383
02:11:35,600 --> 02:11:37,900
discrimination tighter in some 
regions. 

2384
02:11:37,900 --> 02:11:41,200
More permeable than others is 
rarely disgusting accounts of 

2385
02:11:41,200 --> 02:11:44,100
segregation yet. 
Understanding these patterns was

2386
02:11:44,100 --> 02:11:46,400
crucial for those attempting to 
navigate the system. 

2387
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:50,700
Janet identified, Tuskegee 
Alabama, as a potential 

2388
02:11:50,700 --> 02:11:54,100
alternative testing location. 
The presence of the Tuskegee 

2389
02:11:54,100 --> 02:11:57,400
Institute in its emerging 
Aviation program suggested, the 

2390
02:11:57,400 --> 02:12:00,400
possibility of examiners more 
accustomed to evaluating black 

2391
02:12:00,400 --> 02:12:03,000
applicants. 
This strategic Forum Shopping 

2392
02:12:03,000 --> 02:12:06,600
required, Janet to temporarily 
relocate, a significant 

2393
02:12:06,600 --> 02:12:10,000
investment of time and resources
that demonstrated her commitment

2394
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:13,800
to certification. 
Upon arriving in Tuskegee in 

2395
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:16,700
1939. 
Janet discovered a community 

2396
02:12:16,700 --> 02:12:19,600
engaged in its own complex 
negotiation around race in 

2397
02:12:19,600 --> 02:12:23,300
aviation The civilian pilot 
training program recently 

2398
02:12:23,300 --> 02:12:25,900
established by the federal 
government had reluctantly 

2399
02:12:25,900 --> 02:12:29,300
included a few black 
institutions among its approved 

2400
02:12:29,300 --> 02:12:32,600
training centers to. 
Skis program was developing what

2401
02:12:32,600 --> 02:12:34,500
would later become the 
foundation for the fame. 

2402
02:12:34,500 --> 02:12:38,200
Tuskegee, Airmen of World War 2 
Janet's reception at Tuskegee 

2403
02:12:38,200 --> 02:12:40,900
reveals, the gender dynamics, 
that complicated, her journey. 

2404
02:12:41,600 --> 02:12:44,800
The male instructors and 
administrators while supportive 

2405
02:12:44,800 --> 02:12:48,100
of black advancement in aviation
carried assumptions. 

2406
02:12:48,100 --> 02:12:50,800
About women's capabilities, that
created a different kind of 

2407
02:12:50,800 --> 02:12:53,400
barrier. 
When she requested access to the

2408
02:12:53,408 --> 02:12:56,000
program's more advanced aircraft
for practice before her 

2409
02:12:56,000 --> 02:12:59,700
examination. she encountered 
resistance base not on her race,

2410
02:12:59,700 --> 02:13:03,100
but on her gender, With 
characteristic adaptability, 

2411
02:13:03,100 --> 02:13:07,300
Janet shifted her approach 
rather than directly challenging

2412
02:13:07,300 --> 02:13:10,100
gender preconceptions. 
She leveraged her medical 

2413
02:13:10,100 --> 02:13:12,800
background to position herself, 
as uniquely qualified to 

2414
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:14,900
understand the physiological 
aspects of flight. 

2415
02:13:15,700 --> 02:13:18,600
She offered to conduct informal 
information, session on Aviation

2416
02:13:18,600 --> 02:13:21,800
medicine, for the student Pilots
creating value, that earned her 

2417
02:13:21,808 --> 02:13:23,800
access to aircraft and 
instruction time. 

2418
02:13:24,800 --> 02:13:28,000
When the day of her Tuskegee 
examination, arrived, Janet 

2419
02:13:28,000 --> 02:13:32,100
faced an unexpected challenge 
The Examiner, a white man from 

2420
02:13:32,100 --> 02:13:35,200
the Civil Air anautics Authority
required her to perform her 

2421
02:13:35,200 --> 02:13:38,400
checkride in an unfamiliar 
aircraft with different handling

2422
02:13:38,400 --> 02:13:41,200
characteristics though. 
She'd trained on this last 

2423
02:13:41,200 --> 02:13:44,400
minute change, not applied to 
male applicants tested. 

2424
02:13:44,400 --> 02:13:47,200
The same day, was clearly 
designed to disadvantage her. 

2425
02:13:48,000 --> 02:13:50,800
The flight test turned into an 
exercise in Precision under 

2426
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:54,100
pressure as Janet, executed each
required maneuver. 

2427
02:13:54,100 --> 02:13:57,500
She maintained not just 
technical accuracy, but a 

2428
02:13:57,500 --> 02:14:01,000
demeanor of unflappable 
professionalism, The Examiner 

2429
02:14:01,000 --> 02:14:04,100
visibly searching for floors. 
Directed her through 

2430
02:14:04,100 --> 02:14:07,300
increasingly complex Maneuvers 
deviating from the standard 

2431
02:14:07,300 --> 02:14:11,100
examination protocol when Janet 
successfully completed, a 

2432
02:14:11,100 --> 02:14:13,500
particularly challenging Landing
the frustration on the 

2433
02:14:13,500 --> 02:14:16,700
examiner's face betrayed his 
bias, the rejection that 

2434
02:14:16,700 --> 02:14:19,200
followed cited a single 
imperfect Landing as 

2435
02:14:19,200 --> 02:14:23,300
justification, despite the fact 
that male Pilots were routinely 

2436
02:14:23,300 --> 02:14:25,400
certified with similar or Worse 
performance. 

2437
02:14:26,300 --> 02:14:29,000
What's remarkable about Janet's 
response was its strategic 

2438
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:31,300
restraint. 
Rather than immediately 

2439
02:14:31,300 --> 02:14:34,600
protesting she requested 
specific feedback on how to 

2440
02:14:34,600 --> 02:14:38,500
improve positioning herself as a
dedicated student rather than an

2441
02:14:38,500 --> 02:14:41,400
aged victim. 
This approached denied the 

2442
02:14:41,408 --> 02:14:44,400
examiner, the satisfaction of 
seeing her discouraged and 

2443
02:14:44,400 --> 02:14:46,800
preserved, her professional 
reputation within the Tuskegee. 

2444
02:14:46,800 --> 02:14:49,600
Aviation community, Janet's 
examination. 

2445
02:14:49,600 --> 02:14:52,100
Trials, reveal something 
profound about how progress 

2446
02:14:52,100 --> 02:14:54,500
occurs the conventional 
Narrative of civil rights. 

2447
02:14:54,500 --> 02:14:57,300
Often focuses on dramatic 
confrontation and legal 

2448
02:14:57,300 --> 02:14:59,800
victories but Janet's experience
demonstrates. 

2449
02:14:59,800 --> 02:15:03,300
The importance of persistent 
strategic pressure at 

2450
02:15:03,300 --> 02:15:07,100
institutional boundaries each 
application, each examination, 

2451
02:15:07,100 --> 02:15:10,900
each professional interaction, 
incrementally shifted, 

2452
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:14,500
expectations and established 
precedence that made the paths. 

2453
02:15:14,500 --> 02:15:16,600
Slightly more Naval for those 
who had follow. 

2454
02:15:17,300 --> 02:15:20,100
Moreover her, willingness to 
repeatedly subject herself to 

2455
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:23,400
evaluation knowing the 
likelihood of biased, rejection 

2456
02:15:23,400 --> 02:15:26,900
required, a particular kind of 
Courage, rarely acknowledged in 

2457
02:15:26,908 --> 02:15:29,300
historical accounts. 
This wasn't The 

2458
02:15:29,300 --> 02:15:32,200
adrenaline-fueled Bravery of a 
single moment of protest. 

2459
02:15:33,300 --> 02:15:36,100
Stained emotional labor of 
maintaining dignity and 

2460
02:15:36,100 --> 02:15:38,400
determination in the face of 
systematic, devaluation. 

2461
02:15:39,300 --> 02:15:42,800
The attack on Pearl Harbor in 
December. 1941, transformed, 

2462
02:15:42,800 --> 02:15:45,800
American society. 
Creating opportunities for 

2463
02:15:45,800 --> 02:15:49,400
marginalized groups even as it 
imposed new constraints for 

2464
02:15:49,400 --> 02:15:52,300
Janet, Bragg the War years 
represented, not just a national

2465
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:55,000
crisis. 
But a complex reconfiguration of

2466
02:15:55,008 --> 02:15:59,000
possibilities within Aviation As
male Pilots were rapidly, 

2467
02:15:59,000 --> 02:16:02,800
absorbed into military service. 
The civilian Aviation sector 

2468
02:16:02,800 --> 02:16:04,500
faced critical Personnel 
shortages. 

2469
02:16:04,500 --> 02:16:08,100
This created opportunities 
previously inaccessible to women

2470
02:16:08,100 --> 02:16:12,000
and people of color, the women's
Air Force service, Pilots WASP 

2471
02:16:12,000 --> 02:16:15,100
program, began, recruiting 
female Pilots to handle 

2472
02:16:15,100 --> 02:16:18,900
non-combat, flying duties from 
ferrying aircraft to training 

2473
02:16:18,900 --> 02:16:22,000
operations. 
Janet with her, extensive flight

2474
02:16:22,000 --> 02:16:24,700
experience, and Technical 
knowledge, should have been an 

2475
02:16:24,700 --> 02:16:26,700
ideal candidate for the WASP 
program. 

2476
02:16:26,700 --> 02:16:30,600
Yeah, when she submitted her 
application in early 1942, she 

2477
02:16:30,600 --> 02:16:33,900
encountered a familiar barrier 
the program while willing to 

2478
02:16:33,900 --> 02:16:36,900
challenge gender convention's 
maintained, rigid racial 

2479
02:16:36,900 --> 02:16:40,200
exclusion Throughout the 
program's existence, not a 

2480
02:16:40,200 --> 02:16:42,200
single black woman received 
acceptance. 

2481
02:16:42,900 --> 02:16:45,799
This rejection represents one of
the most telling contradictions 

2482
02:16:45,799 --> 02:16:48,900
of wartime America. 
The nation mobilized around 

2483
02:16:48,900 --> 02:16:51,299
rhetoric of democracy and 
freedom while maintaining 

2484
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:54,100
systems of segregation that 
undermine these very principles 

2485
02:16:54,100 --> 02:16:57,100
for Janet. 
It crystallized the 

2486
02:16:57,100 --> 02:16:59,600
understanding that progress 
would never be granted through 

2487
02:16:59,600 --> 02:17:01,600
benevolence. 
It would need to be claimed 

2488
02:17:01,600 --> 02:17:04,500
through strategic persistence 
rather than allowing this 

2489
02:17:04,500 --> 02:17:08,400
setback to derail her Aviation 
Ambitions, Janet pivoted toward 

2490
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:11,000
an area where her combined 
medical and Aeronautical 

2491
02:17:11,000 --> 02:17:14,900
Knowledge created unique value. 
The emerging field of Aviation 

2492
02:17:14,900 --> 02:17:17,900
medicine was gaining important, 
as military pilots and counted 

2493
02:17:17,900 --> 02:17:20,799
physiological challenges at high
altitudes and under combat 

2494
02:17:20,799 --> 02:17:23,400
stress, Janet developed. 
A specialized knowledge base 

2495
02:17:23,400 --> 02:17:25,400
that bridge her to professional 
identities. 

2496
02:17:26,200 --> 02:17:28,299
She secured a position at the 
Howard University. 

2497
02:17:28,299 --> 02:17:30,799
Medical School, where 
researchers were studying the 

2498
02:17:30,799 --> 02:17:32,700
physiological impacts of high 
altitude. 

2499
02:17:32,700 --> 02:17:36,200
Flying on pilot performance. 
This workplace Janet at the 

2500
02:17:36,208 --> 02:17:40,000
intersection of two Fields 
Aviation and Medicine, where she

2501
02:17:40,000 --> 02:17:42,600
could contribute meaningfully 
without requiring immediate. 

2502
02:17:42,600 --> 02:17:45,500
Acceptance as a pilot, the 
research had particular 

2503
02:17:45,500 --> 02:17:48,500
relevance for black Pilots 
training it to ski geeky who was

2504
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:51,200
subject to additional scrutiny 
regarding their physical fitness

2505
02:17:51,200 --> 02:17:54,500
for combat flying. 
Accounts that solely focus on 

2506
02:17:54,500 --> 02:17:57,400
Janet's piloting, achievements 
often overlooked her work during

2507
02:17:57,400 --> 02:17:59,600
this period yet her 
contributions. 

2508
02:17:59,600 --> 02:18:02,299
To Aviation medicine helped 
establish protocols for oxygen, 

2509
02:18:02,299 --> 02:18:06,100
use recognition of hypoxia 
symptoms and strategies for 

2510
02:18:06,100 --> 02:18:08,400
managing GeForce effects 
knowledge. 

2511
02:18:08,400 --> 02:18:11,500
That benefited all Pilots 
regardless of race or gender 

2512
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:14,299
simultaneously. 
Janet maintained her connection 

2513
02:18:14,299 --> 02:18:17,000
to the Chicago. 
Aviation Community returning 

2514
02:18:17,000 --> 02:18:20,100
regularly to fly at Robins 
Airfield and Mentor newer pilots

2515
02:18:20,100 --> 02:18:21,700
in the Challenger are pilots 
Association. 

2516
02:18:22,900 --> 02:18:26,000
The wartime gasoline rationing 
created significant challenges 

2517
02:18:26,000 --> 02:18:27,799
for civilian recreational 
flying. 

2518
02:18:28,500 --> 02:18:31,500
But Janet leveraged her medical 
credentials to secure fuel 

2519
02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:33,900
allocations by Framing her 
flights as a central, 

2520
02:18:33,900 --> 02:18:36,900
professional development related
to her Aviation medicine work. 

2521
02:18:37,799 --> 02:18:40,100
this period also saw Janet 
developed sophisticated 

2522
02:18:40,100 --> 02:18:43,700
strategies for navigating 
segregated Aviation facilities 

2523
02:18:43,700 --> 02:18:46,900
when traveling She compiled. 
What a mounted to a personal 

2524
02:18:46,900 --> 02:18:50,799
green book for black Pilots, a 
network of airfields, mechanics 

2525
02:18:50,799 --> 02:18:53,100
and lodgings. 
That would accommodate African 

2526
02:18:53,100 --> 02:18:56,500
American Aviator. 
This knowledge became a valuable

2527
02:18:56,500 --> 02:18:59,700
resource shared among the small 
community of black pilots, who 

2528
02:18:59,700 --> 02:19:03,200
can continue civilian flying 
during the War years. perhaps 

2529
02:19:03,200 --> 02:19:05,799
the most significant wartime 
development for Janet was her 

2530
02:19:05,799 --> 02:19:09,500
persistent pursuit of commercial
certification culminating, in 

2531
02:19:09,500 --> 02:19:13,799
her successful examination, in 
1943, The details of this 

2532
02:19:13,799 --> 02:19:16,299
achievement deserve closer 
examination than they typically 

2533
02:19:16,299 --> 02:19:18,700
receive the certification 
occurred. 

2534
02:19:18,700 --> 02:19:21,700
Not because discrimination had 
suddenly disappeared, but 

2535
02:19:21,700 --> 02:19:24,700
because pilate shortages had 
become so acute that the Civil 

2536
02:19:24,700 --> 02:19:27,200
Aeronautics Authority faced 
pressure to utilize all 

2537
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:30,400
qualified personnel. 
The Examiner, who finally signed

2538
02:19:30,400 --> 02:19:31,799
off on Janet's commercial 
license. 

2539
02:19:31,799 --> 02:19:35,500
A man named Harold wollam, later
acknowledged that he had 

2540
02:19:35,508 --> 02:19:38,299
approached her test with 
heightened scrutiny, but found 

2541
02:19:38,299 --> 02:19:40,000
her performance impossible to 
fault. 

2542
02:19:40,700 --> 02:19:43,299
This backhanded compliment 
reveals much about the nature of

2543
02:19:43,299 --> 02:19:46,400
progress, Janet didn't succeed 
because the system had become 

2544
02:19:46,400 --> 02:19:48,500
fair but because she had 
prepared. 

2545
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:51,300
So thoroughly that, even an 
unfair system could not 

2546
02:19:51,308 --> 02:19:54,300
reasonably reject her with 
commercial certification, 

2547
02:19:54,300 --> 02:19:58,200
secured Janet began, seeking 
commercial flying opportunities.

2548
02:19:58,200 --> 02:20:01,600
Only to discover that the same 
wartime conditions that made 

2549
02:20:01,600 --> 02:20:04,800
certification possible. 
Also limited civilian commercial

2550
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:08,500
operations, Airlines were 
primarily engaged in military 

2551
02:20:08,500 --> 02:20:11,700
transport contracts and their 
hiring remained restricted by 

2552
02:20:11,700 --> 02:20:15,300
both racial and gender barriers.
Rather than waiting for these 

2553
02:20:15,300 --> 02:20:18,600
barriers to fall Janet created 
her own Opportunity by 

2554
02:20:18,600 --> 02:20:21,900
establishing a small area for 
photography business, using her 

2555
02:20:21,900 --> 02:20:24,300
own aircraft. 
She secured contracts to 

2556
02:20:24,300 --> 02:20:26,500
photograph real estate 
developments and construction 

2557
02:20:26,500 --> 02:20:30,000
projects from the are providing 
valuable documentation for 

2558
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:31,600
investors and insurance 
companies. 

2559
02:20:32,400 --> 02:20:35,300
This entrepreneurial venture 
allowed her to log commercial, 

2560
02:20:35,300 --> 02:20:39,300
flight hours and generate income
from Aviation without requiring 

2561
02:20:39,300 --> 02:20:42,200
institutional acceptance from 
established carriers. 

2562
02:20:43,000 --> 02:20:45,600
The war Years also, deepened 
Janet's involvement with the 

2563
02:20:45,600 --> 02:20:49,200
Tuskegee Aviation program, where
she served as an informal 

2564
02:20:49,200 --> 02:20:51,400
advisor on both medical and 
operational matters. 

2565
02:20:51,400 --> 02:20:55,200
A presence is a commercially 
certified black, female pilot 

2566
02:20:55,200 --> 02:20:58,200
provided a powerful Counterpoint
to those who questioned black 

2567
02:20:58,200 --> 02:21:01,600
Pilots capabilities, when 
Tuskegee Airmen returned from 

2568
02:21:01,608 --> 02:21:03,900
combat missions in Europe, with 
distinguished records. 

2569
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:07,000
Janet helped document and 
publicize their achievements, 

2570
02:21:07,000 --> 02:21:10,000
understanding the importance of 
making black excellence in 

2571
02:21:10,000 --> 02:21:12,600
aviation visible to both 
African-American communities and

2572
02:21:12,600 --> 02:21:16,500
the broader public As the 
Wardrobe to a close in 1945, 

2573
02:21:16,500 --> 02:21:19,900
Janet found herself in a 
transformed Aviation landscape. 

2574
02:21:20,700 --> 02:21:23,700
One with new possibilities but 
also provide restrictions as 

2575
02:21:23,700 --> 02:21:27,300
returning white male veterans 
reclaimed positions throughout 

2576
02:21:27,300 --> 02:21:30,000
the industry. 
The strategies she had developed

2577
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:33,400
during the War years, would 
prove essential as she navigated

2578
02:21:33,400 --> 02:21:35,100
the complex terrain of post-war 
Aviation. 

2579
02:21:36,000 --> 02:21:38,900
The immediate postwar period 
presented a paradoxical 

2580
02:21:38,900 --> 02:21:42,500
landscape for Janet, Bragg the 
same GI Bill that created 

2581
02:21:42,500 --> 02:21:45,600
unprecedented, educational and 
economic opportunities for 

2582
02:21:45,600 --> 02:21:48,500
millions of white veterans. 
Systematically excluded many, 

2583
02:21:48,500 --> 02:21:52,200
black service members, 
particularly in the South, the 

2584
02:21:52,200 --> 02:21:55,400
aviation industry, which had 
reluctantly opened some doors 

2585
02:21:55,400 --> 02:21:58,800
during wartime necessity, began 
reinstating, exclusionary 

2586
02:21:58,800 --> 02:22:00,500
practices. 
As white men returned to 

2587
02:22:00,500 --> 02:22:03,600
civilian life. 
Rather than focusing solely on 

2588
02:22:03,600 --> 02:22:06,800
her individual advancement, 
Janet recognized the opportunity

2589
02:22:06,800 --> 02:22:09,600
to build institutional capacity 
for black participation in 

2590
02:22:09,600 --> 02:22:12,400
aviation. 
This period marked a shift in 

2591
02:22:12,400 --> 02:22:15,800
her approach, from proving her 
capabilities to creating systems

2592
02:22:15,800 --> 02:22:19,100
that would nurture the next 
generation of black aviators in 

2593
02:22:19,100 --> 02:22:21,900
1946. 
Janet, and several Challenger 

2594
02:22:21,900 --> 02:22:24,200
club members established Bragg 
are service. 

2595
02:22:24,200 --> 02:22:27,400
A fixed base operation, 
providing aircraft maintenance 

2596
02:22:27,400 --> 02:22:30,100
flight instruction and Charter 
services. 

2597
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:34,100
Located at Robin's, Airfield the
business represented more than a

2598
02:22:34,108 --> 02:22:37,100
commercial venture. 
It was an institution designed 

2599
02:22:37,100 --> 02:22:39,500
to normalize black presence in 
aviation Commerce. 

2600
02:22:40,600 --> 02:22:43,100
The structure of bragging 
service reveals Janet's, 

2601
02:22:43,100 --> 02:22:45,900
business acumen. 
Rather than competing directly 

2602
02:22:45,900 --> 02:22:48,000
with larger operations serving 
white on. 

2603
02:22:48,000 --> 02:22:51,200
Tell she positioned her company 
to meet specialized needs within

2604
02:22:51,200 --> 02:22:53,100
Chicago's growing black middle 
class. 

2605
02:22:54,000 --> 02:22:57,700
As property ownership, increased
among African-Americans, aerial 

2606
02:22:57,700 --> 02:23:00,000
photography for insurance and 
development purposes. 

2607
02:23:00,000 --> 02:23:03,200
Created a market Niche, that 
white owned Aviation businesses.

2608
02:23:03,200 --> 02:23:07,500
Rarely served effectively, 
additionally Bragg are service 

2609
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:10,500
specialized in maintenance for 
smaller aircraft owners who are 

2610
02:23:10,508 --> 02:23:13,000
often found themselves 
overlooked by larger service 

2611
02:23:13,000 --> 02:23:15,800
operations. 
Janet recruited and trained 

2612
02:23:15,800 --> 02:23:19,000
black mechanics, creating 
employment opportunities, while 

2613
02:23:19,000 --> 02:23:21,800
building a Central Technical 
capacity within the community. 

2614
02:23:22,700 --> 02:23:25,700
Her insistence on meticulous 
record-keeping and certification

2615
02:23:25,700 --> 02:23:28,800
documentation protected, the 
business from the excessive 

2616
02:23:28,800 --> 02:23:31,100
regulatory scrutiny often 
applied to black-owned 

2617
02:23:31,100 --> 02:23:33,800
Enterprises. 
What's particularly noteworthy 

2618
02:23:33,800 --> 02:23:37,100
about this period in Janet's? 
Life was her development of an 

2619
02:23:37,100 --> 02:23:40,600
informal apprenticeship system? 
Recognizing that former Aviation

2620
02:23:40,600 --> 02:23:43,600
training remained, largely and 
accessible to young black 

2621
02:23:43,600 --> 02:23:45,900
aspirants. 
She created structured 

2622
02:23:45,900 --> 02:23:48,400
opportunities for them to gain 
experience at Robin's. 

2623
02:23:48,400 --> 02:23:52,000
Airfield young people began in 
ground operations, fueling 

2624
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,000
aircraft cleaning hangers 
managing paperwork while 

2625
02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:57,900
receiving incremental exposure 
to flight operations and 

2626
02:23:57,900 --> 02:24:01,200
maintenance procedures. 
Several teenagers, who started 

2627
02:24:01,200 --> 02:24:04,300
sweeping the brag are service 
hanger, the eventually became 

2628
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:06,600
licensed pilots in aviation 
professionals. 

2629
02:24:06,600 --> 02:24:10,100
Their paths facilitated by 
Janet's deliberate mentorship. 

2630
02:24:11,000 --> 02:24:13,000
She understood that 
representation alone was 

2631
02:24:13,000 --> 02:24:15,700
insufficient. 
The pipeline required active 

2632
02:24:15,700 --> 02:24:19,400
development and protection 
during this same period, Janet 

2633
02:24:19,400 --> 02:24:22,400
expanded, her property. 
Investments, purchasing several 

2634
02:24:22,400 --> 02:24:26,300
apartment buildings in Chicago, 
South Side, This diversification

2635
02:24:26,300 --> 02:24:29,400
provided Financial stability 
that supported her Aviation 

2636
02:24:29,400 --> 02:24:32,500
activities during periods. 
When the business faced 

2637
02:24:32,500 --> 02:24:35,600
challenges, it also gave her 
leverage within Chicago's 

2638
02:24:35,600 --> 02:24:38,600
business Community, where 
property ownership translated 

2639
02:24:38,600 --> 02:24:42,300
into political influence, Janet 
utilized this influence. 

2640
02:24:42,300 --> 02:24:45,900
Strategically advocating for 
infrastructure, improvements at 

2641
02:24:45,900 --> 02:24:49,500
Robins Airfield, and fighting 
against zoning changes that 

2642
02:24:49,500 --> 02:24:53,200
threatened its operation. 
When developers began eyeing the

2643
02:24:53,208 --> 02:24:56,600
Airfield land for residential 
construction in the late 1940s, 

2644
02:24:56,600 --> 02:25:00,000
Janet organized, a coalition of 
business owners, and Aviation 

2645
02:25:00,000 --> 02:25:02,700
enthusiasts to protect this 
crucial Community Asset. 

2646
02:25:03,800 --> 02:25:05,200
The preservation of Robin's 
Airfield. 

2647
02:25:05,900 --> 02:25:08,600
Became a case study in community
resistance to development 

2648
02:25:08,600 --> 02:25:11,500
pressures that frequently 
targeted black-owned spaces. 

2649
02:25:12,500 --> 02:25:14,300
Janet frame. 
The Airfield not merely as a 

2650
02:25:14,300 --> 02:25:17,500
business location but as an 
educational institution and 

2651
02:25:17,500 --> 02:25:21,100
point of Pride, for Chicago's 
African-American community, This

2652
02:25:21,100 --> 02:25:23,700
reframing helped secure 
political support that other 

2653
02:25:23,700 --> 02:25:27,500
black businesses often lacked. 
Janet's activism, extended 

2654
02:25:27,500 --> 02:25:30,800
Beyond local Aviation concerns 
to National policy discussions. 

2655
02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:34,000
She became involved with the 
Nationals Association of 

2656
02:25:34,000 --> 02:25:37,200
America, an organization 
advocating for integration of 

2657
02:25:37,200 --> 02:25:40,400
commercial airlines and expanded
opportunities for black Pilots. 

2658
02:25:41,200 --> 02:25:43,600
Her approach to advocacy 
reflected her, nursing 

2659
02:25:43,600 --> 02:25:46,500
background, methodically 
documenting disparities 

2660
02:25:46,500 --> 02:25:50,100
presenting evidence rather than 
accusations and proposing 

2661
02:25:50,100 --> 02:25:52,600
specific remedies rather than 
General grievances. 

2662
02:25:53,400 --> 02:25:56,800
When major airlines began 
considering token integration in

2663
02:25:56,800 --> 02:26:00,500
the late 1940s, Janet positioned
herself as a resource for 

2664
02:26:00,500 --> 02:26:02,600
companies navigating unfamiliar 
territory. 

2665
02:26:02,600 --> 02:26:05,500
Rather than adopting. 
An adversarial stance. 

2666
02:26:05,500 --> 02:26:08,400
She offered her expertise in 
managing the complexities of 

2667
02:26:08,408 --> 02:26:11,300
integration. 
Drawing parallels to processes. 

2668
02:26:11,300 --> 02:26:12,900
She had observed in healthcare 
settings. 

2669
02:26:12,900 --> 02:26:16,400
This strategic positioning 
allowed her to influence hiring 

2670
02:26:16,400 --> 02:26:18,300
discussions, without being 
dismissed as merely 

2671
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:21,800
self-interested. 
Simultaneously, Janet continued,

2672
02:26:21,800 --> 02:26:24,500
her own professional 
development, securing additional

2673
02:26:24,500 --> 02:26:27,500
ratings and certifications that 
enhance her credibility within 

2674
02:26:27,500 --> 02:26:30,200
Aviation circles. 
She obtained instrument and 

2675
02:26:30,200 --> 02:26:33,500
multi-engine ratings, completing
training at facilities that had 

2676
02:26:33,500 --> 02:26:36,400
previously excluded black Pilots
each. 

2677
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:38,900
Credential she added signified, 
not only her personal 

2678
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:41,700
accomplishments, but also 
another breach in the system of 

2679
02:26:41,700 --> 02:26:46,200
segregation, By 1950, Janet had 
built a multifaceted career, 

2680
02:26:46,200 --> 02:26:49,600
that spanned Aviation Healthcare
and real estate. 

2681
02:26:49,600 --> 02:26:53,300
And unusual portfolio, that 
provided both Financial Security

2682
02:26:53,300 --> 02:26:55,900
and multiple platforms for 
advancing equity. 

2683
02:26:57,000 --> 02:26:58,600
What makes her approach during 
this period? 

2684
02:26:58,600 --> 02:27:02,000
Particularly instructive was her
recognition that progress 

2685
02:27:02,000 --> 02:27:04,800
required both persistent 
individual excellence, and 

2686
02:27:04,800 --> 02:27:08,500
institutional development, she 
understood that proving black 

2687
02:27:08,500 --> 02:27:12,000
capability was necessary, but 
insufficient The creation of 

2688
02:27:12,000 --> 02:27:14,100
sustaining structures was 
equally essential. 

2689
02:27:15,000 --> 02:27:17,900
The aviation Community Janet 
helped build at Robins became 

2690
02:27:17,900 --> 02:27:19,700
more than a collection of pilots
and mechanics. 

2691
02:27:19,700 --> 02:27:23,200
It, functioned as an educational
ecosystem where knowledge 

2692
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:26,300
circulated freely, across 
generational and experiential, 

2693
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:30,500
boundaries veteran, Pilots 
mentored newcomers mechanics, 

2694
02:27:30,500 --> 02:27:33,800
shared specialized knowledge and
Janet ensured that business 

2695
02:27:33,800 --> 02:27:37,500
skills bookkeeping customer 
service Regulatory. 

2696
02:27:37,500 --> 02:27:41,200
Compliance were transmitted 
alongside technical Aviation 

2697
02:27:41,200 --> 02:27:43,400
skills. 
This holistic approach to 

2698
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:46,100
community capacity, building 
represented a sophisticated 

2699
02:27:46,100 --> 02:27:50,400
response to systemic exclusion. 
rather than focusing exclusively

2700
02:27:50,400 --> 02:27:54,100
on individual, achievements or 
symbolic firsts Janice invested 

2701
02:27:54,100 --> 02:27:57,000
in creating an environment where
black excellent Navy Aviation 

2702
02:27:57,000 --> 02:28:00,800
could become self-sustaining and
continuously regenerating The 

2703
02:28:00,800 --> 02:28:03,700
dawn of the organized civil 
rights movement in the 1950s 

2704
02:28:03,700 --> 02:28:06,800
presented Janet Bragg with both 
new opportunities and complex 

2705
02:28:06,800 --> 02:28:10,500
choices as public attention 
increasingly focused on racial 

2706
02:28:10,500 --> 02:28:13,500
discrimination. 
Janet found herself navigating 

2707
02:28:13,500 --> 02:28:16,000
the delicate balance between her
established strategies of 

2708
02:28:16,008 --> 02:28:19,300
incremental progress and this 
movements growing emphasis on 

2709
02:28:19,300 --> 02:28:21,500
direct action and visible 
protest. 

2710
02:28:22,300 --> 02:28:24,800
Janet's approached to civil 
rights advocacy was shaped by 

2711
02:28:24,808 --> 02:28:28,100
her experiences in both Aviation
and Healthcare Fields. 

2712
02:28:28,100 --> 02:28:31,400
Where Precision, careful 
preparation and attention to 

2713
02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:33,100
detail what matters of life and 
death. 

2714
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:37,100
Rather than participating in 
March or demonstrations, she 

2715
02:28:37,100 --> 02:28:39,900
leveraged her professional 
standing to challenge 

2716
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:42,400
discrimination through 
institutional channels that were

2717
02:28:42,400 --> 02:28:45,200
often invisible to the public 
but nonetheless effective and 

2718
02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:49,600
creating concrete change. 
In 1954, when the landmark Brown

2719
02:28:49,600 --> 02:28:52,500
vs Board of Education decision, 
theoretically ended segregation 

2720
02:28:52,500 --> 02:28:56,300
in the public education, Janet 
recognized implications for 

2721
02:28:56,300 --> 02:28:58,400
Aviation training that few 
others identified. 

2722
02:28:59,300 --> 02:29:01,800
She immediately began compiling 
evidence of continuing 

2723
02:29:01,800 --> 02:29:04,700
discrimination in federally 
funded flight training programs,

2724
02:29:04,700 --> 02:29:07,100
documenting instances were 
qualified. 

2725
02:29:07,100 --> 02:29:09,800
Black applicants were rejected 
from programs that received 

2726
02:29:09,800 --> 02:29:12,500
government support. 
Working through professional 

2727
02:29:12,500 --> 02:29:14,500
networks rather than public 
campaigns. 

2728
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:17,800
Janitor range meetings with 
Federal Aviation Administration,

2729
02:29:17,800 --> 02:29:21,300
officials to present her 
findings, Her presentation style

2730
02:29:21,300 --> 02:29:24,400
was characteristically, 
strategic framing, the issue, 

2731
02:29:24,400 --> 02:29:27,900
not as moral outrage, but as 
regulatory non-compliance that 

2732
02:29:27,900 --> 02:29:30,500
exposed the agency to Legal 
liability and negative 

2733
02:29:30,500 --> 02:29:33,400
publicity. 
This behind the scenes, advocacy

2734
02:29:33,400 --> 02:29:36,300
contributed to policy revisions,
requiring Aviation training 

2735
02:29:36,300 --> 02:29:38,800
programs, receiving federal 
funds to document their 

2736
02:29:38,800 --> 02:29:40,900
admissions decisions. 
And demonstrate 

2737
02:29:40,900 --> 02:29:44,800
non-discrimination, While less 
dramatic than televised protests

2738
02:29:44,800 --> 02:29:47,800
these administrative changes 
created accountability 

2739
02:29:47,800 --> 02:29:50,400
mechanisms that gradually 
increase black access to 

2740
02:29:50,400 --> 02:29:54,000
professional Flight Training. 
Simultaneously Janet maintained 

2741
02:29:54,000 --> 02:29:57,300
her connection to the Tuskegee. 
Aviation Community, which was 

2742
02:29:57,300 --> 02:29:59,600
undergoing, its own transition 
as military service 

2743
02:29:59,600 --> 02:30:01,900
opportunities, expanded for 
black Pilots. 

2744
02:30:01,900 --> 02:30:05,200
Following President Truman's, 
1948, executive order 

2745
02:30:05,200 --> 02:30:09,100
desegregating the Armed Forces. 
She developed a remarkable 

2746
02:30:09,100 --> 02:30:11,700
pattern of support for young 
black men entering Air Force 

2747
02:30:11,700 --> 02:30:15,000
training, creating an informal 
Network that connected to 

2748
02:30:15,000 --> 02:30:16,700
Tuskegee veterans with new 
recruits. 

2749
02:30:16,700 --> 02:30:20,900
This mentorship took practical 
forms, Janet regularly hosted 

2750
02:30:20,900 --> 02:30:23,500
Gatherings were experienced 
Pilots shared strategies for 

2751
02:30:23,500 --> 02:30:26,400
navigating military. 
Aviation culture with newcomers.

2752
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:29,900
These sessions addressed, not 
just technical flying skills, 

2753
02:30:29,900 --> 02:30:33,100
but the psychological aspects of
Performing under the heightened 

2754
02:30:33,100 --> 02:30:36,200
scrutiny that black military 
aviators, still face distant, 

2755
02:30:36,200 --> 02:30:40,900
despite formal disaggregation. 
Janet Chicago Apartment became a

2756
02:30:40,900 --> 02:30:43,500
way station for black Pilots 
traveling between assignments, 

2757
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:47,500
providing not just logging but a
crucial sense of community and 

2758
02:30:47,500 --> 02:30:50,500
continuity and a field where 
isolation often compounded other

2759
02:30:50,500 --> 02:30:53,500
challenges. 
This role as Community anchor 

2760
02:30:53,500 --> 02:30:56,000
rarely appears in official 
histories but emerges, 

2761
02:30:56,000 --> 02:30:59,000
consistently in the personal 
reminiscences of black aviators 

2762
02:30:59,000 --> 02:31:03,200
from this period. 
By the late 1950s, Janet had 

2763
02:31:03,200 --> 02:31:05,700
developed a sophisticated 
understanding of how integration

2764
02:31:05,700 --> 02:31:07,800
functioned in practice rather 
than Theory. 

2765
02:31:08,500 --> 02:31:11,400
She observed that mirror removal
of explicit exclusionary 

2766
02:31:11,400 --> 02:31:14,700
policies rarely translated into 
meaningful inclusion without 

2767
02:31:14,700 --> 02:31:19,000
additional structural changes. 
Drawing on this Insight, she 

2768
02:31:19,000 --> 02:31:21,900
began advocating for specific 
reforms in commercial Aviation 

2769
02:31:21,900 --> 02:31:26,000
hiring, including blind, initial
application of reviews and 

2770
02:31:26,000 --> 02:31:28,100
standardized technical 
assessment procedures. 

2771
02:31:29,400 --> 02:31:32,800
Janice approached United 
Airlines in 1958, with a 

2772
02:31:32,800 --> 02:31:35,400
proposal for advising their 
pilot hiring process. 

2773
02:31:36,100 --> 02:31:38,900
Positioning her suggestions as 
improvements in merit-based 

2774
02:31:38,900 --> 02:31:41,200
selection, rather than diversity
initiatives. 

2775
02:31:41,200 --> 02:31:46,300
This framing, which emphasized 
operational excellence, rather 

2776
02:31:46,300 --> 02:31:49,600
than social justice, proved 
effective in an industry where 

2777
02:31:49,600 --> 02:31:53,800
safety concerns could override 
even in trenched Prejudice while

2778
02:31:53,800 --> 02:31:56,300
United didn't immediately 
Implement her recommendations 

2779
02:31:56,300 --> 02:31:59,700
the dialogue she initiated 
contributed to gradual reforms 

2780
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:03,600
over subsequent years Throughout
this period Janet maintained, 

2781
02:32:03,600 --> 02:32:07,400
her multifaceted professional 
identity, continuing her nursing

2782
02:32:07,400 --> 02:32:10,500
career while operating bragas 
service and managing her real 

2783
02:32:10,500 --> 02:32:13,300
estate Investments. 
This diversification provided 

2784
02:32:13,300 --> 02:32:16,300
not just Financial stability, 
but multiple platforms from 

2785
02:32:16,300 --> 02:32:20,100
which to advance Equity goals. 
When direct progress in aviation

2786
02:32:20,100 --> 02:32:23,500
stalled, she could shift Focus 
to healthcare integration or 

2787
02:32:23,500 --> 02:32:25,400
Community Development through 
her Property Holdings. 

2788
02:32:26,600 --> 02:32:29,700
The Civil Rights Movement gained
momentum in the early 1960s, 

2789
02:32:29,700 --> 02:32:33,600
Janet faced questions about her 
relatively low profile in public

2790
02:32:33,600 --> 02:32:35,900
activism. 
Some younger Advocates 

2791
02:32:35,900 --> 02:32:39,100
criticized, her incremental 
approach as insufficiently bold 

2792
02:32:39,100 --> 02:32:41,000
suggesting her professional 
success. 

2793
02:32:41,000 --> 02:32:43,800
Her distance to from the urgency
of racial Justice. 

2794
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:46,200
Janet's response to such 
criticism. 

2795
02:32:46,200 --> 02:32:49,400
Revealed her strategic, thinking
about social change. 

2796
02:32:50,200 --> 02:32:53,300
In a 1960s speech to the Negro 
are man in International 

2797
02:32:53,300 --> 02:32:55,700
Convention. 
She articulated what might be 

2798
02:32:55,708 --> 02:32:58,100
called a theory of specialized 
contribution. 

2799
02:32:59,000 --> 02:33:01,900
Not everyone can or should be on
the front lines of protest. 

2800
02:33:01,900 --> 02:33:05,100
Some of us must work within 
systems to bring about changes 

2801
02:33:05,100 --> 02:33:08,600
from the inside, some must build
alternative structures that 

2802
02:33:08,600 --> 02:33:11,900
demonstrate what is possible. 
Some must document and preserve 

2803
02:33:11,900 --> 02:33:13,700
our achievements so they cannot 
be arrayed. 

2804
02:33:14,700 --> 02:33:17,700
This perspective reflected her 
understanding that movements 

2805
02:33:17,700 --> 02:33:20,800
required diverse tactics and 
multiple points of pressure to 

2806
02:33:20,800 --> 02:33:23,700
succeed. 
Janet wasn't opposed to direct 

2807
02:33:23,700 --> 02:33:25,900
action. 
She provided financial support 

2808
02:33:25,900 --> 02:33:28,800
to several civil rights, 
organizations, and opened her 

2809
02:33:28,800 --> 02:33:31,700
properties to activists needing 
safer, accommodation during 

2810
02:33:31,700 --> 02:33:34,900
Chicago campaigns. 
But she recognized that her most

2811
02:33:34,900 --> 02:33:37,200
effective contribution came 
through different channels. 

2812
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:42,000
The 1963 March on Washington 
represented, a pivotal moment, 

2813
02:33:42,000 --> 02:33:44,700
in Janet's relationship with the
broader Civil Rights Movement. 

2814
02:33:45,400 --> 02:33:48,000
though, she attended the March, 
she participated not as an 

2815
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:50,600
individual, but as a 
representative of black Aviation

2816
02:33:50,600 --> 02:33:53,400
professionals carrying 
documentation of the fields, 

2817
02:33:53,400 --> 02:33:56,700
racial disparities to distribute
to Congressional offices, While 

2818
02:33:56,700 --> 02:34:00,200
others gathered at the Lincoln 
Memorial, This characteristic 

2819
02:34:00,200 --> 02:34:03,500
approach leveraging moments of 
high visibility to advance 

2820
02:34:03,500 --> 02:34:07,200
specific policy objectives, 
typify Janet's, pragmatic Act of

2821
02:34:07,200 --> 02:34:09,500
activism. 
While others created a Central 

2822
02:34:09,500 --> 02:34:12,600
Public pressure through Mass 
mobilization, she worked to 

2823
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:15,600
translate that pressure into 
concrete Regulatory and 

2824
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:17,900
institutional changes that would
Outlast any single 

2825
02:34:17,900 --> 02:34:22,300
demonstration. 
By the mid-1960s as the Civil 

2826
02:34:22,300 --> 02:34:24,700
Rights Movement achieved 
legislative victories with the 

2827
02:34:24,700 --> 02:34:28,900
Civil Rights Act of 1964, and 
the Voting Rights Act of 1965 

2828
02:34:28,900 --> 02:34:32,000
Janet turned her attention to 
ensure effective implementation 

2829
02:34:32,000 --> 02:34:35,800
in aviation contexts. 
She developed monitoring systems

2830
02:34:35,800 --> 02:34:38,100
to track hiring patterns at 
Airlines and training 

2831
02:34:38,100 --> 02:34:41,100
institutions, creating 
accountability through data 

2832
02:34:41,100 --> 02:34:43,300
rather than relying solely on 
legal mandates. 

2833
02:34:44,000 --> 02:34:46,800
This period also saw Janet 
increased her focus on gender 

2834
02:34:46,800 --> 02:34:50,500
Equity, within Aviation, 
recognizing that racial barriers

2835
02:34:50,500 --> 02:34:52,700
were often compounded by gender 
discrimination. 

2836
02:34:53,600 --> 02:34:56,200
She began formerly mentoring 
young, black women interested in

2837
02:34:56,200 --> 02:34:59,600
aviation careers, helping them 
navigate the distinct challenges

2838
02:34:59,600 --> 02:35:02,200
created by the intersection of 
race and gender bias. 

2839
02:35:02,900 --> 02:35:06,300
Janet's navigation of the Civil 
Rights era, demonstrates a 

2840
02:35:06,300 --> 02:35:09,100
sophisticated understanding of 
how social change occurs. 

2841
02:35:09,100 --> 02:35:12,500
Not just through visible moments
of Confrontation and legislative

2842
02:35:12,500 --> 02:35:15,200
victories, but through 
persistent pressure on multiple 

2843
02:35:15,200 --> 02:35:18,500
fronts, including the 
unglamorous work of policy, 

2844
02:35:18,500 --> 02:35:20,400
implementation, and 
institutional reform. 

2845
02:35:21,200 --> 02:35:24,500
As Janet, Bragg entered her 
later years, she confronted a 

2846
02:35:24,500 --> 02:35:27,300
challenge for me to many 
pioneers the risk of having her 

2847
02:35:27,300 --> 02:35:30,500
contributions minimized or 
forgotten as the very barriers. 

2848
02:35:30,500 --> 02:35:32,900
She helped dismantle became less
visible to subsequent 

2849
02:35:32,900 --> 02:35:35,600
Generations. 
Her response to this challenge 

2850
02:35:35,600 --> 02:35:38,400
reveals as much about her 
character as her early or 

2851
02:35:38,400 --> 02:35:41,700
achievements. rather than 
focusing on securing personal 

2852
02:35:41,700 --> 02:35:45,000
recognition, Janet dedicated 
herself to documenting the 

2853
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:48,400
broader history of black 
Aviation Throughout the 1970s, 

2854
02:35:48,400 --> 02:35:51,500
she systematically collected, 
photographs, logbooks, 

2855
02:35:51,500 --> 02:35:54,200
correspondence, and oral 
histories from aging. 

2856
02:35:54,200 --> 02:35:57,300
Members of the Challenger are 
pilots Association and other 

2857
02:35:57,300 --> 02:36:00,600
early black aviators. 
She conducted this archival 

2858
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:01,900
work. 
With the same methodical 

2859
02:36:01,900 --> 02:36:03,500
attention. 
She had given to her nursing and

2860
02:36:03,508 --> 02:36:06,700
flying careers Janet understood 
that preservation of this 

2861
02:36:06,700 --> 02:36:09,300
history. 
Served multiple purposes, it 

2862
02:36:09,300 --> 02:36:11,600
provided validation for those 
who had struggled against 

2863
02:36:11,600 --> 02:36:15,000
overwhelming odds, created, 
educational resources for young 

2864
02:36:15,000 --> 02:36:17,700
people who might otherwise 
assume Aviation had always been 

2865
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:21,000
accessible and established an 
evidentiary record that 

2866
02:36:21,000 --> 02:36:24,600
prevented historical revisionism
about when and how integration 

2867
02:36:24,600 --> 02:36:28,900
had occurred. 
In 1976 as the nation celebrated

2868
02:36:28,900 --> 02:36:32,100
Us by Centennial with numerous 
historical exhibitions and 

2869
02:36:32,100 --> 02:36:35,100
publications. 
Janet noticed the near total 

2870
02:36:35,100 --> 02:36:37,900
absence of black aviators from 
these commemorations. 

2871
02:36:38,700 --> 02:36:41,800
Rather than merely protesting 
this Omission, she developed a 

2872
02:36:41,800 --> 02:36:45,100
traveling exhibition titled, 
black wings, featuring, 

2873
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:47,500
photographs and artifacts from 
her growing collection. 

2874
02:36:48,700 --> 02:36:51,100
What made this exhibition 
remarkable was Janet's? 

2875
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:53,700
Insistence that it appear not 
just in traditionally black 

2876
02:36:53,700 --> 02:36:58,400
institutions, but in mainstream 
Aviation museums and events when

2877
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:01,200
the Experimental Aircraft 
Association, initially declined 

2878
02:37:01,200 --> 02:37:04,000
to host, the exhibition of its 
annual are Venture gathering in 

2879
02:37:04,000 --> 02:37:07,200
Oshkosh Wisconsin, Janet didn't 
accept the rejection. 

2880
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:10,900
Instead, she enlisted support 
from several prominent white 

2881
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:12,700
Pilots. 
She had befriended over decades 

2882
02:37:12,700 --> 02:37:15,500
in aviation. 
Creating the external pressure 

2883
02:37:15,500 --> 02:37:19,500
needed to reverse the decision. 
The exhibitions appearance are 

2884
02:37:19,500 --> 02:37:23,100
Venture in 1977 marked a turning
point in public, recognition of 

2885
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:25,000
black contributions to aviation 
history. 

2886
02:37:25,800 --> 02:37:28,200
Thousands of Aviation 
enthusiasts encountered this 

2887
02:37:28,200 --> 02:37:32,300
History For the First Time. 
Many expressing surprise at its 

2888
02:37:32,300 --> 02:37:35,500
depth and significance, Janet 
personally, guided special tours

2889
02:37:35,500 --> 02:37:38,500
for Aviation journalists 
ensuring the exhibition received

2890
02:37:38,500 --> 02:37:40,800
coverage in the industry 
Publications, that reached 

2891
02:37:40,800 --> 02:37:43,200
audiences Beyond those 
physically attending the event. 

