Boring History | What Really Happened On Titanic's Last Night | Black Screen with Rain

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Hello, my sleepy friends and 
welcome back to another video on

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the channel. 
Tonight, we're stepping aboard 

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the RMS Titanic not just as a 
moment in history, but as an 

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unfolding story told hour by 
hour, From the quiet hum of 

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dinner service to the first 
Eerie scrape against the ice 

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will walk through the final 
night aboard, the unsinkable 

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ship. 
So before you get comfortable, 

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take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe to the channel. 

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Also, please let us know where 
you're tuning in from, and what 

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time it is for you. 
I hope you guys have had a 

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fantastic week so far and are 
ready for some peaceful rest. 

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Now dim your lights, really low.
Turn on a fan for some noise and

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let's begin. 
Now, if you will imagine 

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yourself settling into the most 
comfortable chair you've ever 

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owned wrapped in your favorite 
blanket, with a warm cup of tea 

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steaming gently beside you. 
That's exactly how the 

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passengers aboard. 
The Titanic felt on that crisp 

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April night. 
In 1912 the ship was like a 

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floating Mansion. 
Where someone had forgotten to 

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mention the mortgage payments. 
Everything was paid for 

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everything was perfect and 
everything was about to change 

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in the most dramatic way 
possible. 

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Your standing on the deck of 
what people call the unsinkable 

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ship though, that nickname would
prove about as accurate as 

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calling a chocolate teapot 
practical. 

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The Titanic was massive. 
Imagine three football fields 

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lined up into end, then added 
Apartment Store on top. 

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She was so big that when you 
looked from one into the other, 

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the opposite end seemed to 
disappear into the evening Mist.

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Like a mirage. 
The night are carried a unique. 

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Chill that comes with being far 
from Land causing you to tighten

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your coat and appreciate the 
warmth of the ship's interior. 

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Inside the grand staircase, 
adorned with polished Oak and 

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gleaming brass spiraled upwards 
like a scene from a fairy tale. 

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The first class dining room 
could seat 700 people, which was

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more than most small towns could
manage for Sunday church. 

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But here's where the story gets 
interesting, and where you might

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want to adjust your pillow 
because this is where everything

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starts to unravel. 
Like a favorite sweater with a 

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loose thread Frederic fleet was 
up in The Crows Nest, which 

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sounds much more adventurous 
than it actually was think of it

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as the world's coldest windiest 
office job except instead of 

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watching, spreadsheets your 
watching for icebergs. 

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Fleetwood spent hours squinting 
into the darkness. 

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And the cold was beginning to 
cause his eyes to water. 

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The binoculars that were meant 
to assist him in seeing better 

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while locked away in a cabinet. 
Someone had locked them away in 

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a cabinet and no one could 
locate the key. 

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It was like trying to thread a 
needle while wearing oven mitts.

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At 11:40 p.m. 
Fleet saw something that made 

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his blood run colder than the 
April are the dark shaped loomed

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ahead growing larger by the 
second. 

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It wasn't the gentle picture 
postcard Iceberg. 

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You might imagine this was a 
mountain of ice that had been 

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wandering. 
The North Atlantic like a lost 

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tourist, except this tourist 
weighed, about 400,000 tonnes, 

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and had absolutely no interest 
in getting out of anyone's way 

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Iceberg, right ahead. 
Fleet shouted, ringing, the 

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warning Bell three times. 
The sound cut through the night,

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like a dinner bell at a 
monastery urgent, clear? 

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And absolutely impossible to 
ignore down in the bridge. 

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First Officer Murdoch received 
the warning, an immediately 

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ordered hardest starboard. 
Now, here's where Maritime 

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tradition gets confusing harder.
Starbucks actually meant turn 

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the wheel to the left. 
It's like, ordering a pizza with

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everything on it and getting a 
salad. 

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The ship began to turn slowly 
majestically like a dowager. 

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Duchess attempting to change 
direction as tea party. 

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For a moment, it looked like the
Titanic might slip past the 

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iceberg like a person squeezing 
through a crowded elevator. 

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The massive ship was turning, 
the iceberg was passing by and 

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you could almost hear the 
collective sigh of relief from 

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the universe itself. 
But the ocean, as you'll 

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discover has a sense of humor 
about as dark as a moonless 

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night. 
The iceberg scraped along the 

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ship starboard side with the 
sound like fingernails on a 

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chalkboard. 
The chalkboard was made of steel

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and the fingernails were made of
ice that had been hardening for 

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thousands of years. 
It wasn't a dramatic crash. 

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It was more like the world's 
most expensive can opener 

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working its way along the hull. 
Most passengers didn't even feel

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it. 
Many were already asleep 

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dreaming of their destinations, 
their loved ones or perhaps just

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dreaming the kind of dreams you 
have when you're safe and warm 

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and completely unaware that your
life is about to become very, 

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very interesting, the slow 
realization 12:40 a.m. to 148 

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a.m. 
You know, that feeling when 

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you're laying in bed, half 
asleep and you hear a sound that

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doesn't quite belong. 
Maybe it's the cat knocking 

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something over or perhaps the 
dishwasher making that weird 

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noise again. 
That's exactly what was 

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happening, aboard. 
The Titanic in the first hour 

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after the Collision. 
Most passengers experience, what

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you might call the gentle 
Awakening of concern, not panic 

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just to slowly growing away and 
that something wasn't quite 

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right in their floating 
Paradise. 

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Captain Edward Smith, who looked
exactly like you'd expect to see

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Captain to look, Whitebeard, 
serious expression, and the kind

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of Weatherford face that 
suggested he'd seen more than 

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his share of surprises was 
awakened by the impact. 

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A 62. 
He was planning to retire after 

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this Voyage which gives you an 
idea of just how spectacularly 

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is a retirement plans were about
to change. 

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The damage assessment began 
immediately and it was like 

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watching a doctor, examine a 
patient, who insists they feel 

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fine while slowly bleeding to 
death. 

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They called Thomas Andrews. 
The ship's designer, to survey, 

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the damage Andrews knew the 
Titanic better than anyone. 

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He designed her compartments, 
her systems, every rivet and 

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beam. 
Watching him examine his wounded

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creation was like watching a 
parent tend to an injured child.

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Mathematician would have wept at
what Andrew's discovered, the 

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iceberg at opened. 
The ship's first five 

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compartments to the Sea. 
Now the Titanic was designed to 

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survive flooding in up to four 
compartments. 

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She was like a building designed
to withstand four alarm fire, 

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but the reality was a five alarm
situation. 

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The ship could float with four 
compartments flooded but five 

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that was like trying to carry 
water in a bucket with five 

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holes in the bottom. 
And Andrews did some quick 

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calculations, the kind of math, 
that no one wants to do and 

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everyone hopes, they'll never 
need to know. 

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He concluded that the ship would
sink in about 90 minutes. 

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The ship could sink in as little
as two hours if they were 

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extremely fortunate. 
Meanwhile passengers were 

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starting to notice that their 
floating Hotel was developing a 

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slight list to starboard. 
Not enough to spill your tea, 

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but enough to make you wonder if
you'd had one too many glasses 

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of wine with dinner. 
The ship was slowly beginning to

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tip forward. 
A seesaw with an elephant 

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getting on one end. 
The crew began. 

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What might be the most polite 
emergency response in Maritime 

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history. 
Instead of shouting abandoned 

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ship and causing mass panic. 
They decided to proceed with 

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what you might call aggressive 
courtesy stewards began knocking

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on doors and forming passengers 
that they might want to put on 

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their life, jackets and come up 
to the deck. 

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As a precaution, it was like 
being invited to a surprise 

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party where the surprise was 
that the party was actually a 

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matter of life and death. 
Getting passengers to take the 

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situation. 
Seriously was like, trying to 

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convince someone to leave a warm
house because the weather 

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forecast mentioned, possible 
rain. 

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The ship was still brightly lit.
The orchestra was still playing 

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and the dining rooms were still 
warm and inviting. 

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Why would anyone want to leave 
this comfortable? 

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Floating palace for a cold dark 
Lifeboat. 

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The wireless operators. 
Meanwhile were frantically 

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tapping out, distress signals 
While many operators, still 

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preferred the traditional cqd, 
which stood for come quick 

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distress, many were using the 
new international distress 

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signal socks. 
It was like trying to decide 

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whether to text or call for help
while your house is on fire 

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ships. 
In the area began, receiving the

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signals with varying degrees of 
urgency The Carpathia about 58 

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miles away. 
Change course, and began racing 

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toward the Titanic's position. 
Arthur ostron. 

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Her Captain was a man who 
understood trouble without 

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asking twice. 
He was like a neighbor who 

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brings a ladder before you know 
your locked out. 

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But the closest ship, the 
California SAT motionless, just 

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a few miles away, the radio, 
operator on the California had 

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gone to sleep and although her 
crew could see the Titanic's 

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distress Rockets, they assumed 
those were just celebratory 

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fireworks. 
It was like watching someone for

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help and assuming their just 
being friendly. 

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As the first hour passed, the 
Titanic situation. 

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Transformed from minor 
inconvenience to serious 

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problem. 
So we need to start thinking 

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about those lifeboats. 
The ship was settling deeper 

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into the water and even the most
optimistic passenger was 

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beginning to realize that their 
midnight Crews was about to 

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become significantly more of 
eventful than advertised the 

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Lifeboat dilemma. 1:40 a.m. to 
240, mm. 

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Imagine trying to convince a 
theater full of people to leave 

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in the middle of their favorite 
show because you've heard rumors

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that it might rain later. 
That's essentially what the crew

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of the Titanic faced as they 
began the Lifeboat loading 

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process. 
The ship still felt safe warm 

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and stable. 
Well mostly stable and the 

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lifeboats looked about as 
inviting as a park bench in a 

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snowstorm. 
The mathematics of survival were

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becoming increasingly Grim, 
though. 

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Most passengers didn't realize 
it yet. 

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The Titanic carried lifeboats 
for 1,178 people but there were 

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over 2,200 Souls aboard. 
It was like having a dinner 

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party for 20 people with only 10
chairs. 

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Someone was going to be left 
standing and in this case, 

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standing meant something far 
more permanent than social 

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awkwardness. 
The Women and Children. 

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First protocol began, though, it
was implemented with the kind of

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British politeness. 
That makes you wonder if they 

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were organizing a cue for tea 
rather than a desperate 

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evacuation. 
Officers helped ladies in the 

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boats as if they were assisting 
them in carriages for an 

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afternoon Drive, the whole scene
had of real curtisy like a 

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disaster movie directed by 
someone who studied etiquette 

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manuals. 
You have to understand that 

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these lifeboats were not the 
enclosed modern safety vessels. 

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You might imagine they were open
Wooden Boats, hanging 75 feet 

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above the dark Atlantic, which 
looked about as well. 

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Coming as a basement, full of 
spiders. 

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The calmness of the ocean almost
Eerie contrasted with its near 

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freezing temperature. 
Getting into one of these boats 

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meant trading, the warm 
familiar, safety of the ship for

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a cold uncertain. 
Future bobbing around in the 

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Darkness, Many of the lifeboats 
were launched only half full, 

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which sounds like poor planning,
but was actually human nature in

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action. 
Crew wasn't entirely sure the 

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boats could hold their full 
capacity of 65 people and 

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passengers were understandably 
reluctant to leave. 

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What's still felt like safety. 
It was like choosing between 

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staying in a house that might 
have a small fire somewhere 

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versus jumping into a swimming 
pool that might be full of 

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piranhas. 
The ship's Orchestra led by 

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Wallace. 
Hartley continued, playing 

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throughout the evacuation. 
They'd move from the first class

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Lounge to the boat deck. 
Providing what might be history 

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is most poignant sound track to 
disaster. 

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Picture, your favorite band, 
playing a concert while the 

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venue slowly sinks into the 
ground. 

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That's essentially what was 
happening. 

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Except with more violence and 
considerably higher Stakes, 

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Stories from this period read 
like a collection of Small 

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Miracles and heartbreaking 
decisions, the Lifeboat offered 

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Ida Strauss. 
The wife of Macy's department 

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store owner, ISD, Australis a 
seat. 

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She refused to leave her 
husband. 

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We have lived together for 40 
years she said and where you go,

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I go. 
It was the kind of love story 

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00:11:41,900 --> 00:11:44,300
that would make Hollywood. 
Screenwriters weep With Envy, 

232
00:11:44,300 --> 00:11:49,300
except the story wasn't fiction.
Captain Smith moved through the 

233
00:11:49,300 --> 00:11:51,900
ship like a ghost checking 
compartments. 

234
00:11:51,900 --> 00:11:54,800
Ensuring protocol was followed 
and slowly. 

235
00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:57,600
Coming to terms with the fact 
that his final voyage was going 

236
00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:02,000
to be exactly that final. 
He'd spent his entire career 

237
00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:05,500
avoiding this exact scenario, 
and now he was living through 

238
00:12:05,500 --> 00:12:08,400
every Sea, Captain's worst 
nightmare with the Dignity of 

239
00:12:08,400 --> 00:12:10,700
someone who'd spent decades 
preparing for a moment. 

240
00:12:10,700 --> 00:12:14,300
He hoped would never come the 
ship's tilt was becoming more 

241
00:12:14,300 --> 00:12:16,400
pronounced. 
Now though, it was still subtle 

242
00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:19,000
enough that you might mistake it
for the effects of a huge wave. 

243
00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:22,700
Water was beginning to reach the
ship's name on the bow, which 

244
00:12:22,700 --> 00:12:25,000
was a bit like watching your 
bathtub slowly overflow. 

245
00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:26,300
While you're still sitting in 
it. 

246
00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:31,000
The Titanic was settling by the 
head Maritime terminology for 

247
00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:34,700
the front is going down first 
which sounds much more civilized

248
00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:38,500
than we're sinking those first. 
As the second hour of the 

249
00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:41,200
crisis, passed the situation 
shifted from organized 

250
00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:44,200
evacuation to increase in the 
Urgent departure. 

251
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,200
The lifeboats were being loaded 
and lowered with growing 

252
00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:50,000
efficiency though. 
Efficiency is a relative term 

253
00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:53,100
when you're trying to save over 
2000 people with equipment, 

254
00:12:53,100 --> 00:12:54,700
designed for about half that 
number. 

255
00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:59,100
It was like trying to evacuate a
small City using only golf carts

256
00:12:59,100 --> 00:13:02,700
possible in theory but requiring
a level of patience that the 

257
00:13:02,700 --> 00:13:05,600
Atlantic Ocean wasn't 
particularly inclined to provide

258
00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:08,300
the passengers. 
Still aboard, were beginning to 

259
00:13:08,308 --> 00:13:10,700
realize that their Floating 
Palace was becoming something 

260
00:13:10,700 --> 00:13:13,700
more like a floating deadline 
and the deadline was approaching

261
00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:17,600
faster than anyone wanted to 
admit, the orchestra plays on to

262
00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:22,000
48, am to 3:40 a.m. there's 
something profoundly human about

263
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:26,300
the way people respond to crisis
some Panic, some freeze, some 

264
00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:30,000
becoming incredibly practical 
and some like the Titanic's, 

265
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,200
Orchestra decide that if the 
world is ending, it might as 

266
00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:36,100
well end with wonderful music. 
Wallace. 

267
00:13:36,100 --> 00:13:37,700
Hartley. 
And his Seven band mates could 

268
00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:40,300
either try to get into the 
lifeboats or Comfort. 

269
00:13:40,300 --> 00:13:42,900
The hundreds of people who are 
starting to realize their night 

270
00:13:42,900 --> 00:13:46,900
was not going as planned. 
They chose music which tells you

271
00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:48,800
everything you need to know 
about the kind of people. 

272
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:53,000
They were the ship was now 
noticeably listing the deck was 

273
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:56,100
beginning to feel like a gently 
sloping hillsides rather than 

274
00:13:56,100 --> 00:13:58,800
the flat stable surface. 
It had been just hours earlier, 

275
00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:02,200
you could still walk normally, 
but there was a subtle sense 

276
00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:04,900
that gravity was developing 
opinions about which direction 

277
00:14:04,900 --> 00:14:08,900
was truly down. the Titanic was 
settling deeper into the water 

278
00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:12,100
and the ocean was beginning to 
creep up the ship's, like a very

279
00:14:12,108 --> 00:14:16,800
patient, chili visitor who had 
no intention of leaving By this 

280
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,200
point, the Lifeboat loading had 
taken on a more urgent 

281
00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:21,800
character. 
The crew was no longer merely 

282
00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:24,500
suggesting that passengers 
consider getting into the boats.

283
00:14:24,500 --> 00:14:27,400
Instead they were strongly 
encouraging, immediate 

284
00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:29,400
departure. 
It was like the difference 

285
00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:32,800
between a gentle reminder that 
dinner is ready and someone 

286
00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:37,600
yelling the kitchen is on fire. 
The remaining passengers were 

287
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:40,000
beginning to display the full 
range of human behavior. 

288
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,600
Under extreme stress. 
Some maintained an almost 

289
00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:47,400
Supernatural caramel, helping 
others and making jokes to ease 

290
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:50,400
the tension. 
Others became increasingly 

291
00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:54,600
agitated though the British 
tendency toward politeness went 

292
00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:57,300
the even Panic was expressed 
with a certain to core him. 

293
00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:00,100
There was like watching a very 
well mannered apocalypse. 

294
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:03,000
Thomas Andrews. 
The ship's designer was seen 

295
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:04,600
throughout this period with a 
life jacket. 

296
00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:08,300
Under his arm, not wearing it 
just carrying it as if he 

297
00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:11,200
couldn't quite decide, whether 
the situation warranted putting 

298
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:13,700
it on, he was like someone 
holding an umbrella. 

299
00:15:13,700 --> 00:15:16,800
While insisting, it's not really
raining yet and Andrew's knew 

300
00:15:16,808 --> 00:15:20,000
better than anyone that the ship
was doomed, but he seemed caught

301
00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:22,500
between his Professional 
Knowledge and his emotional 

302
00:15:22,500 --> 00:15:26,500
inability to accept that his 
Unsinkable creation was doing 

303
00:15:26,500 --> 00:15:28,700
exactly what he designed it. 
Not to do. 

304
00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:31,600
Wireless operators were still 
frantically. 

305
00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:34,500
Sending distress signals though.
By now they were becoming 

306
00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:37,000
increasingly specific about 
their situation. 

307
00:15:37,700 --> 00:15:40,700
The messages went from. 
We have struck an iceberg to we 

308
00:15:40,700 --> 00:15:42,900
are sinking fast to come as 
quickly as possible. 

309
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:46,100
It was like watching someone's 
text messages, become 

310
00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:49,700
increasingly urgent. 
Running a bit late to stuck in 

311
00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:51,200
traffic to, please send help 
immediately. 

312
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:55,100
The Carpathia was still racing 
towards them that she was at 

313
00:15:55,100 --> 00:15:58,100
least two hours away which in 
rescue terms might as well have 

314
00:15:58,100 --> 00:16:01,400
been two days. 
Captain rostron was pushing his 

315
00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,700
ship Beyond her normal limits, 
but even mechanical sympathy 

316
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:07,100
could't, make the laws of 
physics Bend to accommodate 

317
00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:09,800
human desperation inside the 
ship. 

318
00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:13,200
The reality of the situation was
becoming impossible to ignore 

319
00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:16,800
Forward compartments were 
flooding, and the water was 

320
00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:19,200
beginning to reach areas where 
passengers could see it. 

321
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,500
It was no longer a theoretical 
problem happening somewhere else

322
00:16:22,500 --> 00:16:25,000
in the ship. 
It was becoming a very visible 

323
00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,400
very wet reminder that the 
Atlantic Ocean was slowly but 

324
00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:31,600
inexorably claiming its newest. 
Real estate, the remaining 

325
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,300
passengers were facing a choice 
that no one should have to make.

326
00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:39,000
Stay with the warm familiar 
slowly sinking ship or trust 

327
00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:41,400
their lives to small. 
Wooden boats floating in the 

328
00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,800
middle of the ocean on a night. 
So cold that your breath formed 

329
00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:47,800
clouds in the air. 
It was like choosing between a 

330
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:50,600
comfortable bed that slowly 
sliding toward a cliff and a 

331
00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:52,400
tent that might protect you from
the fall. 

332
00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:56,200
Some families were being 
separated as women and children 

333
00:16:56,200 --> 00:16:58,400
were helped into the boats while
men were asked to wait. 

334
00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:01,700
These weren't dramatic Hollywood
parties. 

335
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:05,099
They were quiet desperate 
moments between people who loved

336
00:17:05,099 --> 00:17:07,599
each other, and who are 
beginning to realize that their 

337
00:17:07,599 --> 00:17:10,300
goodbyes might be more final 
than anyone wanted to admit. 

338
00:17:11,700 --> 00:17:14,900
The ship's lights were still 
blazing which created an almost 

339
00:17:14,900 --> 00:17:17,700
surreal atmosphere. 
Here was this massive 

340
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:21,400
brilliantly, lit, Palace slowly 
sinking into the dark, ocean 

341
00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:25,000
like a chandelier slowly 
disappearing into Blackwater. 

342
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:29,000
The contrast between the ship's 
artificial brightness. 

343
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:32,700
And the surrounding Darkness was
becoming more pronounced as the 

344
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:36,400
Titanic settled deeper as if the
ocean was slowly swallowing a 

345
00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:40,100
piece of the modern world. 
As the third hour of the crisis 

346
00:17:40,100 --> 00:17:43,800
passed, the situation aboard. 
The Titanic had transformed from

347
00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:47,200
emergency to catastrophe. 
And everyone aboard was 

348
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:49,500
beginning to understand that 
they were no longer passengers 

349
00:17:49,500 --> 00:17:52,300
on a luxury lineup. 
They were survivors of a 

350
00:17:52,300 --> 00:17:53,600
disaster. 
That was still unfolding. 

351
00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:59,300
The final preparation 340. 
Mm to 440 a.m. have you ever 

352
00:17:59,300 --> 00:18:02,200
experienced the moment when you 
attempt to fix something that is

353
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:06,200
clearly Beyond repair yet you 
persist in your efforts because 

354
00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:08,500
stopping would mean 
acknowledging that the situation

355
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:11,700
is truly hopeless. 
That's where the Titanic found 

356
00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:14,100
herself in the early morning 
hours of April 15th. 

357
00:18:14,700 --> 00:18:17,600
The ship was now, clearly 
sinking, but the crew continued,

358
00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:20,400
their duties, with the kind of 
professional Dedication, that 

359
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:21,700
would make you proud to be 
human. 

360
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:23,700
If the circumstances weren't so 
heartbreaking. 

361
00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:27,100
The ship's list was becoming 
more pronounced though. 

362
00:18:27,100 --> 00:18:29,400
It was still gradual enough that
you might mistake it for the 

363
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:33,100
effects of a huge swell. 
The forward decks were a wash 

364
00:18:33,100 --> 00:18:36,000
now, which meant that the ocean 
was no longer content to stay 

365
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:39,100
outside the ship, where it 
belonged water was beginning to 

366
00:18:39,100 --> 00:18:41,900
slosh around areas where 
passengers had been walking just

367
00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:45,500
hours earlier turning familiar 
corridors into something that 

368
00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:47,700
resembled a very expensive 
frigate. 

369
00:18:47,700 --> 00:18:50,100
Swimming pool. 
The last of the lifeboats were 

370
00:18:50,100 --> 00:18:54,500
being loaded and lowered though.
Loaded is perhaps two, generous 

371
00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:57,600
a term for what was becoming an 
increasingly desperate process. 

372
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,700
The remaining passengers were 
beginning to understand that the

373
00:19:00,700 --> 00:19:03,300
supplier of lifeboats was not 
going to meet the demand for 

374
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:07,000
survival which is the kind of 
mathematics that makes everyone 

375
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:09,400
suddenly very interested in 
alternative Solutions. 

376
00:19:10,300 --> 00:19:12,700
Some passengers were 
constructing makeshift flotation

377
00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:15,800
devices from deck, chairs and 
life jackets, which sounds 

378
00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:18,100
resourceful Until you realize 
they were asleep. 

379
00:19:18,100 --> 00:19:20,200
Building Furniture boats to 
float in the middle of the 

380
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:22,900
Atlantic Ocean. 
It was like, trying to cross a 

381
00:19:22,900 --> 00:19:26,100
river, using a coffee table as a
raft, theoretically possible. 

382
00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:29,000
But requiring a level of 
optimism that bordered on the 

383
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,600
supernatural. 
The ship's crew was displaying 

384
00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:34,800
the kind of professional 
competence that makes you 

385
00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:38,500
understand why going down with 
the ship became such a respected

386
00:19:38,500 --> 00:19:40,800
tradition. 
They weren't heroes in the 

387
00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,200
dramatic sense. 
There were just people doing 

388
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:46,000
their jobs under circumstances, 
that had moved far beyond 

389
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,000
anyone's job description. 
It was like watching teachers 

390
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:52,500
continue to teach during a fire 
drill except the fire drill was 

391
00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:54,900
real and the fire was made of 
ice cold. 

392
00:19:54,900 --> 00:19:57,200
Ocean water. 
Captain Smith was seen 

393
00:19:57,200 --> 00:19:59,400
throughout this period in 
showing that protocol was 

394
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:02,900
followed that passengers were 
helped and that the ships final 

395
00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:04,900
moments maintained some 
semblance of dignity. 

396
00:20:04,900 --> 00:20:07,900
He was like a hosted a dinner 
party that had gone 

397
00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:11,300
spectacularly wrong, still 
trying to ensure that his guests

398
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:13,800
were comfortable even as the 
dining room slowly filled with 

399
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:16,200
water. 
Ship's power was still 

400
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:18,900
functioning which meant that the
lights remained on and the 

401
00:20:18,900 --> 00:20:22,200
wireless continued to work. 
The operators were still sending

402
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:24,800
distress signals, though. 
By now they were essentially 

403
00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:26,700
providing a running commentary 
on the disaster. 

404
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:31,400
Engine room, flooded ship, 
sinking by the head, women and 

405
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:33,700
children in boats. 
There was like live tweeting, 

406
00:20:33,700 --> 00:20:36,800
the apocalypse except with Morse
code and considerably higher 

407
00:20:36,800 --> 00:20:39,300
Stakes. 
Carpathia was still racing 

408
00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:42,400
toward them the distance and 
time were proving to be enemies.

409
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:44,900
That could not be overcome by 
good intentions or skilled 

410
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:47,500
seamanship. 
Captain Ross from was pushing 

411
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:50,600
his ship to its limits but even 
the fastest ship in the world 

412
00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:53,400
couldn't outrun the clock, that 
was counting down the Titanic's 

413
00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:55,900
remaining time. 
The band was still playing 

414
00:20:55,900 --> 00:20:58,100
though, they'd moved to the boat
deck to be close to the 

415
00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:00,800
remaining passengers. 
Their music had evolved from 

416
00:21:00,808 --> 00:21:02,900
dinner entertainment to 
something more profound. 

417
00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:05,900
A soundtrack for people facing 
the unthinkable. 

418
00:21:05,900 --> 00:21:09,100
They were providing comfort in 
the way that only music can 

419
00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:12,600
creating a small island of 
familiar sound in an ocean of 

420
00:21:12,608 --> 00:21:16,000
uncertainty. 
The remaining passengers were 

421
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:18,800
beginning to face the reality 
that their time aboard. 

422
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,200
The Titanic was measured in 
minutes rather than hours. 

423
00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:25,300
Some were writing letters as if 
they could somehow send final 

424
00:21:25,300 --> 00:21:27,500
messages to loved ones, through 
sheer determination. 

425
00:21:28,700 --> 00:21:32,100
Others were praying which seemed
entirely appropriate given that 

426
00:21:32,100 --> 00:21:34,900
they were in a situation where 
only divine intervention could 

427
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:38,200
provide a happy ending. 
The ship structure was beginning

428
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:41,300
to show signs of strain. 
The Titanic was never designed 

429
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:44,500
to be a submarine and the ocean 
was beginning to exert Precious 

430
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:46,600
on the whole that exceeded the 
original engineering 

431
00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:49,500
specifications. 
It was like watching a building 

432
00:21:49,500 --> 00:21:53,500
slowly collapse except it was 
floating and there was no where 

433
00:21:53,500 --> 00:21:56,300
else to go. 
As the fourth hour of the 

434
00:21:56,300 --> 00:21:59,900
crisis, passed everyone aboard, 
the Titanic understood that they

435
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:01,600
were no longer dealing with a 
sinking ship. 

436
00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:04,300
It would dealing with the ship, 
that was going to sink. 

437
00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:07,400
And the only remaining question 
was whether they would be on it 

438
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:11,700
or off it when that moment 
arrived, the final hour for 440 

439
00:22:11,700 --> 00:22:14,900
a.m. to 5:40 a.m. 
There are moments in life when 

440
00:22:14,900 --> 00:22:18,400
time seems to slow down when 
every second stretches like 

441
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:20,500
taffy. 
And when you become acutely 

442
00:22:20,500 --> 00:22:23,600
aware of every sound every 
sensation and every breath. 

443
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:27,500
The final hour aboard. 
The Titanic was exactly such a 

444
00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:31,200
moment except multiplied by over
a thousand people were all 

445
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:34,400
experiencing the same impossible
situation simultaneously. 

446
00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:38,200
The ship was now listing 
severely enough that walking 

447
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,400
required conscious effort. 
Like, trying to navigate a house

448
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,200
where all the floors had been 
tilted at increasingly creative 

449
00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,200
angles. 
Forward part of the ship was 

450
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:50,500
completely submerged and the 
ocean was steadily encroaching 

451
00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:53,300
on the bridge devouring, The 
Vessel with an unwavering 

452
00:22:53,300 --> 00:22:55,700
patience. 
They had lowered the last like 

453
00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:59,300
boat, but several collapsible 
boats remained, a situation that

454
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:03,100
seemed more hopeful than it 
actually was. these collapsible 

455
00:23:03,100 --> 00:23:06,000
Boats were like a emergency 
parachutes, theoretically 

456
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,000
helpful, but requiring a level 
of expertise and luck that most 

457
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:12,400
people didn't possess getting 
them launched and functional was

458
00:23:12,400 --> 00:23:14,400
like, trying to assemble 
Furniture during an earthquake 

459
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:17,800
while wearing mittens The ships 
lights were still blazing, 

460
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:20,700
creating an increasingly surreal
scene here. 

461
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:24,200
Was this massive ocean liner 
tilted, at an impossible angle 

462
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:27,500
slowly disappearing into the 
dark water while still lit up 

463
00:23:27,508 --> 00:23:30,000
like a Christmas tree. 
It was like watching a 

464
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:33,100
skyscraper slowly sinking into 
the ground while all the office 

465
00:23:33,100 --> 00:23:36,600
lights remained on beautiful, 
terrible, and completely 

466
00:23:36,600 --> 00:23:40,300
Unforgettable. 
The remaining passengers were 

467
00:23:40,300 --> 00:23:43,100
clustered on the stern, which 
was now the highest point of the

468
00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:46,200
ship, they were like, people 
crowding onto the roof of a 

469
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:49,100
flooding building except the 
roof was slowly tilting toward 

470
00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:51,900
the flood. 
Some were still remarkably calm.

471
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:54,800
Others were praying and a few 
were making peace with their 

472
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,700
situation in the quiet dignified
way that people do when they 

473
00:23:57,700 --> 00:23:59,800
realize that certain outcomes 
are inevitable. 

474
00:24:00,600 --> 00:24:03,900
The ship's band played until the
very end though what they played

475
00:24:03,900 --> 00:24:07,200
in those final moments has been 
debated by historians for over a

476
00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:10,100
century. 
Some say it was Nearer My God to

477
00:24:10,100 --> 00:24:12,900
the others claim. 
It was Autumn and still others 

478
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:15,400
insist. 
It was song of autumn What they 

479
00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:18,700
played is irrelevant, what 
matters is that they played at 

480
00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:21,300
all giving comfort and dignity 
to those who needed it? 

481
00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:26,000
At approximately 205, mm, 
ship's, time the Titanic's 

482
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,000
lights, flickered and went out 
plunging, the scene Into 

483
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:32,400
Darkness broken, only by the 
stars of the lights from the 

484
00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:35,300
distant lifeboats. 
It was like someone had suddenly

485
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:38,600
turned off all the lights in the
theater, except the theater was 

486
00:24:38,600 --> 00:24:41,200
sinking, and the audience was 
still inside. 

487
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:45,300
The ship structure was now under
stresses that no engineered ever

488
00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:48,000
calculated. 
The Titanic was designed to 

489
00:24:48,008 --> 00:24:51,600
float, not to act as a massive 
lever with the ocean as its 

490
00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:55,700
fulcrum Sounds coming from deep 
within the ship were unlike 

491
00:24:55,700 --> 00:25:00,300
anything anyone had ever heard. 
Groaning, creaking and snapping 

492
00:25:00,300 --> 00:25:03,300
noises that suggested the very 
bones of the vessel are 

493
00:25:03,300 --> 00:25:06,500
breaking. 
At 2:17 a.m. the ship, Stern 

494
00:25:06,500 --> 00:25:09,600
Rose, High into the air. 
Creating a scene that defied 

495
00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:13,200
both physics and Imagination. 
The massive propellers designed 

496
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:15,400
to push the ship through water 
were now. 

497
00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:18,700
Spinning uselessly in the cold 
night air, it was like watching 

498
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:21,900
a giant metal whale performing 
its final impossible dance with 

499
00:25:21,900 --> 00:25:25,300
the ocean. 
Then at 2:20 a.m. the Titanic 

500
00:25:25,300 --> 00:25:28,000
broke apart. 
The ship that had been called 

501
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,500
Unsinkable split into the 
forward section disappearing 

502
00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:34,000
immediately while the stern 
section lingered for a moment, 

503
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:37,900
as if reluctant to follow, it 
was like watching a massive 

504
00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:41,500
Cathedral collapse, in slow 
motion, except the cathedrals 

505
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:43,200
floating and taking people with 
it. 

506
00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:48,100
The stern section sank quickly. 
Disappearing into the dark water

507
00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:50,400
with a sound that survivors 
would remember for the rest of 

508
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:52,800
their lives. 
In less than three minutes. 

509
00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:56,400
The largest moving object ever 
created by humans, had vanished,

510
00:25:56,400 --> 00:26:00,900
completely leaving, only debris,
lifeboats and the kinds of 

511
00:26:00,900 --> 00:26:02,500
memories that change people 
forever. 

512
00:26:02,500 --> 00:26:06,100
The ocean closed over the 
Titanic as if the ship had never

513
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:08,500
existed returning to the same 
deadly. 

514
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:10,700
Calm that had characterized the 
entire night. 

515
00:26:11,500 --> 00:26:14,800
The water was like black glass 
reflecting the stars and giving 

516
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:17,800
no indication that it had just 
claimed one of Humanity's 

517
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:22,200
greatest achievements and over 
1500 lives Silence has a weight 

518
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:24,000
to it and the silence that 
followed. 

519
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:26,700
The Titanic sinking was heavier 
than anything though. 

520
00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:28,600
Survivors would ever experience 
again. 

521
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:33,100
Think of the quietest moment 
you've ever had, then multiply 

522
00:26:33,100 --> 00:26:35,500
it by the absence of something 
huge, that should be there. 

523
00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:40,300
The ocean stretched endlessly 
and all directions as calm and 

524
00:26:40,308 --> 00:26:41,900
indifferent. 
As it had been all night 

525
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:44,400
offering. 
No evidence of the tragedy that 

526
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:47,200
had just occurred. 
The lifeboats were scattered 

527
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:50,600
across several miles of ocean, 
like, leaves blown by a wind 

528
00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:54,100
that had suddenly stopped. 
In the small wooden vessels 

529
00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:57,700
about, 700, people huddled 
together, sharing body heat and 

530
00:26:57,700 --> 00:26:59,900
wondering if they would live to 
see another sunset. 

531
00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:03,700
The boats were designed for 
short-term use not for spending 

532
00:27:03,700 --> 00:27:06,200
hours in the middle of the 
Atlantic Ocean on a night. 

533
00:27:06,208 --> 00:27:09,200
When the air temperature was 
below freezing and the water 

534
00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:12,400
temperature was even colder. 
Some Boats were organized and 

535
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:14,700
well-supplied with competent 
crew members. 

536
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:17,400
Who knew how to row and navigate
others were. 

537
00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,300
Essentially floating 
accidentally filled with people 

538
00:27:20,300 --> 00:27:23,700
who had never been in a robot 
before when now responsible for 

539
00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:26,700
their survival in conditions 
that would challenge experienced

540
00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:28,900
Sailors. 
It was like being asked to 

541
00:27:28,900 --> 00:27:32,200
perform surgery after reading a 
first aid, manual possible in 

542
00:27:32,208 --> 00:27:34,700
theory. 
But requiring a level of skill 

543
00:27:34,700 --> 00:27:38,200
that most people simply didn't 
possess The survivors in the 

544
00:27:38,208 --> 00:27:40,600
water faced an entirely 
different kind of challenge. 

545
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:44,700
The ocean temperature was about 
28 degrees Fahrenheit which 

546
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:47,300
means it was cold enough to kill
in minutes rather than hours. 

547
00:27:47,300 --> 00:27:51,100
Most people who ended up in the 
water had perhaps 10 to 15 

548
00:27:51,100 --> 00:27:53,700
minutes before hyperthermia 
would make survival impossible. 

549
00:27:53,700 --> 00:27:56,900
It was like being thrown into a 
freezer that was also trying to 

550
00:27:56,900 --> 00:27:59,100
drown you. 
The sounds from the water were 

551
00:27:59,100 --> 00:28:01,700
perhaps the most haunting part 
of the entire experience. 

552
00:28:01,700 --> 00:28:04,900
Hundreds of people were calling 
for help crying out for 

553
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:08,100
lifeboats to return pleading for
rescue that most of the new 

554
00:28:08,100 --> 00:28:11,200
wasn't coming. 
The survivors in the boats faced

555
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,700
an impossible Choice return to 
help people in the water and 

556
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:17,700
risks, swamping their boats, or 
stay safe and listen to the 

557
00:28:17,700 --> 00:28:19,500
cries gradually faded into 
silence. 

558
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,900
Most boats chose safety, which 
sounds heartless, but was 

559
00:28:23,900 --> 00:28:25,700
actually the mathematics of 
survival. 

560
00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:29,100
The lifeboats were already 
crowded sitting low in the water

561
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:32,300
and attempting to pull people 
from the ocean would likely have

562
00:28:32,300 --> 00:28:35,500
resulted in even more deaths? 
It was like being asked to save 

563
00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:37,800
someone from drowning when 
you're barely keeping your head 

564
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,800
above water. 
Cries From the water. 

565
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:43,700
Lost it for about an hour before
gradually fading to silence. 

566
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:47,100
Such Noise wasn't because people
were being rescued. 

567
00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:50,200
It was because the ocean was 
claiming the last of those who 

568
00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:53,500
hadn't made it to the boats. 
The silence that followed was 

569
00:28:53,500 --> 00:28:56,800
more profound than any sound, a 
quiet that seemed to spread 

570
00:28:56,800 --> 00:29:00,200
across the water, like a blanket
made of stars and sorrow. 

571
00:29:01,100 --> 00:29:03,500
As Dawn approached, the 
survivors began to see each 

572
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:07,200
other more clearly they were no 
longer Anonymous passengers on a

573
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:09,800
luxury liner. 
They were individuals who had 

574
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:12,600
shared an experience that would 
define the rest of their lives. 

575
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:14,600
Some were still in evening 
dress. 

576
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:17,700
Others were in night clothes and
a few were wearing the kind of 

577
00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:20,300
mismatched clothing that 
suggested they dressed quickly 

578
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:22,000
in the dark while their world 
was ending. 

579
00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:26,500
At about 4 a.m. the survivors, 
spotted lights on the horizon. 

580
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,000
The Carpathia had arrived 
appearing, Like A Small Miracle 

581
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:33,000
on the vast ocean. 
Captain rostron had pushed his 

582
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:34,800
ship, Beyond her limits 
arriving. 

583
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:37,500
Just as the survivors were 
beginning to wonder if rescue 

584
00:29:37,500 --> 00:29:40,500
would come at all. 
Seeing the Carpathia was akin to

585
00:29:40,508 --> 00:29:43,600
spotting a lighthouse while lost
at sea, with the difference 

586
00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:45,600
being that it was actively 
moving towards you. 

587
00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:49,400
The rescue operation, took hours
as each Lifeboat had to be 

588
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:53,100
located approached and unloaded 
The survivors were brought 

589
00:29:53,100 --> 00:29:55,800
aboard the Carpathia to begin, 
the long journey back to New 

590
00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:57,800
York though. 
They were returning as 

591
00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:00,600
fundamentally different people 
than they had been. 

592
00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:03,100
When they left, they were no 
longer passengers. 

593
00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:06,900
They were survivors carrying 
memories and stories, that would

594
00:30:06,900 --> 00:30:11,000
stay with them forever. 
The Titanic disaster, changed 

595
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:15,300
everything about Ocean, Travel 
Maritime, safety and Humanities 

596
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:19,200
relationship with technology. 
New regulations were established

597
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:23,100
more lifeboats were required and
the idea that any ship could be 

598
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:25,500
Unsinkable was abandoned 
forever. 

599
00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:29,000
It was like learning that your 
house isn't actually Fireproof 

600
00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:31,000
by watching it burn down a 
lesson. 

601
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:33,500
That was both devastating and 
necessary. 

602
00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:37,100
But perhaps the most lasting 
Legacy of the Titanic isn't the 

603
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:39,500
technical improvements or the 
safety regulations. 

604
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:42,800
It's the stories of ordinary 
people who faced extraordinary 

605
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:47,600
circumstances and chose to act 
with courage dignity and Grace, 

606
00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:51,100
the memory that matter include 
the band that played until the 

607
00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:53,900
end the passengers who helped 
others before themselves. 

608
00:30:53,900 --> 00:30:57,100
And the crew who maintained 
protocol even as their world was

609
00:30:57,100 --> 00:31:00,400
literally sinking. 
The sun rose on April, 15th, 

610
00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:04,500
1912 over an ocean that looked 
exactly as it had the day 

611
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:07,600
before, giving no indication 
that it had just witnessed one 

612
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:10,000
of the most significant Maritime
disaster in history. 

613
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:14,600
The Titanic was gone but the 
stories of that night would 

614
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:17,500
continue forever. 
Reminding us that even in our 

615
00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:20,700
darkest moments, we have the 
capacity to choose how we Face 

616
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:23,400
The Impossible. 
And that perhaps is the most 

617
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:28,300
human story of all. 
Suddenly the last Lifeboat 

618
00:31:28,300 --> 00:31:30,700
drifts away from the ocean 
becomes silent. 

619
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:32,800
Once more. 
If your thoughts are still 

620
00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:35,800
echoing with footsteps on Cold 
Steel and distant music in the 

621
00:31:35,808 --> 00:31:39,700
dark, you're not alone. 
There's more to hear. 

622
00:31:39,700 --> 00:31:42,700
If this story didn't bring you 
peace, old and new placed here. 

623
00:31:42,708 --> 00:31:45,800
But tonight we let the great 
ship rest beneath the waves and 

624
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:48,200
the memories settle like silt 
sleep. 

625
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:51,400
Well, passengers of history and 
as always good night, 

626
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:07,000
Benjamin Franklin's life began, 
not in luxury but in the 

627
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:10,800
bustling precincts of colonial, 
Boston a port city shaped by 

628
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:15,100
rigorous piety and Hardy trade. 
He was born on January 17th, 

629
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:19,200
1706 the 15th child in a family 
that struggled with limited 

630
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:23,300
means his father. 
Josiah Chandler a democratic 

631
00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:26,500
from England, hoping to build a 
modest livelihood young, 

632
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:29,200
Benjamins earliest, memories 
likely featured the pungent 

633
00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:32,700
smell of rendered fat in candle 
making fats and attention of a 

634
00:32:32,700 --> 00:32:35,100
crowded household. 
But beneath those humble 

635
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:37,700
beginnings stirred, a Restless 
mind that refused to be 

636
00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:40,300
confined. 
In many standard biographies. 

637
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:43,000
Franklyn pops up as an 
unflappable genius. 

638
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:46,300
Who sawed easily from a cramped 
apprenticeship to Transit Fame 

639
00:32:46,300 --> 00:32:48,500
yet? 
The real story is a tangle of 

640
00:32:48,508 --> 00:32:51,700
near failures. 
Calculated risk taking and 

641
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:56,400
heated disputes with family. 
That age. 12 Benjamin began an 

642
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:57,500
apprenticeship under his older 
brother. 

643
00:32:57,508 --> 00:33:00,800
James, a printer whose temper 
matched his drive for high 

644
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:04,400
profile pamphlets, initially 
enthusiastic Benjamin soon 

645
00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:06,500
chafed at James's authoritarian 
Style. 

646
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:10,200
Printing presses, demanded 
skilled hands and an eye for 

647
00:33:10,200 --> 00:33:12,900
detail, but also a willingness 
to handle punishing hours. 

648
00:33:12,900 --> 00:33:17,000
Moreover James often undercut 
Benjamin's ideas about editorial

649
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:20,700
Direction, Built behind shop 
doors until Benjamin 

650
00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:23,500
clandestinely, penned letters to
the local newspaper under the 

651
00:33:23,500 --> 00:33:28,100
pseudonym silence dogood. 
Those witty essays garnered 

652
00:33:28,100 --> 00:33:31,000
attention all while James 
remained ignorant of the true 

653
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:35,000
author, That Escapade half 
mischief and half aspiration 

654
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:38,200
sparked Franklins, lifelong 
Devotion to shape in public 

655
00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:41,000
opinion. 
The Columns criticize Colonial 

656
00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:42,800
authorities and championed free 
expression. 

657
00:33:42,800 --> 00:33:46,000
Forging a path that later would 
turn him into a master 

658
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,400
communicator. 
However, James is discovery of 

659
00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:52,300
Benjamin's secret authorship, 
precipitated ugly quarrels. 

660
00:33:53,100 --> 00:33:56,600
In 1723 weary of conflicts and 
the constraints of 

661
00:33:56,600 --> 00:34:00,100
apprenticeship Benjamin, fled 
Boston for Philadelphia that 

662
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:02,400
covert departure on a leaky 
Sloop. 

663
00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:05,800
The signal, the first of his 
many reinventions Philadelphia 

664
00:34:05,800 --> 00:34:08,199
at the time, offered a more 
Cosmopolitan atmosphere than 

665
00:34:08,199 --> 00:34:12,400
Boston Quaker, Merchants German 
artists and bustling Wars gave 

666
00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:15,000
the city a distinctly commercial
but tolerant flavor. 

667
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:19,300
Franklin trudged through its 
streets jobless and nearly broke

668
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:21,900
so searching for any printer who
might hire him. 

669
00:34:22,900 --> 00:34:24,900
A few local contacts pointed him
to Samuel. 

670
00:34:24,900 --> 00:34:27,900
Kymer, who ran a small 
disorganized print shop, 

671
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:31,600
recognizing Benjamin's Talent, 
chimer agreed to take him on. 

672
00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:34,500
Franklyn, it was a step towards 
self-sufficiency. 

673
00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:36,699
He found lodging in a humble 
room. 

674
00:34:36,699 --> 00:34:40,199
Subsisted on bread rolls, and 
saved every spare coin for 

675
00:34:40,199 --> 00:34:42,600
books. 
Those books typically borrowed 

676
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:46,300
or secondhand opened vistas of 
scientific philosophical and 

677
00:34:46,300 --> 00:34:48,500
political thought. 
Well, other young men in 

678
00:34:48,500 --> 00:34:52,100
colonial, America might idle at 
Heaven's after work, frankly in 

679
00:34:52,100 --> 00:34:53,500
Port over essays on natural 
philosophy. 

680
00:34:53,500 --> 00:34:56,900
He also taught himself 
rudimentary French and Italian 

681
00:34:56,900 --> 00:35:00,000
believing that knowledge of 
languages could catapult him to 

682
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:01,300
a broader understanding of the 
world. 

683
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:03,700
Eager to refine his social 
skills. 

684
00:35:04,700 --> 00:35:07,000
He adopted a system of 
self-improvement based on 

685
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:08,900
virtues. 
He listed in a little notebook. 

686
00:35:09,900 --> 00:35:13,200
This daily practice strikingly, 
systematic for the era. 

687
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:16,600
Kept him alert to personal 
discipline though. 

688
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:19,000
Not always successful in 
defeating Temptations. 

689
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,600
Still. 
Frankly was an ambitious 

690
00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:25,200
Tradesman at this junker, not 
the seasons statement or 

691
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:28,500
scientists we envisioned today, 
but he planted the seeds of a 

692
00:35:28,500 --> 00:35:32,100
strong passion for reading a 
fixation on bettering oneself 

693
00:35:32,100 --> 00:35:34,600
and a red in Readiness to go 
against the grain. 

694
00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:39,300
He joined local clubs, most 
notably the hunter a form of 

695
00:35:39,308 --> 00:35:42,600
curious individuals, who debated
Civic improvements and swap 

696
00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:45,300
knowledge Franklin thrived in 
that environment. 

697
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:49,300
Forging friendships with Rising 
Merchants teachers and Artisans.

698
00:35:49,300 --> 00:35:52,200
The hunters premise. 
That every day citizens could 

699
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:54,600
shape Community policies. 
Resonated deeply with him. 

700
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:57,700
He began drafting proposals for 
better Street lighting 

701
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:01,500
suggesting the establishment of 
a lending library and even 

702
00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:03,400
championing Volunteer Fire 
brigades. 

703
00:36:04,100 --> 00:36:06,800
The small-scale Innovations 
signaled, the mindset that would

704
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:10,900
later produce loftier Feats. 
Thus by his mid-20s Frank was 

705
00:36:10,900 --> 00:36:13,900
already a figured to watch in 
Philadelphia, a young printer 

706
00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:17,000
with an entrepreneurial streak 
at pamphleteer on afraid of 

707
00:36:17,008 --> 00:36:20,700
challenging norms and a network 
skilled at binding like-minded 

708
00:36:20,700 --> 00:36:24,000
Souls together. 
However, Financial Security was 

709
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:27,900
still a Lucifer His personal 
life was complicated and his 

710
00:36:27,900 --> 00:36:31,000
religious skepticism set him 
apart in an era of strict 

711
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:33,400
Orthodoxy. 
The next year's would see him 

712
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,400
expand these early experiments 
slowly weaving. 

713
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:39,000
The Persona, that would one day 
grace, the global stage. 

714
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:43,100
Early in the 17th century 
franklyn's Printing, Shop, 

715
00:36:43,100 --> 00:36:46,000
gained stability, due to its 
growing reputation for punctual 

716
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:49,100
delivery and sharp content. 
His production range from 

717
00:36:49,100 --> 00:36:51,600
political leaflets to visiting 
cards yet. 

718
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:56,000
Almanacs proved to be his most 
profitable venture. 1732 he 

719
00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:58,600
introduced. 
Poor Richard's Almanac. 

720
00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,700
A key insightful, publication 
under the pseudonym of Richard 

721
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:05,400
Saunders. 
Unlike state almanacs that 

722
00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:07,600
listed only lunar cycles and 
harvest tips. 

723
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:11,000
Franklin's version featured, 
witty maxims, satirical 

724
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:13,900
commentary and personal Jabs 
that made each addition and 

725
00:37:13,900 --> 00:37:16,600
eagerly awaited Staple in 
households across the colonies. 

726
00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:20,800
Yet while poor Richard minted, 
his reputation Franklin's 

727
00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:22,200
day-to-day life was more 
complex. 

728
00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:25,000
He navigated a personal 
relationship with Deborah Reid, 

729
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:26,700
who would once been a neighbor's
daughter? 

730
00:37:26,700 --> 00:37:30,600
Their common law marriage, not 
formally solemnized for various 

731
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:33,300
reasons, gave franklyn 
assemblance of domestic 

732
00:37:33,300 --> 00:37:35,800
stability though, the 
arrangement lacked, the official

733
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:39,000
Aura of conventional unions, 
they raise children together, 

734
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:42,100
but the demands of his printing,
press and swirl of Civic 

735
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:43,600
projects. 
Often kept him away from 

736
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:47,500
extended familial devotion. 
Franklyn's thirst for civic, 

737
00:37:47,500 --> 00:37:50,600
improvements seemed boundless in
1731. 

738
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:52,500
He formed the library company of
Philadelphia. 

739
00:37:52,500 --> 00:37:56,400
An idea born from the hunters 
discussions, subscribing 

740
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:58,900
members, pulled funds to buy 
books establishing. 

741
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:01,900
One of America's first lending 
library's this approach, 

742
00:38:01,900 --> 00:38:05,900
crystallized franklyn's method, 
Harness Collective contributions

743
00:38:05,900 --> 00:38:08,500
to uplift public life. 
Where others saw Financial 

744
00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:10,800
hurdles? 
Franklyn, leveraged group 

745
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,500
effort. 
The concept proved so successful

746
00:38:13,500 --> 00:38:17,100
that it sparked similar Ventures
elsewhere, bolstering literacy 

747
00:38:17,100 --> 00:38:21,300
in an era and many colonists had
limited access to texts as a 

748
00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:23,000
publisher. 
He also became a de facto 

749
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:26,400
influence in shaping public 
sentiment He printed currency 

750
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:29,000
for Pennsylvania. 
Bolstering trust in local 

751
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:31,500
finances. 
He took up the cause of paper 

752
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:35,000
money arguing, that a stable 
local currency could invigorate 

753
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,800
commas. 
Through editorials under assumed

754
00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:40,100
names he debated with political 
Rivals. 

755
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:43,900
Championing a pragmatic Outlook,
if a policy boosted trade and 

756
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:47,000
enriched Community Resources. 
It merited consideration. 

757
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:49,400
Irrespective of dogmatic 
leanings. 

758
00:38:49,400 --> 00:38:53,000
This flexibility would later 
mark his diplomatic engagements 

759
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:54,300
yet. 
It sometimes. 

760
00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:59,000
Riled partisans. 
The printing realm franklyn 

761
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:02,100
dabbled in volunteer projects 
like establishing Philadelphia's

762
00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:05,400
Union Fire Company in 1736 fire 
disaster. 

763
00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:08,700
Had played the city wiping out 
blocks of wooden structures 

764
00:39:08,700 --> 00:39:12,800
Franklins Brigade staffed by 
volunteers offered assemblance 

765
00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:15,600
of organized response. 
Where previously chaos reigned? 

766
00:39:15,600 --> 00:39:19,600
This Ford thinking approach 
spread birthing additional fire 

767
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:23,300
companies that cooperated 
instead of completing Ever the 

768
00:39:23,300 --> 00:39:25,700
organizer. 
Franklin helped shape guidelines

769
00:39:25,700 --> 00:39:27,700
for equipment sharing and mutual
Aid. 

770
00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:30,200
Forging a model admired in other
colonies. 

771
00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:34,500
Yet success is a loan, didn't 
insulate him from adversity, the

772
00:39:34,500 --> 00:39:36,700
colonial landscape could be 
unforgiving to those who 

773
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:40,100
ventured unpopular opinions. 
Franklin, sometimes rankled 

774
00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:43,900
conservative church leaders by 
printing texts that veered to 

775
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:45,600
secular or criticized certain 
dogmas. 

776
00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:49,500
He also faced tension with other
printers who resented his rapid 

777
00:39:49,500 --> 00:39:51,400
Ascension, and willingness to 
mock Rivals. 

778
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:53,800
Still his knack for bridging 
differences. 

779
00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:57,300
Often prevailed. 
When rumors of a severe smallpox

780
00:39:57,300 --> 00:40:01,000
outbreak loomed used his press 
to advocate for inoculation 

781
00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:03,200
though. 
He personally endured heartbreak

782
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:04,800
when one of his sons died of the
disease. 

783
00:40:05,900 --> 00:40:08,700
The tragedy, deepened, Franklins
resolved to promote evidence 

784
00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:10,800
based Solutions over 
Superstition or fear. 

785
00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:15,300
Simultaneously franklyn 
scientific curiosity blossomed. 

786
00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:17,700
He embarked on rudimentary 
experiments. 

787
00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:19,100
Observing local weather 
patterns. 

788
00:40:19,100 --> 00:40:23,100
Speculating that storms and 
winds might follow distinct 

789
00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:24,600
reject trees across the 
colonies. 

790
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:27,800
A dinner. 
Gathering's, he speculated about

791
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:30,200
electricity and obscure 
phenomenon. 

792
00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:33,200
Rarely studied in depth outside 
Europe's learned societies. 

793
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,200
While his main energy is still 
lay in publishing and Civic 

794
00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:39,700
activism that spark of Interest 
hinted at Future breakthroughs. 

795
00:40:40,500 --> 00:40:42,700
He collected, glass tubes and 
rods from ships. 

796
00:40:42,700 --> 00:40:46,100
Arriving from England. 
Quietly testing ways to generate

797
00:40:46,100 --> 00:40:48,800
static charges. 
It was Uncharted Territory in 

798
00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:51,800
the North American context. 
through these Endeavors 

799
00:40:51,800 --> 00:40:55,500
Franklin, cultivated an image as
a problem, solver unafraid of 

800
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:59,900
multiple hats publisher, social 
entrepreneur, Proto scientist, 

801
00:41:00,700 --> 00:41:02,900
His approach remained anchored 
in practicality. 

802
00:41:02,900 --> 00:41:05,900
He believed knowledge mattered, 
chiefly when applied to real 

803
00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:08,000
life challenges. 
Whether refining printing 

804
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:10,600
techniques or organizing 
communities to fight fires. 

805
00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:14,400
Meanwhile Poor Richard's Almanac
soared in popularity. 

806
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:19,200
Is turning into every day. 
Proverbs phrases, like early to 

807
00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:21,500
bed and early to rise, makes a 
man healthy wealthy. 

808
00:41:21,500 --> 00:41:25,700
And wise laced, casual speech 
shaping the moral of the day. 

809
00:41:25,700 --> 00:41:30,000
Many readers had no idea that 
franklyn behind the comedic mask

810
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:33,000
of Richard Saunders, 
orchestrated each aphorism with 

811
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:35,100
a shrewd sense of what the 
public would embrace. 

812
00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:39,300
By the mid-seventies. 
He was no longer just a scrappy 

813
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:42,600
printer he was emerging as a 
Civic figure recognized for 

814
00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:44,200
Bridging the Divide of a 
fractious. 

815
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:49,000
Colonial society is illusions of
grandeur was subdued though. 

816
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:51,900
He remained humble enough to 
realize that the bigger the 

817
00:41:51,900 --> 00:41:54,000
stage, the steeper, the 
criticisms. 

818
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:57,800
Nevertheless the path ahead 
beckoned him to new Realms, both

819
00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:00,500
scientific, and political that 
would redefine his standing in 

820
00:42:00,508 --> 00:42:04,900
the colonies and Beyond. 
As the 1740s unfolded, Franklin 

821
00:42:04,900 --> 00:42:08,100
expanded, his repertoire 
Adventures, moving beyond the 

822
00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:10,200
realm of printing, presses, and 
local libraries. 

823
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:12,800
He began a foray into public 
office. 

824
00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:17,100
First as karka, the Pennsylvania
assembly then as a Justice of 

825
00:42:17,108 --> 00:42:20,200
the Peace though, these roles 
brought little direct power. 

826
00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:22,900
The introduced him to the 
mechanics of governance and 

827
00:42:22,900 --> 00:42:27,000
legislative procedures Franklin 
quickly grasped that influence 

828
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:30,600
often arose, not from formal 
titles but from credibility and 

829
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:33,100
discourse. 
Where the drafting petitions or 

830
00:42:33,100 --> 00:42:35,400
speaking? 
Softly behind the scenes, he 

831
00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:38,200
proved a debt at galvanizing 
votes around pragmatic 

832
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,800
Solutions, his philanthropic 
instincts, all guided him to 

833
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:47,200
found what he called an Academy.
Conceived in the mid 1740s. 

834
00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:50,500
This initiative eventually 
evolved into the University of 

835
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:53,900
Pennsylvania, dissatisfied with 
narrow classical, curricula 

836
00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:57,400
franklynn for an institution 
that melded, theoretical 

837
00:42:57,400 --> 00:43:00,900
knowledge with practical Arts. 
He envisioned horses in modern 

838
00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:05,200
languages Commerce and applied 
science is strikingly 

839
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:07,800
Progressive when many are still 
clung to Latin and Greek. 

840
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:10,800
As the backbone of learning 
Gathering donations from 

841
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:12,900
merchants and Mild support from 
local leaders. 

842
00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:17,500
He opened the academy in 1751 
students arrive from various 

843
00:43:17,500 --> 00:43:20,700
Colonial towns forging, a new 
generation steeped in the 

844
00:43:20,700 --> 00:43:23,600
Synergy of classical ideals, and
real world problem solving, 

845
00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:27,800
Meanwhile Franklin's fascination
with electricity, escalated 

846
00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:31,600
news, reached him of a European 
experiments generating Sparks 

847
00:43:31,600 --> 00:43:34,900
from friction machines. 
Intrigued improvised his 

848
00:43:34,908 --> 00:43:38,900
apparatus, he discovered that 
after rubbing a glass tube bits 

849
00:43:38,900 --> 00:43:43,100
of cork or paper jumped toward 
it, revealing hidden charges he 

850
00:43:43,100 --> 00:43:46,800
took copious notes meticulously 
describing how certain materials

851
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:50,900
attracted or repelled Over time,
he concluded that electricity 

852
00:43:50,900 --> 00:43:53,100
involved. 
A single fluid that could move 

853
00:43:53,100 --> 00:43:56,000
from one object to another 
revolutionary concept for the 

854
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,100
era. 
He even coined terms like 

855
00:43:58,100 --> 00:44:01,000
battery are positive and 
negative charges. 

856
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:05,000
These insights published in 
pamphlets reached, the Royal 

857
00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:07,700
Society. 
In London, catapulting, frankly 

858
00:44:07,700 --> 00:44:11,100
in the realm of serious, 
scientists his legendary kite 

859
00:44:11,100 --> 00:44:14,800
experiment, while dramatized in 
modern retellings, indeed 

860
00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:19,100
occurred around 1752 concerned 
that Europe's official 

861
00:44:19,100 --> 00:44:21,600
experimenters might beat him to 
proof that lightning was 

862
00:44:21,600 --> 00:44:24,300
Electric. 
Franklin prepared, a kite made 

863
00:44:24,300 --> 00:44:28,000
from silk and a conductive metal
wire planning to fly it during a

864
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:31,700
thunderstorm. 
Observers often imagined, 

865
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:34,800
dramatic flashes, but frankly 
took precautions. 

866
00:44:34,800 --> 00:44:38,500
He stood under shelter holding 
the kite string, only through a 

867
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:42,300
key, attached near the bottom. 
The moment the kite soared into 

868
00:44:42,300 --> 00:44:45,700
stormy clouds, the strands of 
the string group bristly 

869
00:44:45,700 --> 00:44:48,500
signaling that electric charge 
was traveling downward. 

870
00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:52,600
Small spark from the key to his 
knuckle a hypothesis. 

871
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:55,100
This demonstration led him to 
propose. 

872
00:44:55,100 --> 00:44:59,100
The lightning rod, an iron Rod 
placed atop buildings to direct 

873
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:02,500
Lightning's destructive force 
safely into the ground His 

874
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:04,900
success in explaining Lightnings
nature elevated. 

875
00:45:04,900 --> 00:45:09,000
His reputation overseas. 
Soon, letters from eminent 

876
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:13,100
European savants poured in 
praising ingenious Mr. Frank the

877
00:45:13,100 --> 00:45:17,600
Franklin of Philadelphia. 
Yet at home, his daily 

878
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:21,400
responsibilities continued 
unabated, running a busy print 

879
00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:23,700
shop. 
Publishing a newspaper, an 

880
00:45:23,700 --> 00:45:27,300
encouraging, local improvements.
He scarcely had time to Revel in

881
00:45:27,308 --> 00:45:29,700
his scientific achievements. 
Indeed. 

882
00:45:29,700 --> 00:45:32,400
Franklyn, expressed. 
Surprise that his experiments 

883
00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:33,900
won him so much. 
Acclaim abroad. 

884
00:45:33,900 --> 00:45:37,800
While many neighbors remained 
unimpressed or simply confused 

885
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:41,400
by his lightning games. 
As if science and commerce were 

886
00:45:41,400 --> 00:45:43,400
enough. 
Franklin became increasingly 

887
00:45:43,400 --> 00:45:47,000
involved in Frontier politics. 
Tensions flared between 

888
00:45:47,000 --> 00:45:49,600
Pennsylvania's Quaker. 
Dominated assembly in the pain 

889
00:45:49,600 --> 00:45:53,000
for Molly Proprietors of the 
colony Franklin believed in 

890
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:56,200
Fair, taxation, including taxes 
on the Proprietors vast. 

891
00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:59,400
Estates a view that have put him
at odds with the privileged 

892
00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:02,800
view, additionally British 
French competition in North 

893
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:05,600
America was heating up 
culminating in the French and 

894
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:08,100
Indian War. 
Franklyn convinced that defense 

895
00:46:08,100 --> 00:46:12,100
required Unity among colonies 
proposed his famous Join or Die 

896
00:46:12,100 --> 00:46:15,100
cartoon. 
A segmented, snake representing 

897
00:46:15,100 --> 00:46:18,000
the separate colonies, though. 
It spurred, dialogue, 

898
00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:22,300
intercolonial Unity remained 
elusive, This interplay of local

899
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:25,700
squabbles and looming War tested
Franklins, political 

900
00:46:25,700 --> 00:46:28,600
adaptability amid. 
These swirling commitments, 

901
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:31,000
Franklins, personal Circle 
change. 

902
00:46:31,800 --> 00:46:33,400
His partnership with Deborah 
Reid. 

903
00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:36,100
Persisted though, they'd never 
married in a conventional 

904
00:46:36,100 --> 00:46:38,800
sermon. 
He founded children, including 

905
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:42,100
William, franklyn, who would 
later become a royal governor, a

906
00:46:42,100 --> 00:46:44,400
Twist that would strain their 
bond as the revolution of 

907
00:46:44,400 --> 00:46:48,100
approached franklyn for all his 
rational thinking faced 

908
00:46:48,100 --> 00:46:51,700
heartbreak and family tensions. 
He enjoyed comedic relief 

909
00:46:51,700 --> 00:46:55,200
hosting Gatherings where Brandy 
lace conversation turned to 

910
00:46:55,200 --> 00:46:58,600
improve the ideas like 
controlling storms or forging 

911
00:46:58,600 --> 00:47:00,700
alliances with Iroquois 
confederacies. 

912
00:47:01,500 --> 00:47:03,800
Those evenings captured the 
spirit of a man at once. 

913
00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:06,800
Playful and profoundly serious, 
about shaping a better Society 

914
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:11,700
by 1755, Franklin's name carried
weight, across multiple spheres 

915
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:15,800
inventor publisher, civil 
organizer, and budding, 

916
00:47:15,800 --> 00:47:19,400
political presence. 
The complexities of colonial 

917
00:47:19,400 --> 00:47:23,700
life demanded more from him, 
especially as War clouds loomed 

918
00:47:23,700 --> 00:47:27,000
on the horizon. 
You read these Omens, suspecting

919
00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:29,800
that events in Europe would soon
Ripple through the colonies and 

920
00:47:29,800 --> 00:47:32,200
forceful ways. 
His intellectual curiosity. 

921
00:47:32,200 --> 00:47:36,000
Sharpened by successes in 
science prepared him to tackle 

922
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:39,300
these challenges yet even 
Frankling couldn't fall see how 

923
00:47:39,308 --> 00:47:41,700
drastically the next decade 
would alter his path. 