2892
02:37:44,100 --> 02:37:46,800
This period also saw Janet 
emerge as a sought after 

2893
02:37:46,800 --> 02:37:48,900
speaker. 
Particularly as women's 

2894
02:37:48,900 --> 02:37:51,900
increasing entry into Aviation 
created in interest in female 

2895
02:37:51,900 --> 02:37:54,700
pioneers. 
Her presentation were notable, 

2896
02:37:54,700 --> 02:37:57,600
not for dramatic oratory, but 
for their precision and 

2897
02:37:57,600 --> 02:38:01,300
evidentiary approach. rather 
than telling her personal story 

2898
02:38:01,300 --> 02:38:04,800
in isolation, she consistently 
placed her experience as within 

2899
02:38:04,800 --> 02:38:07,700
broader historical, contexts, 
connecting individual 

2900
02:38:07,700 --> 02:38:11,100
achievements to Collective 
struggles for equality, in 

2901
02:38:11,100 --> 02:38:14,700
academic settings, Janet became 
an important primary source for 

2902
02:38:14,700 --> 02:38:18,300
researchers studying aviation 
history, women's history, and 

2903
02:38:18,300 --> 02:38:21,800
African-American history. 
Her meticulous record-keeping 

2904
02:38:21,800 --> 02:38:25,100
proved invaluable to Scholars 
who had previously struggled to 

2905
02:38:25,100 --> 02:38:28,500
document aspects of black 
aviation history, obscured by 

2906
02:38:28,500 --> 02:38:32,200
institutional neglect, and 
deliberate Erasure Janet's 

2907
02:38:32,200 --> 02:38:33,800
relationship with younger black 
aviators. 

2908
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:37,500
During this period deserves 
particular attention, As 

2909
02:38:37,500 --> 02:38:39,800
commercial airlines finally 
began hiring black pilots in 

2910
02:38:39,800 --> 02:38:43,100
meaningful numbers during the 
1970s and 1980s. 

2911
02:38:43,100 --> 02:38:46,100
Many sought out, Janet for 
guidance on navigating 

2912
02:38:46,100 --> 02:38:47,900
predominantly white 
institutions. 

2913
02:38:47,900 --> 02:38:51,700
Her advice reflected Decades of 
accumulated wisdom about when to

2914
02:38:51,708 --> 02:38:54,700
challenge discrimination 
directly and went to focus on 

2915
02:38:54,700 --> 02:38:56,300
Excellence as its form of 
resistance. 

2916
02:38:57,300 --> 02:39:00,000
Several pilots who would later 
reach senior positions at Major 

2917
02:39:00,000 --> 02:39:02,800
carriers, sighted Janet's 
mentorship as crucial to their 

2918
02:39:02,800 --> 02:39:05,500
ability to persist through 
difficult early experiences. 

2919
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:10,100
Her apartment in Chicago. 
It remained a gathering place, 

2920
02:39:10,100 --> 02:39:13,300
where multiple generations of 
black Aviation professionals 

2921
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:16,700
could share strategies and 
support across experiential 

2922
02:39:16,700 --> 02:39:21,700
divided. in 1986, Janet received
belated recognition, from the 

2923
02:39:21,700 --> 02:39:25,000
Federal Aviation Administration 
with their Pioneer award 

2924
02:39:25,000 --> 02:39:29,100
acknowledging her contributions 
to American Aviation, the 

2925
02:39:29,100 --> 02:39:31,500
ceremony brought together, 
Aviation officials who had once 

2926
02:39:31,500 --> 02:39:34,800
to deny her opportunities with 
younger administrators, who had 

2927
02:39:34,800 --> 02:39:38,300
benefitted from the changes, she
helped create This juxtaposition

2928
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:41,700
might have invited bitterness, 
but Janet approached, the 

2929
02:39:41,700 --> 02:39:44,600
occasional with characteristic 
Grace and strategic Focus. 

2930
02:39:45,400 --> 02:39:48,100
She used her acceptance speech, 
not for personal Vindication, 

2931
02:39:48,100 --> 02:39:52,000
but to highlight continuing 
disparities and Aviation access 

2932
02:39:52,000 --> 02:39:55,800
and employment. 
By presenting current statistics

2933
02:39:55,800 --> 02:39:58,900
alongside historical context. 
She made clear that while 

2934
02:39:58,900 --> 02:40:02,600
progress had occurred the work 
remained unfinished, this 

2935
02:40:02,600 --> 02:40:05,500
approach transformed, What Might
Have Been merely commemorative 

2936
02:40:05,500 --> 02:40:07,800
into a call for ongoing 
commitment to equity? 

2937
02:40:08,400 --> 02:40:12,000
As Janet entered her 90s, she 
began the process of ensuring 

2938
02:40:12,000 --> 02:40:14,500
her collection, would remain 
accessible after her lifetime. 

2939
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:17,700
Rather than waiting for 
institutions to approach her, 

2940
02:40:17,700 --> 02:40:21,100
she actively researched for 
potential repositories, 

2941
02:40:21,100 --> 02:40:24,600
evaluating their commitment to 
making materials available to 

2942
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:26,600
both Scholars and community 
members. 

2943
02:40:27,500 --> 02:40:30,200
She ultimately divided her 
papers between the Smithsonian 

2944
02:40:30,200 --> 02:40:33,100
National Air and Space Museum in
the Atlanta University Center 

2945
02:40:33,100 --> 02:40:36,300
archives, creating multiple 
access points to this crucial 

2946
02:40:36,300 --> 02:40:41,800
history, Janet Bragg passed away
in 1993 at the age of 86, having

2947
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:44,800
witnessed transformations. 
In American Aviation, that would

2948
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:47,400
have seemed impossible when she 
took her first flight lesson in 

2949
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:50,600
1933. 
At the time of her death, black 

2950
02:40:50,600 --> 02:40:54,100
Pilots commanded jumbo jets for 
major carriers served as 

2951
02:40:54,100 --> 02:40:57,200
astronauts in the space program,
and held leadership positions in

2952
02:40:57,200 --> 02:41:00,000
aviation organizations that had 
once excluded them entirely. 

2953
02:41:00,900 --> 02:41:03,100
Yet Janet's. 
Most profound Legacy, May lie 

2954
02:41:03,100 --> 02:41:04,800
not in these visible markers of 
progress. 

2955
02:41:04,800 --> 02:41:07,700
But in the approach to change, 
she embodied throughout her 

2956
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:11,600
life. demonstrated the effective
advocacy requires, not just 

2957
02:41:11,600 --> 02:41:14,400
courage and persistence, but 
strategic thinking about where 

2958
02:41:14,400 --> 02:41:17,900
and how to apply pressure She 
understood that systems, change 

2959
02:41:17,900 --> 02:41:20,800
through multiple mechanisms 
legal, challenges, policy, 

2960
02:41:20,800 --> 02:41:24,200
reforms, economic leverage, 
cultural shifts, an individual 

2961
02:41:24,200 --> 02:41:26,500
Excellence, all playing 
necessary roles. 

2962
02:41:26,500 --> 02:41:30,700
Perhaps most importantly, Janet 
Bragg's life illustrates that. 

2963
02:41:30,700 --> 02:41:33,600
History is not merely something 
that happens to people, but 

2964
02:41:33,600 --> 02:41:36,500
something they actively shape 
through deliberate choices and 

2965
02:41:36,500 --> 02:41:39,700
sustained commitment. 
She didn't simply participate in

2966
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:41,300
the evolution of American 
Aviation. 

2967
02:41:41,300 --> 02:41:45,100
She helped direct its course 
through strategic action at Key 

2968
02:41:45,100 --> 02:41:51,000
moments. 
Were starting off with the 

2969
02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:54,700
veteran and the sacred Springs 
Republic, second-century BC. 

2970
02:41:55,700 --> 02:41:58,900
Marcus licinius let out a pained
breath as he lowered his battle.

2971
02:41:58,900 --> 02:42:01,400
Scarred body into the steaming 
Stone baseman. 

2972
02:42:01,400 --> 02:42:04,600
The midday Sun filtered through 
olive trees around The Rustic, 

2973
02:42:04,600 --> 02:42:08,800
bathhouse turning the rising 
Vapors, golden From a man who 

2974
02:42:08,800 --> 02:42:11,200
had spent years rinsing and 
frigid Camp Rivers. 

2975
02:42:11,200 --> 02:42:13,200
This language heaped was a 
luxury. 

2976
02:42:14,100 --> 02:42:17,400
He closed his eyes feeling old 
Javelin wounds in his shoulder 

2977
02:42:17,400 --> 02:42:20,200
and thighs for the first time 
since the wars against Carthage.

2978
02:42:21,100 --> 02:42:23,300
Standing nearby. 
The Greek physician feel on 

2979
02:42:23,300 --> 02:42:27,700
watched and smiled knowingly 
centered, warm water over the 

2980
02:42:27,700 --> 02:42:30,600
veterans back. 
These Greek contrivances. 

2981
02:42:30,600 --> 02:42:34,900
Marcus began to Grumble but his 
voice softened into a sigh as 

2982
02:42:34,900 --> 02:42:38,800
warmth, seeped into his bones. 
Bathing was accustomed to Italy 

2983
02:42:38,800 --> 02:42:40,900
from Greece. 
Only recently and traditional 

2984
02:42:40,900 --> 02:42:43,700
Romans like him still met with 
equal parts. 

2985
02:42:43,700 --> 02:42:47,400
Curiosity and skepticism yet 
pain had a way of overcoming 

2986
02:42:47,400 --> 02:42:50,500
Pride. 
Philan recalled how Marcus had 

2987
02:42:50,500 --> 02:42:52,800
limped into the Grove of that 
morning leaning on a staff and 

2988
02:42:52,800 --> 02:42:55,700
refusing help. 
Now, the soothing Aromas of 

2989
02:42:55,700 --> 02:42:59,300
lavender and Laurel in the water
softened, the soldiers hard 

2990
02:42:59,300 --> 02:43:01,700
expression. 
Phil had come to roam as a 

2991
02:43:01,700 --> 02:43:04,200
captive, Greek healer, an 
earned, his freedom through 

2992
02:43:04,200 --> 02:43:07,600
medical skill. 
Back home healers understood the

2993
02:43:07,600 --> 02:43:10,600
power of balm the bath as a 
place of cure. 

2994
02:43:11,300 --> 02:43:14,400
He had learned illness came from
imbalances within and believed 

2995
02:43:14,400 --> 02:43:16,400
water and heat could help 
restore Harmony. 

2996
02:43:17,400 --> 02:43:20,100
The Physician gently helped 
Markus lean against the pool's 

2997
02:43:20,100 --> 02:43:24,600
Edge and with a bronze drill 
began, scraping sweat and oil 

2998
02:43:24,600 --> 02:43:28,400
from the skin removing Grime, as
well as what he called, Bad 

2999
02:43:28,400 --> 02:43:31,500
humors. 
Marcus did not fully grasp the 

3000
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:35,300
theory of the four humors but he
understood one thing, the ritual

3001
02:43:35,300 --> 02:43:36,900
felt cleansing and oddly. 
Renewing. 

3002
02:43:37,800 --> 02:43:40,600
They were not alone in this 
modest bathhouse by the sacred 

3003
02:43:40,600 --> 02:43:43,100
spring. 
Nearby a pair of villagers 

3004
02:43:43,100 --> 02:43:46,200
quietly, soaked their aching 
Limbs and inhaled herbal Steam 

3005
02:43:46,200 --> 02:43:47,300
for stubborn. 
Coughs. 

3006
02:43:47,900 --> 02:43:49,500
The atmosphere was hushed and 
reverent. 

3007
02:43:49,500 --> 02:43:53,900
This place wasn't a grand public
Therma, but a simple balmiere 

3008
02:43:53,900 --> 02:43:56,700
beside an ancient spring, long 
believed to be touched by the 

3009
02:43:56,700 --> 02:44:00,700
gods, Marcus recalled, Tales of 
miraculous Waters, curing, The 

3010
02:44:00,700 --> 02:44:04,000
Afflicted, the spring fed, a 
small, hot bath chamber, and a 

3011
02:44:04,000 --> 02:44:06,400
cold pool Downstream and its 
reputation. 

3012
02:44:06,400 --> 02:44:09,700
Had spread off to soldiers, 
wounds healed faster here than 

3013
02:44:09,700 --> 02:44:12,400
elsewhere. 
As Marcus's body grew at 

3014
02:44:12,400 --> 02:44:15,400
Clemente, to the heat on guided 
him to the next step of the 

3015
02:44:15,400 --> 02:44:17,500
regiment. 
Now, for the cold plunge. 

3016
02:44:17,500 --> 02:44:21,100
The Physician said, Marcus 
grimmest, but complied, hobbling

3017
02:44:21,100 --> 02:44:24,200
to the Frigidaire area, a 
circular Stone pool under the 

3018
02:44:24,208 --> 02:44:27,100
Open Sky. 
He braced himself and descended,

3019
02:44:27,100 --> 02:44:30,100
the cold water gripped. 
His skin like an icy fist, 

3020
02:44:30,100 --> 02:44:34,100
drawing a sharp gasp every 
Instinct screamed to LEAP out 

3021
02:44:34,100 --> 02:44:38,000
but Marcus stayed recalling, ons
Council that the sudden change 

3022
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:40,500
in temperature would stimulate 
his blood and invigorate the 

3023
02:44:40,500 --> 02:44:43,500
body. 
After a few breaths, the ache in

3024
02:44:43,500 --> 02:44:45,300
his leg, dulled to a manageable 
throb. 

3025
02:44:46,300 --> 02:44:48,600
The shock of cold following. 
The Deep warmth left in 

3026
02:44:48,600 --> 02:44:52,200
breathless yet, strangely 
revitalized Shivering. 

3027
02:44:52,200 --> 02:44:55,800
But smiling Marcus emerged and 
wrapped himself in a Woolen 

3028
02:44:55,800 --> 02:44:56,300
tail. 
Offered. 

3029
02:44:56,300 --> 02:44:59,600
By an attendant, he rolled his 
shoulder and found it looser. 

3030
02:44:59,600 --> 02:45:03,600
The usual stabbing pain, notably
diminished, Perhaps there is 

3031
02:45:03,600 --> 02:45:06,600
something to These Bars. 
After all, he admitted meeting 

3032
02:45:06,600 --> 02:45:09,900
felons eyes. 
The Greek patted, his arm, not 

3033
02:45:09,900 --> 02:45:13,700
magic friend, Nature's gift, 
heat, and water can do more than

3034
02:45:13,700 --> 02:45:16,500
any salve. 
Marcus had to agree. 

3035
02:45:17,300 --> 02:45:19,100
That the edge of the spring-fed.
Pools stood. 

3036
02:45:19,100 --> 02:45:22,900
A small altar covered in thank 
offering votives shape like 

3037
02:45:22,900 --> 02:45:25,300
Limbs and tablets etched with 
words of gratitude. 

3038
02:45:26,300 --> 02:45:28,600
Despite years of battle, 
hardened skepticism. 

3039
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:30,800
Marcus felt compelled to step 
over. 

3040
02:45:30,800 --> 02:45:34,500
He murdered a few words to 
escalate the god of healing 

3041
02:45:34,500 --> 02:45:37,700
giving, quite thanks in the old 
way a breeze. 

3042
02:45:37,700 --> 02:45:39,800
Russell, the olive branches 
overhead, as if in gentle 

3043
02:45:39,800 --> 02:45:43,700
approval markers, stood taller. 
The weight of his armor was 

3044
02:45:43,700 --> 02:45:47,700
gone, replaced by a lightness, 
he hadn't felt in decades, In 

3045
02:45:47,700 --> 02:45:51,000
the silence broken. 
Only by trickling water a battle

3046
02:45:51,008 --> 02:45:54,500
weary, Roman discovered a new 
kind of Victory, the healing 

3047
02:45:54,500 --> 02:45:58,500
power of water and rest. 
With elon's help markers, Don 

3048
02:45:58,500 --> 02:46:00,900
his tunic. 
The veteran scars would remain, 

3049
02:46:00,900 --> 02:46:03,600
but he felt that a piece of the 
wars bird and had been lifted 

3050
02:46:03,600 --> 02:46:06,200
from him left behind in those 
sacred Waters. 

3051
02:46:07,400 --> 02:46:10,500
As they Departed, the Grove 
Marcus glanced back at the 

3052
02:46:10,500 --> 02:46:14,100
spring one last time in that 
tranquil Refuge of warmth and 

3053
02:46:14,108 --> 02:46:15,800
Faith. 
He had found hope that even the 

3054
02:46:15,800 --> 02:46:19,600
deepest wounds might one day 
mend a day at a gripper's thermi

3055
02:46:19,600 --> 02:46:24,500
between 27 BC and 12 BC, early 
Empire, steam swirled through 

3056
02:46:24,500 --> 02:46:27,700
the cavernous caldarium as 
Lucia, suggested a bronze pipe 

3057
02:46:27,700 --> 02:46:30,400
redirecting hot air beneath the 
marble floor. 

3058
02:46:31,300 --> 02:46:33,700
He was a service Bell near Arias
bath at. 

3059
02:46:34,200 --> 02:46:37,300
In the Magnificent baths of a 
gripper starting work before 

3060
02:46:37,300 --> 02:46:40,900
Dawn in the furnace room face 
flushed from stoking the Wood 

3061
02:46:40,900 --> 02:46:44,300
Fired hippo course Lucius 
finally climbed out into the 

3062
02:46:44,300 --> 02:46:47,000
main Halls carrying baskets of 
fresh olive oil and folded 

3063
02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:49,200
Linens. 
The bars are already coming 

3064
02:46:49,200 --> 02:46:52,000
alive. 
Aristocrats in a Lincoln togas, 

3065
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:56,300
whether legionaries Merchants 
from afar and even freedmen and 

3066
02:46:56,300 --> 02:46:58,300
slaves. 
Scraped together, the tiny fee 

3067
02:46:58,300 --> 02:47:01,600
for entry all arriving in the 
Morning, Light, Social 

3068
02:47:01,600 --> 02:47:05,500
distinctions melted away. 
Once inside Senators, Merchant 

3069
02:47:05,500 --> 02:47:08,300
soldiers and even slaves. 
Mingled freely here on Common 

3070
02:47:08,300 --> 02:47:11,300
Ground by mid-morning. 
They stationed Lucius in the 

3071
02:47:11,308 --> 02:47:14,700
appetite area, a changing room 
filled with cubby holes for 

3072
02:47:14,700 --> 02:47:17,500
clothes. 
A kindly Senator pressed, a 

3073
02:47:17,500 --> 02:47:21,200
quadrans, the customary fee. 
Intel Lucius Palm, as a 

3074
02:47:21,200 --> 02:47:24,500
gratuity, since a grip is death,
the Magnificent third me were 

3075
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:27,400
left free to the people. 
So any payment now was a 

3076
02:47:27,400 --> 02:47:30,800
personal gift. 
Lucius smiled gratefully and 

3077
02:47:30,800 --> 02:47:33,300
tucked. 
The coin away suddenly a shout 

3078
02:47:33,300 --> 02:47:35,300
at The Far Side signal that a 
bathers. 

3079
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:39,300
Cloak had gone missing. 
Lucius stomach dropped the 

3080
02:47:39,300 --> 02:47:42,600
crowded bars was unfortunately, 
common and he knew the gods 

3081
02:47:42,600 --> 02:47:45,100
would receive another bitter 
prayer against a thief before 

3082
02:47:45,100 --> 02:47:47,600
nightfall. 
As the rush of bathers. 

3083
02:47:47,600 --> 02:47:49,400
Slowed Lucius took a moment to 
breathe. 

3084
02:47:49,400 --> 02:47:53,100
He wondered through the, 
tepidarium the warm room were 

3085
02:47:53,100 --> 02:47:55,200
clusters of men. 
Reclined on heated benches. 

3086
02:47:56,000 --> 02:47:58,900
Two Scholars soaked and debated 
in Greek about Aristotle. 

3087
02:47:58,900 --> 02:48:01,600
Nearby. 
A poet declined new verses to an

3088
02:48:01,600 --> 02:48:04,400
appreciative Circle. 
He often saw philosophers and 

3089
02:48:04,400 --> 02:48:08,500
Poets here, sharing wisdom with 
anyone who would listen Though 

3090
02:48:08,500 --> 02:48:11,600
he did not interject Lucius, 
felt proud to work in a place 

3091
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:14,000
where knowledge flowed as freely
as water. 

3092
02:48:14,000 --> 02:48:18,500
His reprove was briefed a call 
from the palace dresser exercise

3093
02:48:18,500 --> 02:48:21,700
yard sent him running. 
One of the wrestling trainers 

3094
02:48:21,700 --> 02:48:23,900
needed more oil for athletes to 
anoint themselves. 

3095
02:48:23,900 --> 02:48:27,300
Lucius fetched a jug of scented 
oil and marveled at the 

3096
02:48:27,300 --> 02:48:29,600
surrounding as he trotted 
through a Colonnade. 

3097
02:48:29,600 --> 02:48:34,400
A grip has complex was not only 
bars and gyms but also Guardians

3098
02:48:34,400 --> 02:48:38,000
and Promenade. through our 
doorways, he Glimpse manicured 

3099
02:48:38,000 --> 02:48:41,400
Courtyards and Colonnades like 
the Greek gymnasia but even more

3100
02:48:41,400 --> 02:48:45,700
sumptuous Patron strolled those 
paths to cool down surrounded by

3101
02:48:45,708 --> 02:48:49,000
statues and Greenery, a 
carefully crafted landscape of 

3102
02:48:49,000 --> 02:48:52,000
leisure and health. 
Back in the main bath Hall. 

3103
02:48:52,000 --> 02:48:55,100
Lucius carefully poured oil into
the hands of a Burly veteran 

3104
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:59,600
preparing for a massage. 
The man nodded in thanks scars, 

3105
02:48:59,600 --> 02:49:02,600
crisscrossing his back. 
He mentioned that his old war, 

3106
02:49:02,600 --> 02:49:06,500
wounds paint him less after a 
hot soak, Lucius offered a 

3107
02:49:06,500 --> 02:49:09,400
polite smile and moved on, but 
inside, he felt a spark of 

3108
02:49:09,400 --> 02:49:11,400
satisfaction. 
He saw daily. 

3109
02:49:11,400 --> 02:49:13,700
How much relief for the baths 
brought to weary bodies? 

3110
02:49:13,700 --> 02:49:16,700
People left, these Halls walking
taller than when they entered. 

3111
02:49:18,000 --> 02:49:21,100
By late afternoon, the crowds 
thinned Lucius helped. 

3112
02:49:21,100 --> 02:49:22,900
Sweet the. 
Now empty Frigidaire area. 

3113
02:49:22,900 --> 02:49:26,200
The cold plunge room, shivering,
a bit in the Cameo are left 

3114
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:28,900
behind. 
Gathered strace triggers and 

3115
02:49:28,900 --> 02:49:32,200
tidied shelves of oils at last 
as dusk approached. 

3116
02:49:32,200 --> 02:49:36,800
The Thurman closed for cleaning.
Saw an exhausted Lucius crept to

3117
02:49:36,800 --> 02:49:40,200
a quiet corner of the Caldera. 
With no Patron's around, he 

3118
02:49:40,200 --> 02:49:42,600
finally dared to slip into the 
warm bath himself. 

3119
02:49:43,400 --> 02:49:46,000
The Embrace of hot water was 
immediate Bliss to his aking, 

3120
02:49:46,000 --> 02:49:50,000
muscle's, eyes closed he floated
for a minute letting healing 

3121
02:49:50,000 --> 02:49:53,200
warmth wash over him and that 
brief moment. 

3122
02:49:53,200 --> 02:49:56,800
The grand bath, he served each 
day became his Sanctuary 2 

3123
02:49:56,800 --> 02:49:59,900
Lamplight, flickers in the 
corridors as he finished his 

3124
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:02,600
duties. 
Before leaving, he paused by the

3125
02:50:02,600 --> 02:50:05,300
small altar, where patrons 
offered thanks to the goddess of

3126
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:07,500
Health Sailors and bowed his 
head. 

3127
02:50:08,300 --> 02:50:11,200
He had witnessed both Doles of 
both Nobles and workers. 

3128
02:50:11,200 --> 02:50:14,900
Find Solace cleanliness and 
companionship beneath these 

3129
02:50:14,900 --> 02:50:17,000
voltage. 
Ceilings Lucius locked, the 

3130
02:50:17,000 --> 02:50:20,700
massive, bronze doors from 
outside in the Amber of Sundown.

3131
02:50:20,700 --> 02:50:24,800
The baths of a gripper, stood 
silent and steamy behind him and

3132
02:50:24,800 --> 02:50:28,400
enduring gift to Rome tomorrow 
at dawn, he would return to 

3133
02:50:28,400 --> 02:50:31,200
ignite its fires in you. 
Knowing that within those walls,

3134
02:50:31,200 --> 02:50:34,300
the aches of rich and poor alike
were soothed by the same Healing

3135
02:50:34,300 --> 02:50:37,000
Waters in The Sacred Waters of 
soulless. 

3136
02:50:37,800 --> 02:50:40,500
Aqua Solace Britannia second 
century ad. 

3137
02:50:41,500 --> 02:50:43,700
Baraka lifted. 
Her hands above the steaming 

3138
02:50:43,700 --> 02:50:45,900
pool as Dawn's. 
First light crept through the 

3139
02:50:45,900 --> 02:50:48,800
open roof as a priestess of 
Solace, Minerva. 

3140
02:50:48,800 --> 02:50:51,500
She began each day in Prayer by 
The Sacred Springs. 

3141
02:50:52,300 --> 02:50:55,800
Tendrils of mist curled around 
her and the loan Roman veteran 

3142
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:57,900
who stood shivering in the cool 
morning air. 

3143
02:50:58,600 --> 02:51:01,800
Marcus Julius a retired 
Centurion had traveled. 

3144
02:51:01,800 --> 02:51:05,400
Hundreds of miles to aquae sulis
in hopes these famous thermal 

3145
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:07,200
Waters. 
Might ease the agonizing pain, 

3146
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:10,200
in his joints, he watched with 
cautious, reverence as the 

3147
02:51:10,200 --> 02:51:12,400
Priestess invoke. 
The goddess Solace? 

3148
02:51:12,400 --> 02:51:15,600
Minerva healer of Hills bless 
us, she intoned. 

3149
02:51:16,400 --> 02:51:19,300
Silas was venerated, as a 
healing Divinity, who sacred Hot

3150
02:51:19,300 --> 02:51:21,500
Springs could cure physical and 
spiritual suffering. 

3151
02:51:21,500 --> 02:51:24,900
And I Baraka felt the goddess as
presence in the rising Steam. 

3152
02:51:26,100 --> 02:51:29,500
At her nod. 
Marcus disrobed, his tool scared

3153
02:51:29,500 --> 02:51:33,100
frame and gingerly descended the
stone steps into the great bath.

3154
02:51:33,100 --> 02:51:37,300
He inhaled sharply, the water 
was near scolding rich with 

3155
02:51:37,300 --> 02:51:40,200
sulfur and minerals that tinged 
it to translucent green. 

3156
02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:44,600
Every day, a bureaucracy saw 
newcomers, react the same way a 

3157
02:51:44,600 --> 02:51:48,100
gas, but the heat then a sigh, 
as the warmth penetrated a king 

3158
02:51:48,100 --> 02:51:51,500
Bone's, Marcus settled Neck Deep
his muscles. 

3159
02:51:51,500 --> 02:51:56,400
Gradually unclenching took up a 
shallow pewter bowl, dipped it 

3160
02:51:56,400 --> 02:51:58,600
and slowly poured, the hot 
mineral water. 

3161
02:51:58,600 --> 02:52:02,100
Over the veteran shoulders. 
This act was part of the healing

3162
02:52:02,100 --> 02:52:04,500
ritual. 
The water trickling off his body

3163
02:52:04,500 --> 02:52:06,000
was thought to carry the 
Springs. 

3164
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:09,700
Healing Essence in to him. 
The Centurion closed his eyes 

3165
02:52:09,700 --> 02:52:12,200
while the Priestess gently 
pulled the shimmering water 

3166
02:52:12,200 --> 02:52:15,200
again and again murmuring 
prayers in both Latin. 

3167
02:52:15,200 --> 02:52:17,200
And the ancient brittonic tongue
of this land. 

3168
02:52:18,100 --> 02:52:20,800
All around the baths of Solace 
was stirring away. 

3169
02:52:21,700 --> 02:52:24,800
Fellow pilgrims and local 
townsfolk began to arrive their 

3170
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:26,600
footsteps. 
Echoing under the Portico 

3171
02:52:26,600 --> 02:52:30,200
families with sick children and 
elderly Farmers with crutches 

3172
02:52:30,200 --> 02:52:33,600
came seeking relief. 
A barakah greeted each quietly, 

3173
02:52:33,600 --> 02:52:37,500
the Rome governed Britannia now 
in this complex, the goddess 

3174
02:52:37,500 --> 02:52:40,900
welcomed all with Healing Waters
within the adjacent Temple, 

3175
02:52:40,900 --> 02:52:44,100
acolytes prepared, offerings of 
food and carved plaques to 

3176
02:52:44,100 --> 02:52:45,900
present at Soleus Minerva's 
Alta. 

3177
02:52:46,500 --> 02:52:50,200
The air smelled of moist Stone, 
burning incense and the metallic

3178
02:52:50,200 --> 02:52:53,800
Tang of the spring. 
For a moment, a barakah glanced 

3179
02:52:53,800 --> 02:52:56,800
toward the temples, in a 
sanctum, where a gilded bronze 

3180
02:52:56,800 --> 02:53:00,300
statue of the Goddess caught the
light. she whispered a promise 

3181
02:53:00,300 --> 02:53:02,700
under her breath, that soon as 
his power would never be 

3182
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:06,300
forsaken here, even as foreign 
Customs swirled around her, 

3183
02:53:07,100 --> 02:53:09,600
Marcus roused, her from her 
thoughts with a quiet grown. 

3184
02:53:10,400 --> 02:53:12,500
He'd been soaking for a while 
eyes. 

3185
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:14,900
Half closed as the thermal heat 
worked on him. 

3186
02:53:15,700 --> 02:53:17,300
The Priestess stepped to the 
water's edge. 

3187
02:53:17,300 --> 02:53:19,800
How do you feel? 
She asked softly. 

3188
02:53:19,808 --> 02:53:23,200
The soldier rolled his shoulder.
Experimentally beneath the green

3189
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:24,800
surface. 
Better. 

3190
02:53:24,800 --> 02:53:28,100
I think he replied no one in his
voice. 

3191
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:30,900
He moved his knee that had been 
stiff with arthritis. 

3192
02:53:30,900 --> 02:53:34,200
It was still in flexible, but 
the stabbing pain had lessened. 

3193
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:38,300
The goddess Smiles on you. 
A bureaucracy said with a gentle

3194
02:53:38,300 --> 02:53:40,300
smile. 
She offered him a cup of the 

3195
02:53:40,300 --> 02:53:43,500
spring water, many believe, 
drinking it cleansed one from 

3196
02:53:43,500 --> 02:53:46,700
within as well. 
Marcus drank, the warm metallic 

3197
02:53:46,700 --> 02:53:48,400
tasting water and managed to 
grin. 

3198
02:53:48,400 --> 02:53:51,800
It was the first time ever after
had seen the stern man, smile 

3199
02:53:51,800 --> 02:53:55,200
that morning. 
By midday Marcus now wrapped in 

3200
02:53:55,208 --> 02:53:58,300
a Woolen cloak, joined Iberia 
and other supplicants of the 

3201
02:53:58,300 --> 02:54:00,200
circular spring for a communal 
ritual. 

3202
02:54:00,200 --> 02:54:02,700
One by one. 
They placed tokens in the 

3203
02:54:02,708 --> 02:54:06,500
bubbling water in, thanks or 
petition, Marcus dropped a 

3204
02:54:06,500 --> 02:54:08,600
warned Legion pendant Into the 
Depths as an offering. 

3205
02:54:08,600 --> 02:54:11,900
While others tossed coins. 
That glinted beneath the ripples

3206
02:54:11,900 --> 02:54:15,200
the group, then chanted A Hymn 
of healing in unison. 

3207
02:54:16,000 --> 02:54:18,700
Their Latin and ratownik prayers
intermingling onto the high 

3208
02:54:18,700 --> 02:54:21,500
roof. 
A Barack as voice, Rose strong 

3209
02:54:21,500 --> 02:54:25,500
and clear, invoking Solace, as a
nourishing mother and Vigilant 

3210
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:30,900
maneuver all at once. when the 
rights concluded tears in the 

3211
02:54:30,900 --> 02:54:34,200
centurion's eyes, I feel New 
Again markers. 

3212
02:54:34,200 --> 02:54:37,700
Whispered amazed. 
He flexed his hands finding the 

3213
02:54:37,700 --> 02:54:39,200
usual morning. 
Stiffness gone. 

3214
02:54:39,900 --> 02:54:41,900
Despite his scars from war and 
age. 

3215
02:54:41,900 --> 02:54:44,200
The hot water's had restored, 
his vitality. 

3216
02:54:45,100 --> 02:54:47,800
Iraqi helped him to his feet and
guided him to give. 

3217
02:54:47,800 --> 02:54:51,000
Thanks at the altar, Markus 
bowed, deeply and left his old 

3218
02:54:51,000 --> 02:54:53,600
crutch cropped against a pillar,
the silent testimony. 

3219
02:54:53,600 --> 02:54:57,500
That he hoped not needed again. 
That evening as the last 

3220
02:54:57,500 --> 02:54:58,500
devotees. 
Departed. 

3221
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:00,100
A barakah. 
Lingard. 

3222
02:55:00,100 --> 02:55:03,000
Thank the goddess. 
She sprinkled rose petals into 

3223
02:55:03,000 --> 02:55:05,800
the steaming pool and fed the 
altar fire until it glowed. 

3224
02:55:06,700 --> 02:55:09,600
Many were depart a quote, 
aqueous Soleus carrying Tales of

3225
02:55:09,608 --> 02:55:11,300
relief and healing back to their
homes. 

3226
02:55:12,200 --> 02:55:15,900
Priestess e Baraka offered one 
final prayer that the sacred 

3227
02:55:15,900 --> 02:55:19,200
Springs would remain a sanctuary
of healing for all who truly 

3228
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:21,700
needed it. 
The Physicians Council, Rome, 

3229
02:55:21,700 --> 02:55:26,300
Sierra, 188, Julius frontinus 
arrived at the bath of trajan at

3230
02:55:26,300 --> 02:55:29,800
dawn, a trained physician. 
He often met patients here amid.

3231
02:55:29,800 --> 02:55:33,000
The marble halls and Healing 
Waters This morning, he had 

3232
02:55:33,000 --> 02:55:35,800
invited his friend Fabius for a 
private consultation in the 

3233
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:38,400
bars. 
Soothing environment Fabius had 

3234
02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:40,800
been listless and sorrowful. 
Since losing his wife, last 

3235
02:55:40,800 --> 02:55:45,200
winter, a classic Melancholia as
Julius saw it Julius, believed 

3236
02:55:45,200 --> 02:55:48,700
the bars could succeed, where 
months of mourning had failed to

3237
02:55:48,700 --> 02:55:50,600
restore. 
His friends body and spirit by 

3238
02:55:50,600 --> 02:55:53,000
rebalancing, the humours thrown 
off by grief. 

3239
02:55:54,000 --> 02:55:57,400
They found a quiet corner of the
tepidarium where gentle warmth 

3240
02:55:57,400 --> 02:55:59,300
emanated from the floors and 
walls. 

3241
02:55:59,300 --> 02:56:03,000
Julius encouraged Fabius to 
recline on a heated bench. 

3242
02:56:03,800 --> 02:56:06,200
We will begin here to warm your 
blood, he explained. 

3243
02:56:06,900 --> 02:56:09,800
In the soft light, mosaics of 
hygeia looks down as if 

3244
02:56:09,800 --> 02:56:13,600
supervising or therapy Julius 
mixed a few drops of eucalyptus 

3245
02:56:13,600 --> 02:56:16,600
oil into fabulous. 
Palm trickier learned to open 

3246
02:56:16,600 --> 02:56:20,100
the lungs and lift the mood as 
Fabius inhaled the sharp scent 

3247
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:22,500
Julius noted, his friends 
posture change. 

3248
02:56:23,100 --> 02:56:27,000
The philosophers shoulders, long
tents began to relax gradual 

3249
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:29,700
warmth was known to purge and 
wholesome Vapors and prepare the

3250
02:56:29,708 --> 02:56:34,000
body to release its burdens and 
indeed phobias is chest seemed 

3251
02:56:34,000 --> 02:56:37,400
to lighten with each breath. 
Next Julius LED his friend into 

3252
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:41,600
the caldarium, the hot steam 
chamber, a wave of moist heat 

3253
02:56:41,600 --> 02:56:43,900
enveloped them. 
Fabius frowned at the 

3254
02:56:43,900 --> 02:56:47,800
discomfort, but Julius Satin by 
The Hot Fountain and urged him 

3255
02:56:47,800 --> 02:56:51,200
to breathe deeply. 
Soon, sweat was streaming down 

3256
02:56:51,200 --> 02:56:54,400
fabi's body. 
Julius gently, scraped it away 

3257
02:56:54,400 --> 02:56:57,100
with a bronze struggle. 
As if peeling off a layer of 

3258
02:56:57,100 --> 02:57:00,900
Sorrow along with the sweat, the
intense heat began to loosen his

3259
02:57:00,900 --> 02:57:04,600
stiff muscles and even ease. 
His tight chest, Fabius is 

3260
02:57:04,600 --> 02:57:07,300
breathing shallow at first grew 
deeper and more rhythmic. 

3261
02:57:07,300 --> 02:57:10,900
After a thorough, sweat Julius, 
guided the trembling philosopher

3262
02:57:10,900 --> 02:57:15,200
toward the Dome Frigidaire area.
A circular pool of cold Clear 

3263
02:57:15,200 --> 02:57:18,600
Water weighted Fabius borked on 
the edge eyeing. 

3264
02:57:18,600 --> 02:57:23,200
The chili basement with Dread 
Trust me, Julia said with a 

3265
02:57:23,200 --> 02:57:26,900
supportive arm, he helped Fabius
step down the cold, hit him with

3266
02:57:26,908 --> 02:57:30,100
a brutal shock. 
Fabius, Gaston almost bolted 

3267
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:33,200
out, but Julius held him a 
moment until the Panic passed. 

3268
02:57:33,800 --> 02:57:37,600
His heart pounded and his skin 
tingled such as Sudden Change in

3269
02:57:37,608 --> 02:57:40,000
temperature was believed to 
stimulate circulation and 

3270
02:57:40,000 --> 02:57:43,700
sharpen the senses and indeed, 
Fabius felt more alert than he 

3271
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:46,500
had in ages. 
He waited out of the pool on his

3272
02:57:46,500 --> 02:57:49,100
own, a look of astonishment and 
his face. 

3273
02:57:50,300 --> 02:57:52,700
A feel awake. 
He marveled through chattering 

3274
02:57:52,700 --> 02:57:55,600
teeth. 
Julius him down with a course, 

3275
02:57:55,600 --> 02:57:57,500
towel restoring warmth to his 
skin. 

3276
02:57:58,400 --> 02:58:00,600
Color returned to fabi's cheeks 
and a light. 

3277
02:58:00,608 --> 02:58:03,300
His eyes. 
They rested in a sunlit 

3278
02:58:03,300 --> 02:58:08,100
courtyard in Fresh Linen, robes 
and sipping watered wine faces. 

3279
02:58:08,100 --> 02:58:10,000
Limbs were loose and his mind. 
Clear. 

3280
02:58:10,900 --> 02:58:15,200
Grassed julius's hand greatly 
Griefer driven his humors to 

3281
02:58:15,200 --> 02:58:19,600
embal, but nature aided by hot 
water and cold, had helped to 

3282
02:58:19,600 --> 02:58:21,800
restore. 
What was lost Julius, gently 

3283
02:58:21,800 --> 02:58:24,500
reminded him, that regular 
bathing purifies the body of 

3284
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:26,100
toxins and can uplift the 
spirit. 

3285
02:58:26,900 --> 02:58:29,700
As they prepared to depart 
Julius observed, a cluster of 

3286
02:58:29,708 --> 02:58:33,000
men by The Colonnade engaged in 
a lively debate on Aristotle's. 

3287
02:58:33,000 --> 02:58:37,600
Ethics The Physician smiled 
bathhouses, often served as 

3288
02:58:37,600 --> 02:58:39,900
informal forums for Scholars and
Physicians alike. 

3289
02:58:40,600 --> 02:58:43,100
He himself had exchanged 
remedies and insights in these 

3290
02:58:43,100 --> 02:58:46,000
Halls, many times knowledge, 
flowing freely among those 

3291
02:58:46,000 --> 02:58:49,300
dedicated to Wellness. 
Indeed, this place cared for the

3292
02:58:49,300 --> 02:58:53,000
spirit just as much as the body.
He noted that Fabius now sat 

3293
02:58:53,000 --> 02:58:55,900
upright, calmly watching the 
morning, bustle, the haunted. 

3294
02:58:55,900 --> 02:58:59,400
Look gone from his face. 
Before departing Julius gave 

3295
02:58:59,400 --> 02:59:02,900
Fabius a small vial of soothing 
herbal oil, instructing him to 

3296
02:59:02,900 --> 02:59:06,200
use it each night. 
Fabius thanked him and promised 

3297
02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:09,800
to return to the bath soon. 
Not as a patient, but as a 

3298
02:59:09,800 --> 02:59:13,500
friend, For Julius. 
This was the true reward of 

3299
02:59:13,500 --> 02:59:18,000
medicine easing an ailment and 
seeing hope rekindled in the 

3300
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:21,300
vaulted Halls of the bars. 
Assault weighed down by sorrow 

3301
02:59:21,300 --> 02:59:24,400
had truly been likened. 
Heeling had come through hot and

3302
02:59:24,400 --> 02:59:27,700
cold water medicine and 
friendship all in harmony 

3303
02:59:27,700 --> 02:59:32,300
together in Rome, 2717 add a 
merchant at Carroll. 

3304
02:59:32,300 --> 02:59:35,500
As bars named lysandra of tires,
stepped through the Towering 

3305
02:59:35,500 --> 02:59:38,600
entrance of the baths of 
caracalla and felt his breath 

3306
02:59:38,600 --> 02:59:41,900
catch in his throat. 
He had traveled across half the 

3307
02:59:41,900 --> 02:59:44,200
Empire, but never seen a 
monument to Leisure as 

3308
02:59:44,200 --> 02:59:47,100
magnificent as this a vast Hall 
stretched. 

3309
02:59:47,100 --> 02:59:50,500
Before him its voltage. 
Sealing held a loft by dozens of

3310
02:59:50,508 --> 02:59:53,800
columns everywhere, stood, 
marble statues of gods and 

3311
02:59:53,800 --> 02:59:56,300
heroes. 
Colossal Hercules leaning on his

3312
02:59:56,300 --> 02:59:59,800
Club, dominated the scene. 
The complex was renowned for its

3313
02:59:59,800 --> 03:00:03,500
unparalleled lavish decoration, 
the merchant, past bronze, 

3314
03:00:03,500 --> 03:00:07,400
fountains tinkling gently, their
water music, echoing off, the 

3315
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:11,100
high walls, Clad only in a 
simple loin cloth provided at 

3316
03:00:11,100 --> 03:00:14,100
the entrance Lysander moved from
the grand Atrium into the 

3317
03:00:14,108 --> 03:00:18,200
bustling of food Dyer. 
Here garments of rich, and poor 

3318
03:00:18,200 --> 03:00:22,200
hung side by side in the wall. 
Niches two young bath attendants

3319
03:00:22,200 --> 03:00:23,800
helped Lysander stole his 
belongings. 

3320
03:00:23,800 --> 03:00:27,200
He cast a cautious eye toward 
his Satchel of precious spices 

3321
03:00:27,200 --> 03:00:29,300
until an attendant to assured 
him. 

3322
03:00:29,300 --> 03:00:32,200
It would be safe. 
With a knot of thangs, like, 

3323
03:00:32,200 --> 03:00:36,300
Santa's stepped gingerly onward,
the smooth marble floor, warm 

3324
03:00:36,300 --> 03:00:38,500
under his bare feet. 
Thanks to the hypocrisy fires 

3325
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:42,700
below. he first entered, the 
tepidarium a warm chamber, 

3326
03:00:42,700 --> 03:00:46,700
wearing inviting heat caressed, 
his travel weary muscles, Golden

3327
03:00:46,700 --> 03:00:49,900
Light, filtered through high 
Windows, Illuminating mosaic's 

3328
03:00:49,900 --> 03:00:53,500
of sea creatures across the 
floor, Groups of men reclined on

3329
03:00:53,500 --> 03:00:56,600
heated benches, along the walls 
chatting in a dozen tongues 

3330
03:00:56,600 --> 03:01:01,600
Latin Greek Egyptian Aramaic and
even his native Syriac despite 

3331
03:01:01,600 --> 03:01:05,800
differences in speech and Status
here, all were simply bathers at

3332
03:01:05,808 --> 03:01:08,700
ease. 
A portly Roman negotiator struck

3333
03:01:08,700 --> 03:01:12,100
up a friendly conversation about
Caravan routes and even offered.

3334
03:01:12,100 --> 03:01:16,100
Lysander a dab of citrus scented
oil from his flask the merchant 

3335
03:01:16,100 --> 03:01:19,900
graciously, accepted rubbing it 
into his skin as the tension of 

3336
03:01:19,900 --> 03:01:22,100
months on the road began to melt
from his shoulders. 

3337
03:01:22,100 --> 03:01:26,200
Next, he followed the flow of 
bathers into the caldarium, the 

3338
03:01:26,200 --> 03:01:29,400
enormous hot room. 
At one end of this canvas Hall 

3339
03:01:29,400 --> 03:01:32,000
Road, a circular pool of 
steaming Water flanked by 

3340
03:01:32,000 --> 03:01:35,200
enormous marble tubs. 
The air was thick and steamy 

3341
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:38,200
muffling. 
Every sound to a murmur Lysander

3342
03:01:38,200 --> 03:01:41,800
eased himself in to the central 
hot pool, the water embraced him

3343
03:01:41,800 --> 03:01:44,900
almost too hot at first but he 
slowly sank up to his chest 

3344
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:48,800
waves of heat unfolded through 
his limbs dissolving, the 

3345
03:01:48,800 --> 03:01:51,800
stiffness in his spine, from 
weeks of jostling in a camel 

3346
03:01:51,800 --> 03:01:54,800
drawn wagon. 
Nearby, a pair of off-duty, 

3347
03:01:54,800 --> 03:01:57,800
legionaries sighed with relief 
as they submerge themselves. 

3348
03:01:58,700 --> 03:02:01,400
I send a closed his eyes and 
let's sweat bead on his brow. 

3349
03:02:02,200 --> 03:02:04,300
A bath attendant appeared with a
bronze trigger. 

3350
03:02:04,300 --> 03:02:07,400
And Lysander allowed, the young 
man to briskly scrape the 

3351
03:02:07,400 --> 03:02:09,100
perspiration and oil from his 
skin. 

3352
03:02:09,800 --> 03:02:12,700
He marveled at the sight of even
this humble task in the Palace 

3353
03:02:12,700 --> 03:02:15,600
of well-being. 
Properly steamed and scrubbed. 

3354
03:02:15,600 --> 03:02:19,100
Lysander was ready for the final
trial the Frigidaire. 

3355
03:02:19,900 --> 03:02:23,400
He braced himself as he stepped 
into the next chamber and Airy 

3356
03:02:23,400 --> 03:02:28,200
Hall with a vast cold swimming 
pool notat, open to the sky, the

3357
03:02:28,200 --> 03:02:31,000
sun climbed higher. 
Now, it's raised dancing on the 

3358
03:02:31,000 --> 03:02:35,000
turquoise water. with a hearty 
Excel like sander plunged 

3359
03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:39,100
forward, the cold, shocked him 
to his core, he gasped, as the 

3360
03:02:39,100 --> 03:02:42,400
chill inverted, his overheated 
skin When he surfaced 

3361
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:46,300
invigorated, he was glad for it.
He laughed out loud and surprise

3362
03:02:46,300 --> 03:02:49,200
some nearby bathers chuckled at 
his shocked face. 

3363
03:02:49,200 --> 03:02:53,200
And he grinned back the sudden 
contrast from hot to cold Cent 

3364
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:56,300
new energy course in through his
veins, leaving him alert and 

3365
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:59,700
renewed. 
After swimming, like sander 

3366
03:02:59,700 --> 03:03:02,300
wandered into a landscape 
gardening, the natatorium 

3367
03:03:02,300 --> 03:03:05,600
clipped Hedges and fruit trees 
offered dappled shade. 

3368
03:03:05,600 --> 03:03:08,900
He strolled along a portico 
where others Lounge, cooling 

3369
03:03:08,900 --> 03:03:10,800
off. 
Some enjoying a light snack. 

3370
03:03:11,600 --> 03:03:14,200
In one corner, stood a small 
Shrine to escalate peace. 

3371
03:03:14,200 --> 03:03:17,400
The god of healing. 
So not a devout man. 