924
00:47:42,500 --> 00:47:45,900
The mid 1750s are shut in the 
French and Indian War pitting. 

925
00:47:45,900 --> 00:47:48,500
British colonists and their 
native allies against French 

926
00:47:48,500 --> 00:47:50,300
forces. 
For control of North American, 

927
00:47:50,300 --> 00:47:54,000
Frontiers suddenly franklyn's 
calls for coordinated defense, 

928
00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:57,000
took on new urgency 
Pennsylvania, traditional 

929
00:47:57,000 --> 00:48:00,800
pacifist under Quaker influence 
hesitated to fund a militia 

930
00:48:00,800 --> 00:48:03,600
Franklin. 
Intervene by rallying the public

931
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,900
to support the fortification of 
the colonies Western borders, 

932
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:11,200
even Trek to the Lehigh Valley, 
supervising the construction of 

933
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:13,500
simple stock, AIDS, and 
negotiating Provisions with 

934
00:48:13,500 --> 00:48:16,900
Frontier settlers This 
experience deepened, his 

935
00:48:16,900 --> 00:48:19,700
conviction that decentralized 
Colonial governance invited 

936
00:48:19,700 --> 00:48:23,600
Peril in times of crisis. 
During this tumult, the 

937
00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:26,300
Pennsylvania, assembly 
dispatched Franklin to London as

938
00:48:26,300 --> 00:48:29,600
a colonial agent hoping he could
Lobby, British officials for 

939
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:34,100
favorable policies. 
Arriving in 1757, he was struck 

940
00:48:34,100 --> 00:48:37,600
by London's vastness. 
Teaming comers or Nate 

941
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:40,300
architecture and a lively 
intellectual scene. 

942
00:48:40,300 --> 00:48:44,500
No mere tourist Franklin, got 
into the city's Coffee House 

943
00:48:44,500 --> 00:48:48,100
culture mingling with writers, 
scientists members of 

944
00:48:48,100 --> 00:48:51,700
parliament. he soon realized 
that British politicians often 

945
00:48:51,700 --> 00:48:54,700
held the colonies in lower 
regard, seeing them as sources 

946
00:48:54,700 --> 00:48:57,500
of revenue or strategic buffers 
rather than partners 

947
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:01,800
Nevertheless Franklin's wit and 
scientific reputation eased his 

948
00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:05,200
entry into Elite circles. 
He garnered invitations, to 

949
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:08,100
electron electricity 
demonstration in hand. 

950
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:11,400
Wowing Aristocrats, who marveled
at the American electrician? 

951
00:49:11,400 --> 00:49:15,408
Some found his plane, Quaker, 
like dress refreshing in a world

952
00:49:15,416 --> 00:49:19,700
of powdered wigs and ruffled 
cuffs Shrewdly, franklyn 

953
00:49:19,700 --> 00:49:22,100
leveraged these social 
encounters to address Colonial 

954
00:49:22,100 --> 00:49:24,900
concerns. 
Lobby for fairer, trade 

955
00:49:24,900 --> 00:49:27,200
regulations, and tried to 
persuade the Penn family to 

956
00:49:27,200 --> 00:49:29,200
shoulder their share of taxes 
and Pennsylvania. 

957
00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:33,200
Through the mission advanced in 
small increments, Franklin, 

958
00:49:33,200 --> 00:49:37,200
chafed at the slow pace of 
British bureaucracy over time he

959
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:39,600
witnessed the seeds of 
paternalistic attitudes. 

960
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:42,200
That would later spark, 
full-blown Colonial resentment, 

961
00:49:43,100 --> 00:49:45,700
He wrote letters back to 
Philadelphia, warning, that 

962
00:49:45,700 --> 00:49:48,000
British officials seemed 
oblivious to Colonial 

963
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:50,600
capacities. 
He also recognized that 

964
00:49:50,600 --> 00:49:53,300
entrenched Aristocrats in 
Parliament viewed, Colonial 

965
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:56,100
assemblies as subservient in 
subtle ways. 

966
00:49:56,100 --> 00:49:59,100
These experiences eroded 
Franklin's loyalty to the 

967
00:49:59,108 --> 00:50:02,700
Empire's status quo, Franklin 
spent five years, in London, 

968
00:50:02,700 --> 00:50:07,200
returning home in 1762 reunited 
with Deborah and his family. 

969
00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:10,600
He found that Philadelphia had 
grown in population and ambition

970
00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:15,000
despite success in resolving. 
Some Pennsylvania disputes, new 

971
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:18,500
controversies loomed. 
The British government having 

972
00:50:18,500 --> 00:50:22,400
incurred massive debts from the 
war considered imposing taxes on

973
00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:25,700
the colonies to recoup costs. 
Franklin saw the probable 

974
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:28,600
friction. 
That would result Before he 

975
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:31,300
could settle in. 
However the assembly again, 

976
00:50:31,300 --> 00:50:34,300
tapped him for diplomatic tasks.
Sure enough. 

977
00:50:34,300 --> 00:50:38,900
In 1764 with the Stamp Act on 
the horizon, Franklin was sent 

978
00:50:38,900 --> 00:50:41,500
back to London to represent 
Pennsylvania's opposition to 

979
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:43,600
direct taxation without Colonial
input. 

980
00:50:44,300 --> 00:50:47,000
Stamp Act crisis erupted in 
1765. 

981
00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:51,400
Igniting unrest, across the 
colonies Critics on both sides 

982
00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:53,900
hammered part. 
Franklyn from his vantage point 

983
00:50:53,900 --> 00:50:57,400
in Britain, colonists suspected.
He'd been complacent about the 

984
00:50:57,400 --> 00:51:01,100
acts drafting londoners accused 
him of stirring rebellious 

985
00:51:01,100 --> 00:51:03,700
sentiments. 
Testified before the House of 

986
00:51:03,700 --> 00:51:07,900
Commons, in 1766, offering a 
measured but firm explanation of

987
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:10,200
why the colonies believed. 
They should not be taxed by 

988
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:13,400
Parliament, where they had no 
elected representatives, his 

989
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,800
argument phrased in calm, 
logical terms swayed. 

990
00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:20,100
Some of opinion contributing to 
the Stamp Acts of ventral 

991
00:51:20,100 --> 00:51:24,300
repeal, yet tensions didn't 
subside, fully the declaratory 

992
00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:27,100
act followed asserting Britain's
right to legislate for the 

993
00:51:27,100 --> 00:51:28,300
colonies in all cases, 
whatsoever. 

994
00:51:29,700 --> 00:51:32,400
Franklin, lingard, in Britain, 
dividing his time between 

995
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:35,300
official negotiations and 
private scientific Pursuits. 

996
00:51:35,300 --> 00:51:38,800
He joined the Royal Society. 
Forging friendships with 

997
00:51:38,800 --> 00:51:40,500
luminaries like Joseph 
Priestley. 

998
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:44,300
They debated the nature of gases
the possibility of manned 

999
00:51:44,300 --> 00:51:48,100
flight, a new Mechanical 
Devices, Franklin's add at mind 

1000
00:51:48,100 --> 00:51:51,200
roved freely in the circles 
producing incremental 

1001
00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:53,800
contributions to Fields like 
meteorology and oceanography 

1002
00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:56,500
map. 
The Gulfstream after hearing 

1003
00:51:56,500 --> 00:52:00,000
whaling captains discuss, warm 
Atlantic currents, guiding ships

1004
00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:03,400
to exploit faster routes across 
the ocean Yet personal 

1005
00:52:03,400 --> 00:52:06,900
heartbreak struck, Deborah 
passed away in 1774. 

1006
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:11,100
Franklyn, who'd been abroad for 
years, felt deep regret not 

1007
00:52:11,100 --> 00:52:14,700
seeing her in her final days. 
Meanwhile, political storms at 

1008
00:52:14,700 --> 00:52:18,300
home intensified. 
The Boston Tea Party erupted, 

1009
00:52:18,300 --> 00:52:20,500
prompting harsh, British 
retaliation. 

1010
00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:25,000
Franklyn found himself once more
the target of criticism even 

1011
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:28,000
singled out by the British privy
Council for public Century in 

1012
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:32,500
1774 over leaked letters slanted
and humiliated and humiliated in

1013
00:52:32,500 --> 00:52:34,600
hearing. 
He sensed that reconciliation 

1014
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:38,400
might be doomed in that 
humiliating moment, the cracks 

1015
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:40,600
in his hope for a peaceful 
resolution to the Imperial 

1016
00:52:40,600 --> 00:52:44,800
crisis widened into a chasm. 
when he finally sailed back to 

1017
00:52:44,800 --> 00:52:49,800
America in 1775 War, seemed 
likely Frankly had left the 

1018
00:52:49,800 --> 00:52:52,400
colonies as a patient mediator 
seeking compromise. 

1019
00:52:52,400 --> 00:52:55,500
He returned an embittered 
observer convinced that 

1020
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:59,200
Britain's Ministry, would never 
treat the colonies fairly this 

1021
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:01,300
pivot, would chart the next 
phase of his life. 

1022
00:53:01,300 --> 00:53:04,800
Transforming him from loyal, 
Colonial agent into a champion 

1023
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:08,300
of Independence a role that 
ironically if you might have 

1024
00:53:08,300 --> 00:53:11,400
predicted a decade earlier, 
Franklin landed in Philadelphia 

1025
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:16,800
until May 1775 greeted by an 
unfolding Revolution, Lexington,

1026
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:18,900
and Concord and battles had 
already erupted. 

1027
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:21,600
Mobilizing militias across the 
colonies. 

1028
00:53:21,600 --> 00:53:24,200
The Second Continental Congress.
Convened. 

1029
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:28,500
Grappling with, whether to seek 
reconciliation or assert in 

1030
00:53:28,500 --> 00:53:31,700
dependents, Franklin's arrive 
injected, a seasoned 

1031
00:53:31,700 --> 00:53:34,700
perspective, he'd been at the 
heart of negotiations with 

1032
00:53:34,700 --> 00:53:36,800
Britain and felt the monies in 
transgen. 

1033
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:40,000
For first hand, he saw little 
choice, but to prepare for armed

1034
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:43,300
conflict, Nonetheless. 
He did not rush to declare 

1035
00:53:43,300 --> 00:53:46,400
separation. 
Like many delegates Franklin 

1036
00:53:46,400 --> 00:53:48,600
believed that a unified approach
was imperative. 

1037
00:53:49,200 --> 00:53:52,200
The Congress formed the 
Continental Army, naming George 

1038
00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:55,200
Washington, as Commander in 
Chief, meanwhile Franklin. 

1039
00:53:55,200 --> 00:53:57,000
Chaired committees on Postal 
Service. 

1040
00:53:57,000 --> 00:53:59,600
Leading end him becoming 
America's first Postmaster 

1041
00:53:59,600 --> 00:54:03,400
General and on forging alliances
with Native groups, his 

1042
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:05,900
pragmatic style. 
Listening intently forging 

1043
00:54:05,900 --> 00:54:08,100
consensus helped nudge the 
Congress forward. 

1044
00:54:08,100 --> 00:54:11,600
He also made time to communicate
with friends in Britain, who 

1045
00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:14,600
supported Colonial rights 
regretting, the delay in 

1046
00:54:14,600 --> 00:54:18,700
reaching a consensus Crucially, 
franklyn joined a committee 

1047
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:21,400
tasked with drafting a 
declaration of independence in 

1048
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:26,100
mid 1776 that small group 
included, Thomas Jefferson John 

1049
00:54:26,100 --> 00:54:29,600
Adams, Roger Sherman. 
And Robert Livingston Jefferson 

1050
00:54:29,600 --> 00:54:32,500
known for his eloquent. 
Pain, took the primary writing 

1051
00:54:32,500 --> 00:54:35,800
role yet Franklin's edits shape 
the final text. 

1052
00:54:36,500 --> 00:54:39,300
He proposed changes to some of 
Jefferson's more florid passages

1053
00:54:39,300 --> 00:54:43,000
seeking crisp directness. 
When the Declaration was 

1054
00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:47,400
ratified on July 4th 1776 
Franklins signature joined 

1055
00:54:47,400 --> 00:54:50,800
others at the bottom marking him
as one of the founding signers 

1056
00:54:50,800 --> 00:54:54,500
equipped afterward. 
We must all hang together or 

1057
00:54:54,500 --> 00:54:56,400
most assuredly. 
We shall all hang separately. 

1058
00:54:56,400 --> 00:54:58,900
Capturing the precarious Unity 
of the moment. 

1059
00:54:59,900 --> 00:55:02,000
The next challenge was 
international support. 

1060
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:06,400
Diplomatic ties, specially with 
France, were critical for the 

1061
00:55:06,408 --> 00:55:10,200
rebel cause having spent ample 
time in Europe and possessing a 

1062
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:13,700
flair for interpersonal charm. 
Franklin was the natural Envoy 

1063
00:55:13,700 --> 00:55:16,900
in late. 1776, he crossed the 
Atlantic again. 

1064
00:55:16,900 --> 00:55:19,100
Braving winter Seas to reach 
Paris. 

1065
00:55:19,100 --> 00:55:22,200
There we took up residence in 
passing near the city's 

1066
00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:25,100
outskirts. 
Clad in the captain of a wig 

1067
00:55:25,100 --> 00:55:28,500
Franklin, cut an arresting 
figure at French salons. 

1068
00:55:28,500 --> 00:55:32,300
Aristocrats found him both 
amusing and wise and thrall by 

1069
00:55:32,300 --> 00:55:34,900
the notion of a plain spoken 
philosopher from the new world, 

1070
00:55:34,900 --> 00:55:38,800
Franklin's Mission transcended, 
mere socializing, he needed 

1071
00:55:38,800 --> 00:55:42,400
French backing money arms, 
possibly direct military 

1072
00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:45,000
intervention. 
Yet the French Court while 

1073
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:47,600
sympathetic to humiliating 
Britain moved cautiously 

1074
00:55:48,600 --> 00:55:50,700
Franklyn leveraged, his 
scientific renowned, 

1075
00:55:50,700 --> 00:55:53,200
intellectual banter, and a 
subtle sense of theater. 

1076
00:55:53,200 --> 00:55:56,400
You Regale, guests with 
experiments on static 

1077
00:55:56,400 --> 00:56:00,300
electricity offered Whitney 
aphorisms and praised, French 

1078
00:56:00,300 --> 00:56:07,700
art over dinners. 
He described the Quest for 

1079
00:56:07,700 --> 00:56:10,100
Liberty. 
Painting it as a. 

1080
00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:12,900
Global struggle pitting Orchard 
against enlightenment. 

1081
00:56:14,300 --> 00:56:17,800
Over time Franklin became a 
sensation in prison circles. 

1082
00:56:18,500 --> 00:56:22,200
Political alliances blossomed 
behind the scenes culminating in

1083
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:25,200
the 1778 franco-american Treaty 
of Alliance. 

1084
00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:28,800
This partnership significant, 
the Triumph for the nascent 

1085
00:56:28,800 --> 00:56:31,700
United States, fundamentally 
altered the course of events. 

1086
00:56:32,700 --> 00:56:35,000
French naval and Military 
Support hammered British 

1087
00:56:35,000 --> 00:56:38,700
positions, Franklin continued to
refine the arrangement pressing 

1088
00:56:38,700 --> 00:56:41,700
for loans and supplies letters 
from American generals. 

1089
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:44,400
Describing dire needs arrived 
weekly. 

1090
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:47,900
Franklyn juggled these pleased 
with the inch trekkies of French

1091
00:56:47,900 --> 00:56:50,800
Court politics, while some 
younger French officers, like 

1092
00:56:50,800 --> 00:56:53,800
Lafayette romanticized, the 
revolution, King, Louis, the 

1093
00:56:53,800 --> 00:56:56,100
16th weighed the risk of 
bankrupting his Treasury. 

1094
00:56:57,000 --> 00:56:59,400
Frankly navigated these 
cross-currents with a plum 

1095
00:56:59,400 --> 00:57:01,900
offering gracious. 
Thanks for every concession 

1096
00:57:01,900 --> 00:57:06,100
while quietly pressing for more.
Amid these negotiations, 

1097
00:57:06,100 --> 00:57:08,700
franklyn also displayed his 
renowned sense of humor. 

1098
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:12,100
One anecdote recounts a dinner 
at which a French Noble 

1099
00:57:12,100 --> 00:57:14,600
expressed doubt that a new 
Republic could succeed. 

1100
00:57:14,600 --> 00:57:18,500
Franklin, allegedly responded 
with a Whimsical analogy about 

1101
00:57:18,500 --> 00:57:20,000
arising balloon that might 
wobble. 

1102
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:23,800
But ultimately float leaving 
doubters behind, he understood 

1103
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:26,400
that small symbolic gestures 
combined. 

1104
00:57:26,400 --> 00:57:29,700
With rational argument often 
wielded outsize influence in 

1105
00:57:29,700 --> 00:57:33,600
diplomatic circles, the Synergy 
of warmth intelligence and 

1106
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:37,700
subtle persuasion proved 
invaluable by 1781, the 

1107
00:57:37,700 --> 00:57:39,800
franco-american alliance had 
turned the walls. 

1108
00:57:39,800 --> 00:57:44,200
Momentum Victory at Yorktown. 
Aided by French forces, ended 

1109
00:57:44,200 --> 00:57:47,400
major hostilities yet? 
Formal piece, took time, 

1110
00:57:47,400 --> 00:57:50,600
Franklin joined the American 
Peace Commission with John Adams

1111
00:57:50,600 --> 00:57:53,900
and John Jay forging, the 1783 
Treaty of Paris. 

1112
00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:58,100
The negotiations tested 
Franklins patients as British 

1113
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:01,900
officials jockeyed for favorable
terms, in the end, the treaty 

1114
00:58:01,900 --> 00:58:04,700
recognized us, independence, and
set boundaries, that shape the 

1115
00:58:04,700 --> 00:58:08,300
young nation's prospects. 
Franklyn found satisfaction in 

1116
00:58:08,300 --> 00:58:11,300
receiving British diplomats at 
the same city where the monarchy

1117
00:58:11,300 --> 00:58:14,100
at once scorned him. 
Yet, he did not gloat. 

1118
00:58:14,100 --> 00:58:16,400
The end of War. 
Demanded reconciliation. 

1119
00:58:17,200 --> 00:58:19,600
He believed that forging stable 
commerce between Britain and 

1120
00:58:19,608 --> 00:58:22,800
America would benefit both. 
Having secured Independence. 

1121
00:58:22,800 --> 00:58:25,800
Franklin, lingard in France is 
an unofficial cultural 

1122
00:58:25,800 --> 00:58:29,000
Ambassador relishing. 
The city's intellectual ferment.

1123
00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:32,700
His final years in Europe were 
busy with Banquets scientific 

1124
00:58:32,700 --> 00:58:36,100
forums and visits from 
luminaries yet, Philadelphia 

1125
00:58:36,100 --> 00:58:38,600
Beckham. 
And he would soon return home to

1126
00:58:38,600 --> 00:58:41,900
a new set of challenges shaping.
The Constitution and the future 

1127
00:58:41,900 --> 00:58:47,100
of our Republic he had helped 
birth In 1785, Franklin, last 

1128
00:58:47,100 --> 00:58:50,400
returned to the United States 
docking in Philadelphia to warm 

1129
00:58:50,400 --> 00:58:54,300
receptions, local citizens, 
lionized him as the architect of

1130
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:57,800
a triumphant Alliance. 
The wise Elder, Statesman, who 

1131
00:58:57,800 --> 00:58:59,600
Charmed Paris and aiding the 
revolution. 

1132
00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:05,100
Yet franklyn in his late 70s, 
knew the wars, end and settle 

1133
00:59:05,100 --> 00:59:07,900
how these United Colonies would 
operate as a cohesive Nation. 

1134
00:59:09,000 --> 00:59:12,400
A shaky Confederation still 
governed lacking the power to 

1135
00:59:12,400 --> 00:59:14,300
regulate commerce or unify 
State's. 

1136
00:59:15,000 --> 00:59:18,900
Disputes Royal over boundaries 
tariffs and War debts. 

1137
00:59:19,700 --> 00:59:22,900
Despite his age franklyn 
accepted election, as president 

1138
00:59:22,900 --> 00:59:26,500
governor of Pennsylvania. 
Stepping into a large least 

1139
00:59:26,500 --> 00:59:29,900
ceremonial but symbolically 
important post, you wielded the 

1140
00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:33,100
role to Champion policies for 
civic Improvement, roads, 

1141
00:59:33,100 --> 00:59:35,900
firefighting expansions and 
education. 

1142
00:59:36,700 --> 00:59:39,000
However, an even more pressing 
matter loomed. 

1143
00:59:39,600 --> 00:59:45,500
Forging a stronger Federal 
framework in 1785 1787 delegates

1144
00:59:45,500 --> 00:59:48,400
convened in Philadelphia for 
what became the Constitutional 

1145
00:59:48,400 --> 00:59:51,700
Convention. 
Franklin, physically, frail 

1146
00:59:51,700 --> 00:59:54,800
arrived each day in a sedan 
chair carried by prisoners from 

1147
00:59:54,800 --> 00:59:57,500
the local jail. 
They were assigned to him as a 

1148
00:59:57,500 --> 01:00:00,400
courtesy nevertheless his 
presence galvanized. 

1149
01:00:00,400 --> 01:00:03,500
Participants although James 
Madison and others led the 

1150
01:00:03,508 --> 01:00:07,400
drafting Franklin's influence 
often smoothed bitter disputes 

1151
01:00:07,400 --> 01:00:11,500
during the sweltering debates, 
tempers flared, small states. 

1152
01:00:11,500 --> 01:00:14,900
Feared dominance by large 
states, While others demanded 

1153
01:00:14,900 --> 01:00:18,400
checks on federal Authority. 
Franklyn rarely took the floor 

1154
01:00:18,400 --> 01:00:20,900
for extended speeches. 
His hearing was poor and he 

1155
01:00:20,900 --> 01:00:24,200
tired easily. 
When he did speak, he used Rye 

1156
01:00:24,200 --> 01:00:27,400
anecdotes to defuse tension 
urged compromise. 

1157
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:30,700
Cautioning, that no perfect 
Constitution could be formed by 

1158
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:32,800
flawed. 
Humans won Fame. 

1159
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:36,200
Instant saw him proposed daily 
prayers, not out of strict 

1160
01:00:36,200 --> 01:00:39,600
religiosity but to remind 
delegates of shared humility. 

1161
01:00:40,400 --> 01:00:44,300
His mediation plus behind the 
scenes, coaxing helped shape the

1162
01:00:44,300 --> 01:00:47,500
final product. 
A constitution granting enough 

1163
01:00:47,500 --> 01:00:50,400
central power, to unify the 
state's without trampling local 

1164
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:54,000
progressives. 
The conventions close a bystand 

1165
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:56,300
asked Franklin, what form of 
government had emerged? 

1166
01:00:56,300 --> 01:01:02,400
He famously replied a republic 
if you can keep it, Quip 

1167
01:01:02,400 --> 01:01:05,800
summarized his Outlook, the new 
structure, demanded vigilance 

1168
01:01:05,800 --> 01:01:08,600
moral leadership, and an 
informed citizenry. 

1169
01:01:09,300 --> 01:01:10,800
A lesser known note from that 
day. 

1170
01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:14,500
Is that Franklin also commented 
on an emblem, carved into George

1171
01:01:14,500 --> 01:01:17,400
Washington's chair, a son 
perched on the horizon. 

1172
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:20,700
Franklin said, he had long 
wondered, whether that son was 

1173
01:01:20,700 --> 01:01:24,400
rising or setting. 
Now he can concluded, it was a 

1174
01:01:24,408 --> 01:01:28,900
Rising Sun, a symbol of renewed 
hope, Once the Constitution was 

1175
01:01:28,900 --> 01:01:31,800
ratified Franklins Health, 
deteriorated further. 

1176
01:01:31,800 --> 01:01:36,400
Gout plagued him confining him 
to bed for stretches yet. 

1177
01:01:36,400 --> 01:01:40,000
He remained cognitively sharp 
continuing to correspond with 

1178
01:01:40,008 --> 01:01:43,700
Scientists abroad. 
Exploring everything from ocean 

1179
01:01:43,700 --> 01:01:45,500
currents. 
To Refrigeration theories. 

1180
01:01:46,200 --> 01:01:50,200
He also engaged in philanthropic
efforts donating funds to local 

1181
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:53,300
charities and urging the city to
create better public sanitation 

1182
01:01:53,300 --> 01:01:55,400
slavery, weighed on his 
conscience. 

1183
01:01:56,400 --> 01:01:58,900
Having once owned a couple of 
household slaves in early a 

1184
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:01,300
decades a practice. 
He eventually came to deploy 

1185
01:02:01,300 --> 01:02:04,400
frankly in his final years 
served as president of the 

1186
01:02:04,408 --> 01:02:07,000
Pennsylvania Society for 
promoting the abolition of 

1187
01:02:07,000 --> 01:02:09,600
slavery. 
Petitioned, the first Congress 

1188
01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:13,200
under the Constitution to Halt 
the trade a bold stance that 

1189
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:15,500
provoked, Anger from Southern 
Representatives. 

1190
01:02:15,500 --> 01:02:19,200
But frankly was Resolute 
believing that moral 

1191
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:21,900
consistency, required. 
Confronting America's hypocrisy 

1192
01:02:21,900 --> 01:02:26,100
on Liberty, In 1789, the 
Constitution, took effect 

1193
01:02:26,100 --> 01:02:28,600
Franklin witnessed the 
inauguration of George 

1194
01:02:28,600 --> 01:02:30,700
Washington as the first 
president under the new 

1195
01:02:30,700 --> 01:02:33,000
government. 
Reaffirming that the experiment,

1196
01:02:33,000 --> 01:02:35,200
he helped launch would be led by
a figure. 

1197
01:02:35,200 --> 01:02:38,500
He respected. 
That same year, the elderly 

1198
01:02:38,500 --> 01:02:41,000
statement penned a famous letter
to a friend about life. 

1199
01:02:41,000 --> 01:02:45,700
Certainty is Concluding that in 
this world, nothing can be said 

1200
01:02:45,700 --> 01:02:48,600
to be certain except death and 
tax. 

1201
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:54,200
The phrase typically repeated in
Jets captured franklyn's blend 

1202
01:02:54,200 --> 01:02:59,000
of realism and wit. 
By April, 1790 Franklin's Health

1203
01:02:59,000 --> 01:03:02,000
had reached a terminal stage on 
his deathbed. 

1204
01:03:02,000 --> 01:03:05,300
He asked visitors about the new 
Congress, expressed hope that 

1205
01:03:05,300 --> 01:03:08,900
reason might eventually end 
slavery and in a final flourish 

1206
01:03:08,900 --> 01:03:11,300
of humor. 
Reportedly teased that living 

1207
01:03:11,300 --> 01:03:13,800
longer might upset immortalities
grand plan. 

1208
01:03:13,800 --> 01:03:19,700
He died on April, the 17th 1790 
at age 84, mourners flocked. 

1209
01:03:19,700 --> 01:03:22,100
His funeral filling Philadelphia
streets. 

1210
01:03:22,100 --> 01:03:25,500
Eulogies came from Paris where 
he was still adored. 

1211
01:03:25,500 --> 01:03:28,800
And from London acknowledging, 
the loss of a man who though 

1212
01:03:28,800 --> 01:03:32,100
pivotal in severing British rule
had also sought Peaceable 

1213
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:35,100
relations. 
His will reflected a strategic 

1214
01:03:35,100 --> 01:03:38,800
mine even in debt besides 
bequests to family and Charities

1215
01:03:38,800 --> 01:03:42,500
franklyn left money in Trust of 
a Boston and Philadelphia to be 

1216
01:03:42,508 --> 01:03:45,200
invested over centuries. 
Funds. 

1217
01:03:45,200 --> 01:03:48,100
Supported public works such as 
scholarships and building 

1218
01:03:48,100 --> 01:03:50,800
improvements. 
That final philanthropic. 

1219
01:03:50,800 --> 01:03:53,800
Gesture mirrored. 
His life's ethos sow seeds. 

1220
01:03:53,800 --> 01:03:55,500
That future Generations might 
Harvest. 

1221
01:03:55,500 --> 01:03:58,500
He left behind a blueprint for 
how curiosity practical 

1222
01:03:58,500 --> 01:04:02,200
invention, Civic collaboration 
and diplomacy could fuse into a 

1223
01:04:02,200 --> 01:04:06,000
single expansive life. 
Benjamin Franklin's Legacy, has 

1224
01:04:06,000 --> 01:04:09,900
often been condensed into tidy 
vignette the perspective founder

1225
01:04:09,900 --> 01:04:13,400
with a kite in a storm, the 
slide Diplomat at the Sai. 

1226
01:04:13,400 --> 01:04:15,900
The venerable signature of key 
documents. 

1227
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:19,400
However, he's briefed, betrayals
run, the risk of reducing the 

1228
01:04:19,400 --> 01:04:22,300
complexity of a man who embodied
contradiction and 

1229
01:04:22,300 --> 01:04:24,300
experimentation, in every aspect
of his life. 

1230
01:04:25,200 --> 01:04:28,700
In the centuries, since his 
passing Scholars and admirers of

1231
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:32,200
uncovered layers of nuance the 
contradictory figure balancing 

1232
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:36,800
skepticism with moral ambition, 
vanity with genuine altruism and

1233
01:04:36,800 --> 01:04:38,500
personal failings with public 
Triumph. 

1234
01:04:39,200 --> 01:04:42,500
In some respects, Franklin was a
champion of the enlightenment's 

1235
01:04:42,500 --> 01:04:45,000
ideals believing that human 
progress. 

1236
01:04:45,000 --> 01:04:48,700
Hinged on reason science and 
ethical collaboration. 

1237
01:04:48,700 --> 01:04:52,300
The organized scientific 
societies, teased out, electric 

1238
01:04:52,300 --> 01:04:54,400
laws and improved everyday 
items. 

1239
01:04:54,400 --> 01:04:57,000
Like stoves. 
He could also indulge in 

1240
01:04:57,000 --> 01:05:00,700
self-promotion spinning 
anecdotes to burnish his folksy 

1241
01:05:00,700 --> 01:05:02,900
Persona. 
He was cunning in political 

1242
01:05:02,900 --> 01:05:06,200
maneuvering, employing students 
to nudge public debates. 

1243
01:05:07,200 --> 01:05:10,000
Critic sometimes paint him as a 
manipulator who rarely disclosed

1244
01:05:10,000 --> 01:05:13,600
raw emotions. 
Despite that Detachment rallied 

1245
01:05:13,600 --> 01:05:16,400
communities toward 
philanthropic, causes Advanced 

1246
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:19,400
Civic infrastructure and 
invented practical solutions 

1247
01:05:19,400 --> 01:05:23,700
that ease daily toil. 
The Synergy of personal drive, 

1248
01:05:23,700 --> 01:05:26,100
and social Vision remains a 
Hallmark of his story. 

1249
01:05:26,900 --> 01:05:30,100
Educational institutions across 
the United States and Beyond 

1250
01:05:30,100 --> 01:05:33,600
lionize Franklin, as a 
Renaissance figure, an 

1251
01:05:33,600 --> 01:05:37,100
inspiration for self-starters, 
the Franklin myth, however, 

1252
01:05:37,100 --> 01:05:41,500
glosses over the hardships, he 
faced familial estrangements 

1253
01:05:41,500 --> 01:05:45,900
Heartbreaker, losing children, 
the compromise Laden reality of 

1254
01:05:45,900 --> 01:05:49,200
forging alliances. 
He also wrestled with ethical 

1255
01:05:49,200 --> 01:05:53,200
dilemmas notably regarding 
slavery early in life. 

1256
01:05:53,200 --> 01:05:56,200
He accepts terms did it only in 
later years. 

1257
01:05:56,200 --> 01:05:59,500
Did he vocally oppose the 
institution that Evolution 

1258
01:05:59,500 --> 01:06:02,800
typifies Franklin's Journey? 
He rarely arrived at morale 

1259
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:07,500
starts incidentally but Advanced
through observation dialogue and

1260
01:06:07,500 --> 01:06:10,900
reflection. 
Moreover, Franklin's personal 

1261
01:06:10,900 --> 01:06:14,600
brand of diplomacy of blend of 
Charmed data, driven argument. 

1262
01:06:14,600 --> 01:06:18,000
And comedic Flair laid down a 
blueprint for modern foreign 

1263
01:06:18,000 --> 01:06:21,100
relations in France. 
He recognized that wooing, 

1264
01:06:21,100 --> 01:06:24,600
allies transcended formal 
treaties it, demanded cultural 

1265
01:06:24,600 --> 01:06:27,500
Rapport, he cultivated that 
report through witty 

1266
01:06:27,500 --> 01:06:31,000
conversations, heartfelt 
flattery and honest respect for 

1267
01:06:31,000 --> 01:06:34,100
French intellect. 
Diplomatic historians often 

1268
01:06:34,100 --> 01:06:37,300
cited as a Pioneer who 
recognized that forging 

1269
01:06:37,300 --> 01:06:40,400
friendships and salons could be 
as potent as drafting paragraphs

1270
01:06:40,400 --> 01:06:43,300
in official documents. 
The result was a transformative 

1271
01:06:43,300 --> 01:06:46,600
Alliance, the arguably secured 
American independents. 

1272
01:06:47,500 --> 01:06:50,500
Another rarely highlighted facet
is Franklin's continuing 

1273
01:06:50,500 --> 01:06:53,600
influence on philanthropic 
models, his approach forming 

1274
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:56,700
subscription, libraries 
Volunteer Fire brigades and 

1275
01:06:56,700 --> 01:07:01,100
Improvement, societies 
prefigured modern nonprofits, by

1276
01:07:01,100 --> 01:07:03,200
tapping small. 
Regular contributions from many 

1277
01:07:03,200 --> 01:07:05,800
participants Franklin mobilized 
resources. 

1278
01:07:05,800 --> 01:07:08,200
Far beyond what a loan 
benefactor could Supply. 

1279
01:07:09,100 --> 01:07:12,700
You wrote extensively on how 
Club structures could unify 

1280
01:07:12,700 --> 01:07:16,400
communities around shared needs.
These principles echo in 

1281
01:07:16,400 --> 01:07:17,600
contemporary crowdfunding and 
Civic. 

1282
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:21,900
Volunteer programs in science 
Franklin's, practice of thorough

1283
01:07:21,900 --> 01:07:24,500
note, taking Pierre 
correspondence, and willingness 

1284
01:07:24,500 --> 01:07:27,600
to correct earlier assumptions, 
exemplify, the iterative nature 

1285
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:30,500
of research. 
The championed open sharing of 

1286
01:07:30,500 --> 01:07:33,200
findings rather than hoarding 
them for profit. 

1287
01:07:33,200 --> 01:07:36,500
His letters, bristle with calls 
for transatlantic knowledge, 

1288
01:07:36,500 --> 01:07:40,300
exchange indeed his postmaster 
appointment, Advanced, the speed

1289
01:07:40,300 --> 01:07:42,900
of male pricing. 
Scientific networks. 

1290
01:07:42,900 --> 01:07:46,700
In that sense, Franklin's acted 
as a conduit for bridging Old 

1291
01:07:46,700 --> 01:07:48,300
World. 
Academy is a new world, 

1292
01:07:48,300 --> 01:07:51,700
experimenters accelerating the 
enlightenment's global momentum.

1293
01:07:52,800 --> 01:07:55,800
Today's visitors to Philadelphia
can trace Franklins for Prince 

1294
01:07:55,800 --> 01:07:57,000
sites. 
Like Independence. 

1295
01:07:57,000 --> 01:08:00,700
Hall the Franklin Court Museum. 
All the Christ Church. 

1296
01:08:00,700 --> 01:08:04,100
Burial ground. 
They might see intangible marks 

1297
01:08:04,100 --> 01:08:06,800
too, the ethos of Civic 
collaboration and 

1298
01:08:06,800 --> 01:08:09,600
entrepreneurial Zeal remains 
strong in the city's culture. 

1299
01:08:10,400 --> 01:08:13,200
Historians debate, where the 
Franklin's Legacy looms, too 

1300
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:16,000
large overshadowing lesser 
known, but equally vital 

1301
01:08:16,000 --> 01:08:18,100
contributors to early American 
Life. 

1302
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:21,700
Yet few deny that his capacity 
to Pivot from printing to 

1303
01:08:21,700 --> 01:08:24,300
invention from local activism to
Grand. 

1304
01:08:24,300 --> 01:08:27,000
Diplomacy stands as an 
extraordinary demonstration of 

1305
01:08:27,000 --> 01:08:30,399
adaptive genius. 
Franklin's example, resonates 

1306
01:08:30,399 --> 01:08:32,100
with the possibility of 
reinvention. 

1307
01:08:32,100 --> 01:08:35,800
At any stage, he pivoted, 
careers Champion, social 

1308
01:08:35,800 --> 01:08:38,700
improvements and tackled New 
Frontiers of science. 

1309
01:08:38,700 --> 01:08:42,600
Well, into his senior years, his
failures like the Fiasco at the 

1310
01:08:42,608 --> 01:08:45,300
British privy Council or 
personal regrets about absent, 

1311
01:08:45,300 --> 01:08:47,000
fatherhood did not halt his 
momentum. 

1312
01:08:47,000 --> 01:08:51,100
Instead they spurred reflection 
and course correction that 

1313
01:08:51,100 --> 01:08:54,100
Dynamic interplay of aspiration 
and humility, undergirds his 

1314
01:08:54,100 --> 01:08:57,600
adult life, providing a 
refreshing contrast to Jude or 

1315
01:08:57,600 --> 01:09:00,399
dogmatic leadership styles in 
summary. 

1316
01:09:00,399 --> 01:09:03,500
It is difficult to neatly. 
Categorize Benjamin Franklin 

1317
01:09:03,500 --> 01:09:06,200
story. 
He was a printer who saw words 

1318
01:09:06,200 --> 01:09:07,700
as the foundation of public 
life. 

1319
01:09:08,600 --> 01:09:10,500
A scientist who harnessed the 
power of lightning. 

1320
01:09:11,300 --> 01:09:15,200
Statesman whose wit won the 
favor of a monarchy and a moral 

1321
01:09:15,200 --> 01:09:18,200
innovator, who, in his later 
years, struggled to balance the 

1322
01:09:18,200 --> 01:09:20,600
ideals of the new Republic with 
its realities. 

1323
01:09:20,600 --> 01:09:24,700
His life in Carrboro sees his 
encourages us to keep exploring 

1324
01:09:24,700 --> 01:09:29,100
keep experimenting and keep 
forging alliances by harnessing 

1325
01:09:29,100 --> 01:09:32,800
curiosity and civic-mindedness 
Franklin believed Society could 

1326
01:09:32,800 --> 01:09:36,800
inch closer to Enlightenment 
that belief still pulses in the 

1327
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:39,500
tail of a pragmatic dreamer, 
whose Footprints crossed oceans 

1328
01:09:39,500 --> 01:09:43,000
Courtyards, the imagination of 
generations to come 

1329
01:09:57,500 --> 01:10:00,100
Eleanor Roosevelt's name of Oaks
images of a dignified. 

1330
01:10:00,100 --> 01:10:03,700
First lady championing human 
rights and redefining the role 

1331
01:10:03,700 --> 01:10:07,000
of women in politics. 
Yet her Story begins in an era 

1332
01:10:07,000 --> 01:10:09,500
marked by hush to assumptions 
about what women could and 

1333
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:11,700
should do. 
And her journey from shy, 

1334
01:10:11,700 --> 01:10:14,200
orphaned Global influencer was 
no predictable progression. 

1335
01:10:15,100 --> 01:10:18,900
Born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt on 
October 11th 1884. 

1336
01:10:18,900 --> 01:10:22,500
She entered a family steeped him
Prestige but also riddled with 

1337
01:10:22,500 --> 01:10:27,000
private heartbreak a mother and 
a hall Rose of alt as renowned 

1338
01:10:27,000 --> 01:10:29,100
for beauty. 
And social graces while her 

1339
01:10:29,100 --> 01:10:32,400
father, Elliot Rosevelt was the 
charismatic, but troubled 

1340
01:10:32,400 --> 01:10:35,100
younger brother, the future 
president, Theodore Roosevelt. 

1341
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:39,600
Some narratives cast her parents
and start contrasts her mother's

1342
01:10:39,600 --> 01:10:42,700
aloof manner. 
Her father's erratic Behavior 

1343
01:10:42,700 --> 01:10:46,000
yet Eleanor recalled them. 
Both with a child's longing, 

1344
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:49,900
craving acceptance. 
Her mother's criticisms of her 

1345
01:10:49,900 --> 01:10:52,400
looks haunted her. 
And her father struggles with 

1346
01:10:52,408 --> 01:10:56,900
alcohol often overshadowed his 
tender devotion, these paradoxes

1347
01:10:56,900 --> 01:11:00,700
shaped Eleanor's earliest 
perceptions of self-worth by age

1348
01:11:00,700 --> 01:11:04,200
10, she had lost both parents, 
her mother died of diphtheria 

1349
01:11:04,200 --> 01:11:08,300
and her father, long embroiled 
in personal turmoil passed away.

1350
01:11:08,300 --> 01:11:11,400
Two years later left without 
their protective presence. 

1351
01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:14,600
Eleanor moved in with relatives,
who maintained the typical 

1352
01:11:14,600 --> 01:11:16,300
decorum of New York, High 
Society. 

1353
01:11:16,300 --> 01:11:19,600
She was a timid Child 
overshadowed by cousin's, who 

1354
01:11:19,600 --> 01:11:21,300
found her seriousness 
perplexing. 

1355
01:11:21,300 --> 01:11:25,500
She found some solace in reading
stories of Daring, heroine's, 

1356
01:11:25,500 --> 01:11:29,600
and moral dilemmas her maternal.
Grandmother Mary Ludlow Hall 

1357
01:11:29,600 --> 01:11:32,000
insisted on conventional. 
Decorum. 

1358
01:11:32,000 --> 01:11:35,100
Did the hope that Eleanor would 
Bloom into a proper debutant? 

1359
01:11:36,200 --> 01:11:39,100
Stead the girl quietly 
internalized, a sense of Duty 

1360
01:11:39,100 --> 01:11:42,100
and self-consciousness. 
She learned how to host teams 

1361
01:11:42,100 --> 01:11:45,600
and navigate social nice cities.
But she also developed in a 

1362
01:11:45,600 --> 01:11:49,200
resolve The gulf between The 
Confident girls around her and 

1363
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:51,200
her insecurities never fully 
disappeared. 

1364
01:11:51,200 --> 01:11:56,100
But she forged a methodical 
approach to self-improvement At 

1365
01:11:56,100 --> 01:11:58,200
age 15, she was shipped to 
Alan's would Academy. 

1366
01:11:58,200 --> 01:12:01,400
A boarding school outside London
there? 

1367
01:12:01,400 --> 01:12:05,000
Under the guidance of Marie 
souvestre an educator known for 

1368
01:12:05,000 --> 01:12:07,800
fostering. 
Independent thought, Elinor 

1369
01:12:07,800 --> 01:12:10,400
found a nurturing environment 
for the first time since her 

1370
01:12:10,400 --> 01:12:13,800
parents deaths, Sylvester saw 
potential in her seriousness and

1371
01:12:13,800 --> 01:12:17,900
urge to speak her mind gone with
the constraints of superficial 

1372
01:12:17,900 --> 01:12:20,800
Society. 
Gatherings instead classes 

1373
01:12:20,800 --> 01:12:24,000
focused on world affairs 
literature and critical thinking

1374
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:27,700
Ellen had travelled across 
Europe absorbing cultural 

1375
01:12:27,700 --> 01:12:30,900
differences, forging friendships
and learning to question 

1376
01:12:30,900 --> 01:12:33,700
assumptions. 
The timid girl from New York 

1377
01:12:33,708 --> 01:12:37,500
high society was Awakening to 
the world's complexity returning

1378
01:12:37,500 --> 01:12:41,200
to the United States at age 18. 
She struggled to react to make 

1379
01:12:41,200 --> 01:12:46,000
to the rigid expectations of 
debutant Life, gowns balls and 

1380
01:12:46,000 --> 01:12:48,600
polite, suitors. 
Filled her schedule yet. 

1381
01:12:48,600 --> 01:12:52,200
She yearned for deeper 
substance, family members urged 

1382
01:12:52,200 --> 01:12:56,800
her to embrace tradition Barry. 
Well, produced heirs and carry 

1383
01:12:56,800 --> 01:13:00,100
on the rows of belt name with 
appropriate, decorum internally.

1384
01:13:00,100 --> 01:13:02,100
She felt her convictions 
hardening. 

1385
01:13:02,100 --> 01:13:04,600
There was a broader realm where 
she might be of use. 

1386
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:08,500
She began volunteering and 
settlement houses, encountering 

1387
01:13:08,500 --> 01:13:10,600
immigrants grappling with 
poverty and discrimination. 

1388
01:13:11,800 --> 01:13:14,400
It was her first intimate brush 
with social injustice. 

1389
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:18,500
Around this time she reconnected
with her distant cousin Franklin

1390
01:13:18,500 --> 01:13:22,200
Delano Roosevelt a Dashing Young
Man set on a political career, 

1391
01:13:22,200 --> 01:13:25,700
their shared family name and 
ties to Theodore Roosevelt, 

1392
01:13:25,700 --> 01:13:29,000
added a certain inevitability to
their courtship yet. 

1393
01:13:29,000 --> 01:13:32,600
Their bond was more complex than
a convenient match, Franklin 

1394
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:34,300
admired her seriousness and 
warm. 

1395
01:13:34,300 --> 01:13:37,700
She found in him a lively 
optimism that promised Adventure

1396
01:13:37,700 --> 01:13:40,500
despite concerns from his 
domineering mother. 

1397
01:13:41,300 --> 01:13:45,600
Sara Delano Roosevelt, they 
married in 1905, Theodore 

1398
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:48,600
Roosevelt, then president gave 
away the bride. 

1399
01:13:48,600 --> 01:13:51,400
An event that overshadowed the 
couple's day with national 

1400
01:13:51,400 --> 01:13:55,400
headlines early married life 
plunged into the complexity of 

1401
01:13:55,400 --> 01:13:59,700
the extended Rosevelt Clan 
dominated by Sarah strict ideas 

1402
01:13:59,700 --> 01:14:01,400
about household and social State
status. 

1403
01:14:02,300 --> 01:14:05,300
If you bought children, 
eventually, six one in infancy, 

1404
01:14:05,300 --> 01:14:07,700
Ellen has struggled to maintain 
her identity. 

1405
01:14:07,700 --> 01:14:11,200
She discovered that her new role
often felt like a performance. 

1406
01:14:11,200 --> 01:14:15,600
The shy orphan recast as the 
society Hostess and dutiful 

1407
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:18,400
political wife. 
Yet beneath the formalities. 

1408
01:14:18,400 --> 01:14:22,800
She was observing learning and 
quietly resolving to find her 

1409
01:14:22,800 --> 01:14:25,400
voice. 
Her childhood taught her to 

1410
01:14:25,400 --> 01:14:28,200
survive loss. 
In isolation marriage would 

1411
01:14:28,200 --> 01:14:32,200
teach her to navigate Duty and 
compromised by her mid-20s 

1412
01:14:32,200 --> 01:14:34,800
Eleanor Roosevelt. 
Stood at a Crossroads 

1413
01:14:34,800 --> 01:14:39,000
respectable wife in a prominent 
family yet, privately aware of 

1414
01:14:39,000 --> 01:14:40,900
how little she truly belonged 
herself. 

1415
01:14:40,900 --> 01:14:44,300
She endured tragedy and 
internalized criticism. 

1416
01:14:44,300 --> 01:14:47,200
And now, balanced motherhood 
with a sense that she was meant 

1417
01:14:47,200 --> 01:14:50,100
for more as her. 
Husband's political Ambitions 

1418
01:14:50,100 --> 01:14:53,700
gathered momentum, she would 
face new test of resilience and 

1419
01:14:53,700 --> 01:14:55,800
discovered just how profound her
influence could become. 

1420
01:14:57,000 --> 01:15:00,300
In her first years of married 
life, Eleanor Roosevelt found 

1421
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:02,900
her space and autonomy 
overshadowed by the imposing 

1422
01:15:02,900 --> 01:15:07,100
figure of her mother-in-law. 
Sahara Delano Roosevelt Sara 

1423
01:15:07,100 --> 01:15:10,000
manage the household finance's 
and even designed to joining 

1424
01:15:10,000 --> 01:15:12,200
living courts. 
So she could oversee Ellen's 

1425
01:15:12,200 --> 01:15:15,600
management of the children. 
This Arrangement stifled 

1426
01:15:15,600 --> 01:15:18,900
Eleanor's Independence leaving 
her feeling perpetually 

1427
01:15:18,900 --> 01:15:21,800
monitored Franklin seemed 
comfortable with his mother's 

1428
01:15:21,800 --> 01:15:24,400
involvement and this tastic 
acceptance. 

1429
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:27,900
Further isolated Eleanor, 
nevertheless, she made the best 

1430
01:15:27,900 --> 01:15:31,100
of her circumstances. 
She immersed herself in child. 

1431
01:15:31,100 --> 01:15:34,300
Rearing determined that her 
children would experience a 

1432
01:15:34,300 --> 01:15:35,800
warmth. 
She had too often lacked 

1433
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:38,600
simultaneously. 
She sought outlets for her 

1434
01:15:38,608 --> 01:15:41,900
curiosity, about social issues 
volunteering for the Junior 

1435
01:15:41,900 --> 01:15:44,100
League. 
She assisted in settlement work 

1436
01:15:44,100 --> 01:15:47,300
on Manhattan's Lower East Side. 
Coming face to face with poverty

1437
01:15:47,300 --> 01:15:50,400
and labor and justices. 
Observing the hardships of 

1438
01:15:50,400 --> 01:15:53,600
immigrant families, Eleanor 
recognized, the Stark gap 

1439
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:56,800
between her privilege Circle and
those struggling at America's 

1440
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:02,000
margins around 1910 Franklins 
political career began elected 

1441
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:05,000
to the New York State Senate. 
He moved the family to Albany 

1442
01:16:05,000 --> 01:16:07,900
though, still reluctant to step 
into the public Spotlight, 

1443
01:16:07,900 --> 01:16:11,300
Eleanor gleaned, insights into 
legislative processes and 

1444
01:16:11,300 --> 01:16:14,400
networking. 
She watched as lawmakers engaged

1445
01:16:14,400 --> 01:16:17,200
in the negotiations. 
Formed alliances and face 

1446
01:16:17,200 --> 01:16:18,900
seemingly insurmountable 
challenges. 

1447
01:16:18,900 --> 01:16:23,000
Social Gatherings, she was the 
dutiful wife exchanging 

1448
01:16:23,000 --> 01:16:25,400
pleasantries while quietly 
absorbing the undercurrents of 

1449
01:16:25,408 --> 01:16:27,500
power. 
Her Vantage Point revealed a 

1450
01:16:27,508 --> 01:16:31,000
system in dire need of 
empathetic leadership tragedy 

1451
01:16:31,000 --> 01:16:34,500
soon. 
Intervened in 1912 Ellen as 

1452
01:16:34,500 --> 01:16:37,800
world was rocked, when her 
eldest daughter Anna nearly died

1453
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:41,600
of illness shortly thereafter. 
She endured her health scares 

1454
01:16:41,600 --> 01:16:44,500
and a complicated birth. 
The precariousness of life 

1455
01:16:44,500 --> 01:16:47,500
combined with the Relentless 
swirl of political obligations 

1456
01:16:47,500 --> 01:16:50,700
frayed her nerves. 
Sarah's hovering presents 

1457
01:16:50,700 --> 01:16:54,800
exacerbated tensions. 
Yet adversity stirred in Eleanor

1458
01:16:54,800 --> 01:16:58,000
a growing resolve. 
She ventured Beyond polite Tea 

1459
01:16:58,000 --> 01:17:01,100
Room, talk forging, links with 
Progressive women, seeking to 

1460
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:03,000
address, glaring, social 
inequities. 

1461
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:06,600
She admired activists who 
battled for child labor laws and

1462
01:17:06,600 --> 01:17:10,700
workplace, safety reforms by 
1913 Franklin was appointed 

1463
01:17:10,700 --> 01:17:13,400
assistant Secretary of the Navy 
by President Woodrow Wilson 

1464
01:17:13,400 --> 01:17:16,400
prompting, a move to Washington 
DC. 

1465
01:17:18,100 --> 01:17:20,800
The capitals Elite Social Scene,
revolved around formal 

1466
01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:24,400
receptions and ranking protocols
neither of which thrilled 

1467
01:17:24,400 --> 01:17:27,000
Eleanor. 
Still she recognized the city as

1468
01:17:27,000 --> 01:17:28,700
a crucible of national 
decision-making. 

1469
01:17:28,700 --> 01:17:32,200
She developed friendships with 
Progressive minded, officials 

1470
01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:36,500
and activists exchanging ideas 
about wages, educational and 

1471
01:17:36,500 --> 01:17:41,000
women's suffrage. 
World War 1 broke out in 1914, 

1472
01:17:41,000 --> 01:17:45,600
drawing America, in by 1917, 
Washington became a hive of 

1473
01:17:45,600 --> 01:17:50,100
wartime mobilization hospitals, 
overflowed and soldiers returned

1474
01:17:50,100 --> 01:17:53,000
with devastating injuries, Ellen
of volunteered. 

1475
01:17:53,000 --> 01:17:56,000
At the Red Cross County teams 
and Naval hospitals, an 

1476
01:17:56,000 --> 01:17:59,100
experience that brought her face
to face with Wars human Tolle. 

1477
01:17:59,800 --> 01:18:02,600
She found it impossible to 
return to trivial chatter at 

1478
01:18:02,600 --> 01:18:06,000
lavish parties after seeing 
wounded veterans struggle to 

1479
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:09,400
rebuild their lives, even as she
navigated demands her 

1480
01:18:09,400 --> 01:18:12,200
appearances by Franklin side. 
She yearned to channel her 

1481
01:18:12,200 --> 01:18:14,100
growing empathy into concrete 
action. 

1482
01:18:14,900 --> 01:18:19,600
Meanwhile, her personal life. 
Took a shocking, turn in 1918, 

1483
01:18:19,600 --> 01:18:22,100
she discovered Franklin's 
romantic letters to Lucy, 

1484
01:18:22,100 --> 01:18:25,700
Mercer, her social secretary 
betrayal, Rockdale and has 

1485
01:18:25,700 --> 01:18:27,400
foundations. 
She confronted her husband. 

1486
01:18:27,400 --> 01:18:30,900
And while divorce was considered
Sarah Rosevelt, threatened to 

1487
01:18:30,908 --> 01:18:34,700
cut off financial support. 
Scandal never fully reached the 

1488
01:18:34,708 --> 01:18:37,900
public here but it jolted 
Eleanor into rethinking her 

1489
01:18:37,900 --> 01:18:41,400
marriage, although she remained 
married, the emotional bond 

1490
01:18:41,400 --> 01:18:44,300
between them changed. 
It began cultivating, her 

1491
01:18:44,300 --> 01:18:47,300
identity separate from him, 
forging alliances, and 

1492
01:18:47,300 --> 01:18:49,800
friendships that didn't revolve 
solely around, Franklins 

1493
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:52,800
ambitions. 
As the war ended Washington, 

1494
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:54,500
shifted back to peace, time 
routine. 

1495
01:18:54,500 --> 01:18:58,100
The rows of belts returned to 
New York where frankly resumed 

1496
01:18:58,100 --> 01:19:01,400
his political climb. 
However Ellen has worldview had 

1497
01:19:01,400 --> 01:19:04,500
expanded no longer content to 
linger in the background. 

1498
01:19:04,500 --> 01:19:07,900
She immersed herself in 
political clubs, particularly 

1499
01:19:07,900 --> 01:19:11,000
the League of Women Voters and 
new women's Trade Union League. 

1500
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:15,500
She devoured reports on social 
conditions, labor rights, and 

1501
01:19:15,500 --> 01:19:18,800
civil liberties, She overcame 
her shyness when speaking in 

1502
01:19:18,800 --> 01:19:21,400
public fueled by the conviction 
that she had something to 

1503
01:19:21,400 --> 01:19:24,300
contribute. 
This Evolution coincided with 

1504
01:19:24,300 --> 01:19:27,800
the ratification of the 19th 
amendment in 1920, granting 

1505
01:19:27,800 --> 01:19:31,600
women the right to vote. 
Energized by this Milestone, 

1506
01:19:31,600 --> 01:19:35,000
Eleanor campaigned for Franklin 
when he ran as the Democratic 

1507
01:19:35,000 --> 01:19:37,800
vice presidential candidate. 
That same year, though, they 

1508
01:19:37,808 --> 01:19:40,700
lost the experience broadened. 
Her political Network. 

1509
01:19:41,600 --> 01:19:45,000
She saw how campaigns were 
orchestrated, how messages were 

1510
01:19:45,000 --> 01:19:49,000
spun and most importantly, how 
public opinion could be swayed 

1511
01:19:49,000 --> 01:19:52,400
toward Progressive ideals. 
If approached with authenticity,

1512
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:57,800
By the early 1920s, Ellen Rose 
often had trest heartbreak War 

1513
01:19:57,800 --> 01:19:59,700
volunteerism and political 
initiation. 

1514
01:19:59,700 --> 01:20:04,000
She had begun forging her path 
shaped by the directing counters

1515
01:20:04,000 --> 01:20:07,200
with suffering and by her 
growing circle of reformed peers

1516
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:11,600
her marriage once the access of 
her existence now became just 

1517
01:20:11,600 --> 01:20:16,000
one facet of a broader calling 
As she discovered adversity 

1518
01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:17,600
often planted the seeds of 
purpose. 

1519
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:21,700
The once quiet shy girl. 
Now determined to stand on her 

1520
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:25,900
own terms Guided by a conscience
that refused to stay silent was 

1521
01:20:25,900 --> 01:20:28,600
emerging. 
The 1920s brought by both 

1522
01:20:28,608 --> 01:20:31,800
hardship and opportunity to 
Eleanor Roseville Franklin's 

1523
01:20:31,800 --> 01:20:34,700
political career stalled when he
lost the vice presidential race 

1524
01:20:34,700 --> 01:20:39,100
in 1920 but his future seemed 
boundless until polio struck him

1525
01:20:39,100 --> 01:20:43,600
in 1921 that summer during a 
vacation in Campobello he 

1526
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:45,800
suddenly found himself paralyzed
from the waist down. 

1527
01:20:46,600 --> 01:20:48,700
Doctor's offered little hope for
complete recovery. 

1528
01:20:49,800 --> 01:20:52,400
The family, rallied yet the 
crisis triggered. 

1529
01:20:52,400 --> 01:20:54,900
Another shift in Ellen's life 
overnight. 

1530
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:59,300
She transformed into Franklin's 
indispensable Ally, juggling 

1531
01:20:59,300 --> 01:21:02,900
therapy, regimens household 
Logistics, and public relations.

1532
01:21:02,900 --> 01:21:06,700
Many within the Roosevelt Clan 
believed Franklin's, political 

1533
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:10,000
days were over. 
Sarah Delano Roosevelt pressed 

1534
01:21:10,000 --> 01:21:12,800
him to retire, quietly. 
That Eleanor discerned. 

1535
01:21:12,800 --> 01:21:15,100
That relinquishing his Ambitions
would crush his spirit. 

1536
01:21:16,100 --> 01:21:19,400
He supported his determination 
to regain Mobility, helping him 

1537
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:22,900
navigate new routines. 
She also shouldered tasks 

1538
01:21:22,900 --> 01:21:25,500
frankly in previously, handled 
from correspondence to 

1539
01:21:25,500 --> 01:21:28,100
scheduling. 
Certainly, she was more than a 

1540
01:21:28,100 --> 01:21:30,700
supportive spouse. 
She was a gatekeeper, an 

1541
01:21:30,700 --> 01:21:33,100
intermediary, and an architect 
of her husband's comeback. 

1542
01:21:33,900 --> 01:21:37,100
Her own organizational skills. 
Flourished, she managed 

1543
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:39,500
Franklin's Affairs, and 
dedicated time to committees 

1544
01:21:39,500 --> 01:21:42,500
that advanced her interests, she
joined the women's division of 

1545
01:21:42,500 --> 01:21:45,500
the New York state democratic 
committee, recruiting Women, 

1546
01:21:45,500 --> 01:21:48,200
Voters and championing issues 
that aligned with social 

1547
01:21:48,200 --> 01:21:51,600
reforms. 
This dual Role Family caretaker 

1548
01:21:51,600 --> 01:21:54,000
and political operator, 
displayed an emerging 

1549
01:21:54,000 --> 01:21:56,800
confidence. 
She shared the last vestiges of 

1550
01:21:56,800 --> 01:22:00,000
social committee, speaking at 
rallies and forging alliances 

1551
01:22:00,000 --> 01:22:02,900
with Party leaders. 
While some ridiculed her for 

1552
01:22:02,900 --> 01:22:06,000
lacking classic oratory Flair 
others appreciated, her 

1553
01:22:06,000 --> 01:22:09,700
sincerity in 1924. 
Franklin, ventured back into 

1554
01:22:09,700 --> 01:22:11,900
politics by supporting Al Smith 
for the position. 

1555
01:22:11,900 --> 01:22:16,100
Of governor of New York behind 
the scenes, Eleanor arranged, a 

1556
01:22:16,100 --> 01:22:18,700
vents wrote letters and 
networked on his behalf. 

1557
01:22:19,500 --> 01:22:22,300
She began to see how her 
initiatives merged with broader 

1558
01:22:22,300 --> 01:22:25,300
political machine, the women's 
City Club and the League of 

1559
01:22:25,308 --> 01:22:28,200
Women Voters offered her 
platforms to discuss labor 

1560
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:31,400
issues and child welfare. 
Her voice carried an 

1561
01:22:31,400 --> 01:22:33,600
authenticity rooted in hands on 
experience. 

1562
01:22:34,400 --> 01:22:36,500
And she found an audience eager 
for that perspective. 

1563
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:39,600
Yet her personal Journey, wasn't
all smooth. 

1564
01:22:40,600 --> 01:22:42,100
Living under the same roof as 
Sarah. 

1565
01:22:42,900 --> 01:22:45,500
She faced constant friction 
about how to manage Franklin's 

1566
01:22:45,500 --> 01:22:48,100
care. 
Moreover Echoes of the Lucy, 

1567
01:22:48,100 --> 01:22:52,000
Mercer lingard complicating, the
emotional bond with her husband.

1568
01:22:52,000 --> 01:22:56,800
Their married though stable in 
outward appearance the valved 

1569
01:22:56,800 --> 01:22:59,100
into more of a partnership than 
a traditional Romance. 

1570
01:23:00,000 --> 01:23:02,300
Trusted friends, such as 
journalists Lorena. 

1571
01:23:02,300 --> 01:23:05,000
Hickok, entered her life, 
providing emotional support. 

1572
01:23:05,900 --> 01:23:08,700
Speculation about the nature of 
these friendships arose later. 

1573
01:23:08,700 --> 01:23:13,000
But at the time they served as 
lifelines anchoring Eleanor's 

1574
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:16,200
sense of self-worth. 
As Franklin's Mobility improved 

1575
01:23:16,200 --> 01:23:20,500
incrementally, supported by 
crutches braces daily exercises,

1576
01:23:20,500 --> 01:23:24,000
his political aspirations 
reignited, he ran for governor 

1577
01:23:24,000 --> 01:23:29,000
of New York, in 1928 and won the
Eleanor, had to navigate her new

1578
01:23:29,000 --> 01:23:32,300
role as the governor's wife, she
disliked the ceremonials of the 

1579
01:23:32,300 --> 01:23:35,700
executive mansion in Albany, but
she saw an Avenue to shake 

1580
01:23:35,700 --> 01:23:38,600
policy from within. 
She was no longer content with 

1581
01:23:38,600 --> 01:23:42,200
simply greeting dignitaries at 
reception instead, she turned 

1582
01:23:42,200 --> 01:23:44,900
the governor's residence into a 
meeting point for activists and 

1583
01:23:44,900 --> 01:23:48,100
policy makers. 
Under her watch Progressive 

1584
01:23:48,100 --> 01:23:51,400
agendas on labor laws and social
welfare found an informal forum.

1585
01:23:52,400 --> 01:23:55,500
Meanwhile, she continued 
building her own reputation, she

1586
01:23:55,500 --> 01:23:58,400
wrote articles, for women's 
magazines pushing readers, to 

1587
01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:00,600
engage in Civic matters in one 
piece. 

1588
01:24:00,600 --> 01:24:03,400
She insisted that the success of
democracy depended on. 

1589
01:24:03,400 --> 01:24:06,400
Informed Citizen's. 
Specially newly, in franchise 

1590
01:24:06,400 --> 01:24:10,500
women, a writing style was 
direct and personal resonating 

1591
01:24:10,500 --> 01:24:13,400
with readers tired of lofty 
rhetoric critically. 

1592
01:24:13,400 --> 01:24:17,300
She believed that compassion and
practical Solutions, not empty, 

1593
01:24:17,300 --> 01:24:20,900
slogans made politics 
meaningful, By the close of the 

1594
01:24:20,900 --> 01:24:23,700
1920s, the Roosevelts have 
become a formidable team 

1595
01:24:23,700 --> 01:24:26,600
Franklin's, charismatic 
optimism, Drew public 

1596
01:24:26,600 --> 01:24:30,000
admiration, while Ellen has 
growing expertise on social 

1597
01:24:30,000 --> 01:24:35,000
issues, injected substance into 
his political image, the 1929 

1598
01:24:35,000 --> 01:24:37,400
stock market crash sent the 
nation reeling. 

1599
01:24:37,400 --> 01:24:40,700
Intensifying scrutiny of 
Leader's efforts to alleviate 

1600
01:24:40,700 --> 01:24:43,600
economic despair as Governor 
Franklin. 

1601
01:24:43,600 --> 01:24:45,900
Grappled with the relief 
measures for the unemployed 

1602
01:24:45,900 --> 01:24:49,700
Eleanor, for her part traveled, 
the state, when visiting 

1603
01:24:49,700 --> 01:24:52,700
factories tenements and Rural 
communities to assess problems 

1604
01:24:52,700 --> 01:24:56,900
first town, Herr dispatches back
to Albany shaped policy debates 

1605
01:24:56,900 --> 01:24:59,900
ensuring that the voices of 
ordinary citizens, didn't get 

1606
01:24:59,900 --> 01:25:01,600
lost in the shuffle of 
bureaucracy. 

1607
01:25:02,400 --> 01:25:05,200
It was during this period that 
illness solidified her belief in

1608
01:25:05,200 --> 01:25:07,200
the potential of government to 
uplift the vulnerable. 

1609
01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:11,000
While critics accused her of 
meddling in Affairs, Beyond a 

1610
01:25:11,000 --> 01:25:13,500
spouse's domain, she brushed off
the bars. 

1611
01:25:13,500 --> 01:25:17,900
If democracy was to thrive, she 
reasoned it needed more than 

1612
01:25:17,900 --> 01:25:21,100
figureheads it needed. 
Informed Advocates willing to 

1613
01:25:21,100 --> 01:25:23,300
engage directly with citizens 
struggles. 

1614
01:25:24,400 --> 01:25:27,800
As the 1932 presidential 
election approached, franklyn 

1615
01:25:27,800 --> 01:25:29,500
emerged as the Democratic front 
runner. 

1616
01:25:30,400 --> 01:25:33,000
With the Great Depression. 
Tightening its grip and 

1617
01:25:33,000 --> 01:25:35,700
Americans craved leadership that
promised hope and decisive 

1618
01:25:35,700 --> 01:25:38,100
action. 
Eleanor stealed the stealed 

1619
01:25:38,100 --> 01:25:41,100
herself for the next stage 
little did she know the White 

1620
01:25:41,100 --> 01:25:44,100
House would offer an even 
broader platform yet also test 

1621
01:25:44,100 --> 01:25:46,800
her capacity to balance public 
influence with private 

1622
01:25:46,800 --> 01:25:49,500
conviction. 
When Franklin D Roosevelt won, 

1623
01:25:49,500 --> 01:25:53,400
the 1932 presidential election. 
America was in the throws of the

1624
01:25:53,400 --> 01:25:56,700
Great Depression lines for bread
and soup stretched across city. 

1625
01:25:56,700 --> 01:26:00,000
Blocks Farms were foreclosed and
unemployment soared. 

1626
01:26:00,000 --> 01:26:03,200
Millions looked to the incoming 
president for salvation. 

1627
01:26:04,300 --> 01:26:07,300
Amid the frenzied national 
attention, Eleanor Roosevelt, 

1628
01:26:07,300 --> 01:26:09,800
stepped into the role of first 
lady with an approach that 

1629
01:26:09,800 --> 01:26:12,800
defied convention. 
Rather than focusing on high 

1630
01:26:12,800 --> 01:26:15,700
society reception as she 
resolved to become the eyes and 

1631
01:26:15,700 --> 01:26:19,300
ears of the administration 
traveling extensively to gauge 

1632
01:26:19,300 --> 01:26:21,700
people's realities from the 
onset. 

1633
01:26:21,700 --> 01:26:24,500
She carved out an unprecedented 
public profile. 

1634
01:26:24,500 --> 01:26:27,100
She held weekly. 
Press conferences, for female 

1635
01:26:27,100 --> 01:26:30,400
reporters insurance that women 
in journalism retained access to

1636
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:31,800
the political heart of the 
nation. 

1637
01:26:32,600 --> 01:26:36,100
This moves sparked controversy 
know first lady had ever done 

1638
01:26:36,100 --> 01:26:40,600
something so openly proactive 
critics labeled her a medley but

1639
01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:44,000
Ellen persisted explaining that 
women's voices deserved 

1640
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:47,200
inclusion in National discourse.
She believed that an 

1641
01:26:47,200 --> 01:26:49,600
Administration ignoring half the
population's perspective was 

1642
01:26:49,600 --> 01:26:53,100
doomed to fail. 
She also launched a syndicated 

1643
01:26:53,100 --> 01:26:56,200
newspaper column my day. 
In it. 

1644
01:26:56,200 --> 01:26:59,900
She chronicled her observations 
on policy, social conditions, 

1645
01:26:59,900 --> 01:27:03,500
and even personal Reflections, 
while some columns, offer daily 

1646
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:06,700
glimpses into her travels, or 
family life, others pushed 

1647
01:27:06,700 --> 01:27:10,200
readers to consider labor 
issues, civil rights, and youth 

1648
01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:12,800
programs. 
The column garnered a massive 

1649
01:27:12,800 --> 01:27:17,200
following American's specialty. 
Women found an advocate in the 

1650
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:19,800
White House who spoke plainly 
about societal Injustice 

1651
01:27:19,800 --> 01:27:22,900
detractors held about an 
overstepping spouse. 

1652
01:27:23,900 --> 01:27:27,400
But she refused to see the 
platform, her pain, became a 

1653
01:27:27,400 --> 01:27:30,900
conduit for the unheard. 
Meanwhile, the Roseville to 

1654
01:27:30,900 --> 01:27:32,600
Administration rolled out the 
New Deal. 

1655
01:27:32,600 --> 01:27:36,100
An array of programs aimed at 
relief recovery and reform. 

1656
01:27:37,200 --> 01:27:39,700
While franklyn handled the 
sweeping political Maneuvers, 

1657
01:27:39,700 --> 01:27:43,200
Ellen of visited, factories 
slums, and Rural Backwater 

1658
01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:45,300
reporting her findings back to 
him. 

1659
01:27:45,300 --> 01:27:48,400
And other officials her input 
influenced initiatives like the 

1660
01:27:48,400 --> 01:27:51,100
National Youth Administration 
which provided jobs and 

1661
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:53,800
education for young. 
People Eleanor believed that 

1662
01:27:53,800 --> 01:27:56,800
social welfare wasn't about 
handouts but about giving people

1663
01:27:56,800 --> 01:28:00,800
the tools to regain dignity. 
Pressed agencies to ensure these

1664
01:28:00,800 --> 01:28:04,500
programs reached women 
minorities and rural families 

1665
01:28:04,500 --> 01:28:06,900
often sidelined in bureaucratic 
distribution. 

1666
01:28:07,800 --> 01:28:10,800
Activism caught attention 
outside Washington, Labor 

1667
01:28:10,800 --> 01:28:13,500
leaders, praised her empathy 
while some conservatives accuse 

1668
01:28:13,500 --> 01:28:17,700
CERN heater of championing. 
Socialism unions, specially the 

1669
01:28:17,700 --> 01:28:20,200
newly, formed Congress of 
industrial organizations. 

1670
01:28:20,200 --> 01:28:24,400
CIO saw her as an ally willing 
to bring workers grievances to 

1671
01:28:24,400 --> 01:28:27,300
her husband's ear. 
Civil rights groups led by 

1672
01:28:27,300 --> 01:28:29,400
African-American leaders like 
Mary McLeod. 

1673
01:28:29,400 --> 01:28:32,100
Bethune founded in Eleanor a 
rare White House. 

1674
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:34,400
Allah who would openly address 
racial Injustice? 

1675
01:28:35,600 --> 01:28:39,500
Famously defied segregation 
Norms in 1938 by sitting, in the

1676
01:28:39,500 --> 01:28:42,300
middle aisle between black and 
white delegates at a Southern 

1677
01:28:42,308 --> 01:28:46,300
Conference critics deemed at a 
publicity stunt but for many 

1678
01:28:46,300 --> 01:28:49,100
African Americans. 
There was a symbolic stand by 

1679
01:28:49,100 --> 01:28:52,400
someone in power in private 
though she battled frustration 

1680
01:28:52,400 --> 01:28:56,300
and loneliness Franklins polio 
limited his mobility and the 

1681
01:28:56,300 --> 01:28:58,500
Relentless demands of the 
president sea deepen. 

1682
01:28:58,500 --> 01:29:02,100
The emotional Gulf between them 
the White House brimmed with 

1683
01:29:02,100 --> 01:29:05,700
staff and visitors leaving 
little time for introspection. 

1684
01:29:06,600 --> 01:29:09,700
She relied on friendships with 
women like Lorena, Hickok, Who 

1685
01:29:09,700 --> 01:29:12,300
provided an emotional Outlet. 
She really found in her 

1686
01:29:12,300 --> 01:29:15,100
marriage. 
Historians later scrutinize 

1687
01:29:15,100 --> 01:29:18,200
these relationships, but at the 
time, they served as islands of 

1688
01:29:18,200 --> 01:29:21,000
understanding and affection in a
sea of political chaos. 

1689
01:29:22,000 --> 01:29:24,800
Despite the strain. 
Eleanor recognized her unique 

1690
01:29:24,800 --> 01:29:27,800
influence, she championed the 
Arts through projects under the 

1691
01:29:27,808 --> 01:29:31,800
works progress administration 
believing creativity spurred, 

1692
01:29:31,800 --> 01:29:35,300
hope she publicly, supported 
Progressive, women in office, 

1693
01:29:35,300 --> 01:29:39,600
including Secretary of Labor, 
Frances Perkins, the first woman

1694
01:29:39,600 --> 01:29:43,600
to hold a US cabinet position, 
In doing so she Advanced the 

1695
01:29:43,608 --> 01:29:45,700
notion that women could excel in
governance. 

1696
01:29:46,500 --> 01:29:49,900
Skeptic sneered at the idea of 
female leadership, but Ellen is 

1697
01:29:49,900 --> 01:29:51,600
karma. 
Sure it's backed by real 

1698
01:29:51,600 --> 01:29:54,700
accomplishments. 
Counted their doubts, she found 

1699
01:29:54,700 --> 01:29:57,000
herself in Tangled and 
controversies around housing, 

1700
01:29:57,000 --> 01:30:00,600
reforms, Rural electrification, 
and migrant labor camps. 

1701
01:30:00,600 --> 01:30:04,500
In each case her approach was 
consistent travel to the site's,

1702
01:30:04,500 --> 01:30:07,900
talk to affected families and 
push her husband's advisors to 

1703
01:30:07,900 --> 01:30:10,600
craft Solutions. 
If she couldn't persuade through

1704
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:13,900
formal channels, she sometimes 
appealed directly to the public 

1705
01:30:13,900 --> 01:30:15,600
through her column or radio 
addresses. 

1706
01:30:16,600 --> 01:30:19,300
Skillfully balance between being
a supportive first lady and 

1707
01:30:19,300 --> 01:30:23,700
being an independent political 
actor by the late. 1930s the 

1708
01:30:23,700 --> 01:30:26,000
Roseville to Administration 
confronted new challenges. 

1709
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:29,900
Fascism rise in Europe and are 
still wobbly economy at home 

1710
01:30:29,900 --> 01:30:33,300
through it all Eleanor schedule 
remained relentless. 

1711
01:30:34,000 --> 01:30:37,300
She believed in direct 
engagement, convinced that a 

1712
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:40,000
leader, unaware of suffering, 
had no moral right to shape 

1713
01:30:40,000 --> 01:30:42,600
policy though. 
She never held official office, 

1714
01:30:42,600 --> 01:30:46,000
the council influenced decisions
that altered, millions of lives 

1715
01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:48,500
with war clouds gathering 
overseas. 

1716
01:30:48,500 --> 01:30:51,600
She would soon discover that her
role required, not just empathy,

1717
01:30:51,600 --> 01:30:55,500
but a Steely resolve to face a 
global crisis poised to test 

1718
01:30:55,500 --> 01:30:59,100
America's ideals as the 1930s 
ended and World War. 

1719
01:30:59,100 --> 01:31:01,800
Two loomed. 
Eleanor, Roosevelt sent a 

1720
01:31:01,800 --> 01:31:05,500
shifting Global landscape. 
She saw fascism trampling human 

1721
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:08,100
rights in Europe and Asia. 
While America debated isolation 

1722
01:31:08,100 --> 01:31:11,800
versus intervention. 
Though frankly initially focused

1723
01:31:11,800 --> 01:31:14,900
on domestic recovery by 1940, it
was clear. 

1724
01:31:14,900 --> 01:31:17,200
The nation could ignore 
International Terminal. 

1725
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:21,000
Eleanor never shy about voice in
her stance, argued, that 

1726
01:31:21,000 --> 01:31:24,400
America's moral responsibility 
extended Beyond its borders. 

1727
01:31:24,400 --> 01:31:28,100
She wrote passionately in my 
day, warning readers, that 

1728
01:31:28,100 --> 01:31:30,400
Democratic Values needed to 
defending less. 

1729
01:31:30,400 --> 01:31:32,300
They perish in the onslaught of 
tyranny. 

1730
01:31:32,300 --> 01:31:35,800
When Franklin won an 
unprecedented, third term, in 

1731
01:31:35,800 --> 01:31:39,100
1940, the Rosevelt steel 
themselves for a tumultuous 

1732
01:31:39,100 --> 01:31:42,100
period. 
Eleanor accelerated her advocacy

1733
01:31:42,100 --> 01:31:44,400
for civil rights and women's 
involvement in war preparedness 

1734
01:31:44,400 --> 01:31:47,900
with men, joining the military. 
She championed female workers to

1735
01:31:47,900 --> 01:31:51,600
fill industrial, roles touring 
factories, she highlighted the 

1736
01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:55,100
contributions of Rosie, the 
Riveter types urging Americans 

1737
01:31:55,100 --> 01:31:57,500
to Shared old prejudices about A
Woman's Place. 

1738
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:02,100
The Stance was pragmatic the 
nation required every capable 

1739
01:32:02,100 --> 01:32:05,400
hand to be looming threats yet. 
Pearl Harbor's bombing in, 

1740
01:32:05,408 --> 01:32:08,300
December 1941, brought War to 
us, soil. 

1741
01:32:08,300 --> 01:32:12,800
Igniting frantic mobilization 
Eleanor plunged into morale. 

1742
01:32:12,800 --> 01:32:16,000
Building efforts visiting troops
meeting with families of 

1743
01:32:16,000 --> 01:32:18,900
servicemen and pushing for 
improved conditions in military 

1744
01:32:18,900 --> 01:32:22,600
camps Elena believed that even 
small actions, like providing 

1745
01:32:22,600 --> 01:32:26,700
decent food, Medical Care and 
pay could demonstrate the 

1746
01:32:26,700 --> 01:32:30,100
country's commitment to those 
who served despite the war 

1747
01:32:30,100 --> 01:32:31,300
department having its 
structures. 

1748
01:32:31,300 --> 01:32:35,500
Her personal visits, frequently 
revealed, areas of concern, such

1749
01:32:35,500 --> 01:32:38,800
as segregated facilities, 
limited Mental, Health Services 

1750
01:32:38,800 --> 01:32:41,800
or insufficient resources in 
remote training site. 

1751
01:32:42,800 --> 01:32:45,900
Frank memos to generals and even
her husband demanding 

1752
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:49,600
improvements on the home front 
Warfare fever, sometimes fueled 

1753
01:32:49,600 --> 01:32:52,700
races and Japanese-Americans 
were forced into internment 

1754
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:55,100
camps. 
A policy eleventh, struggled to 

1755
01:32:55,100 --> 01:32:58,200
reconcile with her belief in 
Democratic principles, she 

1756
01:32:58,200 --> 01:33:01,300
quietly lobbied by the scenes 
that are opposition to the 

1757
01:33:01,300 --> 01:33:03,200
policy. 
Never gained enough traction to 

1758
01:33:03,200 --> 01:33:05,700
reverse. 
It critics later labeled her 

1759
01:33:05,700 --> 01:33:08,700
substance on internment as one 
of her greatest moral failures. 

1760
01:33:08,700 --> 01:33:12,000
Still she strove to mitigate 
conditions by visiting camps and

1761
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:14,300
advocating for educational 
programs and side. 

1762
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:18,300
Them mindful that these efforts 
fell short of outright Justice. 

1763
01:33:18,300 --> 01:33:22,200
Meanwhile, civil rights leaders 
urged, the administration to 

1764
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:23,600
address discrimination in 
defense. 

1765
01:33:23,600 --> 01:33:26,800
Industries, Eleanor became their
conduit in the White House. 

1766
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:31,200
Franklin issued executive order 
8802, Banning racial 

1767
01:33:31,200 --> 01:33:34,200
discrimination, and defense 
contracts partly due to her 

1768
01:33:34,200 --> 01:33:36,600
persistent. 
Urging though, enforcement was 

1769
01:33:36,600 --> 01:33:40,700
patchy it set a precedent. 
She continued, her bold stands 

1770
01:33:40,700 --> 01:33:44,200
like publicly supporting the 
Tuskegee Airmen, and ensuring 

1771
01:33:44,200 --> 01:33:47,300
African-American nurses were 
integrated into the Army Nurse 

1772
01:33:47,300 --> 01:33:49,500
Corps. 
Each symbolic action fan 

1773
01:33:49,500 --> 01:33:53,100
controversy among 
segregationists, but to her, the

1774
01:33:53,100 --> 01:33:57,000
quality was non-negotiable 
Specially in a war purportedly 

1775
01:33:57,000 --> 01:33:59,200
fought for freedom. 
Abroad. 

1776
01:33:59,200 --> 01:34:02,800
Ellen has reached extended 
through her Goodwill tours, she 

1777
01:34:02,800 --> 01:34:05,500
traveled to Britain, and the 
South Pacific meeting soldiers 

1778
01:34:05,500 --> 01:34:08,600
and Allied Leaders, a presence 
was more than ceremonial. 

1779
01:34:08,600 --> 01:34:12,400
She asked probing questions 
about troop morale, supply lines

1780
01:34:12,400 --> 01:34:15,000
and local tensions often she 
cabled. 

1781
01:34:15,000 --> 01:34:17,600
Back suggestions for 
improvements from British prime 

1782
01:34:17,600 --> 01:34:19,700
minister Winston, Churchill, 
praised her empathy. 

1783
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:23,600
Even if some in his Entourage 
found her activism unorthodox 

1784
01:34:23,600 --> 01:34:26,600
for a first lady. 
She reassured War weary 

1785
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:28,900
civilians that American Aid, 
wasn't just strategic. 

1786
01:34:28,900 --> 01:34:31,500
It was driven by genuine 
commitment to Liberty. 

1787
01:34:32,500 --> 01:34:34,700
At home. 
She confronted a personal 

1788
01:34:34,700 --> 01:34:37,200
heartbreak. 
Her brother Paul Rosevelt 

1789
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:40,300
struggled with alcoholism 
echoing the family's tragic 

1790
01:34:40,300 --> 01:34:42,800
Legacy. 
She tried to erase some support 

1791
01:34:42,800 --> 01:34:45,400
and discreet care. 
Balancing private loyalties with

1792
01:34:45,400 --> 01:34:48,700
public responsibilities, the 
circle of intimate friends, 

1793
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:52,300
provided emotional ballast, 
Lorena Hickok, remained a 

1794
01:34:52,300 --> 01:34:54,300
confidant. 
No war Logistics limited their 

1795
01:34:54,300 --> 01:34:57,200
time together through letters, 
Eleanor confided. 

1796
01:34:57,200 --> 01:35:00,800
Her exhaustion admitting that 
the Public's expectations, often

1797
01:35:00,800 --> 01:35:05,100
felt insurmountable As the 
conflict raged on Franklin's 

1798
01:35:05,100 --> 01:35:08,100
Health waned, his blood pressure
Rose and stress. 

1799
01:35:08,100 --> 01:35:12,200
Weighed heavily Elena stepped in
more assertively bridging gaps 

1800
01:35:12,200 --> 01:35:15,900
in his schedule, she delivered 
radio addresses, championing war

1801
01:35:15,900 --> 01:35:19,800
bombs, visited hospitals, 
treating wounded, veterans, and 

1802
01:35:19,800 --> 01:35:23,200
comforted grieving families. 
Some cynics dismissed her as 

1803
01:35:23,200 --> 01:35:26,200
Madame do good. 
But many others found solace in 

1804
01:35:26,208 --> 01:35:28,000
a leader unafraid to see 
suffering. 

1805
01:35:28,000 --> 01:35:32,500
First-hand by 1944, the Allied 
Forces were making significant 

1806
01:35:32,500 --> 01:35:34,100
progress yet. 
Victory. 

1807
01:35:34,100 --> 01:35:36,500
Seemed a complicated Prospect. 
The wars. 

1808
01:35:36,500 --> 01:35:39,600
Devastation would require not 
just triumph over access powers 

1809
01:35:39,600 --> 01:35:43,700
but a blueprint for peace. 
Ellen has mine buzzed with 

1810
01:35:43,708 --> 01:35:47,600
questions about refugees 
post-war reconstruction and a 

1811
01:35:47,600 --> 01:35:49,800
re-imagined global framework 
that might prevent future 

1812
01:35:49,800 --> 01:35:52,800
catastrophes. 
She saw glimpses of a potential 

1813
01:35:52,800 --> 01:35:55,900
role for the United States. 
As a moral leader though. 

1814
01:35:55,900 --> 01:35:58,100
She worried domestic politics 
might hamper that vision. 

1815
01:35:59,000 --> 01:36:01,900
In the final year of the war, 
she began hinting that the world

1816
01:36:01,900 --> 01:36:05,600
needed a robust International 
body to maintain peace for 

1817
01:36:05,600 --> 01:36:07,600
shadowing. 
Her eventual pivotal role in the

1818
01:36:07,608 --> 01:36:10,600
United Nations, frankly. 
Franklin D Roosevelt died. 

1819
01:36:10,600 --> 01:36:13,600
In April, 1945 mere weeks before
Germany. 

1820
01:36:13,600 --> 01:36:17,200
Surrender the nation mourned a 
four-term president, whose New 

1821
01:36:17,200 --> 01:36:21,100
Deal and wartime leadership had 
reshaped America for Eleanor 

1822
01:36:21,100 --> 01:36:23,000
Roosevelt. 
The loss was both intimate and 

1823
01:36:23,000 --> 01:36:25,800
public while she and Franklin 
had forged a practical 

1824
01:36:25,800 --> 01:36:28,900
partnership over the years, she 
grieved the passing of a 

1825
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:31,900
companion who had despite all 
their marital complexities that 

1826
01:36:31,900 --> 01:36:34,900
walked beside her through 
Monumental Transformations when 

1827
01:36:34,900 --> 01:36:37,100
Harry Truman succeeded to the 
presidents'. 

1828
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:41,500
He recognized in his unique 
standing that first many assumed

1829
01:36:41,500 --> 01:36:42,700
she would Retreat from public 
life. 

1830
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:47,200
Instead she showed no sign of 
Disappearing into widowhood She 

1831
01:36:47,200 --> 01:36:50,400
considered her husband's death, 
a passing of the battle, a 

1832
01:36:50,400 --> 01:36:53,900
moment demanding continued 
engagement the war with Japan, 

1833
01:36:53,900 --> 01:36:56,800
still raged and global politics 
were in floods. 

1834
01:36:56,800 --> 01:37:00,900
She quietly rebuffed suggestions
to retire stating famously. 

1835
01:37:00,900 --> 01:37:03,500
The story is over but not the 
journey. 

1836
01:37:05,100 --> 01:37:08,600
In May 1945, v-day victory in 
Europe. 

1837
01:37:08,600 --> 01:37:11,800
Arrived overshadowed by the 
looming. 

1838
01:37:11,800 --> 01:37:15,200
Final battles against Japan. 
Eleanor immersed herself in 

1839
01:37:15,200 --> 01:37:18,400
relief, efforts focusing on 
wounded, veterans returning from

1840
01:37:18,400 --> 01:37:22,100
both theaters, she visited 
hospitals, consoled, families 

1841
01:37:22,100 --> 01:37:26,000
and championed bills aimed at 
their Rehabilitation while 

1842
01:37:26,000 --> 01:37:28,800
Truman's Administration tackled 
the complexities of forming a 

1843
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:31,200
post-war order. 
She used her platform to 

1844
01:37:31,200 --> 01:37:33,600
advocate for a strong 
Cooperative, International 

1845
01:37:33,600 --> 01:37:36,700
Community. 
One of Truman's defining acts 

1846
01:37:36,700 --> 01:37:39,300
was to appoint Eleanor to the 
first American, delegation to 

1847
01:37:39,300 --> 01:37:43,600
the United Nations in 1945 many,
in Washington questioned. 

1848
01:37:43,600 --> 01:37:46,100
The choice. 
Could a former first lady or be 

1849
01:37:46,100 --> 01:37:49,800
at well-traveled effectively 
navigate high stakes diplomacy 

1850
01:37:50,700 --> 01:37:53,900
Truman saw something, others, 
overlooked have blend of empathy

1851
01:37:53,900 --> 01:37:57,100
and prag. 
The appointment, signaled, a 

1852
01:37:57,100 --> 01:38:00,100
fresh chapter for both the UN. 
And Eleanor she approached the 

1853
01:38:00,100 --> 01:38:03,400
role with discipline study 
brushing up, on parliamentary 

1854
01:38:03,400 --> 01:38:07,400
rules, international law, and 
economic recovery, proposals 

1855
01:38:07,400 --> 01:38:10,100
attending the un's early 
sessions in London. 

1856
01:38:10,100 --> 01:38:12,200
And then at Lake Success, New 
York. 

1857
01:38:12,208 --> 01:38:15,100
She immersed herself in the 
complexities of post-war. 

1858
01:38:15,100 --> 01:38:18,800
Negotiations Nations wrestled 
with forming stable, governments

1859
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:22,400
in war-ravaged regions, setting 
up structures to prevent future 

1860
01:38:22,400 --> 01:38:25,000
conflicts. 
While seasoned diplomats haggled

1861
01:38:25,000 --> 01:38:28,200
over boundaries and reparations 
Elena centered, her efforts on 

1862
01:38:28,200 --> 01:38:30,700
human rights. 
She found common cause with 

1863
01:38:30,700 --> 01:38:34,400
delegates from smaller Nations, 
forging alliances that 

1864
01:38:34,400 --> 01:38:37,100
transcended cold war lines just 
beginning to emerge. 

1865
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:41,700
In 1946, she shared the newly 
formed un Commission on human 

1866
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:44,600
rights. 
Initially, some delegates saw 

1867
01:38:44,600 --> 01:38:47,900
her as an American figurehead 
polite, but lacking intellectual

1868
01:38:47,900 --> 01:38:52,200
heft Swiftly learned otherwise 
she steered discussions with 

1869
01:38:52,200 --> 01:38:55,900
firmness, ensuring smaller 
Nations have their say, she 

1870
01:38:55,900 --> 01:38:58,900
insisted the commission draft, 
not just broad statements, but 

1871
01:38:58,900 --> 01:39:02,500
actionable principles this 
laborious process required 

1872
01:39:02,500 --> 01:39:06,500
reconciling different cultural 
values, economic realities, and 

1873
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:10,300
political ideologies. 
Hours of debate tested. 

1874
01:39:10,300 --> 01:39:12,700
Her resolve. 
She found an ally in French 

1875
01:39:12,700 --> 01:39:15,700
philosopher. 
Renee cassette among others, who

1876
01:39:15,700 --> 01:39:18,700
appreciated her unwavering focus
on practical outcomes. 

1877
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:22,900
The commission's, most famous 
product Universal Declaration of

1878
01:39:22,900 --> 01:39:26,400
Human Rights, emerged as a 
collaborative Masterpiece though

1879
01:39:26,400 --> 01:39:30,100
it bore Ellen, has imprint, she 
reminded delegates that lofty 

1880
01:39:30,100 --> 01:39:33,000
words meant little unless every 
day people could understand 

1881
01:39:33,000 --> 01:39:35,200
them. 
You pushed for language, that 

1882
01:39:35,200 --> 01:39:38,500
was clear, Universal and free 
from legalistic clutter. 

1883
01:39:38,500 --> 01:39:41,900
Late night sessions often ended 
with her scribbling revisions by

1884
01:39:41,900 --> 01:39:44,700
Lamplight fueled by an 
unshakable belief. 

1885
01:39:44,700 --> 01:39:47,000
That each article mattered to 
someone's dignity. 

1886
01:39:47,900 --> 01:39:50,200
Her experience among the poor 
and marginalized during the 

1887
01:39:50,200 --> 01:39:53,400
Depression shaped her commitment
to ensuring each Clause. 

1888
01:39:53,400 --> 01:39:57,100
Addressed Thunder. 
Mental human needs throughout 

1889
01:39:57,100 --> 01:40:00,000
these intense negotiations. 
She maintained a public speaking

1890
01:40:00,000 --> 01:40:03,600
schedule traveling to University
and women's clubs to explain the

1891
01:40:03,600 --> 01:40:08,400
un's mission to home accused her
of naivete suggesting the Soviet

1892
01:40:08,400 --> 01:40:11,500
Union's, looming power, when did
human rights talk meaningless. 

1893
01:40:12,500 --> 01:40:14,500
She counted that precisely 
because of geopolitical 

1894
01:40:14,500 --> 01:40:16,700
tensions. 
A moral framework was 

1895
01:40:16,700 --> 01:40:19,600
indispensable. 
She refused to let cynicism 

1896
01:40:19,600 --> 01:40:21,300
overshadow. 
The potential of collective 

1897
01:40:21,300 --> 01:40:24,500
action. 
By 1948, the commission 

1898
01:40:24,500 --> 01:40:26,900
finalized, the universal 
Declaration of Human Rights. 

1899
01:40:27,800 --> 01:40:30,100
The UN General assemblies 
adoption of it marked. 

1900
01:40:30,100 --> 01:40:33,800
A significant Milestone though, 
not legally binding, it set a 

1901
01:40:33,800 --> 01:40:36,200
moral standard Eleanor delivered
speeches. 

1902
01:40:36,200 --> 01:40:39,700
Describing it as a Magna Carta 
For All Mankind, ensuring the 

1903
01:40:39,700 --> 01:40:42,600
public, understood it as a tool 
to uplift the disenfranchised. 

1904
01:40:43,700 --> 01:40:46,700
International media, credited, 
her leadership, albeit, 

1905
01:40:46,700 --> 01:40:49,900
sometimes grudgingly as she had 
shattered prior assumptions 

1906
01:40:49,900 --> 01:40:51,500
about a first ladies 
capabilities. 

1907
01:40:52,200 --> 01:40:54,400
In the aftermath she found 
little time for rest. 

1908
01:40:54,400 --> 01:40:56,900
The world was shifting into the 
Cold War era. 

1909
01:40:57,900 --> 01:41:01,800
Economic reconstruction, the 
colonization an ideological 

1910
01:41:01,800 --> 01:41:04,000
battles. 
Now, defined Global relations. 

1911
01:41:04,900 --> 01:41:07,500
Even as she stepped away from 
the commission, she continued to

1912
01:41:07,500 --> 01:41:11,000
serve as a roving ambassador of 
sorts championing human rights 

1913
01:41:11,000 --> 01:41:14,900
across continents. 
Elinor saw her late husband's 

1914
01:41:14,900 --> 01:41:18,200
passing as an opportunity to 
forge her own unique Legacy, 

1915
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:22,100
rooted not in being a 
president's wife, but in shaping

1916
01:41:22,100 --> 01:41:26,200
International Norms at a pivotal
moment, in history, in the final

1917
01:41:26,200 --> 01:41:29,200
decade of her life. 
Eleanor Roosevelt, continued as 

1918
01:41:29,200 --> 01:41:32,700
an indefatigable voice for 
social justice, human rights and

1919
01:41:32,700 --> 01:41:35,800
democratic ideals. 
The universal Declaration of 

1920
01:41:35,800 --> 01:41:39,700
Human Rights, adopted in 1948 
remained her crowning 

1921
01:41:39,700 --> 01:41:42,400
achievement. 
However, she refused to rest on 

1922
01:41:42,400 --> 01:41:45,900
her past achievements with the 
onset of the Cold War critics, 

1923
01:41:45,900 --> 01:41:48,500
claimed the un's ideals would 
crumble under superpower 

1924
01:41:48,500 --> 01:41:52,100
rivalry, Eleanor believed, 
otherwise maintaining that 

1925
01:41:52,100 --> 01:41:55,600
shared principles could mitigate
conflict even if progress 

1926
01:41:55,600 --> 01:42:00,800
unfolded slowly, She returned to
private citizenship in 1953, but

1927
01:42:00,800 --> 01:42:05,100
State active in public discourse
writing, lecturing and 

1928
01:42:05,100 --> 01:42:07,500
advocating. 
She championed civil rights at 

1929
01:42:07,500 --> 01:42:09,900
home. 
When African-American students, 

1930
01:42:09,900 --> 01:42:12,900
integrated previously, all white
schools under court orders. 

1931
01:42:13,700 --> 01:42:17,100
She lent moral support, 
reminding Americans that a 

1932
01:42:17,100 --> 01:42:18,600
quality was part of their 
National fabric. 

1933
01:42:19,600 --> 01:42:24,300
A columns remained, unflinching 
calling out, racism poverty and 

1934
01:42:24,300 --> 01:42:27,100
the complacency of those who 
benefited from the status quo. 

1935
01:42:27,100 --> 01:42:31,200
Some saw her as anachronistic 
others discovered in her words. 

1936
01:42:31,200 --> 01:42:33,700
A beacon for an American 
struggling to reconcile its 

1937
01:42:33,700 --> 01:42:37,100
ideals with its realities, a 
personal networks, still 

1938
01:42:37,100 --> 01:42:40,400
included political, heavyweights
enabling her to press for a 

1939
01:42:40,400 --> 01:42:43,400
forms behind the scenes. he 
served under President John F 

1940
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:45,600
Kennedy as chair of the 
presidential commission on the 

1941
01:42:45,600 --> 01:42:50,600
status of women established in 
1961 at an age, when many retire

1942
01:42:50,600 --> 01:42:54,900
Elena dissected legal codes 
Employment Practices and 

1943
01:42:54,900 --> 01:42:59,000
educational barriers hindering 
women, She demanded data case 

1944
01:42:59,000 --> 01:43:01,800
studies and policy 
recommendations aiming to 

1945
01:43:01,800 --> 01:43:05,400
transform rhetoric into tangible
steps that the commission's 

1946
01:43:05,400 --> 01:43:09,300
final report spurred legislative
changes under scored her ability

1947
01:43:09,300 --> 01:43:13,000
to channel, moral Vision into 
legal Frameworks, throughout the

1948
01:43:13,000 --> 01:43:16,600
1950s and early 1960s. 
She traveled the globe, 

1949
01:43:16,600 --> 01:43:19,400
invitations pored in from 
countries, wanting to meet the 

1950
01:43:19,400 --> 01:43:22,200
woman behind the Declaration of 
Human Rights in India. 

1951
01:43:22,200 --> 01:43:25,800
She walked through Villages, 
discussing rural development in 

1952
01:43:25,800 --> 01:43:29,000
Israel, she marveled at 
communities in Africa. 

1953
01:43:29,000 --> 01:43:31,900
She observed newly independent 
nation's grappling with 

1954
01:43:31,900 --> 01:43:35,600
post-colonial reconstruction, 
where American ambassadors might

1955
01:43:35,600 --> 01:43:39,700
exude, formality Elena, embraced
dialogues with every day people.

1956
01:43:40,600 --> 01:43:44,300
She returned from each Journey, 
energized writing, extensive 

1957
01:43:44,300 --> 01:43:47,800
notes for policy makers, 
cautioning against condescending

1958
01:43:47,800 --> 01:43:50,600
attitudes. 
Toward emerging Nations, her 

1959
01:43:50,600 --> 01:43:53,800
willingness to learn from other 
cultures became a Hallmark of 

1960
01:43:53,800 --> 01:43:56,800
her diplomacy time. 
And again, she confronted 

1961
01:43:56,800 --> 01:44:00,300
critics who branded her a 
busybody, She was neither a 

1962
01:44:00,300 --> 01:44:01,700
scholar, nor a government 
official. 

1963
01:44:01,700 --> 01:44:04,200
Why should she meddle in foreign
or domestic affairs? 

1964
01:44:05,000 --> 01:44:08,600
She answered that democracy was 
every Citizen's business and 

1965
01:44:08,600 --> 01:44:11,500
moral responsibility didn't 
vanish with the end of official 

1966
01:44:11,500 --> 01:44:14,600
appointments observers noted, 
that her brand of activism 

1967
01:44:14,600 --> 01:44:18,100
hinged, on practical empathy 
nurtured from her earliest, 

1968
01:44:18,100 --> 01:44:21,100
volunteer days where the 
lecturing at a university or 

1969
01:44:21,100 --> 01:44:22,700
chatting with a rural 
Cooperative. 

1970
01:44:22,700 --> 01:44:27,500
She asked questions and listened
her convictions were firm yet. 

1971
01:44:27,500 --> 01:44:29,800
She respected the complexity of 
local struggles. 

1972
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:33,400
She also mentored Rising 
figures, both men and women 

1973
01:44:33,400 --> 01:44:37,000
urging them to wield compassion 
as a strength, not a weakness. 

1974
01:44:38,000 --> 01:44:40,800
From civil rights activists in 
the American South to Young 

1975
01:44:40,800 --> 01:44:44,000
diplomats in the US. 
She encouraged them to merge 

1976
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:47,800
policy with Humanity people. 
She mentored often recalled her 

1977
01:44:47,800 --> 01:44:51,400
direct manner, no Idol flattery 
just pointed questions, that 

1978
01:44:51,400 --> 01:44:55,100
force them to clarify their own 
beliefs rarely, did she scold in

1979
01:44:55,100 --> 01:44:58,500
public but in private she 
offered candid criticisms 

1980
01:44:58,500 --> 01:45:02,400
designed to sharpen strategies 
as her health began to decline 

1981
01:45:02,400 --> 01:45:06,100
in the early 1960s. 
She scaled back her demanding 

1982
01:45:06,100 --> 01:45:08,300
itinerary though, not her 
convictions. 

1983
01:45:08,300 --> 01:45:11,400
President Kennedy valued her 
Council on international 

1984
01:45:11,400 --> 01:45:15,300
relations and domestic policy. 
She remained a fixture in to 

1985
01:45:15,300 --> 01:45:18,600
views her voice steady, even if 
her physical stamina Wayne. 

1986
01:45:19,400 --> 01:45:21,400
She firmly believed in 
transferring the responsibility 

1987
01:45:21,400 --> 01:45:25,700
to the Next Generation in. 
One of her final interviews, she

1988
01:45:25,700 --> 01:45:28,200
expressed hope that the seeds 
planted by the universal 

1989
01:45:28,200 --> 01:45:31,400
declaration would bear fruit, 
even if it took centuries for 

1990
01:45:31,400 --> 01:45:35,700
Humanity to fully embrace the 
ideals of Justice, Liberty and 

1991
01:45:35,700 --> 01:45:41,500
equality Eleanor Roosevelt died 
on November the 7th 1962, 

1992
01:45:41,500 --> 01:45:45,100
tributes poured in from heads of
state and ordinary citizens 

1993
01:45:45,100 --> 01:45:48,400
alike, many lorded. 
Her as the first lady of the 

1994
01:45:48,400 --> 01:45:51,400
world, a title first coined in 
recognition of her Global 

1995
01:45:51,400 --> 01:45:53,900
humanitarian work over the 
coming years. 

1996
01:45:53,900 --> 01:45:58,400
Her Legacy would be Revisited by
historians feminists diplomats 

1997
01:45:58,400 --> 01:46:01,900
and human rights, Advocates, 
unlike fleeting political 

1998
01:46:01,900 --> 01:46:04,600
personalities. 
She left a lasting moral imprint

1999
01:46:04,600 --> 01:46:08,000
that transcended parties and 
ship and geography today, her 

2000
01:46:08,000 --> 01:46:11,100
words still resonate. 
Where are after all do Universal

2001
01:46:11,100 --> 01:46:14,200
human rights begin in small 
places close to home. 

2002
01:46:15,400 --> 01:46:18,400
A famous advocacy statement in 
capsules, the essence of her 

2003
01:46:18,400 --> 01:46:20,700
life. 
She believed real change took 

2004
01:46:20,700 --> 01:46:24,700
root in neighborhoods, schools 
and local governments only then 

2005
01:46:24,700 --> 01:46:26,800
scale up to National and 
international levels. 

2006
01:46:27,500 --> 01:46:29,700
Born into privilege. 
She grew into a figure who 

2007
01:46:29,700 --> 01:46:32,400
championed the powerless 
overcoming shyness and 

2008
01:46:32,400 --> 01:46:34,400
heartbreak. 
She constructed a role for 

2009
01:46:34,400 --> 01:46:36,000
herself that few imagined 
possible. 

2010
01:46:36,000 --> 01:46:39,700
And in that process, she altered
the global Dialogue on rights 

2011
01:46:39,700 --> 01:46:42,300
dignity and what it means to 
serve Humanity, 

2012
01:46:58,300 --> 01:47:02,000
When people today, imagine King 
Arthur, they often picture a 

2013
01:47:02,000 --> 01:47:03,700
gleaming throne room in a fairy 
tale Castle. 

2014
01:47:03,700 --> 01:47:07,100
Yet the earliest roots of the 
legend traced to a far grittier 

2015
01:47:07,100 --> 01:47:10,700
era, subramanian roughly the 5th
or 6th Century. 

2016
01:47:10,700 --> 01:47:15,800
The Roman Legions had withdrawn 
leaving behind roads Runes of 

2017
01:47:15,808 --> 01:47:19,400
Villas and a power vacuum that 
invited waves of Saxon 

2018
01:47:19,400 --> 01:47:23,600
incursions into this turmoil. 
Stepped local Warlords tribal 

2019
01:47:23,600 --> 01:47:27,100
Chieftains and self-styled Kings
who fought to protect fragmented

2020
01:47:27,100 --> 01:47:30,000
territories. 
If a historical author existed, 

2021
01:47:30,000 --> 01:47:33,700
he like he emerged from the 
violent Mosaic of Clan rivalries

2022
01:47:33,700 --> 01:47:37,100
and shifting alliances in the 
century, after Rome's departure,

2023
01:47:37,100 --> 01:47:40,600
Britain actor, Unified 
Government, pockets of Romano, 

2024
01:47:40,600 --> 01:47:43,700
British Aristocrats clung to 
vestiges of Imperial culture 

2025
01:47:43,700 --> 01:47:48,600
fortified hilltops bristled with
wooden Palisades, inhabited by 

2026
01:47:48,600 --> 01:47:50,300
leaders. 
Who tried to hold on to what 

2027
01:47:50,300 --> 01:47:52,300
remained of civilized trade and 
Technology? 

2028
01:47:53,100 --> 01:47:56,500
Meanwhile coastal regions faced 
constant raids from across the 

2029
01:47:56,500 --> 01:48:00,000
North Sea archaeological 
evidence such as the ruins of 

2030
01:48:00,008 --> 01:48:02,400
tintagel. 
Cornwall hints at a region 

2031
01:48:02,400 --> 01:48:04,200
influenced by the Mediterranean 
Goods. 

2032
01:48:04,200 --> 01:48:08,400
Even while local power struggles
raged amid, these unsettled 

2033
01:48:08,400 --> 01:48:12,200
conditions, a figure, sometimes 
identified as Arthur may have 

2034
01:48:12,200 --> 01:48:15,200
gained a following by Leading 
successful defensive campaigns 

2035
01:48:15,200 --> 01:48:17,800
early. 
Medieval sources, like the 

2036
01:48:17,800 --> 01:48:20,700
analyst, Cambria mentioned 
battles associated with him. 

2037
01:48:20,700 --> 01:48:23,500
Especially a crucial victory at 
Mount Vernon. 

2038
01:48:24,600 --> 01:48:27,000
Yet, the historical record is 
thin names. 

2039
01:48:27,000 --> 01:48:31,100
Get jumbled, timelines, blur and
Arthur may have originally been 

2040
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:36,100
a title, not a personal name, 
What survived from this period, 

2041
01:48:36,100 --> 01:48:38,200
what oral Traditions among 
Celts? 

2042
01:48:38,200 --> 01:48:42,100
Who revered Warrior Heroes 
capable of uniting, fractures 

2043
01:48:42,100 --> 01:48:45,700
tribes, these seeds, eventually 
took Route in Welsh poetry with 

2044
01:48:45,700 --> 01:48:48,400
references to an Arthur known 
for both prowess and moral 

2045
01:48:48,400 --> 01:48:50,000
leadership. 
Bars. 

2046
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:53,600
Recited, tales that Blended real
events with Mythic flourishes in

2047
01:48:53,600 --> 01:48:58,500
that arthas reputation grew. 
Over time as monastic, scribes 

2048
01:48:58,500 --> 01:49:02,000
copied Legends into Latin. 
They combined folk memory with 

2049
01:49:02,000 --> 01:49:05,300
Pious invention. 
By the 9th or 10th Century 

2050
01:49:05,300 --> 01:49:08,400
Arthur's presence in Welsh 
heroic Cycles was well 

2051
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:10,900
established. 
Champion, blessed, by 

2052
01:49:10,900 --> 01:49:14,600
Providence, who protected his 
people from Heathen Invaders 

2053
01:49:14,600 --> 01:49:16,600
yet. 
It wasn't until Geoffrey of 

2054
01:49:16,600 --> 01:49:18,300
monmouth's famous 12th century 
work. 

2055
01:49:18,900 --> 01:49:22,800
Astoria Reagan, Britannia. 
The author attained sweeping 

2056
01:49:22,800 --> 01:49:26,500
recognition Jeffries narrative 
while often dismissed as 

2057
01:49:26,500 --> 01:49:30,300
fanciful by modern historians, 
reshaped Europe's perception of 

2058
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,500
the British Isles. 
He wove oldest Celtic Traditions

2059
01:49:33,500 --> 01:49:37,100
together with his own creative 
editions, describing how Arthur 

2060
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:40,700
inherited the throne subdued 
rebellious, Nobles and even 

2061
01:49:40,700 --> 01:49:43,400
marched. 
An Army in gold and Noble's 

2062
01:49:43,400 --> 01:49:46,300
across Medieval Europe, treated 
Jeffries account as quasi 

2063
01:49:46,300 --> 01:49:49,700
history, as they searched for 
genealogical links to arthas 

2064
01:49:49,700 --> 01:49:52,600
Greatness. 
Thus the once shadowy War leader

2065
01:49:52,600 --> 01:49:56,000
of sub-man Britain, morphed into
a medieval monk with global 

2066
01:49:56,000 --> 01:49:59,300
renown. 
Key reason for arthas enduring 

2067
01:49:59,300 --> 01:50:02,500
appeal lies in the tension 
between the harsh reality of 

2068
01:50:02,500 --> 01:50:05,300
subgroup, Roman Warfare. 
And the later romantic veneer 

2069
01:50:05,300 --> 01:50:09,400
applied to his Legend, One hand,
the real context was like 

2070
01:50:09,400 --> 01:50:12,900
complete characterized by small 
wooden forts on the Wind. 

2071
01:50:12,900 --> 01:50:16,600
Swept hillside's retinas of 
spearmen and precarious 

2072
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:18,700
alliances that often change on a
whim. 

2073
01:50:19,500 --> 01:50:22,500
On the other Arthur's story of 
evolved into an ideal of 

2074
01:50:22,500 --> 01:50:26,000
chivalry, complete with jousts 
Castle halls, and elaborate 

2075
01:50:26,000 --> 01:50:26,600
courtly. 
Love. 

2076
01:50:27,600 --> 01:50:31,100
This Duality resonates even now 
we want to believe in a leader 

2077
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:34,300
who transcended the everyday 
violence forging a realm of 

2078
01:50:34,300 --> 01:50:38,000
justice and unity curiously. 
The early glimpses of Arthur do 

2079
01:50:38,000 --> 01:50:40,900
not include references to 
objects like the Holy Grail or 

2080
01:50:40,900 --> 01:50:43,600
images of a magical sword. 
Bestowed by a lake dwelling 

2081
01:50:43,600 --> 01:50:46,400
enchantress. 
These elements arrived later 

2082
01:50:46,400 --> 01:50:49,900
grafted onto the traditional. 
As a medieval writers sought to 

2083
01:50:49,900 --> 01:50:52,400
marry in indigenous British myth
with Christian symbolism. 

2084
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:57,000
The original Tales like he 
focused on Victory feasts and 

2085
01:50:57,000 --> 01:51:00,600
the Heroes final stand rather 
than mystical relics, the 

2086
01:51:00,600 --> 01:51:03,900
deepest spiritual Dimension, 
emphasizing moral quests, and 

2087
01:51:03,900 --> 01:51:06,800
the search for divine, grace 
would come with the romance's 

2088
01:51:06,800 --> 01:51:10,600
pain in subsequent centuries, 
still one thread remains 

2089
01:51:10,600 --> 01:51:13,500
consistent. 
Arthur is portrayed as a unifier

2090
01:51:13,500 --> 01:51:17,000
who rallied to disparate 
people's Western regions from 

2091
01:51:17,000 --> 01:51:19,400
Wales to Cornwall claimed him as
their champion. 

2092
01:51:20,200 --> 01:51:24,500
Even the name Arthur suggests 
residents with the Welsh word 

2093
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:27,900
for Bear to make animal 
symbolizing strength. 

2094
01:51:28,900 --> 01:51:32,300
Saxon influence spread and 
Nostalgia for a time when the 

2095
01:51:32,308 --> 01:51:36,500
britons had heroic protector, 
grew oral storytellers, carried 

2096
01:51:36,500 --> 01:51:39,600
that longing. 
Forward layering each retelling 

2097
01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:43,400
with new wonders. 
Thus, the stage was set for King

2098
01:51:43,400 --> 01:51:46,200
Arthur to emerge as both a 
mirror for the past and a 

2099
01:51:46,200 --> 01:51:49,400
beacon, for the future, from a 
realm battered by Raiders. 

2100
01:51:49,400 --> 01:51:52,700
A figure real, or semi legendary
Rose to clean the people's 

2101
01:51:52,700 --> 01:51:56,300
imagination long before Camelot 
became The Shining castle of 

2102
01:51:56,308 --> 01:51:58,500
romances. 
There was likely a rough wooden 

2103
01:51:58,500 --> 01:52:01,400
Hall on a rainy, British Hilltop
where a leader called Arthur 

2104
01:52:01,400 --> 01:52:05,200
once rallied his men over the 
centuries that leaders memory 

2105
01:52:05,200 --> 01:52:08,800
would transform into a tapestry 
of Epic Battles, courtly, Grace 

2106
01:52:08,800 --> 01:52:12,100
and moral ideals. 
That still Captivate Us though 

2107
01:52:12,100 --> 01:52:15,100
Geoffrey of monmouth's work gave
Arthur a grand historical Suite,

2108
01:52:15,100 --> 01:52:18,300
the French and Anglo Norman 
Poets of the 12th and 13th. 

2109
01:52:18,300 --> 01:52:21,500
Centuries fused that Chronicle 
based narrative with the ethos 

2110
01:52:21,500 --> 01:52:26,000
of chivalry writers such as 
creta TWY, introduced Knights, 

2111
01:52:26,000 --> 01:52:30,300
on quests and chanting ladies 
and Moral challenges far beyond 

2112
01:52:30,300 --> 01:52:33,000
the blunt tribal Warfare of 
subgroup, Roman Britain. 

2113
01:52:33,700 --> 01:52:36,400
It was in these romantic verses 
that King Arthur's Court. 

2114
01:52:36,400 --> 01:52:40,100
Camelot crystallized in the 
medieval mind as an epicenter of

2115
01:52:40,108 --> 01:52:43,500
refinement and virtue. 
Camelot was more than a single 

2116
01:52:43,500 --> 01:52:46,900
Castle. 
It symbolized, an ideal realm at

2117
01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:50,400
a time when feudal Europe was 
grappling with violent feuds and

2118
01:52:50,400 --> 01:52:54,100
nightly rivalries within 
Arthur's Kingdom, courtesy and 

2119
01:52:54,100 --> 01:52:56,200
Valor. 
Reigned Supreme anchored. 

2120
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:59,000
By the notion that Knights, 
should uphold Justice, protect 

2121
01:52:59,000 --> 01:53:01,400
the weak and respect the 
sovereignty of the church. 

2122
01:53:02,500 --> 01:53:06,200
This moral code was never a 
given it emerged gradually as 

2123
01:53:06,200 --> 01:53:09,200
poets reimagined. 
The old warlord, Arthur into a 

2124
01:53:09,208 --> 01:53:11,600
wise King who presided over the 
round table. 

2125
01:53:11,600 --> 01:53:15,200
The round table itself was a 
powerful metaphor for a quality.

2126
01:53:15,200 --> 01:53:18,500
Among his Knights, a stark 
contrast to the real feudal 

2127
01:53:18,500 --> 01:53:20,900
higher Archies, that often 
hinged on exploitation. 

2128
01:53:22,000 --> 01:53:25,500
Creta, try introduced 
characters, like, Lance Lot and 

2129
01:53:25,500 --> 01:53:27,900
explored the conflict between 
martial Duty and romantic 

2130
01:53:27,900 --> 01:53:30,600
devotion. 
His tale Lancelot. 

2131
01:53:30,600 --> 01:53:33,800
The Knight of the cart was 
groundbreaking portraying, the 

2132
01:53:33,800 --> 01:53:37,800
knights passion for queen of air
as both, uplifting demonstrating

2133
01:53:37,800 --> 01:53:41,200
profound devotion and troubling 
Because it threatened, the 

2134
01:53:41,200 --> 01:53:45,000
stability of Camelot, this 
tension lending loyalty and 

2135
01:53:45,000 --> 01:53:48,400
Forbidden Love gave Arthurian 
law and new psychological depth,

2136
01:53:48,400 --> 01:53:52,900
suddenly the Kings Authority 
faced internal strain, not just 

2137
01:53:52,900 --> 01:53:56,900
external Wars in parallel. 
Welsh Traditions developed their

2138
01:53:56,900 --> 01:54:00,300
own sets of Arthurian. 
Tales known collectively as the 

2139
01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:02,300
Mawby. 
Noggin replete with magical 

2140
01:54:02,300 --> 01:54:06,100
hunts, shapeshifting creatures. 
And cryptic references to Old 

2141
01:54:06,100 --> 01:54:09,800
Celtic deities, these Tales 
portrayed Arthur as more than 

2142
01:54:09,800 --> 01:54:13,600
just a mortal King, weaving him 
into an ethereal, tapestry, 

2143
01:54:13,600 --> 01:54:17,400
courteous and warriors, in these
Welsh stories navigated, a realm

2144
01:54:17,400 --> 01:54:21,400
where Illusions might mask 
deeper, truths and heroic Feats 

2145
01:54:21,400 --> 01:54:25,100
often demanded Supernatural 
Insight Arthur came off. 

2146
01:54:25,100 --> 01:54:28,300
As a liminal figure heart 
champion in the Mortal sphere 

2147
01:54:28,300 --> 01:54:30,700
part Catalyst in the realm of 
myth. 

2148
01:54:32,200 --> 01:54:35,300
By the early 13th century, the 
so-called Gates cycle. 

2149
01:54:35,300 --> 01:54:39,500
Also known as the Lancelot Grail
cycle emerged in French prose 

2150
01:54:39,500 --> 01:54:43,300
adding layer upon layer to The 
Saga, the Holy Grail took Center

2151
01:54:43,300 --> 01:54:46,800
Stage turning Arthur's Kingdom 
Into The Crucible of a spiritual

2152
01:54:46,800 --> 01:54:50,600
Quest, Knights like Galahad 
introduced in these texts and 

2153
01:54:50,600 --> 01:54:54,400
boarded Purity and the hope of 
divine revelation The round 

2154
01:54:54,400 --> 01:54:57,200
table Knights no longer merely 
sought Fame on the battlefield. 

2155
01:54:57,200 --> 01:55:00,800
The yearned for mystical 
encounters with a relic link to 

2156
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:03,400
Christ. 
Last Supper, this infusion of 

2157
01:55:03,408 --> 01:55:06,200
Christian allegory, transformed 
Arthur's Court into a place 

2158
01:55:06,200 --> 01:55:09,100
where the line between Earthly 
power and Heavenly purpose. 

2159
01:55:09,100 --> 01:55:13,600
Blurred through these expansions
King, Arthur's story ceased to 

2160
01:55:13,600 --> 01:55:16,200
be a single consistent 
narrative, and became more of a 

2161
01:55:16,200 --> 01:55:19,400
shared Mythos different. 
Authors selected episodes that 

2162
01:55:19,400 --> 01:55:22,600
suited their tastes some 
highlighted guinevere's, moral 

2163
01:55:22,600 --> 01:55:25,400
dilemma. 
Others fixated on Lance Lots 

2164
01:55:25,400 --> 01:55:29,000
Feats while still others delved 
into the Grails riddles. 

2165
01:55:29,700 --> 01:55:31,800
After himself, at times, slipped
into the background. 

2166
01:55:31,800 --> 01:55:35,100
As his Knights took Center Stage
grappling with Illusions 

2167
01:55:35,100 --> 01:55:39,500
prophecies and moral failings 
yet the concept of Camelot as a 

2168
01:55:39,500 --> 01:55:42,300
golden era, endured a testament 
to a kingdom. 

2169
01:55:42,300 --> 01:55:46,000
So just and Noble that it 
attracted Divine interest, even 

2170
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:49,900
if it was eventually undone by 
human Frailty, Despite the high 

2171
01:55:49,900 --> 01:55:52,800
minded chivalry, these were 
amounts as extolled they also 

2172
01:55:52,800 --> 01:55:56,000
contained warnings. 
Arthas rail offered a vision of 

2173
01:55:56,000 --> 01:55:59,600
perfect rule that the seeds of 
its fall were sown within its 

2174
01:55:59,600 --> 01:56:02,800
ranks. 
Lancelot's betrayal mordred's 

2175
01:56:02,800 --> 01:56:05,900
treachery and the Knights 
fragmentation underscored how 

2176
01:56:05,900 --> 01:56:09,900
easily greatness could unravel. 
Reflecting on these fictional 

2177
01:56:09,900 --> 01:56:13,100
events medieval audiences. 
Might Ponder the fragility of 

2178
01:56:13,108 --> 01:56:16,800
their societies, Royal courts 
and Noble houses existed in 

2179
01:56:16,800 --> 01:56:21,200
Perpetual tension, threatened by
ambition, jealousies and Foreign

2180
01:56:21,200 --> 01:56:24,200
Wars. 
Arthur's downfall was thus a 

2181
01:56:24,200 --> 01:56:26,800
cautionary mirror, reminding 
them that no Empire. 

2182
01:56:26,800 --> 01:56:30,500
However, I realized was immune 
to the foibles of humanity. 

2183
01:56:31,500 --> 01:56:34,500
At the same time, the Arthurian 
cycle provided a spiritual 

2184
01:56:34,500 --> 01:56:37,800
Dimension that comforted or 
changed believers. 

2185
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:42,500
The Quest for the Grail. 
Specially As Told in the quested

2186
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:46,600
to some Grail championed a set 
of my nightly prowess. 

2187
01:56:47,500 --> 01:56:50,500
Knights, who succeeded did so by
humility and moral Purity, 

2188
01:56:50,500 --> 01:56:54,400
rather than Brute Force. 
This concept of Sanctified 

2189
01:56:54,400 --> 01:56:57,800
heroism was novel in an age. 
When military might typically 

2190
01:56:57,800 --> 01:57:00,900
Define power, Through the lens 
of Arthur's story. 

2191
01:57:00,900 --> 01:57:04,500
Audiences could imagine a higher
calling one that demanded 

2192
01:57:04,500 --> 01:57:06,800
introspection as much as 
external Victory. 

2193
01:57:06,800 --> 01:57:10,800
Thus, by the high Middle Ages, 
Arthur had become both the 

2194
01:57:10,808 --> 01:57:13,400
glittering Monarch and a figure 
over shadowed by the 

2195
01:57:13,400 --> 01:57:17,000
complexities of his realm. 
Whether in thrown at Camelot or 

2196
01:57:17,000 --> 01:57:20,600
overshadowed by Lance, lots and 
Wayne's exploits he represented 

2197
01:57:20,600 --> 01:57:23,500
a cultural Wellspring that 
authors and audiences reshaped 

2198
01:57:23,500 --> 01:57:27,000
to reflect their aspirations 
anxiety and Theological 

2199
01:57:27,000 --> 01:57:30,900
preoccupations. 
The warlord of an obscure 

2200
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:33,400
British Epoch had been 
thoroughly recast as the 

2201
01:57:33,400 --> 01:57:36,300
lodestar of Chevelle. 
Rex civilization, the 

2202
01:57:36,300 --> 01:57:38,600
transformation that would 
resonate for centuries to come 

2203
01:57:38,600 --> 01:57:43,200
while medieval audiences reveled
in romances, the Renaissance 

2204
01:57:43,200 --> 01:57:46,900
brought a degree of skepticism 
toward medieval chivalry as 

2205
01:57:46,900 --> 01:57:50,400
Europe, rediscovered classical 
Antiquity taste shifted toward 

2206
01:57:50,400 --> 01:57:53,500
realism and historical inquiry. 
Yet King Arthur proved 

2207
01:57:53,500 --> 01:57:56,400
remarkably resilient inspiring 
new works. 

2208
01:57:56,400 --> 01:57:59,500
Even in an era that questioned 
medieval faith in the 

2209
01:57:59,500 --> 01:58:02,600
miraculous. 
Writers dramatists and 

2210
01:58:02,600 --> 01:58:06,100
pamphleteers recognized that the
Epic scope of arthas saga. 

2211
01:58:06,100 --> 01:58:08,900
Could be reinterpreted to 
address the ideological battles 

2212
01:58:08,900 --> 01:58:12,500
of the 16th and 17th centuries. 
A prime example of this 

2213
01:58:12,500 --> 01:58:17,600
adaptability is Edmond Spencer's
the fairy queen 1590s which Drew

2214
01:58:17,600 --> 01:58:20,700
heavily on Earth theory in 
motifs so it cast its hero in 

2215
01:58:20,700 --> 01:58:23,800
allegorical form. 
Spencer depicted Prince Arthur 

2216
01:58:23,800 --> 01:58:27,500
as the embodiment of perfection 
seeking the fairy queen 

2217
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:29,900
representing Queen, Elizabeth 
the first. 

2218
01:58:29,900 --> 01:58:33,800
This conflation of our theory in
Tradition with contemporary, 

2219
01:58:33,800 --> 01:58:36,600
Royal symbolism termed the old 
Legend into a vehicle for 

2220
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:39,600
praising Tudor rule. 
Even if the real Tudors had 

2221
01:58:39,600 --> 01:58:43,200
tenuous claims to genealogical 
descent from Arthur the 

2222
01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:46,800
mythology, served as a potent 
piece of propaganda, implying a 

2223
01:58:46,800 --> 01:58:49,300
lineage stretching back to the 
dawn of British greatness. 

2224
01:58:50,200 --> 01:58:52,700
Simultaneously, the printing, 
press facilitated, the 

2225
01:58:52,708 --> 01:58:56,300
widespread circulation of satis 
Mallory's LaMotta, doth Heuer. 

2226
01:58:56,300 --> 01:58:59,200
First published by William 
caxton in 1485. 

2227
01:59:00,200 --> 01:59:03,200
Though Mallory wrote in the 15th
century, the Renaissance 

2228
01:59:03,200 --> 01:59:06,300
generation rediscovered, his 
compilation, which fused French 

2229
01:59:06,300 --> 01:59:09,100
and English sources into a 
comprehensive Arthurian epic. 

2230
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:13,400
Its themes of loyalty betrayal 
and the tragic cost of internal 

2231
01:59:13,400 --> 01:59:15,300
Discord found New resonances 
England. 

2232
01:59:15,300 --> 01:59:17,600
Grappled with the religious 
schisms, and dynastic, 

2233
01:59:17,600 --> 01:59:22,500
uncertainties text appealed to 
those craving heroism, but wary 

2234
01:59:22,500 --> 01:59:25,800
of the illusions that wants 
cloaked medieval piety in the 

2235
01:59:25,800 --> 01:59:29,500
broader European context. 
Interesting King Arthur sparked 

2236
01:59:29,500 --> 01:59:32,500
debates over authenticity. 
Scholars are asked whether 

2237
01:59:32,500 --> 01:59:35,400
Geoffrey of monmouth's on 
Mallory's accounts contained, a 

2238
01:59:35,400 --> 01:59:36,700
colonel of fact or pure 
invention. 

2239
01:59:37,600 --> 01:59:40,600
And to quarians poured. 
Over genealogical charts, local 

2240
01:59:40,600 --> 01:59:43,900
place names, and fragmentary 
manuscripts, trying to prove or 

2241
01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:47,500
disprove off as real existence. 
Some claimed he was a Celtic 

2242
01:59:47,500 --> 01:59:50,400
champion who fought off Saxon 
Invaders, While others labeled 

2243
01:59:50,400 --> 01:59:53,900
him a total fabrication. 
Interestingly, these historical 

2244
01:59:53,900 --> 01:59:56,600
controversies did little to, 
dampen The public's appetite for

2245
01:59:56,600 --> 02:00:02,400
ithorian plays poems pageants 
real or not Arthur remained a 

2246
02:00:02,400 --> 02:00:05,200
cultural Touchstone during the 
Elizabethan era. 

2247
02:00:05,200 --> 02:00:08,200
Chevrolet Nostalgia blended with
the Monkees political agenda, 

2248
02:00:08,200 --> 02:00:12,300
spectacles Court sometimes 
featured tilts and tournaments 

2249
02:00:12,300 --> 02:00:16,500
staged in an Athenian spirit. 
Accentuating the monarchy's 

2250
02:00:16,500 --> 02:00:18,500
claim to a glorious British 
past. 

2251
02:00:18,500 --> 02:00:23,200
However, as the 17th century 
wore on, Civil War erupted in 

2252
02:00:23,200 --> 02:00:25,400
England, toppling the monarchy 
for a Time. 

2253
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:29,200
The old stories of knights Bound
by Honor felt distant in a world

2254
02:00:29,200 --> 02:00:32,400
split by ideological conflict 
between parliamentarians and 

2255
02:00:32,408 --> 02:00:35,100
royalists. 
Despite this references to a 

2256
02:00:35,100 --> 02:00:38,800
lost age of unity dotted 
royalist propaganda Arthur's 

2257
02:00:38,800 --> 02:00:41,900
symbol of around table that 
transcended factionalism served 

2258
02:00:41,900 --> 02:00:44,500
as a subtle critique of Giga 
contemporary divisiveness. 

2259
02:00:45,400 --> 02:00:47,400
By the 18th century. 
The so-called Age of 

2260
02:00:47,408 --> 02:00:50,800
Enlightenment saw turned toward 
rationalism, medieval romance, 

2261
02:00:50,800 --> 02:00:54,100
seemed quaint or superstitious 
to many intellectuals, even. 

2262
02:00:54,100 --> 02:00:58,000
So are the persisted in popular 
imagination, writers? 

2263
02:00:58,000 --> 02:01:01,300
Toyed with comedic, or satirical
takes highlighting the gap 

2264
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:03,900
between medieval Illusions and 
modern rational thought. 

2265
02:01:04,900 --> 02:01:08,200
In these retailing, the Feats of
Arthur's, knights slaying 

2266
02:01:08,200 --> 02:01:11,500
dragons, or embarking on magical
quests, looked increasingly 

2267
02:01:11,500 --> 02:01:14,000
improbable. 
Yet these parodies, only 

2268
02:01:14,000 --> 02:01:17,200
increased public familiarity 
with the legend ensuring that 

2269
02:01:17,208 --> 02:01:20,500
the name of Arthur remained in 
circulation. throughout this 

2270
02:01:20,500 --> 02:01:23,600
period, British national 
identity slowly coalesced, 

2271
02:01:23,600 --> 02:01:27,500
especially after the 1707 Act of
union merged, England, and 

2272
02:01:27,500 --> 02:01:31,200
Scotland, Authors in search of a
unifying myth frequently. 

2273
02:01:31,200 --> 02:01:34,500
Referenced Arthur's, promise, a 
king, who wants unified the 

2274
02:01:34,500 --> 02:01:37,900
realm only to be undone by 
internal betrayals. 

2275
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:41,600
This Motif mirrored anxiety is 
about whether Britain's newly 

2276
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:44,800
merged kingdoms, could truly 
Stand Together, Arthur's Legend,

2277
02:01:44,800 --> 02:01:48,400
functioned as both inspiration 
and a cautionary, tale a 

2278
02:01:48,400 --> 02:01:51,900
reflection on the costs of 
disunity, scholarly curiosity 

2279
02:01:51,900 --> 02:01:55,000
about Celtic Heritage. 
Also played a role spurred by 

2280
02:01:55,008 --> 02:01:57,500
the romanticization of ancient 
bardic Traditions. 

2281
02:01:57,500 --> 02:02:01,900
Researchers scoured, Welsh, 
Bretton and Cornish, folklore 

2282
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:05,100
curious to find evidence that 
might clarify Arthur's, 

2283
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:07,900
historical basis. 
Sometimes researchers would we 

2284
02:02:07,900 --> 02:02:10,800
fragments of old poems or place 
named Legends into rational 

2285
02:02:10,800 --> 02:02:14,800
arguments about arthas possible.
Birth date all the location of 

2286
02:02:14,800 --> 02:02:17,500
specific battles. 
All the definitive proof 

2287
02:02:17,500 --> 02:02:18,200
remained. 
Elusive. 