3372
03:03:17,400 --> 03:03:20,300
I send a pause to Bow his head 
and offer a silent. 

3373
03:03:20,300 --> 03:03:22,700
Thanks to the powers watching 
over weary Travelers. 

3374
03:03:23,400 --> 03:03:26,000
Only that morning. 
He had arrived in Rome bone, 

3375
03:03:26,000 --> 03:03:28,400
tired and saw in every joint 
now. 

3376
03:03:28,400 --> 03:03:32,200
He felt practically Reborn. 
As he prepared to leave, 

3377
03:03:32,200 --> 03:03:35,300
Lysander felt the days burdens 
completely lifted. 

3378
03:03:36,300 --> 03:03:39,000
Stepping back out through the 
Grand doors into the bustling 

3379
03:03:39,000 --> 03:03:41,000
streets. 
The Syrian Merchants carried 

3380
03:03:41,000 --> 03:03:44,500
with him, a newfound Vigor. 
The baths of caracalla had, 

3381
03:03:44,500 --> 03:03:47,300
cleansed the dust from his skin 
and washed away the weariness of

3382
03:03:47,300 --> 03:03:49,900
his long journey. 
Refreshed and optimistic, 

3383
03:03:49,900 --> 03:03:52,200
Lysander hefted, his Satchel of 
spices. 

3384
03:03:52,200 --> 03:03:55,700
Surprisingly lighter on his 
shoulders now and set off to 

3385
03:03:55,700 --> 03:03:58,700
conclude his business in the 
capital rejuvenated, by the 

3386
03:03:58,700 --> 03:04:02,200
restorative powers of Rome's, 
grandest baths, the saint of the

3387
03:04:02,200 --> 03:04:08,100
bars, Rome sea 428, The late 
afternoon sun, cast Long Shadows

3388
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:11,900
through the half-empty baths of 
Titus, Illuminating moats of 

3389
03:04:11,900 --> 03:04:15,300
dust swirling above, the 
tepidarium pool, Flavia a 

3390
03:04:15,300 --> 03:04:16,800
middle. 
Aged Deaconess of the Christian 

3391
03:04:16,800 --> 03:04:20,700
Church, rang out, a linen cloth.
In warm water and gently laid at

3392
03:04:20,700 --> 03:04:22,600
over an old woman's arthritic 
knees. 

3393
03:04:23,300 --> 03:04:27,300
Around them, a handful of the 
sick and poor soaked quietly in 

3394
03:04:27,300 --> 03:04:30,500
the small bath Hall. 
This once grand for facility at 

3395
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:34,100
seen better days, mosaic's, 
missing tiles, a dry Fountain 

3396
03:04:34,100 --> 03:04:37,700
Niche, where a statue of Apollo 
had stood yet to Flavia. 

3397
03:04:37,700 --> 03:04:39,800
It was a sacred place of 
healing. 

3398
03:04:40,800 --> 03:04:44,100
In the corner where a fresco of 
nymphs was fading, a simple 

3399
03:04:44,100 --> 03:04:47,500
wooden cross hung on the wall. 
She offered a silent prayer as 

3400
03:04:47,500 --> 03:04:50,400
she worked. 
Not to Pagan, nymphs or Gods. 

3401
03:04:50,400 --> 03:04:53,500
But asking Christ to bless these
Waters as he once did the pool 

3402
03:04:53,508 --> 03:04:56,800
of Bethesda. 
The city's Elite now shunned 

3403
03:04:56,800 --> 03:05:00,100
public, baths, preferring 
private tubs or avoiding them on

3404
03:05:00,100 --> 03:05:02,700
moral grounds. 
Church leaders condemned 

3405
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:06,300
bathhouses as dens of sin. 
Outlawing mixed bathing and 

3406
03:05:06,300 --> 03:05:08,200
segregating men and women Buy 
hours. 

3407
03:05:08,200 --> 03:05:12,700
Many once great bath, complexes 
were closing due to neglect But 

3408
03:05:12,700 --> 03:05:16,000
flavius saw opportunity in the 
decline with few Pleasure 

3409
03:05:16,000 --> 03:05:18,600
Seekers left, One Wing of the 
bars of Titus. 

3410
03:05:18,600 --> 03:05:22,800
Now, served as an unofficial 
Infirmary, It's warm rooms and 

3411
03:05:22,800 --> 03:05:24,900
water. 
Comforted those two poor or ill 

3412
03:05:24,900 --> 03:05:27,800
to Bay that home. 
Her patients this day, included 

3413
03:05:27,800 --> 03:05:32,900
septimius, a feverish Stone, 
Mason near us, retired legionary

3414
03:05:32,900 --> 03:05:36,800
with a festering leg wound and 
old Olivia, whose knees robbed 

3415
03:05:36,800 --> 03:05:39,900
with arthritis. 
One by one, Flavia guide in the 

3416
03:05:39,900 --> 03:05:43,500
through a gentle bathing 
regiment in the tepidarium mild 

3417
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:47,000
warmth stiff, joints loosened 
and fevers began to break. 

3418
03:05:48,100 --> 03:05:50,700
She crushed a bit of rose marine
eucalyptus into hot water 

3419
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:54,700
filling the air with sharp 
cleansing Vapors that Drew a 

3420
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:58,600
weak smile from fever. 
Next with help from a few 

3421
03:05:58,608 --> 03:06:01,700
volunteers, former bath 
attendance now serving as 

3422
03:06:01,700 --> 03:06:04,400
Christian helpers, Flavia 
brought them into the small 

3423
03:06:04,400 --> 03:06:07,500
caldarium. 
In the hazy steam, she softly 

3424
03:06:07,500 --> 03:06:11,200
sang A Hymn nerius, the old 
Soldier closed his eyes and 

3425
03:06:11,200 --> 03:06:13,300
joined in between deep. 
Breaths of hot air. 

3426
03:06:14,000 --> 03:06:16,900
This beats the Army Camps, he 
murmured with a faint grin. 

3427
03:06:17,600 --> 03:06:19,600
Even if we sing to a different 
God. 

3428
03:06:19,600 --> 03:06:24,100
Now, Flavia chuckled even as 
times changed, the enduring 

3429
03:06:24,100 --> 03:06:28,400
practice of soothing weary 
bodies with heat remained after 

3430
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:30,900
the steam bath, Flavia led the 
group to the Frigidaire area, 

3431
03:06:30,900 --> 03:06:35,500
only a trickle of Cold War still
flowed, but it was enough Olivia

3432
03:06:35,500 --> 03:06:38,500
gasped as Flavia poured, a bowl 
of the cool water over her 

3433
03:06:38,500 --> 03:06:42,800
swollen knees, easy flavius, 
suede the brief cold shock 

3434
03:06:42,800 --> 03:06:45,800
brought relief, Olivia sighed, 
as the inflammation in her 

3435
03:06:45,800 --> 03:06:49,400
joints, ease Flavia thought of 
how ancient Physicians praise. 

3436
03:06:49,400 --> 03:06:53,100
The contrast of hot and cold to 
stimulate healing and how even a

3437
03:06:53,100 --> 03:06:55,500
Christian Bishop had urged. 
The use of god-given Remedies 

3438
03:06:55,500 --> 03:06:58,700
like bars. 
Their circuit complete Flavia 

3439
03:06:58,700 --> 03:07:01,300
helped, the weakened, by these 
dry off and rest along the 

3440
03:07:01,300 --> 03:07:02,900
courtyard Colonnade for fresh 
air. 

3441
03:07:03,800 --> 03:07:07,000
Twilight approached a breeze 
carrying in the center of olive 

3442
03:07:07,000 --> 03:07:10,200
trees outside. 
She ladled out cups of warm 

3443
03:07:10,200 --> 03:07:13,800
broth from a pot simmering where
perfumed oils were once heated 

3444
03:07:13,800 --> 03:07:17,400
in the fading light, the group 
murmured prayers of thanks. 

3445
03:07:18,100 --> 03:07:22,000
Septimius, his fever had broken 
sweat beaded on his brow, but 

3446
03:07:22,000 --> 03:07:25,300
his eyes were clear. 
Nearest flexed his leg and found

3447
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:29,400
the wound clean, the pain 
abated, Livia squeezed flavia's 

3448
03:07:29,400 --> 03:07:33,500
hand, and gratitude, and for the
first time in weeks, Livia felt 

3449
03:07:33,500 --> 03:07:37,200
her pain knees. 
As Flavia packed away her 

3450
03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:39,500
supplies. 
A young acolyte lit, a few oil 

3451
03:07:39,500 --> 03:07:42,600
lamps along the walls. 
Their gentle glow fell on faded 

3452
03:07:42,600 --> 03:07:45,400
painting's of Roman gods. 
And the simple crosses scratched

3453
03:07:45,400 --> 03:07:48,400
by the Old and new converged 
here. 

3454
03:07:48,400 --> 03:07:53,300
These bars once echoed with 
Pagan Odes and idle gossip now 

3455
03:07:53,300 --> 03:07:56,500
they heard prayers and hymns. 
The water that Romans once 

3456
03:07:56,500 --> 03:07:59,300
dedicated to Escalade Pierce was
now blessed in Christ's name 

3457
03:07:59,308 --> 03:08:02,200
different prayers led to the 
same Healing Waters. 

3458
03:08:03,200 --> 03:08:06,200
Before closing for the night 
flavian milk by the pool and 

3459
03:08:06,200 --> 03:08:07,700
dipped her hand into the warm 
water. 

3460
03:08:07,700 --> 03:08:10,900
Whispering. 
A final prayer of thangs, this 

3461
03:08:10,900 --> 03:08:14,100
derelict Bath House. 
Turned infirmary felt as holy to

3462
03:08:14,100 --> 03:08:17,900
her as any Chapel place where 
suffering was eased and dignity 

3463
03:08:17,900 --> 03:08:20,600
restored. 
With that thought warming her 

3464
03:08:20,600 --> 03:08:25,000
heart, Flavia shuttered, the 
doors, the baths of Titus fell 

3465
03:08:25,000 --> 03:08:27,900
into quiet Darkness, say for The
Gleam of the wooden cross on the

3466
03:08:27,900 --> 03:08:31,800
wall, a reminder that even as 
Empires fade, the call to care 

3467
03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:36,000
for the sick endures under a 
legend winter Sky, Marcus pushed

3468
03:08:36,000 --> 03:08:38,400
open the heavy doors of the 
baths of Diocletian. 

3469
03:08:38,400 --> 03:08:42,700
In our final story of the 
Twilight of the thermae, romae 

3470
03:08:42,700 --> 03:08:47,000
537, add a sharp wind followed 
him in swirling. 

3471
03:08:47,000 --> 03:08:50,700
Fallen leaves across the floor, 
only a dozen patrons huddled in 

3472
03:08:50,700 --> 03:08:53,400
the vast complex. 
The baths emptiness was 

3473
03:08:53,400 --> 03:08:58,100
palpable, Markus had served as 
curator a water engineer for 

3474
03:08:58,100 --> 03:09:02,000
over 30 years, tending, Rome's 
aqueducts, and bathhouses. 

3475
03:09:02,000 --> 03:09:05,100
He remembered when these Halls 
echoed with laughter each 

3476
03:09:05,100 --> 03:09:07,900
afternoon. 
Now, many pools that dry or 

3477
03:09:07,900 --> 03:09:11,100
lukewarm still. 
He made his rounds determined to

3478
03:09:11,108 --> 03:09:14,300
offer what Comfort he could to 
those few Romans who clung to 

3479
03:09:14,300 --> 03:09:17,900
the old ways in the tepidarium 
only two loyal. 

3480
03:09:17,900 --> 03:09:22,200
Patrons lingard, In the lukewarm
pool, Marcus checked, the water 

3481
03:09:22,200 --> 03:09:24,200
with his hand cooler than it 
should be. 

3482
03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:28,000
The furnaces had barely any fuel
left would be being scared 

3483
03:09:28,000 --> 03:09:32,000
during the seed. 
He fed the last bits of charcoal

3484
03:09:32,000 --> 03:09:34,900
into the boiler coaxing Amiga 
flame, moving on. 

3485
03:09:34,900 --> 03:09:37,800
He passed through the empty 
palestra now, strewn with dust. 

3486
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:41,700
In a corner weed sprouted 
between cracked marble tiles. 

3487
03:09:41,700 --> 03:09:45,100
Where athletes once wrestled He 
sighed and entered the 

3488
03:09:45,100 --> 03:09:47,900
caldarium. 
Only one pool here was still in 

3489
03:09:47,900 --> 03:09:50,000
use fed by a trickle of warm 
water. 

3490
03:09:50,900 --> 03:09:53,900
A gaunt mother bathed her young 
son in the shallows of the one 

3491
03:09:53,900 --> 03:09:57,000
remaining warm pool. 
The same need for warmth and 

3492
03:09:57,008 --> 03:10:00,600
water, which had sustained so 
many before them drew them here.

3493
03:10:01,500 --> 03:10:04,400
The mother looked up at Marcus 
and gave a polite hopeful smile 

3494
03:10:04,400 --> 03:10:08,500
markers mustered and in return, 
even as his heart clenched with 

3495
03:10:08,500 --> 03:10:12,100
the knowledge he bore at dawn, 
Marcus had scouted the aqueduct 

3496
03:10:12,100 --> 03:10:14,200
outside the city and discovered 
the Grim truth. 

3497
03:10:15,000 --> 03:10:17,500
Gothic soldiers had cut the aqua
topping. 

3498
03:10:17,500 --> 03:10:19,200
Its archers to choke off Hermes 
water. 

3499
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:21,800
The lifeblood of the bars was 
severed. 

3500
03:10:21,800 --> 03:10:24,600
What little water remained in 
the pools was all there would 

3501
03:10:24,600 --> 03:10:27,400
ever be. 
By tomorrow, the bars of die. 

3502
03:10:27,400 --> 03:10:32,300
Clash of He made his way to The 
Frigid area a calvinist hall 

3503
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:34,900
that once housed a cold swimming
pool larger than a forum. 

3504
03:10:34,900 --> 03:10:38,500
Now it was dry the Mosaic of 
Neptune on its floor exposed and

3505
03:10:38,508 --> 03:10:41,200
dull. 
Marcus ran a hand along a 

3506
03:10:41,200 --> 03:10:44,000
cracked column, how many 
generations had cooled their 

3507
03:10:44,000 --> 03:10:46,400
brows here. 
After the steam, he could almost

3508
03:10:46,400 --> 03:10:48,100
hear ghostly, splashes, and 
Youthful. 

3509
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:51,400
Shouts from centuries, past 
returning to the tepidarium 

3510
03:10:51,400 --> 03:10:53,900
Marcus gently informed. 
The few remaining bathers that 

3511
03:10:53,900 --> 03:10:56,000
he baths would likely close off 
to today. 

3512
03:10:56,000 --> 03:11:00,200
The old man bowed their heads in
resigned under standing and the 

3513
03:11:00,200 --> 03:11:02,900
young mothers eyes primed with 
tears, as she held her son 

3514
03:11:02,900 --> 03:11:07,500
closer A patron placed a rolled 
parchment into Marcus's hand as 

3515
03:11:07,500 --> 03:11:10,700
a token of appreciation for his 
years of service, causing 

3516
03:11:10,700 --> 03:11:12,500
markers to swallow a lump in his
throat. 

3517
03:11:13,500 --> 03:11:15,900
He promised the mother, he would
direct her to a nearby church 

3518
03:11:15,900 --> 03:11:19,300
offering heated rooms for 
refugees a small solace. 

3519
03:11:20,500 --> 03:11:23,800
As Twilight fell and the last 
bathers departed, Markus 

3520
03:11:23,800 --> 03:11:27,300
remained alone in the cooling 
Caldera, the hissa water gone. 

3521
03:11:28,000 --> 03:11:32,000
he sat by an empty baseman, an 
old saying echoed while the 

3522
03:11:32,000 --> 03:11:37,900
baths remain Rome remains But 
Rome had changed its people 

3523
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:40,300
scattered. 
Its aqueducts broken. 

3524
03:11:41,200 --> 03:11:44,500
Communal bathing once the pride 
of Roman life was now slipping 

3525
03:11:44,500 --> 03:11:46,600
into memory yet in the 
Gathering. 

3526
03:11:46,600 --> 03:11:48,700
Darkness, Marcus felt a measure 
of Peace. 

3527
03:11:48,700 --> 03:11:51,700
The legacy of the theory would 
not vanish. 

3528
03:11:53,400 --> 03:11:55,900
In the Eastern Empire, massive 
bath, still thrived. 

3529
03:11:55,900 --> 03:11:58,900
And in country Villages, people 
still sought natural hot springs

3530
03:11:58,900 --> 03:12:01,000
for Relief just as they always 
had. 

3531
03:12:02,000 --> 03:12:04,700
Rome had introduced the world to
the benefits of bathing. 

3532
03:12:04,700 --> 03:12:07,900
And subsequent Generations, 
would continue this Legacy. 

3533
03:12:08,800 --> 03:12:11,800
Perhaps future Generations. 
In better times would build new 

3534
03:12:11,800 --> 03:12:15,600
bathhouses or find new ways to 
use waters Healing Touch. 

3535
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:19,600
Markers Rose and made his final 
rounds, snuffing out lamps and 

3536
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:22,400
securing doors. 
He took one last look at the 

3537
03:12:22,400 --> 03:12:25,400
silent Halls. 
This chapter was closing, but he

3538
03:12:25,400 --> 03:12:29,600
did not feel despair water. 
Soothing power was eternal and 

3539
03:12:29,600 --> 03:12:32,100
he believed that someday its 
fountains would flow again for 

3540
03:12:32,100 --> 03:12:35,500
those in need. 
With that hope, Marcus Fallon's 

3541
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:39,100
left, the baths of dire cliche, 
and shut its doors behind him in

3542
03:12:39,100 --> 03:12:42,200
the fading light, the great 
complex, stood dark, and still a

3543
03:12:42,200 --> 03:12:44,700
sleeping giant awaiting. 
A new dawn in some distant 

3544
03:12:44,700 --> 03:12:51,900
future. 
Imagine Baltimore in 1895, when 

3545
03:12:51,900 --> 03:12:55,600
the city's Waterfront hummed 
with the sounds of Industry, an 

3546
03:12:55,600 --> 03:12:58,900
immigrant voices mixed with the 
calls of Street vendors, selling

3547
03:12:58,900 --> 03:13:02,300
everything from fresh oysters to
yesterday's newspapers. 

3548
03:13:03,300 --> 03:13:07,000
The are carried the smell of 
cold, smoke horse manure, and 

3549
03:13:07,000 --> 03:13:09,400
the Briny Tang of the Chesapeake
Bay. 

3550
03:13:10,500 --> 03:13:15,000
Into this world on February, 
6th, George Herman, Ruth, Junior

3551
03:13:15,000 --> 03:13:19,400
was born above his father's 
Saloon on Frederick Street in a 

3552
03:13:19,400 --> 03:13:22,200
neighborhood that polite Society
preferred to pretend didn't 

3553
03:13:22,200 --> 03:13:24,400
exist. 
The Baltimore, Waterfront 

3554
03:13:24,400 --> 03:13:27,200
District, wasn't the kind of 
place where childhood dreams 

3555
03:13:27,200 --> 03:13:31,100
were supposed to flourish. 
It was rough loud and 

3556
03:13:31,100 --> 03:13:34,500
unforgiving. 
Place where kids grew up fast or

3557
03:13:34,500 --> 03:13:38,400
didn't grow up at all? 
Young George's, parents, Kate, 

3558
03:13:38,400 --> 03:13:41,900
and George, senior Rana 
combination Saloon and boarding 

3559
03:13:41,900 --> 03:13:44,900
house, which meant their home 
was always filled with the 

3560
03:13:44,900 --> 03:13:48,900
sounds of adult conversations 
the clink of glasses and the 

3561
03:13:48,908 --> 03:13:51,200
occasional argument. 
That Spilled Out onto the 

3562
03:13:51,200 --> 03:13:53,800
cobblestone streets for a small 
boy. 

3563
03:13:53,800 --> 03:13:56,300
In this environment, normal 
supervision was nearly 

3564
03:13:56,300 --> 03:13:59,900
impossible. 
Kate Ruth was often ill weakened

3565
03:13:59,900 --> 03:14:02,500
by the demands of running, a 
business and bearing eight 

3566
03:14:02,500 --> 03:14:05,200
children, only two of whom would
survive infancy. 

3567
03:14:06,200 --> 03:14:09,600
George senior worked from dawn, 
until late into the night 

3568
03:14:09,600 --> 03:14:14,400
managing a business that catered
to Doc workers Sailors and the 

3569
03:14:14,400 --> 03:14:17,200
sort of customers who didn't ask
too many questions about the 

3570
03:14:17,200 --> 03:14:20,400
quality of the whiskey young, 
George found himself, largely 

3571
03:14:20,400 --> 03:14:24,200
raising himself on those 
Baltimore streets by the time he

3572
03:14:24,200 --> 03:14:27,100
was seven, he was spending more 
time in the alleys and corners 

3573
03:14:27,100 --> 03:14:30,300
of the Waterfront than in 
school, he'd skip classes to 

3574
03:14:30,300 --> 03:14:33,000
hang around the docks. 
Watching Longshore men unload 

3575
03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:35,700
cargo from ships, that had 
traveled from places, he could 

3576
03:14:35,708 --> 03:14:40,100
barely imagine Sometimes he'd 
steal fruit from vendor carts, 

3577
03:14:40,100 --> 03:14:41,800
not always because he was 
hungry. 

3578
03:14:41,800 --> 03:14:45,300
But because the thrill of not 
getting caught was more exciting

3579
03:14:45,300 --> 03:14:48,400
than anything happening in a 
classroom, the trouble started 

3580
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:53,000
small, true and see petty theft,
the kind of Mischief that City 

3581
03:14:53,000 --> 03:14:55,300
police generally ignored. 
When it came from Waterfront 

3582
03:14:55,300 --> 03:15:00,600
kids, but it escalated, George 
had energy, that seemed to 

3583
03:15:00,600 --> 03:15:04,300
vibrate through his small frame 
and inability to sit. 

3584
03:15:04,300 --> 03:15:08,100
Still that drove his teachers to
distraction on the rare 

3585
03:15:08,100 --> 03:15:09,800
occasions. 
He showed up to school. 

3586
03:15:10,800 --> 03:15:15,200
He needed to be moving doing and
challenging himself in ways that

3587
03:15:15,200 --> 03:15:18,100
the rigid structure of turn of 
the century educational couldn't

3588
03:15:18,100 --> 03:15:21,400
accommodate his parents watched 
their son's trajectory with the 

3589
03:15:21,408 --> 03:15:24,500
kind of helpless concern that 
comes from being too overwhelmed

3590
03:15:24,500 --> 03:15:27,100
to intervene effectively. 
Kate's illness? 

3591
03:15:27,100 --> 03:15:30,300
Worsened the saloon demanded 
constant attention. 

3592
03:15:31,100 --> 03:15:34,000
There are other surviving child 
George's younger sister, Mary 

3593
03:15:34,000 --> 03:15:37,400
required care. 
Something had to give and that 

3594
03:15:37,400 --> 03:15:40,200
something turned out to be young
George's presence in their daily

3595
03:15:40,200 --> 03:15:43,300
lives. 
In 1902, when George was just 

3596
03:15:43,300 --> 03:15:46,200
seven years old. 
His parents made a decision that

3597
03:15:46,200 --> 03:15:49,300
would alter the course of 
American Sports history, though,

3598
03:15:49,300 --> 03:15:50,900
they certainly didn't know it at
the time. 

3599
03:15:51,700 --> 03:15:55,600
They signed papers declaring him
incorrigible, and committed him 

3600
03:15:55,600 --> 03:15:57,400
to Saint. 
Mary's Industrial school for 

3601
03:15:57,400 --> 03:16:01,200
boys, he Reformatory and 
orphanage run by the Catholic 

3602
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:04,300
severe and brothers on the 
outskirts of Bolton or who might

3603
03:16:04,308 --> 03:16:06,100
pick picture this moment as 
traumatic. 

3604
03:16:06,100 --> 03:16:09,700
A young boy, torn from his 
family and sent away to an 

3605
03:16:09,700 --> 03:16:12,500
institution. 
But the truth was more 

3606
03:16:12,500 --> 03:16:15,500
complicated. 
George would later describe his 

3607
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:17,500
arrival at Saint Mary's, not as 
a punishment. 

3608
03:16:18,500 --> 03:16:21,100
That is the first real stability
he'd ever known. 

3609
03:16:22,000 --> 03:16:25,900
The Reformatory had rules. 
Yes, but at structure regular 

3610
03:16:25,900 --> 03:16:29,100
meals and adults who actually 
paid attention to what the boys 

3611
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:32,500
were doing. 
Sent Marys was enormous housing 

3612
03:16:32,500 --> 03:16:35,600
over 800 Boys on a campus. 
That scrolled across industrial 

3613
03:16:35,600 --> 03:16:39,900
Baltimore's Western Edge. 
The buildings were imposing red 

3614
03:16:39,900 --> 03:16:42,300
brick structures that looked 
like they'd been designed to 

3615
03:16:42,300 --> 03:16:44,500
remind young boys of their 
insignificance. 

3616
03:16:45,300 --> 03:16:48,200
But within those walls George 
discovered something that had 

3617
03:16:48,200 --> 03:16:50,600
been missing from his chaotic 
life on Frederick Street. 

3618
03:16:51,300 --> 03:16:53,900
Predictability every day at 
Saint Mary's. 

3619
03:16:53,900 --> 03:16:58,300
Followed the same Rhythm wake at
6 morning, prayers breakfast 

3620
03:16:58,300 --> 03:17:02,400
classes in Reading Writing and 
arithmetic afternoon. 

3621
03:17:02,400 --> 03:17:06,100
Sessions learning trades, 
shoemaking, tailoring and 

3622
03:17:06,100 --> 03:17:10,600
printing more prayers dinner 
evening Recreation, like lights 

3623
03:17:10,600 --> 03:17:15,100
out, For a boy whose previous 
life had been defined by chaos 

3624
03:17:15,100 --> 03:17:18,100
and uncertainty. 
This routine, was surprisingly 

3625
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:21,600
comforting, like finally, 
hearing a Melody after years of 

3626
03:17:21,600 --> 03:17:23,900
nothing. 
But noise, the severe and 

3627
03:17:23,900 --> 03:17:26,500
brothers, who ran the school 
were Stern, but not cruel. 

3628
03:17:26,500 --> 03:17:30,200
They believed in discipline, 
hard work and the Redemptive 

3629
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:33,700
power of the Catholic faith. 
They all believed in baseball 

3630
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:37,900
Behind the main building's Saint
Marys maintained several 

3631
03:17:37,900 --> 03:17:40,000
baseball diamonds. 
Where boys could play nearly 

3632
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:43,900
every day where the permitting. 
This was where George Herman 

3633
03:17:43,900 --> 03:17:47,100
Ruth would discover the game 
that would define his existence 

3634
03:17:47,100 --> 03:17:49,600
picture. 
Those baseball fields at Saint 

3635
03:17:49,600 --> 03:17:52,600
Mary's on a late spring after 
noon, with the sun beginning, 

3636
03:17:52,600 --> 03:17:55,100
its slow, descent behind 
Baltimore Skyline. 

3637
03:17:56,100 --> 03:17:59,100
The grass kept reasonably well 
by Boys, assigned to 

3638
03:17:59,100 --> 03:18:02,600
groundskeeping duties stretched 
out in a shade of green that 

3639
03:18:02,600 --> 03:18:04,800
looked almost luminous in the 
Golden Light. 

3640
03:18:05,600 --> 03:18:09,300
The base paths were hard packed 
dirt, worn, Smooth by hundreds 

3641
03:18:09,300 --> 03:18:11,900
of running feet. 
The smell of leather gloves. 

3642
03:18:11,900 --> 03:18:15,900
Worn soft with use, mixed with 
the earthy scent of infield dust

3643
03:18:15,900 --> 03:18:19,300
kicked up by sliding Runners. 
This was where young George 

3644
03:18:19,300 --> 03:18:22,500
found his calling, though, he 
didn't recognize it as such at 

3645
03:18:22,500 --> 03:18:26,900
first Baseball at Saint. 
Mary's wasn't a formal Sport 

3646
03:18:26,900 --> 03:18:28,700
with scholarships and 
professional Scouts. 

3647
03:18:28,700 --> 03:18:33,200
It was Recreation a way to burn 
off the Restless energy of 

3648
03:18:33,200 --> 03:18:36,100
hundreds of boys who needed 
something to do, besides 

3649
03:18:36,100 --> 03:18:38,300
contemplating their various 
failures. 

3650
03:18:38,300 --> 03:18:42,200
That led them to a Reformatory 
at first George was just another

3651
03:18:42,200 --> 03:18:45,200
kid, trying to figure out where 
he fit in the rotating cast of 

3652
03:18:45,200 --> 03:18:48,500
games, that seem to run 
continuously from Spring through

3653
03:18:48,500 --> 03:18:50,000
fall. 
Scent. 

3654
03:18:50,000 --> 03:18:54,400
Mary's had multiple teams 
organized by age and ability and

3655
03:18:54,400 --> 03:18:56,300
boys cycled through different 
positions. 

3656
03:18:56,300 --> 03:19:00,100
Based on who showed up and who 
was serving detention for some 

3657
03:19:00,100 --> 03:19:02,400
infraction of the school's 
numerous rules. 

3658
03:19:02,400 --> 03:19:06,700
George tried catching first 
squatting behind a home plate 

3659
03:19:06,700 --> 03:19:09,800
with a rudimentary mask and 
chest protector that offered 

3660
03:19:09,800 --> 03:19:12,700
minimal protection against foul 
tips, and wild pitches. 

3661
03:19:13,700 --> 03:19:17,300
He discovered, he liked being in
the middle of every play calling

3662
03:19:17,300 --> 03:19:19,900
pictures, though. 
The pictures often ignored him 

3663
03:19:19,900 --> 03:19:22,600
and occasionally throwing out 
Runners who were foolish enough 

3664
03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:26,000
to test his arm, but it was 
pitching that truly captured his

3665
03:19:26,000 --> 03:19:29,300
imagination. 
One afternoon, when the regular 

3666
03:19:29,300 --> 03:19:31,900
picture for his team was sick in
the infirmary, George 

3667
03:19:31,900 --> 03:19:34,700
volunteered. 
He'd watched pictures enough to 

3668
03:19:34,700 --> 03:19:39,100
understand the basic mechanics, 
the wind up the stride and the 

3669
03:19:39,100 --> 03:19:42,400
follow through. 
What he discovered when he told 

3670
03:19:42,400 --> 03:19:45,100
the rubber for the first time 
was that throwing a baseball? 

3671
03:19:45,100 --> 03:19:48,200
Hard was one of the most 
satisfying physical experiences,

3672
03:19:48,200 --> 03:19:52,400
he'd ever encountered the ball 
left, his left hand, he was 

3673
03:19:52,400 --> 03:19:54,100
naturally. 
Left-handed which was still 

3674
03:19:54,100 --> 03:19:57,600
considered vaguely suspicious in
turn of the century America and 

3675
03:19:57,600 --> 03:20:01,900
sailed toward home plate with 
surprising velocity, The batter 

3676
03:20:01,900 --> 03:20:05,000
swung and missed. 
George felt something click into

3677
03:20:05,000 --> 03:20:08,100
place like a puzzle piece. 
He hadn't known as missing 

3678
03:20:08,100 --> 03:20:11,300
suddenly, completing a picture 
over the following months and 

3679
03:20:11,300 --> 03:20:12,900
years George through and 
through. 

3680
03:20:12,900 --> 03:20:16,300
And through he developed, 
calluses on his fingers from 

3681
03:20:16,300 --> 03:20:20,100
gripping, the balls raised 
seams, his left shoulder ached, 

3682
03:20:20,100 --> 03:20:23,800
most evening's adult robe that 
felt like achievement rather 

3683
03:20:23,800 --> 03:20:27,200
than injury. 
He studied the older pictures at

3684
03:20:27,200 --> 03:20:29,800
Saint. 
Mary's watching how they varied 

3685
03:20:29,800 --> 03:20:33,500
their speeds, how they use the 
Batters expectations against him

3686
03:20:33,500 --> 03:20:36,500
and how they worked. 
Both sides of the plate to keep 

3687
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:40,500
hitters off-balance brother. 
Mathias boot, Lia the school's 

3688
03:20:40,500 --> 03:20:43,400
prefect of discipline and 
unofficial athletic director 

3689
03:20:43,400 --> 03:20:46,400
noticed the skinny kid who 
seemed to live on the baseball 

3690
03:20:46,400 --> 03:20:49,500
diamond. 
Matthias was an imposing figure 

3691
03:20:49,500 --> 03:20:53,600
over six feet tall, and built 
like the longshoremen George 

3692
03:20:53,600 --> 03:20:57,300
remembered from the Waterfront. 
But unlike the rough men of 

3693
03:20:57,300 --> 03:21:00,200
Baltimore's. 
Docks Matthias combined physical

3694
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:03,000
presence with genuine interest 
in the boys, under his 

3695
03:21:03,000 --> 03:21:06,300
supervision Matthias took George
under his wing in a way that the

3696
03:21:06,300 --> 03:21:09,100
boys actual father never had he 
taught him. 

3697
03:21:09,100 --> 03:21:12,500
Not just baseball mechanics, but
also, the mental aspects of the 

3698
03:21:12,500 --> 03:21:15,600
game. 
How to read a batters stance how

3699
03:21:15,600 --> 03:21:19,100
to recognize when someone was 
guessing fastball and how to use

3700
03:21:19,100 --> 03:21:20,900
the Empire Strike Zone to his 
advantage? 

3701
03:21:22,000 --> 03:21:24,500
More importantly, Matthias gave 
George something. 

3702
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:28,500
He'd rarely experienced 
consistent attention from an 

3703
03:21:28,500 --> 03:21:31,700
adult who believed he might 
actually amount to something as 

3704
03:21:31,700 --> 03:21:35,400
George moved through his teenage
years at Saint Marys cycling in 

3705
03:21:35,400 --> 03:21:37,200
and out of the institution as 
his father. 

3706
03:21:37,200 --> 03:21:40,200
Periodically tried to bring him 
home before, inevitably sending 

3707
03:21:40,200 --> 03:21:42,900
him back. 
Baseball became as constant. 

3708
03:21:43,700 --> 03:21:46,400
The game didn't care about his 
rough background or his trouble 

3709
03:21:46,400 --> 03:21:49,300
with authority, or his inability
to sit, still in a classroom. 

3710
03:21:50,200 --> 03:21:53,800
Baseball rewarded, his natural 
athleticism, his surprising 

3711
03:21:53,800 --> 03:21:57,300
coordination and his competitive
fire that burned, hot enough to 

3712
03:21:57,308 --> 03:22:00,700
make him practice long after 
other boys had gone inside by 

3713
03:22:00,700 --> 03:22:04,000
his mid-teens, Georgia developed
a reputation that extended 

3714
03:22:04,000 --> 03:22:07,700
Beyond Saint Mary's walls. 
Local amateur teams would 

3715
03:22:07,700 --> 03:22:11,000
sometimes recruit Saint Mary's 
players for weekend games and 

3716
03:22:11,000 --> 03:22:12,800
George's. 
Name started appearing in the 

3717
03:22:12,800 --> 03:22:16,500
sports, pages of Baltimore 
newspapers, usually just a line 

3718
03:22:16,500 --> 03:22:20,000
or two noting that the Saint 
Mary's pitcher had struck out, a

3719
03:22:20,000 --> 03:22:22,200
dozen batteries in some 
industrial League matchup. 

3720
03:22:22,200 --> 03:22:25,900
He was still raw, still 
learning, still prone to the 

3721
03:22:25,900 --> 03:22:29,300
kind of wildness both on and off
the field that made him. 

3722
03:22:29,300 --> 03:22:31,700
Small taneously, exciting and 
unpredictable. 

3723
03:22:33,700 --> 03:22:37,100
Something was emerging in the 
lanky teenager with the round 

3724
03:22:37,100 --> 03:22:39,600
face and surprisingly quick 
reflexes. 

3725
03:22:40,600 --> 03:22:43,000
Talon that would soon. 
Catch the attention of people 

3726
03:22:43,000 --> 03:22:46,800
who recognize potential and they
saw it on a crisp February 

3727
03:22:46,800 --> 03:22:51,300
morning in 1914, 19 year old, 
George Herman Ruth signed his 

3728
03:22:51,300 --> 03:22:54,600
first professional baseball 
contract with the Baltimore 

3729
03:22:54,600 --> 03:22:56,500
Orioles of the international 
league. 

3730
03:22:57,400 --> 03:23:01,500
The contract paid him $600 for 
the season which was more money 

3731
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:03,500
than George had ever imagined. 
Having. 

3732
03:23:04,400 --> 03:23:07,400
To put that in perspective, the 
average American worker at the 

3733
03:23:07,400 --> 03:23:10,200
time and less than 400 dollars 
annually. 

3734
03:23:11,100 --> 03:23:15,900
George was suddenly improbably 
well-paid the Orioles owner and 

3735
03:23:15,900 --> 03:23:18,900
manager, Jack Dunn, had watched 
George pitch for Saint Mary's 

3736
03:23:18,900 --> 03:23:20,900
and saw something that went 
beyond mere skill. 

3737
03:23:21,700 --> 03:23:24,800
He saw a young man with a left 
arm that could make baseballs do

3738
03:23:24,800 --> 03:23:28,300
things that divide easy 
explanation combined with an 

3739
03:23:28,300 --> 03:23:31,400
enthusiasm for the game that 
bordered on childlike Joy. 

3740
03:23:32,900 --> 03:23:34,800
Dunn, became George's legal 
guardian. 

3741
03:23:35,600 --> 03:23:38,300
A formality required because 
George was still technically 

3742
03:23:38,300 --> 03:23:41,700
under Saint Marys jurisdiction. 
And the other player started 

3743
03:23:41,700 --> 03:23:43,000
calling. 
The newest addition to the 

3744
03:23:43,008 --> 03:23:47,100
team's new babe, the nickname 
stuck though, it would be 

3745
03:23:47,100 --> 03:23:49,300
shortened and transformed in the
years ahead. 

3746
03:23:50,100 --> 03:23:52,600
But for now, George was just 
trying to figure out how to be a

3747
03:23:52,600 --> 03:23:55,600
professional baseball player, 
which turned out to involve a 

3748
03:23:55,600 --> 03:23:57,100
lot more than just throwing 
strike's. 

3749
03:23:57,800 --> 03:24:01,400
Professional baseball 1914, bore
little resemblance to the modern

3750
03:24:01,400 --> 03:24:03,500
game, you might watch on a lazy 
summer evening. 

3751
03:24:04,400 --> 03:24:08,200
Teams travel by train staying in
modest hotel's where players 

3752
03:24:08,200 --> 03:24:11,000
doubled up in rooms that were 
stuffy and summer and frigid in 

3753
03:24:11,008 --> 03:24:14,100
winter. 
Uniforms were heavy wool, that 

3754
03:24:14,100 --> 03:24:17,200
absorbed sweat and never quite 
dried out during long road 

3755
03:24:17,200 --> 03:24:20,300
trips. 
Gloves were thin leather Affairs

3756
03:24:20,300 --> 03:24:23,800
that offered minimal protection 
and players who didn't learn to 

3757
03:24:23,800 --> 03:24:27,500
catch the ball properly ended up
with broken fingers that never 

3758
03:24:27,500 --> 03:24:30,900
quite healed, right? 
George threw himself into this 

3759
03:24:30,900 --> 03:24:34,000
life with the same enthusiasm. 
He brought to everything else, 

3760
03:24:34,000 --> 03:24:38,000
he loved the trains, the hotels 
and the constant motion from 

3761
03:24:38,000 --> 03:24:42,700
City to City. after years of 
institutional confinement at 

3762
03:24:42,700 --> 03:24:45,900
Saint Mary's, the freedom of 
professional baseball felt in 

3763
03:24:45,900 --> 03:24:50,600
toxicated He could stay up late.
Eat what he wanted and spent his

3764
03:24:50,600 --> 03:24:55,200
money on whatever caught his 
fancy usually food as Georgia 

3765
03:24:55,200 --> 03:24:57,400
developed an appetite. 
That is teammates found 

3766
03:24:57,400 --> 03:25:00,400
simultaneously impressive and 
slightly alarming. 

3767
03:25:00,400 --> 03:25:03,800
His pitching developed rapidly 
under professional coaching, 

3768
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:07,300
George learned to add a 
curveball to his fastball giving

3769
03:25:07,300 --> 03:25:09,700
him two pitches that worked off 
each other beautifully. 

3770
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:13,700
The curve would start at a 
battered shoulder and break down

3771
03:25:13,700 --> 03:25:17,100
across the plate while his 
fastball came in straight in 

3772
03:25:17,100 --> 03:25:19,600
hard. 
That has had to choose what they

3773
03:25:19,600 --> 03:25:22,500
were looking for and George was 
getting good enough at reading 

3774
03:25:22,500 --> 03:25:25,800
swings that he usually guessed 
right about what they chose him.

3775
03:25:25,800 --> 03:25:29,100
But George's time with the 
Orioles was briefed, the team 

3776
03:25:29,100 --> 03:25:32,600
was struggling financially, a 
common problem for minor league 

3777
03:25:32,600 --> 03:25:37,600
clubs, and by July Jack darnold,
sold his best young, pitcher to 

3778
03:25:37,600 --> 03:25:40,900
the Boston, Red Sox for a sum 
that seemed enormous at the 

3779
03:25:40,900 --> 03:25:43,400
time, but would later look like 
one of History's. 

3780
03:25:43,400 --> 03:25:47,200
Great bargains. 
George Herman Ruth, just five 

3781
03:25:47,200 --> 03:25:49,300
months into his professional. 
Career was heading into the 

3782
03:25:49,300 --> 03:25:53,500
major League's Boston. 
In 1914, was a baseball City in 

3783
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:54,800
a way that's hard to imagine 
today. 

3784
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:59,700
The Red Sox played their home 
games at Fenway Park, which had 

3785
03:25:59,700 --> 03:26:03,000
opened just two years earlier 
and still smelled a fresh paint 

3786
03:26:03,000 --> 03:26:07,500
and optimism. the park was 
intimate with fan setting close 

3787
03:26:07,500 --> 03:26:09,700
enough to the field that you 
could hear them commenting on 

3788
03:26:09,700 --> 03:26:13,200
your pitching mechanics between 
deliveries George spent most of 

3789
03:26:13,200 --> 03:26:15,900
his first season, shuttling 
between Boston and their minor 

3790
03:26:15,900 --> 03:26:20,500
league affiliate in Providence 
Rhode Island The Red Sox weren't

3791
03:26:20,500 --> 03:26:22,700
sure what they had in this rough
edged kid from Baltimore. 

3792
03:26:22,700 --> 03:26:26,900
He could clearly pitch his 
statistics left, no doubt about 

3793
03:26:26,900 --> 03:26:29,600
that. 
But he was also undisciplined 

3794
03:26:29,600 --> 03:26:33,400
prone to Breaking curfew and 
possessed of an appetite for 

3795
03:26:33,400 --> 03:26:37,500
nightlife that worried his more 
conservative managers the 1915 

3796
03:26:37,500 --> 03:26:40,200
season marked George's 
emergence, as one of baseball's 

3797
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:45,000
Premier left-handed pictures. 
He won, 18 games posted an 

3798
03:26:45,000 --> 03:26:48,200
earned run average, that placed 
him among the League's best and 

3799
03:26:48,200 --> 03:26:50,400
helped pitch the Red Sox into 
the World Series. 

3800
03:26:51,500 --> 03:26:54,800
In the fall classic against the 
Philadelphia Phillies George 

3801
03:26:54,800 --> 03:26:57,800
appeared in one game pitching. 
Well enough that his manager, 

3802
03:26:57,800 --> 03:27:00,800
trusted him with important 
Innings, Boston won the 

3803
03:27:00,808 --> 03:27:04,800
championship a 19 year old 
George Herman Ruth received his 

3804
03:27:04,800 --> 03:27:08,500
first World Series ring, he 
celebrated with the enthusiasm, 

3805
03:27:08,500 --> 03:27:11,900
you'd expect from a teenager who
gone from a Baltimore 

3806
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:15,600
Reformatory to the Pinnacle of 
professional sports in just over

3807
03:27:15,600 --> 03:27:19,300
a year. 
The parties lasted for days and 

3808
03:27:19,300 --> 03:27:22,500
George's capacity for both 
celebration and Recovery became 

3809
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:26,300
legendary among his teammates, 
the next few seasons established

3810
03:27:26,300 --> 03:27:31,500
a pattern, George would pitch 
brilliantly, winning 23 games in

3811
03:27:31,500 --> 03:27:37,000
1916 and 24 in 1917. while 
simultaneously testing every 

3812
03:27:37,000 --> 03:27:41,100
Rule and boundary is managers 
tried to impose He disappear 

3813
03:27:41,100 --> 03:27:45,100
after Games showing up the next 
day with mysterious bruises and 

3814
03:27:45,100 --> 03:27:48,700
implausible explanations. 
He'd missed team trains. 

3815
03:27:48,700 --> 03:27:52,700
Forcing managers to find him 
from his paycheck, he'd argue 

3816
03:27:52,700 --> 03:27:56,300
with umpires fight, with 
opposing players, and generally 

3817
03:27:56,300 --> 03:27:58,900
behave, like someone who had 
never quite internalized 

3818
03:27:58,900 --> 03:28:02,200
society's expectations for 
professional Behavior it. 

3819
03:28:02,200 --> 03:28:05,900
He kept winning. 
In the 1916 World Series against

3820
03:28:05,900 --> 03:28:09,200
the Brooklyn Robin's, George 
pitched, 14, Innings of shutout.

3821
03:28:09,200 --> 03:28:12,700
Baseball in game 2 setting a 
world series record that would 

3822
03:28:12,700 --> 03:28:16,500
stand for decades. 
The Red Socks won again, giving 

3823
03:28:16,500 --> 03:28:19,700
George's second Championship 
Ring before his 22nd birthday, 

3824
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:22,300
but something else was happening
during these Seasons. 

3825
03:28:22,300 --> 03:28:25,700
Something that would ultimately 
prove more significant than his 

3826
03:28:25,700 --> 03:28:29,000
pitching achievements. 
When George was on the mound, 

3827
03:28:29,000 --> 03:28:32,400
he'd occasionally play, Outfield
or fill in at first base and 

3828
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:35,200
when he played these positions, 
he got to bat more than the once

3829
03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:38,200
every four days schedule that 
pitchers followed when George 

3830
03:28:38,200 --> 03:28:42,100
batted remarkable things happen,
the ball would leave his bat 

3831
03:28:42,100 --> 03:28:43,900
with a sound. 
That was different from normal 

3832
03:28:43,900 --> 03:28:46,700
contact. 
A sharp crack that seemed to 

3833
03:28:46,708 --> 03:28:49,500
carry its own Echo. 
The ball would rise on 

3834
03:28:49,500 --> 03:28:52,400
trajectories that looked almost 
leisurely Until you realize how 

3835
03:28:52,400 --> 03:28:56,100
far they were traveling. 
Home runs in the dead ball era 

3836
03:28:56,100 --> 03:28:59,200
were rare but George was hitting
them with alarming regularity. 

3837
03:28:59,200 --> 03:29:04,200
Whenever his managers, let him 
swing the bat by 1918, Red Sox 

3838
03:29:04,200 --> 03:29:06,200
management faced, an unusual 
problem. 

3839
03:29:06,200 --> 03:29:09,400
Their best picture was also 
potentially their best hitter. 

3840
03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:14,600
Georgia appeared in 95 games 
that season pitching in only 20 

3841
03:29:14,600 --> 03:29:17,600
of them, he won 13 games on the 
mound. 

3842
03:29:17,600 --> 03:29:20,600
While simultaneously leading the
American League with 11, home 

3843
03:29:20,600 --> 03:29:24,300
runs a total that would have 
been unremarkable in later eras,

3844
03:29:24,300 --> 03:29:27,800
but was extraordinary for the 
time, the baseball world was 

3845
03:29:27,800 --> 03:29:30,500
beginning to recognize that 
George Herman Ruth might be 

3846
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:34,400
something unprecedented, not 
just a great player, but someone

3847
03:29:34,400 --> 03:29:37,900
who was redefining, what great 
could mean, picture Boston's 

3848
03:29:37,900 --> 03:29:42,500
Fenway Park in late 1990, as 
Autumn settled over, New England

3849
03:29:42,500 --> 03:29:45,400
and the baseball season wound 
toward its conclusion. 

3850
03:29:46,500 --> 03:29:50,600
George Herman Ruth. 
Now, 24 years old, had just 

3851
03:29:50,600 --> 03:29:55,300
completed his most remarkable 
season yet. 29, home runs 

3852
03:29:55,300 --> 03:29:59,200
shattering. 
Every previous record for a 

3853
03:29:59,200 --> 03:30:02,200
single season. 
He'd effectively stopped 

3854
03:30:02,200 --> 03:30:05,600
pitching playing almost 
exclusively as an outfielder 

3855
03:30:05,600 --> 03:30:09,100
where he could bat every day. 
Rather, than once, every four 

3856
03:30:09,100 --> 03:30:12,400
games, the Red Sox owner, Harry 
Frazee, watched this 

3857
03:30:12,400 --> 03:30:16,900
transformation with mixed 
feelings on one hand, Ruth's 

3858
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:19,000
hitting had made him. 
Arguably the most exciting 

3859
03:30:19,000 --> 03:30:22,300
player in baseball. 
On the other hand Frazee was 

3860
03:30:22,300 --> 03:30:26,200
primarily a theatrical producer 
who bought the Red Sox almost on

3861
03:30:26,200 --> 03:30:29,400
a whim and the team was losing 
money faster than crazy. 