2288
02:02:18,200 --> 02:02:22,000
Each attempt underscored have a 
figure of Arthur Bridge 

2289
02:02:22,000 --> 02:02:25,400
scholarship and myth standing at
the intersection of Legends. 

2290
02:02:25,400 --> 02:02:28,100
Emotional power and history is 
demand for evidence. 

2291
02:02:28,800 --> 02:02:32,200
Thus between the Renaissance and
the enlightenment King Arthur 

2292
02:02:32,200 --> 02:02:35,500
was never a static figure. 
He became a mirror for each year

2293
02:02:35,500 --> 02:02:39,800
as Hope's Illusions and debates 
about monarchy unity, and 

2294
02:02:39,800 --> 02:02:42,700
cultural identity. 
Where the cost is a courtly 

2295
02:02:42,700 --> 02:02:44,900
night. 
A symbolic ancestor of present 

2296
02:02:44,900 --> 02:02:48,500
rulers or a relic of 
superstition Arthur retain, the 

2297
02:02:48,500 --> 02:02:51,500
ability to inspire provoke and 
challenge. 

2298
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:55,700
By the dawn of the Romantic Era 
he was poised for yet another 

2299
02:02:55,700 --> 02:02:59,100
grand Revival this time in 
poetry and the emerging novel 

2300
02:02:59,100 --> 02:03:04,100
form, ensuring his endurance for
centuries to come the Romantic 

2301
02:03:04,100 --> 02:03:06,200
Movement of the late 18th and 
early 19th. 

2302
02:03:06,200 --> 02:03:10,200
Centuries, and raced medievalism
with gusto seeking inspiration 

2303
02:03:10,200 --> 02:03:13,100
in distant ages perceived as 
more authentic and emotionally 

2304
02:03:13,100 --> 02:03:16,100
resonant. 
King Arthur's law fit perfectly 

2305
02:03:16,100 --> 02:03:20,200
into this artistic wave writers,
such as Sir, Walter Scott wolf 

2306
02:03:20,200 --> 02:03:23,200
Chevalier at elements in his 
historical novels while 

2307
02:03:23,200 --> 02:03:26,000
listening poets, invoked off, 
Theory and motifs to have the 

2308
02:03:26,000 --> 02:03:29,900
sublime and the melancholic 
crucially, this period saw a 

2309
02:03:29,900 --> 02:03:32,800
reimagining of the Arthurian 
Legend, not just as a national 

2310
02:03:32,800 --> 02:03:35,000
myth. 
That is a repository of human 

2311
02:03:35,000 --> 02:03:39,100
longing and natural wonder. 
The Romantic valorized medieval 

2312
02:03:39,100 --> 02:03:42,800
ruins, folk ballards, and the 
sense that modern industrial 

2313
02:03:42,800 --> 02:03:45,200
society had lost contact with 
deeper truths. 

2314
02:03:46,000 --> 02:03:49,600
In this context, Arthur's Court 
represented, a realm where honor

2315
02:03:49,600 --> 02:03:53,100
and Beauty reigned untainted by 
mechanized progress. 

2316
02:03:53,100 --> 02:03:58,700
Landscapes Misty, Moors, ancient
stone circles Hidden Lakes, 

2317
02:03:58,700 --> 02:04:02,900
acquired near mystical qualities
frequently, associated with 

2318
02:04:02,900 --> 02:04:06,100
Tales of arthas, final departure
for the Isle of Avalon. 

2319
02:04:06,100 --> 02:04:09,800
Paintings of the era depicting 
Guinevere or the Lady of Shalott

2320
02:04:09,800 --> 02:04:13,900
combined Lush color and a dreamy
atmosphere to create a longing 

2321
02:04:13,900 --> 02:04:18,000
for an irretrievable past. 
The most significant revivalist.

2322
02:04:18,000 --> 02:04:20,900
During the Victorian age was 
Alfred Lord Tennyson. 

2323
02:04:20,900 --> 02:04:25,400
Whose Idols of the king 
published between 1859 and 1885,

2324
02:04:25,400 --> 02:04:29,300
Arthur as a moral Exemplar 
struggling against the 

2325
02:04:29,300 --> 02:04:33,400
corruption within his realm 10's
verse sword, with idealism. 

2326
02:04:33,400 --> 02:04:36,800
Yet carried him under current of
dissolution in his hands. 

2327
02:04:36,800 --> 02:04:39,100
Camelot became a metaphor for 
Victorian. 

2328
02:04:39,100 --> 02:04:43,200
Britain's aspirations Empire 
technology and moral 

2329
02:04:43,200 --> 02:04:45,500
righteousness. 
While the knights failures 

2330
02:04:45,500 --> 02:04:48,700
reflected, the era's anxiety is 
about hypocrisy and social 

2331
02:04:48,700 --> 02:04:52,100
decay. 
The story of Lancelot and Gwen 

2332
02:04:52,100 --> 02:04:54,100
of here, became a tragic 
Testament, to human 

2333
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:57,000
vulnerability. 
Overshadowing the earlier 

2334
02:04:57,000 --> 02:05:00,700
illusions of gallantry. 
Tennyson's work was no mere 

2335
02:05:00,700 --> 02:05:03,200
literary. 
Exercise it shaped, Victorian, 

2336
02:05:03,200 --> 02:05:06,100
cultural consciousness. 
Stained glass windows 

2337
02:05:06,100 --> 02:05:09,800
tapestries, and even up to our 
human architectural, Motif 

2338
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:11,900
spring up in wealthy homes and 
public buildings. 

2339
02:05:11,900 --> 02:05:16,000
All referencing Arthurian 
scenes, critics lauded Tennyson 

2340
02:05:16,000 --> 02:05:19,200
for elevating, the legend to a 
moral epic while detractors, 

2341
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:22,200
argued that he sanitized, the 
more raw or ambiguous aspects, 

2342
02:05:22,200 --> 02:05:26,600
nonetheless, Idols of the king 
remained wildly popular 

2343
02:05:26,600 --> 02:05:29,400
reinforcing the notion. 
That Arthur's tale offered, 

2344
02:05:29,400 --> 02:05:34,100
moral guidance for a modern age 
even Queen Victoria reportedly 

2345
02:05:34,100 --> 02:05:36,800
admired. 
Tennyson's interpretation seeing

2346
02:05:36,800 --> 02:05:39,000
in Arthur's, struggle, or 
reflection of her desire to 

2347
02:05:39,000 --> 02:05:41,100
maintain moral Authority in a 
changing world. 

2348
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:45,900
Outside poetry the Arts and 
Crafts movement led by figures 

2349
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:49,200
like William Morris found in our
Theory and romance and antidote 

2350
02:05:49,200 --> 02:05:52,300
to Industrial. 
Mass production, Morris's 

2351
02:05:52,300 --> 02:05:55,000
designs from wallpapers to book 
bindings. 

2352
02:05:55,000 --> 02:05:58,800
Invoked the swirling lines and 
medieval patterns reminiscent of

2353
02:05:58,800 --> 02:06:01,500
illuminated. 
Manuscripts, he even wrote his 

2354
02:06:01,500 --> 02:06:04,200
own ithorian based works. 
For Morris. 

2355
02:06:04,200 --> 02:06:07,100
And his Circle, The Legend 
represented a craftsmanship 

2356
02:06:07,100 --> 02:06:09,700
ethic and a sense of community 
lost a factory labor. 

2357
02:06:10,400 --> 02:06:13,700
Decorating ones, home with 
Arthurian motifs hinted at a 

2358
02:06:13,700 --> 02:06:17,000
quest for authenticity in an 
increasingly mechanized Society.

2359
02:06:18,000 --> 02:06:20,500
Across the channel. 
French and German intellectuals 

2360
02:06:20,500 --> 02:06:23,600
took note of this English 
Fascination translations of 

2361
02:06:23,600 --> 02:06:27,800
Tennyson circulated and cultural
salons discussed the universal 

2362
02:06:27,800 --> 02:06:31,900
quality of the Arthurian myth. 
A noble ruler and by betrayal 

2363
02:06:31,900 --> 02:06:34,900
and human weakness. 
A reflection on how the grandest

2364
02:06:34,900 --> 02:06:39,100
vision can collapse from within.
The story of a once cohesive 

2365
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:41,900
realm, fracturing resonated 
broadly in a Time marked by 

2366
02:06:41,900 --> 02:06:45,100
revolution's and the unification
of States like Italy and 

2367
02:06:45,100 --> 02:06:47,600
Germany. 
Yet the more the victorians 

2368
02:06:47,600 --> 02:06:50,500
idealized Arthur, the more some 
critics pushed back. 

2369
02:06:50,500 --> 02:06:53,300
Realistic authors found the 
legend arcade. 

2370
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:57,100
They lampooned the knights as 
naive dreamers or castigated the

2371
02:06:57,100 --> 02:07:01,100
Romantic Obsession as escapism. 
Ignoring pressing social issues 

2372
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:04,600
like poverty and inequality, 
Novelists such as Charles 

2373
02:07:04,600 --> 02:07:08,000
Dickens or Elizabeth Gaskell 
focused on contemporary life. 

2374
02:07:08,000 --> 02:07:11,800
Rarely referencing Arthur. 
Still even in their works. 

2375
02:07:12,800 --> 02:07:14,600
The notion of a lost moral 
Center alert. 

2376
02:07:15,500 --> 02:07:18,600
As if Camelot Shadow lay over an
industrial landscape that had 

2377
02:07:18,600 --> 02:07:23,200
lost, its spiritual Mooring. by 
the late 19th century, the 

2378
02:07:23,200 --> 02:07:27,200
medieval Revival reached its 
peak pre-raphaelite painters, 

2379
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:30,200
like Edward Byrne, Jones 
rendered, Sumptuous scenes of 

2380
02:07:30,208 --> 02:07:33,500
knights questing in forests 
dappled with improbable light, 

2381
02:07:34,400 --> 02:07:38,600
Guinevere's hair glowed with 
golden Hues, lancelots armor 

2382
02:07:38,600 --> 02:07:41,900
gleaned and Arthur himself stood
as a solemn. 

2383
02:07:41,900 --> 02:07:46,600
Almost tragic figure the 
emphasis on color texture and 

2384
02:07:46,600 --> 02:07:48,500
emotion. 
Showcased, how thoroughly the 

2385
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:50,600
legend had been claimed by the 
aesthetic movement? 

2386
02:07:51,700 --> 02:07:54,200
King Arthur was no longer just a
steam taught in school. 

2387
02:07:54,200 --> 02:07:58,200
He was a cultural phenomenon, 
bridging literature art in 

2388
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:01,100
interior design and public 
discourse about morality and 

2389
02:08:01,100 --> 02:08:04,800
progress, this fervent romantic 
and Victorian Reclamation. 

2390
02:08:04,800 --> 02:08:08,000
Set the stage for a 20th century
that would wrestle a new with 

2391
02:08:08,000 --> 02:08:11,500
Arthur's meaning. 
As Empire gave way to Modern War

2392
02:08:11,500 --> 02:08:15,500
and the illusions of Unstoppable
progress cracked the question 

2393
02:08:15,500 --> 02:08:18,100
loomed. 
With the ithorian legend remain 

2394
02:08:18,100 --> 02:08:21,400
relevant, or would it be 
relegated to the dusty corners 

2395
02:08:21,400 --> 02:08:24,800
of library's overshadowed, by 
more pragmatic Narrative of 

2396
02:08:24,800 --> 02:08:28,100
Science, and modernity, the 
coming era would test that 

2397
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:31,600
question in unexpected ways in 
the tale of. 

2398
02:08:31,600 --> 02:08:35,300
Britain's mythical King 
continued to evolve The early 

2399
02:08:35,300 --> 02:08:38,400
20th century confronted the 
ithorian legend, with two world 

2400
02:08:38,400 --> 02:08:42,500
wars, and a changing cultural 
landscape that tested, all forms

2401
02:08:42,500 --> 02:08:45,700
of romanticized History. 
Yet the legend adapted. 

2402
02:08:45,700 --> 02:08:49,400
Once more on the literary front,
novelists and Scholars 

2403
02:08:49,400 --> 02:08:53,200
Revisited, the medieval sources 
sifting myth from alleged fact, 

2404
02:08:53,200 --> 02:08:57,400
with renewed vigor, Th White's 
The Once and Future King 

2405
02:08:57,400 --> 02:09:02,500
serialized between 1938 and 1958
stood out in this period, as a 

2406
02:09:02,500 --> 02:09:04,800
bold reinterpretation. 
That combined Whimsy with 

2407
02:09:04,800 --> 02:09:07,800
philosophical introspection, 
white began with a 

2408
02:09:07,808 --> 02:09:10,800
light-hearted, portrayal of a 
young Arthur tooted by Merlin. 

2409
02:09:11,500 --> 02:09:14,200
Who transforms him into various 
animals to learn life lessons. 

2410
02:09:15,300 --> 02:09:18,700
But as the narrative Advanced it
delved into darker, ethical 

2411
02:09:18,700 --> 02:09:22,500
complexities power, Justice and 
betrayal echoing. 

2412
02:09:22,500 --> 02:09:24,100
The cataclysms of the world 
outside. 

2413
02:09:25,300 --> 02:09:27,900
The Once and Future King 
resonated with readers living 

2414
02:09:27,900 --> 02:09:31,800
through global conflict. 
Arthur's dream of a just Society

2415
02:09:31,800 --> 02:09:34,600
like a parallel to the Allies 
rhetoric about defending 

2416
02:09:34,600 --> 02:09:37,400
democracy. 
The tragedy that performs, 

2417
02:09:37,400 --> 02:09:40,900
Camelot, particularly the moral 
struggles of Lancelot and the 

2418
02:09:40,900 --> 02:09:43,000
Heartbreak of Guinness 
reflected. 

2419
02:09:43,000 --> 02:09:46,600
A broader disillusionment even 
Noble intentions can unravel 

2420
02:09:46,600 --> 02:09:49,400
under the strain of ambition or 
human fallibility. 

2421
02:09:51,000 --> 02:09:54,900
White comedic touches balance, 
these weighty themes, allowing 

2422
02:09:54,900 --> 02:09:57,100
the novel to remain accessible 
to a wide audience. 

2423
02:09:57,900 --> 02:10:01,500
Critics praised, his ability to 
weave personal growth, political

2424
02:10:01,500 --> 02:10:05,300
ideology Mythic Grandeur into a 
single tapestry. 

2425
02:10:06,300 --> 02:10:09,200
Academic circles also turned a 
fresh eye towards historical 

2426
02:10:09,200 --> 02:10:12,500
underpinnings. 
Archaeologists launched Digs at 

2427
02:10:12,500 --> 02:10:14,500
sites like Cadbury Castle in 
Somerset. 

2428
02:10:14,500 --> 02:10:18,000
Some identifying it with Camelot
uncovered evidence of a 

2429
02:10:18,000 --> 02:10:22,100
significant fifth or sixth 
Century fort All though, no 

2430
02:10:22,100 --> 02:10:25,500
definitive proof of an Arthur 
materialized, the findings, 

2431
02:10:25,500 --> 02:10:28,200
hinted at the possibility of a 
powerful Chieftain operating 

2432
02:10:28,200 --> 02:10:29,600
from a strong. 
Hold in that region. 

2433
02:10:30,600 --> 02:10:34,700
Meanwhile historians re-examined
sub-man texts searching for 

2434
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:37,000
references to a figure 
commanding battles against the 

2435
02:10:37,000 --> 02:10:39,700
Saxons mono. 
Conclusive identity was pinned 

2436
02:10:39,700 --> 02:10:43,300
down a measured stance emerged. 
Perhaps an actual War leader. 

2437
02:10:43,300 --> 02:10:48,300
Existed whose memory Amplified 
by oral tradition evolved into 

2438
02:10:48,300 --> 02:10:51,200
Legend Cinema followed with its 
portrayal. 

2439
02:10:52,800 --> 02:10:56,700
In 1953 Knights of the Round 
Table, starring Robert, Taylor 

2440
02:10:56,700 --> 02:10:59,700
and Ava Gardner. 
Showcased a technical Camelot 

2441
02:10:59,700 --> 02:11:03,900
brimming with courtly spectacle 
in Florida romance, continuing 

2442
02:11:03,900 --> 02:11:07,800
the tradition of a shining 
Arthur but in the late 20th 

2443
02:11:07,800 --> 02:11:12,200
century filmmakers occasionally 
tried grittier approaches John 

2444
02:11:12,200 --> 02:11:16,300
borman's, 1981 film Excalibur 
combined stylized visuals with 

2445
02:11:16,300 --> 02:11:18,800
raw violence. 
Depicting, a more Primal 

2446
02:11:18,800 --> 02:11:22,800
medieval setting Merlin played 
by nickel Williamson stole 

2447
02:11:22,800 --> 02:11:25,900
scenes with cryptic monologues 
about fate while the blossoming 

2448
02:11:25,900 --> 02:11:28,900
and decay of Camelot took on an 
almost hallucinatory quality. 

2449
02:11:29,800 --> 02:11:33,100
Audiences were Jarred by the 
film's blend of Gore mysticism 

2450
02:11:33,100 --> 02:11:36,000
and grandeur. 
Critics either applauded its 

2451
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:39,300
boldness or founded, excessive 
but it certainly broke with the 

2452
02:11:39,300 --> 02:11:42,800
gentle Arthur of earlier screen 
adaptations. 

2453
02:11:43,800 --> 02:11:47,100
Meanwhile, pop culture began to 
incorporate our Theory and 

2454
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:51,300
references beyond the realm of 
Cinema Monty, Python's 1975, 

2455
02:11:51,300 --> 02:11:56,300
comedy Monty Python and the Holy
Grail Lampoon the legend in a 

2456
02:11:56,300 --> 02:11:59,900
reference style, featuring 
coconuts in lieu of horses and 

2457
02:11:59,900 --> 02:12:03,400
absurd Misadventures, despite or
perhaps because of its 

2458
02:12:03,400 --> 02:12:05,500
silliness, it became a cult 
classic. 

2459
02:12:05,500 --> 02:12:09,300
Proving that Arthur's story 
could be subverted for comedic 

2460
02:12:09,300 --> 02:12:12,700
effect without losing audience, 
interest, even in parody, the 

2461
02:12:12,700 --> 02:12:15,200
core elements. 
Galahad The Grail Quest. 

2462
02:12:15,200 --> 02:12:17,400
The round table remained 
recognizable. 

2463
02:12:18,100 --> 02:12:20,900
This comedic distance from the 
old texts, underscored How 

2464
02:12:20,900 --> 02:12:23,700
Deeply Arthur's image had 
embedded itself in Western 

2465
02:12:23,700 --> 02:12:26,700
consciousness. 
In literature for younger 

2466
02:12:26,700 --> 02:12:30,800
readers, Mary Stewart's, the 
Merlin Trilogy reimagined. 

2467
02:12:30,800 --> 02:12:33,900
The Wizard's perspective, 
grounding the Magic in 

2468
02:12:33,900 --> 02:12:36,400
psychological realism and 
meticulously rendered British 

2469
02:12:36,400 --> 02:12:39,200
geography. 
Stewart minimized overt, 

2470
02:12:39,200 --> 02:12:42,800
Supernatural events, preferring 
to show how Illusions or cunning

2471
02:12:42,800 --> 02:12:45,800
might be perceived as sorcery 
and a credulous age. 

2472
02:12:47,100 --> 02:12:49,700
Stuart's strategy tapped into 
the mid-century desire for 

2473
02:12:49,700 --> 02:12:53,100
historical fantasy, effectively 
connecting a realistic, Roman 

2474
02:12:53,100 --> 02:12:56,300
British setting with the 
mythical aspect of Arthur's 

2475
02:12:56,300 --> 02:13:00,900
assent, By the dawn of the 21st 
century, the legend was a global

2476
02:13:00,900 --> 02:13:03,100
phenomenon. 
Writers from diverse 

2477
02:13:03,100 --> 02:13:05,100
backgrounds, introduced new, 
Vantage points. 

2478
02:13:05,100 --> 02:13:08,700
Some retold Arthur story from 
the Viewpoint of Morgan, Le Fay 

2479
02:13:08,700 --> 02:13:12,500
or other female figures 
marginalized in older narratives

2480
02:13:12,500 --> 02:13:15,700
others, transpose it into 
futuristic, or dystopian 

2481
02:13:15,700 --> 02:13:18,900
setting, using the Arthur's, 
Motif to explore power and 

2482
02:13:18,900 --> 02:13:22,200
identity in contacts, far 
removed from medieval Britain, 

2483
02:13:23,000 --> 02:13:25,900
Thus, King Arthur's world became
a mirror for contemporary 

2484
02:13:25,900 --> 02:13:28,700
concerns. 
Reaffirming the Legends agility.

2485
02:13:29,600 --> 02:13:32,500
Curious outcome of all these 
reinterpretations is that none 

2486
02:13:32,500 --> 02:13:36,800
seem to diminish Arthur's draw. 
If anything the multiplicity of 

2487
02:13:36,800 --> 02:13:40,100
versions cements his place in 
popular culture, as a figure who

2488
02:13:40,100 --> 02:13:43,000
can shift shape to match an 
era's dreams or anxieties. 

2489
02:13:43,000 --> 02:13:56,200
But once During elasticity a 
tests, the stories. 

2490
02:13:56,200 --> 02:13:58,400
Profound roots in the collective
imagination. 

2491
02:13:59,300 --> 02:14:02,800
Actually setting the stage for 
new guests and new stories in 

2492
02:14:02,800 --> 02:14:06,200
parallel with the cultural 
expansion of Arthur's, Legend, a

2493
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:09,100
robust subfield of scholarship, 
continually probed, the 

2494
02:14:09,100 --> 02:14:11,800
question. 
How much of our is history and 

2495
02:14:11,800 --> 02:14:14,800
how much is layered invention 
academic conferences and 

2496
02:14:14,800 --> 02:14:17,300
journals wrestled with topics 
like this historical? 

2497
02:14:17,300 --> 02:14:21,500
Arthur the Celtic Twilight and 
post-colonial reading of the 

2498
02:14:21,500 --> 02:14:24,400
ithorian myth. 
Some Scholars fixate, on 

2499
02:14:24,400 --> 02:14:26,700
gleaning. 
Every trace of authenticity from

2500
02:14:26,700 --> 02:14:30,000
early medieval records. 
Others, see Arthur primarily as 

2501
02:14:30,008 --> 02:14:33,500
a literary phenomenon shaped 
less by actual events and more 

2502
02:14:33,500 --> 02:14:36,000
by cultural narratives that 
shift with each retelling. 

2503
02:14:36,900 --> 02:14:40,400
One provocative angle is the 
possibility that arthas name 

2504
02:14:40,400 --> 02:14:43,400
reflects, not one person, but a 
composite of leaders. 

2505
02:14:44,200 --> 02:14:47,600
British historians note multiple
characters named Arthur or 

2506
02:14:47,600 --> 02:14:51,200
Artorias in subramani, medieval 
contexts, some from Southern 

2507
02:14:51,200 --> 02:14:53,400
Scotland, others from Wales or 
Cornwall. 

2508
02:14:53,400 --> 02:14:57,000
Each might have contributed 
pieces to the Mosaic that later 

2509
02:14:57,000 --> 02:15:00,000
generations unified into a 
single legendary King. 

2510
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:03,700
The idea of a collective memory,
forging one, iconic hero is 

2511
02:15:03,700 --> 02:15:08,200
hardly unique to Arthurian lore,
many cultures craft Craft 

2512
02:15:08,200 --> 02:15:10,200
similar symbols to Rally 
identity. 

2513
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:14,300
If Arthur was indeed a tapestry 
of Warlords, that might explain 

2514
02:15:14,300 --> 02:15:17,100
the scattered battles, assigned 
to him across wide, Geographic 

2515
02:15:17,100 --> 02:15:21,700
sways, another line of research 
examines the political uses of 

2516
02:15:21,700 --> 02:15:26,800
Arthur in 12th and 13th century.
Wales for instance, Welsh rulers

2517
02:15:26,800 --> 02:15:29,800
invoke, guitars memory to 
legitimize resistance, to Norman

2518
02:15:29,800 --> 02:15:33,400
encroachment, English monarchs 
conversely sometimes 

2519
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:36,900
appropriated as lineage to 
strengthen their own claims or 

2520
02:15:36,900 --> 02:15:41,300
diminish Welsh claims. 
Centuries later, the Tudors with

2521
02:15:41,300 --> 02:15:44,700
Welsh Roots, further shape The 
Narrative of Arthur's, Once and 

2522
02:15:44,700 --> 02:15:48,200
Future, kingship aligning 
themselves with the prophecy 

2523
02:15:48,200 --> 02:15:51,900
that a Great British rule of 
such manipulation highlight. 

2524
02:15:51,900 --> 02:15:56,500
How historical memory even if 
partly invented wields, tangible

2525
02:15:56,500 --> 02:16:00,500
power in shape and political 
discourse Archeology stepped 

2526
02:16:00,500 --> 02:16:03,800
into the conversation as well, 
finding that tintagel in 

2527
02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:06,800
Cornwall revealed, High status 
buildings from the 5th and 6th 

2528
02:16:06,800 --> 02:16:09,400
centuries. 
Suggesting a region engaged in 

2529
02:16:09,400 --> 02:16:11,800
Mediterranean trade some 
Scholars. 

2530
02:16:11,800 --> 02:16:15,100
Speculated a link to King 
Arthur's, birthplace but others 

2531
02:16:15,100 --> 02:16:17,800
cautioned that no direct 
evidence ties Arthur to 

2532
02:16:17,800 --> 02:16:20,700
tintagel. 
Similarly excavations at South 

2533
02:16:20,700 --> 02:16:23,300
Cadbury Castle uncovered 
Earthworks, that were re 

2534
02:16:23,300 --> 02:16:26,400
fortified around the same time, 
fueling speculation that it 

2535
02:16:26,400 --> 02:16:29,400
could be Camelot. 
Yet, conclusive proof remains 

2536
02:16:29,400 --> 02:16:32,900
elusive even if sub Roman 
Warlords, inhabited, these 

2537
02:16:32,900 --> 02:16:36,600
sites, linking them specifically
to Arthur often liens on infants

2538
02:16:36,600 --> 02:16:40,000
or local law. still these 
discoveries at texture to the 

2539
02:16:40,008 --> 02:16:42,200
environment from which in 
Arthur, like figure could have 

2540
02:16:42,200 --> 02:16:47,700
emerged Hill forts bustling with
trade goods imposing ramparts 

2541
02:16:47,700 --> 02:16:50,299
and fleeting glimpses of 
renewed, local power. 

2542
02:16:51,200 --> 02:16:54,400
As for the Holy Grail Scholars, 
Trace its introduction to 

2543
02:16:54,400 --> 02:16:57,799
literary creativity rather than 
any early Celtic tradition. 

2544
02:16:58,700 --> 02:17:01,799
The grail's first mention 
appears in Crete and as 12th 

2545
02:17:01,799 --> 02:17:05,100
century, French Romance. 
Over subsequent centuries 

2546
02:17:05,100 --> 02:17:07,900
writers redefined at variously 
as a dish. 

2547
02:17:08,500 --> 02:17:11,900
A chalice or a holy Relic. 
By Mallory's era. 

2548
02:17:11,900 --> 02:17:16,200
Symbolized divine grace though 
evocative, it likely has no root

2549
02:17:16,200 --> 02:17:18,299
in actual Suburban. 
Britain yet. 

2550
02:17:18,299 --> 02:17:21,000
Ironically, The Grail Quest 
would become one of Arthur's. 

2551
02:17:21,000 --> 02:17:24,299
Best known storylines showing 
again how later imaginings 

2552
02:17:24,299 --> 02:17:27,799
overshadow, any original kernel.
The final element Often 

2553
02:17:27,799 --> 02:17:30,799
dissected by historians is the 
notion of Arthur's, final battle

2554
02:17:30,799 --> 02:17:35,000
at kamlan and his supposed 
immortality Tales insists, he 

2555
02:17:35,000 --> 02:17:37,299
didn't die but journey to Avalon
waiting. 

2556
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:38,900
The time to return and save his 
people. 

2557
02:17:40,000 --> 02:17:43,700
This motif of the sleeping hero 
resonates in multiple 

2558
02:17:43,700 --> 02:17:47,000
mythologies from Finnish to 
Bolton, where a legendary 

2559
02:17:47,000 --> 02:17:50,200
champion Slumbers in a secret 
rail, ready to defend the land 

2560
02:17:50,200 --> 02:17:53,500
in its hour of greatest need. 
If arthas earliest known, 

2561
02:17:53,500 --> 02:17:56,799
mentions already included, an 
ambiguous death, it might 

2562
02:17:56,799 --> 02:18:00,000
indicate a broader Mythic 
pattern cultures often prefer 

2563
02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:03,400
that their great Heroes, linger,
promising cyclical, renewal 

2564
02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:07,600
contemporary scholarship, then 
juggles these layers of possible

2565
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:11,200
and Commander the medieval 
expansion's, the Victorian 

2566
02:18:11,200 --> 02:18:15,100
romanticization and the modern 
reinterpretation, if a purely 

2567
02:18:15,108 --> 02:18:17,900
factual author, existed it 
Remains overshadowed by 

2568
02:18:17,900 --> 02:18:21,400
centuries of imaginative. 
Flourish yet the continued 

2569
02:18:21,400 --> 02:18:24,400
scholarly debate underscores 
that the Legends Essence is not 

2570
02:18:24,400 --> 02:18:28,100
about verifying a single 
historical biography instead. 

2571
02:18:28,100 --> 02:18:32,500
It's about the interplay between
memory identity and creativity 

2572
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:37,100
each era projects its questions 
and values onto our cleaning. 

2573
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:39,799
You answers from the same set of
a old motifs. 

2574
02:18:40,299 --> 02:18:42,299
Within this dialogue, lies a 
paradox. 

2575
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:46,000
While we earn to know the real 
Arthur is the transformations of

2576
02:18:46,008 --> 02:18:48,900
his story that keep him relevant
the search for authenticity 

2577
02:18:48,900 --> 02:18:51,200
endures. 
But so does the tradition of 

2578
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:54,799
rewriting him ensuring that 
every generation Finds Its 

2579
02:18:54,799 --> 02:18:58,900
Reflection In camelot's mirror 
that dual Dynamic archaeological

2580
02:18:58,900 --> 02:19:03,100
hunts for evidence alongside 
fresh literary, spins continues 

2581
02:19:03,100 --> 02:19:06,400
to enrich Arthur's Mystique, 
bridging academic, rigor, and 

2582
02:19:06,407 --> 02:19:08,700
imaginative flight. 
Today. 

2583
02:19:08,700 --> 02:19:11,700
King Arthur stands as a cultural
Mainstay. 

2584
02:19:11,700 --> 02:19:14,299
Simultaneously ancient and never
evolving. 

2585
02:19:15,000 --> 02:19:18,799
From glimmering blockbusters to 
meet his historical novels, he 

2586
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:21,700
resonates with modern audiences 
for reasons, that extend far 

2587
02:19:21,700 --> 02:19:24,600
beyond medieval romance. 
Why does he endure? 

2588
02:19:25,500 --> 02:19:29,299
Perhaps, because the Arthurian 
Legend at its core addresses, 

2589
02:19:29,299 --> 02:19:32,900
Universal yearnings, the dream 
of a just Society, the pain of 

2590
02:19:32,907 --> 02:19:34,500
betrayal, by those closest to 
us. 

2591
02:19:34,500 --> 02:19:37,700
And the hope that he even, in 
times of Darkness, a champion, 

2592
02:19:37,700 --> 02:19:41,100
might arise or return in the 
realm of Pop Culture. 

2593
02:19:41,100 --> 02:19:45,500
Arthur's story reappears in 
Myriad forms television series 

2594
02:19:45,500 --> 02:19:47,700
were cast. 
Camelot as a gritty drama or 

2595
02:19:47,700 --> 02:19:50,700
comedic parody role playing 
games include Knights and 

2596
02:19:50,708 --> 02:19:54,200
wizards referencing our Theory 
and tropes even science fiction 

2597
02:19:54,200 --> 02:19:57,500
riffs on The Motif depicting 
Cosmic Quests for futuristic 

2598
02:19:57,500 --> 02:19:59,900
rails. 
Each adaptation tweaks, the 

2599
02:19:59,900 --> 02:20:04,000
formula exalting or subverting 
the round table focusing on 

2600
02:20:04,000 --> 02:20:07,600
arthas naive, optimism, or 
Merlin's, and ambiguous Council 

2601
02:20:08,200 --> 02:20:12,100
The Legends adaptability seems 
Limitless thriving precisely 

2602
02:20:12,100 --> 02:20:14,900
because it does not lock itself 
into a single vantage point. 

2603
02:20:15,900 --> 02:20:19,700
Moreover, modern creators often 
Place greater emphasis on 

2604
02:20:19,700 --> 02:20:23,400
peripheral characters. 
Guinevere's perspective once 

2605
02:20:23,400 --> 02:20:25,300
overshadowed by Lancelot and 
Arthur. 

2606
02:20:25,300 --> 02:20:28,600
Now, emerges in retellings, that
highlight her agency. 

2607
02:20:28,600 --> 02:20:34,100
Morgan Le Faye long pigeonholed 
as a seductive antagonist, gains

2608
02:20:34,100 --> 02:20:37,200
complexity as a powerful 
sorcerer shaped by a political 

2609
02:20:37,200 --> 02:20:40,900
marginalization nights, like 
Gawain or Tristan star in 

2610
02:20:40,900 --> 02:20:44,300
spin-off narratives that delve 
into their motivations trials 

2611
02:20:44,300 --> 02:20:47,800
and moral failings this 
expansion under schools and 

2612
02:20:47,800 --> 02:20:51,500
inclusive Trend in storytelling.
The Supporting Cast can hold as 

2613
02:20:51,500 --> 02:20:54,900
much Intrigue as the central 
hero adding depth and nuance. 

2614
02:20:54,900 --> 02:20:58,400
And other dimension is how 
arthas intersects with 

2615
02:20:58,400 --> 02:21:00,400
contemporary debates on 
leadership and ethics? 

2616
02:21:00,400 --> 02:21:02,900
The Roundtable has been cited 
and discussion about 

2617
02:21:02,900 --> 02:21:06,400
participatory decision-making, 
corporate governance and 

2618
02:21:06,400 --> 02:21:10,000
Community leadership. 
People often pose questions such

2619
02:21:10,000 --> 02:21:14,600
as how can we ensure honesty and
loyalty in organizations or what

2620
02:21:14,600 --> 02:21:17,100
if our boardroom resembled 
around table where every voice 

2621
02:21:17,100 --> 02:21:20,700
is equal? 
The metaphor of camelot's unity.

2622
02:21:20,700 --> 02:21:23,100
Hans. 
These dialogues reminding us 

2623
02:21:23,100 --> 02:21:26,000
that ideals are fragile and 
require constant vigilance 

2624
02:21:26,000 --> 02:21:28,900
against corruption. 
Even a figure as iconic as 

2625
02:21:28,900 --> 02:21:31,000
author cannot sustain or just 
Kingdom alone. 

2626
02:21:31,000 --> 02:21:34,000
If the underlying structures 
give way to jealousy and power 

2627
02:21:34,000 --> 02:21:37,200
struggles, Meanwhile. 
Historians. 

2628
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:39,500
Continue refining. 
Their judgments on the 

2629
02:21:39,500 --> 02:21:42,100
historical author. 
Some proposed that no single 

2630
02:21:42,100 --> 02:21:43,900
warlord can account for the 
entire tradition. 

2631
02:21:43,900 --> 02:21:46,900
While others cling to the 
possibility that a noteworthy 

2632
02:21:46,900 --> 02:21:50,800
battle leader around Mount Baden
sparked, the legend, Though, 

2633
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:52,200
conclusive, proof remains 
elusive. 

2634
02:21:52,200 --> 02:21:56,000
Each new archaeological. 
Find or textual analysis can 

2635
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:59,200
Stir Fresh wave of Interest. 
The pursuit itself. 

2636
02:21:59,200 --> 02:22:01,700
Testifies to an enduring desire 
to ground. 

2637
02:22:01,700 --> 02:22:05,900
The legend intangible fact. 
As if verifying Arthur, might 

2638
02:22:05,900 --> 02:22:09,400
restore some sense of continuity
between past ideals and present 

2639
02:22:09,400 --> 02:22:13,400
realities educational. 
So plays A Part children and 

2640
02:22:13,400 --> 02:22:14,900
counter Arthur and school 
anthologies. 

2641
02:22:15,600 --> 02:22:18,900
Cleaning rudimentary knowledge 
of nights Queen's and magical 

2642
02:22:18,900 --> 02:22:22,600
swords University's hold 
seminars on the ithorian cannon 

2643
02:22:22,600 --> 02:22:26,500
exploring everything from Celtic
myth to analytic reading of the 

2644
02:22:26,500 --> 02:22:29,900
Grail Quest. 
For many King Arthur as their 

2645
02:22:29,900 --> 02:22:32,900
first taste of medieval 
literature and accessible portal

2646
02:22:32,900 --> 02:22:34,700
into broader historical 
currents. 

2647
02:22:34,700 --> 02:22:39,100
Hence, the legend perpetuates 
itself academically weaving into

2648
02:22:39,100 --> 02:22:41,900
curricula that are spark each, 
generation's imagination. 

2649
02:22:41,900 --> 02:22:45,400
The future of our Theory and 
Legend seems as secure as its 

2650
02:22:45,400 --> 02:22:48,400
past technological tools. 
Like virtual reality 

2651
02:22:48,400 --> 02:22:52,100
interactive, digital 
storytelling and immersive 

2652
02:22:52,100 --> 02:22:54,700
theater. 
Open, New Frontiers imagine 

2653
02:22:54,700 --> 02:22:58,000
wandering a VR Camelot 
conversing with AI driven 

2654
02:22:58,000 --> 02:23:01,700
versions of Lancelot or Morgan 
shaping The Narrative by your 

2655
02:23:01,700 --> 02:23:04,600
own moral choices. 
The possibilities speak to the 

2656
02:23:04,600 --> 02:23:08,600
legend, adaptability far from 
being stuck in Dusty manuscripts

2657
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:12,200
Arthur's realm, can flourish in 
Cutting Edge, mediums, Bridging 

2658
02:23:12,200 --> 02:23:14,500
the ancient with the future 
istic yet. 

2659
02:23:14,500 --> 02:23:17,000
For all the modern flourishes, 
the core themes, remain 

2660
02:23:17,000 --> 02:23:19,400
consistent, the Heartbreak of 
betrayal. 

2661
02:23:19,400 --> 02:23:22,600
The aspiration for a Roundtable 
of equals is a prevalent theme 

2662
02:23:22,600 --> 02:23:24,900
the story. 
Explores the interplay between 

2663
02:23:24,900 --> 02:23:28,000
Magic and Mortal ambition. 
Whether we view our Earth as a 

2664
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:31,600
half forgotten sub Roman general
or a shining Mythic King his 

2665
02:23:31,600 --> 02:23:33,900
story touches on something 
perennial in The Human 

2666
02:23:33,900 --> 02:23:36,300
Condition. 
The suggest that greatness is 

2667
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:40,200
possible, but precarious 
dependent on Unity loyalty and 

2668
02:23:40,200 --> 02:23:42,800
moral Clarity. 
And even when that greatness 

2669
02:23:42,800 --> 02:23:46,600
falters, the idea of a wants and
Future King offers hope that 

2670
02:23:46,600 --> 02:23:51,400
renewal can always emerge. 
In closing King Arthur's, 

2671
02:23:51,400 --> 02:23:54,600
narrative defies neat 
categorization part History. 

2672
02:23:54,600 --> 02:23:59,000
Part myth part moral Parable 
over 15 centuries. 

2673
02:23:59,000 --> 02:24:02,200
It has transformed from local 
folklore into a global 

2674
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:05,100
phenomenon. 
Shaped by the Christian allegory

2675
02:24:05,100 --> 02:24:09,000
chivalric romance National 
myth-making and modern 

2676
02:24:09,000 --> 02:24:12,600
reinterpretations. 
Each retelling adds a new layer 

2677
02:24:12,600 --> 02:24:17,100
ensuring the story remains 
alive, not fossilized to trace. 

2678
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:19,500
Its evolution is to Glimpse our 
own cultural Evolution. 

2679
02:24:19,500 --> 02:24:23,300
We find in Arthur a mirror for 
our Collective dreams and 

2680
02:24:23,300 --> 02:24:27,100
dissolution an ever-shifting 
Testament to Humanity's enduring

2681
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:30,300
quest for a noble realm. 
We might call Camelot 

2682
02:24:46,500 --> 02:24:49,400
Picture. 
If you will the year 1564 in 

2683
02:24:49,400 --> 02:24:53,000
Stratford upon Avon Where the 
River Raven's like a drunken 

2684
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:56,100
playwright searching for his 
next line here in a Timber 

2685
02:24:56,100 --> 02:24:59,300
framed house that creaks like 
old bones young, William 

2686
02:24:59,300 --> 02:25:02,000
Shakespeare draws his first 
breath in to a world that will 

2687
02:25:02,000 --> 02:25:05,100
spend the next Force centuries 
arguing about whether he 

2688
02:25:05,100 --> 02:25:08,900
actually existed. 
The irony dear listeners is that

2689
02:25:08,900 --> 02:25:10,500
existing was precisely his 
problem. 

2690
02:25:10,500 --> 02:25:14,500
Born to John Shakespeare, A 
Glover, whose hands shaped 

2691
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:17,700
leather, but whose dreams shaped
disappointment, William 

2692
02:25:17,700 --> 02:25:21,200
inherited more than just his 
father's trade aspirations, he 

2693
02:25:21,200 --> 02:25:23,900
inherited, the crushing weight 
of middle-class respectability 

2694
02:25:23,900 --> 02:25:26,600
in an age. 
When stepping outside, your 

2695
02:25:26,600 --> 02:25:30,500
designated social box was like 
performing Hamlet without a 

2696
02:25:30,500 --> 02:25:32,900
script. 
John you see wasn't content with

2697
02:25:32,900 --> 02:25:36,500
merely crafting gloves. 
He harbored, Municipal Ambitions

2698
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:39,600
becoming an Alderman and 
eventually bailiff of Stratford 

2699
02:25:40,600 --> 02:25:43,100
Success, however, proved as 
slippery as wet leather. 

2700
02:25:43,100 --> 02:25:46,200
And by the time young will 
reached out lessons, the 

2701
02:25:46,200 --> 02:25:49,000
family's fortunes a tumbled 
faster than a poorly rehearsed 

2702
02:25:49,000 --> 02:25:52,000
death scene, the Shakespeare 
household echoed with the 

2703
02:25:52,000 --> 02:25:55,500
peculiar attention of Fallen 
gentility, that special kind of 

2704
02:25:55,508 --> 02:25:58,400
misery reserved for families who
remember better times while 

2705
02:25:58,400 --> 02:26:02,000
counting their remaining coins 
John's financial troubles 

2706
02:26:02,000 --> 02:26:05,900
weren't merely about money. 
They were about identity in 

2707
02:26:05,900 --> 02:26:07,900
Elizabethan England. 
You're worth was measured not 

2708
02:26:07,900 --> 02:26:11,500
just by your purse, but by your 
position and John's declining 

2709
02:26:11,500 --> 02:26:14,700
fortunes meant the family name. 
Carried the particular stigma of

2710
02:26:14,700 --> 02:26:17,900
ambitious failure, young William
blessed with what? 

2711
02:26:17,900 --> 02:26:20,900
We now recognize as genius but 
what his contemporaries might 

2712
02:26:20,900 --> 02:26:23,700
have called Dangerous 
imagination found himself 

2713
02:26:23,700 --> 02:26:25,400
trapped between his father's 
expectations. 

2714
02:26:25,400 --> 02:26:28,700
And his own impossible Dreams, 
grammar school, provided him 

2715
02:26:28,700 --> 02:26:31,500
with Latin rhetoric and a 
dangerous taste for stories that

2716
02:26:31,508 --> 02:26:34,100
transported him far beyond 
Stratford suffocating 

2717
02:26:34,100 --> 02:26:36,400
boundaries. 
However, the Dual nature of 

2718
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:40,000
Education, only served to stifle
his provincial life, akin to 

2719
02:26:40,000 --> 02:26:42,500
attempting to encapsulate the 
vastness of the ocean. 

2720
02:26:42,500 --> 02:26:47,000
Within a tiny teacup. the boy 
who had become England's 

2721
02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:49,900
greatest writer, spent his 
formative years watching his 

2722
02:26:49,900 --> 02:26:52,600
father's dreams crumble while 
his own grew increasingly 

2723
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:57,100
impossible, In a society where 
most people died within 20 miles

2724
02:26:57,100 --> 02:27:00,100
of where they were born 
William's imagination roamed 

2725
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:04,100
freely through the ancient Rome,
mythical Athens and magical 

2726
02:27:04,100 --> 02:27:08,300
islands that existed nowhere. 
But in his wrestlers mind, This 

2727
02:27:08,300 --> 02:27:10,700
disconnect between inner 
vastness and outer limitation 

2728
02:27:10,700 --> 02:27:12,100
would haunt him throughout his 
life. 

2729
02:27:12,100 --> 02:27:15,000
The eternal struggle of the 
artist born into the wrong 

2730
02:27:15,000 --> 02:27:19,600
circumstances but perhaps most 
cruelty young Shakespeare 

2731
02:27:19,600 --> 02:27:23,800
possess, something that made his
situation unbearable Talent, his

2732
02:27:23,800 --> 02:27:26,000
talent was not the comfortable 
mediocrity. 

2733
02:27:26,000 --> 02:27:28,400
That would have enabled him to 
follow his father's trade with 

2734
02:27:28,400 --> 02:27:32,900
contentment, but a blazing 
undeniable gift that made 

2735
02:27:32,900 --> 02:27:34,900
ordinary life. 
Feel like wearing clothes, 

2736
02:27:34,900 --> 02:27:38,200
several sizes, too small. 
You could see the Poetry, in 

2737
02:27:38,200 --> 02:27:40,500
everyday speech. 
Hear the music in casual 

2738
02:27:40,500 --> 02:27:43,400
conversation and feel the 
dramatic potential in the 

2739
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:45,500
mundane interactions of 
provincial life. 

2740
02:27:46,600 --> 02:27:50,600
This sensitivity, this capacity 
to elevate the ordinary to the 

2741
02:27:50,600 --> 02:27:54,200
extraordinary served as both, 
his greatest gift, and his most 

2742
02:27:54,200 --> 02:27:57,500
enduring curse. 
The Stratford of Shakespeare's 

2743
02:27:57,500 --> 02:28:00,500
youth was a place where dreams 
were luxuries, few could afford 

2744
02:28:00,500 --> 02:28:04,100
Market Days, brought temporary 
excitement, travelling players, 

2745
02:28:04,100 --> 02:28:07,500
occasionally provided glimpses 
of The Wider world but mostly 

2746
02:28:07,500 --> 02:28:10,700
life moved with the inexorable 
rhythm of seasonal, Agriculture 

2747
02:28:10,700 --> 02:28:13,800
and traditional expectations. 
For most residents this 

2748
02:28:13,800 --> 02:28:16,500
predictability provided comfort 
for young. 

2749
02:28:16,500 --> 02:28:18,700
William felt like a gradual 
Suffocation. 

2750
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:22,700
He was born into a cup of 
contented chickens and everyone 

2751
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:25,200
wondered why he couldn't simply 
be satisfied with the available 

2752
02:28:25,200 --> 02:28:28,800
seeds at 18. 
Our future Bard found himself in

2753
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:33,900
snared in life's most common 
Trap by ology and Hathaway. 8 

2754
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:36,000
years is senior and already 
showing signs of their 

2755
02:28:36,000 --> 02:28:39,400
impending, child represented, 
both salvation and imprisonment 

2756
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:42,700
for young Shakespeare. 
The marriage hastily arranged in

2757
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:46,100
November 1582 solved. 
One immediate problem while 

2758
02:28:46,100 --> 02:28:49,400
creating a dozen others like 
using a beautiful bandage to 

2759
02:28:49,400 --> 02:28:53,000
cover a gaping wound and 
daughter of a prosperous 

2760
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:56,200
shottery farmer brought to the 
union, everything William Lacked

2761
02:28:56,200 --> 02:29:00,400
maturity, practical knowledge 
and the grounding influence of 

2762
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:03,300
someone who understood that life
required more than pretty words 

2763
02:29:03,300 --> 02:29:07,000
and soaring imagination. 
She also brought pregnancy, 

2764
02:29:07,000 --> 02:29:10,400
which in Elizabethan England. 
Meant marriage wasn't a choice 

2765
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:12,900
but a moral imperative wrapped 
in social necessity. 

2766
02:29:12,900 --> 02:29:16,900
The wedding conducted with 
unseemly, haste, whispered of 

2767
02:29:16,900 --> 02:29:20,200
Scandal in a society where 
reputation was currency and 

2768
02:29:20,200 --> 02:29:22,600
shame was bankruptcy within two 
years. 

2769
02:29:22,608 --> 02:29:27,000
The couple had three children, 
Suzanna followed by twins Hamlet

2770
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:30,000
and Judith. 
Suddenly the dreamy young man 

2771
02:29:30,000 --> 02:29:32,400
who had spent his youth 
crafting, sonnets in his head 

2772
02:29:32,400 --> 02:29:36,300
found himself responsible for 
four mouths to feed and a 

2773
02:29:36,300 --> 02:29:39,600
household to maintain fatherhood
that magnificent. 

2774
02:29:39,600 --> 02:29:42,900
Destroyer of artistic 
pretensions descended upon 

2775
02:29:42,900 --> 02:29:46,100
Shakespeare, like a plague of 
locusts consuming his time 

2776
02:29:46,100 --> 02:29:51,000
energy and the luxury of 
self-contemplation The irony was

2777
02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:53,000
Exquisite, the man who had 
right? 

2778
02:29:53,000 --> 02:29:55,900
The most psychologically complex
characters in literature, found 

2779
02:29:55,900 --> 02:29:58,200
himself, trapped in the most 
conventional of plots. 

2780
02:29:58,900 --> 02:30:01,300
Morning, brought not 
inspiration, but the demands of 

2781
02:30:01,300 --> 02:30:04,800
crying babies evening. 
Arrived with exhaustion in stead

2782
02:30:04,800 --> 02:30:07,800
of Creative Energy and the night
hours that should have belonged 

2783
02:30:07,800 --> 02:30:10,800
to his Muse, were claimed by the
basic requirements of survival, 

2784
02:30:10,800 --> 02:30:15,100
and practical and patient manage
the household with competent 

2785
02:30:15,100 --> 02:30:17,200
efficiency. 
While William struggled to 

2786
02:30:17,208 --> 02:30:20,700
reconcile, his soaring Ambitions
with the grinding reality of 

2787
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:25,500
domestic responsibility. 
Money that Eternal antagonist in

2788
02:30:25,500 --> 02:30:28,600
the drama of artistic 
aspiration, became an obsessive 

2789
02:30:28,600 --> 02:30:32,600
concern, teaching his most 
obvious career path, offered 

2790
02:30:32,600 --> 02:30:36,000
meager compensation. 
And a soul-crushing routine, the

2791
02:30:36,000 --> 02:30:38,000
law. 
Another possibility required 

2792
02:30:38,000 --> 02:30:41,400
connections and capital. 
He didn't possess His father's 

2793
02:30:41,400 --> 02:30:44,000
glove making trade promised, 
steady, income, and social 

2794
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:47,500
respectability, but the thought 
of spending his days shaping 

2795
02:30:47,500 --> 02:30:50,600
leather while his imagination 
withered felt like creative 

2796
02:30:50,600 --> 02:30:53,400
suicide. 
The young father, found himself,

2797
02:30:53,400 --> 02:30:56,100
caught in the classic bind of 
the dreamer made practical. 

2798
02:30:56,100 --> 02:30:59,000
Every moment spent earning money
was time. 

2799
02:30:59,000 --> 02:31:03,200
Stolen from his art, yet without
money, his family would starve 

2800
02:31:03,200 --> 02:31:07,000
and his dreams would become 
irrelevant luxuries and growing 

2801
02:31:07,000 --> 02:31:08,800
more practical with each passing
day. 

2802
02:31:08,800 --> 02:31:11,600
Began to view her husband's 
artistic inclination with the 

2803
02:31:11,600 --> 02:31:14,800
barely concealed in patients of 
someone who understood that, 

2804
02:31:14,800 --> 02:31:17,600
poetry didn't pay rent or put 
food on the table. 

2805
02:31:18,700 --> 02:31:22,500
Stratford once merely confining 
now felt like a velvet line 

2806
02:31:22,500 --> 02:31:25,000
coffin. 
The Familiar streets that had 

2807
02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:26,400
nurtured, his Boyhood 
imagination. 

2808
02:31:26,400 --> 02:31:28,100
Now seemed to mock his trapped 
condition. 

2809
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:32,600
He knew every face, every story,
every possibility for 

2810
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:35,100
advancement. 
And none of them included, 

2811
02:31:35,100 --> 02:31:37,300
becoming the greatest writer in 
the English language. 

2812
02:31:38,400 --> 02:31:40,900
The provinces he was learning 
were designed for raising 

2813
02:31:40,900 --> 02:31:43,800
families and maintaining 
Traditions not for nurturing 

2814
02:31:43,800 --> 02:31:46,900
revolutionary genius. 
Yet amid this domestic 

2815
02:31:46,900 --> 02:31:50,000
imprisonment something 
unexpected began to emerge. 

2816
02:31:50,900 --> 02:31:53,000
The very constraints that seemed
to strangle. 

2817
02:31:53,000 --> 02:31:55,400
His creativity began to teach 
him about human nature. 

2818
02:31:55,400 --> 02:31:59,100
In ways his Bachelor, Freedom 
never could Watching his wife 

2819
02:31:59,100 --> 02:32:02,300
manage, their household, 
observing his children, develop 

2820
02:32:02,300 --> 02:32:05,100
their distinct personalities and
struggling with the daily 

2821
02:32:05,100 --> 02:32:08,400
negotiations of marriage 
provided him with insights into 

2822
02:32:08,400 --> 02:32:11,400
character and demotivation that 
would later inform his greatest 

2823
02:32:11,400 --> 02:32:14,200
works. 
Force to live among understand 

2824
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:17,500
and depend upon real people. 
He was learning to write about 

2825
02:32:17,500 --> 02:32:21,600
them between 1585 and 1592 
William, Shakespeare vanished 

2826
02:32:21,600 --> 02:32:24,300
from historical record like a 
magician's assistant stepping 

2827
02:32:24,300 --> 02:32:26,800
behind a curtain leaving 
Scholars to debate, his 

2828
02:32:26,800 --> 02:32:29,400
whereabouts, with the further of
theologians are doing, about 

2829
02:32:29,400 --> 02:32:33,200
angels and pinheads these Lost 
Years represent. 

2830
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:36,300
Perhaps the most crucial period 
of his development. when the 

2831
02:32:36,308 --> 02:32:39,400
provincial Family Man, somehow 
transformed into London's most 

2832
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:42,100
promising, playwright The 
transformation. 

2833
02:32:42,100 --> 02:32:44,600
However came at a cost that 
would echo through every 

2834
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:48,000
subsequent Triumph. 
The decision to leave Stratford 

2835
02:32:48,000 --> 02:32:50,100
required, courage that bordered 
on Madness. 

2836
02:32:50,800 --> 02:32:54,500
In the 1580s, London was a 
tumultuous mix of ambition 

2837
02:32:54,500 --> 02:32:58,500
disease, creativity and 
violence, a city, where people 

2838
02:32:58,500 --> 02:33:01,800
made and lost fortunes on a 
daily basis, where Geniuses and 

2839
02:33:01,800 --> 02:33:05,000
charlatans interacted and where 
the difference between success 

2840
02:33:05,000 --> 02:33:09,000
and destitution was measured in 
single performances for a 

2841
02:33:09,000 --> 02:33:11,200
married man. 
With three children, abandoning 

2842
02:33:11,200 --> 02:33:13,900
the security of provincial life 
for the uncertainties of the 

2843
02:33:13,900 --> 02:33:15,400
theater. 
World wasn't a romantic 

2844
02:33:15,400 --> 02:33:19,100
adventure, it was a potential 
catastrophe yet. 

2845
02:33:19,100 --> 02:33:21,900
London's theatrical scene 
beckoned with irresistible 

2846
02:33:21,900 --> 02:33:25,800
Allure The playhouse's, the 
theater, the curtained one. 

2847
02:33:25,800 --> 02:33:28,700
And the rows were 
revolutionizing entertainment 

2848
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:32,000
transforming drama from 
religious instruction into 

2849
02:33:32,000 --> 02:33:35,300
popular art. 
Here, writers like Christopher 

2850
02:33:35,300 --> 02:33:37,400
Marlowe. 
A crafting place that made 

2851
02:33:37,400 --> 02:33:39,600
audience's with recognition and 
Terror. 

2852
02:33:39,600 --> 02:33:43,000
While actors achieved Fame that 
rivaled and ability. 

2853
02:33:43,800 --> 02:33:46,200
For Shakespeare whose 
imagination had been cramped by 

2854
02:33:46,200 --> 02:33:49,600
the Stratford's, limitations 
London's theaters represented, 

2855
02:33:49,600 --> 02:33:52,200
Liberation from everything that 
had constraint, his artistic 

2856
02:33:52,200 --> 02:33:55,100
development. 
The Practical challenges were 

2857
02:33:55,100 --> 02:33:59,000
staggering London's population 
had swollen to nearly 200,000 

2858
02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:02,200
making it one of Europe's 
largest cities and certainly its

2859
02:34:02,200 --> 02:34:04,900
most chaotic housing was scarce 
and expensive. 

2860
02:34:04,900 --> 02:34:08,400
Food was often contaminated and 
disease spread through crowded 

2861
02:34:08,400 --> 02:34:10,300
neighborhoods with devastating 
efficiency. 

2862
02:34:10,300 --> 02:34:13,800
The plague that recurring 
nightmare of Elizabethan life, 

2863
02:34:13,800 --> 02:34:16,600
could shut down theaters for 
months leaving actors and 

2864
02:34:16,600 --> 02:34:19,200
writers without income and 
audiences without entertainment.

2865
02:34:20,000 --> 02:34:23,300
Success required, not just 
talent but survival and survival

2866
02:34:23,300 --> 02:34:27,200
demanded adaptability that few 
possessed Shakespeare's entry 

2867
02:34:27,200 --> 02:34:29,900
into London's theatrical World 
likely began at the bottom. 

2868
02:34:29,900 --> 02:34:33,200
Perhaps as a prompter possibly 
as an actor in minor roles, 

2869
02:34:33,200 --> 02:34:37,000
certainly as someone willing to 
perform whatever tasks, kept him

2870
02:34:37,000 --> 02:34:40,000
near the Creative Energy, he 
craved The established 

2871
02:34:40,000 --> 02:34:43,900
playwrights University educated 
men like Marlowe, green and Nash

2872
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:46,700
initially regarded. 
This provincial interlope with 

2873
02:34:46,700 --> 02:34:49,700
suspicion and condescension, 
they possessed classical 

2874
02:34:49,700 --> 02:34:53,100
education, aristocratic 
connections and the intellectual

2875
02:34:53,100 --> 02:34:55,700
arrogance that comes from 
believing oneself, naturally 

2876
02:34:55,700 --> 02:34:59,500
Superior to one's competitors, 
the famous attack by Robert 

2877
02:34:59,500 --> 02:35:02,900
Greene, calling Shakespearean, 
upstart Crow revealed, the 

2878
02:35:02,908 --> 02:35:05,600
complex social dynamics of 
Elizabethan theater. 

2879
02:35:07,200 --> 02:35:10,800
Green dying in poverty, despite 
his university education and 

2880
02:35:10,800 --> 02:35:14,300
literary reputation resented. 
Shakespeare's rapid rise through

2881
02:35:14,300 --> 02:35:16,300
sheer talent and Commercial 
instinct. 

2882
02:35:16,900 --> 02:35:18,900
The insult. 
Stung, not because it was unfair

2883
02:35:18,900 --> 02:35:21,700
but because it contained an 
uncomfortable truth. 

2884
02:35:22,400 --> 02:35:25,200
Shakespeare was indeed an 
outsider, someone who had 

2885
02:35:25,200 --> 02:35:27,800
achieved through Merit, what? 
Others claimed by Birthright. 

2886
02:35:28,600 --> 02:35:32,500
Yet this very outside of status 
became Shakespeare's greatest 

2887
02:35:32,500 --> 02:35:36,300
advantage while his university 
educated competitors wrote for 

2888
02:35:36,300 --> 02:35:39,500
their intellectual peers. 
Shakespeare, understood ordinary

2889
02:35:39,500 --> 02:35:42,000
audience's because he came from 
ordinary circumstances. 

2890
02:35:42,000 --> 02:35:45,800
He could craft entertainment, 
that satisfied, both Groundlings

2891
02:35:45,800 --> 02:35:49,300
and Aristocrats, because he 
possessed the rare ability to 

2892
02:35:49,300 --> 02:35:51,400
see human nature. 
From multiple perspective, 

2893
02:35:51,400 --> 02:35:54,600
simultaneously. 
His provincial background rather

2894
02:35:54,600 --> 02:35:58,200
than limiting his vision and to 
observe and understand the full 

2895
02:35:58,200 --> 02:36:01,700
spectrum of human behavior. 
The separation from his family. 

2896
02:36:01,700 --> 02:36:04,400
However, created wounds that 
never fully healed. 

2897
02:36:05,200 --> 02:36:08,500
And the children remained in 
Stratford supported by whatever 

2898
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:11,500
money William consent from 
London's and certain theatrical 

2899
02:36:11,500 --> 02:36:14,700
economy. 
Letters travels slowly visits 

2900
02:36:14,700 --> 02:36:17,700
were in frequent and the growing
distance between husband and 

2901
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:19,300
wife. 
Extended Far Beyond near 

2902
02:36:19,300 --> 02:36:21,700
geography. 
And was raising their children, 

2903
02:36:21,700 --> 02:36:24,800
essentially as a single mother 
while William was becoming 

2904
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:27,300
someone. 
She barely recognized successful

2905
02:36:27,300 --> 02:36:30,000
celebrated, but increasingly 
foreign to the man. 

2906
02:36:30,000 --> 02:36:33,400
She had married London's 
theaters in the 1590s operated 

2907
02:36:33,400 --> 02:36:36,300
under constant threat of 
closure, not from artistic 

2908
02:36:36,300 --> 02:36:40,300
failure but from biological 
catastrophe, the plague that 

2909
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:43,000
medieval Horsemen who refused to
acknowledge the Renaissance. 

2910
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:46,100
Stalked, Elizabethan England, 
with particular, fondness for 

2911
02:36:46,100 --> 02:36:50,300
crowded spaces where people 
gathered for entertainment, When

2912
02:36:50,300 --> 02:36:53,900
death rates, climbed authorities
shuttered, playhouses faster 

2913
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:56,300
than a negative review, could 
close a modern production 

2914
02:36:56,300 --> 02:36:59,700
leaving, everyone connected to 
the theater industry, suddenly 

2915
02:36:59,700 --> 02:37:02,300
unemployed and searching for 
alternative income. 

2916
02:37:03,100 --> 02:37:05,600
Shakespeare experience, these 
closures as artistic and 

2917
02:37:05,600 --> 02:37:09,100
financial disasters, that tested
his commitment to theatrical 

2918
02:37:09,100 --> 02:37:11,700
life. 
During the prolonged closure of 

2919
02:37:11,700 --> 02:37:16,700
1593 to 1594 when the plague 
killed over 10,000 londoners, he

2920
02:37:16,700 --> 02:37:19,100
turned to poetry as both the 
creative outlet and a potential 

2921
02:37:19,100 --> 02:37:22,600
income source. 
Venus and Adonis, his first 

2922
02:37:22,600 --> 02:37:25,800
published work became the 
literary sensation of its time. 

2923
02:37:25,800 --> 02:37:29,200
Establishing his reputation, 
among educated readers who might

2924
02:37:29,200 --> 02:37:32,800
never have attended his plays 
yet success in poetry, while 

2925
02:37:32,800 --> 02:37:35,400
gratifying couldn't replace the 
immediate income and 

2926
02:37:35,400 --> 02:37:39,300
collaborative energy that 
theater provided The competitive

2927
02:37:39,300 --> 02:37:42,500
landscape of Elizabethan drama 
was ruthlessly darwinian. 

2928
02:37:42,500 --> 02:37:46,200
Playwright stole plots, 
characters and even entire 

2929
02:37:46,200 --> 02:37:49,300
speeches from each other. 
With casual efficiency, creating

2930
02:37:49,300 --> 02:37:52,000
an environment where originality
was less important than 

2931
02:37:52,000 --> 02:37:55,700
effective adaptation. 
Shakespeare, who would later be 

2932
02:37:55,700 --> 02:37:58,400
criticized for borrowing? 
Most of his plots, the simply 

2933
02:37:58,400 --> 02:38:01,700
following industry practice. 
The real challenge wasn't 

2934
02:38:01,700 --> 02:38:04,300
finding Source material. 
But transforming it into 

2935
02:38:04,300 --> 02:38:05,700
something? 
Commercially viable. 

2936
02:38:06,700 --> 02:38:07,900
And artistically. 
Satisfying. 

2937
02:38:09,000 --> 02:38:12,000
The tasks required not just 
literary skill but practical 

2938
02:38:12,000 --> 02:38:14,800
understanding of what audiences 
wanted and actors could deliver.

2939
02:38:15,500 --> 02:38:19,100
Christopher Marlow's death in 
1593 removed Shakespeare's most 

2940
02:38:19,100 --> 02:38:22,400
formidable rival, while creating
a cautionary tale about the 

2941
02:38:22,400 --> 02:38:27,200
dangers of literary ambition. 
Marlow who's plays like doctor 

2942
02:38:27,200 --> 02:38:30,000
Faustus and Tamara Lane. 
Had redefined dramatic 

2943
02:38:30,000 --> 02:38:32,900
possibility, died under 
mysterious circumstances, 

2944
02:38:32,900 --> 02:38:36,600
involving government Stars, 
religious, controversy, and 

2945
02:38:36,600 --> 02:38:39,600
violence. 
His fate Illustrated the 

2946
02:38:39,600 --> 02:38:42,400
precarious position of writers 
who attracted both Fame and 

2947
02:38:42,400 --> 02:38:45,200
suspicion, particularly those 
whose Works challenge to 

2948
02:38:45,200 --> 02:38:47,700
established Authority or 
explored dangerous ideas. 

2949
02:38:48,800 --> 02:38:51,100
Shakespeare's response to 
Marlow's death revealed, his 

2950
02:38:51,100 --> 02:38:54,000
practical wisdom. 
Rather than attempting to match 

2951
02:38:54,000 --> 02:38:57,400
Marlow's rebellious intensity he
developed a more subtle 

2952
02:38:57,400 --> 02:38:59,000
approach. 
That allowed him to explore 

2953
02:38:59,000 --> 02:39:02,300
controversial themes, without 
attracting fatal attention. 

2954
02:39:03,200 --> 02:39:05,700
His villains became 
psychologically complex rather 

2955
02:39:05,700 --> 02:39:08,700
than theologically dangerous and
his political commentary 

2956
02:39:08,700 --> 02:39:11,500
remained sufficiently ambiguous 
to avoid, treasonous 

2957
02:39:11,500 --> 02:39:14,600
interpretation. 
This careful navigation between 

2958
02:39:14,600 --> 02:39:17,700
artistic ambition and personal 
safety, required constant, 

2959
02:39:17,700 --> 02:39:20,500
vigilance, and occasional 
artistic compromise, the 

2960
02:39:20,500 --> 02:39:23,100
formation of the Lord, 
Chamberlain's men in 1594 

2961
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:25,900
provided Shakespeare with the 
stability, he had been seeking 

2962
02:39:25,900 --> 02:39:29,800
since arriving in London as both
shareholder and principal 

2963
02:39:29,800 --> 02:39:32,900
playwright for the company, he 
finally achieved the financial 

2964
02:39:32,900 --> 02:39:35,300
security that had alluded him 
throughout his youth. 