3862
03:30:29,400 --> 03:30:31,300
Could generate it from his 
Broadway Investments. 

3863
03:30:31,300 --> 03:30:34,900
Meanwhile, in New York, the 
Yankees were baseball's also ran

3864
03:30:34,900 --> 03:30:39,400
franchise they shared the Polo 
Grounds, with the Giants playing

3865
03:30:39,400 --> 03:30:42,800
second, Fiddle in their own City
and consistently finishing 

3866
03:30:42,800 --> 03:30:45,500
somewhere in the middle of the 
American League, standings, 

3867
03:30:46,500 --> 03:30:49,200
Yankees ownership wanted to 
change this Dynamic. 

3868
03:30:49,200 --> 03:30:51,300
And they had the financial 
resources. 

3869
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:55,100
That phrase, he desperately 
needed the negotiations happened

3870
03:30:55,100 --> 03:30:58,800
quietly over dinner meeting in 
Manhattan Restaurant, where the 

3871
03:30:58,808 --> 03:31:02,000
wealthy discussed business deals
over State's and bourbon. 

3872
03:31:03,100 --> 03:31:06,500
phrase, he needed cash to find 
out, his theatrical Productions,

3873
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:09,300
and pay off debts that were 
threatening to sink both his 

3874
03:31:09,300 --> 03:31:13,400
base ball and Broadway 
Enterprise's, Yankees owners. 

3875
03:31:13,400 --> 03:31:15,900
Wanted the player who was 
transforming baseball from a 

3876
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:19,400
game of singles and stolen bases
into something far. 

3877
03:31:19,400 --> 03:31:23,900
More dramatic on December 26th. 
1919 the day after Christmas 

3878
03:31:23,900 --> 03:31:27,200
when most Americans, were still 
digesting holiday meals and 

3879
03:31:27,208 --> 03:31:29,900
exchanging gifts. 
The news broke. 

3880
03:31:30,900 --> 03:31:34,000
The Boston Red Sox had sold 
George Herman, Babe. 

3881
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:37,800
Ruth to the New York Yankees for
100,000 dollars in Cash. 

3882
03:31:37,800 --> 03:31:41,700
Plus a loan of 300,000 dollars, 
secured by a mortgage on Fenway 

3883
03:31:41,700 --> 03:31:44,300
Park. 
The reaction in Boston range 

3884
03:31:44,300 --> 03:31:48,400
from disbelief to Fury. 
Newspaper, editorials, condemned

3885
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:51,200
phrase for sacrificing baseball.
Success to finance his 

3886
03:31:51,200 --> 03:31:55,000
theatrical ambitions. 
Fans gathered outside Fenway 

3887
03:31:55,000 --> 03:31:59,000
Park in the December cold, some 
crying others, threatening to 

3888
03:31:59,000 --> 03:32:00,800
never attend another Red Sox 
game. 

3889
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:05,000
The term curse hadn't yet, 
entered the vocabulary but the 

3890
03:32:05,008 --> 03:32:07,700
sense that something 
fundamentally wrong had occurred

3891
03:32:07,700 --> 03:32:11,100
was palpable George himself 
learned about the trade from 

3892
03:32:11,100 --> 03:32:14,200
reporters who called his 
apartment waking him from an 

3893
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:17,500
afternoon nap. 
His initial reaction was less 

3894
03:32:17,500 --> 03:32:21,000
emotional than practical. 
Immediately called the Yankees 

3895
03:32:21,000 --> 03:32:24,500
owner to renegotiate his 
contract recognizing that his 

3896
03:32:24,500 --> 03:32:26,800
new team. 
Clearly valued him more than his

3897
03:32:26,800 --> 03:32:29,900
old one had. 
The Yankees agreed to double his

3898
03:32:29,900 --> 03:32:33,800
salary, making George Herman 
Ruth, baseball's highest paid 

3899
03:32:33,800 --> 03:32:36,300
player at 20,000 dollars per 
year. 

3900
03:32:36,300 --> 03:32:40,500
New York in January 1920, like a
different planet from Boston. 

3901
03:32:41,400 --> 03:32:46,100
The city was louder Brasher and 
more chaotic more like the 

3902
03:32:46,100 --> 03:32:49,200
Baltimore Waterfront of 
Georgia's childhood than the 

3903
03:32:49,200 --> 03:32:51,600
relatively restrained 
environment of New England. 

3904
03:32:52,500 --> 03:32:54,600
Broadway. 
Blazed with, electric lights. 

3905
03:32:54,600 --> 03:32:59,100
Jazz music poured from basement 
clubs and prohibition had just 

3906
03:32:59,100 --> 03:33:01,900
taken effect. 
Which meant speakeasies were 

3907
03:33:01,900 --> 03:33:04,400
opening faster than authorities.
Could shut them down. 

3908
03:33:04,400 --> 03:33:07,600
George took to New York. 
The way a duck takes to water. 

3909
03:33:07,600 --> 03:33:10,700
He discovered that the city's 
nightlife suited, his 

3910
03:33:10,700 --> 03:33:14,900
temperament perfectly after 
games, he'd hit the clubs, order

3911
03:33:14,900 --> 03:33:18,800
enormous meals, charm, Showgirls
and generally behave. 

3912
03:33:18,800 --> 03:33:20,600
Like someone who'd been let out 
of a cage. 

3913
03:33:20,600 --> 03:33:22,100
He hadn't realized he'd been 
living in. 

3914
03:33:22,900 --> 03:33:27,000
His appetites for food, drink, 
female company, and general 

3915
03:33:27,000 --> 03:33:31,300
revelry became as legendary as 
his home runs but what really 

3916
03:33:31,300 --> 03:33:34,600
mattered happened at the Polo 
Grounds between the chalk lines.

3917
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:38,500
George's first season in New 
York redefined what was possible

3918
03:33:38,500 --> 03:33:42,000
in baseball. 
He hit 54 home runs nearly 

3919
03:33:42,000 --> 03:33:46,500
doubling his previous record To 
put this in perspective, no 

3920
03:33:46,500 --> 03:33:47,900
other player in the American 
League. 

3921
03:33:47,900 --> 03:33:51,500
Hit more than 19. 
Georgia alone hit more home runs

3922
03:33:51,500 --> 03:33:55,300
an entire teams combined, the 
style of these home runs 

3923
03:33:55,300 --> 03:33:58,800
captivated audiences in ways 
that the technical Excellence of

3924
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:01,900
pitching or the Strategic 
complexity of manufacturing 

3925
03:34:01,900 --> 03:34:04,800
runs. 
Never could When George 

3926
03:34:04,800 --> 03:34:08,600
connected with a pitch, the ball
didn't just clear the fence it 

3927
03:34:08,600 --> 03:34:11,100
soared into territories. 
That seemed to violate the 

3928
03:34:11,100 --> 03:34:14,800
normal physics of baseball. 
Balls landed in distant 

3929
03:34:14,800 --> 03:34:18,800
bleachers, bounced onto the 
streets, outside stadiums, and 

3930
03:34:18,800 --> 03:34:23,400
occasionally vanished entirely 
presumably captured by fans as 

3931
03:34:23,400 --> 03:34:27,000
souvenirs worth more than the 
price of admission newspapers. 

3932
03:34:27,000 --> 03:34:29,100
Struggled to describe what Ruth 
was doing. 

3933
03:34:30,100 --> 03:34:32,800
Sports writers exhausted. 
Their vocabulary is trying to 

3934
03:34:32,808 --> 03:34:36,900
convey the Ark of his home runs.
The power in his swing and the 

3935
03:34:36,900 --> 03:34:39,300
childlike. 
Joy he displayed while rounding 

3936
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:42,400
the bases. 
They started calling him, the 

3937
03:34:42,400 --> 03:34:47,200
Bambino, the Sultan of Swat and 
simply The Babe names that 

3938
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:50,300
captured, both his dominance, 
and the affection that found for

3939
03:34:50,300 --> 03:34:53,900
this oversized personality. 
The Yankees recognized that they

3940
03:34:53,900 --> 03:34:57,200
had something unprecedented and 
they began planning to build 

3941
03:34:57,200 --> 03:35:00,300
their own stadium. 
The Polo Grounds belong to the 

3942
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:03,400
Giants and Yankees ownership. 
Wanted a venue. 

3943
03:35:03,400 --> 03:35:06,800
They controlled one designed to 
Showcase their most valuable 

3944
03:35:06,800 --> 03:35:09,300
asset. 
The planning and construction 

3945
03:35:09,300 --> 03:35:11,600
would take time, but the vision 
was clear. 

3946
03:35:12,500 --> 03:35:15,600
Cathedral to baseball and 
specifically to the particular 

3947
03:35:15,600 --> 03:35:18,200
brand of baseball that Babe Ruth
represented. 

3948
03:35:18,200 --> 03:35:21,600
Imagine standing outside Yankee 
Stadium on opening day. 

3949
03:35:21,600 --> 03:35:26,500
April 18th 1923. 
The structure Rising before you 

3950
03:35:26,500 --> 03:35:29,100
represents the largest baseball 
stadium ever built. 

3951
03:35:29,700 --> 03:35:33,700
Over 58,000 seats. 
Arrayed in three Decks that 

3952
03:35:33,700 --> 03:35:35,100
seemed to reach toward the 
clouds. 

3953
03:35:36,300 --> 03:35:39,200
Sard along the roof features 
ornamental copper work that 

3954
03:35:39,200 --> 03:35:43,400
catches the spring sunlight. 
The grass looks impossibly green

3955
03:35:43,400 --> 03:35:47,000
maintained by groundskeepers, 
who treat the field like a golf 

3956
03:35:47,000 --> 03:35:49,200
course. 
This is the house that Ruth 

3957
03:35:49,200 --> 03:35:51,800
built. 
Though technically it was built 

3958
03:35:51,800 --> 03:35:54,800
for Ruth. 
The stadiums design reflected, 

3959
03:35:54,800 --> 03:35:58,800
its primary purpose. 
Showcasing Babe Ruth's home runs

3960
03:35:59,900 --> 03:36:03,900
the right field fence to just 
295 feet from home plate. 

3961
03:36:04,800 --> 03:36:07,800
A distance that seemed designed 
specifically for Ruth's 

3962
03:36:07,800 --> 03:36:10,600
left-handed swing. 
The dimensions were 

3963
03:36:10,600 --> 03:36:13,800
asymmetrical, reflecting The 
Irregular plot of land in the 

3964
03:36:13,808 --> 03:36:15,900
Bronx where the Yankees had 
chosen to build. 

3965
03:36:16,600 --> 03:36:19,800
But those are symmetries worked 
in Ruth's favor Ruth. 

3966
03:36:19,800 --> 03:36:22,600
Christen, the new stadium in the
most appropriate way possible, 

3967
03:36:22,600 --> 03:36:24,800
with a home run in the first 
game. 

3968
03:36:24,800 --> 03:36:27,800
A three-run shot that gave the 
Yankees a lead. 

3969
03:36:27,800 --> 03:36:31,000
They never relinquished. 
The newspapers the next day 

3970
03:36:31,000 --> 03:36:34,000
declared that Ruth had 
consecrated, the new venue and 

3971
03:36:34,000 --> 03:36:37,100
the nickname, the house, that 
Ruth built appeared in print for

3972
03:36:37,100 --> 03:36:41,800
the first time the 1923 season 
marked the Yankees first World 

3973
03:36:41,800 --> 03:36:46,300
Series Championship with Ruth 
batting 0.368 in the fall. 

3974
03:36:46,300 --> 03:36:47,900
Classic against the New York 
Giants. 

3975
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:51,800
After nearly a decade of 
championships with the Red Sox 

3976
03:36:51,800 --> 03:36:55,100
Ruth had finally delivered a 
title to his new team, 

3977
03:36:55,100 --> 03:36:57,700
validating the enormous 
investment. 

3978
03:36:57,700 --> 03:36:59,500
The Yankees had made in 
acquiring him. 

3979
03:36:59,500 --> 03:37:02,500
The next several years 
established a pattern that would

3980
03:37:02,500 --> 03:37:04,200
define the Yankees for 
Generations. 

3981
03:37:05,000 --> 03:37:08,300
Ruth would put up statistics 
that seemed to belong in fantasy

3982
03:37:08,300 --> 03:37:14,700
rather than reality in 1927. 
He hit 60 home runs a total of 

3983
03:37:14,700 --> 03:37:18,100
so absurd that it would stand as
the single-season record for 34 

3984
03:37:18,100 --> 03:37:21,300
years. 
His teammates particularly Lou, 

3985
03:37:21,300 --> 03:37:24,300
Gehrig batting behind him in the
lineup benefitted from the 

3986
03:37:24,300 --> 03:37:25,700
attention pictures, paid to 
roof. 

3987
03:37:26,500 --> 03:37:30,500
Forming what sports writers 
called Murderers Row but Ruth's 

3988
03:37:30,500 --> 03:37:32,300
impact, extended Beyond 
statistics. 

3989
03:37:32,300 --> 03:37:36,000
He transformed baseball from a 
regional interests into a 

3990
03:37:36,000 --> 03:37:39,000
national Obsession. 
Radio, broadcasts carried, 

3991
03:37:39,000 --> 03:37:40,400
Yankees games across the 
country. 

3992
03:37:40,400 --> 03:37:45,000
With Ruth's at-bats, creating a 
sense of anticipation that built

3993
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:47,600
with each pitch. 
Movie news. 

3994
03:37:47,600 --> 03:37:51,400
Reels featured, Ruth's home, 
runs showing audiences in Small 

3995
03:37:51,400 --> 03:37:54,200
Town Theaters what this Larger 
than Life figure was doing in 

3996
03:37:54,200 --> 03:37:58,000
New York children Across America
started, imitating, Ruth's 

3997
03:37:58,000 --> 03:38:01,400
distinctive, swing the big leg 
kick the powerful hip rotation, 

3998
03:38:01,400 --> 03:38:04,100
and the follow through that 
lifted his back foot off the 

3999
03:38:04,100 --> 03:38:07,000
ground. 
Youth baseball, team shifted, 

4000
03:38:07,000 --> 03:38:10,000
their emphasis from Bunting and 
bass running to swinging for the

4001
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:13,400
fence's fundamentally changing, 
how the game was taught. 

4002
03:38:14,300 --> 03:38:17,200
Ruth was creating a new 
generation of Baseball fans who 

4003
03:38:17,200 --> 03:38:20,300
viewed home runs, not as 
occasional pflughs, but as the 

4004
03:38:20,300 --> 03:38:23,500
ultimate expression of the 
sport, the money, followed the 

4005
03:38:23,500 --> 03:38:28,900
success, Ruth celery increased 
to 80,000 dollars by 1930, 

4006
03:38:28,900 --> 03:38:32,900
making him better paid than 
president Herbert Hoover when 

4007
03:38:32,900 --> 03:38:36,000
someone pointed out the 
disparity Ruth reportedly 

4008
03:38:36,000 --> 03:38:39,600
replied, that he'd had a better 
year than Hoover Quip that 

4009
03:38:39,600 --> 03:38:43,500
captured both his ego and the 
genuine affection Americans felt

4010
03:38:43,500 --> 03:38:45,900
for him. 
Even during the Depression early

4011
03:38:45,900 --> 03:38:49,800
years off, the field, Ruth's 
lifestyle became as legendary as

4012
03:38:49,800 --> 03:38:53,200
his hitting, he'd order room 
service meals, designed for four

4013
03:38:53,200 --> 03:38:56,300
people and eat them alone. 
He'd stay out until dawn, 

4014
03:38:56,300 --> 03:38:59,800
Charming, reporters and fellow 
revelers with stories told in 

4015
03:38:59,800 --> 03:39:03,300
his distinctive, gravelly voice.
He'd show up to the stadium 

4016
03:39:03,300 --> 03:39:06,600
looking like, he'd slept in his 
clothes, which he sometimes had 

4017
03:39:06,600 --> 03:39:09,900
and then proceeded to hit home 
runs that left fans wondering if

4018
03:39:09,900 --> 03:39:13,300
dissipation somehow improved his
performance, his managers 

4019
03:39:13,300 --> 03:39:17,500
despaired of controlling him. 
Ruth would violate curfews skip 

4020
03:39:17,500 --> 03:39:20,500
team meeting and generally 
behave like someone for who 

4021
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:25,500
normal rules, didn't apply. 
In 1925, his life style, caught 

4022
03:39:25,500 --> 03:39:27,700
up with him. 
He collapsed during spring 

4023
03:39:27,700 --> 03:39:30,700
training with what newspapers 
politely call called the belly. 

4024
03:39:30,700 --> 03:39:33,900
Ache heard around the world. 
Though the reality involved 

4025
03:39:33,900 --> 03:39:37,500
combination of overeating 
drinking and general excess that

4026
03:39:37,500 --> 03:39:41,700
landed him in the hospital for 
weeks that season Ruth's worst 

4027
03:39:41,700 --> 03:39:43,500
in the majors served as a 
warning. 

4028
03:39:44,400 --> 03:39:48,400
He hit just 20 home runs and the
Yankees finished in 7th place. 

4029
03:39:49,300 --> 03:39:53,400
Ruth recognize that even his 
prodigious Talent had limits and

4030
03:39:53,400 --> 03:39:57,900
he moderated his behavior enough
to bounce back in 1926 with 47 

4031
03:39:57,900 --> 03:39:59,900
home runs and a return to the 
World Series. 

4032
03:39:59,900 --> 03:40:02,700
The late 1920s, and early, 
1930s. 

4033
03:40:02,700 --> 03:40:05,900
Mark, the peak of Ruth's 
dominance, he won home, run 

4034
03:40:05,900 --> 03:40:09,900
titles, led the league in runs 
batted in, and posted batting 

4035
03:40:09,900 --> 03:40:11,400
averages, that would have been 
impressive. 

4036
03:40:11,400 --> 03:40:15,200
Even without the power numbers, 
the Yankees won championships, 

4037
03:40:15,200 --> 03:40:19,600
in 1927, 1928 and 1932 with 
Ruth. 

4038
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:24,000
As their Undisputed centerpiece,
the 1932 World Series against 

4039
03:40:24,000 --> 03:40:26,800
the Chicago Cubs produced. 
What would become Ruth's most 

4040
03:40:26,800 --> 03:40:31,100
famous moment Called shocked in 
game 3. 

4041
03:40:32,200 --> 03:40:35,400
With the score tied and cubs 
players and fans heckling him 

4042
03:40:35,400 --> 03:40:37,800
mercilessly Ruth stepped to the 
plate. 

4043
03:40:38,500 --> 03:40:42,300
He pointed toward the center 
field bleachers, or at the Cubs 

4044
03:40:42,300 --> 03:40:45,500
pitcher, or maybe he was just 
gesturing generally, depending 

4045
03:40:45,500 --> 03:40:48,400
on which account you believe. 
And then hit the next pitch. 

4046
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:51,200
Exactly. 
Where he didn't indicated a 

4047
03:40:51,200 --> 03:40:53,600
majestic home, run that silence 
Wrigley Field. 

4048
03:40:53,600 --> 03:40:56,900
Whether Ruth actually called his
shot remains debated by 

4049
03:40:56,900 --> 03:40:59,300
historians. 
What's under denial? 

4050
03:40:59,300 --> 03:41:03,400
Is that the moment perfectly 
captured who Ruth was confident 

4051
03:41:03,400 --> 03:41:06,500
to the point of arrogance 
theatrical and capable of 

4052
03:41:06,500 --> 03:41:08,700
backing up? 
Even his most outrageous 

4053
03:41:08,700 --> 03:41:12,700
gestures with actual performance
The legend mattered more than 

4054
03:41:12,700 --> 03:41:16,200
the literal truth and the legend
was that Ruth had promised a 

4055
03:41:16,200 --> 03:41:18,300
home run and then delivered it 
exactly. 

4056
03:41:18,300 --> 03:41:22,000
As advertised as evening settles
around you and your tea grows 

4057
03:41:22,008 --> 03:41:24,300
cooler. 
Let's pause to consider what. 

4058
03:41:24,300 --> 03:41:28,000
Babe Ruth was actually like as a
person separate from the legend 

4059
03:41:28,000 --> 03:41:29,800
that grew up around his 
accomplishments. 

4060
03:41:29,800 --> 03:41:34,200
Ruth, stood, six foot two, which
was tall for his ERA with a 

4061
03:41:34,200 --> 03:41:37,500
barrel chest, spindly legs and a
face that photographers 

4062
03:41:37,500 --> 03:41:42,100
described as lived in He wasn't 
conventionally handsome, but his

4063
03:41:42,100 --> 03:41:45,000
features conveyed warmth and 
openness that made people 

4064
03:41:45,000 --> 03:41:47,900
instinctively like him. 
His nose have been broken, 

4065
03:41:47,900 --> 03:41:50,400
multiple times testimony to his 
rough upbringing. 

4066
03:41:50,408 --> 03:41:53,800
An occasional propensity for bar
fights in his younger days. 

4067
03:41:53,800 --> 03:41:57,700
His voice was surprisingly high 
in Gravely the result of years 

4068
03:41:57,700 --> 03:42:01,800
of cigars and whiskey. 
When he laughed which was often,

4069
03:42:01,800 --> 03:42:05,500
it was a full body experience 
that started in his belly and 

4070
03:42:05,500 --> 03:42:08,800
emerged as a sound that friends 
described as infectious. 

4071
03:42:09,800 --> 03:42:12,500
People who met Ruth invariably 
commented on his energy? 

4072
03:42:13,400 --> 03:42:17,400
He couldn't sit still constantly
fidgeting moving and looking for

4073
03:42:17,400 --> 03:42:20,400
the next thing to engage as 
attention, Ruth's relationship 

4074
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:23,600
with children revealed a side of
his personality that the public 

4075
03:42:23,600 --> 03:42:27,800
especially loved He'd spend 
hours signing autographs for 

4076
03:42:27,800 --> 03:42:31,300
kids who waited outside 
stadiums, never seeming to Tire 

4077
03:42:31,300 --> 03:42:34,300
of the attention. 
When he visited Children's 

4078
03:42:34,300 --> 03:42:36,600
Hospitals, which he did 
regularly. 

4079
03:42:36,600 --> 03:42:41,000
Usually, without inviting press 
coverage, he'd sit with sick 

4080
03:42:41,000 --> 03:42:43,300
kids telling them stories and 
making them laugh. 

4081
03:42:44,100 --> 03:42:46,500
These visits weren't publicity 
stunts. 

4082
03:42:46,500 --> 03:42:50,100
Ruth genuinely enjoyed making 
children happy in ways that 

4083
03:42:50,100 --> 03:42:53,200
suggested, he was trying to give
them experiences, he'd never had

4084
03:42:53,200 --> 03:42:56,900
in his own difficult childhood, 
his generosity was legendary and

4085
03:42:56,900 --> 03:43:01,000
some what indiscriminate Ruth 
would tip waiters 50 dollars for

4086
03:43:01,000 --> 03:43:04,700
bringing him a sandwich hand 
hundred dollar bills to doorman 

4087
03:43:04,700 --> 03:43:08,000
and Loan, money to teammates who
would never pay him back. 

4088
03:43:09,600 --> 03:43:13,500
This largest wasn't entirely 
altruistic Ruth enjoyed the 

4089
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:16,800
feeling of power that came from 
being able to help others, but 

4090
03:43:16,800 --> 03:43:20,000
it also reflected a genuine 
disinterest in accumulating 

4091
03:43:20,000 --> 03:43:23,500
wealth for his own sake. 
His first marriage to a woman 

4092
03:43:23,500 --> 03:43:26,100
named Helen Woodford, who made 
met while playing in Boston, 

4093
03:43:26,100 --> 03:43:30,600
that ended tragically when Helen
died in a house fire in 1929. 

4094
03:43:31,800 --> 03:43:35,100
Ruth 3, married almost 
immediately to form actress and 

4095
03:43:35,100 --> 03:43:38,600
model named, Claire Hodgson, who
brought a stabilizing influence 

4096
03:43:38,600 --> 03:43:40,700
that Ruth's life had previously 
lacked. 

4097
03:43:41,600 --> 03:43:45,500
Player managed Ruth finances, 
organized his schedule, and 

4098
03:43:45,500 --> 03:43:48,600
generally try to impose order on
the chaos that naturally. 

4099
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:51,100
Surrounded him, Claire also 
brought her daughter. 

4100
03:43:51,100 --> 03:43:54,600
Julia into Ruth's life. 
And Ruth embraced fatherhood 

4101
03:43:54,600 --> 03:43:57,500
with the same enthusiasm, he 
brought to everything else. 

4102
03:43:58,500 --> 03:44:01,300
He played catch with Julia in 
the backyard of their apartment 

4103
03:44:01,300 --> 03:44:04,700
building teacher to hit off a 
batting tee, and tell her 

4104
03:44:04,700 --> 03:44:07,400
stories about his games. 
That always made him seem just 

4105
03:44:07,400 --> 03:44:11,000
slightly more heroic than he 
actually had been Ruth's 

4106
03:44:11,000 --> 03:44:14,200
relationship with Lou Gehrig. 
His longtime teammate was 

4107
03:44:14,200 --> 03:44:17,400
complicated. 
The two men were opposites in. 

4108
03:44:17,400 --> 03:44:22,500
Almost every way, Ruth loud, and
undisciplined, Gary quiet and 

4109
03:44:22,500 --> 03:44:25,200
methodical. 
They produced One of baseball's 

4110
03:44:25,200 --> 03:44:28,400
most productive lineup 
combinations, but personally 

4111
03:44:28,400 --> 03:44:31,300
they maintained a distance that 
occasionally erupted into 

4112
03:44:31,300 --> 03:44:34,600
outright hostility. 
A falling out in the early 

4113
03:44:34,600 --> 03:44:37,700
1930s. 
Reportedly over a comment Clare 

4114
03:44:37,700 --> 03:44:41,500
Ruth made about gear, rig's 
mother resulted in years where 

4115
03:44:41,500 --> 03:44:45,000
the two barely spoke despite 
playing on the same team as Ruth

4116
03:44:45,000 --> 03:44:48,400
aged, aged his body began 
showing the accumulated effects 

4117
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:53,400
of Decades of excess. his once 
powerful legs thin and making 

4118
03:44:53,400 --> 03:44:58,000
him slower in the Outfield and 
on the base paths, His reflexes 

4119
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:01,400
while still exceptional no 
longer allowed him to catch up 

4120
03:45:01,400 --> 03:45:05,000
to the fastest pitches. 
By the mid-1930s. 

4121
03:45:05,000 --> 03:45:08,400
It was becoming clear that even 
Babe Ruth couldn't hit forever. 

4122
03:45:08,400 --> 03:45:12,600
The Yankees with typical 
corporate efficiency began 

4123
03:45:12,600 --> 03:45:15,300
planning for a future without 
their greatest star. 

4124
03:45:16,100 --> 03:45:19,200
Their acquired younger 
outfielders, gave Ruth fewer 

4125
03:45:19,200 --> 03:45:22,600
plate appearances and generally 
treated him like a depreciating 

4126
03:45:22,600 --> 03:45:25,100
asset rather than the man who 
built their Dynasty. 

4127
03:45:25,900 --> 03:45:28,700
Ruth wanted to manage believing 
his baseball, knowledge and 

4128
03:45:28,700 --> 03:45:30,600
personality would make him an 
effective leader. 

4129
03:45:31,700 --> 03:45:35,500
Yankees management disagreed, 
seeing Ruth's lack of discipline

4130
03:45:35,500 --> 03:45:38,000
as disqualifying him from a 
position that required 

4131
03:45:38,000 --> 03:45:41,200
organization and restraint in 
1935. 

4132
03:45:41,200 --> 03:45:44,800
The Yankees sold Ruth to the 
Boston Braves where he was 

4133
03:45:44,800 --> 03:45:47,900
promised to play a manager role 
that never quite materialized. 

4134
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:52,000
Instead Ruth found himself 
playing for a terrible team 

4135
03:45:52,000 --> 03:45:54,900
struggling to connect with 
pitchers, that would have been 

4136
03:45:54,900 --> 03:45:56,800
routine out just a few years 
early. 

4137
03:45:57,600 --> 03:46:01,800
His body after years of abuse 
was finally giving out Ruth's 

4138
03:46:01,800 --> 03:46:05,000
final games as a player were 
simultaneously, sad and somehow 

4139
03:46:05,000 --> 03:46:09,400
fitting. 
In Pittsburgh on May 25th 1935 

4140
03:46:09,400 --> 03:46:13,700
he hit three home runs in a 
single game, The Last of which 

4141
03:46:13,700 --> 03:46:17,200
cleared the right field, stands,
Forbes field, and landed outside

4142
03:46:17,200 --> 03:46:20,200
the stadium. 
First Fair ball ever hit 

4143
03:46:20,200 --> 03:46:23,600
completely out of that Park. 
It was a reminder of what Ruth 

4144
03:46:23,600 --> 03:46:27,100
had been a final flash of the 
power that had defined his 

4145
03:46:27,108 --> 03:46:29,800
career. 
Six days later Ruth played his 

4146
03:46:29,800 --> 03:46:33,300
last game. 
He went Hit List, looked slow 

4147
03:46:33,300 --> 03:46:36,300
and old and left the field 
knowing his playing career was 

4148
03:46:36,300 --> 03:46:38,800
over. 
He officially retired on June 

4149
03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:44,000
2nd 1935 ending a 22-year career
that had transformed American 

4150
03:46:44,000 --> 03:46:46,500
Sports. 
The years after retirement were 

4151
03:46:46,500 --> 03:46:48,800
difficult for Ruth in ways that 
his playing career never had 

4152
03:46:48,800 --> 03:46:52,900
been He defined himself through 
baseball for so long that 

4153
03:46:52,900 --> 03:46:55,800
existence without the daily 
rhythm of games left in feeling 

4154
03:46:55,800 --> 03:46:58,400
unmoored. 
The Yankees never offered him, 

4155
03:46:58,400 --> 03:47:00,300
the managerial position, he 
covered it. 

4156
03:47:00,300 --> 03:47:03,900
And other teams were similarly 
uninterested in hiring someone. 

4157
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:07,000
They viewed as two, 
undisciplined to lead Ruth tried

4158
03:47:07,000 --> 03:47:09,700
various Ventures, he coached 
briefly for the Brooklyn. 

4159
03:47:09,700 --> 03:47:13,300
Dodgers appeared, in exhibition 
games and took roles in 

4160
03:47:13,300 --> 03:47:16,200
Hollywood films, that required 
him to essentially play himself.

4161
03:47:17,200 --> 03:47:19,900
But none of these activities 
filled, the void that baseball's

4162
03:47:19,900 --> 03:47:23,400
absence had created. 
He was like a shark that needs 

4163
03:47:23,400 --> 03:47:26,600
to keep moving to breathe. 
Except now, the water had been 

4164
03:47:26,608 --> 03:47:29,200
drained from his tank. 
He remained popular with the 

4165
03:47:29,200 --> 03:47:31,400
public. 
His name still capable of 

4166
03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:33,100
drawing crowds were every 
appeared. 

4167
03:47:33,100 --> 03:47:37,300
He attend charity of events 
sign, autographs and tell 

4168
03:47:37,300 --> 03:47:40,100
stories about his playing days 
that grew more embellished with 

4169
03:47:40,100 --> 03:47:43,900
each retelling. 
The real Babe Ruth was gradually

4170
03:47:43,900 --> 03:47:47,900
being replaced by the legend, a 
process that Ruth himself seemed

4171
03:47:47,900 --> 03:47:52,100
to encourage World War. 2 gave 
Ruth A Renewed sense of purpose.

4172
03:47:52,100 --> 03:47:56,100
He participated in war Bond, 
drives visited, military 

4173
03:47:56,100 --> 03:47:59,200
hospitals and played in 
exhibition, games designed to 

4174
03:47:59,200 --> 03:48:01,200
boost morale. 
Soldiers. 

4175
03:48:01,200 --> 03:48:04,600
Who'd grown up, idolizing Ruth 
got to meet their hero and Ruth 

4176
03:48:04,600 --> 03:48:07,200
seemed genuinely moved by their 
appreciation. 

4177
03:48:08,300 --> 03:48:10,800
These interactions suggested 
that Ruth's importance 

4178
03:48:10,800 --> 03:48:14,300
transcended baseball, he'd 
become a symbol of American 

4179
03:48:14,300 --> 03:48:18,700
vitality and confidence that 
resonated during wartime on 

4180
03:48:18,700 --> 03:48:22,700
April, 27th of 1947, the Yankees
retired, Ruth's number three, 

4181
03:48:22,700 --> 03:48:25,400
making it the first number ever 
retired. 

4182
03:48:25,400 --> 03:48:29,700
In baseball over, 50,000 fans, 
packed Yankee stadium. 

4183
03:48:29,700 --> 03:48:33,700
For Babe Ruth Day, celebrating 
the man who had made the venue 

4184
03:48:33,700 --> 03:48:37,700
famous Ruth, already ill. 
With throat cancer, though the 

4185
03:48:37,700 --> 03:48:41,200
public didn't know it yet spoke 
briefly to the crowd in a voice 

4186
03:48:41,200 --> 03:48:45,100
ravaged by disease. 
A famous photograph from that 

4187
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:47,100
day. 
Shows Ruth leaning on a bat for 

4188
03:48:47,108 --> 03:48:51,100
support. 
His body Wasted by Illness but 

4189
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:53,600
his presence. 
Still commanding the cancer 

4190
03:48:53,600 --> 03:48:58,000
progressed rapidly Ruth spent 
much of 1948 in and out of 

4191
03:48:58,000 --> 03:49:01,400
hospitals undergoing treatments 
that were primitive by modern 

4192
03:49:01,400 --> 03:49:03,300
standards and largely 
ineffective. 

4193
03:49:04,000 --> 03:49:08,100
He lost weight dramatically. 
His once powerful frame reduced 

4194
03:49:08,100 --> 03:49:11,000
to something that friends 
described as heartbreaking to 

4195
03:49:11,000 --> 03:49:15,200
witness, But even in Decline, 
Ruth maintained, the essential 

4196
03:49:15,200 --> 03:49:20,000
qualities that had defined him 
optimism humor, and a refusal to

4197
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:21,800
complain about his 
circumstances. 

4198
03:49:21,800 --> 03:49:26,900
On August, 16th, 1948, Babe Ruth
died at age 53. 

4199
03:49:27,800 --> 03:49:31,700
His body lay in state at Yankee 
Stadium, where over 100,000 

4200
03:49:31,700 --> 03:49:33,700
people filed past to pay their 
respects. 

4201
03:49:35,100 --> 03:49:38,500
The line stretched for blocks 
filled with people of all ages. 

4202
03:49:38,500 --> 03:49:40,800
Who wanted one final moment with
the man. 

4203
03:49:40,800 --> 03:49:42,400
Who'd give them so many 
memories. 

4204
03:49:43,100 --> 03:49:46,200
If you funeral itself was held 
at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in 

4205
03:49:46,200 --> 03:49:50,800
Manhattan with over 6,000 people
inside and thousands more on the

4206
03:49:50,808 --> 03:49:53,700
streets outside growth was 
buried at Gate of Heaven 

4207
03:49:53,700 --> 03:49:58,200
Cemetery in Hawthorne New York. 
Is grave became and remains one 

4208
03:49:58,200 --> 03:50:00,800
of the most visited sights in 
American Sports. 

4209
03:50:01,600 --> 03:50:04,500
A pilgrimage destination for 
fans who want to connect with 

4210
03:50:04,500 --> 03:50:08,500
baseball's passed now as you 
settle deeper into your blankets

4211
03:50:08,500 --> 03:50:12,100
and perhaps close your eyes, 
consider what Ruth left behind. 

4212
03:50:13,100 --> 03:50:19,500
His lifetime statistics 714 home
runs upon 342 batting, average, 

4213
03:50:19,500 --> 03:50:24,500
and 2013 runs batted in were 
records that would stand for 

4214
03:50:24,500 --> 03:50:27,700
decades. 
But numbers alone don't capture 

4215
03:50:27,700 --> 03:50:31,400
his impact Ruth, transformed 
baseball, from a sport played 

4216
03:50:31,400 --> 03:50:35,300
primarily in small markets to a 
truly national phenomenon. 

4217
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:39,600
The four Ruth, baseball 
struggled to compete with boxing

4218
03:50:39,600 --> 03:50:41,300
and horse racing for public 
attention. 

4219
03:50:41,300 --> 03:50:47,000
After Ruth baseball was 
unquestionably, America's game a

4220
03:50:47,000 --> 03:50:49,300
status, it would maintain for 
the better part of a century. 

4221
03:50:49,300 --> 03:50:53,100
He changed how the game was. 
Played shifting emphasis from 

4222
03:50:53,100 --> 03:50:57,100
small ball tactics to 
power-hitting, Managers, who had

4223
03:50:57,100 --> 03:51:00,500
spent careers teaching bunts and
hit him, run plays, suddenly 

4224
03:51:00,500 --> 03:51:03,700
found themselves encouraging 
batters to swing for the fences.

4225
03:51:04,600 --> 03:51:07,800
The entire architecture of 
offense was rebuilt around the 

4226
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:10,400
home, run a change. 
That Ruth is essentially 

4227
03:51:10,400 --> 03:51:12,600
accomplished single-handedly 
Ruth. 

4228
03:51:12,600 --> 03:51:15,300
Proved that athletes could be 
celebrities in ways previously 

4229
03:51:15,300 --> 03:51:17,100
reserved for actors and 
politicians. 

4230
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:21,200
His salary, negotiation set 
precedents for athlete 

4231
03:51:21,200 --> 03:51:24,600
compensation. 
His endorsement deals, created a

4232
03:51:24,600 --> 03:51:27,700
template for how sports stars 
could leverage Fame into wealth.

4233
03:51:28,300 --> 03:51:31,800
His life style while excessive 
demonstrated that public 

4234
03:51:31,800 --> 03:51:34,800
figures, could survive Scandal 
through sheer Charisma and 

4235
03:51:34,800 --> 03:51:37,600
performance. 
The cultural impact extended 

4236
03:51:37,600 --> 03:51:42,100
Beyond Sports Ruth became a 
symbol of American possibility. 

4237
03:51:42,100 --> 03:51:45,900
The idea that someone from the 
worst circumstances could rise 

4238
03:51:45,900 --> 03:51:47,900
to the absolute Pinnacle of 
success. 

4239
03:51:49,000 --> 03:51:52,000
His story resonated, especially 
during the Depression years, 

4240
03:51:52,000 --> 03:51:55,700
when Americans needed Heroes, 
who proved that the system could

4241
03:51:55,700 --> 03:51:59,000
still work that talent and 
determination could still 

4242
03:51:59,000 --> 03:52:01,700
overcome poverty and limited 
opportunity. 

4243
03:52:01,700 --> 03:52:04,800
Ruth's relationship with 
children created a template for 

4244
03:52:04,800 --> 03:52:07,500
how sports stars interact with 
young fans. 

4245
03:52:08,200 --> 03:52:11,600
The image of Ruth visiting sick,
children signing endless, 

4246
03:52:11,600 --> 03:52:14,800
autographs and treating kids 
with genuine affection 

4247
03:52:14,800 --> 03:52:19,000
established expectations for 
athlete behavior that persisted 

4248
03:52:19,000 --> 03:52:21,800
today. 
Every modern athlete, who visits

4249
03:52:21,800 --> 03:52:26,200
her children hospital is in some
way following the path through 

4250
03:52:26,200 --> 03:52:29,900
created his flaws were as 
legendary as his achievements 

4251
03:52:29,900 --> 03:52:33,700
and paradoxical those flaws made
him more, beloved rather than 

4252
03:52:33,700 --> 03:52:37,200
less. 
American appreciated that Ruth 

4253
03:52:37,200 --> 03:52:40,600
enjoyed his success. 
That he indulged appetites 

4254
03:52:40,600 --> 03:52:42,500
rather than pretending. 
They didn't exist. 

4255
03:52:43,800 --> 03:52:46,600
There was something honest about
Ruth's successes that stood in 

4256
03:52:46,600 --> 03:52:50,100
stark contrast to the carefully,
managed public images that other

4257
03:52:50,100 --> 03:52:52,900
celebrities cultivated the 
Yankees Dynasty. 

4258
03:52:52,900 --> 03:52:56,200
That Ruth created continued for 
decades after his retirement. 

4259
03:52:57,200 --> 03:53:00,100
the team won championships 
through the 1950s and Beyond, 

4260
03:53:00,100 --> 03:53:03,900
but all of those successes built
on the foundation, Ruth had 

4261
03:53:03,900 --> 03:53:07,000
established The financial 
resources that allowed the 

4262
03:53:07,000 --> 03:53:09,900
Yankees to acquire the best 
players came from the revenue 

4263
03:53:09,900 --> 03:53:13,300
streams Ruth had created. 
The winning tradition that 

4264
03:53:13,300 --> 03:53:17,700
attracted top talent originated.
In Ruth's championship teams, 

4265
03:53:17,700 --> 03:53:22,300
baseball itself evolved in 
Ruth's image, Stadiums built 

4266
03:53:22,300 --> 03:53:25,000
after Yankee Stadium 
Incorporated features designed 

4267
03:53:25,000 --> 03:53:26,400
to Showcase home. 
Run hitters. 

4268
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:30,900
Rule changes that increased 
offense and Home Run production,

4269
03:53:30,900 --> 03:53:33,700
reflected Ruth, influence on 
what fans wanted to see. 

4270
03:53:34,600 --> 03:53:36,300
The entire aesthetic of 
baseball. 

4271
03:53:36,300 --> 03:53:39,900
The emphasis on power, the 
celebration of individual 

4272
03:53:39,900 --> 03:53:43,200
achievement within a team 
context and the tolerance for 

4273
03:53:43,200 --> 03:53:47,100
colorful personality is all 
traced back to Ruth's example. 

4274
03:53:47,100 --> 03:53:51,000
Modern athlete, earning enormous
salary is negotiating 

4275
03:53:51,000 --> 03:53:53,400
endorsement deals, and living 
public lives. 

4276
03:53:53,400 --> 03:53:56,800
That blur the line between 
sports and entertainment are 

4277
03:53:56,800 --> 03:53:59,000
following paths that Ruth 
pioneered. 

4278
03:53:59,800 --> 03:54:02,500
He proved that athletic 
Excellence could generate wealth

4279
03:54:02,500 --> 03:54:04,700
and fame that transcended. 
The sport itself. 

4280
03:54:05,800 --> 03:54:09,800
Every athlete to become a brand 
who leverages sporting success 

4281
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:13,900
into broader cultural influence,
owes something to the template 

4282
03:54:13,900 --> 03:54:17,300
Ruth created as your eyelids, 
grow heavy here and the days 

4283
03:54:17,300 --> 03:54:20,200
concerns Fade Into the 
comfortable darkness of the 

4284
03:54:20,200 --> 03:54:22,900
evening. 
Let's Trace how Ruth's influence

4285
03:54:22,900 --> 03:54:25,600
continues to Ripple through 
American culture. 

4286
03:54:25,600 --> 03:54:30,600
Even now decades after his 
death, walk into any youth, 

4287
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:33,600
baseball game on a Saturday 
morning and you'll see Ruth's 

4288
03:54:33,600 --> 03:54:37,000
Legacy in action, Kids stepped 
to the plate and take Mighty 

4289
03:54:37,000 --> 03:54:40,300
swings trying to hit home runs 
rather than simply making 

4290
03:54:40,300 --> 03:54:43,500
contact. 
Parents in the stands, cheer 

4291
03:54:43,500 --> 03:54:46,500
loudest for the ball that clears
the fence even though a 

4292
03:54:46,500 --> 03:54:48,500
well-placed single might be 
tactically superior. 

4293
03:54:49,700 --> 03:54:53,300
This emphasis on power over 
Precision on the dramatic over 

4294
03:54:53,300 --> 03:54:57,000
the Practical flows directly 
from Ruth's transformation of 

4295
03:54:57,000 --> 03:55:00,400
baseball's Aesthetics, the 
number three retired by the 

4296
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:02,300
Yankees and sacred in baseball 
history. 

4297
03:55:02,300 --> 03:55:05,900
Appears on replica jerseys. 
Worn by fans, who were born 

4298
03:55:05,900 --> 03:55:10,600
until decades after Ruth died. 
These fans may not know Ruth's 

4299
03:55:10,600 --> 03:55:13,800
actual statistics might not be 
able to name a single teeny 

4300
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:15,500
played. 
Again, East that they know the 

4301
03:55:15,500 --> 03:55:18,000
name and understand that 
wearing, it connects them to 

4302
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:21,700
something important in baseball 
story, baseball cards, featuring

4303
03:55:21,700 --> 03:55:24,700
Ruth's image remain among the 
most valuable collectibles in 

4304
03:55:24,700 --> 03:55:28,700
sports with pristine examples, 
selling for millions of dollars.

4305
03:55:29,600 --> 03:55:34,300
The t206 Honus Wagner card is 
famous for its Rarity but Ruth 

4306
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:36,800
cards are valuable because of 
who he was and what he 

4307
03:55:36,800 --> 03:55:40,100
represented. 
Collectors aren't just buying 

4308
03:55:40,100 --> 03:55:42,900
cardboard link. 
There are acquiring pieces of 

4309
03:55:42,900 --> 03:55:45,100
the moment. 
When Sports became Central to 

4310
03:55:45,100 --> 03:55:49,300
American culture, the story is 
about Ruth, some truth. 

4311
03:55:49,300 --> 03:55:53,100
Some embellished some entirely 
fabricated former mythology that

4312
03:55:53,100 --> 03:55:55,600
serves baseball. 
The way ancient myths, served 

4313
03:55:55,600 --> 03:56:00,700
earlier civilizations, the 
called shot, the 60 home runs in

4314
03:56:00,700 --> 03:56:04,300
1927, the promised to hit a 
homerun for a sick child. 

4315
03:56:04,300 --> 03:56:07,500
And then delivering on that 
promise these stories teach 

4316
03:56:07,500 --> 03:56:11,200
lessons about confidence, 
performance under pressure and 

4317
03:56:11,200 --> 03:56:14,800
the rewards that come from 
daring greatly Yankee Stadium 

4318
03:56:14,800 --> 03:56:17,900
rebuilt in 2009. 
But incorporating design 

4319
03:56:17,900 --> 03:56:21,400
elements that deliberately Echo,
the original remains a shrine to

4320
03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:23,600
Ruth even though he never played
in the new version. 

4321
03:56:24,600 --> 03:56:27,700
Fans, visiting the stadium for 
the first time make pilgrimages 

4322
03:56:27,700 --> 03:56:30,600
to Monument Park. 
Where a plaque commemorates, 

4323
03:56:30,600 --> 03:56:33,500
Ruth's achievements in language 
that borders on religious 

4324
03:56:33,500 --> 03:56:36,600
reference. 
The stadiums Dimension still 

4325
03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:39,500
favored. 
Left handed power, hit his, a 

4326
03:56:39,500 --> 03:56:43,000
design choice that acknowledges 
Ruth's continuing influence on 

4327
03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:45,200
how the Yankees think about 
constructing their roster. 

4328
03:56:45,200 --> 03:56:49,700
The phrase Ruthie has entered, 
the English language, as an 

4329
03:56:49,700 --> 03:56:51,600
adjective, meaning, 
exceptionally, large, or 

4330
03:56:51,600 --> 03:56:55,900
powerful, When a slugger hits, a
particularly long home run and 

4331
03:56:55,900 --> 03:56:57,800
announces describe it as Ruth 
Ian. 

4332
03:56:58,400 --> 03:57:01,300
When a player achieves something
that seems to transcend, normal,

4333
03:57:01,300 --> 03:57:03,900
boundaries Sports, writers 
invoke, Ruth's name. 

4334
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:08,900
This linguistic, immortality the
transformation of a person into 

4335
03:57:08,900 --> 03:57:11,700
an adjective is reserved for the
very few. 

4336
03:57:11,700 --> 03:57:15,000
Whose impact genuinely changes 
how we understand their field. 

4337
03:57:15,000 --> 03:57:19,100
Modern players who hit 40 or 50 
home runs in a season appraised 

4338
03:57:19,100 --> 03:57:22,200
by comparison to Ruth. 
Even though the game they're 

4339
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:24,300
playing is dramatically 
different from the one Ruth 

4340
03:57:24,300 --> 03:57:27,000
dominated. 
Pitchers throw harder now. 