2965
02:39:36,200 --> 02:39:38,100
Yet, this security came with its
pressures. 

2966
02:39:38,100 --> 02:39:42,100
The company needed new plays, 
regularly audience is expected, 

2967
02:39:42,100 --> 02:39:45,300
consistent quality, and 
competitors were always ready to

2968
02:39:45,300 --> 02:39:48,800
steal successful Innovations. 
Shakespeare found himself in 

2969
02:39:48,800 --> 02:39:51,800
snared in A Creative Cycle. 
That required constant output. 

2970
02:39:51,800 --> 02:39:55,200
All the while upholding artistic
standards, the escalated with 

2971
02:39:55,200 --> 02:39:59,300
the triumph, The Blackfriars, 
theater controversy of 1596, 

2972
02:39:59,300 --> 02:40:02,200
demonstrated, how quickly 
theatrical success could become 

2973
02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:05,400
a political liability. 
The company's attempt to 

2974
02:40:05,408 --> 02:40:08,000
establish an indoor theater in a
fashionable neighborhood met 

2975
02:40:08,000 --> 02:40:11,000
Fierce resistance from residents
who considered actors morally 

2976
02:40:11,000 --> 02:40:15,100
contaminating influences, legal 
battles, and social criticism, 

2977
02:40:15,100 --> 02:40:18,000
reminded Shakespeare that 
despite his growing Fame and 

2978
02:40:18,000 --> 02:40:21,000
Fortune Society. 
Still regarded his professional 

2979
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:23,500
with suspicion. 
He might write plays that 

2980
02:40:23,500 --> 02:40:26,500
entertained royalty, but he 
remained essentially, a 

2981
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:30,300
glorified Vagabond in the eyes 
of respectable citizens personal

2982
02:40:30,300 --> 02:40:34,300
tragedy struck in 1596, with the
death of his son Hamlet, whose 

2983
02:40:34,300 --> 02:40:35,800
name would later. 
Echo through his father's 

2984
02:40:35,800 --> 02:40:38,400
greatest tragedy. 
The Lost devastated, 

2985
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:42,200
Shakespeare's in ways that his 
subsequent masterpieces only 

2986
02:40:42,200 --> 02:40:46,100
partially revealed Hamlet's 
death represented, not just 

2987
02:40:46,100 --> 02:40:48,700
parental grief, but the collapse
of dynastic hopes. 

2988
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:52,100
In an age, when family 
continuity depended on Mayo, 

2989
02:40:52,100 --> 02:40:55,600
airs losing his only son that 
all Shakespeare's success, would

2990
02:40:55,600 --> 02:40:58,800
ultimately prove a femoral his 
name, surviving only through his

2991
02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:01,000
artistic Works. 
Rather than through living 

2992
02:41:01,000 --> 02:41:05,000
descendants by 1600, William 
Shakespeare, had achieved what 

2993
02:41:05,000 --> 02:41:08,800
few artists ever experienced 
recognition of his genius during

2994
02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:12,700
his own life time Hamlet, which 
premiered that year established 

2995
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:15,600
him not merely as a successful 
playwright, but as someone who 

2996
02:41:15,600 --> 02:41:18,200
had fundamentally changed, what 
drama could accomplish. 

2997
02:41:19,000 --> 02:41:23,300
Yet success that false friend of
artists everywhere brought 

2998
02:41:23,300 --> 02:41:26,200
complications that provincial. 
Obscurity had never threatened 

2999
02:41:26,200 --> 02:41:29,400
Fame, made him a target for 
criticism envying. 

3000
02:41:29,400 --> 02:41:31,900
The particularly vicious attacks
reserved for those who rise 

3001
02:41:31,900 --> 02:41:35,600
above their supposed station. 
The weight of expectation became

3002
02:41:35,600 --> 02:41:38,000
overwhelming. 
Every new play was measured 

3003
02:41:38,000 --> 02:41:39,400
against his previous 
achievements. 

3004
02:41:39,400 --> 02:41:42,500
And every Innovation was 
scrutinized for signs of decline

3005
02:41:42,500 --> 02:41:44,300
or betrayal of his established 
Style. 

3006
02:41:45,100 --> 02:41:47,500
Audiences arrived at his 
premieres with predetermined 

3007
02:41:47,500 --> 02:41:50,800
judgments and critics sharpen 
their quills for reviews that 

3008
02:41:50,800 --> 02:41:53,500
would either confirm or 
challenges reputation. 

3009
02:41:54,600 --> 02:41:57,800
Spontaneous Joy of creation 
which had sustained him through.

3010
02:41:57,800 --> 02:42:00,800
His early struggles became 
contaminated by awareness of his

3011
02:42:00,800 --> 02:42:02,500
public role. 
As England's premiere, 

3012
02:42:02,500 --> 02:42:05,600
dramatist. 
Financial success, while solving

3013
02:42:05,600 --> 02:42:09,900
many practical problems created,
new anxiety is Shakespeare's 

3014
02:42:09,900 --> 02:42:13,400
investments in property, his 
share in the Globe Theater and 

3015
02:42:13,400 --> 02:42:15,500
his growing wealth required 
management and protection. 

3016
02:42:16,600 --> 02:42:19,600
He found himself spending time 
on legal documents property 

3017
02:42:19,600 --> 02:42:22,600
disputes and business 
negotiations, that had nothing 

3018
02:42:22,600 --> 02:42:25,100
to do with writing, but 
everything to do with 

3019
02:42:25,100 --> 02:42:26,800
preserving, what his writing had
earned. 

3020
02:42:27,600 --> 02:42:30,200
The artist who had. 
Once written purely for Creative

3021
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:32,500
fulfillment. 
Now wrote partly to maintain an 

3022
02:42:32,500 --> 02:42:34,100
increase in complex Financial 
Empire. 

3023
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:37,500
The relationship with his 
family, grew more strained with 

3024
02:42:37,508 --> 02:42:40,300
each passing year. 
And and the surviving children 

3025
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:42,600
Susanna and Judith lived 
comfortable lives. 

3026
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:45,500
Thanks to his success. 
The Comfort couldn't Bridge the 

3027
02:42:45,500 --> 02:42:48,300
emotional distance that is 
prolonged, absences had created.

3028
02:42:48,300 --> 02:42:52,000
He had become a stranger to his 
household someone who visited 

3029
02:42:52,000 --> 02:42:54,000
rather than inhabited, the 
domestic life. 

3030
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:57,400
He was supporting His daughters 
grew up knowing their father, 

3031
02:42:57,400 --> 02:43:00,800
primarily through his reputation
and the money he sent rather. 

3032
02:43:00,900 --> 02:43:03,300
Than through daily interaction 
and shared experience. 

3033
02:43:04,100 --> 02:43:06,800
London Social Scene offered 
compensation but also 

3034
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:09,200
temptations that complicated, 
his personal life. 

3035
02:43:10,300 --> 02:43:12,700
The theater World provided 
intellectual stimulation and 

3036
02:43:12,700 --> 02:43:15,900
artistic collaboration, but it 
also exposed him to 

3037
02:43:15,900 --> 02:43:18,900
relationships and possibilities 
that could not be easily 

3038
02:43:18,900 --> 02:43:20,800
reconciled with his family 
obligations. 

3039
02:43:20,800 --> 02:43:24,600
The mysterious dark Lady of his 
sonnets whether real or 

3040
02:43:24,600 --> 02:43:27,400
fictional represented the kind 
of passionate connection that 

3041
02:43:27,400 --> 02:43:31,000
his practical marriage had never
provided these relationships 

3042
02:43:31,000 --> 02:43:34,200
where the consummated, or merely
imagined created guilt and 

3043
02:43:34,200 --> 02:43:36,800
longing that enriched his art 
while complicating his life. 

3044
02:43:37,800 --> 02:43:40,300
The political climate under 
James, The Thirst proved, both 

3045
02:43:40,300 --> 02:43:42,000
more and less dangerous than 
under Elizabeth. 

3046
02:43:42,800 --> 02:43:46,000
The new King's fascination with 
witchcraft and Scottish history 

3047
02:43:46,000 --> 02:43:49,100
provided Shakespeare with 
material for Macbeth while his 

3048
02:43:49,108 --> 02:43:51,600
interest in the theater. 
Led to Royal patronage that 

3049
02:43:51,600 --> 02:43:54,300
elevated. 
The company's status However, 

3050
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:57,300
James's authoritarian, 
Tendencies and sensitivity to 

3051
02:43:57,300 --> 02:44:00,800
criticism, required playwrights 
to navigate a more delicate 

3052
02:44:00,800 --> 02:44:02,900
balance between entertainment 
and sedition. 

3053
02:44:03,800 --> 02:44:07,100
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 
created an atmosphere of 

3054
02:44:07,100 --> 02:44:10,100
suspicion that made any 
political commentary potentially

3055
02:44:10,100 --> 02:44:12,700
dangerous. 
Shakespeare's response to these 

3056
02:44:12,700 --> 02:44:16,200
pressures was to retreat into 
increasingly complex, artistic 

3057
02:44:16,200 --> 02:44:18,900
visions that satisfied his 
creative Ambitions while 

3058
02:44:18,900 --> 02:44:23,500
maintaining his commercial 
viability King Lear Othello. 

3059
02:44:24,200 --> 02:44:26,800
And Macbeth. 
Represented, the height of his 

3060
02:44:26,800 --> 02:44:29,800
tragic vision. 
Plays that explored the darkest 

3061
02:44:29,800 --> 02:44:32,800
aspects of human nature while 
remaining sufficiently removed 

3062
02:44:32,800 --> 02:44:34,900
from contemporary politics to 
avoid censorship. 

3063
02:44:35,800 --> 02:44:38,500
Yet creating these masterpieces 
required, emotional and 

3064
02:44:38,508 --> 02:44:42,100
psychological resources that 
left him increasingly drained. 

3065
02:44:43,000 --> 02:44:45,700
The artistic isolation that 
accompanied, his success was 

3066
02:44:45,700 --> 02:44:47,300
perhaps the most difficult 
burden to bear. 

3067
02:44:48,200 --> 02:44:50,700
As his reputation grew 
colleague's began, treating him 

3068
02:44:50,700 --> 02:44:53,400
with a different that made 
genuine collaboration difficult.

3069
02:44:54,200 --> 02:44:56,600
Young younger writers imitated 
his style rather than 

3070
02:44:56,600 --> 02:44:59,400
challenging, his ideas and 
actors sought his approval 

3071
02:44:59,400 --> 02:45:01,000
rather than offering creative 
input. 

3072
02:45:01,000 --> 02:45:03,800
The lonely authority of 
acknowledged Mastery was 

3073
02:45:03,800 --> 02:45:06,400
replacing the collaborative 
spirit that had made theater 

3074
02:45:06,400 --> 02:45:09,200
exciting. 
Recognition of his genius. 

3075
02:45:09,200 --> 02:45:12,200
While gratifying also brought 
unwanted attention to his 

3076
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:15,200
personal life and background 
critics, questioned, his 

3077
02:45:15,208 --> 02:45:18,900
education, Scholars debated, his
sources and Rivals. 

3078
02:45:18,900 --> 02:45:22,500
Attacked his humble Origins, 
Every aspect of his biography 

3079
02:45:22,500 --> 02:45:25,500
was scrutinized for evidence 
that might explain or diminish. 

3080
02:45:25,500 --> 02:45:28,600
His achievements, the Privacy he
had once taken for granted 

3081
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:30,800
became a luxury that his famous 
permanently. 

3082
02:45:30,800 --> 02:45:34,600
Destroyed Shakespeare, having 
written approximately 37, plays 

3083
02:45:34,600 --> 02:45:37,000
gained. 
Widespread recognition as the 

3084
02:45:37,000 --> 02:45:41,400
greatest English trumpet of his 
Generation by the year 1610 This

3085
02:45:41,400 --> 02:45:45,200
recognition, however, came with 
the peculiar bird that haunts 

3086
02:45:45,200 --> 02:45:47,900
all artists who achieved 
legendary status during their 

3087
02:45:47,900 --> 02:45:51,100
lifetime, The Impossible 
pressure to surpass their own 

3088
02:45:51,100 --> 02:45:53,600
previous achievements. 
While maintaining the very 

3089
02:45:53,600 --> 02:45:55,500
qualities that made those 
achievements possible. 

3090
02:45:56,600 --> 02:45:58,900
Each new work was inevitably 
compared not just to 

3091
02:45:58,900 --> 02:46:03,100
contemporary competitors but to 
his own masterpieces creating a 

3092
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:06,200
critical standard that grew more
demanding with every success. 

3093
02:46:07,300 --> 02:46:10,000
The physical strain of 
continuous, writing started to 

3094
02:46:10,000 --> 02:46:12,900
wear him out. 
Creating two plays annually, 

3095
02:46:12,900 --> 02:46:16,000
while maintaining his acting 
responsibilities, and managing 

3096
02:46:16,000 --> 02:46:18,500
his business interests, 
required, an output that would 

3097
02:46:18,500 --> 02:46:22,500
exhaust writers half his age. 
Once flowing with natural ease, 

3098
02:46:22,500 --> 02:46:26,000
the composition process became 
increasingly laborious as he 

3099
02:46:26,000 --> 02:46:28,300
struggled to find fresh 
approaches to familiar themes. 

3100
02:46:29,100 --> 02:46:32,000
The Well of inspiration that had
seemed inexhaustible during his 

3101
02:46:32,000 --> 02:46:35,800
30s began showing signs of 
depletion as he approached 50. 

3102
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:40,800
His later plays the Winter's 
Tale cymbeline and the Tempest 

3103
02:46:40,800 --> 02:46:44,300
reflected this creative fatigue.
While simultaneously 

3104
02:46:44,300 --> 02:46:48,500
representing new artistic 
directions, these Works often 

3105
02:46:48,500 --> 02:46:51,700
called romance's combined 
elements of comedy and tragedy 

3106
02:46:51,700 --> 02:46:55,000
in ways that suggested either 
experimental boldness or 

3107
02:46:55,000 --> 02:46:57,300
diminished certainly about 
dramatic form. 

3108
02:46:58,000 --> 02:47:00,700
Contemporary audience is 
expecting the clear generic 

3109
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:04,000
boundaries of his early work 
often responded with confusion 

3110
02:47:04,000 --> 02:47:07,300
rather than appreciation. 
Critics debated, whether these 

3111
02:47:07,300 --> 02:47:10,900
plays represented artistic 
Evolution or declined, a 

3112
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:14,300
question that would persist for 
centuries. the relationship with

3113
02:47:14,300 --> 02:47:16,700
his acting company growing 
increasingly complicated as 

3114
02:47:16,700 --> 02:47:20,100
young, a performers and writers 
challenged his authority The 

3115
02:47:20,100 --> 02:47:23,800
Lord Chamberlain's men renamed, 
the King's Men under James, the 

3116
02:47:23,800 --> 02:47:27,000
first had evolved from a 
collaborative Enterprise into an

3117
02:47:27,000 --> 02:47:29,200
institution, where Shakespeare's
preferences carried, 

3118
02:47:29,200 --> 02:47:32,500
disproportional weight. 
This power while professionally 

3119
02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:36,000
advantageous isolated him from 
the creative friction that had 

3120
02:47:36,000 --> 02:47:39,200
previously stimulated. 
His best work collaboration, 

3121
02:47:39,200 --> 02:47:43,200
became consultation discussion 
became deferens and the 

3122
02:47:43,200 --> 02:47:46,100
Democratic chaos of theatrical 
creation was replaced by the 

3123
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:49,800
ordered but sterile hierarchy of
established success. 

3124
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:53,500
Personal relationships suffered 
under the weight of his public. 

3125
02:47:53,500 --> 02:47:57,700
Persona friends approached him 
differently, aware that casual 

3126
02:47:57,700 --> 02:48:00,200
conversation might later appear 
in his plays. 

3127
02:48:00,800 --> 02:48:04,000
Enemies multiplied as his 
success created resentment among

3128
02:48:04,000 --> 02:48:08,000
those who felt overlooked or 
undervalued, even his closest 

3129
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:11,200
relationships became Complicated
by awareness of his Fame and the

3130
02:48:11,200 --> 02:48:13,800
potential benefits or dangers of
association with him. 

3131
02:48:14,600 --> 02:48:17,000
The spontaneous human 
connections that had once 

3132
02:48:17,000 --> 02:48:19,800
nourished his understanding of 
character became increasingly 

3133
02:48:19,800 --> 02:48:23,200
artificial and self-conscious. 
The question of retirement began

3134
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:26,100
haunting His Thoughts, with 
growing insistence. 

3135
02:48:27,100 --> 02:48:29,700
Unlike modern artists who can 
live comfortably on royalties 

3136
02:48:29,700 --> 02:48:32,700
and residuals, Elizabethan 
playwrights earned money. 

3137
02:48:32,700 --> 02:48:34,500
Only through continued 
productivity. 

3138
02:48:35,400 --> 02:48:38,400
Stopping work meant accepting 
Financial decline yet. 

3139
02:48:38,400 --> 02:48:41,200
Continuing work was becoming 
increasingly difficult, both 

3140
02:48:41,200 --> 02:48:44,200
physically and creatively the 
prospect of returning 

3141
02:48:44,200 --> 02:48:47,200
permanently to Stratford offered
rest and family reconciliation, 

3142
02:48:47,200 --> 02:48:50,500
but also threatened the artistic
stimulation that had become 

3143
02:48:50,500 --> 02:48:55,300
essential to his identity. 
His health, never robust began 

3144
02:48:55,300 --> 02:48:57,800
showing the effects of Decades, 
of London living. 

3145
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:01,000
His Constitution had suffered 
due to the city's. 

3146
02:49:01,000 --> 02:49:05,200
Polluted air contaminated water 
and periodic plague outbreaks 

3147
02:49:05,200 --> 02:49:08,000
contemporary medical knowledge. 
Offered little Beyond 

3148
02:49:08,000 --> 02:49:10,900
bloodletting and herbal remedies
while the stress of constant 

3149
02:49:10,900 --> 02:49:13,800
productivity exacerbated what 
ever underlying conditions were 

3150
02:49:13,800 --> 02:49:17,600
developing He began experiencing
symptoms that modern doctors 

3151
02:49:17,600 --> 02:49:20,600
might recognize as heart disease
or diabetes, but that 

3152
02:49:20,600 --> 02:49:23,700
Elizabethan Physicians, could 
neither diagnose nor treat 

3153
02:49:23,700 --> 02:49:27,000
effectively. 
Irony of his situation was 

3154
02:49:27,000 --> 02:49:29,400
Exquisite, having achieved 
everything. 

3155
02:49:29,400 --> 02:49:32,800
He dreamed of as a young man in 
Stratford, he found that success

3156
02:49:32,800 --> 02:49:35,500
had created new forms of 
suffering that obscurity had 

3157
02:49:35,500 --> 02:49:38,800
never threatened. 
Fame brought scrutiny wealth, 

3158
02:49:38,800 --> 02:49:42,200
brought anxiety, artistic 
achievement, brought creative 

3159
02:49:42,200 --> 02:49:44,900
pressure, and recognition 
brought isolation. 

3160
02:49:45,900 --> 02:49:48,800
The provincial boy who had fled 
Stratford to escape limitations 

3161
02:49:48,800 --> 02:49:52,400
discovered that success created 
different but equally confining 

3162
02:49:52,400 --> 02:49:56,200
constraints. 
His final complete play, The 

3163
02:49:56,200 --> 02:49:59,900
Tempest served as both artistic 
summation and personal farewell,

3164
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:02,900
to the theatrical world that had
defined his adult life. 

3165
02:50:03,900 --> 02:50:07,100
Prosperous renunciation of magic
seemed to mirror Shakespeare's, 

3166
02:50:07,100 --> 02:50:10,100
own preparation for retirement 
from the stage while the place 

3167
02:50:10,100 --> 02:50:11,700
themes of forgiveness and 
Reconciliation. 

3168
02:50:11,700 --> 02:50:14,900
Suggested his growing desire to 
resolve the conflicts that had 

3169
02:50:14,900 --> 02:50:18,000
shaped his career. 
The famous epilogue asking the 

3170
02:50:18,000 --> 02:50:20,100
audience for their Applause, to 
set the magician. 

3171
02:50:20,100 --> 02:50:23,600
Free carried obvious, 
autobiographical resonance for a

3172
02:50:23,600 --> 02:50:26,300
playwright contemplating his own
Liberation from the demands of 

3173
02:50:26,308 --> 02:50:29,000
public performance. 
William Shakespeare's return to 

3174
02:50:29,000 --> 02:50:31,900
Stratford in 1613 should have 
represented Triumph. 

3175
02:50:31,900 --> 02:50:34,900
The provincial Boy made good 
coming home to enjoy the fruits 

3176
02:50:34,900 --> 02:50:36,800
of unprecedented literary 
success. 

3177
02:50:36,800 --> 02:50:41,000
Instead it marked the beginning 
of his final Act appeared marked

3178
02:50:41,000 --> 02:50:44,400
by declining Health family 
tensions and the peculiar 

3179
02:50:44,400 --> 02:50:46,700
Melancholy that offered 
companies, the achievement of 

3180
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:49,400
one's deepest Ambitions. 
The man who had conquered 

3181
02:50:49,400 --> 02:50:52,100
London's theatrical world, found
himself, struggling with 

3182
02:50:52,100 --> 02:50:54,500
questions that success could not
answer and fame. 

3183
02:50:54,500 --> 02:50:57,900
Couldn't resolve new place. 
The grand house he had purchased

3184
02:50:57,900 --> 02:51:01,600
to symbolize his risen status 
felt more like a museum than a 

3185
02:51:01,600 --> 02:51:03,100
home. 
The rooms echoed with the 

3186
02:51:03,100 --> 02:51:06,500
absence of shared memories their
Elegance, a constant reminders 

3187
02:51:06,500 --> 02:51:08,300
of the years. 
He'd spent away from those who 

3188
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:12,600
were supposed to love most And 
now in her late 50s, had grown 

3189
02:51:12,600 --> 02:51:15,600
into a formidable household 
manager, who ran their domestic 

3190
02:51:15,600 --> 02:51:18,600
affairs with efficient 
Independence, the marriage that 

3191
02:51:18,600 --> 02:51:20,500
had begun with passion and 
continued. 

3192
02:51:20,500 --> 02:51:23,000
Through financial necessity, had
evolved into a polite 

3193
02:51:23,000 --> 02:51:25,700
Arrangement between virtual 
strangers who happen to share 

3194
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:27,700
illegal Bond and two surviving 
daughters. 

3195
02:51:28,600 --> 02:51:32,500
His daughters Susanna and Judith
represented, both his greatest 

3196
02:51:32,500 --> 02:51:34,600
joy and his deepest 
disappointment. 

3197
02:51:35,800 --> 02:51:37,700
Suzanne. 
The Elder had married well and 

3198
02:51:37,700 --> 02:51:39,800
produced the granddaughter who 
might carry forward. 

3199
02:51:39,800 --> 02:51:42,900
Something of his legacy. 
However, his awareness that 

3200
02:51:42,900 --> 02:51:45,900
female descendants couldn't 
preserve family names or inherit

3201
02:51:45,900 --> 02:51:48,800
theatrical companies in their 
society complicated this 

3202
02:51:48,800 --> 02:51:51,300
comfort. 
Judith, who remained unmarried, 

3203
02:51:51,300 --> 02:51:54,200
well, into spinsterhood by 
Elizabeth and standards seemed 

3204
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:56,600
to regard her famous father with
a mixture of Pride and 

3205
02:51:56,600 --> 02:51:58,600
resentment that he could never 
fully understand. 

3206
02:51:59,600 --> 02:52:03,200
His reputation followed him to 
Stratford, akin to a faithful 

3207
02:52:03,200 --> 02:52:06,600
yet, burdened some dog. 
Visitors arrived, regularly 

3208
02:52:06,600 --> 02:52:08,700
seeking audience's with 
England's greatest. 

3209
02:52:08,700 --> 02:52:11,500
Playwright turning his 
retirement into a series of 

3210
02:52:11,500 --> 02:52:13,900
performance. 
Is that exhausted him more than 

3211
02:52:13,900 --> 02:52:15,900
his professional obligations 
ever had? 

3212
02:52:16,700 --> 02:52:18,500
Local dignitaries who had once 
ignored. 

3213
02:52:18,500 --> 02:52:21,500
The Glover's son, now competed 
for his attention and approval. 

3214
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:25,100
The Transformations from local 
boy to returning celebrity 

3215
02:52:25,100 --> 02:52:27,300
created a social Dynamic that 
satisfied. 

3216
02:52:27,300 --> 02:52:32,100
No one completely least of all 
Shakespeare himself, his final 

3217
02:52:32,100 --> 02:52:35,000
collaboration with John 
Fletcher, on Henry, the 8th, and

3218
02:52:35,000 --> 02:52:38,400
the two Noble Kinsmen suggested 
both his ongoing creative 

3219
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:41,700
vitality and his growing 
awareness of artistic mortality 

3220
02:52:42,700 --> 02:52:44,800
Working with a younger, 
playwright forced him to 

3221
02:52:44,808 --> 02:52:47,900
confront changes in Theatrical 
taste and technique that his own

3222
02:52:47,900 --> 02:52:51,800
work had helped inspire. 
Fletcher represented the next 

3223
02:52:51,800 --> 02:52:54,800
generation of dramatists who had
learned from Shakespeare's 

3224
02:52:54,800 --> 02:52:57,300
Innovations while developing 
their own approaches to 

3225
02:52:57,300 --> 02:53:00,200
character and language. 
The collaboration was 

3226
02:53:00,200 --> 02:53:03,600
professionally successful but 
personally difficult reminding 

3227
02:53:03,600 --> 02:53:05,900
Shakespeare that even his 
artistic Authority was 

3228
02:53:05,900 --> 02:53:08,800
ultimately temporary. 
The legal complications 

3229
02:53:08,800 --> 02:53:11,800
surrounding his will revealed 
that complex web of 

3230
02:53:11,800 --> 02:53:14,300
relationships and resentments 
that success had created. 

3231
02:53:15,200 --> 02:53:17,800
Decisions about property 
distribution, became tests of 

3232
02:53:17,800 --> 02:53:19,700
family, loyalty and social 
obligation. 

3233
02:53:20,600 --> 02:53:24,000
The famous bequest of his second
best bed to Anne, has puzzled 

3234
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:27,500
Scholars for centuries but it 
perfectly captured the mixer of 

3235
02:53:27,508 --> 02:53:30,900
affection Duty and distance that
characterized their long 

3236
02:53:30,900 --> 02:53:33,800
partnership. 
Whether intended as insult or 

3237
02:53:33,800 --> 02:53:37,100
intimate gesture the Legacy, 
reflected the ambiguous nature 

3238
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:39,900
of their relationship and the 
impossibility of reducing 

3239
02:53:39,900 --> 02:53:41,700
complex. 
Human connections to simple 

3240
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:45,400
legal formulas, His health 
deteriorated rapidly during the 

3241
02:53:45,400 --> 02:53:50,800
winter of 1615 to 1616 though. 
The exact nature of his illness 

3242
02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:53,600
remains mysterious contemporary 
accounts. 

3243
02:53:53,600 --> 02:53:56,300
Suggest fever and weakness 
symptoms that could indicate 

3244
02:53:56,300 --> 02:53:59,100
anything from influenza to heart
disease to the various 

3245
02:53:59,100 --> 02:54:01,500
infections that regularly 
claimed Elizabethan lives. 

3246
02:54:01,500 --> 02:54:04,600
Modern medical speculation has 
proposed everything from 

3247
02:54:04,600 --> 02:54:08,500
syphilis to brain tumors but the
diagnosis matters less than the 

3248
02:54:08,500 --> 02:54:11,700
irony of England's greatest 
writer dying while still at the 

3249
02:54:11,708 --> 02:54:15,000
height of his creative Powers. 
The final weeks brought visitors

3250
02:54:15,000 --> 02:54:18,900
seeking wisdom, benedictions or 
simply the bragging rights of 

3251
02:54:18,900 --> 02:54:22,200
having spoken with the famous 
playwright Shakespeare, received

3252
02:54:22,200 --> 02:54:24,400
them with diminishing energy, 
but characteristic Grace 

3253
02:54:24,400 --> 02:54:27,500
offering insights into his craft
while carefully avoiding the 

3254
02:54:27,500 --> 02:54:30,400
kind of personal revelation that
might compromise, his 

3255
02:54:30,400 --> 02:54:34,400
meticulously constructed Public 
Image even approaching death, he

3256
02:54:34,400 --> 02:54:36,800
remained conscious of his 
reputation and concerned about 

3257
02:54:36,800 --> 02:54:38,800
how his legacy would be 
interpreted by Future 

3258
02:54:38,800 --> 02:54:42,500
Generations. 
He died on April, the 20th 1616 

3259
02:54:43,500 --> 02:54:46,300
possibly on his 52nd birthday 
though, Elizabeth and record. 

3260
02:54:46,300 --> 02:54:48,300
Keeping makes precise dating 
impossible. 

3261
02:54:48,300 --> 02:54:52,200
The date itself, appeared 
appropriate for a man whose life

3262
02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:54,900
had been characterized by 
dramatic timing and poetic 

3263
02:54:54,900 --> 02:54:58,300
coincidence His passing 
prompted, immediate allergies, 

3264
02:54:58,300 --> 02:55:01,000
from fellow writers, who 
recognized that English 

3265
02:55:01,000 --> 02:55:04,500
literature had lost its greatest
practitioner while also creating

3266
02:55:04,500 --> 02:55:07,600
space for new voices to emerge 
from his enormous Shadow. 

3267
02:55:07,600 --> 02:55:10,800
The inscription on his tomb in 
Stratford's, Holy Trinity 

3268
02:55:10,800 --> 02:55:15,400
Church, good friend for Jesus's 
sake for Bear to dig the dust 

3269
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:18,600
and closed here. 
Reflected his final concern 

3270
02:55:18,600 --> 02:55:21,200
about privacy and positive 
dignity. 

3271
02:55:21,200 --> 02:55:24,500
The curse against grave robbers 
where the composed by 

3272
02:55:24,508 --> 02:55:26,900
Shakespeare himself or by 
someone who knew his fears 

3273
02:55:26,900 --> 02:55:31,500
proved remarkably effective. 
His remained undisturbed, while 

3274
02:55:31,500 --> 02:55:33,600
his reputation grew to 
proportions, that would have 

3275
02:55:33,608 --> 02:55:36,900
astonished and possibly 
horrified the man who had simply

3276
02:55:36,900 --> 02:55:39,000
wanted to write good plays and 
support his family. 

3277
02:55:40,300 --> 02:55:42,700
The true tragedy of William 
Shakespeare's life, wasn't that 

3278
02:55:42,700 --> 02:55:45,700
he failed to achieve his dreams 
but that achieving them revealed

3279
02:55:45,700 --> 02:55:48,800
how insufficient even the 
greatest success could be when 

3280
02:55:48,800 --> 02:55:51,800
measured against human longing 
for connection, understanding 

3281
02:55:51,800 --> 02:55:55,000
and Lasting meaning he became 
Immortal through his words while

3282
02:55:55,000 --> 02:55:58,300
remaining painfully mortal in 
his need for love recognition 

3283
02:55:58,300 --> 02:56:00,900
and the simple satisfactions of 
domestic happiness. 

3284
02:56:02,100 --> 02:56:04,700
His genius elevated. 
Him above his contemporaries 

3285
02:56:04,700 --> 02:56:06,200
while. 
Isolating him from the very 

3286
02:56:06,200 --> 02:56:09,900
human experiences that had 
inspired his greatest works. 

3287
02:56:09,900 --> 02:56:14,000
In the end Shakespeare's life 
embodied, the central Paradox of

3288
02:56:14,000 --> 02:56:17,300
artistic achievement, the 
qualities that made him a 

3289
02:56:17,300 --> 02:56:21,400
brilliant writer, sensitivity 
imagination, emotional depth, 

3290
02:56:21,400 --> 02:56:25,100
and intellectual curiosity also 
made ordinary life 

3291
02:56:25,100 --> 02:56:28,800
extraordinarily difficult. 
He achieved success beyond all 

3292
02:56:28,800 --> 02:56:31,700
reasonable expectations. 
Yet the consequences of his 

3293
02:56:31,700 --> 02:56:35,600
success haunted him. his plays 
of outlived the civilization 

3294
02:56:35,600 --> 02:56:40,000
that produced them, but the man 
who wrote them exceed experience

3295
02:56:40,000 --> 02:56:43,800
the same struggles with love 
death, ambition and 

3296
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:46,000
disappointment. 
That Define Human Experience 

3297
02:56:46,000 --> 02:56:49,500
across all centuries. 
The boy from Stratford who 

3298
02:56:49,500 --> 02:56:52,600
dreamed of escaping provincial 
limitations, succeeded Beyond 

3299
02:56:52,600 --> 02:56:56,800
his wildest imagination only to 
discover that success created 

3300
02:56:56,800 --> 02:57:01,500
its own forms of imprisonment 
his victory over obscurity was 

3301
02:57:01,500 --> 02:57:05,500
complete but they Triumph as his
tragedies consistently 

3302
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:09,600
demonstrated often proves 
indistinguishable from defeat 

3303
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:12,300
William. 
Shakespeare achieved his 

3304
02:57:12,300 --> 02:57:15,900
aspirations and discovered 
regrettably the achieving what 

3305
02:57:15,900 --> 02:57:18,300
he desired often. 
Mark the beginning rather than 

3306
02:57:18,300 --> 02:57:21,500
the conclusion of life's most 
challenging issues, perhaps, 

3307
02:57:21,500 --> 02:57:23,400
that's why his Works continue to
resonate. 

3308
02:57:24,200 --> 02:57:27,400
Not because he found answers to 
Life's essential questions, but 

3309
02:57:27,400 --> 02:57:28,700
because he lived those 
questions. 

3310
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:32,100
So completely that his Art 
became an eternal meditation on 

3311
02:57:32,100 --> 02:57:34,400
the beautiful impossibility of 
human satisfaction. 

3312
02:57:35,500 --> 02:57:38,600
He sucked at being William 
Shakespeare precisely because he

3313
02:57:38,600 --> 02:57:40,200
turned out to be humanly 
impossible. 

3314
02:57:40,200 --> 02:57:44,000
And in that impossibility he 
created something genuinely 

3315
02:57:44,000 --> 02:58:02,500
immortal 
Margaret Holloway had always 

3316
02:58:02,500 --> 02:58:05,300
prided herself on being the sort
of person who read instruction 

3317
02:58:05,300 --> 02:58:07,900
manuals. 
Particularly for toasters her 

3318
02:58:07,900 --> 02:58:10,700
insurance company continued to 
mention the incident from 19 

3319
02:58:10,700 --> 02:58:12,800
years ago in hushed, traumatized
tones. 

3320
02:58:12,800 --> 02:58:16,100
So, when she inherited her, 
great aunt, Millicent's peculiar

3321
02:58:16,100 --> 02:58:18,500
collection of antique's, 
including what appeared? 

3322
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:19,300
To be? 
A medieval. 

3323
02:58:19,300 --> 02:58:22,000
Astro-lab made of suspiciously 
modern materials. 

3324
02:58:22,000 --> 02:58:25,100
She naturally assumed there 
would be documentation there. 

3325
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:28,000
Wasnt. 
What there was tucked by the 

3326
02:58:28,000 --> 02:58:30,600
device like a guilty. 
After thought was a Post-It, 

3327
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:33,800
note reading don't touch the 
blue bits when Mercury is in 

3328
02:58:33,800 --> 02:58:35,800
retrograde. 
M. 

3329
02:58:36,800 --> 02:58:38,800
Margaret. 
Who possessed both a masters 

3330
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:41,800
degree in library science and a 
healthy skepticism toward 

3331
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:44,600
astrological nonsense promptly 
touched the blue bits. 

3332
02:58:44,600 --> 02:58:47,500
It was Tuesday morning. 
She had already dealt with three

3333
02:58:47,500 --> 02:58:50,800
passive, aggressive emails from 
her supervisor and Mercury. 

3334
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:53,600
Could frankly retrograde itself 
into the Sun, for all she cared,

3335
02:58:54,400 --> 02:58:57,700
The astrolabe hummed, this was 
Margaret's first indication 

3336
02:58:57,700 --> 02:58:59,500
that, perhaps great aunt, 
Millicent had been more 

3337
02:58:59,500 --> 02:59:01,000
eccentric than previously 
documented. 

3338
02:59:01,000 --> 02:59:04,900
The second indication, was the 
way her kitchen began folding 

3339
02:59:04,900 --> 02:59:08,200
itself, inside out, like origami
designed by a mathematician, 

3340
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:12,200
having an existential crisis, 
oh, bollocks, and Margaret and 

3341
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:14,900
said, which were destined to be 
the last words spoken in her 

3342
02:59:14,900 --> 02:59:18,400
ranch style home in Suburban, 
Ohio for approximately 700 

3343
02:59:18,400 --> 02:59:22,400
years, the world transformed 
into a pretzel, infused with 

3344
02:59:22,400 --> 02:59:25,800
Cosmic salt and offered itself 
to the universe accompanied by 

3345
02:59:25,808 --> 02:59:29,600
temporal displacement. 
Margaret found herself lying 

3346
02:59:29,600 --> 02:59:32,600
face down in what smelled 
suspiciously like a combination 

3347
02:59:32,600 --> 02:59:35,600
of horses unwashed, humans and 
regret. 

3348
02:59:36,500 --> 02:59:38,900
When she lifted her head, she 
discovered, she was wearing a 

3349
02:59:38,900 --> 02:59:40,800
brown woman dressed that itched 
in places. 

3350
02:59:40,800 --> 02:59:44,100
She didn't know could itch and 
her sensible Flats had been 

3351
02:59:44,100 --> 02:59:46,900
replaced by leather things that 
appeared to have been crafted by

3352
02:59:46,900 --> 02:59:49,700
someone who had only heard 
Footwear described second hand. 

3353
02:59:50,700 --> 02:59:53,900
Around her, a medieval village 
conducted its morning, business 

3354
02:59:53,900 --> 02:59:56,800
with the sort of casual chaos 
that suggested this was 

3355
02:59:56,800 --> 02:59:58,500
perfectly normal Tuesday 
Behavior. 

3356
02:59:59,300 --> 03:00:02,000
A man chased a pig while 
shouting what Margaret assumed 

3357
03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:05,600
were Medieval profanities. 
A woman emptied, a chamber pot 

3358
03:00:05,600 --> 03:00:08,300
from a second story window with 
the practice of someone who had 

3359
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:11,700
clearly done this before. 
Children played in the dirt with

3360
03:00:11,700 --> 03:00:13,100
sticks. 
Apparently. 

3361
03:00:13,100 --> 03:00:16,800
Finding the activity, the height
of entertainment Margaret, sat 

3362
03:00:16,800 --> 03:00:19,900
up slowly her librarian, 
instincts immediately, 

3363
03:00:19,900 --> 03:00:23,000
cataloging the historical, 
inconsistencies, the 

3364
03:00:23,000 --> 03:00:25,000
architecture was wrong for any 
specific period. 

3365
03:00:25,000 --> 03:00:29,100
She could identify The clothing 
was a mixed of style spanning 

3366
03:00:29,100 --> 03:00:32,200
roughly three centuries. 
Was the man over there wearing 

3367
03:00:32,200 --> 03:00:33,900
what appeared to be a digital 
watch? 

3368
03:00:33,900 --> 03:00:38,100
Is this your first time after 
voice behind her Margaret turned

3369
03:00:38,100 --> 03:00:40,900
to find a woman in her 50s 
wearing robes that managed to 

3370
03:00:40,900 --> 03:00:43,900
look both authentically medieval
And Specialty. 

3371
03:00:43,900 --> 03:00:47,500
Well tailored a smile was 
knowing and her teeth were far 

3372
03:00:47,500 --> 03:00:49,900
too straight for someone living 
in the pre-deal dental era. 

3373
03:00:50,600 --> 03:00:53,900
May ask for your partner. 
Margaret asked Margaret asked, 

3374
03:00:53,900 --> 03:00:57,000
then immediately regretted it in
her experience, begging 

3375
03:00:57,000 --> 03:01:00,300
anyone's, pardon in an 
unfamiliar situation, typically 

3376
03:01:00,300 --> 03:01:04,800
led to complications Time travel
the woman clarified as if the 

3377
03:01:04,800 --> 03:01:06,700
solution were obvious, you've 
got that. 

3378
03:01:06,700 --> 03:01:10,000
Look, you've recently realized 
that physics is more of a 

3379
03:01:10,000 --> 03:01:14,400
suggestion than a law. 
I'm sister Agatha formally that 

3380
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:18,400
Agnes Whitmore of the Cambridge 
medieval history department and 

3381
03:01:18,400 --> 03:01:21,100
you are clearly not from around 
here temporarily speaking. 

3382
03:01:22,200 --> 03:01:24,500
Margaret stared. 
This is impossible. 

3383
03:01:25,600 --> 03:01:30,700
Oh honey, sister Agatha laughed,
a sound that carried distinct 

3384
03:01:30,700 --> 03:01:33,400
notes of Hysteria carefully 
controlled through years of 

3385
03:01:33,400 --> 03:01:36,400
practice. 
Impossible was last used day. 

3386
03:01:36,400 --> 03:01:39,700
This is just inconvenient. 
Come on, let's get you oriented 

3387
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:41,100
before the anachronism, please 
show up. 

3388
03:01:42,300 --> 03:01:45,700
The, what now? 
But sister Agatha was already 

3389
03:01:45,700 --> 03:01:49,100
walking away, a robe swishing 
with the authority of someone 

3390
03:01:49,100 --> 03:01:51,500
who had learned to navigate, 
both medieval politics and 

3391
03:01:51,500 --> 03:01:55,600
University bureaucracy. 
Margaret scrambled to follow her

3392
03:01:55,600 --> 03:01:58,100
new shoes, making sound like 
frustrated cats on the 

3393
03:01:58,108 --> 03:02:01,800
cobblestones as they walk 
through the village, Margaret 

3394
03:02:01,800 --> 03:02:05,600
noticed more inconsistencies, a 
blacksmith hammered, what looks 

3395
03:02:05,600 --> 03:02:07,700
suspiciously like a smartphone 
case. 

3396
03:02:08,500 --> 03:02:12,000
A merchant sold authentic 
medieval remedies from bottles 

3397
03:02:12,000 --> 03:02:14,000
that clearly bore, modern 
safety, seals. 

3398
03:02:14,000 --> 03:02:17,400
And everywhere people moved with
the particular sort of resigned 

3399
03:02:17,400 --> 03:02:20,100
efficiency that Margaret 
recognized from her office 

3400
03:02:20,100 --> 03:02:21,700
environment. 
Right? 

3401
03:02:21,700 --> 03:02:25,000
Sister Agatha, said, stopping 
outside what appeared to be a 

3402
03:02:25,000 --> 03:02:27,900
Tavern with a sign, reading the 
temporal refugee. 

3403
03:02:29,000 --> 03:02:33,000
Here's the situation, welcome to
Kronos Commons, The Accidental 

3404
03:02:33,000 --> 03:02:36,000
Dumping Ground for temporal 
tourists, displaced individuals,

3405
03:02:36,000 --> 03:02:38,100
and the generally temporarily 
confused. 

3406
03:02:38,100 --> 03:02:43,200
We've got Romans victorians a 
perplexed gentleman from 1623 

3407
03:02:43,200 --> 03:02:45,600
who keeps asking about the 
location of the nearest 

3408
03:02:45,600 --> 03:02:47,800
Starbucks. 
And last week, we acquired a 

3409
03:02:47,800 --> 03:02:50,300
flapper from the 20s, who was 
already revolutionized our 

3410
03:02:50,300 --> 03:02:53,600
cocktail menu. 
Margaret Felder familiar 

3411
03:02:53,600 --> 03:02:56,100
Sensation that she usually 
associated with faculty 

3412
03:02:56,100 --> 03:02:58,900
meetings. 
The gradual realization that she

3413
03:02:58,900 --> 03:03:00,900
was trapped in something that 
made no sense. 

3414
03:03:00,900 --> 03:03:04,700
But with somehow become her 
responsibility, how do I get 

3415
03:03:04,700 --> 03:03:08,000
home? 
She asked Sister Agatha smiled 

3416
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:10,200
took on the sort of kindness 
typically reserved for 

3417
03:03:10,200 --> 03:03:13,800
delivering catastrophic news. 
Well that's the question, isn't 

3418
03:03:13,800 --> 03:03:15,400
it? 
Some people figure it out, 

3419
03:03:15,400 --> 03:03:19,400
others don't but the good news 
is we've developed quite a nice 

3420
03:03:19,408 --> 03:03:22,400
little Community here. 
We've got running water, thanks 

3421
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:25,700
to a Roman engineer, decent 
food, courtesy of a Victorian 

3422
03:03:25,700 --> 03:03:28,800
chef and surprisingly 
Progressive social policies 

3423
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:31,200
implemented by a group of 
suffragettes who arrived last 

3424
03:03:31,200 --> 03:03:33,800
spring. 
Margaret looked around at the 

3425
03:03:33,800 --> 03:03:36,600
village with new eyes. 
It wasn't medieval at all, she 

3426
03:03:36,600 --> 03:03:39,300
realized it was something 
entirely new. 

3427
03:03:40,000 --> 03:03:43,500
A place where time had hiccuped 
collected, its mistakes and 

3428
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:45,100
decided to make the best of 
things. 

3429
03:03:45,900 --> 03:03:47,500
How long have you been here? 
She asked. 

3430
03:03:48,300 --> 03:03:52,600
Five years as a subjective time.
It could be five minutes or five

3431
03:03:52,600 --> 03:03:55,600
decades in the real world times.
A bit wobbly here. 

3432
03:03:56,500 --> 03:03:59,500
Sister Agatha Shrugged, but I've
got to say the research 

3433
03:03:59,500 --> 03:04:02,700
opportunities are unparalleled. 
Where else can you get primary 

3434
03:04:02,700 --> 03:04:04,800
source material from actual 
primary sources? 

3435
03:04:04,800 --> 03:04:08,300
Margaret felt his self beginning
to panic which was unfortunate 

3436
03:04:08,300 --> 03:04:10,600
because Panic had never been 
particularly useful in her 

3437
03:04:10,600 --> 03:04:12,800
experience. 
But I have a job. 

3438
03:04:12,800 --> 03:04:15,700
I have a mortgage. 
I have a cat had sister 

3439
03:04:15,700 --> 03:04:18,800
corrected. 
Gently past tense is crucial 

3440
03:04:18,800 --> 03:04:21,300
when you're dealing with 
temporal displacement but look 

3441
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:23,700
on the bright side, no more 
mortgage payments. 

3442
03:04:23,700 --> 03:04:27,000
The temporal Refugee turned out 
to be precisely what it sounded 

3443
03:04:27,000 --> 03:04:29,100
like. 
A Tavern for people who had 

3444
03:04:29,100 --> 03:04:32,500
accidentally fallen through the 
cracks in time and were making 

3445
03:04:32,500 --> 03:04:34,600
the best of it with varying 
degrees of success. 

3446
03:04:34,600 --> 03:04:38,700
The proprietor was a cheerful 
woman named Gladys who claimed 

3447
03:04:38,700 --> 03:04:42,400
to be from 1943 and had arrived 
during the blitz expecting to 

3448
03:04:42,400 --> 03:04:46,300
find an air raid shelter. 
Instead, she'd found herself The

3449
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:49,300
Accidental mayor of history is 
most confused municipality. 

3450
03:04:50,300 --> 03:04:53,700
New arrival, Gladys announced a 
sister Agatha LED Margaret 

3451
03:04:53,700 --> 03:04:56,300
through the door. 
Welcome to the club that no one 

3452
03:04:56,300 --> 03:04:59,600
desired to join yet. 
Everyone inextricably finds 

3453
03:04:59,600 --> 03:05:03,600
themselves a part of The First 
Drink is free, the second is on 

3454
03:05:03,600 --> 03:05:06,800
credit and the third is your 
responsibility, because you 

3455
03:05:06,800 --> 03:05:10,000
should know our economy by then,
Happens. 

3456
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:12,400
Interior was a fascinating 
Collision of architectural 

3457
03:05:12,400 --> 03:05:15,000
periods. 
Tudor beams supported, what 

3458
03:05:15,000 --> 03:05:18,500
appeared to be Art Deco, light 
fixtures, while Roman mosaics 

3459
03:05:18,500 --> 03:05:21,100
decorated floors laid with 
Victorian tiles. 

3460
03:05:21,100 --> 03:05:24,300
The overall effect was like 
walking into time and having an 

3461
03:05:24,300 --> 03:05:27,600
identity crisis. 
At a corner table, a man in what

3462
03:05:27,600 --> 03:05:29,700
looked like 18th century 
clothing was engaged. 

3463
03:05:29,700 --> 03:05:33,600
In animated conversational with 
a woman, wearing a 1960s, mod 

3464
03:05:33,600 --> 03:05:37,100
dress, and a Roman Centurion who
had apparently decided to keep 

3465
03:05:37,100 --> 03:05:38,900
his armor, but update his 
attitude. 

3466
03:05:39,600 --> 03:05:42,200
Their discussion appeared to 
center around the best methods 

3467
03:05:42,200 --> 03:05:43,700
for organizing a democratic 
government. 

3468
03:05:43,700 --> 03:05:47,500
When your citizenry spanned 
roughly 2000 years of political 

3469
03:05:47,500 --> 03:05:51,500
evolution, That's our steering 
committee sister Agatha. 

3470
03:05:51,500 --> 03:05:54,800
The third explained, we found 
that representative democracy 

3471
03:05:54,800 --> 03:05:56,200
works. 
Surprisingly, well, when 

3472
03:05:56,200 --> 03:05:59,200
everyone's equally confused 
about the present situation 

3473
03:05:59,200 --> 03:06:03,700
Thomas, who hails from the year,
1776 arrived shortly after 

3474
03:06:03,700 --> 03:06:07,000
signing a document, he describes
as terribly important which is 

3475
03:06:07,000 --> 03:06:10,400
why he has strong opinions about
governance Veronica, who is from

3476
03:06:10,400 --> 03:06:15,400
1967 holds strong opinions on a 
wide range of topics Marcus, has

3477
03:06:15,408 --> 03:06:18,200
strong opinions, about military 
organization, primarily 

3478
03:06:18,200 --> 03:06:20,600
suggesting that all disputes 
should be settled through 

3479
03:06:20,600 --> 03:06:23,600
combat. 
Margaret accepted a drink from 

3480
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:26,300
Gladys that tasted like, it had 
been invented by someone who 

3481
03:06:26,300 --> 03:06:29,600
remembered alcohol, fondly, but 
had to work with medieval 

3482
03:06:29,600 --> 03:06:33,600
ingredients, Although it wasn't 
entirely unpleasant, the drink 

3483
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:35,900
felt like a metaphor for her 
entire situation. 

3484
03:06:37,100 --> 03:06:39,300
So, how does this work Margaret 
asked? 

3485
03:06:40,000 --> 03:06:42,300
The data day. 
I mean, you can't all just sit 

3486
03:06:42,300 --> 03:06:43,800
around drinking and forming 
committees. 

3487
03:06:43,800 --> 03:06:46,700
Oh, heavens. 
No Gladys laughed. 

3488
03:06:46,700 --> 03:06:48,700
We've got quite the economy 
going. 

3489
03:06:49,500 --> 03:06:51,200
It turns out when you put 
together people from different 

3490
03:06:51,200 --> 03:06:54,800
times, you get a lot of useful 
knowledge, exchange markers 

3491
03:06:54,800 --> 03:06:57,800
taught us Roman construction 
techniques which the Victorian 

3492
03:06:57,800 --> 03:07:01,400
engineer improved with modern 
Material Science, which Thomas 

3493
03:07:01,400 --> 03:07:04,400
enhance with Democratic labor 
practices, which Veronica, 

3494
03:07:04,400 --> 03:07:07,000
revolutionized with modern 
efficiency methods. 

3495
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:10,600
She gestured toward the window, 
where Margaret could see people 

3496
03:07:10,600 --> 03:07:13,300
working on what appeared to be a
construction project involving 

3497
03:07:13,300 --> 03:07:16,600
both medieval stonework and 
suspiciously modern looking 

3498
03:07:16,600 --> 03:07:19,300
Plumbing. 
We're building a proper Town 

3499
03:07:19,308 --> 03:07:21,100
Hall. 
Sister, Agatha explained 

3500
03:07:21,100 --> 03:07:24,500
complete with meeting rooms a 
library and what Veronica 

3501
03:07:24,500 --> 03:07:26,800
insists on calling a social 
services department. 

3502
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:30,100
Apparently, temporal 
displacement comes with its own 

3503
03:07:30,100 --> 03:07:32,100
unique set of bureaucratic 
needs. 

3504
03:07:33,200 --> 03:07:34,900
But surely someone's trying to 
get home. 

3505
03:07:34,900 --> 03:07:38,500
Margaret asked The Tavern went 
quiet in a way that suggested 

3506
03:07:38,500 --> 03:07:40,400
she touched on a sensitive 
subject. 

3507
03:07:41,500 --> 03:07:44,700
Gladys polished a glass with 
unnecessary intensity, while 

3508
03:07:44,700 --> 03:07:47,400
sister Agatha developed a sudden
interest in the pattern of the 

3509
03:07:47,400 --> 03:07:50,200
tablecloth. 
Well, Thomas said from the 

3510
03:07:50,200 --> 03:07:53,600
corner table, his colonial 
American accent carrying clearly

3511
03:07:53,600 --> 03:07:55,800
across the room. 
That's rather than the central 

3512
03:07:55,800 --> 03:07:58,400
question, isn't it? 
Some folks spend all their time 

3513
03:07:58,400 --> 03:07:59,600
trying to figure out the way 
back. 

3514
03:07:59,600 --> 03:08:02,000
Others come to the conclusion 
that staying in. 

3515
03:08:02,000 --> 03:08:06,300
The present isn't necessarily A 
Bad Thing and some heeled off 

3516
03:08:06,300 --> 03:08:10,300
some Margaret prompted Some 
discover that home isn't quite 

3517
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:13,400
what they remembered Veronica. 
Finished her London accent, 

3518
03:08:13,400 --> 03:08:15,700
Chris, despite the anachronistic
setting. 

3519
03:08:16,900 --> 03:08:19,900
Turns out when you've been gone 
for subjective years certain 

3520
03:08:19,900 --> 03:08:22,100
assumptions about what you want 
to return to start looking 

3521
03:08:22,100 --> 03:08:26,000
rather questionable markers, the
Roman Centurion nodded Gravely. 

3522
03:08:26,000 --> 03:08:29,800
I was fleeing Gaul when I 
arrived here, the situation 

3523
03:08:29,800 --> 03:08:32,300
which involved a superior 
officers wife and a 

3524
03:08:32,300 --> 03:08:33,700
misunderstanding about Roman 
marriage. 

3525
03:08:33,700 --> 03:08:38,000
Customs was rather embarrassing.
Point is going back, would 

3526
03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:40,100
involve considerably more 
crucifixion than I am 

3527
03:08:40,108 --> 03:08:44,900
comfortable with. 
Margaret felt the weight of her 

3528
03:08:44,900 --> 03:08:47,400
life settling around her like an
ill-fitting coat. 

3529
03:08:47,400 --> 03:08:51,500
Her job at the library while 
stable had become increasingly 

3530
03:08:51,500 --> 03:08:53,700
automated and decreasingly 
fulfilling. 

3531
03:08:54,500 --> 03:08:57,000
Her marriage had ended two years
ago when her husband discovered 

3532
03:08:57,000 --> 03:08:59,300
that his midlife crisis 
required, a motorcycle. 

3533
03:08:59,300 --> 03:09:03,500
And a 25 year old named Crystal.
Her mortgage was for a house 

3534
03:09:03,508 --> 03:09:06,500
that had always felt too large 
for one person and two small for

3535
03:09:06,500 --> 03:09:09,100
the life. 
She'd imagined she'd have how do

3536
03:09:09,108 --> 03:09:11,200
you know if you want to go back?
She asked quietly. 

3537
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:14,700
That said, sister is the 
question. 

3538
03:09:14,700 --> 03:09:18,700
Everyone asks and nobody can 
answer for anyone else but I 

3539
03:09:18,708 --> 03:09:22,400
will say this in five years 
here, I've published more 

3540
03:09:22,400 --> 03:09:25,100
original research than I did in 
20 years at Cambridge. 

3541
03:09:25,100 --> 03:09:28,600
It turns out, the primary source
material is much easier to 

3542
03:09:28,600 --> 03:09:30,800
obtain when your sources are 
sitting at the next table. 

3543
03:09:32,000 --> 03:09:34,500
Gladys set down her glass and 
leaned against the bar. 

3544
03:09:35,300 --> 03:09:37,700
I've been thinking about that 
night in London, when I ended up

3545
03:09:37,700 --> 03:09:40,300
here. 
The sirens were going off, bombs

3546
03:09:40,300 --> 03:09:42,900
were falling and I was more 
terrified than I'd ever been in 

3547
03:09:42,900 --> 03:09:45,600
my life. 
But I was also More Alive than 

3548
03:09:45,600 --> 03:09:48,800
I'd felt in years. 
Three years had passed since my 

3549
03:09:48,800 --> 03:09:52,100
husband's death, my children had
grown and left and I was merely 

3550
03:09:52,100 --> 03:09:54,000
existing. 
You need me here. 

3551
03:09:54,000 --> 03:09:57,900
I'm building something. 
But don't you miss it, Margaret 

3552
03:09:57,900 --> 03:10:01,700
asked your real life. 
This is my real, life Gladys 

3553
03:10:01,700 --> 03:10:04,100
said, simply the other one was 
just what happened before. 

3554
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:08,800
I started Living The Tavern door
abruptly opened suggesting 

3555
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:11,200
either extreme urgency or poor 
door. 

3556
03:10:11,200 --> 03:10:14,500
Maintenance a young man. 
Stumbled in wearing clothes, 

3557
03:10:14,500 --> 03:10:17,300
that looked like a confused 
merger between medieval peasant 

3558
03:10:17,300 --> 03:10:20,200
wear and what Margaret was 
beginning to recognize as the 

3559
03:10:20,200 --> 03:10:24,200
standard issue temporal Refugee 
uniform Emergency committee 

3560
03:10:24,200 --> 03:10:26,300
meeting. 
He announced breathlessly we've 

3561
03:10:26,300 --> 03:10:29,200
got anachronism policing coming 
and there are asking about 

3562
03:10:29,200 --> 03:10:32,200
unauthorized timeline 
modifications The Tavern, 

3563
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:35,400
erupted into organized, a chaos,
Thomas immediately began 

3564
03:10:35,400 --> 03:10:38,200
drafting what he called 
emergencies protocols for 

3565
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:41,800
Democratic crisis management. 
Veronica started organizing 

3566
03:10:41,800 --> 03:10:44,200
people into what she termed 
efficiency groups. 

3567
03:10:44,200 --> 03:10:46,700
Marcus began discussing 
defensive strategies that 

3568
03:10:46,700 --> 03:10:49,800
involved words like Phalanx and 
tactical retreat. 

3569
03:10:50,800 --> 03:10:53,000
An acronym. 
Police Margaret asked sister 

3570
03:10:53,000 --> 03:10:57,100
about the commotion time 
travels, governing, body sister,

3571
03:10:57,100 --> 03:11:00,300
Agatha explained Grimley. 
Consider them to be the 

3572
03:11:00,300 --> 03:11:03,000
universe's Hall monitors, but 
with the authority to erase 

3573
03:11:03,000 --> 03:11:05,400
entire timelines. 
If they think things have gotten

3574
03:11:05,400 --> 03:11:09,400
too messy, they don't like 
places like this too many 

3575
03:11:09,408 --> 03:11:12,200
variables, too much potential 
for paradox. 

3576
03:11:12,900 --> 03:11:15,500
What do they do? 
Best case scenario? 

3577
03:11:15,500 --> 03:11:18,300
They relocate us to approve, 
temporal zones. 

3578
03:11:18,300 --> 03:11:22,500
Worst case scenario. 
They decide where too much of a 

3579
03:11:22,500 --> 03:11:25,500
risk and sister Agatha made a 
gesture that could be 

3580
03:11:25,508 --> 03:11:28,300
interpreted as either poof or 
iteration. 

3581
03:11:29,300 --> 03:11:32,200
Margaret felt that familiar 
librarian Instinct kicking in 

3582
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:35,300
the one that appeared whenever 
someone threatened to reorganize

3583
03:11:35,300 --> 03:11:38,000
her carefully maintained systems
without consulting her first. 

3584
03:11:38,800 --> 03:11:41,400
It was the same feeling she got 
when patrons tried to return 

3585
03:11:41,400 --> 03:11:44,400
books to the wrong shelves, or 
when her supervisor suggested 

3586
03:11:44,400 --> 03:11:48,100
improving efficiency through 
methods that would clearly make 

3587
03:11:48,100 --> 03:11:51,800
everything worse Right? 
She said surprising herself with

3588
03:11:51,800 --> 03:11:54,100
her decisiveness, what actions 
are necessary. 

3589
03:11:54,100 --> 03:11:57,600
The emergency committee meeting 
took place in what Gladys 

3590
03:11:57,600 --> 03:12:00,500
optimistically called the 
community center, which was 

3591
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:02,500
actually the tavern with the 
tables pushed together. 

3592
03:12:02,500 --> 03:12:04,600
And everyone trying to look 
official well though. 

3593
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:08,000
Half of the drinking ale at 10 
in the morning, Margaret found 

3594
03:12:08,000 --> 03:12:10,800
herself appointed as Secretary 
of Records, primarily because 

3595
03:12:10,800 --> 03:12:13,800
she was the only one present who
knew what carbon paper was and 

3596
03:12:13,800 --> 03:12:15,900
could also operate the hand 
cranked printing. 

3597
03:12:15,900 --> 03:12:19,000
Press the Victorian gentleman 
named Nigel, had constructed 

3598
03:12:19,000 --> 03:12:22,900
from memory and spare parts. 
Right then Thomas said calling 

3599
03:12:22,900 --> 03:12:25,900
the meeting to order with the 
sort of Gravitas that suggested 

3600
03:12:25,900 --> 03:12:29,400
he'd had practiced at this sort 
of thing Jeremiah report. 

3601
03:12:30,400 --> 03:12:33,500
Jeremiah the young man who 
brought the news stood up and 

3602
03:12:33,500 --> 03:12:36,000
consulted, what appeared to be 
notes written on bark. 

3603
03:12:36,900 --> 03:12:39,100
Three anachronism police 
officers arrived this morning 

3604
03:12:39,100 --> 03:12:42,500
via what looked like a temporal 
Vortex disguised as a traveling 

3605
03:12:42,500 --> 03:12:44,800
Merchant wagon. 
They are staying at the end and 

3606
03:12:44,800 --> 03:12:47,300
asking questions about 
unauthorized timeline 

3607
03:12:47,300 --> 03:12:50,300
modifications and dangerous, 
temporal accumulations. 

3608
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:55,000
Dangerous temporal accumulations
sister Agatha repeated 

3609
03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:57,300
thoughtfully. 
That's what they call places 

3610
03:12:57,300 --> 03:12:59,500
like us. 
We have an excessive number of 

3611
03:12:59,500 --> 03:13:02,000
individuals from various eras 
residing in one place. 

3612
03:13:02,800 --> 03:13:05,500
Where apparently creating, what 
they term chronological 

3613
03:13:05,500 --> 03:13:09,600
instability, bollocks and 
Veronica, firmly were creating a

3614
03:13:09,600 --> 03:13:11,700
chronological Community. 
There's a difference. 

3615
03:13:12,800 --> 03:13:16,600
Marcus nodded approvingly. in 
Rome, we had a saying when the 

3616
03:13:16,600 --> 03:13:20,900
bureaucrats arrived the wine and
sharp and the swords We're not 

3617
03:13:20,908 --> 03:13:24,200
hiding wine or sharpening. 
Swords Tom said quickly with 

3618
03:13:24,200 --> 03:13:26,700
civilized people have a 
civilized discussion about how 

3619
03:13:26,700 --> 03:13:29,100
to handle a bureaucratic 
situation through proper 

3620
03:13:29,100 --> 03:13:32,800
Democratic channels. 
Have you met bureaucrats? 

3621
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:35,700
That is asked dryly. 
In my experience. 

3622
03:13:35,700 --> 03:13:38,200
Proper Democratic channels work 
about as well for people in 

3623
03:13:38,200 --> 03:13:39,500
London during the blitz as they 
do. 

3624
03:13:39,500 --> 03:13:43,300
Now that is not at all and you 
mostly have to model through and

3625
03:13:43,300 --> 03:13:46,400
hope for the best. 
Margaret found herself taking 

3626
03:13:46,400 --> 03:13:49,600
detailed notes, partly out of 
professional habit and partly 

3627
03:13:49,600 --> 03:13:51,400
because writing things down, 
helped her think. 

3628
03:13:52,100 --> 03:13:56,000
As she wrote patterns began to 
emerge the anachronism police 

3629
03:13:56,000 --> 03:13:58,600
seemed concerned about their 
communities affect on the 

3630
03:13:58,608 --> 03:14:01,800
timeline, but from what she 
could gather, they hadn't 

3631
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:03,200
actually done anything to affect
it. 

3632
03:14:03,200 --> 03:14:05,500
They were just living their 
lives in a place that 

3633
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:08,900
technically shouldn't exist. 
What exactly is the timeline 

3634
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:12,300
we're supposedly affecting she 
asked the room went quiet. 

3635
03:14:13,600 --> 03:14:15,900
Margaret was beginning to 
recognize this particular type 

3636
03:14:15,900 --> 03:14:18,100
of Silence. 
It was the same one that 

3637
03:14:18,100 --> 03:14:19,800
occurred in library staff 
meetings. 

3638
03:14:19,800 --> 03:14:22,300
When someone asked obvious 
questions that revealed 

3639
03:14:22,300 --> 03:14:26,600
fundamental problems with the 
entire system, Well, sister 

3640
03:14:26,600 --> 03:14:29,600
Agatha said slowly that's rather
complicated. 

3641
03:14:29,600 --> 03:14:33,000
See technically, none of us 
should be here. 

3642
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:35,700
We should all be in our original
Times. 

3643
03:14:35,700 --> 03:14:38,700
Living our original lives, 
making our original 

3644
03:14:38,700 --> 03:14:41,900
contributions to history. 
But we're not affecting our 

3645
03:14:41,900 --> 03:14:44,600
original times. 
Margaret pointed out, we're not 

3646
03:14:44,600 --> 03:14:46,800
there. 
If anything, our absence should 

3647
03:14:46,800 --> 03:14:48,300
have more impact than our 
presence here. 

3648
03:14:49,400 --> 03:14:53,600
Said no the Victorian engineer 
speaking up for the first time 

3649
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:56,800
that's where it gets intriguing,
my research. 

3650
03:14:56,800 --> 03:14:59,400
Which I've dedicated a 
significant amount of time to 

3651
03:14:59,400 --> 03:15:02,200
indicate that our disappearances
of received compensation 

3652
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:07,600
compensated, how Tom's asked, 
Replacements, Nigel said, simply

3653
03:15:07,600 --> 03:15:11,200
the timeline has generated 
substitute versions of us to 

3654
03:15:11,208 --> 03:15:13,400
fill the gaps. 
We left behind my wife. 