4341
03:57:27,000 --> 03:57:30,300
Feels as a more athletic 
stadiums are larger and the 

4342
03:57:30,308 --> 03:57:33,600
scientific understanding of 
hitting mechanics as advanced 

4343
03:57:33,600 --> 03:57:38,100
enormously yet Ruth Shadow 
stretches across all these 

4344
03:57:38,100 --> 03:57:41,700
changes, his achievements, 
serving as the standard against 

4345
03:57:41,700 --> 03:57:45,600
which power is measured. 
The curse of the Bambino, the 

4346
03:57:45,600 --> 03:57:49,400
superstitious belief that Boston
sale of Ruth to New York, cursed

4347
03:57:49,400 --> 03:57:53,800
the Red Sox franchise, 86 years,
demonstrates, Ruth's cultural 

4348
03:57:53,800 --> 03:57:58,200
penetration Beyond pure sport. 
The fact that rational adults 

4349
03:57:58,200 --> 03:58:01,300
could believe that a player 
transaction in 1920, affected 

4350
03:58:01,300 --> 03:58:05,100
game, outcomes. 
And 2004 shows How Deeply rooted

4351
03:58:05,100 --> 03:58:09,300
in himself in baseball's 
narrative structure, When the 

4352
03:58:09,308 --> 03:58:13,600
Red Sox, finally, won the World 
Series in 2004 breaking, the 

4353
03:58:13,600 --> 03:58:16,200
alleged curse became as 
important to the story. 

4354
03:58:16,200 --> 03:58:18,800
As the actual athletic 
achievement Hollywood. 

4355
03:58:18,800 --> 03:58:22,000
Has repeatedly tried to capture 
Ruth on film with varying 

4356
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:25,500
degrees of success. 
The challenge has always been 

4357
03:58:25,500 --> 03:58:29,600
that Ruth's life was almost two 
eventful to packed with incident

4358
03:58:29,600 --> 03:58:32,600
and achievement to fit into 
conventional narrative 

4359
03:58:32,600 --> 03:58:35,500
structures. 
How do you dream a tie? 

4360
03:58:35,500 --> 03:58:37,700
Someone who actually lived 
larger than most fictional 

4361
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:40,800
characters? 
The attempts continue each 

4362
03:58:40,800 --> 03:58:44,500
generation, trying to explain 
Ruth to audience's who live in 

4363
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:46,600
increasingly different worlds 
from the one. 

4364
03:58:46,600 --> 03:58:50,400
He inhabited children, who will 
play baseball in 2015, will 

4365
03:58:50,400 --> 03:58:53,400
still learn Ruth's name and 
still hear stories about the 

4366
03:58:53,400 --> 03:58:56,800
Bambino who hit balls over 
buildings and ate hot dogs by 

4367
03:58:56,800 --> 03:58:59,800
the Dozen. 
The details May blur in the 

4368
03:58:59,808 --> 03:59:02,700
context May fade, but the 
essential story. 

4369
03:59:02,700 --> 03:59:06,300
Paul boy makes good through 
natural talent in a repressible 

4370
03:59:06,300 --> 03:59:10,200
personality remains as 
compelling as ever baseball 

4371
03:59:10,200 --> 03:59:13,000
historians continued to debate, 
Ruth's place in the sports. 

4372
03:59:13,000 --> 03:59:16,900
Pantheon was he the greatest 
player ever or does that honor 

4373
03:59:16,900 --> 03:59:19,900
belong to Willie Mays or Barry 
Bonds or Mike Trout? 

4374
03:59:21,000 --> 03:59:24,500
These debates miss the point. 
Ruth's important isn't about 

4375
03:59:24,500 --> 03:59:27,400
being the best. 
In some objective sense, it's 

4376
03:59:27,400 --> 03:59:30,200
about being the most 
transformative, the player who 

4377
03:59:30,200 --> 03:59:33,500
changed, not just, how baseball 
was played for what baseball 

4378
03:59:33,500 --> 03:59:37,200
meant to American culture. 
Now as you drift towards sleep, 

4379
03:59:37,200 --> 03:59:41,900
let's consider perhaps Ruth's 
most important Legacy one that 

4380
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:45,000
statistics can't capture and 
that has nothing to do with 

4381
03:59:45,000 --> 03:59:49,500
championships or records. 
Ruth gave people joy and he did 

4382
03:59:49,500 --> 03:59:51,700
it with an enthusiasm that was 
itself. 

4383
03:59:51,700 --> 03:59:55,200
Joyful to witness watch for 
footage of Ruth hitting home 

4384
03:59:55,200 --> 03:59:58,900
runs grainy silent film that 
nevertheless conveys, his 

4385
03:59:58,900 --> 04:00:02,800
obvious pleasure in the act, 
After connecting with a pitch, 

4386
04:00:02,800 --> 04:00:05,800
he doesn't admire his work or 
pose for cameras. 

4387
04:00:05,800 --> 04:00:10,300
He simply runs a surprise. 
Me graceful Trot to give in his 

4388
04:00:10,300 --> 04:00:13,100
bulk with a smile at suggests. 
He sees his delighted as the 

4389
04:00:13,100 --> 04:00:16,900
fans in the stands. 
Baseball was for Ruth, genuinely

4390
04:00:16,900 --> 04:00:18,500
fun. 
And his enjoyment was 

4391
04:00:18,500 --> 04:00:21,600
contagious. 
This might seem trivial but 

4392
04:00:21,600 --> 04:00:24,900
think about what Ruth offered to
Americans during his Peak years.

4393
04:00:25,800 --> 04:00:30,300
The 1920s brought prosperity for
some But anxiety for many as 

4394
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:33,300
traditional social structures, 
gave way to modernities on 

4395
04:00:33,300 --> 04:00:36,900
certain teas. 
The 1930s brought economic 

4396
04:00:36,900 --> 04:00:42,000
catastrophe with unemployment 
foreclosures and the genuine 

4397
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:44,800
fear that American democracy, 
might not survive. 

4398
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:49,000
Through all of this Ruth played 
baseball with the 

4399
04:00:49,008 --> 04:00:53,200
unselfconscious joy of a child 
reminding people that pleasure, 

4400
04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:56,600
and Delight remained possible. 
Even in difficult times, his 

4401
04:00:56,600 --> 04:00:58,900
home runs weren't just athletic 
achievements. 

4402
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:01,200
They were permission slips for 
celebration. 

4403
04:01:02,700 --> 04:01:05,500
When Ruth connected with a pitch
and the ball sword into 

4404
04:01:05,500 --> 04:01:09,200
impossibly distant seats fans 
could forget their troubles for 

4405
04:01:09,200 --> 04:01:10,800
the second took the ball to 
travel. 

4406
04:01:11,900 --> 04:01:15,700
They could rise from their seats
cheer without inhibition and 

4407
04:01:15,700 --> 04:01:19,100
share a moment of uncomplicated 
happiness with thousands of 

4408
04:01:19,100 --> 04:01:21,900
strangers. 
Ruth never pretended to be a 

4409
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:26,400
role model in the modern sense. 
He drank he ate to excess he 

4410
04:01:26,400 --> 04:01:30,300
carousels and he made no 
particular effort to hide any of

4411
04:01:30,300 --> 04:01:33,200
it. 
Yet somehow this honesty about 

4412
04:01:33,200 --> 04:01:36,300
his appetites, made him more 
rather than less appealing. 

4413
04:01:37,400 --> 04:01:41,200
And Americans understood that 
Ruth was flawed, but they also 

4414
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:43,700
recognized that his flaws were 
human scale. 

4415
04:01:43,700 --> 04:01:47,300
The kind that anyone might have,
if they suddenly found 

4416
04:01:47,300 --> 04:01:50,600
themselves wealthy and famous 
the relationship between Ruth 

4417
04:01:50,600 --> 04:01:53,300
and Baseball fans was genuinely 
reciprocal. 

4418
04:01:53,900 --> 04:01:57,200
He loved their attention fed off
their energy and performed 

4419
04:01:57,200 --> 04:01:59,400
better when stadiums were packed
and roaring. 

4420
04:02:00,200 --> 04:02:04,100
Fans in turn loved him, not just
for what he did, but for how 

4421
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:08,800
obviously he loved doing it. 
This Mutual affection created a 

4422
04:02:08,800 --> 04:02:12,100
bond that transcended, the usual
relationship between athlete and

4423
04:02:12,100 --> 04:02:16,000
spectator Ruth generosity with 
his time particularly toward 

4424
04:02:16,000 --> 04:02:19,300
children, reflected his 
understanding that his Fame 

4425
04:02:19,300 --> 04:02:21,800
created opportunities to bring, 
happiness to others. 

4426
04:02:22,700 --> 04:02:26,300
When he visited a sick child in 
a hospital, signing a base ball 

4427
04:02:26,300 --> 04:02:29,000
and telling stories he was 
giving that child, something 

4428
04:02:29,000 --> 04:02:32,500
more valuable than memorabilia. 
He was giving them a story. 

4429
04:02:32,500 --> 04:02:35,500
They could tell for the rest of 
their lives, a moment when they 

4430
04:02:35,508 --> 04:02:39,200
mattered to someone important, 
his teammates even those who 

4431
04:02:39,200 --> 04:02:42,500
found his behavior. 
Exasperating generally loved him

4432
04:02:42,500 --> 04:02:45,500
because Ruth treated baseball as
play rather than work. 

4433
04:02:46,600 --> 04:02:49,600
In an era when most professional
athletes approach their Sport 

4434
04:02:49,600 --> 04:02:53,400
with Grimm, seriousness Ruth, 
maintain the perspective that 

4435
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:56,000
baseboard was fundamentally a 
game. 

4436
04:02:56,900 --> 04:03:00,700
This attitude didn't make him 
less competitive Ruth hated 

4437
04:03:00,700 --> 04:03:04,400
losing, but it kept him from the
bitterness that consumed players

4438
04:03:04,400 --> 04:03:06,600
who couldn't separate this 
self-worth from their 

4439
04:03:06,600 --> 04:03:09,700
performance. 
The Joy Ruth in bodied extended 

4440
04:03:09,700 --> 04:03:11,900
to his appreciation for his own 
success. 

4441
04:03:11,900 --> 04:03:15,600
He didn't pretend to be humble 
or act like his achievements 

4442
04:03:15,600 --> 04:03:17,300
were. 
Merely the product of hard work.

4443
04:03:18,300 --> 04:03:22,400
Ruth understood that he had 
extraordinary talent and he 

4444
04:03:22,400 --> 04:03:26,700
celebrated that Talent openly. 
This self-awareness and lack of 

4445
04:03:26,708 --> 04:03:29,300
false, modesty was in its own 
way refreshing. 

4446
04:03:30,100 --> 04:03:33,200
Ruth knew he was special and he 
saw no reason to pretend 

4447
04:03:33,200 --> 04:03:36,800
otherwise a sleep approaches and
the story wines toward its 

4448
04:03:36,800 --> 04:03:39,400
clothes. 
Consider what Ruth teaches us 

4449
04:03:39,400 --> 04:03:44,300
about living fully, His life 
wasn't long, 53 years is less 

4450
04:03:44,300 --> 04:03:47,600
than many of us will have. 
But it was completely lived. 

4451
04:03:48,300 --> 04:03:52,600
He experienced more, pleasure, 
more success, more Acclaim, and 

4452
04:03:52,600 --> 04:03:56,300
yes, more excess than most 
people could fit into twice that

4453
04:03:56,300 --> 04:03:58,700
time. 
He never seemed to wonder if he 

4454
04:03:58,700 --> 04:04:01,600
deserved his success. 
He simply enjoyed it. 

4455
04:04:01,600 --> 04:04:05,200
While it lasted in your last 
moments of wakefulness Pick 3 

4456
04:04:05,200 --> 04:04:07,300
Yankee, Stadium on a late summer
afternoons. 

4457
04:04:07,300 --> 04:04:11,500
The sun casting Long Shadows 
across the infield as another 

4458
04:04:11,500 --> 04:04:13,800
generation of players takes 
batting practice. 

4459
04:04:14,700 --> 04:04:18,100
The crack of the bat, Echoes off
the stands that distinctive 

4460
04:04:18,100 --> 04:04:20,700
sound that has remained 
unchanged for over a century 

4461
04:04:20,700 --> 04:04:22,900
somewhere. 
In those stands, sits a 

4462
04:04:22,908 --> 04:04:25,800
grandfather, taking his grandson
to his first baseball game. 

4463
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:30,400
The boys attention wanders. 
It's the seventh inning and the 

4464
04:04:30,400 --> 04:04:34,800
game has been slow. then the 
home team, Slugger steps to the 

4465
04:04:34,800 --> 04:04:38,200
plate, and the grandfather 
leans, close to his grandson's 

4466
04:04:38,200 --> 04:04:41,800
ear, he tells him about another 
Slugger, First. 

4467
04:04:41,800 --> 04:04:46,200
And maybe the greatest a man who
hit Bulls so far, they seem to 

4468
04:04:46,208 --> 04:04:49,000
leave the atmosphere. 
The boy listens. 

4469
04:04:49,000 --> 04:04:52,500
Not entirely sure if grandpa is 
telling a story or accounting 

4470
04:04:52,500 --> 04:04:54,700
history. 
The Slugger connects with a 

4471
04:04:54,708 --> 04:04:58,700
pitch and the ball Rises on a 
trajectory that every fan in the

4472
04:04:58,700 --> 04:05:03,400
stadium recognizes instantly. 
It clears the fence by 50 feet 

4473
04:05:03,400 --> 04:05:06,900
Landing somewhere. 
In the distance bleachers, the 

4474
04:05:06,900 --> 04:05:10,600
grandfather leaks to his feet 
his knees hurt but he doesn't 

4475
04:05:10,600 --> 04:05:14,800
care and the grandson jumped up 
beside him caught up in the 

4476
04:05:14,800 --> 04:05:17,200
moment even though he doesn't 
fully understand what he's 

4477
04:05:17,200 --> 04:05:19,800
witnessing, this is Ruth's final
gift. 

4478
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:22,800
The one that keeps giving 
decades after his death. 

4479
04:05:23,600 --> 04:05:26,900
The shared experience of 
baseball's most dramatic moment,

4480
04:05:26,900 --> 04:05:31,300
the home run, that makes 
strangers into a community that 

4481
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:34,300
transforms. 
And after noon into a memory and

4482
04:05:34,300 --> 04:05:37,000
that connects Generations 
through the simple Act of 

4483
04:05:37,008 --> 04:05:39,000
watching. 
Someone hit a ball with a stick.

4484
04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:41,400
Every home run hit in every 
stadium. 

4485
04:05:41,400 --> 04:05:44,900
In America carries an echo of 
the ones Ruth hit and stadiums 

4486
04:05:44,900 --> 04:05:48,100
that no longer exist. 
Watched by fans who have long 

4487
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:52,300
since passed away. 
The game evolves rules change 

4488
04:05:52,300 --> 04:05:54,000
and players get stronger and 
faster. 

4489
04:05:54,000 --> 04:05:58,500
But the fundamental Thrill The 
Bull Rising against the sky 

4490
04:05:58,500 --> 04:06:02,100
arcing toward the fence and 
landing in a distant section. 

4491
04:06:02,100 --> 04:06:05,200
While fans, Roar remains exactly
what it was. 

4492
04:06:05,200 --> 04:06:08,600
When Ruth Did It For the First 
Time, Ruth's story reminds us 

4493
04:06:08,600 --> 04:06:11,300
that Sports matter, not because 
they're important in some of 

4494
04:06:11,300 --> 04:06:14,300
objective sense. 
But because they give us ways to

4495
04:06:14,300 --> 04:06:17,900
connect with each other with our
past and with the parts of 

4496
04:06:17,900 --> 04:06:20,900
ourselves. 
That remember how to play The 

4497
04:06:20,900 --> 04:06:24,000
boy from Baltimore who learned 
to pitch on Reformatory Fields, 

4498
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:28,400
never forgot that baseball was 
supposed to be fun and he spent 

4499
04:06:28,400 --> 04:06:30,900
his entire career trying to 
share that fun. 

4500
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:34,900
With anyone who would watch, he 
succeeded beyond anything, his 

4501
04:06:34,900 --> 04:06:36,200
younger self could have 
imagined. 

4502
04:06:37,100 --> 04:06:40,300
The orphan who felt unwanted 
became the most beloved figure 

4503
04:06:40,300 --> 04:06:43,400
in American Sports. 
He undisciplined kid, who 

4504
04:06:43,400 --> 04:06:45,000
couldn't follow rules, became 
the man. 

4505
04:06:45,000 --> 04:06:47,900
Who rewrote them? 
The player who was sold by one 

4506
04:06:47,900 --> 04:06:50,400
team for money, became the 
Catalyst for a dynasty that 

4507
04:06:50,400 --> 04:06:54,200
redefine, Sports Excellence. 
But perhaps most importantly, 

4508
04:06:54,200 --> 04:06:57,600
the child who grew up with 
without much joy, became the man

4509
04:06:57,600 --> 04:07:01,300
who created it for Millions. 
Every time someone's face, 

4510
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:04,600
lights up watching a home run. 
Every time, a kid imitates, a 

4511
04:07:04,600 --> 04:07:06,600
power swing in a backyard. 
Every time. 

4512
04:07:06,608 --> 04:07:09,000
Baseball brings people together 
and shared celebration. 

4513
04:07:09,000 --> 04:07:11,600
Babe Ruth. 
Is there still playing the game 

4514
04:07:11,608 --> 04:07:14,300
he loved? 
Still inviting everyone to join 

4515
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:16,900
him in the simple pleasure of 
hitting a ball as far as 

4516
04:07:16,900 --> 04:07:20,800
possible and then running around
some bases while people cheer as

4517
04:07:20,800 --> 04:07:24,300
you drift into sleep, you might 
dream of Summer afternoons and 

4518
04:07:24,300 --> 04:07:28,600
the crack of a wooden bat of 
balls Rising against Blue Skies 

4519
04:07:28,600 --> 04:07:31,500
of a round face man with a huge 
smile. 

4520
04:07:31,500 --> 04:07:34,500
Circling the bases while a 
stadium full of strangers, 

4521
04:07:34,500 --> 04:07:38,800
becomes for a moment, a 
community United in joy. 

4522
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:43,100
These dreams can connect you to 
millions of others who have 

4523
04:07:43,100 --> 04:07:45,800
found comfort and excitement in 
the same images. 

4524
04:07:45,800 --> 04:07:50,600
The same stories and the same 
fundamental human desire to 

4525
04:07:50,600 --> 04:07:54,400
witness excellence and share in 
celebration, Babe Ruth. 

4526
04:07:54,400 --> 04:07:58,600
Lived more than 90 years ago, 
but his gift Remains the 

4527
04:07:58,600 --> 04:08:00,900
reminders that life is meant to 
be fully lived. 

4528
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:05,400
That Talent should be celebrated
rather than hidden and that Joy 

4529
04:08:05,400 --> 04:08:08,600
shared multiplies while Joy 
hoarded disappears. 

4530
04:08:09,600 --> 04:08:11,800
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that somewhere 

4531
04:08:11,800 --> 04:08:15,000
right now someone is hitting a 
home run and for that moment 

4532
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:18,000
they are Babe Ruth. 
And Babe Ruth lives. 

4533
04:08:18,000 --> 04:08:21,800
Again, the boy from Baltimore 
found his way home and in doing.

4534
04:08:21,800 --> 04:08:26,700
So he helped millions of us find
hours on baseball, diamonds and 

4535
04:08:26,700 --> 04:08:30,200
Stadium seats in the stories. 
We tell about the ones who came 

4536
04:08:30,200 --> 04:08:33,500
before and in the simple shared 
pleasure of watching. 

4537
04:08:33,500 --> 04:08:35,400
Someone do something 
extraordinary. 

4538
04:08:41,700 --> 04:08:45,400
Nikola Tesla's boyhood in the 
small village of Millian nestled

4539
04:08:45,400 --> 04:08:47,300
in the rural reaches of the 
Austrian Empire. 

4540
04:08:47,300 --> 04:08:50,500
Now Croatia was, as far removed 
from the noise of modern 

4541
04:08:50,500 --> 04:08:52,000
Contraptions as one might 
imagine. 

4542
04:08:53,100 --> 04:08:56,200
Yet even amid this pastoral 
backdrop test Tesla found ways 

4543
04:08:56,200 --> 04:09:00,900
to indulge his curiosity. 
His father Milton was an 

4544
04:09:00,900 --> 04:09:04,300
orthodox priest off, an occupied
by religious duties, but he also

4545
04:09:04,300 --> 04:09:07,500
possessed to Serious Library 
where young Nicholas snuck away 

4546
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:10,200
to read. 
In fact, Tesla frequently 

4547
04:09:10,200 --> 04:09:13,300
credited, these secretive 
exploration, for sparking, his 

4548
04:09:13,300 --> 04:09:17,700
fascination with science. 
Meanwhile, his mother duka a 

4549
04:09:17,700 --> 04:09:20,200
resourceful and gifted woman. 
Crafted household tools. 

4550
04:09:20,200 --> 04:09:22,600
With her hands, granting Tesla 
first-hand. 

4551
04:09:22,600 --> 04:09:26,000
Look at the interplay between 
imagination and utility. 

4552
04:09:26,900 --> 04:09:30,500
One story that rarely gets 
retold overshadowed perhaps by 

4553
04:09:30,500 --> 04:09:33,900
Granda, anecdotes involved a 
small wooden water wheel. 

4554
04:09:33,900 --> 04:09:37,700
He built at age, nine determined
to harness, the churning stream 

4555
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:41,200
that ran behind his home. 
Tesla carved, rough paddles from

4556
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:44,700
scavenge Driftwood, and 
improvised, an axle from a 

4557
04:09:44,700 --> 04:09:47,600
broken carpart. 
While the contrivance was crude,

4558
04:09:47,600 --> 04:09:52,200
it worked sort of it sputtered 
and jammed more often than its 

4559
04:09:52,200 --> 04:09:54,200
bun. 
But this half success taught 

4560
04:09:54,200 --> 04:09:58,300
him, the power of redirecting 
Natural Forces even as a child, 

4561
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:00,800
he recognized that nature has 
tremendous energy. 

4562
04:10:00,800 --> 04:10:04,700
Just waiting to be tapped. 
It was also, during these early 

4563
04:10:04,700 --> 04:10:07,000
years, that Tesla started 
experiencing a cute 

4564
04:10:07,000 --> 04:10:10,600
visualizations later. 
He described how bright flashes 

4565
04:10:10,600 --> 04:10:13,300
before his eyes would conjure 
Vivid images of objects. 

4566
04:10:13,300 --> 04:10:17,000
He hadn't even witnessed before 
this phenomenon, which he called

4567
04:10:17,000 --> 04:10:21,100
his mind's eye sometimes 
unsettled people around him, but

4568
04:10:21,100 --> 04:10:24,100
it had a silver lining. 
Whenever an idea flickered 

4569
04:10:24,100 --> 04:10:27,200
through his Consciousness. 
He could examine its details in 

4570
04:10:27,200 --> 04:10:30,700
these mental pictures rotating 
and refining them before we ever

4571
04:10:30,700 --> 04:10:34,200
set pen to paper. 
This unique ability often 

4572
04:10:34,200 --> 04:10:37,500
minimized in popular accounts 
shaped his inventive process. 

4573
04:10:38,400 --> 04:10:42,600
Of course, not all was idyllic 
as a Schoolboy, Tesla, nursed, a

4574
04:10:42,600 --> 04:10:44,400
rebellious streak and loathed 
rope memorization. 

4575
04:10:45,500 --> 04:10:48,600
His teacher once scolded him for
insisting, that the Earth was a 

4576
04:10:48,600 --> 04:10:51,500
giant magnet telling, the class 
that Tesla was letting his 

4577
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:54,900
imagination run wild. 
The teacher was unaware of how 

4578
04:10:54,900 --> 04:10:58,200
close Tesla was to the truth, 
nor how that minor humiliation 

4579
04:10:58,200 --> 04:11:00,400
inspired him to study, magnetism
more thoroughly. 

4580
04:11:01,300 --> 04:11:02,900
Some say the seeds of his 
future. 

4581
04:11:02,900 --> 04:11:07,700
AC motor began here in the 
tension between Authority and 

4582
04:11:07,700 --> 04:11:11,700
Tesla's unwavering self-belief 
in spare moments. 

4583
04:11:11,700 --> 04:11:14,600
The young Tesla found 
camaraderie with friends who 

4584
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:16,700
joined in his experiments like 
building. 

4585
04:11:16,700 --> 04:11:20,100
Hand cranked contractions were 
trying to talk through Tin Can 

4586
04:11:20,100 --> 04:11:24,300
telephones yet. 
If a Contraption fail Tesla 

4587
04:11:24,300 --> 04:11:28,300
vanished into introspection, 
Recalculating every step in his 

4588
04:11:28,300 --> 04:11:31,600
mind. 
In those hours, no one could pry

4589
04:11:31,600 --> 04:11:34,900
him away from his Reflections. 
It was as if he was lost in that

4590
04:11:34,900 --> 04:11:38,400
luminous in a workshop. 
Despite bouts of quiet 

4591
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:40,800
withdrawal. 
Tesla still lived in a 

4592
04:11:40,800 --> 04:11:42,300
household. 
That valued performance, 

4593
04:11:42,300 --> 04:11:46,800
specially rhetorical Flair His 
father believed in the power of 

4594
04:11:46,800 --> 04:11:49,400
eloquent and would often deliver
stirring orations. 

4595
04:11:50,200 --> 04:11:53,100
Perhaps this is how Tesla 
learned to present radical ideas

4596
04:11:53,100 --> 04:11:55,500
with poise. 
You also gleaned from his 

4597
04:11:55,500 --> 04:11:59,300
mother, the virtue of patient 
tinkering an aspect overshadowed

4598
04:11:59,300 --> 04:12:02,200
by stories of His Brilliant. 
Flashes of insight though, 

4599
04:12:02,200 --> 04:12:05,900
untrained formerly, ducas 
improvisational skills, showed 

4600
04:12:05,900 --> 04:12:08,100
him that, great inventions need 
not come from Grand. 

4601
04:12:08,100 --> 04:12:11,300
Laboratories they could begin at
a humble table or by the 

4602
04:12:11,308 --> 04:12:14,100
Riverside as long as one had the
drive to see them through. 

4603
04:12:14,100 --> 04:12:17,400
By the time he reached 
adolescence Tesla had devoured, 

4604
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:19,400
nearly every science book in his
father's Library. 

4605
04:12:19,400 --> 04:12:23,200
He immersed himself in 
electricity magnetism and 

4606
04:12:23,200 --> 04:12:26,100
mechanical wonders. 
His Fascination growing with 

4607
04:12:26,100 --> 04:12:30,300
each page, later at night, when 
the household slept, and a 

4608
04:12:30,300 --> 04:12:33,200
single kerosene lamp. 
Flickered in the corridor Tesla 

4609
04:12:33,200 --> 04:12:36,400
mold over New Concepts, making 
mental notes on how to apply 

4610
04:12:36,400 --> 04:12:39,900
them, He never just read he 
scouted for Clues. 

4611
04:12:40,700 --> 04:12:43,700
Each bit of knowledge layering 
onto his mental designs. 

4612
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:47,600
These experiences and smell Jan 
formed the Bedrock of a lifetime

4613
04:12:47,600 --> 04:12:51,300
of invention while the world 
would one day witness testers, 

4614
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:53,900
theatrical experiments and 
transformative discoveries. 

4615
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:57,700
It All Began beside a murmuring 
Creek and within the hush of a 

4616
04:12:57,700 --> 04:13:02,500
modest Library there free from 
Urban clamor Tesla, learned the 

4617
04:13:02,500 --> 04:13:06,800
value of curiosity, observation 
and sustained, determination. 

4618
04:13:07,500 --> 04:13:10,500
It was in this unassuming 
domain, where wooden water 

4619
04:13:10,500 --> 04:13:14,000
wheels sputtered and a boys 
imagination soared that the 

4620
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:15,900
seeds of an extraordinary 
Destiny. 

4621
04:13:15,900 --> 04:13:20,100
First took root Perhaps most 
telling these formative years 

4622
04:13:20,100 --> 04:13:23,100
cemented in Tesla, a lifelong 
pattern of introspection and 

4623
04:13:23,100 --> 04:13:26,400
experimentation the young 
inventor not only absorbed 

4624
04:13:26,400 --> 04:13:30,400
knowledge, he reinvented it in 
his imagination for him. 

4625
04:13:30,400 --> 04:13:34,700
Smilin was not a Backwater, it 
was a secluded incubator for 

4626
04:13:34,700 --> 04:13:38,800
unexplored possibilities. 
Tesla's departure from home was 

4627
04:13:38,800 --> 04:13:41,500
spurred by academic Pursuits 
that beckoned him to larger 

4628
04:13:41,500 --> 04:13:45,400
Arenas, eventually Landing him 
at the Austrian Polytechnic in 

4629
04:13:45,400 --> 04:13:48,000
grounds. 
The environment there, demanded 

4630
04:13:48,000 --> 04:13:51,400
rigor, which suited Tesla's 
capacity for total immersion? 

4631
04:13:52,200 --> 04:13:55,100
He sank his teeth into 
mathematics physics and 

4632
04:13:55,100 --> 04:13:58,300
mechanics with a feverish 
intensity professor's noted. 

4633
04:13:58,300 --> 04:14:01,300
His uncanny ability to answer 
complex theoretical questions 

4634
04:14:01,300 --> 04:14:04,600
without referencing textbooks. 
A result of his extraordinary, 

4635
04:14:04,600 --> 04:14:09,200
mental visualization, However, 
the spark that truly lit. 

4636
04:14:09,200 --> 04:14:13,700
His imagination was the direct 
current DC electrical Machinery.

4637
04:14:13,700 --> 04:14:17,500
In the school's Labs 
conventional wisdom suggested DC

4638
04:14:17,500 --> 04:14:21,000
was the future of power. 
Tesla found its inefficiencies, 

4639
04:14:21,000 --> 04:14:25,200
maddening observing, how DC 
motors generated Sparks and 

4640
04:14:25,208 --> 04:14:28,100
wasted energy. 
He questioned how nobody noticed

4641
04:14:28,100 --> 04:14:30,800
a better pathway when one 
Professor pronounced that 

4642
04:14:30,800 --> 04:14:34,800
harnessing alternating current 
AC at scale was an 

4643
04:14:34,800 --> 04:14:37,100
impossibility. 
Tesla resisted, the urge to 

4644
04:14:37,100 --> 04:14:40,200
argue instead, he spent late 
nights in his boarding room 

4645
04:14:40,200 --> 04:14:44,300
sketching out, rotating magnetic
fields in his head if he dozed 

4646
04:14:44,300 --> 04:14:46,100
off at all, it was with 
diagrams. 

4647
04:14:46,100 --> 04:14:49,500
Dancing across his eyelids 
despite his academic prowess, 

4648
04:14:49,500 --> 04:14:53,900
Tesla stinting, grass did not 
end smoothly exhaustion and 

4649
04:14:53,900 --> 04:14:57,300
perhaps an underlying rebellious
streak contributed to friction 

4650
04:14:57,300 --> 04:15:01,100
with University administrators. 
Who once rigged an experiment to

4651
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:04,200
demonstrate a refined method for
measuring electric resistance. 

4652
04:15:04,200 --> 04:15:07,600
When the apparatus 
short-circuited Tesla found 

4653
04:15:07,600 --> 04:15:10,600
himself facing the wrath of a 
professor, outraged by 

4654
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:15,200
unorthodox experimentation. 
Feeling unwelcome Tesla walked 

4655
04:15:15,200 --> 04:15:17,500
out leaving conventional 
Academia behind. 

4656
04:15:18,800 --> 04:15:22,800
From grads, Tesla move to other 
opportunities, including a brief

4657
04:15:22,800 --> 04:15:24,500
and often overlooked period in 
Marburg. 

4658
04:15:24,500 --> 04:15:28,200
Now, maribor Slovenia there, a 
shadow seemed to fall over him 

4659
04:15:28,200 --> 04:15:30,900
separated, from the camera of 
classmates. 

4660
04:15:30,900 --> 04:15:35,300
Grappled with bouts of anxiety, 
without structured lab access 

4661
04:15:35,300 --> 04:15:38,500
Tesla turned to solitary 
experiments tinkering with 

4662
04:15:38,500 --> 04:15:41,000
leftover scraps of metal and 
wire yet. 

4663
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:44,100
The Gloom of isolation Nord at 
him and he eventually returned 

4664
04:15:44,100 --> 04:15:48,300
home for a spell, his confidence
rattled but not shattered. 

4665
04:15:48,300 --> 04:15:51,500
It was in Budapest while working
at The Budapest. 

4666
04:15:51,500 --> 04:15:54,200
Telephone exchange. 
The Tesla began to regain his 

4667
04:15:54,200 --> 04:15:56,600
footing. 
In that frenetic workspace, he 

4668
04:15:56,600 --> 04:15:59,300
was tasked with improving the 
nascent telephone systems 

4669
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:02,300
design. 
One lesser circulated story 

4670
04:16:02,300 --> 04:16:05,500
details, how Tesla. 
Once clambered onto a rooftop to

4671
04:16:05,500 --> 04:16:08,600
adjust overhead lines, the 
lightning flashes, giving him 

4672
04:16:08,600 --> 04:16:12,300
new ideas about high frequency, 
current colleague's regarded him

4673
04:16:12,300 --> 04:16:14,700
as eccentric competent, 
Crucially. 

4674
04:16:14,700 --> 04:16:18,200
It was during a routine walk 
through Budapest city park that 

4675
04:16:18,200 --> 04:16:21,200
the notion of the rotating 
magnetic field crystallized in 

4676
04:16:21,200 --> 04:16:24,100
his mind. 
Inspired by a poem he recited 

4677
04:16:24,100 --> 04:16:28,500
aloud Tesla abruptly stopped 
drastic from the ground and 

4678
04:16:28,500 --> 04:16:30,900
began tracing swirling diagrams 
in the dirt. 

4679
04:16:31,700 --> 04:16:34,400
He explained to His companion. 
How two or more alternating 

4680
04:16:34,400 --> 04:16:38,300
currents out of phase, could 
induce a rotating field capable 

4681
04:16:38,300 --> 04:16:40,700
of spinning a motor that Eureka 
moment. 

4682
04:16:40,700 --> 04:16:42,600
Set the course for his next 
inventions. 

4683
04:16:42,600 --> 04:16:46,000
It was an unveiling of practical
AC Concepts in the most 

4684
04:16:46,000 --> 04:16:50,500
unassuming of settings Far From 
Any official laboratory shortly.

4685
04:16:50,500 --> 04:16:53,600
After Tesla found himself with 
an opportunity in Paris working 

4686
04:16:53,600 --> 04:16:55,200
for the Continental Edison 
Company. 

4687
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:58,300
His tasks involved 
troubleshooting installations of

4688
04:16:58,308 --> 04:17:02,400
Edison's DC Systems, the very 
technology that had vexed him 

4689
04:17:02,400 --> 04:17:05,700
back at grads even. 
So the job introduced him to 

4690
04:17:05,700 --> 04:17:08,800
real-world engineering 
challenges from power outages, 

4691
04:17:08,800 --> 04:17:12,800
to generate a malfunctions by 
day Tesla, tackle, these issues 

4692
04:17:12,800 --> 04:17:15,200
becoming something of a 
specialist in diagnosing. 

4693
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:19,500
Electrical breakdowns by night. 
He refined sketches of his AC 

4694
04:17:19,500 --> 04:17:22,600
motor, desperately, wishing for 
the chance to build a prototype.

4695
04:17:23,600 --> 04:17:26,000
the interplay between The Daily 
Grind of DC, Hardware 

4696
04:17:26,000 --> 04:17:29,100
maintenance, and the nightly 
pursuit of AC in Innovation, 

4697
04:17:29,100 --> 04:17:33,400
lent Tesla's, life are peculiar 
Duality, an unresolved tension 

4698
04:17:33,400 --> 04:17:36,300
between the present and what he 
believed the future should be 

4699
04:17:36,300 --> 04:17:39,300
well, though, overshadowed by 
the high drama of late Year's 

4700
04:17:40,100 --> 04:17:43,700
These formative experiences 
taught Tesla resilience, he 

4701
04:17:43,700 --> 04:17:46,800
learned how to negotiate limited
resources, how to observe the 

4702
04:17:46,800 --> 04:17:48,900
smallest anomalies in mechanical
performance. 

4703
04:17:49,800 --> 04:17:53,000
And how to coax Visions from his
mind into workable sketches. 

4704
04:17:53,900 --> 04:17:57,500
more importantly, his confidence
in the feasibility of AC power 

4705
04:17:57,500 --> 04:18:01,200
solidified, even as he undertook
the tedium of dc-based 

4706
04:18:01,200 --> 04:18:04,600
assignments, The world around 
him might have regarded AC as a 

4707
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:07,200
flight of fancy, but in his 
eyes, it was the rightful heir 

4708
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:09,800
to the electrical Throne waiting
for its moment to shine. 

4709
04:18:11,100 --> 04:18:15,100
Tesla's fateful Journey to the 
United States in 1884 has often 

4710
04:18:15,100 --> 04:18:18,600
been romanticized, yet. 
A host of lesser known details 

4711
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:21,600
in Rich that narrative. 
He arrived in New York, with 

4712
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:24,100
next to nothing carrying a 
letter of introduction to 

4713
04:18:24,100 --> 04:18:26,500
Thomas, Edison from his former 
employer in Paris. 

4714
04:18:27,300 --> 04:18:29,900
The letter supposedly claimed 
Tesla was an exceptional 

4715
04:18:29,900 --> 04:18:33,600
engineer who would produce 
wonders in popular, Italian 

4716
04:18:33,600 --> 04:18:38,800
counter frames, Tesla and Edison
as instant Rivals, but in truth 

4717
04:18:38,800 --> 04:18:41,100
their relationship began with 
cautious. 

4718
04:18:41,100 --> 04:18:44,900
Respect Edison recognized 
Tesla's competence right away 

4719
04:18:44,900 --> 04:18:48,300
and put him to work on projects,
deemed two, intricate or menial 

4720
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:51,100
for others. 
There's a story one, not widely 

4721
04:18:51,100 --> 04:18:54,300
circulated, the Tesla fixed 
affective shipboard lighting 

4722
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:56,800
system. 
Saving Edison's company from 

4723
04:18:56,800 --> 04:18:58,900
contract penalties. 
Tesla. 

4724
04:18:58,900 --> 04:19:03,400
Never used it as Leverage. 
Still Edison noticed intrigued 

4725
04:19:03,400 --> 04:19:07,900
by Tesla's meticulous approach. 
He assigned him to redesign DC, 

4726
04:19:07,900 --> 04:19:11,700
generators Tesla toiled day. 
And night, confident, his 

4727
04:19:11,700 --> 04:19:14,200
improvements would prove their 
worth and they did. 

4728
04:19:14,200 --> 04:19:18,500
But when he sought remuneration 
misunderstandings piled up, it 

4729
04:19:18,500 --> 04:19:22,000
wasn't a single dispute. 
Over a massive bonus, more, a 

4730
04:19:22,000 --> 04:19:25,300
pattern of unkept promises and 
blurred expectations. 

4731
04:19:26,000 --> 04:19:30,400
By early 1885 the veneer of 
cordiality evaporated and Tesla 

4732
04:19:30,400 --> 04:19:34,200
left Edison's employee. 
That was the Genesis of a 

4733
04:19:34,200 --> 04:19:36,900
rivalry later. 
Amplified by newspapers driven 

4734
04:19:36,900 --> 04:19:41,100
more by conflicting Technologies
than personal hatred, Financial 

4735
04:19:41,100 --> 04:19:44,200
troubles to Tesla almost 
immediately with few 

4736
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:46,900
acquaintances in New York. 
He found himself digging ditches

4737
04:19:46,900 --> 04:19:49,900
for two dollars a day yet. 
It might have been that physical

4738
04:19:49,900 --> 04:19:53,700
labor under a harsh son, that 
sharpened his resolve. 

4739
04:19:53,700 --> 04:19:57,500
He told a friend that while his 
body dug ditches his mind was 

4740
04:19:57,500 --> 04:20:00,600
Far Away, disrupt describing a 
lipstick or arcs of thought. 

4741
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:03,500
Where some might have fallen 
into despair. 

4742
04:20:03,500 --> 04:20:06,800
Tesla saw an interval to refine 
his intended path. 

4743
04:20:07,500 --> 04:20:10,300
That path led to the formation 
of Tesla electric light and 

4744
04:20:10,300 --> 04:20:12,900
Manufacturing. 
His first entrepreneurial 

4745
04:20:12,900 --> 04:20:16,800
venture in America, he secured 
backers, who at first promised 

4746
04:20:16,800 --> 04:20:19,400
to let him develop Ark Lighting 
systems and eventually his 

4747
04:20:19,400 --> 04:20:23,000
prized AC Motors. 
However, once Tesla delivered an

4748
04:20:23,000 --> 04:20:25,900
efficient Arc lighting solution,
those investors showed no 

4749
04:20:25,900 --> 04:20:30,700
interest in AC Capital wanted 
quick returns, not imaginative 

4750
04:20:30,700 --> 04:20:33,400
leaps. 
Frustrated, Tesla found himself 

4751
04:20:33,400 --> 04:20:36,900
pushed out of the very company. 
Bearing, his name This episode 

4752
04:20:36,900 --> 04:20:39,600
left him, wary of business 
Partnerships and taught him that

4753
04:20:39,600 --> 04:20:42,300
investors valued immediate 
profit over long-term Vision 

4754
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:46,500
undeterred, Tesla began to 
demonstrate his AC motor concept

4755
04:20:46,500 --> 04:20:48,300
and small lecture halls around 
the city. 

4756
04:20:48,300 --> 04:20:51,200
One venue. 
The back room of a modest 

4757
04:20:51,200 --> 04:20:54,000
Manhattan building had an 
audience of barely 20 people. 

4758
04:20:54,900 --> 04:20:58,400
but among them was Alfred S 
brown a Western Union 

4759
04:20:58,400 --> 04:21:02,200
superintendent, who recognized 
Tesla's potential another backer

4760
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:06,700
Charles Peck also attended, 
Together, they formed a 

4761
04:21:06,700 --> 04:21:09,800
partnership with Tesla pledging 
to support his AC technology. 

4762
04:21:10,700 --> 04:21:13,900
These unglamorous sessions laid 
vital groundwork for Tesla's 

4763
04:21:13,900 --> 04:21:16,900
next breakthrough. 
Soon with Newfound supporters, 

4764
04:21:16,900 --> 04:21:20,900
Tesla established a laboratory 
at 89 Liberty Street Manhattan. 

4765
04:21:20,900 --> 04:21:24,100
Amid coils of wire and 
improvised setups. 

4766
04:21:24,100 --> 04:21:27,800
He tinkered relentlessly the 
space was cramped but offered 

4767
04:21:27,800 --> 04:21:30,400
freedom. 
He constructed prototypes of the

4768
04:21:30,400 --> 04:21:33,700
polyphase, AC motor 
painstakingly refining them 

4769
04:21:33,700 --> 04:21:35,600
until they could run smoothly 
under load. 

4770
04:21:36,500 --> 04:21:39,100
Maintaining a consistent 
rotating, magnetic field, was 

4771
04:21:39,100 --> 04:21:42,500
one challenge, ensuring it 
didn't damage the apparatus over

4772
04:21:42,500 --> 04:21:45,100
time. 
Was another Tesla, tackled each,

4773
04:21:45,100 --> 04:21:49,300
obstacle systematically relying 
on mental simulations before any

4774
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:52,400
real world tests, one anecdote 
from this period. 

4775
04:21:52,400 --> 04:21:55,400
Recounts Tesla experimenting 
with high-speed turbines that 

4776
04:21:55,400 --> 04:22:00,100
let out unnerving wines. 
Passes by grew weary prompting 

4777
04:22:00,100 --> 04:22:03,100
multiple visits from the local 
fire brigade, after neighbors, 

4778
04:22:03,100 --> 04:22:06,900
complained of Sparks. 
Tesla oblivious to the fuss 

4779
04:22:06,900 --> 04:22:10,200
would apologize earnestly. 
Then resumed his adjustments. 

4780
04:22:10,200 --> 04:22:13,300
The moment they left. 
Such episodes highlight his 

4781
04:22:13,300 --> 04:22:16,900
tendency to live almost entirely
in his realm of ideas, paying 

4782
04:22:16,900 --> 04:22:20,400
little heed to outside alarm. 
While public fascination with 

4783
04:22:20,400 --> 04:22:23,400
the electricity, was on the rise
spurred by the novelty of 

4784
04:22:23,408 --> 04:22:25,800
electric lights. 
Most industrialists, still 

4785
04:22:25,800 --> 04:22:29,900
viewed a sea with caution. 
Tesla's goal was not simply to 

4786
04:22:29,900 --> 04:22:32,900
make a sea Motors feasible, but 
to persuade key players that 

4787
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:35,800
this technology was reliable 
safe and profitable. 

4788
04:22:36,700 --> 04:22:38,800
Each small success in his lab 
bolstered. 

4789
04:22:38,800 --> 04:22:42,500
His resolve inching him closer 
to a grand future shaped by 

4790
04:22:42,500 --> 04:22:44,900
alternating current truly 
Unstoppable. 

4791
04:22:46,400 --> 04:22:50,400
By 1888 Tesla was ready to 
unveil his AC motor to the world

4792
04:22:50,400 --> 04:22:53,200
and the venue was the American 
Institute of electrical 

4793
04:22:53,200 --> 04:22:56,000
engineers. 
Well, typical accounts 

4794
04:22:56,000 --> 04:22:57,700
highlight, the significance of 
this event. 

4795
04:22:57,700 --> 04:23:00,700
If you explore the hushed. 
Excitement that filled that 

4796
04:23:00,708 --> 04:23:04,200
lecture hall, attendees 
included, professors journalists

4797
04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:08,000
and Industrial Titans, all a 
buzz with talk of a new era in 

4798
04:23:08,000 --> 04:23:11,100
electrical distribution. 
Some were openly skeptical 

4799
04:23:11,100 --> 04:23:13,700
others arrived hoping to witness
the demise of what they 

4800
04:23:13,700 --> 04:23:17,800
considered an Impossible Dream. 
Tesla walked onto the stage with

4801
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:21,000
a calm demeanor, unveiling, his 
motor and discussing its 

4802
04:23:21,000 --> 04:23:23,000
principles with methodical 
precision. 

4803
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:26,700
Crucially in the audience, sat 
George Westinghouse who had 

4804
04:23:26,700 --> 04:23:28,500
embraced AC for power 
transmission. 

4805
04:23:29,500 --> 04:23:32,700
Impressed by Tesla's Clarity and
the Elegance implicity of his 

4806
04:23:32,708 --> 04:23:35,700
motor Westinghouse. 
Quickly reached out in 

4807
04:23:35,700 --> 04:23:38,500
negotiations, he purchased test 
Tesla's patents for a 

4808
04:23:38,500 --> 04:23:41,300
substantial sum and promised 
royalties for every horse power 

4809
04:23:41,300 --> 04:23:44,800
generated by his invention. 
while mainstream retellings, 

4810
04:23:44,800 --> 04:23:47,800
mentioned the deal, the Nuance 
of their discussion's shaped by 

4811
04:23:47,800 --> 04:23:51,000
Tesla's vision for future, 
expansions of AC off often 

4812
04:23:51,000 --> 04:23:54,800
remains overlooked With 
westinghouse's backing Tesla, 

4813
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:57,800
moved into a well-resourced 
facility in Pittsburgh to refine

4814
04:23:57,800 --> 04:23:59,500
his designs for commercial 
production. 

4815
04:24:00,700 --> 04:24:03,000
The cultural shift from his 
Liberty Street lab to an 

4816
04:24:03,000 --> 04:24:07,000
industrial setting was Stark. 
Tesla sort perfect Synergy of 

4817
04:24:07,000 --> 04:24:10,000
frequency and voltage, while 
corporate Engineers focused on 

4818
04:24:10,000 --> 04:24:13,900
standardized Parts despite 
tension, seeing his Motors mass 

4819
04:24:13,900 --> 04:24:15,000
produced. 
Thrilled him. 

4820
04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:19,300
He was elated when AC systems 
lit, parts of the 1893 World 

4821
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:21,100
Columbian. 
Exposition in Chicago, 

4822
04:24:21,100 --> 04:24:24,700
showcasing a cityscape of glow 
with alternating current 

4823
04:24:24,700 --> 04:24:27,000
courtesy of Westinghouse and 
Tesla. 

4824
04:24:27,700 --> 04:24:30,300
A lesser known interlude 
occurred or when Tesla visited 

4825
04:24:30,300 --> 04:24:34,300
Niagara Falls to serve. 
They the planned hydroelectric 

4826
04:24:34,300 --> 04:24:37,600
station standing at the brink of
the Thundering Cascade. 

4827
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:41,400
He reportedly Muse that 
harnessing, such power would 

4828
04:24:41,400 --> 04:24:43,500
reflect Humanity's harmony with 
nature. 

4829
04:24:44,400 --> 04:24:47,600
When it went on line, delivering
electricity as far as Buffalo, 

4830
04:24:47,600 --> 04:24:52,200
it proved ACS potency yet the 
war of the currents fueled by 

4831
04:24:52,200 --> 04:24:55,900
Edison's campaign labeling, AC, 
dangerous cast Shadows on these 

4832
04:24:55,900 --> 04:24:59,400
achievements. 
Edison's allies staged gruesome 

4833
04:24:59,400 --> 04:25:02,100
demonstrations. 
Electrocuting animals to 

4834
04:25:02,100 --> 04:25:06,000
highlight Aces hazards. 
Tesla though offended voided. 