3655
03:15:13,400 --> 03:15:16,900
Believes I died in a factory 
accident, Sister Agatha's 

3656
03:15:16,900 --> 03:15:18,700
University believed. 
She took early retirement 

3657
03:15:18,700 --> 03:15:22,200
Margaret's Library believed. 
She moved to Florida to care for

3658
03:15:22,200 --> 03:15:24,800
an elderly relative. 
Margaret felt a chill that had 

3659
03:15:24,800 --> 03:15:26,600
nothing to do with the medieval 
heating system. 

3660
03:15:27,700 --> 03:15:30,000
So there's another version of me
living my life. 

3661
03:15:31,000 --> 03:15:34,100
A timeline generated 
approximation sister Agatha 

3662
03:15:34,100 --> 03:15:37,500
confirmed, close enough to 
maintain continuity, but not 

3663
03:15:37,500 --> 03:15:41,200
actually you think of it as 
temporal autocorrect. 

3664
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:44,400
That's deeply. 
Unsettling Margaret said. 

3665
03:15:45,200 --> 03:15:47,500
Welcome to time. 
Travel Gladys said, chiefly 

3666
03:15:47,500 --> 03:15:50,600
nothing about it makes sense. 
And the more you think about it,

3667
03:15:50,600 --> 03:15:55,600
the more you realize that sense 
was always overrated anyway, The

3668
03:15:55,600 --> 03:15:57,000
meeting can continue for another
hour. 

3669
03:15:57,000 --> 03:16:00,300
With various committee members 
proposing solutions, that ranged

3670
03:16:00,300 --> 03:16:05,300
from diplomatic negotiation, 
Thomas to strategic misdirection

3671
03:16:05,300 --> 03:16:10,600
Veronica to trial by combat. 
Markus, predictably Margaret 

3672
03:16:10,600 --> 03:16:12,900
found herself thinking about the
other version of herself living 

3673
03:16:12,900 --> 03:16:16,100
in her house doing her job, and 
presumably, feeding her cat. 

3674
03:16:16,900 --> 03:16:18,500
Was that version of her 
fulfilled? 

3675
03:16:18,500 --> 03:16:21,400
Was she living the life? 
Margaret had been too afraid to 

3676
03:16:21,400 --> 03:16:24,400
lead? 
I proposed she said interrupting

3677
03:16:24,400 --> 03:16:27,000
a discussion about the proper 
protocol for addressing temporal

3678
03:16:27,000 --> 03:16:30,100
law enforcement that we find out
what the anachronism police 

3679
03:16:30,100 --> 03:16:32,300
actually want. 
Before we decide how to respond 

3680
03:16:32,300 --> 03:16:35,100
to them. 
Revolutionary thinking Veronica 

3681
03:16:35,100 --> 03:16:37,800
said approvingly gather 
intelligence before forming 

3682
03:16:37,800 --> 03:16:39,400
strategy. 
I like her. 

3683
03:16:40,300 --> 03:16:43,400
It's called reconnaissance, 
Marcus added basic military 

3684
03:16:43,400 --> 03:16:46,700
procedure. 
It's called Common Sense Gladys 

3685
03:16:46,700 --> 03:16:48,700
said but I suppose that's 
revolutionary enough. 

3686
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:53,200
In most situations Thomas nodded
thoughtfully Margaret raises an 

3687
03:16:53,200 --> 03:16:55,300
excellent point. 
We've been assuming they want to

3688
03:16:55,300 --> 03:16:58,700
shut us down or relocate us but 
perhaps their concerns and more 

3689
03:16:58,700 --> 03:17:01,700
specific. 
Jeremiah what exactly were they 

3690
03:17:01,700 --> 03:17:05,300
are asking about. 
Jeremiah, consulted, his bark 

3691
03:17:05,300 --> 03:17:07,300
notes. 
Again, they wanted to know about

3692
03:17:07,300 --> 03:17:11,000
unauthorized historical 
documentation and acronymic 

3693
03:17:11,000 --> 03:17:14,800
technological development, and 
unsanctioned temporal education.

3694
03:17:14,800 --> 03:17:18,100
Programs Margaret held her 
librarian, instincts, tingling, 

3695
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:20,600
those are very specific 
concerns. 

3696
03:17:20,600 --> 03:17:25,500
Not General timeline protection,
specific activities, Sister 

3697
03:17:25,500 --> 03:17:28,300
Agatha's been writing papers 
about medieval life, based on 

3698
03:17:28,308 --> 03:17:30,500
Direct observation, Nigel said, 
slowly. 

3699
03:17:31,300 --> 03:17:33,800
I've been developing hybrid 
Technologies using Knowledge 

3700
03:17:33,800 --> 03:17:36,800
from multiple times and we've 
all been sharing knowledge 

3701
03:17:36,800 --> 03:17:40,200
across historical boundaries 
We've been learning from each 

3702
03:17:40,200 --> 03:17:43,200
other Margaret said, and 
apparently, that's what they're 

3703
03:17:43,200 --> 03:17:46,100
worried about. 
The room fell silent again but 

3704
03:17:46,100 --> 03:17:48,200
this time it was the thoughtful 
Silence of people. 

3705
03:17:48,200 --> 03:17:50,800
Realizing they were in more 
trouble than they initially 

3706
03:17:50,800 --> 03:17:53,500
understood. 
But also possibly more right 

3707
03:17:53,500 --> 03:17:57,900
than they dare to Hope. 
So Tom said, finally we're not 

3708
03:17:57,908 --> 03:18:01,000
just temporal refugees were 
temporal revolutionaries. 

3709
03:18:02,100 --> 03:18:05,400
Accidental temporal 
revolutionary or sister Agatha 

3710
03:18:05,400 --> 03:18:08,600
corrected. 
The best kind of said with 

3711
03:18:08,600 --> 03:18:12,400
satisfaction, nobody expects The
Accidental revolutionaries. 

3712
03:18:13,500 --> 03:18:16,600
Margaret looked around the room 
at her fellow temporal Misfits 

3713
03:18:16,600 --> 03:18:19,100
and felt something she hadn't 
experienced experienced in 

3714
03:18:19,100 --> 03:18:22,400
years, the sense that she was 
precisely where she was supposed

3715
03:18:22,400 --> 03:18:24,800
to be doing it. 
Exactly what she was supposed to

3716
03:18:24,800 --> 03:18:27,000
do. 
She appeared to be tasked with 

3717
03:18:27,000 --> 03:18:29,600
challenging, the fundamental 
principles of temporal law 

3718
03:18:29,600 --> 03:18:32,000
enforcement by radically 
establishing a functional 

3719
03:18:32,000 --> 03:18:34,100
community. 
Right there. 

3720
03:18:34,100 --> 03:18:37,400
She said surprising herself 
again with her decisive nurse. 

3721
03:18:38,100 --> 03:18:40,800
Let's go talk to these 
anachronism police and find out 

3722
03:18:40,800 --> 03:18:44,100
exactly what kind of Revolution 
were accidentally leading based 

3723
03:18:44,100 --> 03:18:47,100
on her experience, with various 
forms of bureaucratic Authority.

3724
03:18:47,100 --> 03:18:50,400
Margaret expected the 
anachronism police to be polite,

3725
03:18:50,400 --> 03:18:54,100
efficient and firmly convinced 
that their approach was the only

3726
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:56,900
logical one. 
They're taking up residence in 

3727
03:18:56,908 --> 03:19:00,400
The Villages only in which was 
run by a cheerful woman from the

3728
03:19:00,400 --> 03:19:03,200
14th century who had adapted to 
her unusual. 

3729
03:19:03,200 --> 03:19:07,100
Clay on tell by developing what 
she called a flexible approach 

3730
03:19:07,100 --> 03:19:12,000
to customer service. 
The three officers were sitting 

3731
03:19:12,000 --> 03:19:14,700
in the Inn's common room, when 
Margaret's diplomatic delegation

3732
03:19:14,700 --> 03:19:17,600
arrived. 
Thomas had insisted on formal. 

3733
03:19:17,600 --> 03:19:21,500
Protocols Veronica, had insisted
on strategic positioning and 

3734
03:19:21,500 --> 03:19:23,300
Marcus. 
Had insisted on bringing weapons

3735
03:19:23,300 --> 03:19:27,100
ceremonial purposes only he'd 
assured them while checking the 

3736
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:29,000
edge on. 
His Gladius, Margaret had 

3737
03:19:29,000 --> 03:19:32,800
insisted on bringing tea service
because in her experience any 

3738
03:19:32,800 --> 03:19:36,100
difficult, conversation went 
better with proper Refreshments,

3739
03:19:36,100 --> 03:19:39,600
the lead officer was a woman who
introduced herself as Inspector 

3740
03:19:39,600 --> 03:19:42,000
Cronos, which Margaret suspected
was either. 

3741
03:19:42,000 --> 03:19:45,000
An assumed name or evidence that
the enactivism police had a 

3742
03:19:45,000 --> 03:19:47,900
department devoted entirely to 
ironic Norman culture. 

3743
03:19:47,900 --> 03:19:50,900
She was wearing what appeared to
be a uniformed designed by 

3744
03:19:50,900 --> 03:19:53,900
someone who had been told to 
create Timeless professional 

3745
03:19:53,900 --> 03:19:57,900
attire and had interpreted the 
term as a boring Grace suit that

3746
03:19:57,900 --> 03:19:59,700
could plausibly exist in any 
century. 

3747
03:20:00,600 --> 03:20:02,900
Thank you for meeting with us. 
Inspector Cronus. 

3748
03:20:02,900 --> 03:20:05,500
Said as Margaret arrange the tea
service on the ins largest 

3749
03:20:05,500 --> 03:20:07,600
table. 
We appreciate your cooperation 

3750
03:20:07,600 --> 03:20:11,300
in this matter. 
Our pleasure Thomas replied 

3751
03:20:11,300 --> 03:20:14,800
smoothly. though, I confess were
uncertain about the nature of 

3752
03:20:14,800 --> 03:20:18,900
the matter that requires our 
cooperation, Inspector Kronos 

3753
03:20:18,900 --> 03:20:21,900
consulted, a tablet that 
definitely hadn't existed in any

3754
03:20:21,900 --> 03:20:23,400
time period. 
Margaret could identify. 

3755
03:20:24,600 --> 03:20:27,300
You're aware that this 
settlement exists in violation 

3756
03:20:27,300 --> 03:20:30,300
of several temporal Accords. 
We weren't aware. 

3757
03:20:30,308 --> 03:20:33,800
There were temporal Accords. 
Sister Agatha, said, mildly. 

3758
03:20:34,500 --> 03:20:37,800
Perhaps, you could Enlighten us.
Margaret poured tea while 

3759
03:20:37,800 --> 03:20:40,300
listening to inspector Cronos, 
explain the complex legal 

3760
03:20:40,300 --> 03:20:42,400
framework that apparently 
governed time travel. 

3761
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:46,500
According to the temporal 
Accords unauthorized time travel

3762
03:20:46,500 --> 03:20:49,900
was prohibited, temporal 
settlements were forbidden and 

3763
03:20:49,900 --> 03:20:52,800
crossed temporal knowledge. 
Sharing was considered a class 3

3764
03:20:52,800 --> 03:20:56,100
chronological offense punishable
by timeline rehabilitation. 

3765
03:20:57,200 --> 03:20:59,300
Timeline. 
Rehabilitation sounds ominous 

3766
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:00,200
Veronica. 
Observed. 

3767
03:21:01,000 --> 03:21:03,000
It's a Humane process and 
Specter. 

3768
03:21:03,000 --> 03:21:06,200
Kronos assured her, we simply 
relocated individuals to 

3769
03:21:06,200 --> 03:21:09,600
appropriate temporal zones where
they can live productive lives 

3770
03:21:09,600 --> 03:21:11,800
without disrupting historical 
continuity. 

3771
03:21:13,000 --> 03:21:15,100
Separator. 
You mean Margaret said offering 

3772
03:21:15,100 --> 03:21:17,500
the sugar cubes. 
Send us back to our original 

3773
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:19,000
times whether we want to go or 
not. 

3774
03:21:19,700 --> 03:21:22,600
The personal preferences of 
temporally displaced persons are

3775
03:21:22,600 --> 03:21:25,800
secondary to the stability of 
the timeline inspector Kronos 

3776
03:21:25,800 --> 03:21:29,000
replied, accepting her tea with 
the sort of politeness that 

3777
03:21:29,000 --> 03:21:30,900
suggested. 
She'd been trained in diplomatic

3778
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:34,800
protocols but found them. 
Tedious Margaret felt that 

3779
03:21:34,800 --> 03:21:39,000
familiar librarian, anger Rising
the specific Fury that came from

3780
03:21:39,000 --> 03:21:41,500
dealing with people who 
prioritize systems over people 

3781
03:21:41,500 --> 03:21:43,900
and called it necessary 
efficiency. 

3782
03:21:44,700 --> 03:21:47,800
And who decided that timeline 
stability was more important 

3783
03:21:47,800 --> 03:21:50,800
than personal autonomy? 
Inspector. 

3784
03:21:50,800 --> 03:21:54,500
Kronos looked genuinely puzzled 
by the question. the temporal 

3785
03:21:54,500 --> 03:21:57,900
authority, of course, timeline 
stability, maintains, the proper

3786
03:21:57,900 --> 03:22:02,200
order of historical events, 
Whose proper order Thomas asked 

3787
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:05,800
his Colonial revolutionary 
instincts, clearly activated, 

3788
03:22:05,800 --> 03:22:08,300
who gave this temporal 
Authority, the right to 

3789
03:22:08,300 --> 03:22:10,100
determine how people should live
their lives. 

3790
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:14,500
The Authority derives from 
temporal law, which exists to 

3791
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:16,600
prevent paradoxes and maintain 
historical. 

3792
03:22:16,600 --> 03:22:20,500
Accuracy, inspector Cronus 
explained patiently as if 

3793
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:22,800
speaking to children who 
couldn't understand basic 

3794
03:22:22,800 --> 03:22:25,600
concepts. 
Historical accuracy, according 

3795
03:22:25,600 --> 03:22:29,800
to whom sister asked, I've spent
five years here, conducting 

3796
03:22:29,800 --> 03:22:32,900
primary research that revealed 
significant errors in the 

3797
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:36,400
accepted historical narratives. 
Are you more interested in 

3798
03:22:36,400 --> 03:22:39,500
preserving factual accuracy or 
in upholding your own 

3799
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:43,600
interpretation of accuracy? 
Margaret watched inspector 

3800
03:22:43,600 --> 03:22:46,300
chronosis face? 
Carefully years of dealing with 

3801
03:22:46,300 --> 03:22:49,300
Library patrons had taught her 
to recognize the exact moment 

3802
03:22:49,300 --> 03:22:51,900
when someone realized their 
position might not be as 

3803
03:22:51,900 --> 03:22:55,600
unassailable as they'd assumed, 
inspector Cronos was having that

3804
03:22:55,600 --> 03:22:59,300
moment right now, your research 
is part of the problem, one of 

3805
03:22:59,308 --> 03:23:02,600
the other officers said speaking
for the first time you're 

3806
03:23:02,600 --> 03:23:05,500
creating unauthorized historical
documentation that could alter 

3807
03:23:05,500 --> 03:23:09,200
scholarly understanding of past 
events, you mean it could 

3808
03:23:09,200 --> 03:23:12,400
improve scholarly, understanding
Margaret said, sweetly 

3809
03:23:12,400 --> 03:23:15,700
refilling. 
His teacup isn't that what 

3810
03:23:15,700 --> 03:23:19,600
research is supposed to do. 
Not when it disrupts established

3811
03:23:19,600 --> 03:23:21,500
historical consensus. 
The officer replied. 

3812
03:23:22,500 --> 03:23:24,900
Established to historical 
consensus, has been wrong before

3813
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:27,600
of Veronica pointed out. 
I should know. 

3814
03:23:27,600 --> 03:23:32,000
I live through the 60s and the 
established historical consensus

3815
03:23:32,000 --> 03:23:34,700
about that decade is almost 
entirely bollocks. 

3816
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:37,800
Margaret could see that this 
conversation was heading toward 

3817
03:23:37,800 --> 03:23:40,400
the sort of philosophical 
impasse that typically resulted 

3818
03:23:40,400 --> 03:23:42,300
in either violence or very long 
meetings. 

3819
03:23:42,300 --> 03:23:47,000
In her experience, violence was 
Messier but often more efficient

3820
03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:49,500
than meeting's. 
However both typically ended 

3821
03:23:49,500 --> 03:23:52,200
with someone feeling aggrieved 
and nothing actually resolved 

3822
03:23:53,500 --> 03:23:55,900
Inspector. 
Kronos she said, interrupting 

3823
03:23:55,900 --> 03:23:58,000
what appeared to be the 
beginning of a lecture about the

3824
03:23:58,000 --> 03:23:59,500
importance of historical 
stability. 

3825
03:24:00,500 --> 03:24:02,300
May, I ask you a personal 
question? 

3826
03:24:03,300 --> 03:24:06,300
Inspector, Kronos looked weary. 
I suppose. 

3827
03:24:07,600 --> 03:24:09,100
When did you last have a 
vacation? 

3828
03:24:10,200 --> 03:24:13,100
The question clearly wasn't what
inspector Kronos had expected. 

3829
03:24:13,100 --> 03:24:16,500
I that's not relevant to this 
investigation. 

3830
03:24:17,800 --> 03:24:20,400
Humor, me Margaret said, 
employing the same tone. 

3831
03:24:20,400 --> 03:24:23,900
She used with particularly 
stubborn Library, patrons, When 

3832
03:24:23,900 --> 03:24:25,500
did you last take time off from 
work? 

3833
03:24:26,400 --> 03:24:28,700
Temporal Authority agents. 
Don't take vacations. 

3834
03:24:29,600 --> 03:24:32,600
To Kronos said stiffly, we have 
important work to do. 

3835
03:24:33,500 --> 03:24:37,300
Everyone needs time off Margaret
said gently otherwise work 

3836
03:24:37,300 --> 03:24:40,000
becomes the only thing that 
Gives Life Meaning and that's 

3837
03:24:40,000 --> 03:24:43,100
not healthy for anyone. 
Trust me, I speak from 

3838
03:24:43,100 --> 03:24:46,700
experience. 
She gestured around the ends, 

3839
03:24:46,700 --> 03:24:49,200
common room, where the afternoon
light was streaming through 

3840
03:24:49,200 --> 03:24:51,900
windows that had been designed 
by someone from the 18th century

3841
03:24:51,900 --> 03:24:54,400
billed. 
By someone from ancient Rome and

3842
03:24:54,400 --> 03:24:57,800
decorated by someone from the 
1960s, the result was chaotic 

3843
03:24:57,800 --> 03:25:01,300
but somehow harmonious Like A 
visual representation of their 

3844
03:25:01,300 --> 03:25:04,100
entire Community. 
This place works. 

3845
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:07,100
She said we have people from a 
dozen different times. 

3846
03:25:07,100 --> 03:25:09,300
Living together sharing 
knowledge, building something 

3847
03:25:09,300 --> 03:25:11,100
new. 
We're not disrupting the 

3848
03:25:11,100 --> 03:25:13,200
timeline. 
We're creating something the 

3849
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:15,600
timeline never had before 
something beautiful. 

3850
03:25:16,600 --> 03:25:20,500
unauthorized beauty is still 
unauthorized, inspector Kronos 

3851
03:25:20,500 --> 03:25:23,900
said, but her voice lacked 
conviction, According to the 

3852
03:25:23,900 --> 03:25:25,000
temporal Accords. 
Yes. 

3853
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:27,600
Margaret. 
But have you considered that the

3854
03:25:27,600 --> 03:25:31,300
temporal Accords might be wrong?
The silence that followed was 

3855
03:25:31,300 --> 03:25:34,000
different from the previous 
uncomfortable silences. 

3856
03:25:34,000 --> 03:25:37,500
This silence was the result of 
someone who had blindly followed

3857
03:25:37,500 --> 03:25:40,600
the rules for years, suddenly 
forced to question their logic. 

3858
03:25:41,300 --> 03:25:42,800
The Accords exist for good 
reason. 

3859
03:25:42,800 --> 03:25:47,300
And spectacular said, finally, 
I'm sure they do Thomas said 

3860
03:25:47,300 --> 03:25:50,100
diplomatically, but good reasons
can become bad reasons. 

3861
03:25:50,100 --> 03:25:53,800
If circumstances change in my 
experience, the best laws of the

3862
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:55,400
ones that can adapt and new 
situation. 

3863
03:25:55,400 --> 03:25:59,000
What if Sister Agatha suggested 
carefully? 

3864
03:25:59,000 --> 03:26:02,000
Instead of shutting us down, you
studied us. 

3865
03:26:02,000 --> 03:26:05,200
We could be a pilot program for 
controlled cross, temporal 

3866
03:26:05,200 --> 03:26:08,300
Community Development, think of 
the research opportunities. 

3867
03:26:09,100 --> 03:26:12,700
Margaret could see inspector 
Cronos, wavering years of 

3868
03:26:12,700 --> 03:26:15,200
bureaucratic training, were 
warring with what appeared to be

3869
03:26:15,200 --> 03:26:18,400
genuine curiosity and possibly 
the first intriguing 

3870
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:22,400
conversation she had in decades 
That would require authorization

3871
03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:25,700
from the temporal Authority 
inspector Kronos said slowly. 

3872
03:26:26,500 --> 03:26:30,300
Then let's get authorization. 
Margaret said briskly, I assume 

3873
03:26:30,300 --> 03:26:31,900
there's some sort of application
process. 

3874
03:26:33,100 --> 03:26:36,400
Inspector Kronos stared at her. 
You want to apply for legal 

3875
03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:38,800
recognition as an experimental 
temporal community? 

3876
03:26:39,600 --> 03:26:42,900
Why not? 
Margaret Shrugged, we're already

3877
03:26:42,900 --> 03:26:44,600
here. 
We're already functioning. 

3878
03:26:44,600 --> 03:26:46,400
And apparently we're already 
breaking. 

3879
03:26:46,400 --> 03:26:49,800
The rules might as well break 
them officially applying for 

3880
03:26:49,800 --> 03:26:51,900
legal recognition. 
As an experimental. 

3881
03:26:51,900 --> 03:26:54,800
Temporal Community turned out to
involve approximately 17 

3882
03:26:54,800 --> 03:26:57,700
different forms Each of which 
had to be filled out in 

3883
03:26:57,700 --> 03:27:00,100
triplicate, using writing, 
implements appropriate to the 

3884
03:27:00,100 --> 03:27:02,100
time period of the person 
filling them out. 

3885
03:27:02,100 --> 03:27:05,400
Margaret found herself wielding 
a quill pen for the first time 

3886
03:27:05,400 --> 03:27:07,900
in her life. 
While cursing, whoever decided 

3887
03:27:07,900 --> 03:27:11,300
that bureaucracy should be 
deliberately difficult, This is 

3888
03:27:11,300 --> 03:27:14,700
ridiculous for Hanukkah, 
muttered struggling with what 

3889
03:27:14,700 --> 03:27:16,800
appeared to be a formed designed
to assess cross. 

3890
03:27:16,800 --> 03:27:19,100
Temporal cultural integration, 
protocols. 

3891
03:27:20,100 --> 03:27:22,500
They want to know our policy for
resolving conflicts between 

3892
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:24,700
Roman law and Renaissance 
banking practices. 

3893
03:27:25,600 --> 03:27:28,100
We don't have conflicts between 
Roman law and Renaissance 

3894
03:27:28,100 --> 03:27:31,000
banking practices. 
Thomas pointed out working his 

3895
03:27:31,000 --> 03:27:33,100
way, through a form of about 
Democratic governance. 

3896
03:27:33,100 --> 03:27:36,000
In multi-period communities, 
with the sort of methodical 

3897
03:27:36,000 --> 03:27:38,800
Precision that suggested he'd 
had experience with Colonial 

3898
03:27:38,800 --> 03:27:42,000
paperwork. 
Exactly sister Agatha said, 

3899
03:27:42,000 --> 03:27:45,700
Marcus handles military Justice,
Nigel handles infrastructure 

3900
03:27:45,700 --> 03:27:48,000
disputes. 
You handle governance issues and

3901
03:27:48,000 --> 03:27:50,400
Gladys handles everything else 
because she is the only one 

3902
03:27:50,400 --> 03:27:51,700
who's actually good at managing 
people. 

3903
03:27:52,400 --> 03:27:56,900
Margaret looked up from form. 
47b justification for temporal 

3904
03:27:56,900 --> 03:27:59,200
cohabitation and realized 
something important. 

3905
03:28:00,200 --> 03:28:02,300
They hadn't just accidentally 
created a community. 

3906
03:28:02,300 --> 03:28:06,200
They had accidentally created a 
functioning government, and not 

3907
03:28:06,200 --> 03:28:08,800
just any government. 
But one that actually worked 

3908
03:28:08,800 --> 03:28:11,300
because everyone involved was 
too confused and to practical to

3909
03:28:11,300 --> 03:28:14,100
waste time on politics. 
We need to document this, she 

3910
03:28:14,100 --> 03:28:18,400
said suddenly document, what 
inspector of Chronos asked she 

3911
03:28:18,400 --> 03:28:21,200
had remained at the end to 
oversee the application process,

3912
03:28:21,200 --> 03:28:24,300
but Margaret suspected that her 
primary reason for staying was 

3913
03:28:24,300 --> 03:28:27,200
her interest in their Community,
which she found far more 

3914
03:28:27,200 --> 03:28:29,000
engaging than her usual 
assignments. 

3915
03:28:30,000 --> 03:28:33,100
This is how we govern ourselves 
Margaret explained reaching for 

3916
03:28:33,100 --> 03:28:35,600
a fresh sheet of paper. 
If we're applying to be an 

3917
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:38,700
experimental Community, we need 
to show that our experiment 

3918
03:28:38,700 --> 03:28:42,600
actually produces results. 
Over the next several hours, 

3919
03:28:42,600 --> 03:28:44,400
Margaret found herself doing 
what she did. 

3920
03:28:44,400 --> 03:28:48,500
Best organizing information, 
With input from the others, she 

3921
03:28:48,500 --> 03:28:51,500
documented their decision-making
processes, their conflict 

3922
03:28:51,500 --> 03:28:54,800
resolution methods, their 
resource allocation systems, and

3923
03:28:54,800 --> 03:28:58,400
their integration, protocols. 
What emerged was a picture of a 

3924
03:28:58,400 --> 03:29:01,500
community that had organically 
developed solutions to problems.

3925
03:29:01,500 --> 03:29:05,000
That political scientists spent 
decades debating This is 

3926
03:29:05,008 --> 03:29:08,200
extraordinary. 
Inspector Kronos said reading 

3927
03:29:08,200 --> 03:29:11,600
over Margaret's documentation, 
you've created a functional 

3928
03:29:11,600 --> 03:29:14,800
multi-temporal, democracy with 
built-in cultural sensitivity, 

3929
03:29:14,800 --> 03:29:17,000
protocols, and adaptive 
governance structures. 

3930
03:29:18,000 --> 03:29:19,800
We've muddled through Gladys 
corrected. 

3931
03:29:19,800 --> 03:29:22,000
Bringing them all another round 
of tea. 

3932
03:29:22,700 --> 03:29:25,500
We've made the best of it, just 
like anyone else who finds 

3933
03:29:25,500 --> 03:29:27,400
themselves in an unexpected 
situation. 

3934
03:29:28,500 --> 03:29:31,800
But that's precisely the point. 
Inspector Corona said, 

3935
03:29:31,800 --> 03:29:35,400
excitement creeping into her 
voice for the first time since 

3936
03:29:35,400 --> 03:29:38,600
Margaret had met her. 
Most temporal displacement, 

3937
03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:42,500
results in psychological, 
trauma, cultural, isolation and 

3938
03:29:42,500 --> 03:29:45,300
eventual breakdown. 
You've created something that 

3939
03:29:45,300 --> 03:29:49,000
not only works but actually 
enhances the lives of everyone 

3940
03:29:49,000 --> 03:29:51,200
involved. 
Margaret looked around the ends 

3941
03:29:51,200 --> 03:29:53,900
common room where their 
impromptu government session had

3942
03:29:53,900 --> 03:29:56,600
attracted an audience of curious
community members. 

3943
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,400
Marcus was explaining Roman 
military organization to a group

3944
03:30:00,408 --> 03:30:03,900
that included a Viking Warrior 
Two medieval merchants what 

3945
03:30:03,900 --> 03:30:06,100
appeared to be a flapper who had
arrived just that morning. 

3946
03:30:07,000 --> 03:30:10,400
Niger was sketching engineering 
diagrams, on a napkin, while a 

3947
03:30:10,400 --> 03:30:13,000
Renaissance artist offered 
suggestions about aesthetic 

3948
03:30:13,000 --> 03:30:16,100
improvements. 
Thomas and Veronica were deep in

3949
03:30:16,100 --> 03:30:18,500
discussion about the Practical 
applications of democratic 

3950
03:30:18,500 --> 03:30:21,300
theory with a gentleman who 
played to be from the court of 

3951
03:30:21,300 --> 03:30:24,600
Louis the 14th. 
It works because we need it to 

3952
03:30:24,600 --> 03:30:26,700
work. 
In Margaret said we can't go 

3953
03:30:26,700 --> 03:30:28,300
home. 
So we have to make this place 

3954
03:30:28,300 --> 03:30:31,500
home and that means figuring out
how to live together even when 

3955
03:30:31,500 --> 03:30:35,400
we come from entirely different 
worlds, the temporal Authority 

3956
03:30:35,400 --> 03:30:38,800
should see this inspector Kronos
said, they've been trying to 

3957
03:30:38,800 --> 03:30:41,200
solve the problem of the 
temporal displacement for 

3958
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:43,500
centuries and you've 
accidentally discovered the 

3959
03:30:43,508 --> 03:30:46,900
solution What's the problem with
temporal displacement? 

3960
03:30:46,900 --> 03:30:51,100
Sister Agatha, their asked? 
Displaced persons typically 

3961
03:30:51,100 --> 03:30:54,900
suffer from severe, temporal 
culture, shock inspector, Kronos

3962
03:30:54,900 --> 03:30:57,300
explained. 
They can't adapt to their new 

3963
03:30:57,300 --> 03:30:59,800
time, they can't return to their
original time. 

3964
03:30:59,800 --> 03:31:02,400
Either most end up in 
Specialized Care for facilities 

3965
03:31:02,400 --> 03:31:06,100
or isolated temporal, 
reservations, Margaret felt a 

3966
03:31:06,100 --> 03:31:08,400
chill. 
Temporal reservations. 

3967
03:31:09,200 --> 03:31:12,300
Quarantine zones where displaced
persons can live out their lives

3968
03:31:12,300 --> 03:31:15,300
without affecting the timeline. 
Inspector Kronos said, 

3969
03:31:15,300 --> 03:31:18,800
apparently not noticing the 
horror on everyone's faces, it's

3970
03:31:18,800 --> 03:31:20,800
considered the most Humane 
solution. 

3971
03:31:22,100 --> 03:31:26,400
Humane Tom's repeated flatly, 
you isolate people from society 

3972
03:31:26,400 --> 03:31:29,300
and call it Humane. 
It's better than the alternative

3973
03:31:29,300 --> 03:31:31,200
inspector. 
Kronos said defensively 

3974
03:31:31,200 --> 03:31:34,300
uncontrolled. 
Temporal displacement can cause 

3975
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:38,500
paradoxes timeline disruptions 
and even reality Cascades. 

3976
03:31:39,600 --> 03:31:42,400
Has that actually happened? 
Margaret asked, or is it 

3977
03:31:42,400 --> 03:31:46,900
theoretical inspector Kronos 
paused well theoretical. 

3978
03:31:46,900 --> 03:31:50,400
But the risk is theoretical 
Margaret finished. 

3979
03:31:50,400 --> 03:31:54,100
Meanwhile, the reality is that 
you're condemning people to 

3980
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:57,800
isolation based on theoretical 
risks, she stood up feeling the 

3981
03:31:57,800 --> 03:32:00,700
same sense of righteous. 
Indignation, that had sustained 

3982
03:32:00,700 --> 03:32:03,800
her through years of fighting 
budget cuts and bureaucratic 

3983
03:32:03,800 --> 03:32:08,000
interference at the library. 
Inspector Kronos, I think it's 

3984
03:32:08,000 --> 03:32:10,300
time the temporal Authority met 
with some people who have 

3985
03:32:10,300 --> 03:32:12,700
actually made temporal 
displacement work. 

3986
03:32:14,000 --> 03:32:16,200
You want to petition? 
The temporal Authority directly 

3987
03:32:16,200 --> 03:32:17,900
inspector. 
Kronos are asked looking 

3988
03:32:17,900 --> 03:32:20,600
alarmed. 
I want to invite them to visit 

3989
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:23,600
Margaret corrected. 
Let them see what we've built 

3990
03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:25,400
here. 
Let them meet our community. 

3991
03:32:25,400 --> 03:32:27,600
Let them understand that 
temporal displacement. 

3992
03:32:27,600 --> 03:32:29,600
Doesn't have to be a problem to 
be managed. 

3993
03:32:29,600 --> 03:32:32,200
It can be an opportunity to be 
embraced. 

3994
03:32:33,500 --> 03:32:36,600
The room went quiet again, but 
this time it was the excited 

3995
03:32:36,600 --> 03:32:38,300
Silence of people who had just 
realized. 

3996
03:32:38,300 --> 03:32:41,600
They were about to do something.
Either very brave or very stupid

3997
03:32:41,600 --> 03:32:45,500
and weren't entirely sure. 
Which that said for like a 

3998
03:32:45,500 --> 03:32:48,300
slowly is either brilliant or 
completely insane. 

3999
03:32:49,400 --> 03:32:52,900
In my experience Cloud said, 
cheerfully the best ideas are 

4000
03:32:52,900 --> 03:32:56,500
usually both. 
Inspector Kronos looked around 

4001
03:32:56,500 --> 03:32:58,900
the room at the faces of people 
who had accidentally 

4002
03:32:58,900 --> 03:33:02,000
revolutionized temporal 
Community planning and we're now

4003
03:33:02,008 --> 03:33:04,400
proposing to take their 
Revolution directly to the 

4004
03:33:04,400 --> 03:33:06,300
highest levels of temporal 
Authority. 

4005
03:33:07,300 --> 03:33:09,900
Margaret could see her trying to
calculate the potential 

4006
03:33:09,900 --> 03:33:13,500
consequences, weigh the risks 
against the benefits, and figure

4007
03:33:13,500 --> 03:33:15,800
out whether supporting this plan
would Advance or destroy her 

4008
03:33:15,808 --> 03:33:18,500
career. 
I'll need to send a preliminary 

4009
03:33:18,500 --> 03:33:21,400
report. 
First she said, finally, Prepare

4010
03:33:21,400 --> 03:33:24,100
them for the possibility of an 
unconventional solution to the 

4011
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:27,500
displacement problem. 
Unconventional Solutions are the

4012
03:33:27,508 --> 03:33:29,700
best kind Marcus said 
approvingly. 

4013
03:33:29,700 --> 03:33:34,100
In Rome, we had a saying when 
conventional tactics fail, try 

4014
03:33:34,100 --> 03:33:36,000
something. 
So unexpected that your enemies 

4015
03:33:36,000 --> 03:33:39,700
defeat themselves through 
confusion Did Romans actually 

4016
03:33:39,700 --> 03:33:43,500
say that? 
Thomas asked no markers admitted

4017
03:33:43,500 --> 03:33:45,100
cheerfully, but they should 
have. 

4018
03:33:45,100 --> 03:33:49,100
Its excellent advice. 
Margaret looked at inspector 

4019
03:33:49,100 --> 03:33:50,800
cronies. 
He was staring at their 

4020
03:33:50,800 --> 03:33:53,400
Community with the expression of
someone who had come to inform 

4021
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:56,100
the rules and insisted 
discovered that they might need 

4022
03:33:56,100 --> 03:33:58,000
changing. 
Inspector. 

4023
03:33:58,000 --> 03:34:01,800
She said gently, when did you 
last do something that made you 

4024
03:34:01,800 --> 03:34:06,100
excited about your work? 
Inspector Cronus was quiet for a

4025
03:34:06,100 --> 03:34:08,000
long moment. 
I can't remember. 

4026
03:34:08,000 --> 03:34:11,100
She said, finally. 
Then maybe it's time to try 

4027
03:34:11,100 --> 03:34:14,200
something new Margaret 
suggested, maybe it's time to 

4028
03:34:14,200 --> 03:34:17,100
help us show the temporal 
Authority that some problems are

4029
03:34:17,100 --> 03:34:19,900
actually opportunities in 
Disguise, the temporal 

4030
03:34:19,900 --> 03:34:22,100
authorities response to 
inspector kronos's. 

4031
03:34:22,100 --> 03:34:25,000
Preliminary reporter arrived. 
Three days later in the form of 

4032
03:34:25,008 --> 03:34:28,100
what appeared to be a medieval 
messenger, who rode a horse. 

4033
03:34:28,100 --> 03:34:30,600
That moves slightly too smoothly
and cast, no shadow. 

4034
03:34:31,600 --> 03:34:34,100
The message itself was written 
on parchment that looked 

4035
03:34:34,100 --> 03:34:37,300
authentic, but felt like 
high-quality printer paper and 

4036
03:34:37,300 --> 03:34:39,800
the ink had the peculiar 
property of remaining wet until 

4037
03:34:39,800 --> 03:34:43,500
someone read it at which point 
it dried instantly Margaret had 

4038
03:34:43,500 --> 03:34:45,700
become fascinated by these 
temporal inconsistencies. 

4039
03:34:45,700 --> 03:34:48,700
Everything about the temporal 
Authority seemed designed to 

4040
03:34:48,700 --> 03:34:51,100
look period appropriate while 
functioning with modern 

4041
03:34:51,100 --> 03:34:53,500
efficiency. 
As if they couldn't decide 

4042
03:34:53,500 --> 03:34:56,400
whether they wanted to blend in 
with history or transcended 

4043
03:34:56,400 --> 03:34:58,900
entirely. 
There are sending a delegation 

4044
03:34:58,900 --> 03:35:02,400
inspector Cronus, announced 
reading the message allowed to 

4045
03:35:02,400 --> 03:35:05,900
the assembled Community, senior 
inspector, Paradox Inspector 

4046
03:35:05,900 --> 03:35:08,100
Calls, ality. 
And director, temporal will 

4047
03:35:08,100 --> 03:35:11,600
arrive tomorrow to assess the 
viability of Kronos Commons as 

4048
03:35:11,600 --> 03:35:15,900
an experimental community. 
Directed temporal sister Agatha 

4049
03:35:15,900 --> 03:35:19,200
asked, that's either a critical 
personal someone with a deeply 

4050
03:35:19,200 --> 03:35:23,800
unfortunate name. 
Both, probably Veronica said, in

4051
03:35:23,800 --> 03:35:26,500
my experience the most 
important, bureaucrats always 

4052
03:35:26,500 --> 03:35:31,000
have the most ridiculous titles.
Margaret felt the familiar 

4053
03:35:31,000 --> 03:35:33,300
flutter of anxiety, that 
proceeded any important 

4054
03:35:33,300 --> 03:35:36,200
inspection. 
Whether it was Library Auditors 

4055
03:35:36,200 --> 03:35:39,700
Health Department, officials or 
apparently temporal law 

4056
03:35:39,700 --> 03:35:42,200
enforcement. 
But underneath the anxiety was 

4057
03:35:42,200 --> 03:35:46,300
something else excitement. 
For the first time in years. 

4058
03:35:46,300 --> 03:35:49,800
She was part of something that 
mattered something worth far 

4059
03:35:49,800 --> 03:35:54,000
more fighting for. 
Right then she said standing up 

4060
03:35:54,000 --> 03:35:56,500
with the sort of decisiveness 
that surprised everyone 

4061
03:35:56,500 --> 03:36:00,300
including herself. 
We have one day to prepare for 

4062
03:36:00,300 --> 03:36:02,600
the most important visitors. 
This community has ever 

4063
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:05,200
received. 
I suggest we show them exactly 

4064
03:36:05,200 --> 03:36:09,300
what we've accomplished here. 
The next 24 hours passed in a 

4065
03:36:09,300 --> 03:36:12,100
blur of organized chaos. 
That would have made any event 

4066
03:36:12,100 --> 03:36:14,200
planner weep with other 
admiration or despair. 

4067
03:36:15,200 --> 03:36:18,100
Gladys organized a feast that 
showcase culinary techniques 

4068
03:36:18,100 --> 03:36:22,200
from 12 different times, Nigel 
provided the entire village with

4069
03:36:22,200 --> 03:36:24,200
a comprehensive overview of 
infrastructure. 

4070
03:36:24,200 --> 03:36:27,400
Improvements highlighting the 
innovations that emerge from the

4071
03:36:27,400 --> 03:36:30,900
fusion of Roman engineering. 
Victorian precision and modern 

4072
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:34,200
Material Science. 
Thomas prepared, a presentation 

4073
03:36:34,200 --> 03:36:36,700
on their governance, structure 
that managed to be both 

4074
03:36:36,700 --> 03:36:39,000
academically rigorous and 
practically applicable. 

4075
03:36:40,700 --> 03:36:42,300
Margaret found herself 
coordinating. 

4076
03:36:42,300 --> 03:36:45,600
The entire effort, which felt 
remarkably similar to organizing

4077
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:49,400
the library's annual fundraising
Gala, except with more times 

4078
03:36:49,400 --> 03:36:51,600
involved and significantly 
higher Stakes. 

4079
03:36:52,400 --> 03:36:55,200
She discovered that her years of
managing Library events had 

4080
03:36:55,200 --> 03:36:57,500
prepared her surprisingly, well,
for managing, temporal 

4081
03:36:57,500 --> 03:37:00,400
diplomacy. 
The delegation arrived precisely

4082
03:37:00,400 --> 03:37:03,500
at noon stepping out of what 
appeared to be a traveling 

4083
03:37:03,500 --> 03:37:06,600
Merchants wagon, that definitely
hadn't been their moments before

4084
03:37:06,600 --> 03:37:09,100
director. 
Temporal turned out to be a 

4085
03:37:09,100 --> 03:37:11,600
woman who looked like she could 
have been anywhere between 30 

4086
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:15,200
and 300 years old wearing robes 
that managed to suggest both 

4087
03:37:15,200 --> 03:37:17,300
medieval Authority and modern 
professionalism. 

4088
03:37:18,300 --> 03:37:20,900
Senior inspector Paradox was a 
tall man with the sort of 

4089
03:37:20,900 --> 03:37:22,900
precisely groomed appearance 
that suggested. 

4090
03:37:22,900 --> 03:37:25,700
He took temporal regulations, 
very seriously indeed. 

4091
03:37:26,700 --> 03:37:30,000
Inspector's ality was younger 
with the eager expression of 

4092
03:37:30,000 --> 03:37:32,900
someone who had recently been 
promoted and was determined to 

4093
03:37:32,900 --> 03:37:36,100
prove worthy of the position. 
Welcome to Cronos. 

4094
03:37:36,100 --> 03:37:38,700
Commons Margaret said, stepping 
forward with the sort of 

4095
03:37:38,708 --> 03:37:41,700
confidence, usually reserved for
dealing with particularly 

4096
03:37:41,700 --> 03:37:45,000
difficult Library board members.
We are honored by your visit 

4097
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:48,300
director, temporal looked around
the Village Square where the 

4098
03:37:48,300 --> 03:37:50,300
community had assembled to greet
their visitors. 

4099
03:37:50,300 --> 03:37:54,000
Her expression was carefully 
neutral, but Margaret caught her

4100
03:37:54,000 --> 03:37:55,600
pausing to study the 
architectural. 

4101
03:37:55,600 --> 03:37:58,800
Innovations, the way people from
different times were naturally 

4102
03:37:58,800 --> 03:38:01,900
interacting and the general 
atmosphere of purposeful 

4103
03:38:01,900 --> 03:38:04,700
activity. 
Inspector Chronos has submitted 

4104
03:38:04,700 --> 03:38:08,200
a preliminary report suggesting 
that this community represents a

4105
03:38:08,200 --> 03:38:10,300
viable alternative to 
traditional temporal 

4106
03:38:10,300 --> 03:38:12,600
displacement. 
Protocols directed temporal 

4107
03:38:12,600 --> 03:38:15,600
said, we're here to assess the 
accuracy of that assessment. 

4108
03:38:16,700 --> 03:38:18,400
We'd be delighted to show you 
around. 

4109
03:38:18,400 --> 03:38:22,000
Thomas said stepping forward 
with Colonial diplomatic charm 

4110
03:38:22,000 --> 03:38:25,300
perhaps we could begin with our 
governance Center. 

4111
03:38:26,600 --> 03:38:29,400
What followed was the most 
unusual tour Margaret ever 

4112
03:38:29,400 --> 03:38:32,100
participated in? 
They showed the delegation, 

4113
03:38:32,100 --> 03:38:34,200
their Democratic decision-making
processes. 

4114
03:38:34,200 --> 03:38:37,200
Their conflict resolution 
methods, their resource 

4115
03:38:37,200 --> 03:38:39,300
allocation system and their 
integration. 

4116
03:38:39,300 --> 03:38:42,600
Protocols, At each stop 
community members. 

4117
03:38:42,600 --> 03:38:45,900
Demonstrated not just how their 
systems worked, but why they 

4118
03:38:45,900 --> 03:38:48,900
worked? 
The key Insight is Sister Agatha

4119
03:38:48,900 --> 03:38:50,600
explained. 
As they stood in what had become

4120
03:38:50,600 --> 03:38:54,200
their informal research center. 
Is that temporal displacement, 

4121
03:38:54,200 --> 03:38:57,300
doesn't have to mean cultural 
isolation, when you put people 

4122
03:38:57,300 --> 03:38:59,900
from different times together, 
they don't just adapt to each 

4123
03:38:59,900 --> 03:39:01,400
other. 
They enhance each other. 

4124
03:39:02,400 --> 03:39:05,600
She gestured to a wall covered 
with research notes, engineering

4125
03:39:05,600 --> 03:39:09,100
diagrams, artistic 
collaborations and what appeared

4126
03:39:09,100 --> 03:39:12,300
to be a detailed analysis of 
democratic theory written in 

4127
03:39:12,300 --> 03:39:14,800
four different languages by 
authors from four different 

4128
03:39:14,800 --> 03:39:17,000
centuries. 
We're not just preserving 

4129
03:39:17,000 --> 03:39:20,500
historical knowledge. 
She continued the creating new 

4130
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:23,400
knowledge by combining 
historical perspectives, in ways

4131
03:39:23,400 --> 03:39:25,200
that have never been possible 
before. 

4132
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:28,900
Inspector call. 
Solati was taking in Milton 

4133
03:39:28,900 --> 03:39:31,700
notes while senior inspector, 
Paradox, maintained an 

4134
03:39:31,700 --> 03:39:35,200
expression of professional. 
Skepticism directed temporal, 

4135
03:39:35,200 --> 03:39:37,600
however, was studying the 
research wall with the sort of 

4136
03:39:37,600 --> 03:39:40,700
intense Focus that suggested she
was seeing something she hadn't 

4137
03:39:40,700 --> 03:39:42,900
expected. 
This is unprecedented. 

4138
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:46,000
She said finally. 
Crossed temporal knowledge 

4139
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:48,900
synthesis on this scale. 
The implications are 

4140
03:39:48,900 --> 03:39:51,700
extraordinary. 
The implications are what we 

4141
03:39:51,700 --> 03:39:55,000
live with every day Gladys said 
chiefly appearing with the tray 

4142
03:39:55,000 --> 03:39:57,300
of Refreshments that somehow 
managed to appear to taste 

4143
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:00,600
preferences from across the 
centuries. turns out when you 

4144
03:40:00,600 --> 03:40:02,800
stop worrying about the 
implications and start focusing 

4145
03:40:02,800 --> 03:40:06,700
on the practicalities, most 
problems solve themselves, the 

4146
03:40:06,700 --> 03:40:09,200
tour continued through the 
afternoon, with the delegation, 

4147
03:40:09,200 --> 03:40:11,800
observing everything, from 
Marcus's conflict, resolution 

4148
03:40:11,800 --> 03:40:14,800
sessions, which involve more 
shouting, the Margaret's 

4149
03:40:14,800 --> 03:40:16,000
comfortable with it, but seemed 
to work. 

4150
03:40:17,100 --> 03:40:20,100
To Nigel's engineering workshops
which had produced innovations, 

4151
03:40:20,100 --> 03:40:22,200
that probably shouldn't have 
been possible with available 

4152
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:24,900
materials. 
However, Margaret was aware that

4153
03:40:24,900 --> 03:40:27,600
the evening Feast would 
determine the success or failure

4154
03:40:27,600 --> 03:40:30,600
of their argument. 
As the community gathered around

4155
03:40:30,600 --> 03:40:33,500
tables that have been built by 
combining Roman construction 

4156
03:40:33,500 --> 03:40:36,700
techniques with Victorian 
craftsmanship, and a modern 

4157
03:40:36,700 --> 03:40:39,700
ergonomic principles. 
She watched the delegation of 

4158
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:42,200
observe something that couldn't 
be documented or measured. 

4159
03:40:42,200 --> 03:40:46,700
The simple fact that their 
Community was genuinely happy, I

4160
03:40:46,700 --> 03:40:49,300
have a question director 
temporal said as the meal wound 

4161
03:40:49,300 --> 03:40:51,100
down. 
What happens when someone wants 

4162
03:40:51,100 --> 03:40:53,800
to leave? 
The question lingered in the 

4163
03:40:53,800 --> 03:40:56,200
air. 
King to an uncomfortable truth. 

4164
03:40:56,200 --> 03:41:00,200
That everyone had been evading. 
Margaret felt her stomach 

4165
03:41:00,200 --> 03:41:02,800
clenched because this was the 
one aspect of their Community, 

4166
03:41:02,800 --> 03:41:07,100
they hadn't fully addressed. 
Well, Thomas said slowly that's 

4167
03:41:07,100 --> 03:41:10,200
rather complicated. 
We haven't actually figured out 

4168
03:41:10,200 --> 03:41:12,400
how to leave even if someone 
wanted to. 

4169
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:15,600
But would you Inspector Calls a 
letter to ask? 

4170
03:41:16,300 --> 03:41:20,000
Want to leave. 
I mean, if you could Margaret 

4171
03:41:20,000 --> 03:41:22,000
looked around the table at 
faces, that had become more 

4172
03:41:22,000 --> 03:41:25,400
familiar to her than her family.
These people had become her 

4173
03:41:25,400 --> 03:41:28,408
colleagues, her friends, her 
chosen community, in a way that 

4174
03:41:28,416 --> 03:41:32,500
her old life had never provided.
I think she said carefully. 

4175
03:41:32,500 --> 03:41:36,500
That's the wrong question. 
The right question is, would we 

4176
03:41:36,500 --> 03:41:38,400
want to go back to the lives? 
We were living before. 

4177
03:41:38,400 --> 03:41:41,200
We came here. 
And the answer to that question 

4178
03:41:41,200 --> 03:41:44,800
director Emperor asked Margaret 
smiled asked me to tomorrow. 

4179
03:41:44,800 --> 03:41:47,800
The temporal authorities 
decision came in the form of an 

4180
03:41:47,800 --> 03:41:50,100
official Proclamation. 
That somehow managed to be both 

4181
03:41:50,100 --> 03:41:52,700
bureaucratically precise and 
genuinely revolutionary. 

4182
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:57,600
Chronos Commons was granted 
experimental status as the first

4183
03:41:57,600 --> 03:41:59,900
authorized cross. 
Temporal community development 

4184
03:41:59,900 --> 03:42:04,100
project with funding legal 
recognition and most importantly

4185
03:42:04,100 --> 03:42:06,200
official permission to continue 
existing. 

4186
03:42:07,300 --> 03:42:09,000
Congratulations. 
Director. 

4187
03:42:09,000 --> 03:42:11,700
Temporal said, presenting 
Margaret with a document that 

4188
03:42:11,700 --> 03:42:14,900
looked like a medieval Charter 
but contained Clauses about 

4189
03:42:14,900 --> 03:42:18,400
Innovative, temporal integration
methodologies and sustainable 

4190
03:42:18,400 --> 03:42:20,200
and acronymic Community 
planning. 

4191
03:42:21,200 --> 03:42:23,500
You've accidentally solved a 
problem, we've been working on 

4192
03:42:23,500 --> 03:42:26,400
for centuries. 
You've accidentally sold several

4193
03:42:26,400 --> 03:42:29,700
problems for on a corrected. 
Temporal displacement, 

4194
03:42:29,700 --> 03:42:32,300
cross-cultural integration, 
sustainable Community 

4195
03:42:32,300 --> 03:42:34,500
Development and Margaret's 
midlife crisis. 

4196
03:42:35,400 --> 03:42:38,200
Margaret laughed because it was 
true somewhere between 

4197
03:42:38,200 --> 03:42:41,200
organizing emergency committee 
meetings and negotiating with 

4198
03:42:41,200 --> 03:42:44,100
temporal bureaucrats. 
She had discovered that her 

4199
03:42:44,100 --> 03:42:46,700
midlife crisis hadn't been about
her age, or her circumstances. 

4200
03:42:46,700 --> 03:42:49,500
It had been about the fact that 
she hadn't been living a life 

4201
03:42:49,500 --> 03:42:53,000
that felt like her own. 
So what happens now she asked? 

4202
03:42:53,700 --> 03:42:57,000
Now directed temporal said, you 
become a model for other 

4203
03:42:57,000 --> 03:42:59,300
temporal. 
Displacements situations will be

4204
03:42:59,300 --> 03:43:02,100
sending observers researchers 
and probably a few more 

4205
03:43:02,100 --> 03:43:04,900
accidental Time, Travelers your 
way you're going to be busy. 

4206
03:43:06,000 --> 03:43:09,300
We're already busy Gladys 
pointed out the good at busy. 

4207
03:43:09,300 --> 03:43:12,000
Busy is what happens when you're
doing something that matters. 

4208
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:15,900
has the temporal Authority 
delegation prepared to leave 

4209
03:43:15,900 --> 03:43:19,900
inspector Cronos, approached 
Margaret privately, I've 

4210
03:43:19,900 --> 03:43:21,400
submitted a request for 
reassignment. 

4211
03:43:21,400 --> 03:43:24,700
She said, I'd like to stay here 
as a permanently Azan between 

4212
03:43:24,700 --> 03:43:27,800
the community and the authority.
Why do you want to be 

4213
03:43:27,808 --> 03:43:30,100
reassigned? 
Margaret asked, though. 

4214
03:43:30,100 --> 03:43:32,300
She suspected. 
She knew the answer because For 

4215
03:43:32,300 --> 03:43:34,900
the First Time in decades, I'm 
engaged in work that feels 

4216
03:43:34,900 --> 03:43:39,000
significant inspector, Kronos 
stated plainly And because 

4217
03:43:39,000 --> 03:43:41,200
someone needs to document what 
you're accomplishing here. 

4218
03:43:41,900 --> 03:43:44,900
Future temporal communities are 
going to need guidance and 

4219
03:43:44,900 --> 03:43:46,500
you've already figured out most 
of the answers. 

4220
03:43:47,500 --> 03:43:49,700
Margaret nodded. 
Will need help with the 

4221
03:43:49,700 --> 03:43:52,400
paperwork. 
Anyway, temporal bureaucracy is 

4222
03:43:52,400 --> 03:43:54,700
even more complicated than 
regular bureaucracy. 

4223
03:43:56,400 --> 03:43:59,100
That evening as the community 
gathered for what had become 

4224
03:43:59,108 --> 03:44:00,700
their traditional end of day 
meeting. 

4225
03:44:00,700 --> 03:44:03,900
Margaret reflected, on the 
strange Journey that had brought

4226
03:44:03,900 --> 03:44:06,000
her here. 
Six months ago, she had been 

4227
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:09,600
living a life that felt too 
small to predictable and too 

4228
03:44:09,600 --> 03:44:11,700
much like settling for less than
she deserved. 

4229
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:15,000
Now, she was helping to Pioneer 
a new form of human community, 

4230
03:44:15,000 --> 03:44:17,200
that existed outside normal time
and space. 

4231
03:44:18,300 --> 03:44:22,400
Any regrets sister asked 
settling into the chair beside 

4232
03:44:22,400 --> 03:44:24,700
her? 
Margaret considered the question

4233
03:44:24,700 --> 03:44:27,400
seriously? 
Did she miss her old life? 

4234
03:44:27,400 --> 03:44:30,400
Did she miss her house her job 
her routine? 

4235
03:44:30,400 --> 03:44:33,400
Or did she miss the person? 
She had been when those things 

4236
03:44:33,400 --> 03:44:36,000
had felt like enough. 
I missed my cat. 

4237
03:44:36,000 --> 03:44:39,900
She said finally cats are 
adaptable if he could see me 

4238
03:44:39,908 --> 03:44:41,300
now. 
He'd probably approve. 

4239
03:44:41,300 --> 03:44:44,000
He always thought I was capable 
of more than I believed. 

4240
03:44:44,700 --> 03:44:47,400
Cats are excellent judges of 
character, Thomas agreed. 

4241
03:44:47,400 --> 03:44:52,000
They see potential that humans. 
Often miss Speaking of potential

4242
03:44:52,000 --> 03:44:54,700
Veronica said what do we want to
be when we grow up? 

4243
03:44:54,700 --> 03:44:57,800
Now that we're officially 
experimental, we get to decide 

4244
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:00,700
what we're experimenting. 
With the questions sparked, the 

4245
03:45:00,700 --> 03:45:03,100
sort of enthusiastic discussion 
that Margaret had learned to 

4246
03:45:03,100 --> 03:45:05,900
associate with her new community
ideas. 

4247
03:45:05,900 --> 03:45:09,400
Flew around the room, like 
butterflies establishing a 

4248
03:45:09,400 --> 03:45:11,900
university for cross. 
Temporal studies, developing 

4249
03:45:11,900 --> 03:45:14,800
sustainable technologies that 
combined Knowledge from multiple

4250
03:45:14,800 --> 03:45:17,600
time periods. 
Creating artistic collaborations

4251
03:45:17,600 --> 03:45:20,200
that had never been possible 
before and writing the 

4252
03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:24,000
definitive guide to temporal 
Community planning We could 

4253
03:45:24,000 --> 03:45:26,800
change how people think about 
time itself, Nigel suggested. 

4254
03:45:27,700 --> 03:45:31,000
Demonstrate that past present 
and future Arts separate things.

4255
03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:34,400
They're different perspectives 
on the same Human Experience. 

4256
03:45:35,600 --> 03:45:38,300
We could revolutionize 
historical research, sister 

4257
03:45:38,300 --> 03:45:40,900
actor added. 
Imagine what we could learn. 

4258
03:45:40,900 --> 03:45:43,600
If historians could actually 
talk to the people, they study. 

4259
03:45:44,700 --> 03:45:48,500
We could perfect democracy or 
Thomas said with the enthusiasm 

4260
03:45:48,500 --> 03:45:50,900
of someone who had spent 
centuries thinking about 

4261
03:45:50,900 --> 03:45:54,600
political Theory. 
Test different approaches with 

4262
03:45:54,600 --> 03:45:56,500
people who have lived under 
different systems. 

4263
03:45:56,500 --> 03:45:59,400
We could just keep being 
ourselves and see what happens 

4264
03:45:59,400 --> 03:46:03,700
Gladys said pragmatically in my 
experience, the best revolution 

4265
03:46:03,700 --> 03:46:06,700
of the ones that happen 
naturally because people are 

4266
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:08,100
living the lives. 
They want to live. 

4267
03:46:09,800 --> 03:46:12,400
Margaret listen to the 
conversation swirl around her 

4268
03:46:12,400 --> 03:46:14,700
and felt something she had never
experienced before. 

4269
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:18,500
Pleats certainty that she was 
precisely where she belonged 

4270
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:22,000
doing, exactly what she was 
meant to do with exactly the 

4271
03:46:22,000 --> 03:46:24,700
people. 
She was meant to do it with I 

4272
03:46:24,700 --> 03:46:27,600
have a proposal she said and the
room quieted to listen. 

4273
03:46:28,400 --> 03:46:31,300
What if we stopped defining 
ourselves and just become who we

4274
03:46:31,300 --> 03:46:33,900
want to be? 
We're not just a temporal 

4275
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:36,800
Community or an experimental 
project or an accidental 

4276
03:46:36,800 --> 03:46:40,000
Revolution where people who 
found each other across time and

4277
03:46:40,000 --> 03:46:42,200
space and decided to build 
something beautiful together. 

4278
03:46:43,500 --> 03:46:47,400
That said, Marcus approvingly is
the sort of proposal that wins 

4279
03:46:47,400 --> 03:46:49,900
Wars. 
Are we at War? 

4280
03:46:50,700 --> 03:46:52,500
In sector Causey asked looking 
alarmed. 

4281
03:46:53,200 --> 03:46:55,800
We're at war with the idea that 
people have to accept the lives.

4282
03:46:55,800 --> 03:46:57,700
They give an instead of creating
the lives. 

4283
03:46:57,700 --> 03:47:01,400
They want Margaret said, we're 
at war with the notion that 

4284
03:47:01,400 --> 03:47:03,500
different is dangerous and stead
of wonderful. 

4285
03:47:03,500 --> 03:47:07,400
The belief that the future must 
mirror the past simply because 

4286
03:47:07,400 --> 03:47:11,100
it's the norm is what we're 
fighting against. revolutionary 

4287
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:14,500
Wars are the best kind of 
Veronica said with satisfaction 

4288
03:47:14,500 --> 03:47:19,500
the specially when you win the 
by accident, Because the meeting

4289
03:47:19,500 --> 03:47:21,900
wound down and people began 
drifting back to their homes 

4290
03:47:21,900 --> 03:47:24,100
homes. 
That had been built by combining

4291
03:47:24,100 --> 03:47:27,400
architectural Knowledge from 
across the centuries decorated 

4292
03:47:27,400 --> 03:47:30,700
with art created through 
cross-temporal collaboration and

4293
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:32,900
filled with the sort of 
contentment that came from 

4294
03:47:32,900 --> 03:47:36,200
living in a community where 
everyone belonged Margaret 

4295
03:47:36,200 --> 03:47:38,900
stepped outside to look up at 
stars that had witnessed all of 

4296
03:47:38,900 --> 03:47:41,300
human history. 
Tomorrow would bring new 

4297
03:47:41,300 --> 03:47:44,900
challenges, new visitors and new
opportunities to prove that 

4298
03:47:44,900 --> 03:47:47,000
their accidental experiment in 
temporal Community. 

4299
03:47:47,000 --> 03:47:50,100
Building could work on a larger 
scale, there would be more 

4300
03:47:50,100 --> 03:47:53,800
paperwork, more bureaucracy and 
more negotiations with 

4301
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:56,600
authorities who still weren't 
entirely convinced that rules 

4302
03:47:56,600 --> 03:48:00,600
were meant to be broken. 
But tonight Margaret was simply 

4303
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:03,200
a woman who had accidentally 
time-traveled into the best 

4304
03:48:03,200 --> 03:48:04,700
life. 
She'd never imagined living 

4305
03:48:04,700 --> 03:48:08,400
surrounded by friends, she had 
never expected to make working 

4306
03:48:08,400 --> 03:48:11,200
on projects that mattered in 
ways she was still discovering. 

4307
03:48:12,200 --> 03:48:14,800
She thought about the other 
version of herself living in her

4308
03:48:14,800 --> 03:48:18,200
old house working at her old 
job, probably wondering why life

4309
03:48:18,200 --> 03:48:21,400
felt so unsatisfied. 
Margaret had been waiting 

4310
03:48:21,400 --> 03:48:23,200
approval to pursue her desired 
life. 

4311
03:48:24,100 --> 03:48:25,800
This Margaret had learned that 
sometimes. 

4312
03:48:25,800 --> 03:48:29,000
The best thing you can do is 
stop waiting for permission and 

4313
03:48:29,000 --> 03:48:30,600
start creating the life you 
deserve. 

4314
03:48:32,000 --> 03:48:34,900
The Stars looked exactly the 
same as they had in her time, 

4315
03:48:34,900 --> 03:48:37,600
which somehow made everything 
else feel possible. 

4316
03:48:38,400 --> 03:48:40,400
Time was more flexible than 
anyone had. 

4317
03:48:40,400 --> 03:48:43,300
Imagined Community was more 
important than anyone had 

4318
03:48:43,300 --> 03:48:45,500
realized and revolution could 
happen. 

4319
03:48:45,500 --> 03:48:48,800
Accidentally, when people simply
decided to treat each other with

4320
03:48:48,800 --> 03:48:51,500
kindness and respect across the 
barriers that were supposed to 

4321
03:48:51,508 --> 03:48:54,500
divide them. 
Margaret smiled and went inside 

4322
03:48:54,500 --> 03:48:57,400
to help glad his plan tomorrow's
menu, because even accidental, 

4323
03:48:57,400 --> 03:49:00,700
revolutionaries had to eat, and 
someone needed to coordinate the

4324
03:49:00,700 --> 03:49:03,400
logistics of changing the world 
on shared meal as time. 

4325
03:49:04,200 --> 03:49:06,400
After all, she was still a 
librarian at heart. 

4326
03:49:07,300 --> 03:49:10,100
And Librarians understood that 
the most important revolution's 

4327
03:49:10,100 --> 03:49:13,100
were the ones that happen. 
Quietly, one person has a time 

4328
03:49:13,100 --> 03:49:15,800
through the simple Act of 
helping people find exactly what

4329
03:49:15,800 --> 03:49:18,200
they were looking for even when 
they hadn't known they were 

4330
03:49:18,200 --> 03:49:36,900
looking for it. 
Now imagine yourself City in 

4331
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:42,600
your favorite armchair in 1939, 
cup of tea on the side table as 

4332
03:49:42,600 --> 03:49:45,700
the world prepares to undergo 
unprecedented transformation. 

4333
03:49:46,700 --> 03:49:49,200
But the people who are about to 
change, it had no idea. 

4334
03:49:49,200 --> 03:49:52,800
They were writing the most 
expensive recipe, ever recipe 

4335
03:49:52,800 --> 03:49:57,200
required, approximately 130,000 
individuals, the duration of 

4336
03:49:57,200 --> 03:50:01,100
three years and sufficient funds
to establish a modest Nation. 

4337
03:50:01,100 --> 03:50:04,800
It all started because some very
smart people, got very worried 

4338
03:50:05,400 --> 03:50:08,200
Imagine the feeling you get when
you realize you left the stove 

4339
03:50:08,200 --> 03:50:11,400
on and imagine that feeling 
multiplied by the entire future 

4340
03:50:11,400 --> 03:50:14,800
of civilization. 
That's roughly what Leo silard 

4341
03:50:14,800 --> 03:50:17,400
felt when he heard that German 
scientists had figured out how 

4342
03:50:17,400 --> 03:50:21,100
to split uranium atoms. 
Salad was a genius who could 

4343
03:50:21,100 --> 03:50:23,700
probably calculate the 
trajectory of falling toast in 

4344
03:50:23,700 --> 03:50:26,300
his pajamas. 
But even he couldn't foresee the

4345
03:50:26,300 --> 03:50:30,000
consequences of his concern. 
The amusing thing about solar is

4346
03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:32,500
that he was the kind of guy who 
would patent an idea for a 

4347
03:50:32,500 --> 03:50:35,100
nuclear reactor, then 
immediately realized, it might 

4348
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:36,800
be dangerous and try to keep it 
secret. 

4349
03:50:36,800 --> 03:50:40,200
It's like inventing dynamite and
then Whispering the recipe. 

4350
03:50:40,200 --> 03:50:44,600
He spent most of 1939, pacing 
around New York, like a 

4351
03:50:44,600 --> 03:50:46,500
frightening pigeons with his 
intense expression. 

4352
03:50:46,500 --> 03:50:50,100
Trying to persuade anyone who 
would listen that America needed

4353
03:50:50,100 --> 03:50:51,900
to outpace Germany in the atomic
race. 

4354
03:50:52,800 --> 03:50:56,000
But you can't just walk into the
White House and say, hey, we 

4355
03:50:56,000 --> 03:50:59,400
need to build a massive bomb. 
Well, you can try, but they'll 

4356
03:50:59,400 --> 03:51:01,100
probably escort you out rather 
quickly. 

4357
03:51:02,200 --> 03:51:04,400
So, Cilla did what any 
reasonable person would do. 

4358
03:51:04,400 --> 03:51:06,500
He got, Einstein to write a 
letter. 

4359
03:51:07,400 --> 03:51:10,900
Apparently even in 1939 name 
recognition held significant 

4360
03:51:10,900 --> 03:51:14,000
importance, Einstein, who 
probably just wanted to work on 

4361
03:51:14,000 --> 03:51:15,900
his theories. 
In peace, found himself 

4362
03:51:15,900 --> 03:51:18,800
accidentally becoming the 
Godfather of the atomic age. 

4363
03:51:19,500 --> 03:51:23,000
He later recognized the irony 
given that he was a pacifist who

4364
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:25,000
had previously expressed a 
preference for being a 

4365
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:28,600
Lighthouse Keeper. 
Over a physicist Roosevelt got 

4366
03:51:28,600 --> 03:51:32,100
the letter in October 1939, 
right around the time, he was 

4367
03:51:32,100 --> 03:51:34,400
dealing with a dozen other world
ending problems. 

4368
03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:38,300
You have to admire the man's 
ability to prioritize most of 

4369
03:51:38,300 --> 03:51:40,400
us, get overwhelmed choosing 
what to watch on streaming 

4370
03:51:40,400 --> 03:51:44,400
services, but FDR was juggling 
potential, nuclear weapons, a 

4371
03:51:44,400 --> 03:51:47,500
World War and probably wondering
if his morning coffee was strong

4372
03:51:47,500 --> 03:51:50,500
enough for any of this. 
The initial response was about 

4373
03:51:50,500 --> 03:51:53,300
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 
from a government bureaucracy, 

4374
03:51:53,300 --> 03:51:57,300
they formed a committee, nothing
conveys, the urgency of a 

4375
03:51:57,300 --> 03:51:59,800
world-changing, scientific 
breakthrough, more effectively 

4376
03:51:59,800 --> 03:52:01,200
than the formation of a 
committee. 

4377
03:52:01,900 --> 03:52:04,700
The Iranian committee as they 
call it met a few times, 

4378
03:52:04,700 --> 03:52:08,400
allocated, a wapping 6,000 
dollars for research and 

4379
03:52:08,400 --> 03:52:11,300
probably spent more on coffee. 
The uranium, it was the 

4380
03:52:11,300 --> 03:52:14,000
governmental equivalent of 
putting a Band-Aid on a volcano.

4381
03:52:15,000 --> 03:52:17,300
But here's where the story gets 
intriguing in. 

4382
03:52:17,300 --> 03:52:20,600
That uniquely American Way. 
While the committee was busy 

4383
03:52:20,600 --> 03:52:22,800
being committee like Pearl, 
Harbor happened. 

4384
03:52:23,500 --> 03:52:26,700
Suddenly the abstract concept 
of, maybe we should look into 

4385
03:52:26,700 --> 03:52:29,500
this Atomic thing. 
Became we need this Atomic thing

4386
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:32,400
yesterday and will build it 
bigger than anyone has ever 

4387
03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:36,200
built anything. 
Enter General Leslie, Groves, a 

4388
03:52:36,200 --> 03:52:38,600
man who had just finished 
building the Pentagon and was 

4389
03:52:38,600 --> 03:52:41,200
probably looking forward to a 
comfortable quiet desk job. 

4390
03:52:41,200 --> 03:52:45,400
Instead, he got handed the 
Manhattan Project which was like

4391
03:52:45,400 --> 03:52:47,800
being asked to organize the 
world's most dangerous science 

4392
03:52:47,800 --> 03:52:50,900
fair with unlimited funding and 
a deadline, that could determine

4393
03:52:50,900 --> 03:52:54,300
the fate of democracy. 
Groves was the kind of military 

4394
03:52:54,300 --> 03:52:56,600
mind who could look at an 
impossible task, and 

4395
03:52:56,600 --> 03:52:58,500
immediately. 
Start figuring out how to make 

4396
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:02,100
it slightly less impossible, one
spreadsheet at a time. 

4397
03:53:02,108 --> 03:53:05,500
The beautiful absurdity of the 
Manhattan Project was already 

4398
03:53:05,500 --> 03:53:08,700
becoming clear. 
You had theoretical physicists 

4399
03:53:08,700 --> 03:53:11,100
who could barely balance their 
checkbooks being asked to create

4400
03:53:11,100 --> 03:53:13,600
the most practical and 
devastating weapon in history. 

4401
03:53:13,600 --> 03:53:17,100
While military men who 
understood Logistics had to wrap

4402
03:53:17,100 --> 03:53:19,800
their heads around Concepts that
sounded like they belonged in 

4403
03:53:19,800 --> 03:53:23,300
comic books and so began the 
most improbable collaboration in

4404
03:53:23,300 --> 03:53:26,600
human history where the marriage
of pure science and applied 

4405
03:53:26,600 --> 03:53:28,500
paranoia would reshape 
everything. 

4406
03:53:28,500 --> 03:53:31,700
Now, you might think that 
assembling the world's greatest 

4407
03:53:31,700 --> 03:53:35,200
scientific Minds would be like 
organizing a really intellectual

4408
03:53:35,200 --> 03:53:37,100
dinner party. 
You'd be wrong. 

4409
03:53:37,100 --> 03:53:39,500
It was more like trying to hurt 
cats. 

4410
03:53:39,500 --> 03:53:42,200
If the cats were Nobel Prize 
winners with strong opinions 

4411
03:53:42,200 --> 03:53:45,800
about quantum mechanics and an 
alarming tender to argue about 

4412
03:53:45,800 --> 03:53:48,400
theoretical physics at 
inappropriate volume's. 

4413
03:53:49,200 --> 03:53:52,500
General Groves bless his 
practical heart approached, this

4414
03:53:52,500 --> 03:53:54,500
challenge the way. 
Any good military man. 

4415
03:53:54,500 --> 03:53:59,400
Would he made lists? 
Lots of lists of scientists list

4416
03:53:59,400 --> 03:54:02,800
of locations list of things they
need and probably a list of 

4417
03:54:02,808 --> 03:54:05,600
reasons why this was either the 
best or worst assignment of his 

4418
03:54:05,600 --> 03:54:08,600
career. 
He realized pretty quickly that 

4419
03:54:08,600 --> 03:54:11,200
managing brilliant people was 
like, managing regular people 

4420
03:54:11,200 --> 03:54:13,900
except they could prove you 
wrong with math. 

4421
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:17,400
The first real breakthrough 
came, when someone suggested, 

4422
03:54:17,400 --> 03:54:19,200
they were recruit Robert 
Oppenheimer to lead the 

4423
03:54:19,200 --> 03:54:22,600
scientific effort. 
Now, Oppenheimer was an 

4424
03:54:22,600 --> 03:54:24,300
interesting choice. 
He was brilliant. 

4425
03:54:24,300 --> 03:54:28,100
Absolutely, but he was also the 
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 

4426
03:54:28,100 --> 03:54:31,000
at cocktail parties and had a 
habit of making everyone around 

4427
03:54:31,000 --> 03:54:34,800
him feel slightly undereducated.
He was like that friend who can 

4428
03:54:34,800 --> 03:54:37,900
discuss wine literature and 
nuclear physics with equal 

4429
03:54:37,900 --> 03:54:41,700
fluency except instead of being 
annoying at dinner parties. 

4430
03:54:41,700 --> 03:54:44,800
He was about to become the most 
famous scientists in America. 

4431
03:54:45,800 --> 03:54:47,700
What made Oppenheimer, perfect 
for the job. 

4432
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:50,100
Wasn't just his scientific 
credentials though. 

4433
03:54:50,100 --> 03:54:53,300
Those were impressive enough. 
It was his ability to translate 

4434
03:54:53,300 --> 03:54:56,700
between the language of pure 
science and the language of we 

4435
03:54:56,700 --> 03:54:57,800
need results. 
Now, please. 

4436
03:54:58,700 --> 03:55:01,200
He could talk to a theoretical 
physicist about quantum 

4437
03:55:01,200 --> 03:55:03,900
mechanics in the morning and 
explain to a general why they 

4438
03:55:03,908 --> 03:55:05,400
needed more funding in the 
afternoon. 

4439
03:55:05,400 --> 03:55:09,000
All while maintaining the kind 
of cool demeanor that suggested.

4440
03:55:09,000 --> 03:55:11,500
He found the whole thing 
intellectually fascinating 

4441
03:55:11,500 --> 03:55:15,500
rather than terrifying. 
Can't run a massive scientific 

4442
03:55:15,500 --> 03:55:19,100
project from University offices,
and borrowed, Laboratories, they

4443
03:55:19,100 --> 03:55:21,600
needed space and not just any 
space. 

4444
03:55:21,600 --> 03:55:25,600
They needed Secrets space really
secret space. 

4445
03:55:26,500 --> 03:55:29,100
Kind of secret space where you 
could accidentally change the 

4446
03:55:29,100 --> 03:55:31,600
world without anyone noticing 
until it was too late. 

4447
03:55:32,600 --> 03:55:35,100
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 
location. 

4448
03:55:35,100 --> 03:55:37,700
So remote that it made the 
middle of nowhere look like 

4449
03:55:37,708 --> 03:55:40,600
downtown Manhattan. 
It was perfect in the way that 

4450
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:44,400
only truly imperfect places can 
be perfect, The site was 

4451
03:55:44,400 --> 03:55:47,100
isolated enough, that any 
accidental explosions would 

4452
03:55:47,100 --> 03:55:50,600
mostly just bother the local 
Wildlife, but accessible enough 

4453
03:55:50,600 --> 03:55:53,100
that they could actually 
transport equipment and people 

4454
03:55:53,100 --> 03:55:57,000
without requiring pack mules. 
The original plan was to house, 

4455
03:55:57,000 --> 03:56:00,700
maybe 30 scientists there. 
This was a bit like planning, a 

4456
03:56:00,700 --> 03:56:03,600
small dinner party and having it
turned into a wedding reception 

4457
03:56:03,600 --> 03:56:07,100
for 500 people. 
By the end of the project, Los 

4458
03:56:07,100 --> 03:56:10,200
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 
Ranch School into a secret City 

4459
03:56:10,200 --> 03:56:13,500
with its own post office school 
system and probably the highest 

4460
03:56:13,500 --> 03:56:16,400
concentration of advanced 
degrees per square mile in human

4461
03:56:16,400 --> 03:56:19,800
history but Los Alamos was just 
one piece of the puzzle. 

4462
03:56:19,800 --> 03:56:23,200
The Manhattan Project ended up 
requiring an entire secret 

4463
03:56:23,200 --> 03:56:24,900
infrastructure. 
Spread across the country. 

4464
03:56:24,900 --> 03:56:28,700
They built massive facilities in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they

4465
03:56:28,708 --> 03:56:31,700
would separate uranium Isotopes,
using methods that were equal 

4466
03:56:31,700 --> 03:56:35,500
parts, brilliant and Brute 
Force, The constructed another 

4467
03:56:35,500 --> 03:56:38,700
enormous complex in Hanford, 
Washington for producing 

4468
03:56:38,700 --> 03:56:42,000
plutonium, because apparently 
one type of nuclear material 

4469
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:45,100
wasn't enough for their 
ambitious plans, the logistics 

4470
03:56:45,100 --> 03:56:48,100
alone were mind-boggling. 
Try explaining to your 

4471
03:56:48,100 --> 03:56:50,300
accountant that you need to 
build several cities from 

4472
03:56:50,300 --> 03:56:54,100
scratch hire tens of thousands 
of people and consume more 

4473
03:56:54,100 --> 03:56:55,900
electricity than some entire 
States. 

4474
03:56:55,900 --> 03:56:59,600
All for a project, you can't 
actually tell anyone about the 

4475
03:56:59,600 --> 03:57:02,800
Tennessee Valley Authority found
itself powering what looked like

4476
03:57:02,800 --> 03:57:06,700
the industrial equivalent of a 
small Alien Invasion and they 

4477
03:57:06,700 --> 03:57:10,400
just had to trust that someone 
somewhere knew what they were 

4478
03:57:10,400 --> 03:57:13,200
doing. 
The security measures were so 

4479
03:57:13,200 --> 03:57:14,900
elaborate they boarded on 
comedy. 

4480
03:57:15,500 --> 03:57:17,000
Workers at Oak. 
Ridge were told they were 

4481
03:57:17,000 --> 03:57:20,100
helping with the war effort but 
most had no idea what they were 

4482
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:22,800
actually producing. 
Some thought they were making 

4483
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:26,100
Industrial Equipment, others 
assumed it was some kind of 

4484
03:57:26,100 --> 03:57:29,000
superfuel. 
A few probably suspected. 

4485
03:57:29,000 --> 03:57:31,100
They were involved in something 
important but the 

4486
03:57:31,108 --> 03:57:33,300
compartmentalization was so 
thorough. 

4487
03:57:33,300 --> 03:57:36,600
You could work on the Manhattan 
Project for three years and 

4488
03:57:36,600 --> 03:57:38,900
still have only the vaguest idea
what you'd actually 

4489
03:57:38,900 --> 03:57:41,800
accomplished. 
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 

4490
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:44,700
Oppenheimer was facing the 
unique challenge of creating a 

4491
03:57:44,700 --> 03:57:47,800
functional Community where the 
residents included, some of the 

4492
03:57:47,800 --> 03:57:51,500
most brilliant and temperamental
people on the planet, all living

4493
03:57:51,500 --> 03:57:54,600
in temporary housing. 
The middle of the desert working

4494
03:57:54,600 --> 03:57:57,500
on something that might either 
end the war or accidentally end.

4495
03:57:57,500 --> 03:58:00,200
Everything else it was like 
summer camp for adults. 

4496
03:58:00,200 --> 03:58:03,800
If summer, camp involved, 
nuclear physics and the fate of 

4497
03:58:03,800 --> 03:58:06,000
Civilization. 
Now, here's where things get 

4498
03:58:06,000 --> 03:58:08,600
really interesting in the 
special way that only 

4499
03:58:08,600 --> 03:58:10,400
theoretical physics can be 
interesting. 

4500
03:58:10,400 --> 03:58:13,600
Your dealing with people who 
spend their days thinking about 

4501
03:58:13,600 --> 03:58:15,400
things so small, you can't see 
them. 

4502
03:58:15,400 --> 03:58:18,800
Even with the most powerful 
microscopes yet these invisible 

4503
03:58:18,800 --> 03:58:22,300
things contain enough energy to 
level cities, it's like to 

4504
03:58:22,300 --> 03:58:24,700
discovering that dust bunnies 
under your couch could power 

4505
03:58:24,700 --> 03:58:27,500
your entire neighborhood. 
If only you could figure out how

4506
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:30,700
to Convince them to cooperate. 
The basic concept of nuclear 

4507
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:33,600
fission sounds almost simple. 
When you say it quickly, you 

4508
03:58:33,600 --> 03:58:36,900
take a uranium, atom, he split 
it, and it releases energy. 

4509
03:58:37,800 --> 03:58:40,400
But saying that is like saying 
baking a cake when you're 

4510
03:58:40,400 --> 03:58:43,000
actually trying to construct a 
12 tier wedding cake. 

4511
03:58:43,000 --> 03:58:45,700
While blindfolded using 
ingredients, you've never seen 

4512
03:58:45,700 --> 03:58:48,700
before and following a recipe 
written in a language that was 

4513
03:58:48,700 --> 03:58:52,400
just invented yesterday. 
The first challenge was getting 

4514
03:58:52,400 --> 03:58:56,000
the right kind of uranium 
natural, uranium is mostly 

4515
03:58:56,000 --> 03:59:00,100
uranium 238, which is about as 
useful for making bombs as a 

4516
03:59:00,100 --> 03:59:02,800
chocolate teapot. 
What they needed was uranium 

4517
03:59:02,800 --> 03:59:06,700
235, which makes up less than 1%
of natural uranium. 

4518
03:59:06,700 --> 03:59:10,200
It's like needing to separate 
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 

4519
03:59:10,200 --> 03:59:13,200
full of mixed M&M's, except the 
M&M's are invisible. 

4520
03:59:13,200 --> 03:59:16,100
They're trying to kill you and 
you can only tell them apart 

4521
03:59:16,100 --> 03:59:18,100
using methods, that hadn't been 
invented yet. 

4522
03:59:19,400 --> 03:59:21,200
The scientists at Oak Ridge 
approached. 

4523
03:59:21,200 --> 03:59:24,100
This problem with the kind of 
methodical determination that 

4524
03:59:24,100 --> 03:59:26,300
only comes from having 
absolutely no choice. 

4525
03:59:27,200 --> 03:59:30,000
They tried several different 
separation methods, including 

4526
03:59:30,000 --> 03:59:32,900
one that involved giant Electro 
magnets called calutron. 

4527
03:59:32,900 --> 03:59:36,400
These machines were enormous and
consumed so much electricity 

4528
03:59:36,400 --> 03:59:40,000
that they basically turned the 
separation of uranium ice tubes 

4529
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:43,800
into an industrial process. 
That could be seen from space of

4530
03:59:43,800 --> 03:59:47,400
satellites had existed. 
Then, however, uranium was not 

4531
03:59:47,400 --> 03:59:49,500
the soul option of available 
nuclear. 

4532
03:59:49,500 --> 03:59:53,000
Reactors could create plutonium 
an element absent in nature. 

4533
03:59:54,000 --> 03:59:57,000
Plutonium was like, uranium's 
more complicated cousin, 

4534
03:59:57,000 --> 04:00:00,700
potentially more powerful but 
also more difficult to work with

4535
04:00:00,700 --> 04:00:03,500
and with a personality that 
could charitably be described as

4536
04:00:03,500 --> 04:00:06,500
temperamental. 
Creating plutonium required 

4537
04:00:06,500 --> 04:00:09,900
building nuclear reactors, which
brought its own special set of 

4538
04:00:09,900 --> 04:00:12,400
challenges. 
The first reactor was built 

4539
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:14,700
under the football stadium at 
the University of Chicago 

4540
04:00:14,700 --> 04:00:17,300
because apparently someone 
thought that the best place to 

4541
04:00:17,300 --> 04:00:20,800
test Humanities first controlled
nuclear chain reaction was 

4542
04:00:20,800 --> 04:00:23,000
directly underneath a major 
American city. 

4543
04:00:23,800 --> 04:00:27,200
The physicists in charge of this
experiment in Rica fairy was 

4544
04:00:27,200 --> 04:00:29,800
reportedly betting on whether 
the reaction would stop when 

4545
04:00:29,800 --> 04:00:32,800
they wanted it to which shows 
how well they understood what 

4546
04:00:32,800 --> 04:00:34,300
they were doing. 
Fairy. 

4547
04:00:34,300 --> 04:00:36,900
Incidentally, the kind of 
scientist who could calculate 

4548
04:00:36,900 --> 04:00:40,100
complex physics problems in his 
head while other people were 

4549
04:00:40,100 --> 04:00:43,100
still looking for their 
calculators, he was also famous 

4550
04:00:43,100 --> 04:00:46,600
for his ability to estimate 
almost anything, give him a few 

4551
04:00:46,600 --> 04:00:47,900
minutes and some basic 
information. 

4552
04:00:47,900 --> 04:00:50,500
And he could tell you 
approximately how many piano 

4553
04:00:50,500 --> 04:00:54,000
tuners lived in Chicago, or how 
much energy would be released by

4554
04:00:54,000 --> 04:00:56,000
various theoretical nuclear 
explosion. 

4555
04:00:57,000 --> 04:01:00,000
This skill turned out to be 
surprisingly useful when dealing

4556
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:02,900
with weapons that released more 
energy than anyone had ever 

4557
04:01:02,900 --> 04:01:05,800
handled before the Chicago 
reactor worked. 

4558
04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:09,400
Thankfully without accidentally 
eliminating the Midwest and it 

4559
04:01:09,400 --> 04:01:12,400
provided the proof of concept 
needed to build much larger 

4560
04:01:12,400 --> 04:01:16,100
reactors at Hanford. 
These reactors were designed to 

4561
04:01:16,100 --> 04:01:18,400
produce plutonium on an 
industrial scale. 

4562
04:01:18,400 --> 04:01:22,100
Turning the abstract concept of 
artificially created elements 

4563
04:01:22,100 --> 04:01:25,400
into something measured in 
tonnes rather than microscopic 

4564
04:01:25,400 --> 04:01:28,400
quantities. 
However, obtaining nuclear 

4565
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:30,000
material was only half the 
challenge. 

4566
04:01:30,700 --> 04:01:33,700
The other half was figuring out 
how to make it explode in a 

4567
04:01:33,700 --> 04:01:36,700
controlled predictable, way that
would release all that energy at

4568
04:01:36,700 --> 04:01:39,900
exactly the right moment. 
This step turned out to be 

4569
04:01:39,900 --> 04:01:42,700
significantly more complicated 
than anyone had anticipated. 

4570
04:01:42,700 --> 04:01:46,300
Like the difference between 
lighting a candle and conducting

4571
04:01:46,300 --> 04:01:48,500
a symphony, orchestra made 
entirely of Fire. 

4572
04:01:49,400 --> 04:01:53,300
The simplest design called gun 
type worked by shooting, one 

4573
04:01:53,300 --> 04:01:56,000
piece of uranium in to another 
piece of uranium rapidly. 

4574
04:01:56,800 --> 04:02:00,000
It was elegant in its Simplicity
like Nuclear Physics designed by

4575
04:02:00,008 --> 04:02:01,800
someone who really understood 
hammers. 

4576
04:02:02,700 --> 04:02:06,600
But this method only worked with
uranium 235 and they didn't have

4577
04:02:06,600 --> 04:02:10,900
enough for more than one bomb. 
Plutonium bomb required, a 

4578
04:02:10,900 --> 04:02:14,500
completely different approach 
called implosion which involves 

4579
04:02:14,500 --> 04:02:17,900
around a ball of plutonium with 
conventional explosive and 

4580
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:20,200
detonating them all at. 
Exactly the same moment 

4581
04:02:20,200 --> 04:02:23,600
compressing the plutonium until 
it reached critical mass. 

4582
04:02:24,700 --> 04:02:27,300
Achieving this required such 
Precision that it would make 

4583
04:02:27,300 --> 04:02:31,100
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 
If the timing was off by even a 

4584
04:02:31,100 --> 04:02:34,100
few microseconds, the result 
would be an expensive dud 

4585
04:02:34,100 --> 04:02:38,200
instead of a nuclear explosion. 
This was the kind of problem 

4586
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:41,400
that kept brilliant people awake
at night, staring at the ceiling

4587
04:02:41,400 --> 04:02:44,200
and wondering if they were about
to change the world or just 

4588
04:02:44,200 --> 04:02:47,800
create the most elaborate 
failure in scientific history by

4589
04:02:47,800 --> 04:02:51,300
the summer of 1945 Los Alamos 
scientists had been engaged in 

4590
04:02:51,300 --> 04:02:54,100
the world's most expensive 
science project for over two 

4591
04:02:54,100 --> 04:02:56,400
years. 
Despite possessing, numerous 

4592
04:02:56,400 --> 04:03:00,200
theories calculations and 
mathematical equations, they 

4593
04:03:00,200 --> 04:03:02,400
remained uncertain. 
If any of them would truly 

4594
04:03:02,400 --> 04:03:06,100
function, Its akin to 
dedicating, three years to the 

4595
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:09,600
construction of a car, only to 
discover that you've never 

4596
04:03:09,600 --> 04:03:11,200
actually attempted to operate 
the key. 

4597
04:03:12,300 --> 04:03:15,300
The gun type uranium bomb was 
simple enough, that they felt 

4598
04:03:15,300 --> 04:03:17,100
confident it would work without 
testing. 

4599
04:03:18,100 --> 04:03:21,000
This level of confidence in an 
untested, nuclear weapon was 

4600
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:25,000
either remarkably bold or 
extremely naive, depending on 

4601
04:03:25,000 --> 04:03:28,500
how you looked at it. 
However, the plutonium implosion

4602
04:03:28,500 --> 04:03:30,400
bomb presented a distinct 
challenge. 

4603
04:03:31,300 --> 04:03:33,700
It was so complex and 
temperamental that betting the 

4604
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:36,700
war on it without a test would 
have been like performing brain 

4605
04:03:36,700 --> 04:03:38,800
surgery, based on a cookbook, 
you'd written yourself. 

4606
04:03:39,700 --> 04:03:43,000
So they decided to conduct a 
test which presented its own 

4607
04:03:43,000 --> 04:03:46,300
unique set of challenges. 
What would be the most suitable 

4608
04:03:46,300 --> 04:03:48,200
location to test a nuclear 
weapon? 

4609
04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:52,100
You cannot simply head to the 
nearby firing range and hope for

4610
04:03:52,100 --> 04:03:54,800
a favorable outcome. 
You need somewhere remote 

4611
04:03:54,800 --> 04:03:55,700
enough. 
That if something goes 

4612
04:03:55,700 --> 04:03:59,300
spectacularly wrong you won't 
accidentally eliminate half of 

4613
04:03:59,300 --> 04:04:01,100
civilization. 
Before you've had a chance to 

4614
04:04:01,100 --> 04:04:04,400
use your weapon on the enemy. 
They chose a site in the New 

4615
04:04:04,400 --> 04:04:07,100
Mexico. 
Desert about 200 miles south of 

4616
04:04:07,100 --> 04:04:10,300
Los Alamos, called Trinity. 
The name was oppenheimer's 

4617
04:04:10,300 --> 04:04:13,800
Choice inspired by a John Donne 
poem because apparently even 

4618
04:04:13,800 --> 04:04:16,400
when you're about to test 
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,

4619
04:04:16,400 --> 04:04:18,000
you still have time for 
literature. 

4620
04:04:19,000 --> 04:04:23,000
The site was flat empty and Far 
Enough from major population 

4621
04:04:23,000 --> 04:04:26,400
centers that any unexpected 
consequences would mostly affect

4622
04:04:26,400 --> 04:04:30,300
lizards and tumbleweeds. 
Preparing for the test was like 

4623
04:04:30,300 --> 04:04:32,600
planning the world's most 
dangerous camping trip. 

4624
04:04:32,600 --> 04:04:35,500
They had to transport an 
incredibly delicate and 

4625
04:04:35,500 --> 04:04:39,200
expensive nuclear device across 
desert roads that were barely 

4626
04:04:39,200 --> 04:04:40,700
suitable for regular 
automobiles. 

4627
04:04:40,700 --> 04:04:44,800
Then assemble it in a temporary 
laboratory that had been built 

4628
04:04:44,800 --> 04:04:48,200
in the middle of nowhere. 
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 

4629
04:04:48,200 --> 04:04:51,600
the gadget with the kind of 
casual understatement that 

4630
04:04:51,600 --> 04:04:54,900
suggested, they were discussing 
a new kitchen, appliance rather 

4631
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:56,600
than a weapon that could level a
city. 

4632
04:04:57,600 --> 04:05:00,100
The scientists and military 
personnel involved in the tests.

4633
04:05:00,100 --> 04:05:02,100
Were dealing with unprecedented 
questions. 

4634
04:05:02,900 --> 04:05:05,700
How far away did you need to be 
to observe a nuclear explosion 

4635
04:05:05,700 --> 04:05:08,700
safely. 
Nobody knew because nobody had 

4636
04:05:08,700 --> 04:05:10,700
ever observed a nuclear 
explosion before. 

4637
04:05:11,600 --> 04:05:14,500
They made their best guesses 
based on calculations and hope 

4638
04:05:14,500 --> 04:05:15,900
they weren't catastrophically 
wrong. 

4639
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:20,100
Some of the scientists brought 
suntan lotion as if protecting 

4640
04:05:20,100 --> 04:05:22,900
against nuclear radiation, was 
similar to preventing a mild 

4641
04:05:22,900 --> 04:05:25,500
sunburn. 
The test was scheduled for the 

4642
04:05:25,508 --> 04:05:30,500
early morning hours of July, 
16th, 1945, partly for security 

4643
04:05:30,500 --> 04:05:33,200
reasons, and partly, because 
someone thought it would be 

4644
04:05:33,200 --> 04:05:35,900
easier to see the explosion 
against the pre-dawn sky. 

4645
04:05:37,100 --> 04:05:40,300
As the countdown approached, the
level of tension at the site was

4646
04:05:40,300 --> 04:05:42,500
probably measurable with 
scientific instruments. 

4647
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:45,800
These were people who had spent 
years of their lives working 

4648
04:05:45,800 --> 04:05:48,800
toward this moment and they were
about to find out if they'd 

4649
04:05:48,800 --> 04:05:51,800
created a revolutionary weapon, 
all the world's most expensive 

4650
04:05:51,800 --> 04:05:54,800
firework Oppenheimer. 
In the other key sign scientists

4651
04:05:54,800 --> 04:05:57,700
gather at control bunker about 
six miles from Ground Zero, 

4652
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:00,600
which seemed like a safe 
distance Until you realize that 

4653
04:06:00,600 --> 04:06:04,100
nobody actually knew what 
constituted a safe distance from

4654
04:06:04,100 --> 04:06:06,000
Humanity's first nuclear 
explosion. 

4655
04:06:06,700 --> 04:06:09,300
They laid down on the ground 
facing away from the blast site 

4656
04:06:09,300 --> 04:06:12,400
with instructions to look only 
after the initial Flash and 

4657
04:06:12,400 --> 04:06:14,500
passed. 
It was like being told to watch 

4658
04:06:14,500 --> 04:06:17,900
the world's most important 
Sunrise through your eyelids at 

4659
04:06:17,900 --> 04:06:21,800
5:29 a.m. the gadget detonated 
with a force equivalent to about

4660
04:06:21,800 --> 04:06:26,500
21,000 tons of TNT. 
For a brief moment, the 

4661
04:06:26,500 --> 04:06:29,100
explosion created temperatures 
comparable to the surface of the

4662
04:06:29,100 --> 04:06:31,600
Sun and light brighter than the 
sun itself. 

4663
04:06:32,600 --> 04:06:36,700
The Flash was visible from over 
160 miles away, and the sound of

4664
04:06:36,700 --> 04:06:39,300
the explosion Was Heard nearly 
100 miles distant. 

4665
04:06:40,100 --> 04:06:43,500
Several observers reported that 
for a few seconds, it was as if 

4666
04:06:43,508 --> 04:06:47,000
there were two sons in the sky, 
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over

4667
04:06:47,000 --> 04:06:50,400
40,000 feet and the heat from 
the explosion turned. 

4668
04:06:50,400 --> 04:06:53,200
The desert sand into a greenish 
glass that they later called 

4669
04:06:53,200 --> 04:06:57,500
trinitite the steel tower that 
held the bomb vaporized along 

4670
04:06:57,500 --> 04:07:00,400
with everything else within a 
substantial radius of ground 

4671
04:07:00,400 --> 04:07:02,800
zero in the space of a few 
seconds. 

4672
04:07:02,800 --> 04:07:06,900
The theoretical had become 
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 

4673
04:07:06,900 --> 04:07:09,500
later said that as he watched 
the explosion aligned from the 

4674
04:07:09,500 --> 04:07:14,300
pagadi came to mind. 
Now, I am become death destroyer

4675
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:17,100
of worlds. 
It was the kind of literary 

4676
04:07:17,100 --> 04:07:19,700
reference that seemed almost 
absurdly intellectual, give them

4677
04:07:19,700 --> 04:07:22,600
the circumstances but it 
captured the magnitude of what 

4678
04:07:22,600 --> 04:07:25,900
they had just witnessed. 
They had successfully created a 

4679
04:07:25,900 --> 04:07:28,200
weapon that could destroy entire
cities in an instant. 

4680
04:07:29,100 --> 04:07:32,500
The test was a complete success 
which meant that the Manhattan 

4681
04:07:32,500 --> 04:07:36,000
Project had achieved its primary
goal, they had beaten Germany to

4682
04:07:36,000 --> 04:07:39,300
the atomic bomb. 
Of course by this point Germany 

4683
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:42,100
had already surrendered. 
So the original motivation for 

4684
04:07:42,100 --> 04:07:45,500
the project was somewhat moot. 
But there was still Japan to 

4685
04:07:45,500 --> 04:07:48,400
consider and the war in the 
Pacific was far from over. 

4686
04:07:49,300 --> 04:07:52,400
As the mushroom cloud dissipated
over the New Mexico, desert. 

4687
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:56,200
The scientists and military 
personnel at Trinity, began 

4688
04:07:56,200 --> 04:07:58,400
grappling with the implications 
of what they had. 

4689
04:07:58,400 --> 04:08:01,100
Just accomplished, they had 
unlocked a portal that would 

4690
04:08:01,100 --> 04:08:03,300
never reopen. 
Now, comes the part of the 

4691
04:08:03,300 --> 04:08:05,900
story, where things get 
complicated in ways that make 

4692
04:08:05,900 --> 04:08:07,300
quantum physics look 
straightforward. 

4693
04:08:07,300 --> 04:08:11,000
You have this incredibly 
powerful weapon that works 

4694
04:08:11,000 --> 04:08:15,500
exactly as advertised a war that
still raging in the Pacific and 

4695
04:08:15,500 --> 04:08:18,600
a bunch of very small people. 
Suddenly realizing that creating

4696
04:08:18,600 --> 04:08:22,400
the thing was actually the easy 
part The real challenge in 

4697
04:08:22,400 --> 04:08:26,000
deciding what to do with it. 
Pressed President Truman who had

4698
04:08:26,000 --> 04:08:28,700
inherited both the president's 
he and the Manhattan Project 

4699
04:08:28,700 --> 04:08:31,600
from Roosevelt found himself in 
the position of having to make 

4700
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:35,300
decisions about weapons. 
He barely understood Imagine 

4701
04:08:35,300 --> 04:08:38,600
being given the keys to a weapon
that could destroy cities and 

4702
04:08:38,600 --> 04:08:40,700
being told to learn how to use 
it in a few weeks. 

4703
04:08:41,500 --> 04:08:44,000
Truman was a practical man who 
preferred straightforward 

4704
04:08:44,000 --> 04:08:47,200
problems with straightforward 
Solutions but there was nothing 

4705
04:08:47,200 --> 04:08:49,000
straightforward about Atomic 
weapons. 

4706
04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:52,700
Military estimates for the 
invasion of Japan were extremely

4707
04:08:52,700 --> 04:08:56,600
sobering operation downfall as 
it was known, had the potential 

4708
04:08:56,600 --> 04:09:00,500
to cause over a million American
casualties and several million 

4709
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:03,300
Japanese deaths. 
These weren't abstract numbers 

4710
04:09:03,300 --> 04:09:07,000
on a strategic planning document
they represented real people 

4711
04:09:07,000 --> 04:09:11,600
families and entire communities.
The alternative was using Atomic

4712
04:09:11,600 --> 04:09:15,100
weapons against Japanese cities,
which would also kill enormous 

4713
04:09:15,100 --> 04:09:18,100
numbers of civilians, but my end
the war quickly enough to 

4714
04:09:18,100 --> 04:09:19,900
prevent an even larger 
catastrophe. 

4715
04:09:20,900 --> 04:09:23,300
It's the kind of decision that 
would keep anyone awake at 

4716
04:09:23,300 --> 04:09:26,700
night, the kind of moral 
calculation that has no clearly,

4717
04:09:26,700 --> 04:09:27,300
right? 
Answer. 

4718
04:09:27,300 --> 04:09:31,200
Do you chose the option that 
kills fewer people overall, but 

4719
04:09:31,200 --> 04:09:34,200
involves using weapons of 
unprecedented destructive power.

4720
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:36,900
Or do you choose the 
conventional Invasion? 

4721
04:09:36,900 --> 04:09:40,100
That might ultimately cost more 
lives but doesn't cross the 

4722
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:44,800
threshold into nuclear warfare. 
Some of the signs involved in 

4723
04:09:44,800 --> 04:09:47,800
the Manhattan Project was 
seriously reconsidering their 

4724
04:09:47,800 --> 04:09:52,300
involvement in its creation? 
Leo silard, who had started the 

4725
04:09:52,300 --> 04:09:54,700
whole thing with his worries 
about German Atomic research. 

4726
04:09:54,700 --> 04:09:57,900
Now, found himself trying to 
stop the use of the weapons. 

4727
04:09:57,900 --> 04:10:00,900
He had helped create he and 
several other scientists 

4728
04:10:00,900 --> 04:10:04,400
petition Truman to demonstrate 
the bombs power without using it

4729
04:10:04,400 --> 04:10:07,800
against populated areas, perhaps
by detonating it over an 

4730
04:10:07,800 --> 04:10:10,900
uninhabited area where Japanese 
leaders could Witnesses 

4731
04:10:10,900 --> 04:10:14,200
destructive potential. 
The military planners argued 

4732
04:10:14,200 --> 04:10:17,100
that a demonstration might not 
be convincing enough to force 

4733
04:10:17,100 --> 04:10:20,500
Japanese surrender, especially 
if the bond fail to detonate 

4734
04:10:20,500 --> 04:10:23,100
properly. 
They had exactly two. 

4735
04:10:23,100 --> 04:10:27,400
Operational, Atomic weapons. 
Little boy, the uranium bomb and

4736
04:10:27,400 --> 04:10:31,200
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and
using one for a demonstration, 

4737
04:10:31,200 --> 04:10:34,400
would leave them with only one 
weapon for actual combat use. 

4738
04:10:34,400 --> 04:10:37,600
It was like having two bullets 
and wondering whether to file 

4739
04:10:37,600 --> 04:10:39,100
one into the air as a warning 
shot. 

4740
04:10:40,100 --> 04:10:43,000
The decision-making process was 
complicated by the fact that 

4741
04:10:43,000 --> 04:10:45,400
many of the people involved 
still didn't fully understand 

4742
04:10:45,400 --> 04:10:48,700
what they were dealing with. the
long-term effects of radiation 

4743
04:10:48,700 --> 04:10:52,300
exposure won't well, understood 
the political implications of 

4744
04:10:52,300 --> 04:10:55,100
introducing nuclear weapons to 
Warfare, hadn't been fully 

4745
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:58,300
considered They were making 
decisions about the future of 

4746
04:10:58,300 --> 04:11:02,300
human conflict with incomplete 
information and under enormous 

4747
04:11:02,300 --> 04:11:05,600
time pressure, Japanese 
resistance was fears and showed 

4748
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:08,800
no signs of diminishing. 
The battle of Okinawa had 

4749
04:11:08,800 --> 04:11:11,800
demonstrated the terrible cost 
of invading fortified Japanese 

4750
04:11:11,800 --> 04:11:15,100
positions, and intelligence 
suggested that the Japanese were

4751
04:11:15,100 --> 04:11:18,000
preparing to defend their home 
islands with even greater 

4752
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:21,500
determination, Kamikaze attacks 
were increasing and frequency 

4753
04:11:21,500 --> 04:11:24,100
and intensity. 
From a purely military 

4754
04:11:24,100 --> 04:11:27,400
perspective, anything that could
end the war quickly was worth 

4755
04:11:27,400 --> 04:11:30,700
serious consideration. 
On the other hand, several 

4756
04:11:30,700 --> 04:11:33,500
high-ranking military officials 
questioned whether Atomic 

4757
04:11:33,500 --> 04:11:36,800
weapons were necessary at all. 
Some argue that Japan was 

4758
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:39,400
already on the verge of 
surrender due to Conventional 

4759
04:11:39,400 --> 04:11:43,000
bombing Naval blockade and the 
Soviet entry into the war 

4760
04:11:43,000 --> 04:11:45,400
against Japan. 
Others suggested that the 

4761
04:11:45,400 --> 04:11:48,600
primary motivation for using the
bombs was not to defeat Japan 

4762
04:11:48,600 --> 04:11:52,400
but to demonstrate American 
nuclear capability to the Soviet

4763
04:11:52,400 --> 04:11:55,000
Union. 
Thereby initiating the Cold War.

4764
04:11:56,100 --> 04:11:59,700
The target selection process was
grimly, methodically military 

4765
04:11:59,700 --> 04:12:02,900
planners wanted cities that were
militarily, significant but had 

4766
04:12:02,900 --> 04:12:06,100
not been heavily damaged by 
conventional bombing so that the

4767
04:12:06,100 --> 04:12:08,800
effects of the atomic weapon 
could be clearly observed and 

4768
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:11,400
documented. 
They also wanted targets that 

4769
04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:14,300
would have maximum cycle impact 
on Japanese leadership. 

4770
04:12:15,300 --> 04:12:18,300
Final Target list. 
Included Hiroshima, kakura 

4771
04:12:18,300 --> 04:12:22,600
negata and Nagasaki Kyoto was 
initially on the list as well. 

4772
04:12:22,600 --> 04:12:25,600
But Secretary of War Henry 
Stimson, reportedly removed it 

4773
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:28,700
from consideration because he 
had visited the city and 

4774
04:12:28,700 --> 04:12:31,100
appreciated, its cultural and 
historical significance. 

4775
04:12:32,100 --> 04:12:34,700
It's one of those small human 
moments that had enormous 

4776
04:12:34,700 --> 04:12:38,300
consequences, a single person's 
aesthetic, sensibility 

4777
04:12:38,300 --> 04:12:41,700
potentially saving a city and 
its hundreds of thousands of 

4778
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:43,400
inhabitants from nuclear 
destruction. 

4779
04:12:45,000 --> 04:12:48,100
As the decision deadline 
approached Truman was receiving 

4780
04:12:48,100 --> 04:12:51,600
advice from multiple directions,
much of it contradictory 

4781
04:12:51,600 --> 04:12:55,100
military commanders wanted to 
use the weapons to save American

4782
04:12:55,100 --> 04:12:57,100
lives. 
There was a divide among 

4783
04:12:57,100 --> 04:13:00,000
scientists between those seeking
to demonstrate the bomb's power 

4784
04:13:00,000 --> 04:13:04,400
and those advocating for its 
decisive use. political advisors

4785
04:13:04,400 --> 04:13:07,100
were thinking about post-war 
relationships with both Japan 

4786
04:13:07,100 --> 04:13:11,000
and the Soviet Union in the end 
Truman, made the decision that 

4787
04:13:11,000 --> 04:13:14,000
he believed would end the war, 
most quickly, and save the most 

4788
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:17,500
lives overall whether he was 
right or wrong as a question 

4789
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:21,300
that historians and ethicist 
continue to debate today, But in

4790
04:13:21,300 --> 04:13:24,800
the summer of 1945, with 
incomplete information and 

4791
04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:28,400
enormous pressure, he chose to 
authorize the use of atomic 

4792
04:13:28,400 --> 04:13:31,400
weapons, against Japan. 
It was a decision that would 

4793
04:13:31,400 --> 04:13:33,700
define, not just the end of 
World War 2, but the beginning 

4794
04:13:33,700 --> 04:13:38,300
of the nuclear age on the 
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the

4795
04:13:38,300 --> 04:13:42,600
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29, 
bomber named after the Pilot's 

4796
04:13:42,600 --> 04:13:45,400
mother took off from Tiny and 
Ireland, carrying little boy, 

4797
04:13:45,400 --> 04:13:49,000
the uranium bomb that had never 
been tested, but was expected to

4798
04:13:49,000 --> 04:13:51,000
work based on theoretical 
calculations. 

4799
04:13:51,000 --> 04:13:54,400
It's important to take a moment 
to appreciate the surreal nature

4800
04:13:54,400 --> 04:13:56,700
of this moment. 
They were piloting. 

4801
04:13:56,700 --> 04:14:00,200
An untested nuclear weapon over 
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 

4802
04:14:00,200 --> 04:14:03,000
three years of theoretical 
physics, and Engineering to 

4803
04:14:03,000 --> 04:14:05,400
perform precisely as intended at
The crucial moment. 

4804
04:14:06,500 --> 04:14:09,200
Colonel Paul. 
Tibbets the pilot probably had 

4805
04:14:09,200 --> 04:14:11,800
the strangest job description in
military history that morning. 

4806
04:14:11,800 --> 04:14:15,500
He was essentially a delivery 
driver except his package could 

4807
04:14:15,500 --> 04:14:19,300
destroy an entire city and his 
route included flying over enemy

4808
04:14:19,300 --> 04:14:22,100
territory while carrying the 
most expensive and dangerous 

4809
04:14:22,100 --> 04:14:25,900
Cargo in human history. 
The crew had been told, they 

4810
04:14:25,900 --> 04:14:28,800
were carrying a very powerful 
bomb, but most didn't know they 

4811
04:14:28,800 --> 04:14:31,200
were about to witness the first 
use of nuclear weapons. 

4812
04:14:31,200 --> 04:14:35,500
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 
as the primary target partly 

4813
04:14:35,500 --> 04:14:38,200
because it was an important 
military Center and partly 

4814
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:40,900
because it had been largely 
spared from conventional bombing

4815
04:14:40,900 --> 04:14:44,100
making it ideal for observing 
the effects of atomic weapons. 

4816
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:48,800
The city had about 350,000. 
People going about their morning

4817
04:14:48,800 --> 04:14:52,300
routines unaware that they were 
about to witness a historic 

4818
04:14:52,300 --> 04:14:55,600
moment. 
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 

4819
04:14:55,600 --> 04:14:59,400
Little boy, detonated about 
1,900 feet above the city 

4820
04:14:59,400 --> 04:15:02,700
center, the explosion created a 
fireball with temperatures 

4821
04:15:02,700 --> 04:15:04,600
exceeding. 
Those at the center of the sun 

4822
04:15:04,600 --> 04:15:07,500
followed by a Shockwave that 
destroyed virtually, everything 

4823
04:15:07,500 --> 04:15:10,600
within a one-mile radius. 
The mushroom cloud. 

4824
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:14,700
Rose to over 60,000 feet and the
Flash of light was visible for 

4825
04:15:14,700 --> 04:15:17,700
miles. 
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 

4826
04:15:17,700 --> 04:15:20,400
transformed into the epicenter 
of the nuclear era. 

4827
04:15:21,100 --> 04:15:23,600
The immediate destruction was 
almost incomprehensible 

4828
04:15:23,600 --> 04:15:27,400
buildings, simply vanished. 
People who are close to the 

4829
04:15:27,400 --> 04:15:30,400
hyper Center were vaporized. 
So quickly, that their Shadows 

4830
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:33,700
were burned into concrete and 
Stone Surfaces, the intense 

4831
04:15:33,700 --> 04:15:37,300
heat, the crushing force of the 
shock wave or the collapse of 

4832
04:15:37,308 --> 04:15:40,700
buildings killed. 
Others Tens of thousands died 

4833
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:42,500
immediately and tens of 
thousands. 

4834
04:15:42,500 --> 04:15:45,200
More would die in the following 
days and weeks from radiation 

4835
04:15:45,200 --> 04:15:49,700
sickness Burns and injuries. 
Back in Washington, the news of 

4836
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:52,600
Hiroshima has destruction was 
received with a mixed of relief 

4837
04:15:52,600 --> 04:15:56,300
satisfaction and growing 
awareness of what had just been 

4838
04:15:56,300 --> 04:15:58,800
Unleashed. 
Truman announced the attack 

4839
04:15:58,800 --> 04:16:02,700
publicly explaining that the 
United States had developed a 

4840
04:16:02,700 --> 04:16:06,000
new and revolutionary increase 
in destruction and warning Japan

4841
04:16:06,000 --> 04:16:10,500
to surrender or face A Reign of 
Ruin from the air, the like of 

4842
04:16:10,500 --> 04:16:12,300
which has never been seen on the
earth. 

4843
04:16:12,300 --> 04:16:14,600
The Japan did not immediately 
surrender. 

4844
04:16:15,400 --> 04:16:17,300
The Japanese government was 
still processing, the 

4845
04:16:17,300 --> 04:16:19,700
implications of what had 
happened to Hiroshima, when 

4846
04:16:19,700 --> 04:16:23,200
three days later. 
Another B-29 took off from 

4847
04:16:23,200 --> 04:16:26,500
tinian carrying fat, man, the 
plutonium bomb that had been 

4848
04:16:26,500 --> 04:16:30,600
successfully tested at Trinity. 
The original Target was kakura. 

4849
04:16:31,200 --> 04:16:33,800
The cloud cover forced the crew 
to divert to their secondary 

4850
04:16:33,800 --> 04:16:38,800
Target Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki was a port city with 

4851
04:16:38,800 --> 04:16:43,200
significant military industry, 
home to about 240,000 people. 

4852
04:16:44,000 --> 04:16:49,000
Fat man detonated at 11:02 a.m. 
on August 9th, mushroom cloud. 

4853
04:16:49,000 --> 04:16:53,100
And another zone of complete 
devastation, The bomb was 

4854
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:55,900
actually more powerful than 
little boy but the hilly terrain

4855
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:58,700
of Nagasaki limited, the 
destruction, some compared to 

4856
04:16:58,700 --> 04:17:02,400
the flat geography of Hiroshima.
The two atomic bombings killed 

4857
04:17:02,400 --> 04:17:06,500
over 200,000 people, most of 
them civilians and demonstrated 

4858
04:17:06,500 --> 04:17:09,300
that the United States possessed
weapons of unprecedented 

4859
04:17:09,300 --> 04:17:12,200
destructive power. 
More importantly, from a 

4860
04:17:12,200 --> 04:17:15,000
strategic perspective, they 
showed that America could 

4861
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:17,200
produce these weapons and was 
willing to use them. 

4862
04:17:18,400 --> 04:17:20,900
The message to both Japan and 
the rest of the world was 

4863
04:17:20,900 --> 04:17:24,400
unmistakable, the rules of 
warfare had fundamentally 

4864
04:17:24,400 --> 04:17:26,600
changed. 
Emperor. 

4865
04:17:26,600 --> 04:17:30,300
Hirohito announced Japan's, 
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 

4866
04:17:30,300 --> 04:17:34,900
citing, a new and most cruel 
bomb as one of the factors in 

4867
04:17:34,900 --> 04:17:38,200
his decision. 
The war was over, but the 

4868
04:17:38,200 --> 04:17:41,600
nuclear age had begun, the 
scientists and Engineers who had

4869
04:17:41,600 --> 04:17:44,200
worked on the Manhattan Project 
found themselves. 

4870
04:17:44,200 --> 04:17:47,700
Grappling with the reality that 
their theoretical calculations 

4871
04:17:47,700 --> 04:17:51,100
had translated into actual human
destruction, on an unprecedented

4872
04:17:51,100 --> 04:17:54,200
scale. 
Some like, Oppenheimer were 

4873
04:17:54,200 --> 04:17:57,100
haunted by what they had helped 
create others, argued that the 

4874
04:17:57,100 --> 04:18:00,600
bombs had actually saved lives 
by ending the war quickly and 

4875
04:18:00,600 --> 04:18:02,500
preventing a costly invasion of 
Japan. 

4876
04:18:03,400 --> 04:18:06,500
Whether the atomic bombings were
necessary or Justified remains a

4877
04:18:06,500 --> 04:18:09,700
topic of debate, but it is 
undeniable that they represented

4878
04:18:09,700 --> 04:18:11,700
a significant shift in human 
history. 

4879
04:18:13,200 --> 04:18:15,800
The Manhattan Project had 
succeeded in its primary 

4880
04:18:15,800 --> 04:18:19,000
objective, it had created 
weapons powerful enough to end 

4881
04:18:19,000 --> 04:18:23,500
World War 2, but it also created
something else a world where the

4882
04:18:23,500 --> 04:18:25,800
complete destruction of 
civilization was now 

4883
04:18:25,800 --> 04:18:28,800
theoretically possible, whether 
the stakes of international 

4884
04:18:28,800 --> 04:18:32,000
conflict, had been raised beyond
anything previously imaginable. 

4885
04:18:33,200 --> 04:18:36,700
as the aftermath of Hiroshima 
and Nagasaki receded, the 

4886
04:18:36,700 --> 04:18:40,100
scientists who had dedicated 
three years to their clandestine

4887
04:18:40,100 --> 04:18:43,400
work, Came to understand that 
their efforts were far from 

4888
04:18:43,400 --> 04:18:45,900
concluded. 
They had sold the technical 

4889
04:18:45,900 --> 04:18:48,800
challenge of nuclear weapons. 
But they had also created 

4890
04:18:48,800 --> 04:18:52,500
political ethical, and strategic
challenges that would define in 

4891
04:18:52,500 --> 04:18:55,900
international relations for 
generations to come, the atomic 

4892
04:18:55,900 --> 04:18:59,300
age had arrived and there was no
going back when the celebration 

4893
04:18:59,300 --> 04:19:02,200
parade ended, and the newspapers
stopped running headlines about 

4894
04:19:02,200 --> 04:19:05,200
the miracle weapons that had 
ended the war, the people who 

4895
04:19:05,200 --> 04:19:07,800
had created those weapons found 
themselves dealing with the 

4896
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:11,300
peculiar kind of Hangover. 
It wasn't the sort you get from 

4897
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:14,600
too much champagne at a victory 
party, but the kind that comes 

4898
04:19:14,600 --> 04:19:18,100
from realizing you fundamentally
changed the world and aren't 

4899
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:19,100
entirely. 
Sure. 

4900
04:19:19,100 --> 04:19:23,800
Whether you should feel proud or
terrified, The Manhattan Project

4901
04:19:23,800 --> 04:19:27,200
had been such a massive 
all-consuming effort that many 

4902
04:19:27,200 --> 04:19:29,800
of the scientists involved. 
Hadn't really had time to think 

4903
04:19:29,800 --> 04:19:31,700
about what would happen after 
they succeeded. 

4904
04:19:32,600 --> 04:19:35,700
It's akin to devoting three 
years to the construction of a 

4905
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:38,500
race car, only to abruptly, 
discover you don't know where to

4906
04:19:38,500 --> 04:19:40,900
steer it. 
They had sold the technical 

4907
04:19:40,900 --> 04:19:44,500
problem of nuclear weapons with 
brilliant efficiency, but they 

4908
04:19:44,500 --> 04:19:46,300
had inadvertently created 
problems. 

4909
04:19:46,300 --> 04:19:48,800
That were much more complicated 
than mere physics. 

4910
04:19:49,600 --> 04:19:52,500
Oppenheimer who had led the 
scientific effort at Los Alamos 

4911
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:55,800
found himself in the strange 
position of being simultaneously

4912
04:19:55,800 --> 04:19:59,900
celebrated as a hero and viewed 
with suspicion as a potential 

4913
04:19:59,900 --> 04:20:02,800
security risk. 
He had become the most famous 

4914
04:20:02,800 --> 04:20:05,900
scientists in America. 
The father of the atomic bomb, 

4915
04:20:05,900 --> 04:20:09,600
but he was also, someone who 
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 

4916
04:20:09,600 --> 04:20:12,300
complicated, political views 
that made government officials 

4917
04:20:12,300 --> 04:20:14,700
nervous. 
It's challenging to be a 

4918
04:20:14,700 --> 04:20:16,400
national icon. 
When you keep reminding people 

4919
04:20:16,400 --> 04:20:18,700
that the thing that made you 
famous could also destroy 

4920
04:20:18,700 --> 04:20:21,400
civilization. 
The other scientists went to 

4921
04:20:21,400 --> 04:20:24,500
University and research 
institutions taking with them 

4922
04:20:24,500 --> 04:20:27,000
the knowledge of how to build 
nuclear weapons and the burden 

4923
04:20:27,000 --> 04:20:28,600
of knowing what those weapons 
could do. 

4924
04:20:29,600 --> 04:20:32,300
Some through themselves into 
peaceful applications of nuclear

4925
04:20:32,300 --> 04:20:35,700
technology hoping to balance the
destructive potential of their 

4926
04:20:35,700 --> 04:20:38,100
work with beneficial uses for 
atomic energy. 

4927
04:20:38,100 --> 04:20:42,100
Others became advocates for 
nuclear disarmament arguing that

4928
04:20:42,100 --> 04:20:44,000
the weapons. 
They had helped create were two 

4929
04:20:44,008 --> 04:20:45,900
dangerous for Any Nation to 
possess. 

4930
04:20:46,900 --> 04:20:49,700
But the most significant change 
was in how countries thought 

4931
04:20:49,700 --> 04:20:51,500
about war and international 
relations. 

4932
04:20:51,500 --> 04:20:55,000
The atomic bomb had made the 
concept of total Victory 

4933
04:20:55,000 --> 04:20:57,900
obsolete because it now 
potentially meant total 

4934
04:20:57,900 --> 04:20:59,300
Destruction for everyone 
involved. 

4935
04:21:00,200 --> 04:21:02,500
It was like discovering that 
winning an argument could result

4936
04:21:02,500 --> 04:21:05,700
in both, participants being 
struck by lightning, The 

4937
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:08,400
traditional logic of warfare 
where you could defeat your 

4938
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:10,000
enemies without destroying 
yourself. 

4939
04:21:10,000 --> 04:21:12,800
No longer applied when nuclear 
weapons were involved. 

4940
04:21:13,800 --> 04:21:16,700
The Soviet Union which had been 
America's Ally during the war 

4941
04:21:16,700 --> 04:21:20,100
immediately began working on its
own nuclear weapons program. 

4942
04:21:20,100 --> 04:21:23,600
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 
of leader, who was comfortable 

4943
04:21:23,600 --> 04:21:25,100
with other countries having 
weapon. 

4944
04:21:25,100 --> 04:21:28,400
He didn't possess especially 
weapons, that could level entire

4945
04:21:28,400 --> 04:21:31,100
cities. 
The race to develop nuclear 

4946
04:21:31,100 --> 04:21:33,900
weapons became the foundation of
what would be called the Cold 

4947
04:21:33,900 --> 04:21:36,300
War. 
A decade's long stand-off 

4948
04:21:36,300 --> 04:21:39,500
between superpowers armed with 
enough nuclear weapons to 

4949
04:21:39,500 --> 04:21:42,500
destroy each other. 
Many times over the scientists 

4950
04:21:42,500 --> 04:21:44,000
who had worked on the Manhattan 
Project. 

4951
04:21:44,000 --> 04:21:47,700
Watched this development with a 
mixture of resignation and 

4952
04:21:47,700 --> 04:21:50,400
horror. 
Many thought that nuclear 

4953
04:21:50,400 --> 04:21:54,000
weapons would be so obviously 
bad that no sane leader would 

4954
04:21:54,000 --> 04:21:57,200
want to make more. 
Instead, they discovered that 

4955
04:21:57,200 --> 04:21:59,800
human nature was more 
complicated than nuclear physics

4956
04:21:59,800 --> 04:22:02,800
and that the existence of 
nuclear weapons seem to make 

4957
04:22:02,800 --> 04:22:05,600
other countries want nuclear 
weapons even more desperately. 

4958
04:22:06,600 --> 04:22:10,300
Nuclear testing became a regular
occurrence with both the United 

4959
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:13,800
States and the Soviet Union 
detonating increasingly powerful

4960
04:22:13,800 --> 04:22:16,300
weapons in remote locations 
around the world. 

4961
04:22:17,400 --> 04:22:21,000
The hydrogen bomb developed in 
the early 1950s made the weapons

4962
04:22:21,000 --> 04:22:23,300
used against Japan. 
Look small by comparison. 

4963
04:22:23,300 --> 04:22:26,600
It was comparable to the 
difference between a firecracker

4964
04:22:26,600 --> 04:22:30,300
and a volcano with both having 
the potential to destroy human 

4965
04:22:30,300 --> 04:22:34,200
civilization if misused The 
legacy of the Manhattan Project 

4966
04:22:34,200 --> 04:22:38,000
extended far beyond military 
applications nuclear power. 

4967
04:22:38,000 --> 04:22:41,300
Plants began generating 
electricity nuclear medicine, 

4968
04:22:41,300 --> 04:22:45,100
revolutionized cancer treatment 
and radioactive isotopes became 

4969
04:22:45,100 --> 04:22:47,000
essential tools for scientific 
research. 

4970
04:22:48,100 --> 04:22:50,900
Same knowledge that had created 
the most destructive weapons in 

4971
04:22:50,900 --> 04:22:53,100
history. 
Also led to innovations that 

4972
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:56,000
saved lives and advanced human 
understanding of the natural 

4973
04:22:56,000 --> 04:22:58,600
world. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

4974
04:22:58,600 --> 04:23:02,000
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 
was the way it changed, how we 

4975
04:23:02,000 --> 04:23:04,600
think about the relationship 
between science and Society. 

4976
04:23:05,700 --> 04:23:09,500
Before 1945, most people viewed 
scientific research as 

4977
04:23:09,500 --> 04:23:12,800
inherently beneficial a pure 
pursuit of knowledge that 

4978
04:23:12,800 --> 04:23:14,700
inevitably led to human 
progress. 

4979
04:23:15,600 --> 04:23:19,100
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 
became clear that scientific 

4980
04:23:19,100 --> 04:23:21,000
knowledge. 
Could be used for purposes that 

4981
04:23:21,000 --> 04:23:23,800
were anything but beneficial and
that scientists had 

4982
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:26,500
responsibilities that extended 
beyond their Laboratories 

4983
04:23:27,800 --> 04:23:31,000
Manhattan Project demonstrated 
that given enough resources, 

4984
04:23:31,000 --> 04:23:33,300
brilliant people and sufficient 
motivation. 

4985
04:23:33,300 --> 04:23:36,200
Humans could solve almost any 
technical problem. 

4986
04:23:37,100 --> 04:23:40,000
But it also showed that solving 
technical problems was often 

4987
04:23:40,000 --> 04:23:42,300
easier than dealing with the 
consequences of those Solutions.

4988
04:23:42,300 --> 04:23:46,700
The scientists had successfully 
built nuclear weapons, but they 

4989
04:23:46,700 --> 04:23:49,900
had also built a world where the
continued existence of human 

4990
04:23:49,900 --> 04:23:52,900
civilization depended on the 
wisdom and Restraint of 

4991
04:23:52,900 --> 04:23:57,200
political leaders. as you settle
in for sleep tonight it's worth 

4992
04:23:57,200 --> 04:24:00,100
remembering that the story of 
the Manhattan Project is 

4993
04:24:00,100 --> 04:24:03,800
ultimately a story about human 
beings trying to solve an 

4994
04:24:03,800 --> 04:24:06,900
unprecedented problem under 
enormous pressure making 

4995
04:24:06,900 --> 04:24:09,800
decisions with incomplete 
information and dealing with 

4996
04:24:09,800 --> 04:24:14,000
consequences, they couldn't 
fully anticipate The scientists 

4997
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:16,200
engineers and military 
personnel. 

4998
04:24:16,200 --> 04:24:19,400
Involved were not fundamentally 
different from people today. 

4999
04:24:19,400 --> 04:24:22,800
They were just people trying to 
do their jobs in extraordinary. 

5000
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:26,500
Circumstances, the atomic age 
that began in the New Mexico. 

5001
04:24:26,500 --> 04:24:31,700
Desert in 1945 is still with us 
today and probably always will 

5002
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:35,400
be the knowledge of how to split
atoms and release enormous 

5003
04:24:35,400 --> 04:24:38,300
amounts of energy. 
Cannot be uninvented, and the 

5004
04:24:38,300 --> 04:24:41,000
weapons created during the 
Manhattan Project of shape in 

5005
04:24:41,000 --> 04:24:43,000
international relations for over
70 years. 

5006
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:46,100
But perhaps, that's not entirely
a bad thing. 

5007
04:24:46,100 --> 04:24:49,700
The existence of nuclear weapons
has made large-scale Wars 

5008
04:24:49,700 --> 04:24:52,000
between major Powers extremely 
risky. 

5009
04:24:52,000 --> 04:24:55,300
Creating a strange kind of peace
through the threat of mutual 

5010
04:24:55,300 --> 04:24:57,800
destruction. 
It's not the most comforting 

5011
04:24:57,800 --> 04:25:00,900
foundation for international 
stability, but it has worked so 

5012
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:18,500
far. 
Napoleon Bonaparte story, opens 

5013
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:21,300
not in the halls of Parisian 
power, but on a rugged 

5014
04:25:21,300 --> 04:25:25,200
Mediterranean island. 
He was born Napoleonic Bonaparte

5015
04:25:25,200 --> 04:25:30,500
in 1769 in a jack SEO, Corsica 
only months after France, seized

5016
04:25:30,500 --> 04:25:33,600
the island from Genoa. 
As a boy, he spoke the Italian 

5017
04:25:33,600 --> 04:25:36,800
Corsican dialect and Harvard 
Fierce pride in his course of 

5018
04:25:36,800 --> 04:25:39,100
inheritage. 
Sent to Mainland France for 

5019
04:25:39,100 --> 04:25:42,500
schooling at age 9. 
He arrived a thin intense child 

5020
04:25:42,500 --> 04:25:46,200
who felt himself very much an 
outside her classmates, mocked 

5021
04:25:46,200 --> 04:25:47,600
his accent and provincial 
manners. 

5022
04:25:48,700 --> 04:25:51,700
In Quiet Moments under the 
ancient Oaks of Brienna Academy,

5023
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:55,900
young Bonaparte dreamed of home,
the smell of the Mackie shrubs 

5024
04:25:55,900 --> 04:25:59,700
on Corsican hillsides and tales 
of heroism by horse compatriot 

5025
04:25:59,700 --> 04:26:02,800
Pasquale. 
These memories fueled, a 

5026
04:26:02,800 --> 04:26:05,200
lifelong resentment in a drive 
to prove himself in a world, 

5027
04:26:05,208 --> 04:26:06,700
that perceived him as a 
foreigner. 

5028
04:26:07,500 --> 04:26:11,000
Yet France also open New 
Horizons for him at the Royal 

5029
04:26:11,000 --> 04:26:13,400
military school in Paris 
Napoleon. 

5030
04:26:13,400 --> 04:26:16,700
As he still signed his name, 
immersed himself in 

5031
04:26:16,700 --> 04:26:18,800
Enlightenment ideas and Military
texts. 

5032
04:26:18,800 --> 04:26:21,400
He was a voracious reader of 
Rousseau and Voltaire 

5033
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:24,000
cultivating. 
Radical Notions about meriton 

5034
04:26:24,000 --> 04:26:26,100
reason. 
Commissioned, as a young 

5035
04:26:26,100 --> 04:26:29,000
artillery officer, he honed a 
mathematical Precision in 

5036
04:26:29,000 --> 04:26:32,400
ballistics and a Steely. 
Calm under pressure Still in the

5037
04:26:32,400 --> 04:26:35,300
late 1780s. 
The ambitious left tenant found 

5038
04:26:35,300 --> 04:26:38,600
himself idling on half-pay in 
provincial Garrison's chafing at

5039
04:26:38,608 --> 04:26:42,200
the lack of opportunity. 
Letters to his family, betray a 

5040
04:26:42,200 --> 04:26:44,800
Restless mind. 
He wrote an unfinished story and

5041
04:26:44,800 --> 04:26:48,000
essays on course and history 
longing to carve out a place for

5042
04:26:48,000 --> 04:26:52,400
himself. 1789, the French 
revolution's fiery rhetoric 

5043
04:26:52,400 --> 04:26:54,900
gripped. 
Him the revolution's eruption 

5044
04:26:54,900 --> 04:26:58,000
promised career opportunities 
for talented individuals and 

5045
04:26:58,000 --> 04:27:00,300
Bonaparte. 
Now known as Bonaparte in French

5046
04:27:00,300 --> 04:27:02,700
was determined to capitalize on 
this opportunity. 