4835
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:09,600
Direct public attacks. 
Instead, he showcased Aces 

4836
04:25:09,600 --> 04:25:12,600
safety and flamboyant ways. 
Passing high frequency, currents

4837
04:25:12,600 --> 04:25:16,100
through himself to light lamps, 
Newspapers seized on these 

4838
04:25:16,100 --> 04:25:20,100
spectacles, Tesla disliked 
theatrics for mere hype but saw 

4839
04:25:20,100 --> 04:25:23,500
them as necessary to shift 
perception, Tesla's, finances, 

4840
04:25:23,500 --> 04:25:26,600
briefly soared his arrangement 
with Westinghouse promised 

4841
04:25:26,600 --> 04:25:30,700
substantial gains as AC spread. 
However, Westinghouse soon faced

4842
04:25:30,700 --> 04:25:33,100
Financial strain from the 
Niagara project and Market 

4843
04:25:33,100 --> 04:25:35,400
fluctuations. 
When Bankers threatened, the 

4844
04:25:35,400 --> 04:25:38,100
Westinghouse company. 
Tesla made a dramatic Choice. 

4845
04:25:38,100 --> 04:25:41,400
He released Westinghouse from 
the heavy royalty agreement. 

4846
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:45,500
Some theaters altruism others, 
suspect, that he believed 

4847
04:25:45,500 --> 04:25:48,900
broader, AC adoption would bring
even greater wealth down the 

4848
04:25:48,900 --> 04:25:51,700
line. 
Either way, this decision cost 

4849
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:54,800
him. 
Millions that shifted Tesla's 

4850
04:25:54,800 --> 04:25:57,500
partnership. 
With Westinghouse, meanwhile his

4851
04:25:57,500 --> 04:26:01,100
growing celebrity pushed him to 
chase new ideas, fascinated by 

4852
04:26:01,100 --> 04:26:03,100
high frequency, currents, and 
wireless power. 

4853
04:26:03,100 --> 04:26:05,600
He had debt that. 
AC power distribution, was only 

4854
04:26:05,600 --> 04:26:08,700
a starting point. 
His pivot from danger to 

4855
04:26:08,700 --> 04:26:12,100
Visionary signal, the door of a 
new phase yet, the transition 

4856
04:26:12,100 --> 04:26:16,200
was uneasy industry leaders 
wanted market-ready products not

4857
04:26:16,200 --> 04:26:20,800
Grand at Tesla. 
Ever the dreamer to break 

4858
04:26:20,800 --> 04:26:24,400
boundaries, This Clash set the 
stage for his most audacious 

4859
04:26:24,400 --> 04:26:28,000
projects, some of which risk 
isolating him from commercial 

4860
04:26:28,000 --> 04:26:31,000
backers. 
Even so, as a sea quietly became

4861
04:26:31,000 --> 04:26:34,500
the worldwide, standard Tesla's 
decisive role, could not be 

4862
04:26:34,500 --> 04:26:37,000
denied. 
He had toppled the seemingly 

4863
04:26:37,000 --> 04:26:40,200
immovable disease, regime and 
paved the road for an era 

4864
04:26:40,200 --> 04:26:43,500
defined by alternating current. 
A feat that left him eager to 

4865
04:26:43,508 --> 04:26:45,200
explore even more Uncharted 
Terrain. 

4866
04:26:46,000 --> 04:26:49,100
These winds fueled Tesla's. 
Restless imagination propelling,

4867
04:26:49,100 --> 04:26:53,900
further innovation, By the 
mid-1890s Tesla had garnered a 

4868
04:26:53,900 --> 04:26:57,000
reputation as an inventor, who 
might rewrite the laws of nature

4869
04:26:57,000 --> 04:27:01,000
with each new contrivance. 
In truth, his methods combined 

4870
04:27:01,000 --> 04:27:04,500
meticulous, trial and error with
knights of solitary reflection. 

4871
04:27:04,500 --> 04:27:08,100
He fashioned Advanced coils to 
produce high voltage. 

4872
04:27:08,100 --> 04:27:12,200
High frequency, alternating 
currents, creating dramatic arcs

4873
04:27:12,200 --> 04:27:15,200
of artificial lightning. 
While crowds flocked to watch 

4874
04:27:15,200 --> 04:27:17,800
his public lectures in 
Manhattan, Tesla was growing 

4875
04:27:17,800 --> 04:27:20,900
Restless longing for a place 
where he could attempt even 

4876
04:27:20,900 --> 04:27:23,900
bigger experiments unencumbered 
by City constraints. 

4877
04:27:24,900 --> 04:27:29,100
That desire took him to Colorado
Springs in 1899 perched at a 

4878
04:27:29,100 --> 04:27:30,800
higher altitude. 
With thinner are helped 

4879
04:27:30,800 --> 04:27:32,800
facilitate certain high voltage 
tests. 

4880
04:27:32,800 --> 04:27:35,400
The remote location was an ideal
Laboratory. 

4881
04:27:36,500 --> 04:27:38,200
He set up shop at the edge of 
town building. 

4882
04:27:38,200 --> 04:27:41,500
A structure equipped with a tall
masking of the roofline. 

4883
04:27:42,200 --> 04:27:45,200
Local spoke in hushed tones 
about lightning machines and 

4884
04:27:45,200 --> 04:27:48,400
Eerie after dark glows, some 
worried about potential 

4885
04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:50,900
catastrophe. 
Well, others were simply curious

4886
04:27:50,900 --> 04:27:53,400
about the lanky figure who 
wandered fields at odd hours 

4887
04:27:53,400 --> 04:27:56,200
studying the interplay of 
natural lightning. 

4888
04:27:56,900 --> 04:28:01,000
Inside that Workshop Tesla, 
probed Frontiers that mainstream

4889
04:28:01,000 --> 04:28:04,900
scientists had scarcely imagined
he fixated on the Resonance of 

4890
04:28:04,908 --> 04:28:07,500
Earth's ionosphere believing 
signals could be beamed 

4891
04:28:07,500 --> 04:28:11,200
wirelessly across vast distances
if properly tuned according to 

4892
04:28:11,208 --> 04:28:14,600
diary entries he meticulously 
recorded Every Spark every 

4893
04:28:14,600 --> 04:28:19,000
flash, every ear-splitting crack
of artificial Thunder on 

4894
04:28:19,000 --> 04:28:21,000
occasion. 
He produced such intense 

4895
04:28:21,000 --> 04:28:23,900
discharges that the crackle 
could be heard from miles. 

4896
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:27,100
One account claims that he 
caused the local power stations 

4897
04:28:27,100 --> 04:28:31,400
generated to overheat prompting,
a short lived blackout ever the 

4898
04:28:31,408 --> 04:28:34,000
polite. 
Guest Tesla apologized, then 

4899
04:28:34,000 --> 04:28:38,100
resumed tinkering in Colorado, 
Tesla crystallized his Grand 

4900
04:28:38,100 --> 04:28:42,000
Vision, A system of Global 
Wireless communication and power

4901
04:28:42,000 --> 04:28:45,000
distribution. 
The towns, people hearing rumors

4902
04:28:45,000 --> 04:28:48,700
of free electricity speculated, 
he might Supply Power at no 

4903
04:28:48,700 --> 04:28:51,200
cost. 
Test Tesla's goals, however were

4904
04:28:51,200 --> 04:28:53,600
subtler. 
He pictured networks of towers 

4905
04:28:53,600 --> 04:28:55,900
resonating with the Earth's 
natural electrical charge 

4906
04:28:55,900 --> 04:28:58,000
carrying Voice or energy 
anywhere. 

4907
04:28:58,600 --> 04:29:01,700
This concept was a precursor to 
technology that would surface 

4908
04:29:01,700 --> 04:29:04,900
decades later from Radio 
Transmissions to radar and 

4909
04:29:04,900 --> 04:29:08,700
Beyond yet life in Colorado was 
more than just experiments and 

4910
04:29:08,700 --> 04:29:11,500
thunderous Arts. 
Tesla, occasionally, mingled 

4911
04:29:11,500 --> 04:29:14,400
with the locals regaling, them 
with Tales of Europe and his 

4912
04:29:14,400 --> 04:29:18,500
early exports in New York. 
Despite his eccentric schedule 

4913
04:29:18,500 --> 04:29:22,500
he possessed impeccable manners,
one story recounts how he gave a

4914
04:29:22,500 --> 04:29:25,700
personal demo of Wireless laps 
to a bewildered blacksmith who 

4915
04:29:25,700 --> 04:29:29,000
later insisted Tesla was pulling
electricity from thin air. 

4916
04:29:29,800 --> 04:29:33,200
Such encounters spurred Legends 
of Tesla as a wizard blending 

4917
04:29:33,200 --> 04:29:34,900
science with something like 
sorcery. 

4918
04:29:35,700 --> 04:29:39,300
Still financing these colossal 
tests drain Tesla's resources 

4919
04:29:39,300 --> 04:29:43,000
his main backer JP Morgan had 
initially supported. 

4920
04:29:43,000 --> 04:29:46,400
The wireless project likely, 
anticipating a monopoly on 

4921
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:49,900
global information. 
But once Morgan realized Tesla's

4922
04:29:49,900 --> 04:29:53,000
schemes were far, more ambitious
and riskier than mere Wireless. 

4923
04:29:53,000 --> 04:29:55,600
Telegraphy his enthusiasm 
cooled. 

4924
04:29:56,300 --> 04:29:59,600
Tesla pressed on convinced one 
decisive demonstration would 

4925
04:29:59,600 --> 04:30:03,400
open funding floodgates that 
breakthrough, however, remained 

4926
04:30:03,400 --> 04:30:06,900
a Lucifer newspapers, Amplified 
rumors about Tesla's activities.

4927
04:30:06,900 --> 04:30:10,100
Some claiming he was attempting 
to Signal distant planets, 

4928
04:30:10,100 --> 04:30:12,300
though. 
Tesla did speculate about 

4929
04:30:12,300 --> 04:30:16,000
Extra-Terrestrial intelligence, 
his real focus on terrestrial 

4930
04:30:16,000 --> 04:30:19,900
Wireless the Lyrid headlines. 
While fueling his Legend did 

4931
04:30:19,900 --> 04:30:22,800
little to alleviate his 
financial pressures eventually. 

4932
04:30:22,800 --> 04:30:27,400
Funds ran low forcing Tesla to 
close the Colorado lab in 1900, 

4933
04:30:27,400 --> 04:30:31,800
he left with crates of notes and
undiminished Zeal convinced. 

4934
04:30:31,800 --> 04:30:33,800
He could still bring Wireless 
power to the masses. 

4935
04:30:34,700 --> 04:30:38,400
For townspeople Left Behind the 
memory of glowing skies and 

4936
04:30:38,400 --> 04:30:42,000
roiling static lingered a 
testament to the spectacular 

4937
04:30:42,000 --> 04:30:44,000
possibilities that science could
conjure. 

4938
04:30:44,600 --> 04:30:49,000
For Tesla, her Colorado Springs 
became a pivotal chapter, a 

4939
04:30:49,000 --> 04:30:51,400
Proving Ground, that fortified 
his belief in the Limitless 

4940
04:30:51,400 --> 04:30:53,100
potential of electrical 
resonance. 

4941
04:30:53,100 --> 04:30:55,800
It was there. 
He most clearly foresaw, a 

4942
04:30:55,800 --> 04:30:59,200
connected World boundless by 
wires than by the atmospheric 

4943
04:30:59,200 --> 04:31:02,900
and Earth circling energies. 
He aimed to harness in hindsight

4944
04:31:02,900 --> 04:31:05,500
Colorado was the Overture to his
next attempt at Global 

4945
04:31:05,500 --> 04:31:08,100
electrification. 
An attempt that would manifest 

4946
04:31:08,100 --> 04:31:10,600
in the Towering outline of 
warden cliff on Long Island 

4947
04:31:10,600 --> 04:31:13,400
Shores. 
Upon returning to New York, 

4948
04:31:13,400 --> 04:31:17,000
Tesla Consolidated, his findings
from Colorado Springs into an 

4949
04:31:17,000 --> 04:31:21,400
audacious new Venture, the 
warden Cliff Tower project With 

4950
04:31:21,400 --> 04:31:23,800
Finance in from JP Morgan 
initially obtained. 

4951
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:25,500
Under the premise of 
groundbreaking Wireless 

4952
04:31:25,500 --> 04:31:29,000
telegraphy Tesla purchased land 
in Shoreham Long Island. 

4953
04:31:29,000 --> 04:31:34,200
Overlooking the Atlantic. 
Construction began in 1901, the 

4954
04:31:34,200 --> 04:31:36,600
looming structure. 
Stood nearly, Mandarin 87 ft. 

4955
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:40,500
High topped by bulbous metal 
Dome an extended deep below 

4956
04:31:40,500 --> 04:31:43,600
ground through a network of iron
rods many. 

4957
04:31:43,600 --> 04:31:45,600
Observers had no idea what to 
make of it. 

4958
04:31:45,600 --> 04:31:50,400
Tesla ever enigmatic referred 
sweeping claims about sending 

4959
04:31:50,400 --> 04:31:52,400
both signals and energy across 
continents. 

4960
04:31:52,400 --> 04:31:56,100
What often goes unappreciated is
How Deeply Tesla believed in the

4961
04:31:56,100 --> 04:31:59,300
underlying physics. 
His notes show that Warden Cliff

4962
04:31:59,300 --> 04:32:02,800
wasn't limited to broadcasting 
Telegraph signals, he intended 

4963
04:32:02,800 --> 04:32:04,000
it. 
As the first of many 

4964
04:32:04,000 --> 04:32:07,400
transmitters, all resonating 
with Earth's natural, electrical

4965
04:32:07,400 --> 04:32:10,800
cavities to convey messages, or 
even power to any matching 

4966
04:32:10,800 --> 04:32:13,000
receivable worldwide in his 
mind. 

4967
04:32:13,000 --> 04:32:16,600
It wasn't fantasy, it was a 
logical leap from the high 

4968
04:32:16,600 --> 04:32:18,700
voltage experiments. 
He had run in Colorado Springs. 

4969
04:32:19,600 --> 04:32:23,000
However, the timing was not in 
his favor in the same year that 

4970
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:25,800
Warden Cliffs skeletal form 
emerged from the Treetops, 

4971
04:32:25,800 --> 04:32:29,000
Guglielmo Marconi successfully 
conducted the first 

4972
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:32,800
transatlantic, radio 
Transmissions reporters, hailed 

4973
04:32:32,800 --> 04:32:36,200
Marco Antonio's, a giant in 
wireless communication Tesla, 

4974
04:32:36,200 --> 04:32:39,200
outraged pointed out that his 
own patents on. 

4975
04:32:39,200 --> 04:32:41,100
Alternating current and related 
Technologies. 

4976
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:44,800
Predated Marconi's work. 
Nevertheless, the public and 

4977
04:32:44,800 --> 04:32:47,600
financiers were smitten with 
Marconi's simpler, more 

4978
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:51,400
immediately marketable setup. 
Morgan's patients were thin. 

4979
04:32:51,400 --> 04:32:53,900
Why bankroll testers? 
Massive Tower. 

4980
04:32:53,900 --> 04:32:57,300
If Marconi's apparatus suffice 
for long distance, signaling 

4981
04:32:57,300 --> 04:33:00,700
Warden, Cliff still incomplete 
hemorrhaged money. 

4982
04:33:00,700 --> 04:33:04,900
The crew building at dwindled. 
Salaries went on paid and Tesla 

4983
04:33:04,900 --> 04:33:06,599
found himself pleading for fresh
capital. 

4984
04:33:07,300 --> 04:33:10,000
Each conversation with Morgan 
ended in Thurston demands for 

4985
04:33:10,008 --> 04:33:13,599
tangible proof, which Tesla 
couldn't produce fast enough. 

4986
04:33:14,300 --> 04:33:18,300
Desperate for funds, Tesla tried
licensing, auxiliary inventions,

4987
04:33:18,300 --> 04:33:21,300
turbines pumps. 
And even a plan to harness 

4988
04:33:21,300 --> 04:33:24,599
geothermal heat, But investors 
questioned his broader 

4989
04:33:24,599 --> 04:33:28,000
intentions where he might have 
pivot their money into the tower

4990
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:30,700
as Financial constraints 
tightened. 

4991
04:33:30,700 --> 04:33:33,300
Warden Clifford remained, a half
realized vision. 

4992
04:33:34,500 --> 04:33:37,700
By 1905, the site was 
effectively deserted. 

4993
04:33:37,700 --> 04:33:41,500
The tower silent Monument to 
Tesla's Ambitions and the 

4994
04:33:41,500 --> 04:33:45,000
shifting tides of investor faith
during these Bleak years. 

4995
04:33:45,000 --> 04:33:48,900
Tesla's public Persona grew more
eccentric, journalists 

4996
04:33:48,900 --> 04:33:52,099
occasionally interviewed him 
only to hear about proposals for

4997
04:33:52,099 --> 04:33:56,700
death Rays or atmospheric power 
rumors circulated that he was 

4998
04:33:56,700 --> 04:34:00,000
becoming a recluse. 
Yet his mind State, agile, 

4999
04:34:00,000 --> 04:34:04,500
continuing to churn out. 
Possibilities you force solar 

5000
04:34:04,500 --> 04:34:07,200
energy as a future Mainstay 
though, few listened? 

5001
04:34:07,900 --> 04:34:10,700
The industrial World seemed 
enthralled by of oil and coal. 

5002
04:34:11,500 --> 04:34:13,800
While Tesla's music is about sun
powered engine's. 

5003
04:34:13,800 --> 04:34:17,700
Drew smirks Warden, Cliff was 
never fully operational and the 

5004
04:34:17,707 --> 04:34:20,000
newspapers. 
Offered little sympathy some 

5005
04:34:20,000 --> 04:34:22,599
newspapers, ridiculed him 
portraying him as an unrealistic

5006
04:34:22,599 --> 04:34:25,500
idea list others. 
Barely mentioned his name 

5007
04:34:25,500 --> 04:34:28,900
focusing instead on Marconi's 
ongoing successes. 

5008
04:34:28,900 --> 04:34:33,908
The Sting of being overshadowed 
was palpable Tesla clung to the 

5009
04:34:33,916 --> 04:34:36,800
belief that one day the world 
would recognize the practicality

5010
04:34:36,800 --> 04:34:40,599
of Wireless power. 
Indeed, later generations would 

5011
04:34:40,599 --> 04:34:43,000
adapt many of his principles for
radio and Beyond. 

5012
04:34:43,900 --> 04:34:46,700
But in his time, the towers 
failure, left him saddled with 

5013
04:34:46,700 --> 04:34:49,700
debt and weighed down by public 
skepticism even. 

5014
04:34:49,700 --> 04:34:51,800
So Tesla didn't abandon 
optimism. 

5015
04:34:52,500 --> 04:34:55,300
He often spoke as if Warden, 
Cliff had simply been delayed, 

5016
04:34:55,300 --> 04:34:59,700
not canceled in private, he 
refined sketches of improved 

5017
04:34:59,700 --> 04:35:03,700
transmitters reimagined, the 
towers design and kept dreaming 

5018
04:35:03,700 --> 04:35:06,599
of a worldwide grid of residence
stations. 

5019
04:35:06,599 --> 04:35:09,700
He believed that the planet 
itself with its vast. 

5020
04:35:09,700 --> 04:35:12,700
Electrical potential could be 
turned into a conduit of 

5021
04:35:12,700 --> 04:35:15,700
universal energy. 
The fact that Society was not 

5022
04:35:15,700 --> 04:35:19,300
ready, did little to, dampen his
conviction despite setbacks 

5023
04:35:19,300 --> 04:35:22,599
fragments of Tesla's Vision, 
crept into later technological. 

5024
04:35:22,599 --> 04:35:25,700
Revolution's Wireless 
communication would evolve in 

5025
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:29,000
Leaps and Bounds over powered by
the more conventional means 

5026
04:35:29,000 --> 04:35:31,900
Concepts like Global 
connectivity and broadcast 

5027
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:35,500
energy, dismissed and Tesla's. 
Day, surface decades afterward 

5028
04:35:35,500 --> 04:35:38,200
in varying forms. 
Yet at the dawn of the 20th 

5029
04:35:38,200 --> 04:35:41,700
century Tesla faced only 
mounting bills evaporating 

5030
04:35:41,700 --> 04:35:44,300
capital and a tower rusting away
on Long Island. 

5031
04:35:45,700 --> 04:35:49,000
The Heartbreak of wardenclyffe 
marked a turning point leaving 

5032
04:35:49,000 --> 04:35:51,599
Tesla to operate mostly on the 
margins of an industry. 

5033
04:35:51,599 --> 04:35:56,200
Hid once revolutionized As the 
20th century marched on the 

5034
04:35:56,200 --> 04:35:57,800
world. 
Tesla had done so much to 

5035
04:35:57,800 --> 04:36:01,000
illuminate. 
Surged ahead, the AC systems, he

5036
04:36:01,000 --> 04:36:04,400
championed became the backbone 
of modern infrastructure yet, 

5037
04:36:04,400 --> 04:36:08,500
Tesla himself slipped from the 
spotlight, He moved between New 

5038
04:36:08,500 --> 04:36:11,099
York hotels. 
Sometimes leaving unpaid bills 

5039
04:36:11,099 --> 04:36:14,900
behind public interviews, grew 
sparse when he did speak. 

5040
04:36:14,900 --> 04:36:19,000
He mentioned theories of beam. 
Weapons weather manipulation and

5041
04:36:19,000 --> 04:36:21,900
advanced propulsion. 
So intrigued, even some 

5042
04:36:21,900 --> 04:36:26,099
questioned his grasp on reality.
But his notebooks to the extent,

5043
04:36:26,099 --> 04:36:29,099
they survive reveal how these 
ideas build on earlier 

5044
04:36:29,099 --> 04:36:31,099
experiments rather than mere 
Whimsy. 

5045
04:36:31,900 --> 04:36:34,000
A lesson known facet of Tesla's 
later. 

5046
04:36:34,000 --> 04:36:37,000
Life was his nightly ritual of 
feeding, pigeons in Bryant Park,

5047
04:36:37,800 --> 04:36:41,700
Observers saw a solitary figure 
scattering seeds by Lamplight 

5048
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:44,800
but Tesla found solace and 
caring for those birds. 

5049
04:36:44,800 --> 04:36:48,200
Claiming a special bond with one
white pigeon in particular. 

5050
04:36:49,200 --> 04:36:51,900
It may have seemed an odd 
Pastime for a renowned inventor 

5051
04:36:51,900 --> 04:36:54,300
yet. 
It reflected a familiar pattern.

5052
04:36:55,000 --> 04:36:56,599
Test Tesla's, deep empathy for 
natural. 

5053
04:36:56,599 --> 04:37:01,400
Phenomena creatures included. 
Meanwhile, patent disputes raged

5054
04:37:01,400 --> 04:37:04,700
over the origins of radio. 
Tesla had filed patents before 

5055
04:37:04,700 --> 04:37:08,000
Marconi's breakthroughs yet. 
Marconi was lauded for bringing 

5056
04:37:08,000 --> 04:37:09,900
Wireless transmission into the 
mainstream. 

5057
04:37:11,000 --> 04:37:13,400
The legal entanglements, dragged
on for years. 

5058
04:37:14,200 --> 04:37:18,800
In 1943, the US Supreme Court, 
finally recognized Tesla's 

5059
04:37:18,800 --> 04:37:21,500
priority for peace, certain 
critical radio patents. 

5060
04:37:22,099 --> 04:37:24,800
Though, this Vindication arrived
too late to alter his financial 

5061
04:37:24,800 --> 04:37:27,500
Straits. 
He was never able to capitalize 

5062
04:37:27,500 --> 04:37:30,500
on the official ruling nor did 
it quell, The public's 

5063
04:37:30,500 --> 04:37:32,700
Association of radio primarily 
with Marconi. 

5064
04:37:33,800 --> 04:37:36,599
Tesla spent his final stretch of
Life at the New Yorker Hotel. 

5065
04:37:36,599 --> 04:37:40,500
Though, short on funds, he still
scrolled ideas on scraps of 

5066
04:37:40,508 --> 04:37:44,700
paper proposing, cosmic ray 
engines and new power methods. 

5067
04:37:44,700 --> 04:37:46,900
Visitors, who managed to see 
him? 

5068
04:37:46,900 --> 04:37:48,700
Might find him animated and 
eloquent. 

5069
04:37:49,500 --> 04:37:52,599
Speaking in polished tones About
harnessing the energy of the Sun

5070
04:37:52,599 --> 04:37:55,400
or channeling power from the 
Earth's magnetic field. 

5071
04:37:56,300 --> 04:37:59,300
He believed that her telephone 
beam could end War by making 

5072
04:37:59,300 --> 04:38:03,400
National borders in penetrable. 
To many these Notions sounded 

5073
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:06,800
impossible yet Tesla's. 
Track record left room to wonder

5074
04:38:07,700 --> 04:38:13,000
When he passed away on January 
7th of 1943 in room 3327, he 

5075
04:38:13,000 --> 04:38:15,700
left behind boxes of documents 
that soon became the subject of 

5076
04:38:15,700 --> 04:38:19,099
intense scrutiny authorities, 
seize, some of his papers 

5077
04:38:19,099 --> 04:38:21,900
fuelling Rumours of hidden 
innovation's, or weapons to 

5078
04:38:21,900 --> 04:38:23,500
dangerous for public 
consumption. 

5079
04:38:23,500 --> 04:38:27,500
Conspiracy theories. 
Flourished, well, the reality 

5080
04:38:27,500 --> 04:38:31,099
likely involved routine, 
security concerns, the secrecy 

5081
04:38:31,099 --> 04:38:35,099
lent, Mystique to Tesla's Legacy
It became hard to disentangle 

5082
04:38:35,099 --> 04:38:37,700
fact from folklore over the 
decades. 

5083
04:38:38,599 --> 04:38:41,099
Tesla standing in popular 
Consciousness swung wildly 

5084
04:38:41,099 --> 04:38:45,400
Edison's name overshadowed his 
for a time especially in school 

5085
04:38:45,400 --> 04:38:49,300
textbooks only later did your 
movements rise to credit Tesla 

5086
04:38:49,300 --> 04:38:52,700
for his revolutionary 
contributions, to AC power radio

5087
04:38:52,700 --> 04:38:56,400
technology and more modern 
Engineers scientists. 

5088
04:38:56,400 --> 04:38:58,900
And curious lay people 
uncovered, his patents and 

5089
04:38:58,900 --> 04:39:02,400
writings marveling at how he'd 
anticipated entire fields of 

5090
04:39:02,408 --> 04:39:05,700
inquiry from robotics to 
wireless communication. 

5091
04:39:06,599 --> 04:39:08,800
His pioneering theories on 
residents and frequency. 

5092
04:39:08,800 --> 04:39:11,700
All informed aspects of modern 
electronics, though. 

5093
04:39:11,700 --> 04:39:14,900
That debt was seldom 
acknowledged until much later in

5094
04:39:14,900 --> 04:39:17,599
daily life. 
Tesla's. 

5095
04:39:17,599 --> 04:39:19,700
True genius shines in the 
simplest of ways. 

5096
04:39:19,700 --> 04:39:22,200
Flicker, lights, switch, and you
reap. 

5097
04:39:22,200 --> 04:39:26,000
The benefits of alternating 
current use wireless devices and

5098
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:29,000
you operate on a principal Tesla
believed could reach across the 

5099
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:32,000
planet. 
The Synergy envisioned between 

5100
04:39:32,000 --> 04:39:34,300
inventor nature and the 
Unstoppable. 

5101
04:39:34,300 --> 04:39:37,500
March of progress remains a 
potent, reminder of how one 

5102
04:39:37,500 --> 04:39:43,100
brilliant mind can shape hole. 
Era's story is above all a 

5103
04:39:43,100 --> 04:39:44,700
study, and perseverance and 
Paradox. 

5104
04:39:44,700 --> 04:39:47,600
He shunned the pursuit of 
wealthy at needed Capital to 

5105
04:39:47,600 --> 04:39:50,300
materialize his dreams. 
He relished public 

5106
04:39:50,300 --> 04:39:53,000
demonstrations yet. 
Often worked Alone lost in 

5107
04:39:53,000 --> 04:39:56,300
interior worlds. 
He was both lauded and dismissed

5108
04:39:56,300 --> 04:39:59,800
recognized as a key figure in an
electrifying, the modern world 

5109
04:39:59,800 --> 04:40:02,200
yet. 
Branded at times as an 

5110
04:40:02,200 --> 04:40:04,300
eccentric, on the fringes of 
acceptable science. 

5111
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:09,200
Even, so, he left an imprint 
rivaled by few long after his 

5112
04:40:09,200 --> 04:40:11,900
death. 
The hum of AC power lines, the 

5113
04:40:11,900 --> 04:40:15,900
glow of electric lamps and the 
chirp of Wireless signals Echo, 

5114
04:40:15,900 --> 04:40:18,600
Tesla's influence. 
He never saw the breadth of his 

5115
04:40:18,600 --> 04:40:21,700
Triumph in person, yet. 
The future, he glimpsed was Not 

5116
04:40:21,700 --> 04:40:24,600
Mere fantasy. 
It was an inevitable extension 

5117
04:40:24,600 --> 04:40:26,800
of the forces, he harnessed so 
elegantly. 

5118
04:40:27,700 --> 04:40:30,300
And though the man himself 
passed in relative, obscurity, 

5119
04:40:30,300 --> 04:40:34,100
his ideas still crack over the 
Vitality, that defies the 

5120
04:40:34,100 --> 04:40:35,900
boundaries of time and 
Imagination. 

5121
04:40:42,200 --> 04:40:45,700
Now picture yourself settling 
into a comfortable chair with a 

5122
04:40:45,708 --> 04:40:48,500
warm cup of tea, ready to hear 
about some of the most 

5123
04:40:48,500 --> 04:40:50,600
overlooked Heroes of the 
Victorian era. 

5124
04:40:51,400 --> 04:40:54,000
You've probably walked through, 
countless manicured, Gardens 

5125
04:40:54,000 --> 04:40:57,200
admiring, the perfect, rose, 
beds, and pristine Lawns. 

5126
04:40:57,200 --> 04:41:00,200
But have you ever wondered about
the people who made that magic 

5127
04:41:00,200 --> 04:41:03,400
happen? 
Tonight, we are looking into the

5128
04:41:03,400 --> 04:41:05,200
hidden realm of Victorian 
gardeners. 

5129
04:41:05,200 --> 04:41:08,400
Revealing a life far more 
vibrant than the flowers. 

5130
04:41:08,400 --> 04:41:11,800
They nurtured, you might think 
gardening in the 1800s was all 

5131
04:41:11,800 --> 04:41:13,900
about peaceful pruning and 
gentle watering. 

5132
04:41:13,900 --> 04:41:16,600
Well prepare to have that notion
thoroughly. 

5133
04:41:16,600 --> 04:41:20,400
Composted Victorian gardeners 
lived in a world where a single 

5134
04:41:20,400 --> 04:41:22,800
wilted Orchid could cost someone
their job. 

5135
04:41:22,800 --> 04:41:25,800
Where stealing a cutting from 
the Masters prize roses was 

5136
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:28,900
considered Grand Theft. 
And where the difference between

5137
04:41:28,900 --> 04:41:31,800
knowing your Latin plant names 
and fumbling through common ones

5138
04:41:31,800 --> 04:41:34,400
could determine whether you ate 
well or went hungry. 

5139
04:41:34,400 --> 04:41:37,500
Let's start with what you 
probably didn't learn in History

5140
04:41:37,500 --> 04:41:41,500
Class, Victorian Garden's, just 
pretty spaces for ladies to 

5141
04:41:41,500 --> 04:41:42,900
stroll through with their 
parasols. 

5142
04:41:42,900 --> 04:41:47,100
They were status symbols as 
Cutthroat as any modern luxury 

5143
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:51,000
car collection, the wealthy of 
the family, the more exotic and 

5144
04:41:51,000 --> 04:41:54,700
impossible, their Garden demands
became imagine being told to 

5145
04:41:54,700 --> 04:41:57,900
grow pineapples in England. 
In January, there were no 

5146
04:41:57,908 --> 04:42:01,100
greenhouses as we know them 
today that wasn't a request that

5147
04:42:01,100 --> 04:42:04,600
was Tuesday, the responsibility 
of the head Gardener of a grand 

5148
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:06,200
estate. 
Were far more demanding than 

5149
04:42:06,200 --> 04:42:08,100
those of today's corporate 
executives. 

5150
04:42:08,800 --> 04:42:11,600
You a responsible for feeding 
the family year round with fresh

5151
04:42:11,600 --> 04:42:15,000
produce maintaining Acres of 
ornamental Gardens that had to 

5152
04:42:15,008 --> 04:42:18,500
look perfect for surprise visits
from the neighbors and somehow 

5153
04:42:18,500 --> 04:42:20,100
making it all appear, 
effortless. 

5154
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:24,700
One Bad season one fail, dinner 
party centerpiece. 

5155
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:26,800
You'd find yourself looking for 
new employment. 

5156
04:42:26,800 --> 04:42:29,400
With a reference that might as 
well have been written and 

5157
04:42:29,400 --> 04:42:32,000
disappearing Inc. 
Here's where it gets interesting

5158
04:42:32,000 --> 04:42:35,800
and where our story really 
begins these gardeners 

5159
04:42:35,800 --> 04:42:39,300
established an underground 
Network that would Inspire envy 

5160
04:42:39,300 --> 04:42:41,100
and modern social media 
influencers. 

5161
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:45,800
They traded seeds like currency 
shared growing secrets in hushed

5162
04:42:45,800 --> 04:42:49,400
conversations at the local pub 
and developed elaborate systems 

5163
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:50,700
for covering each other's 
mistakes. 

5164
04:42:51,800 --> 04:42:54,400
A prize-winning dahlia didn't 
just represent one person's 

5165
04:42:54,400 --> 04:42:56,400
skill. 
It was often the result of 

5166
04:42:56,408 --> 04:42:59,400
months of collaboration between 
gardeners who have officially 

5167
04:42:59,400 --> 04:43:01,000
weren't supposed to be talking 
to each other. 

5168
04:43:01,000 --> 04:43:05,000
You see during the Victorian 
era, strict rules prohibited 

5169
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:07,800
servants from fraternizing, but 
it was nearly impossible to 

5170
04:43:07,800 --> 04:43:09,800
prevent gardeners from sharing 
tips. 

5171
04:43:09,800 --> 04:43:12,900
It's like trying to keep Bakers 
from discussing yeast, 

5172
04:43:12,900 --> 04:43:15,600
completely impossible and 
slightly ridiculous. 

5173
04:43:15,600 --> 04:43:19,700
So, they found ways around the 
rules, they'd accidentally meet 

5174
04:43:19,700 --> 04:43:22,900
at the seed, Merchant's shop. 
Leave coded notes tucked into 

5175
04:43:22,900 --> 04:43:25,800
Greenhouse flower pots and 
develop a system of plant 

5176
04:43:25,800 --> 04:43:28,900
exchanges that operated with the
efficiency of a black market. 

5177
04:43:29,800 --> 04:43:32,900
The real secret of Victorian 
Garden's wasn't just the plants.

5178
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:36,300
It was the people. 
Behind every perfectly, 

5179
04:43:36,300 --> 04:43:39,100
manicured hedge was someone who 
had probably spent Years 

5180
04:43:39,100 --> 04:43:42,900
Learning through trial error, 
and the occasional spectacular 

5181
04:43:42,900 --> 04:43:45,500
failure that had to be covered 
up before the master noticed. 

5182
04:43:46,200 --> 04:43:48,300
These weren't just employees 
following a manual. 

5183
04:43:48,300 --> 04:43:53,100
They were artists scientists and
diplomats all rolled into one 

5184
04:43:53,100 --> 04:43:56,600
soil stained package. 
Tonight as you drift off to 

5185
04:43:56,600 --> 04:43:59,700
sleep, imagine walking through 
one of these Grand Gardens at 

5186
04:43:59,700 --> 04:44:02,200
dawn. 
The Mist is still hanging over 

5187
04:44:02,200 --> 04:44:05,500
the carefully, planted beds and 
somewhere in the distance, you 

5188
04:44:05,500 --> 04:44:07,800
can hear the soft scraping of 
tools against soil. 

5189
04:44:07,800 --> 04:44:11,800
And if you look closely really 
closely, you might catch a 

5190
04:44:11,800 --> 04:44:14,800
glimpse of something far more 
intriguing than perfect roses. 

5191
04:44:14,800 --> 04:44:19,700
The intricate web of Secrets 
alliances and gentle rebellions 

5192
04:44:19,700 --> 04:44:23,200
that kept, the Victorian Garden,
World spinning, sweet dreams, 

5193
04:44:23,200 --> 04:44:26,100
and welcome to the real story of
the people who made England 

5194
04:44:26,100 --> 04:44:29,900
Bloom settled back in, to your 
cozy spot because you're about 

5195
04:44:29,900 --> 04:44:32,500
to learn about one of the most 
delicious scandals of the 

5196
04:44:32,500 --> 04:44:35,800
Victorian era and it all started
with a fruit that had no 

5197
04:44:35,800 --> 04:44:39,300
business growing in England. 
You have to understand something

5198
04:44:39,300 --> 04:44:43,100
about victorians and their 
pineapples in the 1800s. 

5199
04:44:43,100 --> 04:44:46,000
A fresh pineapple was worth more
than most people's monthly wages

5200
04:44:46,000 --> 04:44:49,500
were talking about a fruit. 
So expensive that wealthy 

5201
04:44:49,500 --> 04:44:52,300
families would rent them for 
dinner parties, just to display 

5202
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:54,700
on the table, then return them 
to the shop afterward. 

5203
04:44:55,400 --> 04:44:59,100
Yes you read that, right? 
Pineapple rental services were 

5204
04:44:59,100 --> 04:45:02,600
an actual business model. 
Only the truly wealthy could 

5205
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:05,700
afford to actually eat one and 
doing so was roughly equivalent 

5206
04:45:05,700 --> 04:45:08,600
to serving your guests. 
Caviar topped with gold leaf. 

5207
04:45:09,400 --> 04:45:12,200
Naturally these circumstances 
meant every self-respecting 

5208
04:45:12,200 --> 04:45:15,300
Victorian estate owner 
absolutely had to grow their own

5209
04:45:15,300 --> 04:45:18,100
pineapples. 
Not because it made Financial 

5210
04:45:18,100 --> 04:45:21,000
sense. 
It didn't But because having a 

5211
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:24,000
fresh pineapple from your own 
garden was the ultimate Flex. 

5212
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:26,900
It was like parking a 
Rolls-Royce in your driveway, 

5213
04:45:26,900 --> 04:45:30,700
except the Rolls-Royce needed to
be kept at exactly 65 degrees 

5214
04:45:30,700 --> 04:45:34,400
watered with precision and could
die if you looked at it wrong. 

5215
04:45:35,100 --> 04:45:38,800
Enter our unsung heroes, the 
gardeners who somehow had to 

5216
04:45:38,800 --> 04:45:40,600
make this Impossible Dream Come 
True. 

5217
04:45:40,600 --> 04:45:43,400
Growing tropical fruit in a 
climate where summer 

5218
04:45:43,400 --> 04:45:46,500
temperatures barely reached what
pineapples considered mildly 

5219
04:45:46,500 --> 04:45:50,900
unpleasant required creativity 
that bordered on genius, They 

5220
04:45:50,900 --> 04:45:54,100
built elaborate structures 
called Pinery think of them as 

5221
04:45:54,100 --> 04:45:57,200
the great great grandparents of 
modern greenhouse's but heated 

5222
04:45:57,200 --> 04:45:59,400
with coal furnaces and 
maintained by pure 

5223
04:45:59,400 --> 04:46:03,100
determination. 
However, the truly clever aspect

5224
04:46:03,100 --> 04:46:05,000
extended Beyond just the 
buildings. 

5225
04:46:05,000 --> 04:46:08,700
Victorian gardeners developed a 
secret Network for sharing 

5226
04:46:08,700 --> 04:46:10,700
pineapple. 
Growing intelligence, that would

5227
04:46:10,700 --> 04:46:13,900
have impressed Cold War spies, 
they couldn't exactly advertise 

5228
04:46:13,900 --> 04:46:16,500
their methods. 
After all each estate wanted to 

5229
04:46:16,500 --> 04:46:19,600
maintain the illusion that their
miraculous pineapple production 

5230
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:23,700
was due to Superior breeding and
natural Talent not borrowed 

5231
04:46:23,700 --> 04:46:26,700
techniques so they got creative 
with their communication. 

5232
04:46:27,800 --> 04:46:30,000
A certain arrangement of tools 
left outside the greenhouse 

5233
04:46:30,000 --> 04:46:33,100
meant my pineapples are 
struggling with fungus. 

5234
04:46:34,500 --> 04:46:36,900
Particular way of stacking 
flower pots was a code for. 

5235
04:46:36,900 --> 04:46:40,300
I figured out the heating 
problem, they'd slip each other 

5236
04:46:40,300 --> 04:46:41,900
notes hidden inside seed 
packets. 

5237
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:46,500
Share growing charts to grocery 
lists and develop elaborate 

5238
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:48,400
excuses. 
For visiting neighboring states,

5239
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:51,300
that always seem to involve 
lengthy tours of the pineapple 

5240
04:46:51,300 --> 04:46:54,800
House's the best part. 
Many of these gardeners were 

5241
04:46:54,800 --> 04:46:56,900
essentially running scientific 
experiments. 

5242
04:46:56,900 --> 04:46:59,500
The wooden have been out of 
place in modern agricultural 

5243
04:46:59,500 --> 04:47:02,000
research for facilities. 
They tracked, temperature, 

5244
04:47:02,000 --> 04:47:05,200
variations experimented with 
different soil, mixtures and 

5245
04:47:05,200 --> 04:47:07,700
developed heating genuinely 
Innovative systems. 

5246
04:47:08,600 --> 04:47:11,600
One Gardener famously discovered
that placing mirrors around his 

5247
04:47:11,600 --> 04:47:14,600
pineapple plants, increased 
their growth rate a technique 

5248
04:47:14,600 --> 04:47:16,600
that modern horticulturists 
still used today. 

5249
04:47:17,600 --> 04:47:20,100
But the pineapple conspiracy 
went deeper than just growing 

5250
04:47:20,100 --> 04:47:22,600
techniques. 
When a particularly important 

5251
04:47:22,600 --> 04:47:25,900
dinner party was approaching and
the Estates pineapples, weren't 

5252
04:47:25,900 --> 04:47:28,300
quite ready. 
Gardeners would engage in what 

5253
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:30,600
we might politely call, fruit 
diplomacy. 

5254
04:47:31,600 --> 04:47:33,700
Perfectly right? 
Pineapple might mysteriously 

5255
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:36,700
appear from a neighboring estate
with the understanding that the 

5256
04:47:36,700 --> 04:47:38,800
favor would be returned when 
their crop was ready. 

5257
04:47:39,600 --> 04:47:42,500
Careful timing and absolute 
discretion were necessary for 

5258
04:47:42,500 --> 04:47:45,300
these exchanges. 
Imagine being responsible for 

5259
04:47:45,300 --> 04:47:48,600
secretly transporting, a 
pineapple with several months of

5260
04:47:48,600 --> 04:47:51,300
wages, across the countryside 
knowing that if it arrived 

5261
04:47:51,300 --> 04:47:54,700
damaged, or if anyone discovered
the deception, multiple jobs 

5262
04:47:54,700 --> 04:47:57,000
would be lost and reputations, 
ruined forever. 

5263
04:47:58,200 --> 04:48:00,600
The lengths they went to were 
sometimes absurd. 

5264
04:48:01,400 --> 04:48:04,400
One documented case involves a 
gardener who dressed up as a 

5265
04:48:04,408 --> 04:48:07,400
traveling Merchant to deliver a 
prize pineapple to arrival. 

5266
04:48:07,400 --> 04:48:10,900
Estate complete with a fake 
accent and a made-up backstory, 

5267
04:48:10,900 --> 04:48:14,900
about fruit imports from London.
Another Gardener developed an 

5268
04:48:14,900 --> 04:48:17,200
elaborate system of underground 
tunnels that connected 

5269
04:48:17,200 --> 04:48:19,500
neighboring Pioneers allowing 
for discreet. 

5270
04:48:19,500 --> 04:48:22,500
Pineapple exchanges and avoiding
any awkward questions from the 

5271
04:48:22,500 --> 04:48:25,400
household staff. 
As you nestled deeper into your 

5272
04:48:25,400 --> 04:48:28,900
blankets tonight, picture these 
dedicated Souls tending. 

5273
04:48:28,900 --> 04:48:31,900
Their tropical Treasures in the 
English Countryside, armed with 

5274
04:48:31,900 --> 04:48:35,200
the monitors Cole, shovels, and 
an impressive network of 

5275
04:48:35,200 --> 04:48:39,100
Horticultural spies. 
The Legacy lives on every time 

5276
04:48:39,100 --> 04:48:42,300
you casually, slice up a 
pineapple for a snack, something

5277
04:48:42,300 --> 04:48:45,100
that would have seemed like pure
magic to the Victorian families.

5278
04:48:45,100 --> 04:48:47,900
They served pour yourself 
another cup of tea and get 

5279
04:48:47,900 --> 04:48:50,500
comfortable because we're about 
to explore the Victorian 

5280
04:48:50,500 --> 04:48:52,300
equivalent of an underground 
railroad. 

5281
04:48:53,000 --> 04:48:55,200
Except in helping people find 
Freedom. 

5282
04:48:55,200 --> 04:48:58,200
This network was all about 
helping rare, plants, find new 

5283
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:00,500
homes. 
You might assume that in the 

5284
04:49:00,500 --> 04:49:03,700
rigid social hierarchy of 
Victorian England, a lowly 

5285
04:49:03,700 --> 04:49:07,200
Gardener had no business dealing
with exotic plants worth more 

5286
04:49:07,200 --> 04:49:10,100
than a carriage horse, you'd be 
wonderfully wrong. 

5287
04:49:10,900 --> 04:49:12,700
Some of the errors most valuable
Botanical. 

5288
04:49:12,700 --> 04:49:15,800
Specimens changed hands through 
a shadowy network of gardeners 

5289
04:49:15,800 --> 04:49:19,300
who operated with the stealth of
Master criminals and the 

5290
04:49:19,300 --> 04:49:22,700
dedication of devoted parents. 
It all started with the 

5291
04:49:22,700 --> 04:49:27,100
victorians absolute obsession 
with collecting rare, plants the

5292
04:49:27,100 --> 04:49:30,100
gold wasn't casual hobby. 
Gardening, this was Botanical 

5293
04:49:30,100 --> 04:49:33,800
Warfare Rich collectors would 
dispatch plant Hunters to remote

5294
04:49:33,800 --> 04:49:37,500
regions of the Empire, taking 
significant risks to retrieve 

5295
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:40,800
unique species. 
A single rare Orchid could be 

5296
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:43,800
worth more than a house. 
And only something completely 

5297
04:49:43,800 --> 04:49:46,500
unique was the Botanical 
equivalent of having an original

5298
04:49:46,500 --> 04:49:50,700
Van Gogh in your city room. 
The complexity of our story 

5299
04:49:50,700 --> 04:49:53,300
begins here. 
The care of these precious 

5300
04:49:53,300 --> 04:49:56,900
plants required expertise. 
Surprisingly, the wealthy 

5301
04:49:56,900 --> 04:49:59,800
collectors, who could afford to 
purchase them, often lack the 

5302
04:49:59,800 --> 04:50:01,400
knowledge necessary to keep them
alive. 

5303
04:50:02,400 --> 04:50:05,600
Enter the gardeners who found 
themselves, custodians of 

5304
04:50:05,608 --> 04:50:07,600
Living. 
Treasures worth more than they'd

5305
04:50:07,600 --> 04:50:11,400
earn in several lifetimes. the 
Smart Ones quickly realized they

5306
04:50:11,400 --> 04:50:14,600
were sitting on a gold mine 
literally, but they couldn't 

5307
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:17,500
exactly March up to their 
employers and demand raises 

5308
04:50:17,500 --> 04:50:19,300
based on their plant Whispering 
abilities. 

5309
04:50:19,300 --> 04:50:22,700
Instead they developed something
far more clever. 

5310
04:50:23,700 --> 04:50:26,900
Secret sharing economy that 
operated entirely outside the 

5311
04:50:26,900 --> 04:50:30,700
official channels. 
Picture this your head Gardener 

5312
04:50:30,700 --> 04:50:34,000
at a grand estate and you've 
successfully propagated a rare 

5313
04:50:34,000 --> 04:50:36,300
Himalayan Road and dendron that 
supposed to be impossible to 

5314
04:50:36,300 --> 04:50:39,300
grow in English soil. 
Your employer thinks he owns the

5315
04:50:39,300 --> 04:50:42,300
only specimen in the country, 
but you know, better through 

5316
04:50:42,300 --> 04:50:45,800
careful cultivation and a bit of
Botanical magic, you've got 

5317
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:49,500
three healthy cuttings, ready to
plant now, tell your boss about 

5318
04:50:49,500 --> 04:50:52,300
your success and let him decide 
what to do with the extra 

5319
04:50:52,300 --> 04:50:54,800
plants. 
But you also know that the head 

5320
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:57,900
Gardener at the estate, 15 miles
away has been struggling to keep

5321
04:50:57,900 --> 04:51:01,300
his employers prize Burmese 
orchids alive and you happen to 

5322
04:51:01,300 --> 04:51:05,300
figure out the secret to orchid 
care. what develops is an 

5323
04:51:05,300 --> 04:51:08,100
elegant dance of neutral 
assistance that would make 

5324
04:51:08,100 --> 04:51:12,800
modern networking, experts, weep
With Envy, That Rhododendron 

5325
04:51:12,800 --> 04:51:16,100
cutting Finds Its way to the 
Orchid experts Greenhouse while 

5326
04:51:16,100 --> 04:51:18,100
orchid care knowledge flows back
in return. 

5327
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:22,100
Both gardeners look like 
Geniuses to their employers, 

5328
04:51:22,100 --> 04:51:25,600
both the states maintain their 
reputations for Horticultural 

5329
04:51:25,600 --> 04:51:28,800
excellence and nobody asked too 
many questions about how these 

5330
04:51:28,800 --> 04:51:30,300
Botanical, Miracles, keep 
happening. 

5331
04:51:31,200 --> 04:51:34,200
The network operated through 
what you might call plausible 

5332
04:51:34,200 --> 04:51:36,800
deniability. 
Seeds would be discovered, 

5333
04:51:36,800 --> 04:51:38,500
growing wild in convenient 
locations. 

5334
04:51:38,500 --> 04:51:41,400
Cutting would be found blown 
over from neighboring 

5335
04:51:41,400 --> 04:51:42,800
properties. 
During storms. 

5336
04:51:42,800 --> 04:51:45,700
Rare, plants would develop 
mysterious twins? 

5337
04:51:45,700 --> 04:51:48,900
Specimens that appeared, just 
when other Gardens needed the 

5338
04:51:48,900 --> 04:51:52,300
most The really sophisticated 
operations involved what 

5339
04:51:52,300 --> 04:51:54,200
gardeners called Walking 
library's. 

5340
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:57,500
Elderly gardeners who had worked
at multiple estate, so over 

5341
04:51:57,500 --> 04:52:00,700
their careers and carried in 
their heads and encyclopedic. 

5342
04:52:00,700 --> 04:52:02,800
Knowledge of who had what plants
and who knew? 

5343
04:52:02,800 --> 04:52:06,000
What technique's These living 
database's would make casual 

5344
04:52:06,000 --> 04:52:09,200
visits to various Guardians, 
ostensibly to admire the 

5345
04:52:09,200 --> 04:52:12,100
planting, but actually serving 
as information Brokers for the 

5346
04:52:12,100 --> 04:52:14,900
underground seed. 
Railway Some gardeners became 

5347
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:18,500
Legends in the shadow World. 
There was reportedly one man who

5348
04:52:18,500 --> 04:52:21,100
could take a cutting from 
virtually any plant and get it 

5349
04:52:21,100 --> 04:52:24,800
to Route, earning him, the 
nickname, the propagator, his 

5350
04:52:24,800 --> 04:52:27,600
Services were so valued that 
gardeners would travel for days,

5351
04:52:27,600 --> 04:52:30,500
just to learn his technique's. 
And his methods were guarded 

5352
04:52:30,500 --> 04:52:32,200
more carefully than State 
secrets. 

5353
04:52:33,000 --> 04:52:35,300
The beauty of the system was its
Gentile nature. 

5354
04:52:35,300 --> 04:52:38,600
Unlike other black markets, the 
underground seed Railway 

5355
04:52:38,600 --> 04:52:41,600
operated on principles of 
reciprocity and mutual benefit. 

5356
04:52:42,400 --> 04:52:44,800
No one was attempting to make 
quick money or dominate. 

5357
04:52:44,800 --> 04:52:48,600
The market for rare plants. 
instead it was a community of 

5358
04:52:48,600 --> 04:52:52,000
craftspeople helping each other 
excel at their jobs, while 

5359
04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:56,400
keeping their employers happy 
and their positions secure As 

5360
04:52:56,400 --> 04:52:59,700
you close your eyes tonight. 
Imagine the quiet satisfaction 

5361
04:52:59,700 --> 04:53:02,500
of these Botanical conspirators,
tending. 

5362
04:53:02,500 --> 04:53:04,300
Their secret networks with the 
same care. 

5363
04:53:04,300 --> 04:53:07,600
They gave their visible Gardens 
knowing that their hidden Web of

5364
04:53:07,608 --> 04:53:10,000
Knowledge and generosity was, 
what really kept? 

5365
04:53:10,000 --> 04:53:11,700
The Victorian Garden World 
blooming. 

5366
04:53:11,700 --> 04:53:15,200
Now we're venturing into the 
surprise me Cutthroat world of 

5367
04:53:15,200 --> 04:53:18,200
Victorian, weather prediction 
and the lengths gardeners went 

5368
04:53:18,200 --> 04:53:20,700
to protect their green 
investments from Nature's mood 

5369
04:53:20,700 --> 04:53:23,100
swings. 
You probably think of weather 

5370
04:53:23,100 --> 04:53:24,900
forecasting. 
As a modern convenience, 

5371
04:53:24,900 --> 04:53:28,300
something involving satellite 
and meteorologists in front of 

5372
04:53:28,300 --> 04:53:31,300
greens. 
However, Victorian gardeners 

5373
04:53:31,300 --> 04:53:34,200
were responsible for their own 
weather forecasting and their 

5374
04:53:34,200 --> 04:53:37,900
livelihood hinged on accuracy. 
A surprise Frost could destroy 

5375
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:39,700
months of work in a single 
night. 

5376
04:53:39,700 --> 04:53:43,600
Turning a head Guard from a 
respected, professional into an 

5377
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:46,600
unemployed man with muddy boots 
and excellent references. 

5378
04:53:46,600 --> 04:53:50,300
Nobody wanted to read The 
challenge was that Victorian 

5379
04:53:50,300 --> 04:53:53,000
England's weather was about as 
predictable as a cat on catnip. 

5380
04:53:53,800 --> 04:53:57,300
Spring could arrive in February 
or wait until May summer might 

5381
04:53:57,300 --> 04:54:00,500
bring tropical heat waves or 
chili rain that lasts for weeks 

5382
04:54:00,500 --> 04:54:04,200
and Autumn. 
Well, Autumn was went everyone 

5383
04:54:04,200 --> 04:54:05,900
held their breath and hoped 
they're carefully. 

5384
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:07,900
Tended charges would survive 
until next year. 

5385
04:54:07,900 --> 04:54:11,800
So gardeners developed their own
intelligence Network one that 

5386
04:54:11,808 --> 04:54:13,900
would have made military 
strategist proud. 

5387
04:54:13,900 --> 04:54:17,800
They observed everything. 
The behavior of birds, the color

5388
04:54:17,800 --> 04:54:20,700
of sunset clouds. 
The way, there are thick joints 

5389
04:54:20,700 --> 04:54:23,100
felt on certain mornings. 
And even the mood of the 

5390
04:54:23,100 --> 04:54:26,500
estate's cats, One famous 
Gardener swore. 

5391
04:54:26,500 --> 04:54:29,500
He could predict Frost three 
days in advance by watching how 

5392
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:31,900
the dairy cows position 
themselves in the pasture. 

5393
04:54:32,900 --> 04:54:34,300
But here's where it gets really 
interesting. 

5394
04:54:34,300 --> 04:54:37,400
They started sharing this 
whether intelligence with each 

5395
04:54:37,400 --> 04:54:41,100
other creating, what amounted to
an early warning system that 

5396
04:54:41,100 --> 04:54:42,600
stretched across the 
countryside. 

5397
04:54:42,600 --> 04:54:45,900
A gardener 20 miles to the West 
might send word. 

5398
04:54:45,900 --> 04:54:49,000
That storms were headed east. 
Someone near the coast would 

5399
04:54:49,000 --> 04:54:51,200
pass along information. 
About changing wind patterns. 

5400
04:54:51,200 --> 04:54:56,000
The network operated through 
servant's delivery boys and 

5401
04:54:56,000 --> 04:54:59,600
anyone else who traveled 
regularly between a States The 

5402
04:54:59,600 --> 04:55:02,100
most sophisticated operations 
involved, what you might call 

5403
04:55:02,100 --> 04:55:05,900
weather spies gardeners, who 
would make seemingly casual 

5404
04:55:05,900 --> 04:55:08,400
visits to other states to obtain
information on growing 

5405
04:55:08,400 --> 04:55:11,100
conditions and share 
meteorological observations. 

5406
04:55:12,000 --> 04:55:14,600
They admire the Roses while 
actually noting which plants 

5407
04:55:14,600 --> 04:55:16,600
were showing stress and 
discussed. 

5408
04:55:16,600 --> 04:55:19,700
The beauty of the landscape are 
secretly Gathering intelligence 

5409
04:55:19,700 --> 04:55:22,500
about which microclimates were 
performing better than others. 

5410
04:55:23,300 --> 04:55:25,900
These visits served multiple 
purposes Beyond weather 

5411
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:28,400
prediction. 
The Gardener might notice that 

5412
04:55:28,400 --> 04:55:31,100
his neighbor's Tomatoes were 
ripening two weeks early than 

5413
04:55:31,100 --> 04:55:34,200
his own leading to discoveries 
about optimal, planting 

5414
04:55:34,200 --> 04:55:36,500
locations or soil, preparation 
techniques. 

5415
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:39,900
Or they might observe that 
certain varieties were thriving 

5416
04:55:39,900 --> 04:55:43,200
in conditions where their plants
struggled sparking seed 

5417
04:55:43,200 --> 04:55:44,800
exchanges that we discussed 
earlier. 

5418
04:55:44,800 --> 04:55:48,100
The really clever ones developed
coded systems for sharing 

5419
04:55:48,100 --> 04:55:51,100
whether information without 
alerting their employers, to the

5420
04:55:51,100 --> 04:55:54,700
extent of their collaboration. 
A certain arrangement of tools 

5421
04:55:54,700 --> 04:55:56,900
outside. 
The greenhouse meant expect 

5422
04:55:56,900 --> 04:56:00,100
Frost tonight. 
Specific flowers left on 

5423
04:56:00,100 --> 04:56:02,400
windowsills indicated, wind 
direction changes. 

5424
04:56:02,400 --> 04:56:05,700
Even the timing of gardeners 
work, invisible areas of their 

5425
04:56:05,700 --> 04:56:08,400
Gardens, could convey 
information to observe at 

5426
04:56:08,400 --> 04:56:11,200
Neighbors. 
During particularly challenging 

5427
04:56:11,200 --> 04:56:13,200
Seasons. 
This network became a lifeline 

5428
04:56:14,000 --> 04:56:17,500
The legendary summer of 1816 
known as The Year Without a 

5429
04:56:17,500 --> 04:56:20,200
summer due to volcanic ash 
affecting global weather 

5430
04:56:20,200 --> 04:56:23,200
patterns would have been even 
more devastating without the 

5431
04:56:23,200 --> 04:56:25,300
informal cooperation between 
gardeners. 

5432
04:56:25,300 --> 04:56:28,400
They pulled their knowledge 
about which crops could survive 

5433
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:31,600
in cooler temperatures, shared 
seeds for Hardie a varieties, 

5434
04:56:31,600 --> 04:56:34,800
and coordinated, their plantings
to ensure that between them, 

5435
04:56:34,800 --> 04:56:37,700
they could still provide fresh 
produce for their employers. 

5436
04:56:38,400 --> 04:56:41,300
Some gardeners became famous 
within this hidden Community for

5437
04:56:41,300 --> 04:56:44,500
their predictive abilities. 
There was reportedly one man, 

5438
04:56:44,500 --> 04:56:47,500
whose weather forecast was so 
accurate, that other gardeners 

5439
04:56:47,500 --> 04:56:50,000
would adjust their planting 
schedules based on Messengers, 

5440
04:56:50,000 --> 04:56:51,500
he sent through the informal 
Network. 

5441
04:56:52,400 --> 04:56:55,100
His secret. 
He kept detailed records of 

5442
04:56:55,100 --> 04:56:58,200
weather patterns and plant 
responses over decades creating 

5443
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:01,200
what was essentially a localized
climate database that he carried

5444
04:57:01,200 --> 04:57:03,500
in his head. 
The weather Wars. 

5445
04:57:03,500 --> 04:57:05,300
Also drove innovation. 
In plant protection. 

5446
04:57:06,100 --> 04:57:08,000
Gardeners developed, 
increasingly sophisticated 

5447
04:57:08,000 --> 04:57:11,500
methods for shielding their 
charges from unexpected 

5448
04:57:11,500 --> 04:57:16,100
temperature drops, wind damage 
and excessive rainfall. simple 

5449
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:19,200
fabric covers and elaborate 
mobile structures quickly 

5450
04:57:19,200 --> 04:57:22,200
deployed when conditions turned 
threatening were among these 

5451
04:57:22,200 --> 04:57:26,300
methods what makes this story 
particularly Charming is how 

5452
04:57:26,300 --> 04:57:28,800
these weather Warriors, maintain
their facade of casual 

5453
04:57:28,800 --> 04:57:31,800
competence, while actually 
operating with the Precision of 

5454
04:57:31,800 --> 04:57:35,700
modern meteorologists, to their 
employers, it simply appeared 

5455
04:57:35,700 --> 04:57:38,500
that their gardeners had an 
almost magical ability to keep 

5456
04:57:38,500 --> 04:57:41,300
plants thriving, despite 
England's, unpredictable climate

5457
04:57:42,100 --> 04:57:45,200
The reality was far more 
impressive, a network of 

5458
04:57:45,200 --> 04:57:48,100
dedicated professionals, sharing
knowledge, and resources to 

5459
04:57:48,100 --> 04:57:51,800
outsmart, Mother Nature herself.
Tonight as you listen to the 

5460
04:57:51,800 --> 04:57:54,800
wind outside your window, spare 
a thought for those Victorian 

5461
04:57:54,800 --> 04:57:57,800
gardeners appearing at the sky 
and feeling the air pressure in 

5462
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:00,000
their bones. 
Knowing that tomorrow's, weather

5463
04:58:00,000 --> 04:58:02,600
might determine whether they'd 
still have jobs next week. 

5464
04:58:02,600 --> 04:58:05,300
We're getting pretty close to 
the icing on the cake of our 

5465
04:58:05,300 --> 04:58:07,400
experience tonight, but just not
yet. 

5466
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:11,600
We're now analyzing the most 
daring, Victorian Garden, Capers

5467
04:58:11,600 --> 04:58:14,300
tales that would Inspire today's
art thieves. 

5468
04:58:14,300 --> 04:58:17,500
You might think the biggest 
drama in a Victorian Garden. 

5469
04:58:17,500 --> 04:58:20,400
Involved deciding between roses 
and Lilies, but you'd be 

5470
04:58:20,408 --> 04:58:23,800
delightfully mistaken. 
Some of the era's most elaborate

5471
04:58:23,800 --> 04:58:26,800
schemes revolved around plants 
and the links people went to 

5472
04:58:26,800 --> 04:58:28,600
acquire. 
Their specimens, would make 

5473
04:58:28,600 --> 04:58:30,400
Ocean's 11 look like Amateur 
hour. 

5474
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:34,500
Let's start with the case that 
came legendary among gardening 

5475
04:58:34,500 --> 04:58:37,000
circle's. 
The great Greenhouse Heist of 

5476
04:58:37,000 --> 04:58:41,400
1847, Lord Pemberton had spent a
fortune acquiring. 

5477
04:58:41,400 --> 04:58:43,900
What he claimed was the only 
specimen of a rare Chinese 

5478
04:58:43,900 --> 04:58:46,900
Camellia in all of Europe. 
He kept it in a specially 

5479
04:58:46,900 --> 04:58:49,300
constructed. 
Greenhouse complete with a lock 

5480
04:58:49,300 --> 04:58:52,400
that would have impressed a bank
vault designer and hired a guard

5481
04:58:52,400 --> 04:58:55,800
to patrol the grounds at night. 
What Lord Pemberton didn't count

5482
04:58:55,800 --> 04:58:59,000
on was the determination of his 
neighbors and the Ingenuity of 

5483
04:58:59,000 --> 04:59:02,200
their gardeners. 
You see this particular Camellia

5484
04:59:02,200 --> 04:59:05,300
wasn't just beautiful. 
It was also said to bloom in a 

5485
04:59:05,300 --> 04:59:08,100
shade of blue that botanists 
insisted was impossible for 

5486
04:59:08,100 --> 04:59:11,500
chameleons to achieve every 
Garden in Enthusiast in the 

5487
04:59:11,500 --> 04:59:14,900
county was desperate to see it 
and more than a few were willing

5488
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:18,900
to pay handsomely for cutting. 
The plot that unfolded involved,

5489
04:59:18,900 --> 04:59:22,000
no, fewer than six neighboring 
states and their gardening star.

5490
04:59:22,800 --> 04:59:25,500
It began with the seemingly 
innocent delivery of a new 

5491
04:59:25,500 --> 04:59:28,900
Greenhouse, the monitor, except 
the delivery boy happened to be 

5492
04:59:28,908 --> 04:59:32,200
the nephew of a gardener from a 
nearby estate and he spent just 

5493
04:59:32,200 --> 04:59:36,600
a little too much time admiring 
the famous chameleon Within a 

5494
04:59:36,608 --> 04:59:39,600
week details sketches of the 
plant and its housing 

5495
04:59:39,600 --> 04:59:42,400
arrangements had made their way 
through the underground Network.

5496
04:59:43,500 --> 04:59:47,500
She'll Heist was a master piece 
of timing and misdirection it 

5497
04:59:47,500 --> 04:59:49,800
happened during Lord 
pemberton's, annual foxhunt, 

5498
04:59:49,800 --> 04:59:53,300
when most of the household staff
was either participating in or 

5499
04:59:53,300 --> 04:59:55,400
preparing for the elaborate 
lunch in the followed. 

5500
04:59:56,400 --> 04:59:59,400
While the Lord was chasing foxes
across the countryside, a small 

5501
04:59:59,400 --> 05:00:02,500
team of gardeners was conducting
a much more valuable hunt in his

5502
05:00:02,500 --> 05:00:05,600
Greenhouse. 
They didn't steal the plant that

5503
05:00:05,600 --> 05:00:08,900
would have been too obvious. 
Instead, they performed what 

5504
05:00:08,900 --> 05:00:11,900
modern gardeners would recognize
as expert propagation. 

5505
05:00:12,800 --> 05:00:16,200
Few carefully selected cuttings,
small enough to go unnoticed 

5506
05:00:16,200 --> 05:00:19,700
were removed with surgical 
Precision, the mother plant 

5507
05:00:19,700 --> 05:00:22,900
remained intact and healthy 
showing no signs of the midnight

5508
05:00:22,900 --> 05:00:27,000
surgery at undergone. 
As the really clever part, they 

5509
05:00:27,000 --> 05:00:30,200
didn't just take cuttings for 
the cells, they also left behind

5510
05:00:30,200 --> 05:00:33,000
a few small gifts hidden among 
the soil. 

5511
05:00:33,000 --> 05:00:35,800
Around the Camellia, they 
planted seeds from other rare. 

5512
05:00:35,800 --> 05:00:37,700
Specimens that would take months
to germinate. 

5513
05:00:38,600 --> 05:00:41,000
By the time lord pemberton's 
garden and noticed the new 

5514
05:00:41,000 --> 05:00:44,200
plants, they would appear to be 
chance seedling that had somehow

5515
05:00:44,200 --> 05:00:47,200
rooted near the pressure's. 
Camellia, the blue Camellia 

5516
05:00:47,200 --> 05:00:49,400
cuttings were distributed 
through the network with the 

5517
05:00:49,400 --> 05:00:51,100
efficiency of a modern supply 
chain. 

5518
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:55,300
Within six months, no, fewer 
than 12, estate in the 

5519
05:00:55,300 --> 05:00:58,500
surrounding counties, had 
successfully, rooted specimens, 

5520
05:00:58,500 --> 05:01:00,500
though. 
None of them could quite explain

5521
05:01:00,500 --> 05:01:02,300
how they'd acquired such rare 
plants. 

5522
05:01:03,000 --> 05:01:06,200
The official story when pressed 
always seem to involve 

5523
05:01:06,200 --> 05:01:09,300
mysterious seed packets that had
arrived with no return address 

5524
05:01:09,300 --> 05:01:12,400
or chance to discoveries of 
seedling in unlikely locations. 

5525
05:01:13,800 --> 05:01:15,900
Lord Pemberton never did figure 
out what had happened. 

5526
05:01:16,800 --> 05:01:19,400
This Camellia continued to 
thrive and Bloom magnificently 

5527
05:01:19,400 --> 05:01:22,400
and he remained convinced that 
he owned the only specimen in 

5528
05:01:22,400 --> 05:01:25,000
England. 
Meanwhile, his neighbors would 

5529
05:01:25,000 --> 05:01:27,300
gather for garden parties, where
they admire each other's 

5530
05:01:27,300 --> 05:01:30,500
completely unrelated blue 
Camellias with perfectly 

5531
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:33,400
straight faces. 
This wasn't an isolated 

5532
05:01:33,400 --> 05:01:35,800
incident. 
The Victorian era was full of 

5533
05:01:35,800 --> 05:01:38,700
similar Botanical Adventures. 
There was the case of the 

5534
05:01:38,700 --> 05:01:41,700
wandering Orchid, where a price 
specimen somehow managed to 

5535
05:01:41,700 --> 05:01:44,600
appear in three different County
Garden shows in the same season.

5536
05:01:45,900 --> 05:01:48,100
The Mystery of the multiplying 
roses involved. 

5537
05:01:48,100 --> 05:01:51,700
A supposedly unique variety that
began showing up in gardens 

5538
05:01:51,700 --> 05:01:53,900
across two, shires within a 
single growing season. 

5539
05:01:54,800 --> 05:01:57,400
Perhaps the most audacious 
scheme involved a gardener who 

5540
05:01:57,400 --> 05:01:59,500
became known as the midnight 
propagator. 

5541
05:01:59,500 --> 05:02:02,600
This shadowy figure would 
somehow managed to obtain 

5542
05:02:02,600 --> 05:02:05,600
cutting from the most exclusive 
and well guarded collections in 

5543
05:02:05,600 --> 05:02:08,300
the country. 
His calling card was the small 

5544
05:02:08,300 --> 05:02:12,200
gifted leave behind usually 
seeds of equally rare plants 

5545
05:02:12,200 --> 05:02:14,300
that the original owners would 
discover months later. 

5546
05:02:15,300 --> 05:02:17,900
The beauty of these operations 
was their Gentile nature. 

5547
05:02:17,900 --> 05:02:21,200
In most cases, the original 
owners remained unaware of the 

5548
05:02:21,200 --> 05:02:25,500
visit causing no harm or 
destruction, it was plant piracy

5549
05:02:25,500 --> 05:02:29,000
with impeccable manners and a 
keen sense of Horticultural 

5550
05:02:29,000 --> 05:02:32,100
Justice, what drove these 
elaborate schemes wasn't just 

5551
05:02:32,100 --> 05:02:34,800
greed or mischief. 
It was a genuine passion for 

5552
05:02:34,800 --> 05:02:37,200
plants and a belief that 
Botanical Treasures shouldn't be

5553
05:02:37,200 --> 05:02:39,000
hoarded by a few wealthy 
collectors. 

5554
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:41,900
These gardeners viewed 
themselves as liberators 

5555
05:02:41,900 --> 05:02:45,500
dispersing, rare and beautiful 
plants across the countryside 

5556
05:02:45,500 --> 05:02:47,100
for proper appreciation, and 
Care. 

5557
05:02:47,100 --> 05:02:49,400
Now, how did Victorian gardeners
turn? 

5558
05:02:49,400 --> 05:02:51,500
Innocent flower arrangements 
into the air as most 

5559
05:02:51,508 --> 05:02:54,800
sophisticated communication 
system, one that carried 

5560
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:57,300
everything from romantic 
messages to Industrial 

5561
05:02:57,300 --> 05:02:59,900
Espionage. 
You've probably heard about the 

5562
05:02:59,900 --> 05:03:03,000
Victorian language of flowers 
were different blooms carried 

5563
05:03:03,000 --> 05:03:05,900
specific meanings that allowed 
people to send coded messages 

5564
05:03:05,900 --> 05:03:08,200
through bouquets. 
A red rose. 

5565
05:03:08,200 --> 05:03:11,300
Meant passionate, love for me, 
not to represented true, love, 

5566
05:03:11,300 --> 05:03:14,800
and Remembrance yellow roses, 
indicated French ship and so on.

5567
05:03:15,700 --> 05:03:18,700
Floral telegraphs system was 
mostly run by the gardeners who 

5568
05:03:18,700 --> 05:03:21,400
grew the flowers and they used 
it for more than just love 

5569
05:03:21,400 --> 05:03:23,900
letters. 
The official flower language was

5570
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:26,300
Charming. 
Enough lovers could declare 

5571
05:03:26,300 --> 05:03:29,600
their intentions, through 
carefully, chosen nose, gaze and

5572
05:03:29,600 --> 05:03:31,300
proper. 
Victorian ladies could respond 

5573
05:03:31,300 --> 05:03:33,200
to suitors with Botanical 
precision. 

5574
05:03:34,500 --> 05:03:37,900
But the real action happened in 
the servants quarters and garden

5575
05:03:37,900 --> 05:03:40,000
sheds, where an entirely 
different? 

5576
05:03:40,000 --> 05:03:41,700
Floral vocabulary was 
developing. 

5577
05:03:42,500 --> 05:03:45,400
Gardeners needed to communicate 
with each other about everything

5578
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:48,700
from plant diseases to 
employment opportunities, from 

5579
05:03:48,700 --> 05:03:51,500
weather patterns to the Romantic
entanglements of their 

5580
05:03:51,500 --> 05:03:54,200
employers. 
The problem was that sending 

5581
05:03:54,200 --> 05:03:57,000
direct messages between a States
was difficult and potentially 

5582
05:03:57,000 --> 05:04:01,100
compromising letters, could be 
intercepted Messengers, could be

5583
05:04:01,100 --> 05:04:04,600
questioned and too much obvious 
communication between servants. 

5584
05:04:04,600 --> 05:04:07,800
Staffs raised suspicions. 
However, flowers offered a 

5585
05:04:07,800 --> 05:04:10,000
unique experience, flowers were 
innocent. 

5586
05:04:10,000 --> 05:04:13,500
A gardener could send a bouquet 
to another estate as a perfectly

5587
05:04:13,500 --> 05:04:16,900
legitimate gift, a sample of his
work or a seasonal greeting. 

5588
05:04:17,800 --> 05:04:20,400
Nobody questioned the movement 
of flowers between Gardens. 

5589
05:04:20,400 --> 05:04:23,200
It was expected. 
Even encouraged. 

5590
05:04:23,900 --> 05:04:25,500
So they developed their own 
meanings. 

5591
05:04:25,500 --> 05:04:29,400
Layered beneath the official 
romantic symbolism like a secret

5592
05:04:29,400 --> 05:04:32,500
code within a code. 
A bouquet that officially 

5593
05:04:32,500 --> 05:04:35,500
expresses friendship and good 
wishes might actually convey. 

5594
05:04:36,300 --> 05:04:38,600
The head Gardener at thornfield 
manner is looking for an 

5595
05:04:38,608 --> 05:04:41,500
assistant, good wages and fair 
treatment. 

5596
05:04:42,500 --> 05:04:45,200
An arrangement celebrating the 
beauty of spring could be 

5597
05:04:45,200 --> 05:04:47,700
warning plant disease spotted in
the Rose Garden's. 

5598
05:04:47,700 --> 05:04:51,700
Check your stock immediately. 
The system was brilliantly 

5599
05:04:51,700 --> 05:04:54,900
subtle, take days. 
For example, officially, they 

5600
05:04:54,900 --> 05:04:59,500
meant innocence and purity. but 
among gardeners the number of 

5601
05:04:59,500 --> 05:05:02,400
days is in an arrangement, 
indicated specific information 

5602
05:05:03,300 --> 05:05:07,100
Three days is meant Urgent. 
Message follows seven meant all 

5603
05:05:07,100 --> 05:05:09,800
clear. 
No problems here and 12 mint 

5604
05:05:09,800 --> 05:05:13,200
help is needed. 
Send advice The really 

5605
05:05:13,200 --> 05:05:15,900
sophisticated Communications 
involved, what they called, 

5606
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:19,100
seasonal contradictions 
Arrangements that included 

5607
05:05:19,100 --> 05:05:21,100
flowers that shouldn't naturally
Bloom together. 

5608
05:05:22,000 --> 05:05:23,900
A spring bouquet with Autumn 
Leaves tucked. 

5609
05:05:23,900 --> 05:05:27,100
Discreetly among the stems was a
signal that the message was 

5610
05:05:27,100 --> 05:05:29,800
time. 
Set of winter flowers appearing.

5611
05:05:29,800 --> 05:05:32,700
In summer Arrangement, indicated
that the sender was dealing with

5612
05:05:32,700 --> 05:05:35,200
unusual circumstances that 
required immediate attention. 

5613
05:05:36,700 --> 05:05:39,600
One of the most famous examples 
involved the networks response 

5614
05:05:39,600 --> 05:05:41,900
to a potato blight, that 
threatened to devastate kitchen 

5615
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:45,800
Gardens across several counties.
the first Gardener to identify 

5616
05:05:45,800 --> 05:05:48,200
the problem, couldn't simply 
send letters warning his 

5617
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:51,500
colleague's Such alarm might 
cause Panic among the estate 

5618
05:05:51,500 --> 05:05:54,200
owners and resulted in hasty 
decisions that would make the 

5619
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:57,800
situation worse. 
Instead, he sent carefully 

5620
05:05:57,800 --> 05:06:00,000
crafted bouquets to keep 
gardeners in the network. 

5621
05:06:00,700 --> 05:06:03,200
The arrangements appeared to be 
celebrating the successful 

5622
05:06:03,200 --> 05:06:06,100
Harvest of early, summer 
vegetables, but the inclusion of

5623
05:06:06,100 --> 05:06:09,500
specific herbs and the unusual 
combination of blooms actually, 

5624
05:06:09,500 --> 05:06:13,200
conveyed detailed information 
about the blight symptoms, its 

5625
05:06:13,200 --> 05:06:15,300
progression rate, and the 
treatment methods, he was 

5626
05:06:15,300 --> 05:06:18,900
attempting within two weeks 
gardeners across Three, Counties

5627
05:06:18,900 --> 05:06:22,100
were discreetly, implementing 
coordinated treatment strategies

5628
05:06:22,100 --> 05:06:24,500
sharing resistance seed 
varieties. 

5629
05:06:24,500 --> 05:06:27,600
And adjusting their planting 
schedules to minimize crop 

5630
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:30,600
losses. 
To their employers, it simply 

5631
05:06:30,600 --> 05:06:33,500
appeared that their gardeners 
had shown exceptional foresight 

5632
05:06:33,500 --> 05:06:35,900
in preparing for potential, 
agricultural challenges. 

5633
05:06:37,000 --> 05:06:39,400
The flower Telegraph also 
carried more personal news. 

5634
05:06:40,300 --> 05:06:44,800
Information about births deaths,
marriages and other significant 

5635
05:06:44,800 --> 05:06:47,200
events in the gardening 
Community traveled through these

5636
05:06:47,200 --> 05:06:49,600
floral networks faster than 
official channels. 

5637
05:06:50,400 --> 05:06:53,200
A gardener could learn about 
Job, opening's promising 

5638
05:06:53,200 --> 05:06:55,500
apprentices or Troublesome 
employers. 

5639
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:57,500
Through a rangements that 
appeared to be simple. 

5640
05:06:57,500 --> 05:07:00,800
Seasonal decorations. 
Romance also flourished through 

5641
05:07:00,800 --> 05:07:03,600
these channels, not just among 
the wealthy families who 

5642
05:07:03,600 --> 05:07:05,000
inspired the language of 
flowers. 

5643
05:07:05,900 --> 05:07:08,500
Gardeners used the system to 
court each other across the 

5644
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:11,800
state boundaries with bouquets 
that carried layers of meaning 

5645
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:14,600
that would have impressed. 
Professional cryptographers the 

5646
05:07:14,600 --> 05:07:17,300
women in the network and there 
were more than you might expect 

5647
05:07:17,300 --> 05:07:20,200
working as kitchen gardeners 
Greenhouse assistance. 

5648
05:07:20,200 --> 05:07:23,800
And specialists in flower 
cultivation became particularly 

5649
05:07:23,800 --> 05:07:26,300
skilled at reading, these 
complex floral messages. 

5650
05:07:27,200 --> 05:07:30,500
They often served as the 
communication hubs receiving and

5651
05:07:30,500 --> 05:07:31,600
interpreting arrangements. 
Before. 

5652
05:07:31,600 --> 05:07:34,200
Passing the decoded information 
along to the appropriate. 

5653
05:07:34,200 --> 05:07:37,500
Recipients Perhaps the most 
impressive aspect of this system

5654
05:07:37,500 --> 05:07:40,700
was its reliability. 
Throughout Decades of operation 

5655
05:07:40,700 --> 05:07:43,900
outside as a virtually never 
discovered or decoded, the 

5656
05:07:43,900 --> 05:07:47,000
floral Telegraph, the gardeners 
maintained perfect operational 

5657
05:07:47,000 --> 05:07:49,600
security, partly? 
Because the consequences of 

5658
05:07:49,600 --> 05:07:52,800
exposure could be severe, but 
mostly, because they genuinely 

5659
05:07:52,800 --> 05:07:55,900
enjoy the elegant complexity of 
their hidden communication 

5660
05:07:55,900 --> 05:07:59,000
Network. 
As you close your eyes tonight, 

5661
05:07:59,000 --> 05:08:02,300
picture of Victorian drawing 
rooms filled with Innocent 

5662
05:08:02,300 --> 05:08:05,300
looking flower arrangements that
were actually carrying enough 

5663
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:07,600
nothing. 
Coded information to run a small

5664
05:08:07,600 --> 05:08:11,300
intelligence operation tended by
gardeners who smiled politely 

5665
05:08:11,300 --> 05:08:14,000
while managing one of the most 
sophisticated communication 

5666
05:08:14,000 --> 05:08:16,800
networks of their era. 
Now we're finally settling in 

5667
05:08:16,800 --> 05:08:19,300
for our final chapter of our 
journey, through the secret 

5668
05:08:19,300 --> 05:08:22,900
world of Victorian gardeners. 
The story that ends not with an 

5669
05:08:22,900 --> 05:08:25,800
ending but with a beginning that
reaches all the way to your 

5670
05:08:25,800 --> 05:08:28,200
garden. 
You might wonder what happened 

5671
05:08:28,200 --> 05:08:31,800
to all these elaborate networks 
secret societies and Botanical 

5672
05:08:31,800 --> 05:08:34,700
conspiracies as the Victorian 
era, gave way to the modern 

5673
05:08:34,700 --> 05:08:37,400
world. 
The truth is both simpler and 

5674
05:08:37,408 --> 05:08:38,900
more beautiful than you might 
expect. 

5675
05:08:38,900 --> 05:08:43,200
They have evolved adapted and 
quietly woven themselves into 

5676
05:08:43,200 --> 05:08:45,300
the fabric of how we understand 
gardening today. 

5677
05:08:46,700 --> 05:08:49,100
The underground seed, Railway 
never really disappeared. 

5678
05:08:49,100 --> 05:08:52,900
It just went digital. 
Those Victorian gardeners who 

5679
05:08:52,900 --> 05:08:56,300
traded rare, cuttings through 
coded flower arrangements with a

5680
05:08:56,300 --> 05:08:58,100
great great grandparents of 
today's online. 

5681
05:08:58,100 --> 05:09:01,600
Gardening communities seed, 
swaps and plant exchanges. 

5682
05:09:02,600 --> 05:09:05,300
The Same Spirit of generous 
sharing that drove gardeners to 

5683
05:09:05,300 --> 05:09:09,400
risk their jobs for rare Orchid.
Cuttings now motivates people to

5684
05:09:09,400 --> 05:09:11,400
male seeds to strangers across 
the country. 

5685
05:09:11,400 --> 05:09:15,000
Host growing tips on social 
media and share their Gardens 

5686
05:09:15,000 --> 05:09:19,100
successes with anyone who 
listened every time you see a 

5687
05:09:19,100 --> 05:09:21,500
gardening Forum, where someone 
offers to send precedes to 

5688
05:09:21,500 --> 05:09:24,000
fellow enthusiasts your 
witnessing, the direct 

5689
05:09:24,000 --> 05:09:28,000
descendant of Victoria plant, 
piracy When Master Gardener 

5690
05:09:28,000 --> 05:09:31,100
program shared knowledge freely 
with home gardeners, they're 

5691
05:09:31,100 --> 05:09:33,500
carrying on the tradition of 
those whether watching networks 

5692
05:09:33,500 --> 05:09:36,000
that helped gardeners across 
entire County's, protect their 

5693
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:38,900
crops. 
The techniques those ingenious 

5694
05:09:38,900 --> 05:09:41,000
victorians developed didn't 
disappear either. 

5695
05:09:41,000 --> 05:09:44,400
Modern Greenhouse technology. 
Still uses many of the heat 

5696
05:09:44,400 --> 05:09:46,800
management and ventilation 
principles that pineapple 

5697
05:09:46,800 --> 05:09:48,500
obsessed. 
Gardeners worked out through 

5698
05:09:48,500 --> 05:09:51,700
trial and error. 
The companion planting methods, 

5699
05:09:51,700 --> 05:09:54,400
they discovered, while trying to
maximize production in small 

5700
05:09:54,400 --> 05:09:58,000
spaces became the foundation for
sustainable gardening practices.

5701
05:09:58,000 --> 05:10:01,100
We used to today. 
Even more importantly, they 

5702
05:10:01,100 --> 05:10:03,900
established the tradition of 
gardening as a democratic art. 

5703
05:10:04,600 --> 05:10:07,500
Those Victorian gardeners who 
refused to let rare plants. 

5704
05:10:07,500 --> 05:10:09,100
Remain locked away in private 
collections. 

5705
05:10:09,100 --> 05:10:12,200
Were fighting for the same 
principle that drives Public 

5706
05:10:12,200 --> 05:10:16,200
Gardens seed, libraries and 
Community growing spaces today. 

5707
05:10:17,200 --> 05:10:20,100
The belief that beauty and 
knowledge should be shared, not 

5708
05:10:20,100 --> 05:10:22,600
hoarded. 
The record-keeping habits they 

5709
05:10:22,600 --> 05:10:26,400
developed tracking weather 
patterns noting, which varieties

5710
05:10:26,400 --> 05:10:29,800
performed best in specific 
conditions and documenting the 

5711
05:10:29,800 --> 05:10:31,700
relationships between different 
plants. 

5712
05:10:32,400 --> 05:10:35,600
Evolved into the citizens 
science networks, that help us 

5713
05:10:35,600 --> 05:10:39,100
understand climate change track,
plant diseases and develop 

5714
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:41,600
better growing methods. 
Their weather prediction 

5715
05:10:41,600 --> 05:10:44,500
networks were the ancestors of 
modern Agricultural Extension 

5716
05:10:44,500 --> 05:10:47,800
services, and the informal 
climate monitoring that helps 

5717
05:10:47,800 --> 05:10:49,900
farmers and gardeners adapt to 
changing conditions. 

5718
05:10:51,300 --> 05:10:54,100
Those Victorian gardeners who 
read the sky and felt changes in

5719
05:10:54,100 --> 05:10:56,200
their bones were practicing the 
same careful. 

5720
05:10:56,200 --> 05:10:59,000
Observation that helps to 
today's gardeners decide when to

5721
05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:02,600
plant when to harvest and went 
to protect their plants from 

5722
05:11:02,600 --> 05:11:07,000
unexpected weather. 
Perhaps most beautifully their 

5723
05:11:07,000 --> 05:11:08,500
tradition of mentorship and 
knowledge. 

5724
05:11:08,500 --> 05:11:11,200
Sharing continues in every 
experienced Gardener who takes 

5725
05:11:11,200 --> 05:11:14,200
time to help a neighbor, every 
Garden Club that welcomes 

5726
05:11:14,200 --> 05:11:17,400
newcomers and every grandparent 
who teaches a child to plant 

5727
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:20,900
seeds, the same generous spirit 
that motivated, those 

5728
05:11:20,900 --> 05:11:23,500
underground Botanical networks 
drives, the informal 

5729
05:11:23,500 --> 05:11:27,000
educational, that happens over 
garden fences, and in community,

5730
05:11:27,000 --> 05:11:30,300
gardens around the world. 
The flower language they used 

5731
05:11:30,300 --> 05:11:32,200
for communication as mostly 
faded. 

5732
05:11:32,200 --> 05:11:35,800
But the deeper principle, it 
represented that Gardens are 

5733
05:11:35,800 --> 05:11:40,100
spaces for connection creativity
and subtle communication lives 

5734
05:11:40,100 --> 05:11:42,800
on. 
Modern Gardens still serve as 

5735
05:11:42,800 --> 05:11:45,800
places where people Express 
their personalities, share their

5736
05:11:45,800 --> 05:11:49,000
cultures, and create beauty that
speaks to others without words. 

5737
05:11:49,700 --> 05:11:51,300
What would those Victorian 
gardeners? 

5738
05:11:51,300 --> 05:11:55,400
Think if they could see us now. 
They'd probably be amazed by our

5739
05:11:55,400 --> 05:11:59,400
technology, Automatic Irrigation
Systems soil, testing kits, 

5740
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:03,400
online plant identification apps
and Global seed exchanges that 

5741
05:12:03,400 --> 05:12:06,300
can deliver rare varieties to 
your door in days, rather than 

5742
05:12:06,300 --> 05:12:08,800
years. 
But they'd also recognize the 

5743
05:12:08,800 --> 05:12:12,300
same fundamental challenges. 
They face the need to work with 

5744
05:12:12,300 --> 05:12:15,200
unpredictable whether the 
satisfaction of nurturing 

5745
05:12:15,200 --> 05:12:18,300
Something, Beautiful into 
existence, the joy of sharing 

5746
05:12:18,300 --> 05:12:21,300
discoveries with fellow 
enthusiasts and the quiet 

5747
05:12:21,300 --> 05:12:24,200
rebellion of creating abundance 
in a world that often seems 

5748
05:12:24,200 --> 05:12:27,400
designed to limit it. 
Their Legacy isn't just in the 

5749
05:12:27,400 --> 05:12:30,100
plants they preserved or the 
techniques they developed. 

5750
05:12:30,800 --> 05:12:33,700
It's in the understanding that 
gardening is fundamentally about

5751
05:12:33,700 --> 05:12:38,100
connection to the natural world 
to our communities and to the 

5752
05:12:38,100 --> 05:12:41,200
long chain of people who work 
the soil before us and will 

5753
05:12:41,200 --> 05:12:44,000
continue after we're gone. 
So the next time you're in your 

5754
05:12:44,008 --> 05:12:48,200
garden whether it's a window box
of herbs or Acres of landscape 

5755
05:12:48,200 --> 05:12:50,400
Beauty. 
Remember those Victorian 

5756
05:12:50,400 --> 05:12:52,800
gardeners who worked by 
Moonlight, to share their 

5757
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:55,500
cuttings, who read the weather 
in bird behavior, and cloud 

5758
05:12:55,500 --> 05:12:59,400
formations who created networks 
of generosity that spanned 

5759
05:12:59,400 --> 05:13:03,100
counties and decades. 
They're still there in a way in 

5760
05:13:03,100 --> 05:13:05,900
every seed, you plant with hope 
every cutting you share with a 

5761
05:13:05,900 --> 05:13:08,100
friend. 
Every moment, when you stop to 

5762
05:13:08,100 --> 05:13:10,900
really notice the miracle of 
growth happening right in front 

5763
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:13,300
of you. 
Their secret was never really 

5764
05:13:13,300 --> 05:13:15,900
about the plants. 
It was about understanding that 

5765
05:13:15,900 --> 05:13:18,100
the most beautiful garden, 
Gardens are grown, not just with

5766
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:21,800
soil and water, but with 
Community curiosity, and the 

5767
05:13:21,800 --> 05:13:24,200
kind of quiet courage that 
chooses to create Beauty, 

5768
05:13:24,200 --> 05:13:29,300
regardless of the circumstances,
sweet dreams fellow Gardener may

5769
05:13:29,300 --> 05:13:31,100
your plants Thrive and Your 
Roots Run Deep. 

5770
05:13:34,600 --> 05:13:37,600
Most likely you're wearing a 
watch at the moment perhaps it's

5771
05:13:37,600 --> 05:13:40,200
cleverly buzzing on your wrist 
to remind you of meetings and to

5772
05:13:40,200 --> 05:13:43,500
keep track of your steps maybe 
it's a classic watch that your 

5773
05:13:43,500 --> 05:13:45,800
father gave. 
You the kind that ticks in a 

5774
05:13:45,800 --> 05:13:49,300
nice way when you press it to 
your ear, the pocket, watch a 

5775
05:13:49,300 --> 05:13:52,000
small mechanical Marvel that sat
for centuries in the hearts of 

5776
05:13:52,008 --> 05:13:55,400
farmers Emperors and everyone 
else in between is the 

5777
05:13:55,400 --> 05:13:59,300
grandfather of all personal 
timepieces, The invention of the

5778
05:13:59,308 --> 05:14:01,800
pocket watch was not a sudden 
horological miracle. 

5779
05:14:02,600 --> 05:14:05,400
Know it developed gradually, as 
most good things do. 

5780
05:14:06,700 --> 05:14:08,900
Clockmakers were working in 
their workshops in the early, 

5781
05:14:08,900 --> 05:14:12,600
1500s attempting to reduce the 
enormous Tower, clocks that 

5782
05:14:12,600 --> 05:14:16,800
ruled European cities. these 
initial attempts were roughly as

5783
05:14:16,800 --> 05:14:20,300
accurate as a sundial during a 
thunderstorm and as portable as 

5784
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:24,300
a small refrigerator, When 
someone who historians still 

5785
05:14:24,300 --> 05:14:27,400
disagree about figured out, how 
to make a mainspring small 

5786
05:14:27,400 --> 05:14:29,600
enough to fit in something, you 
could actually carry. 

5787
05:14:29,600 --> 05:14:33,200
That was the real breakthrough. 
This was more than just 

5788
05:14:33,200 --> 05:14:35,300
engineering. 
There was like, packing, a water

5789
05:14:35,300 --> 05:14:39,000
wheels Force into a biscuit size
object, the Revolutionary idea 

5790
05:14:39,000 --> 05:14:41,900
behind those early pocket 
watches was that time was no 

5791
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:44,400
longer bound by location. 
They were cumbersome. 

5792
05:14:44,400 --> 05:14:47,800
Heavy devices that hung from 
chains like portable anvils, 

5793
05:14:47,800 --> 05:14:51,600
it's critical to comprehend what
this meant prior to the 

5794
05:14:51,608 --> 05:14:54,900
invention of pocket watches time
was determined by the sound of 

5795
05:14:54,900 --> 05:14:58,400
church bells, the Town Square 
and the cycle of sunrise and 

5796
05:14:58,400 --> 05:15:01,500
sunset. 
All of a sudden time itself 

5797
05:15:01,500 --> 05:15:03,100
could be owned by Regular 
People. 

5798
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:07,200
They were able to plan meetings 
schedule, appointments divide 

5799
05:15:07,200 --> 05:15:10,700
their days into manageable 
chunks and perhaps most 

5800
05:15:10,700 --> 05:15:12,900
importantly, arrived subtly 
late. 

5801
05:15:13,800 --> 05:15:16,900
The first pocket watches, were 
expensive luxury items that most

5802
05:15:16,900 --> 05:15:19,500
people couldn't afford in a 
year, they were mechanical 

5803
05:15:19,500 --> 05:15:22,900
wonders conversation starters 
and Status, symbols, that gave 

5804
05:15:22,900 --> 05:15:24,700
their owners. 
The impression that they were 

5805
05:15:24,700 --> 05:15:28,100
carrying a piece of the future, 
Rich Merchants wore them as 

5806
05:15:28,100 --> 05:15:30,800
symbols of their success and 
Kings gathered them like 

5807
05:15:30,808 --> 05:15:33,700
precious gems. 
This is where the story starts 

5808
05:15:33,700 --> 05:15:37,100
to get interesting, though. 
A pocket watch was not exclusive

5809
05:15:37,100 --> 05:15:39,100
for very long. 
As is the case with most 

5810
05:15:39,100 --> 05:15:43,100
high-end products Craftsman 
discovered ways to improve lower

5811
05:15:43,100 --> 05:15:45,200
the cost and increase their 
dependability. 

5812
05:15:46,300 --> 05:15:49,600
By the 1600s middle class 
professionals were simple 

5813
05:15:49,600 --> 05:15:54,200
timepieces and by the 1700s even
farmers were using their watches

5814
05:15:54,200 --> 05:15:56,600
to determine when it was time 
for their afternoon naps. 

5815
05:15:56,600 --> 05:15:58,600
The initial designs were 
endearingly. 

5816
05:15:58,600 --> 05:16:01,800
Floored some clocks were so bad 
at keeping time that their 

5817
05:16:01,800 --> 05:16:04,400
owners had to wind them several 
times a day but they still 

5818
05:16:04,400 --> 05:16:06,600
showed up everywhere either 
fashionably late or 

5819
05:16:06,600 --> 05:16:09,500
embarrassingly early. 
The faces were frequently, 

5820
05:16:09,500 --> 05:16:12,500
artistic Creations. 
Such as intricate enamel, 

5821
05:16:12,500 --> 05:16:16,200
paintings of mythological 
characters, pastoral Landscapes 

5822
05:16:16,200 --> 05:16:19,700
or loved ones, portraits Having 
one was similar to having a 

5823
05:16:19,700 --> 05:16:21,300
small Gallery in your best 
pocket. 

5824
05:16:21,900 --> 05:16:24,200
The way these early pocket 
watches altered people's 

5825
05:16:24,200 --> 05:16:27,200
perspective on their days is 
what most intrigues me about 

5826
05:16:27,200 --> 05:16:30,300
them in the past. 
You might have said, I'll meet 

5827
05:16:30,308 --> 05:16:32,900
you in the sun is halfway down 
the sky today. 

5828
05:16:32,900 --> 05:16:36,000
You could say, I'll meet you at 
3:50 this accuracy, 

5829
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:38,400
revolutionized social life 
travel and Commerce. 

5830
05:16:38,400 --> 05:16:40,700
In ways. 
Their creators could never have 

5831
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:44,200
predicted Tower clocks were 
never able to achieve the same 

5832
05:16:44,200 --> 05:16:47,800
level of personalization as the 
pocket watch like feeding a pet.

5833
05:16:47,800 --> 05:16:51,500
You wind the device each morning
you dozed off while listening to

5834
05:16:51,500 --> 05:16:54,400
its steady tick. 
Not only did you lose track of 

5835
05:16:54,400 --> 05:16:56,600
time when it broke, but you also
lost a friend. 

5836
05:16:57,500 --> 05:17:01,100
A symbols of love husbands, gave
them to wives, fathers handed 

5837
05:17:01,100 --> 05:17:03,600
them down to sons and lovers 
traded them. 

5838
05:17:04,200 --> 05:17:07,900
By the late, 1600s anyone who 
wanted to be respected, had to 

5839
05:17:07,900 --> 05:17:10,600
have a pocket watch. 
Keeping up with a world that was

5840
05:17:10,600 --> 05:17:13,400
starting to move at a more 
mechanical Pace was more 

5841
05:17:13,400 --> 05:17:17,200
important than simply keeping 
time when the 1700s arrived 

5842
05:17:17,200 --> 05:17:19,500
pocket watches entered, what 
could be described as their 

5843
05:17:19,500 --> 05:17:22,300
awkward adolescents. 
They were becoming increasingly 

5844
05:17:22,300 --> 05:17:25,000
sophisticated, but they still 
needed to mature. 

5845
05:17:25,000 --> 05:17:28,900
The fundamental idea was sound 
but the way it was carried out 

5846
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:31,400
needed Improvement. 
It takes a lot of work. 

5847
05:17:31,400 --> 05:17:35,300
Accuracy was the primary issue, 
the accuracy of early pocket 

5848
05:17:35,300 --> 05:17:37,800
watches was comparable to that 
of weather forecasts. 

5849
05:17:37,800 --> 05:17:41,200
That is they were accurate 
enough to maintain interest, but

5850
05:17:41,200 --> 05:17:44,700
inaccurate enough to create 
serious issues, it's possible 

5851
05:17:44,700 --> 05:17:48,000
for a merchant who gets to the 
market and our early to find out

5852
05:17:48,000 --> 05:17:52,000
that his watch has been running 
fast for the past three days or 

5853
05:17:52,000 --> 05:17:54,200
Worse. 
His watch might decide to take 

5854
05:17:54,200 --> 05:17:57,800
an unplanned break, causing him 
to miss a crucial meeting. 

5855
05:17:57,800 --> 05:18:00,300
The story becomes wonderfully 
obsessive. 

5856
05:18:00,300 --> 05:18:03,200
At this point clockmakers 
throughout Europe were 

5857
05:18:03,200 --> 05:18:05,800
enthralled with the task of 
Designing the perfect pocket 

5858
05:18:05,800 --> 05:18:09,900
watch Like musical virtuosos, 
they were creating time itself 

5859
05:18:09,900 --> 05:18:14,500
one ticket at a time rather than
Symphonies, the balance wheel, a

5860
05:18:14,500 --> 05:18:17,200
tiny rotating component that 
became the beating heart of any 

5861
05:18:17,200 --> 05:18:19,700
high quality pocket. 
Watch was the Breakthrough. 

5862
05:18:19,700 --> 05:18:23,100
Consider it the more portable 
smaller cousin of the pendulum 

5863
05:18:23,100 --> 05:18:26,300
time could be divided into 
remarkably accurate segments by 

5864
05:18:26,300 --> 05:18:29,400
this tiny device which 
oscillating back and forth with 

5865
05:18:29,400 --> 05:18:33,500
such regularity. 
Delicate precisely balanced and 

5866
05:18:33,500 --> 05:18:36,800
calibrated, with the accuracy of
a Master, Chef measuring spices,

5867
05:18:36,800 --> 05:18:39,900
the best balance Wheels with the
cells works of art. 

5868
05:18:40,600 --> 05:18:42,200
The Undisputed masters of 
pocket. 

5869
05:18:42,200 --> 05:18:44,100
Watch accuracy were English 
clockmakers. 

5870
05:18:44,100 --> 05:18:48,000
Specially those based in London 
They created methods for 

5871
05:18:48,000 --> 05:18:49,800
creating gears that were so 
smooth. 

5872
05:18:49,800 --> 05:18:53,500
They didn't seem to tick. 
But rather whispered they 

5873
05:18:53,500 --> 05:18:56,200
produced such Exquisite cases 
that have fluent clients 

5874
05:18:56,200 --> 05:18:59,500
purchased them for their visual 
appeal as much as their ability 

5875
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:02,200
to tell time. 
But in surprise in ways the 

5876
05:19:02,200 --> 05:19:05,500
Swiss transformed the sector 
Swiss Artisans started thinking 

5877
05:19:05,500 --> 05:19:08,700
about mass production while the 
English concentrated on making 

5878
05:19:08,700 --> 05:19:12,200
the most Exquisite and accurate 
timepieces for the afluente. 

5879
05:19:12,200 --> 05:19:15,000
They created methods for 
producing Dependable, pocket 

5880
05:19:15,000 --> 05:19:18,900
watches that the average working
person could afford There were 

5881
05:19:18,900 --> 05:19:20,900
significant societal 
repercussions from this 

5882
05:19:20,900 --> 05:19:24,000
democratization of timekeeping. 
Factory worker. 

5883
05:19:24,000 --> 05:19:27,400
Could now own the same kind of 
Precision Watches his boss for 

5884
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:31,500
the first time in human history.
Both could arrive at exactly the

5885
05:19:31,500 --> 05:19:34,600
same time and know they were on 
time, but this didn't exactly 

5886
05:19:34,600 --> 05:19:37,300
level the playing field because 
the worker had a plain steel 

5887
05:19:37,308 --> 05:19:39,600
watch and the boss still had a 
gold one. 

5888
05:19:39,600 --> 05:19:40,900
That was encrusted with 
diamonds. 

5889
05:19:40,900 --> 05:19:44,700
Additionally, the pocket watch 
emerged as a key component of 

5890
05:19:44,700 --> 05:19:47,600
the professional culture. 
Teachers, use them to organize 

5891
05:19:47,600 --> 05:19:50,500
their lessons, doctors use them 
to time patients. 

5892
05:19:50,500 --> 05:19:53,300
Pulses, and lawyers used them to
build by the hour. 

5893
05:19:54,400 --> 05:19:57,000
Time is money was no longer 
merely a catchphrase. 

5894
05:19:57,000 --> 05:20:00,300
It was a quantifiable fact that 
you could grasp in your hand. 

5895
05:20:01,500 --> 05:20:04,100
The most endearing thing about 
pocket watches from the 18th 

5896
05:20:04,100 --> 05:20:07,200
century is how their designers 
couldn't help, but add tiny 

5897
05:20:07,200 --> 05:20:10,700
details that made them fun to 
own even though they had no 

5898
05:20:10,700 --> 05:20:14,000
functional use. 
On the hour, some performed, 

5899
05:20:14,000 --> 05:20:16,900
little Melodies others. 
Had miniature astronomical 

5900
05:20:16,900 --> 05:20:19,000
displays that. 
Displayed the planets positions 

5901
05:20:19,000 --> 05:20:22,100
or the moon's phases. 
A handful of aspirational 

5902
05:20:22,100 --> 05:20:24,900
artists, produced timepieces 
with numerous complications, 

5903
05:20:24,900 --> 05:20:28,700
mechanical elements, that could 
record the day of the week, the 

5904
05:20:28,700 --> 05:20:32,100
date, and even leap years. 
These were portable 

5905
05:20:32,100 --> 05:20:34,400
Entertainment Systems rather 
than merely watches. 

5906
05:20:34,400 --> 05:20:38,500
You could syrup Isley, check, 
not only the time, but also 

5907
05:20:38,500 --> 05:20:41,500
where the Saturn was in the 
right Celestial alignment for 

5908
05:20:41,500 --> 05:20:44,300
making crucial business 
decisions, during the carriage 

5909
05:20:44,300 --> 05:20:48,000
rides or dull social gatherings.
The cases themselves were 

5910
05:20:48,000 --> 05:20:50,000
transformed into artistic 
canvases. 

5911
05:20:50,000 --> 05:20:53,600
They were adorned with elaborate
designs family, crests and 

5912
05:20:53,600 --> 05:20:56,300
significant inscriptions by 
talented engravers. 

5913
05:20:57,200 --> 05:21:00,700
Touching personal messages like 
to my beloved Son on his wedding

5914
05:21:00,700 --> 05:21:03,900
day. 
In memory of faithful service or

5915
05:21:03,900 --> 05:21:07,900
occasionally just time flies, 
but memories remain a found on a

5916
05:21:07,900 --> 05:21:09,200
lot of pocket watches from this 
era. 

5917
05:21:10,100 --> 05:21:13,600
The railroad, which was invented
in the early 1800s would 

5918
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:17,400
fundamentally alter how people 
perceive time, all of the sudden

5919
05:21:17,400 --> 05:21:21,100
taking, a few minutes off, was 
not only inconvenient, but also 

5920
05:21:21,100 --> 05:21:24,400
potentially fatal. 
You see, approximate timing was 

5921
05:21:24,400 --> 05:21:26,900
perfectly acceptable. 
When long distance, traveled was

5922
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:30,600
primarily accomplished by horse 
and carriage Passengers, just 

5923
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:32,700
waited if the afternoon stage 
was running late. 

5924
05:21:33,500 --> 05:21:36,000
You catch the next one tomorrow 
or the day after, if you missed 

5925
05:21:36,000 --> 05:21:40,100
the previous one, time was still
pliable and forgiving trained. 

5926
05:21:40,100 --> 05:21:43,200
However, altered all of that, 
they followed time tables that 

5927
05:21:43,200 --> 05:21:46,500
were measured in minutes rather 
than ours more significantly 

5928
05:21:46,500 --> 05:21:49,700
there were on the same tracks 
which meant that two trains that

5929
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:51,200
were even slightly behind 
schedule. 

5930
05:21:51,200 --> 05:21:53,600
Could end up sharing a section 
of railroad at the same time, 

5931
05:21:53,600 --> 05:21:56,600
which would never totally lead 
to disastrous outcomes. 

5932
05:21:57,700 --> 05:22:00,000
The pocket, watch industry. 
Grew to meet the unprecedented. 

5933
05:22:00,000 --> 05:22:02,500
Demand for accurate. 
Timekeeping that resulted from 

5934
05:22:02,500 --> 05:22:06,300
this? 
Conductors engineers and station

5935
05:22:06,300 --> 05:22:09,100
Masters, were required by 
railroad companies to wear 

5936
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:11,900
watches that adhere to stringent
accuracy requirements. 

5937
05:22:12,700 --> 05:22:15,700
These were precise devices that 
needed to maintain time within 

5938
05:22:15,700 --> 05:22:19,000
seconds not minutes. 
So they weren't just any pocket 

5939
05:22:19,000 --> 05:22:23,200
watches The railroad pocket 
watch evolved into a symbol of 

5940
05:22:23,208 --> 05:22:27,100
expertise, large sturdy and 
built to continue operating 

5941
05:22:27,100 --> 05:22:30,000
precisely and spite of the 
frequent jarring and vibration 

5942
05:22:30,000 --> 05:22:32,500
of train travel. 
These timepieces were the norm 

5943
05:22:33,400 --> 05:22:36,100
because a conductor had a 
rapidly check the time even in 

5944
05:22:36,100 --> 05:22:37,900
low light or while traveling at 
a high speed. 

5945
05:22:37,900 --> 05:22:40,300
They had faces that were bold 
and easy to read. 

5946
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:44,200
Railroad companies set up 
complex synchronization systems 

5947
05:22:44,200 --> 05:22:46,200
because they took accuracy in 
time. 

5948
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:50,100
Keeping very seriously, railroad
workers would be able to adjust 

5949
05:22:50,100 --> 05:22:52,800
their watches to match the 
Master Clock by using the 

5950
05:22:52,800 --> 05:22:54,600
telegraph to transmit, official 
time. 

5951
05:22:54,600 --> 05:22:58,900
Signals at Major stations. as a 
result, a truly standardized 

5952
05:22:58,900 --> 05:23:02,400
time system that covered great 
distance is established for the 

5953
05:23:02,400 --> 05:23:07,100
first time in human history, it 
had a huge social impact Prior 

5954
05:23:07,100 --> 05:23:10,400
to the invention of railroads, 
each Town, maintained its own 

5955
05:23:10,400 --> 05:23:13,700
local time which was typically 
determined by the time the sun 

5956
05:23:13,708 --> 05:23:17,700
rose, this implied, that it 
might be 11:47 in Philadelphia 

5957
05:23:17,700 --> 05:23:20,700
and 12:30 in Boston, at noon, in
New York. 

5958
05:23:21,800 --> 05:23:23,900
This had little bearing on 
day-to-day existence. 

5959
05:23:23,900 --> 05:23:27,900
It was chaos for railroad. 
Scheduling pocket watches, 

5960
05:23:27,900 --> 05:23:30,800
became the tools that enabled 
the standardized time zones that

5961
05:23:30,800 --> 05:23:34,400
were imposed by the railroads, 
all of a sudden millions of 

5962
05:23:34,408 --> 05:23:37,100
people were adjusting their 
daily routines to the mechanical

5963
05:23:37,100 --> 05:23:39,800
accuracy of their own 
timepieces, rather than the sun 

5964
05:23:39,800 --> 05:23:42,700
or church bells. 
Significant advancements in the 

5965
05:23:42,700 --> 05:23:45,400
production of pocket watches 
also occur during this time. 

5966
05:23:46,300 --> 05:23:48,700
In order to simplify repairs and
increase manufacturing 

5967
05:23:48,700 --> 05:23:52,200
efficiency, American companies, 
such as Wolfram and Elgin 

5968
05:23:52,200 --> 05:23:55,100
started manufacturing watches 
with interchangeable parts. 

5969
05:23:55,900 --> 05:23:58,400
Each watch was no longer. 
A one of a kind handcrafted 

5970
05:23:58,400 --> 05:24:02,000
object rather, they were 
Precision engineered products 

5971
05:24:02,000 --> 05:24:05,200
that were simple to maintain and
could be assembled rapidly. 

5972
05:24:06,000 --> 05:24:08,600
The railroad standard pocket 
watch Rose to prominence as a 

5973
05:24:08,600 --> 05:24:10,500
symbol of industrial accuracy in
America. 

5974
05:24:11,400 --> 05:24:14,000
These watches were constructed 
to endure, the harsh conditions 

5975
05:24:14,000 --> 05:24:17,900
of railroad, work passed, 
stringent testing and received 

5976
05:24:17,900 --> 05:24:21,600
accuracy certification. 
They were also beautiful items. 

5977
05:24:21,600 --> 05:24:23,800
Even the most practical railroad
watch. 

5978
05:24:23,800 --> 05:24:27,900
Had tasteful hands, well-crafted
numerals and cases that were 

5979
05:24:27,900 --> 05:24:31,700
both practical and beautiful. 
However, the way that pocket 

5980
05:24:31,700 --> 05:24:34,500
watches became ingrained in, 
professional identity was 

5981
05:24:34,500 --> 05:24:36,900
perhaps the most intriguing 
development of this era. 

5982
05:24:38,200 --> 05:24:41,000
The railroad man's watch 
represented, his dependability, 

5983
05:24:41,000 --> 05:24:43,900
accuracy and dedication to 
safety. 

5984
05:24:44,600 --> 05:24:47,700
It was more than just a tool 
since being able to tell the 

5985
05:24:47,700 --> 05:24:50,100
exact time was essential to 
their professional reputation. 

5986
05:24:50,100 --> 05:24:53,100
These men would spend their own 
money on the best watches. 

5987
05:24:53,100 --> 05:24:56,800
They could afford. 
The practice of inspecting and 

5988
05:24:56,800 --> 05:24:59,500
certifying watches was also 
started during the railroad 

5989
05:24:59,500 --> 05:25:00,600
pocket. 
Watch era. 

5990
05:25:01,200 --> 05:25:04,000
Professional watch, inspectors, 
were hired by railroad companies

5991
05:25:04,000 --> 05:25:07,200
to regularly, check timepieces 
to make sure they adhere to the 

5992
05:25:07,200 --> 05:25:09,600
stringent requirements needed 
for safe operation. 

5993
05:25:10,300 --> 05:25:12,700
As a result, a culture of 
superior horology, was 

5994
05:25:12,700 --> 05:25:15,800
established, which impacted 
watchmaking for many years to 

5995
05:25:15,800 --> 05:25:18,300
come. 
One could refer to the late 19th

5996
05:25:18,300 --> 05:25:21,200
and early 20th centuries as the 
Golden Age of the pocket. 

5997
05:25:21,200 --> 05:25:24,200
Watch At this time, the 
technical and cultural 

5998
05:25:24,200 --> 05:25:26,100
significance of these mechanical
wanders. 

5999
05:25:26,100 --> 05:25:29,300
Peaked Pocket watches were more 
than just timepieces. 

6000
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:32,600
During this time, they were 
technological Marvels family, 

6001
05:25:32,600 --> 05:25:36,000
heirlooms, and statements all 
combined into one sophisticated 

6002
05:25:36,000 --> 05:25:39,400
package. 
The diversity was astounding for

6003
05:25:39,400 --> 05:25:41,200
a few dollars. 
You could purchase a 

6004
05:25:41,200 --> 05:25:44,300
straightforward Dependable, 
watch or you could commission a 

6005
05:25:44,300 --> 05:25:47,700
work of art that took years to 
complete and cost more than a 

6006
05:25:47,700 --> 05:25:50,200
house. 
This air is luxury timepieces, 

6007
05:25:50,200 --> 05:25:52,600
were truly remarkable even 
today. 

6008
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:55,900
The intricate timepieces made by
Master Craftsmen seem almost 

6009
05:25:55,900 --> 05:25:58,800
magical in addition to telling 
you the time. 

6010
05:25:58,800 --> 05:26:01,900
Some watches can also tell you 
the date the day of the week, 

6011
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:05,800
the month, the year, and the 
moon phase, others had Manute 

6012
05:26:05,800 --> 05:26:08,700
repeaters which were devices 
that when a button was pressed, 

6013
05:26:08,700 --> 05:26:11,800
chime out the time so that you 
could determine the hour. 

6014
05:26:11,800 --> 05:26:14,200
Even in. 
Total darkness Perpetual 

6015
05:26:14,200 --> 05:26:17,400
calendars that automatically 
corrected for leap years and 

6016
05:26:17,400 --> 05:26:19,500
would stay accurate for 
centuries without human 

6017
05:26:19,500 --> 05:26:21,900
correction were among the most 
ambitious pieces. 

6018
05:26:21,900 --> 05:26:25,900
These were merely timepieces. 
They were tiny mechanical 

6019
05:26:25,900 --> 05:26:28,900
computers that were designed to 
track the intricate details of 

6020
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:30,900
our calendar system. 
With amazing accuracy. 

6021
05:26:30,900 --> 05:26:34,900
However, not only the affluent 
adopted pocket watches during 

6022
05:26:34,900 --> 05:26:37,600
the Heyday. 
Working Class, People could now.

6023
05:26:37,600 --> 05:26:40,200
Afford Dependable timepieces. 
Thanks to mass production 

6024
05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:42,300
techniques. 
And owning a watch, came to be 

6025
05:26:42,308 --> 05:26:44,800
seen as a sign of respectability
and responsibility. 

6026
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:49,000
When a young man got his first 
pocket watch, he was taking part

6027
05:26:49,000 --> 05:26:52,100
in a milestone as important as 
getting his first job or suit. 

6028
05:26:52,900 --> 05:26:55,400
The pocket watch was an integral
part of Every Day, Life. 

6029
05:26:56,200 --> 05:26:58,500
Winding your watch. 
Each morning was a meditative 

6030
05:26:58,500 --> 05:27:00,300
way to connect with your own 
timepiece. 

6031
05:27:00,300 --> 05:27:03,400
You would check the time 
throughout the day by using a 

6032
05:27:03,400 --> 05:27:06,500
familiar motion to reach into 
your vest pocket and pull out 

6033
05:27:06,500 --> 05:27:09,200
the watch. 
By its chain, this wasn't really

6034
05:27:09,200 --> 05:27:11,600
practical. 
It was a little act that showed 

6035
05:27:11,600 --> 05:27:14,500
the world that you were a person
who appreciated accuracy and 

6036
05:27:14,500 --> 05:27:17,300
timeliness. 
The chains themselves turned 

6037
05:27:17,300 --> 05:27:20,100
into fashion accessories. 
Some were straightforward and 

6038
05:27:20,100 --> 05:27:23,000
practical While others were all 
Nate pieces of jewelry with 

6039
05:27:23,000 --> 05:27:26,700
meaningful, charms decorative 
fobs, and intricate links. 

6040
05:27:27,600 --> 05:27:30,800
Socially conservative men, a 
Watch chain was frequently. 

6041
05:27:30,800 --> 05:27:33,300
One of the few pieces of jewelry
they could wear without looking 

6042
05:27:33,300 --> 05:27:35,000
garish. 
Interesting. 

6043
05:27:35,000 --> 05:27:37,700
Tales about the owners of these 
pocket watches can be found in 

6044
05:27:37,700 --> 05:27:41,600
their cases, numerous ones had 
initials family crests or 

6045
05:27:41,600 --> 05:27:45,700
private messages engraved on the
Summit hinged backs that open to

6046
05:27:45,700 --> 05:27:48,700
reveal pictures of loved ones, 
making them portable private 

6047
05:27:48,700 --> 05:27:51,400
shrines. 
The way that pocket watches from

6048
05:27:51,400 --> 05:27:54,600
this era became stores of 
meaning and memory is what makes

6049
05:27:54,600 --> 05:27:59,000
them so poignant Father would 
pass his watch to his son and 

6050
05:27:59,000 --> 05:28:00,800
tell him about his past 
exploits. 

6051
05:28:00,800 --> 05:28:04,400
It is possible for a wife to 
have a romantic inscription in 

6052
05:28:04,400 --> 05:28:07,900
graved on her husband's, what 
immigrants brought timepieces 

6053
05:28:07,900 --> 05:28:10,600
that link them to the nation's 
they had left behind and 

6054
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:13,000
soldiers carried watches, that 
brought them back to their 

6055
05:28:13,000 --> 05:28:15,800
Homeland. 
During this Heyday, the quality 

6056
05:28:15,800 --> 05:28:18,900
of manufacturing was exceptional
American firms. 

6057
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:21,900
Like Hamilton Waltham and 
Illinois as well as Swiss 

6058
05:28:21,900 --> 05:28:25,900
produces protect Philip and 
Vashon tour were creating 

6059
05:28:25,900 --> 05:28:27,900
watches. 
That were not only precise but 

6060
05:28:27,900 --> 05:28:31,300
also long lasting. 
More than a century later, many 

6061
05:28:31,300 --> 05:28:34,400
pocket watches from the era 
still functional, which speaks 

6062
05:28:34,400 --> 05:28:37,800
volumes about the craftsmanship 
of their creators and the 

6063
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:39,300
resilience of mechanical 
engineering. 

6064
05:28:40,100 --> 05:28:43,300
In ways that are difficult to 
imagine today, the pocket watch 

6065
05:28:43,300 --> 05:28:45,400
also became essential to 
professional life. 

6066
05:28:45,400 --> 05:28:48,800
They were used by doctors to 
track treatment outcomes and 

6067
05:28:48,800 --> 05:28:51,700
time patients, pulses attorneys 
charge. 

6068
05:28:51,700 --> 05:28:53,800
Their clients according to the 
exact timing of their 

6069
05:28:53,800 --> 05:28:57,600
consultations Factory managers 
use stopwatch accuracy to 

6070
05:28:57,600 --> 05:29:01,500
coordinate, shift changes, The 
pocket watch a necessary tool 

6071
05:29:01,500 --> 05:29:03,200
that structured and organized 
daily. 

6072
05:29:03,200 --> 05:29:05,800
Life was the smartphone of its 
time. 

6073
05:29:05,800 --> 05:29:08,800
Some of the most fascinating 
Tales From The Golden Age 

6074
05:29:08,800 --> 05:29:12,000
feature, unsung heroes, who 
depended on pocket watches in 

6075
05:29:12,000 --> 05:29:13,700
ways, their creators, never 
imagined. 

6076
05:29:13,700 --> 05:29:17,000
Despite the fact that we 
frequently associate them with 

6077
05:29:17,000 --> 05:29:21,700
affluent gentleman wearing top, 
hats consider nurse's, Nurses 

6078
05:29:21,700 --> 05:29:24,400
found that pocket watches were 
crucial instruments for patient 

6079
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:27,400
monitoring during a time when 
the medical field was becoming 

6080
05:29:27,400 --> 05:29:30,400
more scientific. 
They used to call Nate patient 

6081
05:29:30,400 --> 05:29:34,300
care track pulse rates and time 
medication intervals by pinning,

6082
05:29:34,300 --> 05:29:38,200
tiny sophisticated watches, the 
four runners of contemporary 

6083
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:39,800
nursing watches to their 
uniforms. 

6084
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:43,400
Since precise timing could mean 
the difference between life and 

6085
05:29:43,408 --> 05:29:46,300
death. 
These women, many of whom were 

6086
05:29:46,300 --> 05:29:49,400
from low-income families 
invested their own funds in high

6087
05:29:49,400 --> 05:29:52,400
quality timepieces. 
The relationship between rural 

6088
05:29:52,400 --> 05:29:55,100
mail carriers and pocket watches
became almost mystical. 

6089
05:29:55,100 --> 05:29:58,300
These postal workers used a 
combination of landmarks 

6090
05:29:58,300 --> 05:30:02,500
Instinct and exact timing to 
navigate before GPS or even 

6091
05:30:02,500 --> 05:30:04,200
trustworthy roadmaps were 
available. 

6092
05:30:05,200 --> 05:30:07,800
The carrier might be aware that 
the walk from the Johnson Farm 

6093
05:30:07,800 --> 05:30:11,700
to the creek took precisely 17 
minutes and that it took an 

6094
05:30:11,700 --> 05:30:14,200
additional 12 minutes to get to 
the Miller residents. 

6095
05:30:14,900 --> 05:30:17,900
They use their pocket watches as
navigational aids to keep track 

6096
05:30:17,900 --> 05:30:20,400
of their schedules while 
traveling miles on country roads

6097
05:30:20,400 --> 05:30:21,800
in a variety of weather 
conditions. 

6098
05:30:22,800 --> 05:30:26,100
Most astonishingly blind people 
found that their pocket watches 

6099
05:30:26,100 --> 05:30:28,700
could be used as highly Advanced
assistive technology. 

6100
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:31,500
In order to directly feel the 
hands position. 

6101
05:30:31,500 --> 05:30:34,700
Many pocket watches from this 
era had cases that could be 

6102
05:30:34,708 --> 05:30:38,700
opened with one hand. 
The first tactile timepieces in 

6103
05:30:38,700 --> 05:30:41,600
history were made possible by 
certain watches that were 

6104
05:30:41,600 --> 05:30:43,800
specially made with hands and 
numerals. 

6105
05:30:44,800 --> 05:30:47,500
A pocket watch became a means of
preserving Independence and 

6106
05:30:47,500 --> 05:30:49,700
navigating social situations 
with the Assurance. 

6107
05:30:49,700 --> 05:30:52,300
For those who are unable to rely
on visual cues. 

6108
05:30:53,200 --> 05:30:55,700
Pocket watches and the mining 
industry developed a unique 

6109
05:30:55,700 --> 05:30:58,700
relationship. 
Miners depended on sturdy 

6110
05:30:58,700 --> 05:31:00,300
timepieces. 
That could endure harsh 

6111
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:03,900
conditions because they worked 
deep underground where natural 

6112
05:31:03,900 --> 05:31:06,400
light never reached and shift 
schedules were essential for 

6113
05:31:06,400 --> 05:31:08,400
safety. 
Because they knew that 

6114
05:31:08,400 --> 05:31:11,200
synchronized timing could 
prevent accidents, and 

6115
05:31:11,200 --> 05:31:14,600
coordinate rescue operations, 
mining companies frequently 

6116
05:31:14,600 --> 05:31:17,900
included watches as part of 
their safety equipment, to 

6117
05:31:17,900 --> 05:31:20,900
maintain the exact timing needed
for their Beacon operations. 

6118
05:31:20,900 --> 05:31:24,000
Like housekeepers, those loan 
Protectors of coastal. 

6119
05:31:24,000 --> 05:31:28,000
Safety used pocket watches every
light house, had a distinct 

6120
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:30,900
pattern of light's. 
A particular series of flashes 

6121
05:31:30,900 --> 05:31:32,800
that made it easier for ships to
locate them. 

6122
05:31:33,500 --> 05:31:36,200
Lighthouse Keepers became 
proficient at using their pocket

6123
05:31:36,200 --> 05:31:39,300
watches to maintain these 
life-saving rhythms because 

6124
05:31:39,300 --> 05:31:42,100
maintaining these patterns 
required Split Second timing. 

6125
05:31:42,100 --> 05:31:45,100
These professional applications 
are intriguing because they 

6126
05:31:45,100 --> 05:31:47,900
drove innovation in watchmaking 
and unanticipated ways. 

6127
05:31:48,900 --> 05:31:51,300
Watches that were easy to 
sterilize when necessary for 

6128
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:54,800
nurses timepieces that could 
withstand explosions and 

6129
05:31:54,800 --> 05:31:58,300
cave-ins were necessary for 
minors. watches that could 

6130
05:31:58,308 --> 05:32:00,400
remain accurate and severe 
weather conditions were 

6131
05:32:00,400 --> 05:32:03,200
essential for light 
housekeepers, In response 

6132
05:32:03,200 --> 05:32:06,200
manufacturers created customized
designs. 

6133
05:32:07,000 --> 05:32:08,800
To guard against Industrial 
Equipment. 

6134
05:32:08,800 --> 05:32:13,300
Some watches had antimagnetic 
Shields others, had reinforced 

6135
05:32:13,300 --> 05:32:15,800
cases that were resilient to 
severe physical harm. 

6136
05:32:16,800 --> 05:32:19,700
Using radium based paint that 
glowed in total darkness. 

6137
05:32:19,700 --> 05:32:23,300
A few companies produced pocket 
watches with glowing hands and 

6138
05:32:23,300 --> 05:32:26,800
numerals but they were unaware 
of the potential health hazards 

6139
05:32:26,800 --> 05:32:30,900
associated with this invention. 
Innovation was still fueled by 

6140
05:32:30,900 --> 05:32:34,900
the railroad sector, but in more
complex ways, Some of the most 

6141
05:32:34,900 --> 05:32:37,900
sophisticated mechanical 
engineering of this era was 

6142
05:32:37,900 --> 05:32:41,000
found in the railroad pocket 
watches, despite the physical 

6143
05:32:41,000 --> 05:32:43,800
demands of railroad work. 
Temperature, fluctuations and 

6144
05:32:43,800 --> 05:32:47,100
continuous vibration. 
They had to maintain precise 

6145
05:32:47,100 --> 05:32:49,900
time. 
Railroad approved timepieces had

6146
05:32:49,900 --> 05:32:52,500
to remain accurate within 
seconds over weeks or months, 

6147
05:32:52,500 --> 05:32:55,100
which was a very demanding to 
testing process. 

6148
05:32:55,100 --> 05:32:58,600
However, the most heartwarming 
Tales are probably those of 

6149
05:32:58,600 --> 05:33:02,000
regular people who discovered 
extraordinary significance in 

6150
05:33:02,000 --> 05:33:04,900
their pocket watches. 
According to some stories 

6151
05:33:04,900 --> 05:33:07,600
immigrants, sold almost 
everything, they owned but 

6152
05:33:07,600 --> 05:33:10,600
retained their family watches as
reminders of their former homes.

6153
05:33:11,500 --> 05:33:13,300
Veterans. 
Who maintained routines that 

6154
05:33:13,300 --> 05:33:16,600
aided in their reintegration 
into society by using their 

6155
05:33:16,600 --> 05:33:20,500
military issued pocket watches 
Farmers, who use Swiss Clockwork

6156
05:33:20,500 --> 05:33:23,200
Precision to time everything 
from livestock feeding schedules

6157
05:33:23,200 --> 05:33:26,300
to crop plantings. 
Challenges in the early 20th 

6158
05:33:26,300 --> 05:33:29,000
century would drastically alter 
how people interacted with their

6159
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:32,600
watches, the world had never 
before seen such demands for 

6160
05:33:32,600 --> 05:33:35,100
precise timing as it did during 
the Great War. 

6161
05:33:35,100 --> 05:33:38,300
As it was, then known an 
unprecedented level of 

6162
05:33:38,308 --> 05:33:40,300
coordination was needed for 
military operations. 

6163
05:33:40,300 --> 05:33:43,800
Barrages of artillery. 
Had to be timed to the second 

6164
05:33:43,800 --> 05:33:47,000
cross miles of Battlefield 
infantry. 

6165
05:33:47,000 --> 05:33:50,900
Advances had to be coordinated. 
Everyone had to follow the same 

6166
05:33:50,900 --> 05:33:53,500
exact schedule in order for 
units to communicate with one 

6167
05:33:53,500 --> 05:33:55,800
another. 
Military leaders initially 

6168
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:58,300
believed that conventional 
pocket watches would satisfy 

6169
05:33:58,300 --> 05:34:02,200
these requirements. 
After all for decades railroad 

6170
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:04,900
companies and other Industries 
had benefitted greatly from 

6171
05:34:04,900 --> 05:34:08,100
these timepieces. 
However, the limitations of 

6172
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:11,300
pocket based time keeping were 
soon exposed by the realities of

6173
05:34:11,300 --> 05:34:14,800
trench warfare. 
When carrying equipment crawling

6174
05:34:14,800 --> 05:34:18,400
through mud or operating heavy 
machinery, soldiers found that 

6175
05:34:18,400 --> 05:34:21,200
it was frequently impossible to 
reach into a pocket to check the

6176
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:24,300
time. 
Even worse removing a pocket 

6177
05:34:24,300 --> 05:34:27,000
watch, could reveal a soldiers 
location to enemy Observers. 

6178
05:34:27,900 --> 05:34:31,100
Military personnel needed a 
discrete and Speedy way to check

6179
05:34:31,100 --> 05:34:34,700
the time unexpectedly women's 
watches provided, the answer 

6180
05:34:34,700 --> 05:34:38,200
watchmakers have been making 
tiny wrist watches for decades 

6181
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:40,500
mostly As jewelry for affluent 
women. 

6182
05:34:41,300 --> 05:34:43,900
Serious men. 
Tended to dismiss these bracelet

6183
05:34:43,900 --> 05:34:46,700
watches as frivolous decorations
and viewed them as feminine 

6184
05:34:46,700 --> 05:34:49,800
accessories. 
However, social convention was 

6185
05:34:49,800 --> 05:34:54,100
overruled by military necessity,
At first soldiers, used 

6186
05:34:54,100 --> 05:34:58,100
makeshift leather bands or even 
bits of wire to strap tiny 

6187
05:34:58,100 --> 05:35:01,700
watches to their wrists. 
They found that in addition to 

6188
05:35:01,700 --> 05:35:04,800
being more practical wrist, warn
timepieces were also more 

6189
05:35:04,800 --> 05:35:07,400
accurate than pocket watches and
combat situations. 

6190
05:35:08,000 --> 05:35:11,300
The change took time throughout 
the war, many Military Officers,

6191
05:35:11,300 --> 05:35:14,000
preferred conventional pocket 
watches over wrist watches 

6192
05:35:14,000 --> 05:35:16,000
because they were seen as 
unmanly. 

6193
05:35:16,000 --> 05:35:19,900
However, in listed men, rapidly 
embraced wrist warned timepieces

6194
05:35:19,900 --> 05:35:22,100
as necessary gear after 
encountering the Practical 

6195
05:35:22,100 --> 05:35:25,900
realities of contemporary 
Warfare, This change reflected a

6196
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:29,100
wider shift in how people lived 
and worked, not just to change 

6197
05:35:29,100 --> 05:35:31,700
in fashion. 
Compared to the leisurely, 

6198
05:35:31,700 --> 05:35:33,800
Victorian era that gave rise to 
pocket. 

6199
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:37,900
Watch culture, the postwar world
was quicker more mobile and more

6200
05:35:37,900 --> 05:35:41,100
demanding, Wristwatches were 
more appropriate for the more 

6201
05:35:41,100 --> 05:35:44,100
active lifestyles of women who 
had joined the workforce in 

6202
05:35:44,100 --> 05:35:46,200
previously unheard of numbers 
during the war. 

6203
05:35:46,900 --> 05:35:50,000
Workers in factories, found that
timepieces worn on the wrist 

6204
05:35:50,000 --> 05:35:53,500
were less likely to snag on 
equipment, outdoor enthusiasts, 

6205
05:35:53,500 --> 05:35:56,000
and athletes discovered that 
wristwatches were more useful 

6206
05:35:56,000 --> 05:35:57,900
for keeping track of physical 
activities. 

6207
05:35:58,500 --> 05:36:02,100
At first, the watch industry, 
opposed this shift manufacturers

6208
05:36:02,100 --> 05:36:04,900
were reluctant to give up their 
Decades of experience in 

6209
05:36:04,900 --> 05:36:06,800
developing pocket. 
Watch technology. 

6210
05:36:06,800 --> 05:36:10,700
However, adaptation was 
ultimately compelled by consumer

6211
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:13,100
demand. 
Businesses started producing 

6212
05:36:13,100 --> 05:36:15,900
wristwatches with the same 
accuracy and dependability that 

6213
05:36:15,900 --> 05:36:17,400
had made pocket, watches 
popular. 

6214
05:36:18,100 --> 05:36:21,100
But the change didn't happen. 
All at once pocket, watches 

6215
05:36:21,100 --> 05:36:23,500
continued to be popular among 
specific age groups and 

6216
05:36:23,508 --> 05:36:26,200
professionals throughout the 
1920s and 1930s. 

6217
05:36:27,300 --> 05:36:29,600
Because railroad rules, had not 
yet been changed to allow 

6218
05:36:29,600 --> 05:36:31,600
wristwatches. 
Railroad employees. 

6219
05:36:31,600 --> 05:36:34,100
Still preferred them. 
Compared to their wrist. 

6220
05:36:34,100 --> 05:36:37,100
Warn counterparts older 
gentlemen regarded pocket 

6221
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:38,800
watches as more formal and 
dignified. 

6222
05:36:40,300 --> 05:36:43,000
An intriguing generational, 
divide resulted from this. 

6223
05:36:43,800 --> 05:36:46,400
While their Elders saw pocket 
watches as symbols of tradition 

6224
05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:48,900
and sophistication. 
Young people embraced 

6225
05:36:48,900 --> 05:36:51,300
wristwatches as symbols of 
modernity and progress. 

6226
05:36:52,500 --> 05:36:55,400
Choosing between a wristwatch 
and a pocket watch as evolved 

6227
05:36:55,400 --> 05:36:58,100
into a subtly expressed 
statement about your values and 

6228
05:36:58,100 --> 05:37:00,800
position in a world that is 
changing quickly. 

6229
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:04,900
This transition became even more
complicated as a result of the 

6230
05:37:04,900 --> 05:37:08,000
Great Depression long after 
wristwatches, had gained 

6231
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:11,200
popularity, many families 
continued to use inherited 

6232
05:37:11,200 --> 05:37:14,200
pocket watches because they 
could not afford new timepieces,

6233
05:37:14,200 --> 05:37:16,900
as a result pocket watches 
started to be linked to both 

6234
05:37:16,908 --> 05:37:20,500
tradition and improvisation. 
Ironically some of the most 

6235
05:37:20,500 --> 05:37:22,300
inventive pocket watch, designed
ever. 

6236
05:37:22,300 --> 05:37:25,900
Produced were also influenced by
the economic pressure desperate 

6237
05:37:25,900 --> 05:37:28,900
to keep their market share 
manufacturers started creating 

6238
05:37:28,900 --> 05:37:30,900
watches. 
That could be worn as a wrist 

6239
05:37:30,900 --> 05:37:33,700
and pocket watches. 
These adaptable Styles included 

6240
05:37:33,700 --> 05:37:36,700
detachable cases that can be 
strapped to the wrist or worn on

6241
05:37:36,700 --> 05:37:40,800
chains as needed. by the 1940s, 
it was clear that pocket watches

6242
05:37:40,800 --> 05:37:43,800
would become commonplace 
timepieces, The post-war 

6243
05:37:43,800 --> 05:37:47,200
economic boom made new wristband
timepieces affordable for nearly

6244
05:37:47,200 --> 05:37:50,200
everyone and World War, Two 
accelerated, the adoption of 

6245
05:37:50,200 --> 05:37:52,300
wristwatches, for evidently 
practical reasons. 

6246
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:56,300
But rather than just Vanishing, 
something intriguing occurred, 

6247
05:37:56,300 --> 05:38:00,400
unexpected places gave pocket 
watches new life and they took 

6248
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:02,900
on significance that their 
original designers, never 

6249
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:05,800
intended. 
They evolved into wedding tokens

6250
05:38:05,800 --> 05:38:09,700
retirement, gifts and graduation
presents item selected for their

6251
05:38:09,700 --> 05:38:11,900
symbolic value rather than their
usefulness. 

6252
05:38:13,000 --> 05:38:16,400
In addition to passing on a 
timepiece a grandfather who gave

6253
05:38:16,400 --> 05:38:19,300
his grandson, his pocket watch 
was also imparting a link to an 

6254
05:38:19,300 --> 05:38:22,600
alternative perspective on time.
Those early proponents of 

6255
05:38:22,600 --> 05:38:26,300
pocket, watch accuracy, railroad
companies, gradually loosened 

6256
05:38:26,300 --> 05:38:28,600
their standards for allowing 
certified wrist, watches. 

6257
05:38:28,600 --> 05:38:33,500
However, out of habit pride in 
their jobs and sincere, love for

6258
05:38:33,500 --> 05:38:36,200
these mechanical companions, 
they had depended on for decades

6259
05:38:36,200 --> 05:38:39,600
many veteran railroad workers, 
kept carrying pocket, watches 

6260
05:38:40,800 --> 05:38:44,300
During the period of transition,
the medical field developed a 

6261
05:38:44,300 --> 05:38:46,400
complex relationship with pocket
watches of its own. 

6262
05:38:47,200 --> 05:38:50,000
Many older doctors still carried
pocket watches as a sign of 

6263
05:38:50,008 --> 05:38:52,500
their professional Authority and
ties to Medical tradition. 

6264
05:38:52,500 --> 05:38:56,300
While nurses had mostly shifted 
to wrist warm timepieces and pin

6265
05:38:56,300 --> 05:38:59,000
on watches. 
The situation for watchmakers 

6266
05:38:59,000 --> 05:39:01,300
was intriguing. 
Although there was still a 

6267
05:39:01,300 --> 05:39:04,600
significant need for repair and 
maintenance services, the market

6268
05:39:04,600 --> 05:39:08,000
for new pocket watches had all 
but vanished This led to the 

6269
05:39:08,000 --> 05:39:10,600
development of a specialized 
craft, that was more concerned 

6270
05:39:10,600 --> 05:39:13,400
with maintaining already 
existing timepieces then with 

6271
05:39:13,400 --> 05:39:16,800
making new ones. 
Master horologist took on the 

6272
05:39:16,800 --> 05:39:20,100
role of vintage auto mechanic's 
repairing devices that were too 

6273
05:39:20,100 --> 05:39:22,600
valuable and significant to be 
abandoned but were no longer 

6274
05:39:22,600 --> 05:39:26,300
being produced unexpectedly, 
pocket watches started to show 

6275
05:39:26,300 --> 05:39:31,000
up in countercultural movements 
in the 1960s and 1970s Adopting 

6276
05:39:31,000 --> 05:39:34,000
pocket watches as symbols of 
individualism and a link to 

6277
05:39:34,008 --> 05:39:36,800
pre-industrial values. 
Young people rejected the 

6278
05:39:36,800 --> 05:39:38,900
Conformity of conventional 
wristwatches. 

6279
05:39:39,700 --> 05:39:42,600
This wasn't about Nostalgia 
rather, it was about 

6280
05:39:42,600 --> 05:39:46,200
demonstrating that you worked on
your own time, independent of 

6281
05:39:46,200 --> 05:39:48,700
the fast-paced nature of 
contemporary business, life. 

6282
05:39:49,400 --> 05:39:51,700
Collectors started to 
acknowledge pocket watches as 

6283
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:55,600
authentic works of art and 
historical relics museums began 

6284
05:39:55,600 --> 05:39:58,400
collecting important examples. 
For their permanent collections,

6285
05:39:58,400 --> 05:40:02,300
an auction houses began, holding
specialty sales with timepieces 

6286
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:06,200
from well-known manufacturers. 
Once commonplace items became 

6287
05:40:06,200 --> 05:40:07,700
cultural. 
Treasures, deserving of 

6288
05:40:07,708 --> 05:40:11,300
preservation and study 
Mechanical timepieces appeared, 

6289
05:40:11,300 --> 05:40:14,300
even more outdated with the 
quartz revolution of the 1970s 

6290
05:40:14,300 --> 05:40:17,100
and the digital watch, boom of 
the 1980s. 

6291
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:20,700
However, this advancement in 
technology also brought 

6292
05:40:20,700 --> 05:40:22,900
attention to the unique 
qualities of conventional 

6293
05:40:22,900 --> 05:40:25,400
mechanical watches. 
Well kept pocket. 

6294
05:40:25,400 --> 05:40:28,600
Watch symbolized, durability 
Artistry, and the joy of 

6295
05:40:28,600 --> 05:40:31,400
possessing, something that was 
made to last for Generations in 

6296
05:40:31,400 --> 05:40:32,800
a world of throw away 
Electronics. 

6297
05:40:32,800 --> 05:40:35,500
Pocket watches. 
Now, hold a special place in how

6298
05:40:35,500 --> 05:40:36,900
we relate to time and 
Technology. 

6299
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:41,000
They are both outdated and 
Timeless, deeply significant and

6300
05:40:41,000 --> 05:40:43,900
impractical. 
Some artists continue to create 

6301
05:40:43,900 --> 05:40:46,300
new ones. 
Typically as collectors, 

6302
05:40:46,300 --> 05:40:50,700
Specialties or luxury goods, we 
still purchase, sell restore and

6303
05:40:50,700 --> 05:40:54,400
cherish vintage examples. 
The most amazing aspect of the 

6304
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:57,100
pocket watch narrative is how 
these mechanical Contraptions 

6305
05:40:57,100 --> 05:41:00,100
influenced and produced our 
contemporary conception of 

6306
05:41:00,108 --> 05:41:03,800
personal time. 
Prior to pocket, watches time 

6307
05:41:03,800 --> 05:41:06,300
was governed by local clocks 
church, bells and organic 

6308
05:41:06,300 --> 05:41:08,500
rhythms. 
Time became precise 

6309
05:41:08,500 --> 05:41:11,800
individualized and portable 
after pocket, watches your 

6310
05:41:11,800 --> 05:41:14,100
continuing a tradition. 
That started, when early 

6311
05:41:14,100 --> 05:41:17,300
clockmakers, tried to fit the 
power of a tower clock into a 

6312
05:41:17,308 --> 05:41:19,800
pocket-sized device. 
Every time you look at your 

6313
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:22,200
Smartwatch or check the time on 
your phone. 

6314
05:41:23,600 --> 05:41:27,100
The basic human need to carry 
time with us, personalize it, 

6315
05:41:27,100 --> 05:41:30,000
and use it to plan our lives, 
with the people and activities. 

6316
05:41:30,000 --> 05:41:33,400
We care about has not changed 
despite the significant 

6317
05:41:33,400 --> 05:41:37,000
advancements in technology. 
We learned from the pocket. 

6318
05:41:37,000 --> 05:41:39,200
Watch that mechanical accuracy 
could be beautiful. 

6319
05:41:39,200 --> 05:41:42,600
That time could be owned and 
that being on time could be a 

6320
05:41:42,600 --> 05:41:45,000
virtue. 
We're still learning how those 

6321
05:41:45,000 --> 05:41:46,500
lessons influenced the modern 
world. 

6322
05:41:46,500 --> 05:41:49,600
It's not bad for a tiny metal 
disc that fits neatly in your 

6323
05:41:49,608 --> 05:41:50,100
pocket.