5047
04:27:02,700 --> 04:27:06,700
He returned to Corsica during 
the early Revolution hoping to 

5048
04:27:06,700 --> 04:27:10,600
spread the new ideals. 
However, Ireland politics turned

5049
04:27:10,600 --> 04:27:14,100
against him, the revered, Paoli 
deemed, Napoleon, a Trader for 

5050
04:27:14,100 --> 04:27:15,300
siding, with the French 
Republic. 

5051
04:27:16,300 --> 04:27:20,900
In 1793 after a bit of falling 
out and an attempt to depose his

5052
04:27:20,900 --> 04:27:23,500
course, and government, the 
Bonaparte family fled their 

5053
04:27:23,500 --> 04:27:27,100
Homeland under threat. 
The 24 year old artillery, 

5054
04:27:27,100 --> 04:27:30,400
Captain arrived back in France 
as a refugee but also as a 

5055
04:27:30,400 --> 04:27:32,600
staunch Republican officer 
hungry for action. 

5056
04:27:33,400 --> 04:27:38,100
He soon got his chance at the 
end of 1793 royalists, in the 

5057
04:27:38,100 --> 04:27:40,900
southern Port of too long 
revolted and welcomed British 

5058
04:27:40,900 --> 04:27:43,700
forces. 
The besieging Revolutionary Army

5059
04:27:43,700 --> 04:27:47,300
faltered until Bonaparte through
a mix of Corsican connections, 

5060
04:27:47,300 --> 04:27:49,900
and share assertiveness was 
assigned to direct the 

5061
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:52,700
artillery. 
Amidst the Thunder of cannons 

5062
04:27:52,700 --> 04:27:56,300
and acid. 
Smoke Napoleon Sean, he embraced

5063
04:27:56,300 --> 04:27:59,300
batteries with lethal, 
Effectiveness, blasting, the 

5064
04:27:59,300 --> 04:28:01,100
harbor and forcing the British 
to flee. 

5065
04:28:02,000 --> 04:28:05,000
In the finalists assault of 
bayonet wound scared his thigh. 

5066
04:28:05,000 --> 04:28:08,300
But victory was complete, the 
achievement was stunning. 

5067
04:28:08,300 --> 04:28:11,100
A little known Corsica had 
masterminded the recapture of 

5068
04:28:11,108 --> 04:28:13,900
two long word of his Brilliance 
travel to Paris. 

5069
04:28:13,900 --> 04:28:17,000
And Stage 24 Bonaparte was 
promoted to Brigadier General, 

5070
04:28:17,000 --> 04:28:19,800
the center of gunpowder at too 
long signaled. 

5071
04:28:19,800 --> 04:28:23,200
His assent to prominent, but 
revolutionary Fortune shifted 

5072
04:28:23,200 --> 04:28:26,100
quickly. 
Just months later Robespierre 

5073
04:28:26,100 --> 04:28:27,900
and the radical Jacobins fell 
from Power. 

5074
04:28:29,000 --> 04:28:32,200
Napoleon considered a 
Robespierre Ally by association 

5075
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:35,300
was arrested. 
He was briefly jailed in a dank 

5076
04:28:35,300 --> 04:28:38,300
sell at Fort Carey. 
The omniscient Fates that 

5077
04:28:38,300 --> 04:28:41,200
elevated him. 
Now threatened to cut short his 

5078
04:28:41,200 --> 04:28:43,600
assent. 
He emerged unscathed but 

5079
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:47,000
unemployed pacing the Paris 
streets in a threadbare coat. 

5080
04:28:47,000 --> 04:28:51,200
Surviving on meager rations. 
During this low ebb in 1795, 

5081
04:28:51,200 --> 04:28:55,100
even toyed, with leaving France,
to serve the ottoman Sultan and 

5082
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:57,600
ironic Prospect for one, who 
would one day, humble the great 

5083
04:28:57,600 --> 04:29:01,200
powers of Europe. 
Opportunity, however, knocked 

5084
04:29:01,200 --> 04:29:04,500
again, that October royalist 
mobs stormed, toward the ruling 

5085
04:29:04,500 --> 04:29:07,200
convention aiming to topple The 
Fragile Republic. 

5086
04:29:08,100 --> 04:29:12,500
General Paul Barras, desperate 
to save the revolution taped the

5087
04:29:12,500 --> 04:29:15,000
only artillery expert. 
He knew who could be ruthless 

5088
04:29:15,000 --> 04:29:18,900
enough, Napoleon Bonaparte. 
Napoleon did not hesitate 

5089
04:29:18,900 --> 04:29:21,400
stationing canon in the streets 
of Paris. 

5090
04:29:21,400 --> 04:29:24,400
He met the royalist charged with
blasts of great shot of Point 

5091
04:29:24,400 --> 04:29:26,700
Blank Range. 
The cobblestones of the roof 

5092
04:29:26,700 --> 04:29:29,700
Santana Rey shook with each 
thunderous volley shredding the 

5093
04:29:29,700 --> 04:29:32,500
Insurgent columns and sending 
the survivors into panicked 

5094
04:29:32,500 --> 04:29:35,700
flight. 
A whiff of great shot one. 

5095
04:29:35,700 --> 04:29:39,000
Witness called it cost to clean.
Describing how shred banners and

5096
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:40,800
bodies littered the Smoky 
Avenue's. 

5097
04:29:40,800 --> 04:29:45,300
Bonapartes decisive action save 
the Revolutionary government. in

5098
04:29:45,300 --> 04:29:49,200
a single brutal afternoon, he 
became the Republic Savior and 

5099
04:29:49,200 --> 04:29:51,900
also earned a reputation for 
cold-blooded efficiency that 

5100
04:29:51,900 --> 04:29:55,300
some would not forget Paris grew
quiet at dusk. 

5101
04:29:55,300 --> 04:29:58,700
The are heavy with the Tang of 
spent gunpowder and a new 

5102
04:29:58,708 --> 04:30:01,000
awareness, a young General had 
shown. 

5103
04:30:01,000 --> 04:30:03,700
He would not hesitate to fire on
his fellow Frenchman to secure 

5104
04:30:03,700 --> 04:30:05,600
order. 
Far from hiding. 

5105
04:30:05,600 --> 04:30:09,000
This bloody episode Napoleon 
later, had it celebrated each 

5106
04:30:09,000 --> 04:30:12,800
year, defending himself with the
remark that a soldier is only a 

5107
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:15,600
machine to obey orders. 
The reward for this loyal 

5108
04:30:15,600 --> 04:30:18,200
service was extraordinary, 
within weeks. 

5109
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:22,100
The directory, the new executive
body gave 26 year old Bonaparte 

5110
04:30:22,100 --> 04:30:25,900
command of the army of Italy, A 
post that season generals had 

5111
04:30:25,900 --> 04:30:28,800
covered it. 
Around the same time he met 

5112
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:33,200
Josefina a glamorous Creole 
Widow six years, his senior who 

5113
04:30:33,200 --> 04:30:36,200
was connected to Paris. 
The attraction was immediate and

5114
04:30:36,200 --> 04:30:41,100
consuming in March 1796 just 
days before departing to take up

5115
04:30:41,100 --> 04:30:44,500
his new command Napoleon married
Josephine in a private civil 

5116
04:30:44,500 --> 04:30:47,100
ceremony. 
He adored her with an Earnest 

5117
04:30:47,100 --> 04:30:48,200
impassioned. 
Love that. 

5118
04:30:48,200 --> 04:30:50,700
Blazed through the letters. 
He would soon send daily from 

5119
04:30:50,700 --> 04:30:53,700
the Italian front. 
Josephine, provided the social 

5120
04:30:53,700 --> 04:30:55,200
polish and connections he 
lacked. 

5121
04:30:55,200 --> 04:30:59,500
He gave her devotion and the 
promise of Destiny, As he rode 

5122
04:30:59,500 --> 04:31:02,808
out of Paris in the spring, rain
and Napoleon Bonaparte was a 

5123
04:31:02,816 --> 04:31:05,800
curious figure. 
A Corsa can Outsider turned 

5124
04:31:05,800 --> 04:31:08,700
Republican General, recently a 
penniless Outkast. 

5125
04:31:08,700 --> 04:31:11,600
Now, head of an army. 
His Ambitions were boundless 

5126
04:31:11,600 --> 04:31:15,100
France had given him an Army in 
a beautiful wife, he intended to

5127
04:31:15,108 --> 04:31:19,400
repay both with Glory, the dye 
was cast the little corporals 

5128
04:31:19,400 --> 04:31:20,800
rapid Ascent was about to 
commence. 

5129
04:31:20,800 --> 04:31:23,700
The Slender young General who 
arrived to lead, the army of 

5130
04:31:23,708 --> 04:31:28,800
Italy in 1796, founded 
dispirited ragtag Force, clad in

5131
04:31:28,800 --> 04:31:30,700
rags and hungry for both food 
and Victory. 

5132
04:31:31,800 --> 04:31:34,600
Napoleon's predecessors had 
achieved little in the grinding 

5133
04:31:34,600 --> 04:31:37,300
war against Austria. 
But the new Commander 

5134
04:31:37,300 --> 04:31:39,300
electrified, his men from the 
outset. 

5135
04:31:40,100 --> 04:31:42,700
Gathering, the troops who looks 
skeptically at his slight 

5136
04:31:42,700 --> 04:31:45,900
stature and Youthful face, he 
pointed toward the enemy's 

5137
04:31:45,900 --> 04:31:49,100
Richlands beyond the Alps 
soldiers, he cried, you are 

5138
04:31:49,108 --> 04:31:52,300
ill-fed and almost naked. 
I will lead you into the most 

5139
04:31:52,300 --> 04:31:56,600
fertile Plains in the world. 
Rich province is a great cities 

5140
04:31:56,600 --> 04:31:59,700
will lie in your power. 
In their you will find honor 

5141
04:31:59,700 --> 04:32:02,800
glory and riches the soldiers 
erupted in. 

5142
04:32:02,800 --> 04:32:06,200
Cheers skepticism gave way to 
further as he promised to 

5143
04:32:06,200 --> 04:32:08,800
transform their thread 
desperation into Triumph. 

5144
04:32:09,700 --> 04:32:12,200
During the early days of the 
campaign in The Damp, foothills 

5145
04:32:12,200 --> 04:32:15,700
of Piedmont men who were on the 
verge of deserting instead found

5146
04:32:15,700 --> 04:32:18,500
themselves prepared to follow 
this fiery little general to the

5147
04:32:18,500 --> 04:32:22,400
farthest reaches of the Earth. 
Napoleon promptly fulfilled his 

5148
04:32:22,400 --> 04:32:24,900
promise. 
He moved with startling speed 

5149
04:32:24,900 --> 04:32:28,400
and aggression catching Austrian
and piedmontese armies off. 

5150
04:32:28,400 --> 04:32:32,100
Balance with bold tactics in a 
whirlwind of Battles, Through 

5151
04:32:32,100 --> 04:32:34,700
the mountain passes. 
He demonstrated a Predators 

5152
04:32:34,700 --> 04:32:38,900
Instinct striking, where least 
expected and driving his 

5153
04:32:38,900 --> 04:32:41,500
exhausted troops forward with 
sheer force of will. 

5154
04:32:42,400 --> 04:32:47,000
That Monty Dago malisimo and 
Mondovi French, Canon and 

5155
04:32:47,000 --> 04:32:49,500
bayonets rooted forces. 
That months before would have 

5156
04:32:49,508 --> 04:32:53,300
sent them reeling the Austrian, 
generals, many twice bonapartes 

5157
04:32:53,300 --> 04:32:55,800
as age were confounded by his 
unpredictable maneuvers. 

5158
04:32:56,600 --> 04:32:59,300
They haven't seen anything yet. 
Napoleon boasted confidently, 

5159
04:32:59,300 --> 04:33:02,500
after one victory in our time. 
No one has the slightest 

5160
04:33:02,500 --> 04:33:05,599
conception of what is great. 
It is up to me to give them an 

5161
04:33:05,599 --> 04:33:08,200
example. 
His bravado was backed by 

5162
04:33:08,200 --> 04:33:10,500
action. 
He negotiated piedmont's 

5163
04:33:10,500 --> 04:33:12,200
withdrawal from the war within 
weeks. 

5164
04:33:12,200 --> 04:33:15,200
Then turn the army of Italy 
against the austrians occupying 

5165
04:33:15,200 --> 04:33:18,900
Lombardy. 
In May 1796 Napoleon cemented 

5166
04:33:18,900 --> 04:33:21,900
his legend of the bridge over 
the Ada river near the town of 

5167
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:25,500
Lodi. the Austrian rear guard 
had taken up a strong position 

5168
04:33:25,500 --> 04:33:28,800
across the river their Canon 
covering the narrow wooden span 

5169
04:33:29,599 --> 04:33:32,000
Rather than wait for a safer 
Crossing Bonaparte. 

5170
04:33:32,000 --> 04:33:34,099
Decided on a frontal, assault 
that defied. 

5171
04:33:34,099 --> 04:33:37,400
All conventional sense. 
Amidst the deafening Roar of 

5172
04:33:37,408 --> 04:33:39,800
enemy guns. 
He personally helped aim French 

5173
04:33:39,800 --> 04:33:43,099
cannons and rallied a column of 
grenadiers for a head on charge.

5174
04:33:43,800 --> 04:33:46,400
Tricolor flag in hand. 
He plunged onto the bridge at 

5175
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:50,200
the head of his men, grapeshot 
whistled past, his ears planks. 

5176
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:52,000
Splinted under the blast of 
artillery. 

5177
04:33:52,700 --> 04:33:55,200
For an instant, the attack 
faltered under withering fire. 

5178
04:33:55,200 --> 04:33:59,099
But Napoleon stood in the Smoke,
his sword drawn and his uniform 

5179
04:33:59,099 --> 04:34:01,500
powdered with Gunsmoke. 
His presence. 

5180
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:06,599
Ignited, the troops with a final
yell honor the troops surged 

5181
04:34:06,599 --> 04:34:12,700
forward here overrunning, the 
Austrian guns on the far Bank, 

5182
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:16,900
the stunned enemy broke and fled
loading was a small battle that 

5183
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:19,500
in its drama. 
Lay the seed of a myth. 

5184
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:23,500
The soldiers met by their 
generals Fearless exposure to 

5185
04:34:23,500 --> 04:34:25,900
Fire and his willingness to do a
corporal's Work. 

5186
04:34:25,900 --> 04:34:29,599
Loading guns affectionately, 
dubbed him a petite Caporal. 

5187
04:34:29,599 --> 04:34:34,000
The little corporal That night 
as the exhausted French camped, 

5188
04:34:34,000 --> 04:34:37,500
under a moonlit sky and could 
not sleep, he adrenaline of 

5189
04:34:37,500 --> 04:34:40,900
Victory and survival course 
through him in later years, he 

5190
04:34:40,900 --> 04:34:44,099
would recall that at Lodi from 
that moment on I force, what I 

5191
04:34:44,108 --> 04:34:47,000
might be. 
Already, I felt the Earth flea 

5192
04:34:47,000 --> 04:34:49,400
from beneath me as if I were 
being carried into the sky. 

5193
04:34:50,400 --> 04:34:53,099
It was at Lodi that Napoleon 
Bonaparte began to believe 

5194
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:56,500
unequivocally in his destiny. 
Through the Summer, and Autumn 

5195
04:34:56,500 --> 04:35:00,700
of 1796 Napoleon LED his army on
a Relentless offensive that read

5196
04:35:00,700 --> 04:35:03,400
like something out of Caesar's 
commentaries Napoleon. 

5197
04:35:03,400 --> 04:35:06,400
Swiftly crossed the Po River 
flanked enemy positions using 

5198
04:35:06,400 --> 04:35:10,400
Mountain, tracks repeatedly, 
encircled, the austrians in 

5199
04:35:10,400 --> 04:35:12,599
battle. 
After battle, Castiglione are 

5200
04:35:12,599 --> 04:35:15,700
called Rivoli the French over. 
Came Superior numbers through 

5201
04:35:15,700 --> 04:35:19,500
Bonaparte imaginative tactics 
and the esri decor he instilled 

5202
04:35:19,500 --> 04:35:23,800
his troops marched hungry and 
Barefoot over the Alps referring

5203
04:35:23,800 --> 04:35:27,099
to him as father Violet due to 
his unexpected arrival, much 

5204
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:30,599
like the first Violet of spring,
they came to believe he could 

5205
04:35:30,599 --> 04:35:32,800
do. 
It could take any Fortress and 

5206
04:35:32,800 --> 04:35:37,599
defeat any Foe and often he did.
after a grueling sieged Napoleon

5207
04:35:37,599 --> 04:35:42,599
captured Mantua in early 1797 
breaking Austrian resistance in 

5208
04:35:42,599 --> 04:35:46,000
Italy, By that spring, he had 
Advanced to the very edge of 

5209
04:35:46,008 --> 04:35:49,200
Austrian territory. 
The once Mighty Habsburg Empire,

5210
04:35:49,200 --> 04:35:52,200
shocked by the string of defeats
and flicked by this, upstart 

5211
04:35:52,200 --> 04:35:55,200
sued for peace. 
Rather than CVS threatened, 

5212
04:35:55,200 --> 04:35:59,400
Bernard dictated terms, like a 
seasoned statement in the Treaty

5213
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:04,099
of Campo formio or October 1797.
He reshaped the map of Northern 

5214
04:36:04,099 --> 04:36:07,700
Italy creating new republics 
under French influence and 

5215
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:09,900
seeded Venetia to Austria as 
compensation. 

5216
04:36:10,900 --> 04:36:14,400
Remarkably, he negotiated this 
piece directly outshining the 

5217
04:36:14,400 --> 04:36:17,500
politicians back in Paris. 
He was a general taking the 

5218
04:36:17,500 --> 04:36:21,099
initiative to formulate foreign 
policy A sign of The Growing 

5219
04:36:21,099 --> 04:36:22,500
Power. 
He was accumulating. 

5220
04:36:23,400 --> 04:36:26,200
Meanwhile in the territories he 
conquered Napoleon revealed 

5221
04:36:26,200 --> 04:36:28,800
other facets. 
He presented himself as a 

5222
04:36:28,800 --> 04:36:31,800
liberator, abolishing feudal, 
Privileges, and spreading 

5223
04:36:31,800 --> 04:36:33,700
revolutionary principles in 
Italy. 

5224
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:37,200
But he also levied heavy 
contributions and sent convoys 

5225
04:36:37,200 --> 04:36:40,400
of looted art back to France. 
Wagon, loads of paintings and 

5226
04:36:40,400 --> 04:36:43,700
sculptures spoils from Milan 
Verona and Venice trundled over 

5227
04:36:43,700 --> 04:36:46,200
the Alps Bound. 
For the Louvre evidence that 

5228
04:36:46,200 --> 04:36:48,700
Napoleon understood the 
propaganda value of culture 

5229
04:36:48,700 --> 04:36:52,800
parisians, were thrilled at the 
arrival of masterpieces and the 

5230
04:36:52,808 --> 04:36:55,800
news of victory. 
The directors in Paris found 

5231
04:36:55,800 --> 04:36:58,300
themselves a Clips by the glory 
of their young General. 

5232
04:36:59,000 --> 04:37:01,200
As his Fame grew. 
So, did the complexities of his 

5233
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:05,099
character Napoleon the Romantic 
for instance, was on full 

5234
04:37:05,099 --> 04:37:07,900
display in Italy separated, from
Josephine. 

5235
04:37:07,900 --> 04:37:11,099
He wrote her letters almost 
nightly pouring out his heart in

5236
04:37:11,099 --> 04:37:14,099
unguarded Pros. 
I have loved you for a long 

5237
04:37:14,108 --> 04:37:16,200
time. 
He wrote off to one battle and I

5238
04:37:16,200 --> 04:37:17,900
feel that I love you more each 
day. 

5239
04:37:18,900 --> 04:37:22,400
I thought I loved you a few days
ago, but since I saw you, I feel

5240
04:37:22,400 --> 04:37:25,500
that I love you, 1000 times more
words that reveal a passionate 

5241
04:37:25,500 --> 04:37:28,099
even obsessive attachment on the
battlefield. 

5242
04:37:28,099 --> 04:37:30,900
He was icy and calculated, but 
alone in his tent by 

5243
04:37:30,900 --> 04:37:33,599
candlelight, he could be almost 
feverish with longing. 

5244
04:37:34,300 --> 04:37:36,500
Unbeknownst to him. 
Josephine's replies were 

5245
04:37:36,500 --> 04:37:38,200
infrequent and often 
perfunctory. 

5246
04:37:38,200 --> 04:37:42,400
The worldly Creole was enjoying 
Paris society and a discrete 

5247
04:37:42,400 --> 04:37:45,500
affair on the side. 
This imbalance of affection, the

5248
04:37:45,500 --> 04:37:48,200
Conqueror of Italy begging for 
love was a poignant 

5249
04:37:48,200 --> 04:37:50,900
contradiction. 
The soldiers saw their General 

5250
04:37:50,900 --> 04:37:53,099
as a demigod yet in matters of 
the heart. 

5251
04:37:53,099 --> 04:37:55,900
He could be as vulnerable as any
man Napoleon. 

5252
04:37:55,900 --> 04:37:58,500
Was the most renowned figure in 
France by the time he returned 

5253
04:37:58,500 --> 04:38:01,800
to Paris at the end of 1797 
newspapers. 

5254
04:38:01,800 --> 04:38:05,700
Hailed him as arridy. 
The Italian hero, extolling his 

5255
04:38:05,700 --> 04:38:09,900
Triumph overcoming challenges 
walking through the wheelies 

5256
04:38:09,900 --> 04:38:14,099
Gardens civilians gate and 
officers snap to attention the 

5257
04:38:14,099 --> 04:38:16,099
energy. 
He exuded had altered the course

5258
04:38:16,099 --> 04:38:17,599
of a continent in a matter of 
months. 

5259
04:38:18,599 --> 04:38:22,099
Yet the directory grew where he 
was a general, whose popularity 

5260
04:38:22,099 --> 04:38:26,200
rivaled their legitimacy. in 
Napoleon's piercing gray eyes 

5261
04:38:26,200 --> 04:38:29,700
and Kurt self-confidence, some 
directory members, Glimpse to 

5262
04:38:29,700 --> 04:38:32,800
Potential Threat, For the time 
being, they showered him with 

5263
04:38:32,800 --> 04:38:36,099
honors, inviting him to dine, 
with directors and seeking his 

5264
04:38:36,099 --> 04:38:39,500
advice on Grand strategy. 
However, these politicians 

5265
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:43,200
secretly felt a sense of relief 
when Bonaparte accepted a new 

5266
04:38:43,207 --> 04:38:45,099
assignment that took him far 
from Paris. 

5267
04:38:46,000 --> 04:38:48,900
The Restless general. 
Just 28 was already looking 

5268
04:38:48,900 --> 04:38:51,800
Beyond Italy. 
In his omnivorous mind. 

5269
04:38:51,800 --> 04:38:53,700
The next Grand Adventure was 
forming. 

5270
04:38:54,700 --> 04:38:58,099
He spoke of an expedition to 
Egypt a bold, strike aimed in 

5271
04:38:58,099 --> 04:39:01,099
directly at England. 
It was audacious and full of 

5272
04:39:01,099 --> 04:39:03,300
risk. 
Perfectly suited to Napoleon 

5273
04:39:03,300 --> 04:39:05,599
Bonaparte who by now believe 
Destiny. 

5274
04:39:05,599 --> 04:39:08,700
Had extraordinary plans for him.
Napoleon embarked on his 

5275
04:39:08,700 --> 04:39:11,000
campaign in the east, as both 
conqueror and Visionary 

5276
04:39:11,000 --> 04:39:13,599
determined to etch. 
His name, alongside Alexander 

5277
04:39:13,599 --> 04:39:16,400
the Great. 
In May 1798. 

5278
04:39:16,400 --> 04:39:20,400
He set sail from France with a 
fleet of soldiers, Scholars and 

5279
04:39:20,400 --> 04:39:22,500
dreams leaving the Comforts of 
Europe. 

5280
04:39:22,500 --> 04:39:26,000
For the fabled, Sands of Egypt, 
The Voyage itself felt like a 

5281
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:28,800
journey into Legend on Deck 
Under the Stars. 

5282
04:39:28,800 --> 04:39:31,599
Napoleon would point out 
constellations to his servant 

5283
04:39:31,599 --> 04:39:34,800
and news about the glory of 
antique Equity by day. 

5284
04:39:34,800 --> 04:39:38,700
He devoured books on the Orient.
He was not merely leading an 

5285
04:39:38,700 --> 04:39:41,900
army, he was crafting an image 
of himself as an enlightened 

5286
04:39:41,900 --> 04:39:44,400
Liberator and a new season of 
the East. 

5287
04:39:45,300 --> 04:39:48,600
The soldiers packed tightly in 
the sweltering holds were 

5288
04:39:48,600 --> 04:39:51,100
regaled with their generals 
proclamations, that they were 

5289
04:39:51,100 --> 04:39:55,800
Bound for Immortal Glory. 
Many were sick and anxious, they

5290
04:39:55,800 --> 04:39:58,500
believed in him. 
It was said that as their ships 

5291
04:39:58,500 --> 04:40:01,800
passed by the Great Pyramids. 
Visible on the horizon, Napoleon

5292
04:40:01,800 --> 04:40:05,500
dramatically addressed his 
troops soldiers, from the summit

5293
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:08,900
of these pyramids. 40 centuries 
looked down upon you, the line 

5294
04:40:08,900 --> 04:40:11,900
echoing across the Desert Wind 
sent shivers down the ranks. 

5295
04:40:11,900 --> 04:40:15,400
It was bombastic, historically 
dubious and utterly effective 

5296
04:40:15,400 --> 04:40:18,700
and stirring, men's Souls 
Bonaparte was scripting his 

5297
04:40:18,700 --> 04:40:22,600
mythology, even as it unfolded. 
After a swift conquest of the 

5298
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:25,900
port of Alexandria Napoleon 
marched his army, Inland to 

5299
04:40:25,900 --> 04:40:27,700
confront the ruling mamluk 
Warlords. 

5300
04:40:28,500 --> 04:40:33,200
On July 21st, 1798 near the 
village of Ember Bay Napoleon 

5301
04:40:33,200 --> 04:40:36,600
deployed his troops in massive 
squares with the hazy outline of

5302
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:40,000
pyramids in the distance. 
The battle of the pyramids as it

5303
04:40:40,000 --> 04:40:42,500
came to be known as much theater
as combat. 

5304
04:40:43,300 --> 04:40:47,000
Malik Cavalry, in colorful silk 
and Armour charged repeatedly 

5305
04:40:47,000 --> 04:40:50,400
renowned for their ferocity. 
But the shattered against the 

5306
04:40:50,400 --> 04:40:53,700
discipline French Square's 
bristling with bayonet, the 

5307
04:40:53,700 --> 04:40:57,200
volleys and Canon smoke. 
French drummers beat a steady 

5308
04:40:57,200 --> 04:40:59,800
Rhythm that mingled with the 
distant cries of camels and the 

5309
04:40:59,808 --> 04:41:03,100
clang of summits. 
Napoleon seated, atop a gray 

5310
04:41:03,100 --> 04:41:05,800
Arabian, charger surveyed the 
battlefield, through his 

5311
04:41:05,800 --> 04:41:09,600
Spyglass. 
Outwardly, calm, When the dust 

5312
04:41:09,600 --> 04:41:13,100
settled by late afternoon, 
thousands of mamluk riders, lay 

5313
04:41:13,100 --> 04:41:14,800
dead or dying in the Nile 
marshes. 

5314
04:41:14,800 --> 04:41:18,500
The French losses were 
relatively light word spread 

5315
04:41:18,500 --> 04:41:21,200
among the locals that the young 
General had Supernatural Powers.

5316
04:41:21,200 --> 04:41:24,100
How else could one explain such 
a lopsided victory. 

5317
04:41:25,100 --> 04:41:28,300
Napoleon encouraged these 
Whispers, he established himself

5318
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:32,400
in Cairo and convened, a diwan 
council of local notables 

5319
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:37,100
pledging respect for Islam and 
the people In proclamations, he 

5320
04:41:37,100 --> 04:41:39,900
professed admiration for the 
prophet Muhammad and claimed the

5321
04:41:39,900 --> 04:41:42,800
French were friends of Muslims 
even inventing a tale of a 

5322
04:41:42,808 --> 04:41:45,200
mystical conversation with his 
arms in a pyramid. 

5323
04:41:45,800 --> 04:41:49,600
Such declarations were cynical 
but shrewd aimed at pacifying a 

5324
04:41:49,600 --> 04:41:52,100
land. 
He knew little about Bonaparte, 

5325
04:41:52,100 --> 04:41:55,000
the chameleon was adapting once 
more in Cairo. 

5326
04:41:55,000 --> 04:41:57,500
He appeared draped in an 
oriental robot time's. 

5327
04:41:57,500 --> 04:41:59,600
Playing the part of the 
Liberator of the East. 

5328
04:42:00,500 --> 04:42:04,300
However, reality intruded on his
grandiose player's, in August 

5329
04:42:04,300 --> 04:42:07,500
1798, mere weeks after the 
Triumph at the pyramids 

5330
04:42:07,500 --> 04:42:10,700
disaster, struck at sea. 
The British Admiral Horatio 

5331
04:42:10,700 --> 04:42:14,300
Nelson caught the French Fleet 
anchored in a bouquet Bay and a 

5332
04:42:14,300 --> 04:42:16,300
annihilated it in a fiery night,
long battle. 

5333
04:42:17,400 --> 04:42:20,200
In one night, Napoleon's 
communication with France was 

5334
04:42:20,200 --> 04:42:25,300
severed, his army was stranded 
in Egypt, unfazed outwardly, he 

5335
04:42:25,300 --> 04:42:27,200
doubled down on forging a new 
narrative. 

5336
04:42:27,800 --> 04:42:31,000
If returned to Europe was cut 
off, he would turn his Conquest 

5337
04:42:31,000 --> 04:42:34,900
into a transformative mission. 
he established the Institute 

5338
04:42:34,900 --> 04:42:38,600
desert in Cairo where Scholars 
studied everything from ancient 

5339
04:42:38,600 --> 04:42:41,700
hieroglyphs, the Rosetta Stone 
would soon be on Earth by his 

5340
04:42:41,700 --> 04:42:45,500
team, to Modern irrigation, 
French officers strolled the 

5341
04:42:45,508 --> 04:42:49,000
streets with notebooks instead 
of only muskets the occupation 

5342
04:42:49,000 --> 04:42:52,400
took on a curious. 
Dual nature brutal military rule

5343
04:42:52,400 --> 04:42:56,000
on one hand, suppressing revolts
with mass executions were needed

5344
04:42:56,000 --> 04:42:58,500
and enlightened exploration on 
the other. 

5345
04:42:59,600 --> 04:43:02,400
Napoleon ordered local printers 
to produce a French Arabic 

5346
04:43:02,400 --> 04:43:05,100
newspaper. 
Created a legit praising french 

5347
04:43:05,100 --> 04:43:09,200
fries and reforms. 
Commissioned artists to sketch, 

5348
04:43:09,200 --> 04:43:12,400
ruins, and scientists to 
catalog, Egypt's, flora and 

5349
04:43:12,400 --> 04:43:15,900
fauna. under the glow of 
lanterns in cairo's palaces 

5350
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:18,800
conversations about philosophy 
and governance unfolded in both 

5351
04:43:18,800 --> 04:43:22,500
French and Arabic This blend of 
force and charm offensive was 

5352
04:43:22,500 --> 04:43:25,700
bonapartes approached to Empire 
Building Blocks through both 

5353
04:43:25,700 --> 04:43:28,800
sword and pain yet. 
Egypt would test the polio as 

5354
04:43:28,800 --> 04:43:33,000
never before. 
In early 1799 hungry for further

5355
04:43:33,000 --> 04:43:35,100
Laurel's and concerned by an 
impending ottoman 

5356
04:43:35,100 --> 04:43:37,500
counter-attack. 
He marched North into ottoman 

5357
04:43:37,500 --> 04:43:40,100
Syria. 
Today's Israel, Palestine an 

5358
04:43:40,100 --> 04:43:43,100
Overland Journeys through 
sinai's deserts into a crucible 

5359
04:43:43,100 --> 04:43:46,400
of hardship. 
The campaign swiftly turned into

5360
04:43:46,400 --> 04:43:49,900
a terrifying ordeal. 
The sun above was merciless, 

5361
04:43:49,900 --> 04:43:54,700
water was scarce plague stalked.
The ranks still Napoleon pushed 

5362
04:43:54,700 --> 04:43:57,100
on capturing. 
Coastal towns like el-arish and 

5363
04:43:57,100 --> 04:44:00,100
Gaza and then storming Jaffer in
March 1799. 

5364
04:44:01,200 --> 04:44:05,300
That Jaffa a horrifying incident
tarnished his reputation after 

5365
04:44:05,300 --> 04:44:07,700
the city fell, thousands of 
Ottoman, soldiers, who had 

5366
04:44:07,700 --> 04:44:10,800
surrendered including a Garrison
previously, paroled by the 

5367
04:44:10,800 --> 04:44:14,100
French were executed under 
Napoleon's orders most by 

5368
04:44:14,100 --> 04:44:16,800
shooting or bayonet. 
It was an act of Ruthless 

5369
04:44:16,800 --> 04:44:19,100
expedience. 
He could neither feed nor 

5370
04:44:19,100 --> 04:44:22,100
guards, so many prisoners, while
enemy forces, gathered nearby, 

5371
04:44:22,100 --> 04:44:26,200
the beach outside Jaffer became 
a field of death later. 

5372
04:44:26,200 --> 04:44:29,000
Accounts described Columns of 
prisoners being led out under 

5373
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:33,300
guard forced to kneel in the 
dunes and the crackle of musket 

5374
04:44:33,300 --> 04:44:36,000
fire mingling with screams 
Napoleon. 

5375
04:44:36,000 --> 04:44:39,200
Never publicly acknowledged, 
this massacre within days, he 

5376
04:44:39,200 --> 04:44:42,700
had moved on But some of his 
officers were sickened by it. 

5377
04:44:43,600 --> 04:44:45,600
The general who spoke of 
Enlightenment had shown. 

5378
04:44:45,600 --> 04:44:48,500
He would also cross any moral 
line for military necessity 

5379
04:44:48,500 --> 04:44:51,200
days. 
Later in the same city, another 

5380
04:44:51,200 --> 04:44:54,500
scene, emerged immortalized in 
paint and propaganda as a 

5381
04:44:54,508 --> 04:44:58,000
Counterpoint to the Bloodshed. 
A vicious outbreak of Bubonic. 

5382
04:44:58,000 --> 04:45:00,400
Plague ravaged, the French Camp 
after Jaffer. 

5383
04:45:01,000 --> 04:45:02,600
Soldiers. 
Lay moaning in a makeshift 

5384
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:05,300
Hospital. 
Housed in an old Caravan Surrey.

5385
04:45:05,800 --> 04:45:08,600
Fear of contagion spread even 
faster than the disease. 

5386
04:45:08,600 --> 04:45:11,400
Many troops, dare not go near 
the stricken. 

5387
04:45:12,300 --> 04:45:15,400
Napoleon understood that fear, 
could destroy his army faster 

5388
04:45:15,400 --> 04:45:18,200
than plague itself. 
So on a warm morning in 

5389
04:45:18,200 --> 04:45:20,700
mid-march, he visited the play 
hospital in Jaffa. 

5390
04:45:21,400 --> 04:45:24,200
According to accounts, he Strode
through the low archways of the 

5391
04:45:24,200 --> 04:45:26,400
mosque turned infirmary with a 
calm expression. 

5392
04:45:26,400 --> 04:45:30,300
As a rays of light pierced, the 
dusty are rows of the second 

5393
04:45:30,300 --> 04:45:32,900
dying line. 
The walls, their faces etched 

5394
04:45:32,900 --> 04:45:37,000
with feverish agony. 
Napoleon showed no hesitation he

5395
04:45:37,000 --> 04:45:39,800
moved from cot to cot's. 
Speaking, softly, even touching 

5396
04:45:39,800 --> 04:45:42,700
one soldiers in flame bubo with 
his bare hand in a gesture of 

5397
04:45:42,700 --> 04:45:45,700
compassion and courage. 
The men watched in astonishment 

5398
04:45:45,700 --> 04:45:48,800
as their General, the same man 
who had ordered Prisoners shot 

5399
04:45:48,800 --> 04:45:52,200
days before now, comforted The 
Afflicted with near saintly 

5400
04:45:52,200 --> 04:45:54,900
composure. 
One soldier, reportedly tried 

5401
04:45:54,900 --> 04:45:58,500
weekly to rise, and salute 
Napoleon, gently made him, rest 

5402
04:45:58,500 --> 04:46:02,400
this visit became legendary 
later back in France. 

5403
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:06,000
The event would be commemorated 
by artist Antoine Jean Gros in a

5404
04:46:06,008 --> 04:46:08,900
massive painting depicting 
Bonaparte as a Fearless healer 

5405
04:46:08,900 --> 04:46:12,500
reaching out to the plague and 
bathed in a quasi religious 

5406
04:46:12,500 --> 04:46:15,400
glow. 
The painting glossed over the 

5407
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:17,900
Grimmer context, yet its power 
endures. 

5408
04:46:17,900 --> 04:46:21,600
It was propaganda. 
As much as compassion, Napoleon 

5409
04:46:21,600 --> 04:46:24,500
crafting, the myth of himself as
both ruthless conqueror and 

5410
04:46:24,500 --> 04:46:27,100
benevolent hero. 
That spring, however, military 

5411
04:46:27,100 --> 04:46:30,900
realities were harsh Napoleon's 
Advance Into the Heart of Syria 

5412
04:46:30,900 --> 04:46:32,900
encountered. 
The formidable walls, of Accra 

5413
04:46:32,900 --> 04:46:36,400
British warships, aided the 
ottoman Defenders, and despite 

5414
04:46:36,400 --> 04:46:39,400
repeated assaults The Fortress 
of Akron did not fall. 

5415
04:46:40,300 --> 04:46:44,400
Bonapartes Army grew weaker by 
the day, plague heat and stiff 

5416
04:46:44,400 --> 04:46:48,000
resistance sap their strength. 
After two months of frustration 

5417
04:46:48,000 --> 04:46:51,400
Napoleon, finally lifted The 
Siege in May 1799. 

5418
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:54,900
He led his gaunt Warren, man on 
a grueling Retreat. 

5419
04:46:54,900 --> 04:46:58,600
Back to Egypt harassed by a 
mounted ottoman forces, and 

5420
04:46:58,600 --> 04:47:00,400
bedeviled by the merciless 
climate. 

5421
04:47:01,300 --> 04:47:03,900
The omniscient narrator of 
History might note that the 

5422
04:47:03,900 --> 04:47:06,500
event was the first serious 
setback in Napoleon's career. 

5423
04:47:07,400 --> 04:47:10,400
Outside the walls of Accra. 
The limits of his fortune became

5424
04:47:10,400 --> 04:47:14,000
evident in one poignant incident
during the retreat, French 

5425
04:47:14,000 --> 04:47:15,700
soldier, too. 
Sick to walk. 

5426
04:47:15,700 --> 04:47:19,300
Begged not to be left behind 
Napoleon, paused and in a red 

5427
04:47:19,308 --> 04:47:21,600
display of quiet. 
Mercy ordered that a horse. 

5428
04:47:21,600 --> 04:47:25,700
Be left for the man, a small 
Redemption for jaffas Horror by 

5429
04:47:25,700 --> 04:47:30,000
late 1799, Cairo, Napoleon 
received word of political 

5430
04:47:30,000 --> 04:47:32,700
turmoil in France and the threat
of invasion by European 

5431
04:47:32,700 --> 04:47:35,300
coalitions. 
Sensing that his moment on the 

5432
04:47:35,308 --> 04:47:39,000
larger World stage had arrived. 
He made a fateful decision, he 

5433
04:47:39,000 --> 04:47:41,400
would abandon the Egyptian 
Enterprise and returned to Paris

5434
04:47:41,400 --> 04:47:44,600
post haste. 
He left general kleber in charge

5435
04:47:44,600 --> 04:47:47,300
of the army with secret 
instructions to negotiate 

5436
04:47:47,300 --> 04:47:50,400
withdrawal and slipped out of 
Egypt with a few close aides. 

5437
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:54,300
In August 1799 by lucken 
stealth, he navigated through 

5438
04:47:54,300 --> 04:47:56,700
the British blockades and 
arrived in France in October 

5439
04:47:56,700 --> 04:48:00,800
where he was greeted as a hero. 
Astonishingly, the disasters, 

5440
04:48:00,800 --> 04:48:03,900
the fleet's, destruction. 
And the failure at Echo were 

5441
04:48:03,900 --> 04:48:06,800
largely suppressed or ignored in
the news instead. 

5442
04:48:06,800 --> 04:48:09,600
France, heard only of the 
triumphs, the battle of the 

5443
04:48:09,600 --> 04:48:12,600
pyramids, the scientific 
discoveries and the Bold Eastern

5444
04:48:12,600 --> 04:48:16,700
Adventure in the public eye. 
Napoleon returned from Egypt, 

5445
04:48:16,700 --> 04:48:19,700
draped in Oriental, mystery and 
Glory. 

5446
04:48:19,700 --> 04:48:25,000
As he intended he brought home 
Scholars, reports exotic animals

5447
04:48:25,000 --> 04:48:27,900
and art further, fueling the 
legend he was weaving around 

5448
04:48:27,900 --> 04:48:31,900
himself, The Egyptian Expedition
ultimately was a mixed success 

5449
04:48:31,900 --> 04:48:35,900
of best in Practical terms, but 
in terms of Napoleon's self-made

5450
04:48:35,900 --> 04:48:40,100
mythology, it was a Triumph. 
He had shown France, not only a 

5451
04:48:40,100 --> 04:48:43,600
general of Battlefield genius, 
but also a leader who aspire to 

5452
04:48:43,600 --> 04:48:45,600
Greatness on a civilizational 
scale. 

5453
04:48:46,300 --> 04:48:49,400
He cast himself as a new 
Alexander, a law giver and 

5454
04:48:49,400 --> 04:48:53,000
Patron of knowledge, as well as 
a warrior, the Continentals were

5455
04:48:53,000 --> 04:48:55,500
Stark. 
The same man who executed 

5456
04:48:55,500 --> 04:48:58,300
prisoners and poisoned plague 
victims also posed as an 

5457
04:48:58,300 --> 04:49:00,200
emancipator and enlightened 
ruler. 

5458
04:49:00,900 --> 04:49:04,100
Napoleon seemed aware that to 
achieve immortality, a leader, 

5459
04:49:04,108 --> 04:49:06,900
had to shape his narrative. 
In Egypt. 

5460
04:49:06,900 --> 04:49:08,700
He learned the power of image 
and propaganda. 

5461
04:49:09,300 --> 04:49:12,000
From the grandiose proclamations
and commissioned paintings to 

5462
04:49:12,008 --> 04:49:14,200
the curated flow of news back to
Europe. 

5463
04:49:14,200 --> 04:49:17,900
He ensured that he Napoleon 
Bonaparte would not be 

5464
04:49:17,900 --> 04:49:19,700
considered merely another French
General. 

5465
04:49:20,400 --> 04:49:23,500
He would become a figure worthy 
of epochs a man who conquered 

5466
04:49:23,500 --> 04:49:26,100
ancient lands and engaged in 
conversation with the pyramids. 

5467
04:49:26,700 --> 04:49:29,300
As he returned to France, he 
prepared for his next daring 

5468
04:49:29,300 --> 04:49:30,700
action. 
Seizing. 

5469
04:49:30,700 --> 04:49:33,700
Political power. 
The savior of France had 

5470
04:49:33,700 --> 04:49:36,400
returned from the deserts 
burnished by Sun and fame. 

5471
04:49:36,400 --> 04:49:39,300
Ready to dictate the next 
chapter of the Revolution, the 

5472
04:49:39,300 --> 04:49:43,300
France. 
Napoleon returned to in 1799 was

5473
04:49:43,300 --> 04:49:47,000
ripe for change in it. 
The directory government was 

5474
04:49:47,000 --> 04:49:52,200
deeply unpopular marred by 
corruption, economic troubles, a

5475
04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:54,000
military setbacks in Europe 
during his absence. 

5476
04:49:55,100 --> 04:49:59,600
Paris buzzed with rumors of Coos
and conspiracies Emmanuel caes. 

5477
04:49:59,600 --> 04:50:02,600
One of the directors, famously 
muttered that France needed 

5478
04:50:02,600 --> 04:50:05,600
ahead a sword to complete the 
revolution's work. 

5479
04:50:06,500 --> 04:50:08,800
Fresh from his Egyptian, 
mystique and Italian Laurels. 

5480
04:50:08,800 --> 04:50:12,400
Napoleon appeared to many as the
ideal candidate for this role. 

5481
04:50:12,400 --> 04:50:16,500
Ever the political opportunist, 
he quietly aligned with plotters

5482
04:50:16,500 --> 04:50:20,900
including Caesars Talia and his 
Savvy younger brother Lucia 

5483
04:50:20,900 --> 04:50:24,300
Bonaparte. 
Behind closed doors in prison 

5484
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:28,000
salons, thick with cigar smoke, 
the plot of scheme to topple the

5485
04:50:28,000 --> 04:50:30,000
directory throughout October 
1799. 

5486
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:34,500
Napoleon was cautious at first, 
assessing every detail like a 

5487
04:50:34,508 --> 04:50:37,600
battlefield plan. 
But as the crowds cheered him in

5488
04:50:37,600 --> 04:50:40,500
the streets, and even the fickle
newspapers, hailed him, he 

5489
04:50:40,500 --> 04:50:42,300
realized that now was The 
crucial moment. 

5490
04:50:43,200 --> 04:50:45,300
We command get caught in the 
current of events. 

5491
04:50:45,300 --> 04:50:48,600
He confided to a friend, but I 
will direct events myself. 

5492
04:50:50,000 --> 04:50:52,900
The omniscient, narrator might 
observe that fortune was once 

5493
04:50:52,900 --> 04:50:56,500
again, favoring him Napoleon put
his plan in motion on the 

5494
04:50:56,500 --> 04:51:02,300
morning of 18 Premiere year 8, 
November 9th, 1799 by the 

5495
04:51:02,300 --> 04:51:05,500
Republican calendar and under 
the pretext of a supposed 

5496
04:51:05,500 --> 04:51:09,000
jack-in-the threat, he persuaded
the counsels France's 

5497
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:12,400
legislature to move their 
session out of volatile Paris to

5498
04:51:12,400 --> 04:51:15,400
the Suburban. 
Chateau of Saint clue where his 

5499
04:51:15,400 --> 04:51:16,800
loyal troops could surround 
them. 

5500
04:51:18,000 --> 04:51:21,100
Yeah was tense and thick with 
the Intrigue as Bonaparte on his

5501
04:51:21,100 --> 04:51:24,700
generals uniform mounted a horse
and trotted through the Paris 

5502
04:51:24,700 --> 04:51:28,000
streets flanked by grenadiers. 
He told Josephine to be ready 

5503
04:51:28,000 --> 04:51:30,700
for any outcome success or is 
death or imprisonment. 

5504
04:51:31,800 --> 04:51:33,600
If I fail, I shall be outlawed 
tomorrow. 

5505
04:51:33,600 --> 04:51:38,700
He said Flatley By afternoon, 
and a great November Skies 

5506
04:51:38,700 --> 04:51:41,000
soldiers. 
Occupied key positions around 

5507
04:51:41,000 --> 04:51:45,000
Saint clew inside bewildered 
deputies, gathered in gilded 

5508
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:47,300
Chambers. 
Suspecting something was amiss 

5509
04:51:48,100 --> 04:51:50,000
Napoleon paced in an 
anti-chamber 

5510
04:51:50,000 --> 04:51:54,200
uncharacteristically nervous. 
He was a man used to commanding 

5511
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:57,900
armies, not quelling politicians
and perhaps the first time 

5512
04:51:57,900 --> 04:52:00,200
doubted him. 
Nonetheless. 

5513
04:52:00,200 --> 04:52:03,100
He stealed himself and strolled 
into the Hall of the Council of 

5514
04:52:03,108 --> 04:52:06,100
ancients head high. 
He addressed the Ancients with 

5515
04:52:06,100 --> 04:52:10,300
controlled passion, decrying the
incapable directory and the 

5516
04:52:10,308 --> 04:52:14,400
perils facing France. 
His hands trembled slightly as 

5517
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:18,300
he gestured, this was no 
Battlefield and the Hostile 

5518
04:52:18,300 --> 04:52:20,900
stares of elected. 
Deputies were a new kind of 

5519
04:52:20,900 --> 04:52:22,700
danger. 
Some applauded. 

5520
04:52:22,700 --> 04:52:26,700
But others murdered in descent. 
Napoleon next move to the 

5521
04:52:26,700 --> 04:52:29,300
Council of 500. 
The lower house where things 

5522
04:52:29,300 --> 04:52:32,300
would soon descend into chaos. 
The moment, he entered the 

5523
04:52:32,300 --> 04:52:35,500
orangerie where 500 legislators 
were meeting a hostile. 

5524
04:52:35,500 --> 04:52:39,300
Raw rose up down with the Tyrant
Outlaw him, Jacob, in deputies 

5525
04:52:39,300 --> 04:52:43,000
screamed upon seeing soldiers at
his back, Napoleon momentarily, 

5526
04:52:43,000 --> 04:52:46,200
stumbled, over his words, 
declaring that his only goal was

5527
04:52:46,200 --> 04:52:49,800
to preserve the Republic his 
presence in flamed the assembly 

5528
04:52:49,800 --> 04:52:53,600
and not of deputies rushed at 
him one even lunging as if to 

5529
04:52:53,600 --> 04:52:58,200
stab him with a paper knife. 
Amid shouts of holder Outlaw him

5530
04:52:58,200 --> 04:53:01,900
Napoleon, turned pale and 
reportedly began to shake. 

5531
04:53:02,600 --> 04:53:04,700
For heartbeat. 
It seemed his carefully, laid. 

5532
04:53:04,700 --> 04:53:07,600
KU might collapse in 
embarrassment, grenadiers 

5533
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:10,100
hustled him out as the hall 
erupted in pandemonium. 

5534
04:53:10,100 --> 04:53:13,600
Outside, in the palace, 
Courtyard Napoleon, caught his 

5535
04:53:13,600 --> 04:53:15,700
breath, sweat beading on his 
forehead. 

5536
04:53:15,700 --> 04:53:19,400
In the cool atem are he was used
to Battlefield Glory, but this 

5537
04:53:19,400 --> 04:53:22,100
was raw political theater and it
was almost lost. 

5538
04:53:22,100 --> 04:53:25,000
The day was saved by a 
combination of military force 

5539
04:53:25,000 --> 04:53:28,600
and his brothers, quick wits. 
Lucien Bonaparte decisively, 

5540
04:53:28,600 --> 04:53:30,800
took the stage as president of 
the Council of 500. 

5541
04:53:32,000 --> 04:53:34,300
He Slipped Away and addressed 
the soldiers waiting outside. 

5542
04:53:35,200 --> 04:53:39,000
With a dramatic flourish Lucian 
drew his sword and pointed it, 

5543
04:53:39,000 --> 04:53:41,600
and Napoleon's chest shouting 
that his brother being attacked 

5544
04:53:41,600 --> 04:53:44,400
by assassin's inside, and that 
he would strike in, Napoleon 

5545
04:53:44,400 --> 04:53:46,500
down himself. 
If ever the general betrayed the

5546
04:53:46,508 --> 04:53:49,700
people, The grenadiers 
perplexed, but swayed by 

5547
04:53:49,700 --> 04:53:53,200
Luciano's bravado rally. 
They burst into the hall with 

5548
04:53:53,200 --> 04:53:56,500
fixed bayonets clearing, it of 
recalcitrant deputies in minutes

5549
04:53:56,500 --> 04:53:59,900
legislators scrambled out, 
windows or bolted for the doors 

5550
04:53:59,900 --> 04:54:01,500
as soldiers occupied the 
chamber. 

5551
04:54:02,100 --> 04:54:05,400
Like evening Santa was silent. 
Save for the measured Tramp of 

5552
04:54:05,400 --> 04:54:08,900
boots on marble floors. 
A rump of hand-picked deputies, 

5553
04:54:08,900 --> 04:54:12,400
brought back underneath guard. 
Voted to abolish the directory 

5554
04:54:12,400 --> 04:54:14,900
and appointed a three-man 
consulate to govern. 

5555
04:54:14,900 --> 04:54:18,200
France. 
The coup by far messier than 

5556
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:21,600
planned had succeeded. 
Napoleon was named first Consul 

5557
04:54:21,600 --> 04:54:23,200
the dominant position in the new
government. 

5558
04:54:23,900 --> 04:54:26,200
As he rode back to Paris that 
night under escort. 

5559
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:30,000
He was exhausted but exultant, 
the revolution is over. 

5560
04:54:30,000 --> 04:54:31,900
He declared to an aide with 
quite Triumph. 

5561
04:54:31,900 --> 04:54:36,000
I am the revolution now. 
In reality, it was a new 

5562
04:54:36,008 --> 04:54:39,400
beginning, the 30 year old 
General had seized control of 

5563
04:54:39,400 --> 04:54:42,500
the nation. 
Over the next month Napoleon, 

5564
04:54:42,500 --> 04:54:45,200
solidified his power with 
breathtaking speed and 

5565
04:54:45,200 --> 04:54:47,300
shrewdness. 
While Sierra's. 

5566
04:54:47,300 --> 04:54:50,700
And Duo, the other two consoles 
were shunted aside into a 

5567
04:54:50,700 --> 04:54:52,800
relevance Bonaparte set up 
residence. 

5568
04:54:52,800 --> 04:54:56,800
In the wheelies, the former 
Royal residence signaling that a

5569
04:54:56,808 --> 04:55:00,100
new kind of ruler had arrived. 
He worked ferociously, sometimes

5570
04:55:00,100 --> 04:55:03,200
18 hours, a day, overseeing 
everything from military 

5571
04:55:03,200 --> 04:55:05,000
operations to administrative 
reforms. 

5572
04:55:05,700 --> 04:55:08,500
The third person omniscient view
allows a glimpse into his 

5573
04:55:08,500 --> 04:55:12,100
private routine rise in Before 
Dawn he would dictate letters to

5574
04:55:12,100 --> 04:55:15,200
multiple secretaries and 
succession his mind leaping from

5575
04:55:15,200 --> 04:55:17,600
topic to topic. 
Then meet ministers then 

5576
04:55:17,600 --> 04:55:20,100
generals sorting each issue with
a decisive Clarity. 

5577
04:55:20,100 --> 04:55:23,700
He seemed to scarcely need sleep
running on ambition and endless 

5578
04:55:23,700 --> 04:55:26,000
cups of strong coffee. 
France. 

5579
04:55:26,000 --> 04:55:27,500
Weary of a decade of 
revolutionary. 

5580
04:55:27,500 --> 04:55:30,800
Chaos responded enthusiastically
to firmly leadership. 

5581
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:34,700
Even as Napoleon Titan 
censorship on the press and set 

5582
04:55:34,700 --> 04:55:36,700
up an efficient secret police 
under Joseph. 

5583
04:55:36,700 --> 04:55:39,100
Fouche, many welcome the 
stability. 

5584
04:55:39,100 --> 04:55:43,200
These measures brought a new 
slogan appeared Authority, not 

5585
04:55:43,200 --> 04:55:46,500
Liberty. 
The very people who had once 

5586
04:55:46,500 --> 04:55:49,800
shouted for Freedom now, craved 
order and Bonaparte. 

5587
04:55:49,800 --> 04:55:53,400
Delivered, it Abroad. 
He continued to prove his genius

5588
04:55:53,400 --> 04:55:56,600
on the battlefield further 
cementing his position at home. 

5589
04:55:57,900 --> 04:56:01,108
In 1800 when Austria threatened 
to overturn the gains of the 

5590
04:56:01,116 --> 04:56:04,200
Revolution Napoleon, led a 
dramatic crossing of the Alps, 

5591
04:56:04,200 --> 04:56:07,300
guiding the army of the reserve 
through the high passes with 

5592
04:56:07,300 --> 04:56:09,600
Canon dragged by mules and Men 
seen. 

5593
04:56:09,600 --> 04:56:12,500
That would later be immortalized
in art albeit with a white 

5594
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:14,900
charger. 
He likely never rode He 

5595
04:56:14,900 --> 04:56:17,500
surprised the austrians in 
Northern Italy by securing a 

5596
04:56:17,500 --> 04:56:22,000
victory at Marengo, in June 
1800, a fierce battle where a 

5597
04:56:22,000 --> 04:56:25,400
midday crisis almost led to the 
French's defeat, but a timely 

5598
04:56:25,400 --> 04:56:29,300
cavalry charge reversed, the 
outcome moringo became Mythic in

5599
04:56:29,308 --> 04:56:33,100
France, Napoleonic as a grand 
Triumph for his personal 

5600
04:56:33,100 --> 04:56:36,800
leadership, indeed, when his 
exhausted troops, cheered Vive 

5601
04:56:36,800 --> 04:56:40,200
Bonaparte on the blood soaked 
fields of moringo it reinforced,

5602
04:56:40,200 --> 04:56:43,800
his near Messianic, status 
Austria sued for peace and 

5603
04:56:43,800 --> 04:56:47,500
Britain, 2 sign the Treaty of 
Amy and 1802 a rare moment of 

5604
04:56:47,500 --> 04:56:50,400
General European, peace that the
first console used to 

5605
04:56:50,400 --> 04:56:53,700
consolidate his regime. 
During these years, Napoleon 

5606
04:56:53,700 --> 04:56:55,900
revealed himself, not just as a 
brilliant General. 

5607
04:56:55,900 --> 04:56:58,100
That is a statement of 
extraordinary talent and 

5608
04:56:58,108 --> 04:57:02,400
contradictions, he set about 
rebuilding France, the consulate

5609
04:57:02,400 --> 04:57:04,900
saw sweeping reforms, a new 
legal code. 

5610
04:57:04,900 --> 04:57:08,900
The code civil Napoleonic Code 
was drafted to enshrine equality

5611
04:57:08,900 --> 04:57:12,100
before the law property rights 
and secular Authority. 

5612
04:57:12,900 --> 04:57:16,300
Napoleon took a direct hand. 
In its formulation personally, 

5613
04:57:16,300 --> 04:57:18,300
chairing. 
Many sessions of the Council of 

5614
04:57:18,300 --> 04:57:21,400
State quill in hand, debating 
points of contract law 

5615
04:57:21,400 --> 04:57:24,500
inheritance. 
The code completed in 1804 

5616
04:57:24,500 --> 04:57:27,100
eliminated, feudal, remnants and
became one of Napoleon's 

5617
04:57:27,100 --> 04:57:30,400
proudest achievements. 
A lasting framework of Justice. 

5618
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:34,100
At the same time, he broke at a 
reconciliation with the Catholic

5619
04:57:34,100 --> 04:57:38,500
Church through the concordat of 
1801 healing, the rift caused by

5620
04:57:38,500 --> 04:57:40,400
a revolutionary 
christianization. 

5621
04:57:41,300 --> 04:57:44,800
To the horror of ideologues this
pragmatic deal recognized 

5622
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:47,800
Catholicism as the religion of 
most Frenchmen though, not the 

5623
04:57:47,800 --> 04:57:50,500
state, religion and restored 
some church influence. 

5624
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:54,600
But under Napoleon's terms The 
once anti-clerical General 

5625
04:57:54,600 --> 04:57:57,700
understood that to pacify 
France, he must placate her 

5626
04:57:57,700 --> 04:58:00,800
Believers thus in Notre. 
Dame Cathedral where 

5627
04:58:00,800 --> 04:58:03,800
revolutionaries had. 
Once exalted reason Mass was 

5628
04:58:03,800 --> 04:58:05,900
celebrated Again, by order of 
the first console. 

5629
04:58:06,700 --> 04:58:09,800
No detail of governance. 
Escaped him, he created the bank

5630
04:58:09,800 --> 04:58:12,600
of France to stabilize the 
currency overhaul dead 

5631
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:15,600
educational with newly says, and
scholarships and reform 

5632
04:58:15,600 --> 04:58:17,900
taxation, so revenues flowed 
reliably. 

5633
04:58:18,500 --> 04:58:20,900
Roads and bridges were built or 
repair a cross the country. 

5634
04:58:21,800 --> 04:58:23,500
In the Twilight Halls of the 
twillery. 

5635
04:58:23,500 --> 04:58:25,500
Courtiers once again, danced at 
balls. 

5636
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:28,100
But this time, honoring a 
soldier in place of a king. 

5637
04:58:28,900 --> 04:58:32,100
France was regaining prosperity 
in confidence under Napoleon's 

5638
04:58:32,100 --> 04:58:35,600
firm hand, all the while 
bonapartes personal power, grew 

5639
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:40,100
ever more concentrated In 1802 a
national plebiscite. 

5640
04:58:40,100 --> 04:58:43,400
Mimir carefully. 
Managed by his officials made 

5641
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:46,800
him first consul for life. 
The result was announced with 

5642
04:58:46,800 --> 04:58:51,400
Fanfare, an implausible majority
of Voters in favor which 

5643
04:58:51,400 --> 04:58:54,500
flattered him immensely, he 
would famously dismiss 

5644
04:58:54,500 --> 04:58:57,300
objections by pointing to such 
plebiscites claiming. 

5645
04:58:57,300 --> 04:59:01,500
He had the people's mandate An 
emperor in Waiting in orbit 

5646
04:59:01,500 --> 04:59:03,200
name, he began to Envision a 
dynasty. 

5647
04:59:04,000 --> 04:59:06,800
In the quiet of his private 
study, he pondered the fate of 

5648
04:59:06,800 --> 04:59:09,800
Caesar and Charmaine concluding 
that the revolution needed the 

5649
04:59:09,800 --> 04:59:11,500
permanents of monarchy in a new 
form. 

5650
04:59:11,500 --> 04:59:14,000
His siblings would give an 
honours and a ranged. 

5651
04:59:14,000 --> 04:59:17,500
Advantageous marriages, Napoleon
was positioning, the bonapartes 

5652
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:21,300
as France's new royal family, 
much to the ridicule of some old

5653
04:59:21,300 --> 04:59:24,600
revolutionaries who muttered 
that we did not destroy one 

5654
04:59:24,600 --> 04:59:28,300
aristocracy to create another 
But many others went along 

5655
04:59:28,300 --> 04:59:31,000
eagerly trading. 
Ideological Purity for the 

5656
04:59:31,000 --> 04:59:35,800
trappings of a renewed Court. by
1804 foiled plot against his 

5657
04:59:35,800 --> 04:59:39,300
life, such as the infernal 
machine bomb on a Paris Street 

5658
04:59:39,300 --> 04:59:43,600
in 1800 And royalist intrigues, 
provided the pretext to take the

5659
04:59:43,600 --> 04:59:48,000
final step. 
In the spring of 1804 evidence 

5660
04:59:48,000 --> 04:59:51,300
of a bourbon princes 
involvement, in a conspiracy LED

5661
04:59:51,300 --> 04:59:54,900
Napoleon to order the Duke of 
Ong seized from neutral 

5662
04:59:54,900 --> 04:59:58,200
territory and executed an action
that sent a chill through 

5663
04:59:58,200 --> 05:00:00,700
Europe's aristocracy but 
eliminated a potential 

5664
05:00:00,700 --> 05:00:04,200
figurehead for monarchists. 
Soon after the Senate petition 

5665
05:00:04,200 --> 05:00:06,700
Napoleon to assume the title of 
Emperor to stabilize the 

5666
05:00:06,700 --> 05:00:09,300
government, it was staged, 
managed yet. 

5667
05:00:09,300 --> 05:00:12,400
It answered a real yearning, 
among the French for continuity 

5668
05:00:12,400 --> 05:00:15,100
and Glory. 
Napoleon accepted. 

5669
05:00:15,100 --> 05:00:17,400
Another plebiscite was held 
again. 

5670
05:00:17,400 --> 05:00:20,200
Approving by an overwhelming 
margin, that Bonaparte become 

5671
05:00:20,200 --> 05:00:24,600
emperor of the French On 
December 2nd, 1804 Notre Dame 

5672
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:27,300
cathedral in Paris hosted a 
coronation the likes of which 

5673
05:00:27,300 --> 05:00:31,000
Europe had not seen in decades. 
The medieval edifice wants to 

5674
05:00:31,000 --> 05:00:33,100
face and neglected in the 
Revolutionary term. 

5675
05:00:33,100 --> 05:00:36,400
Oil was lavishly restored and 
draped in crimson, and gold for 

5676
05:00:36,400 --> 05:00:40,100
the occasional dignitaries from 
across Europe, some grudging 

5677
05:00:40,100 --> 05:00:44,300
others, curious attended. 
Pope Pius, the seventh himself 

5678
05:00:44,300 --> 05:00:47,800
was brought from Rome to bless 
the ceremony, a stunning coup 

5679
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:49,800
that led to mantle of ancient 
legitimacy. 

5680
05:00:50,600 --> 05:00:53,100
The atmosphere inside, Notre 
Dame mixed Grandeur with 

5681
05:00:53,100 --> 05:00:56,000
spectacle. 
Incense wafted through the air 

5682
05:00:56,000 --> 05:01:00,500
hundreds of candles illuminated 
the Nave and the 35-year-old 

5683
05:01:00,500 --> 05:01:04,700
Napoleon, clad in Robes of 
velvet and ermine process down 

5684
05:01:04,700 --> 05:01:07,000
the aisle to the strains of 
Glorious music. 

5685
05:01:08,000 --> 05:01:11,000
But true to his character, he 
subtly upended Tradition at the 

5686
05:01:11,008 --> 05:01:14,300
climactic moment. 
As the pope prepared to anoint 

5687
05:01:14,300 --> 05:01:18,500
and Crown Him Napoleon, stepped 
forward, took the crown, the new

5688
05:01:18,500 --> 05:01:21,800
golden diadem modeled on 
Charlemagne's into his hands and

5689
05:01:21,800 --> 05:01:25,100
placed it upon his head. 
The audience gasped, softly, it 

5690
05:01:25,100 --> 05:01:26,800
was unheard of from a monarch to
Crown himself. 

5691
05:01:26,800 --> 05:01:30,500
Then Napoleon Crown. 
Josephine's, Empress gently 

5692
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:32,500
setting, a small crown on her 
bowed head. 

5693
05:01:32,500 --> 05:01:36,400
Even as tears of emotion, filled
her eyes, their marriage had 

5694
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:38,000
been Rocky over the issue of an 
air. 

5695
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:41,300
But today, they presented a 
united front in Majesty. 

5696
05:01:42,200 --> 05:01:44,900
The pope raised a hand in 
blessing effectively ratifying 

5697
05:01:44,900 --> 05:01:48,400
what had already occurred. 
Observers noted the symbolism 

5698
05:01:48,400 --> 05:01:51,500
Napoleon signaled, that he owed 
his throne to no one. 

5699
05:01:51,500 --> 05:01:54,600
But himself in the French people
by the grace of God and the 

5700
05:01:54,600 --> 05:01:57,200
constitution of the Republic as 
the formula ran. 

5701
05:01:58,000 --> 05:01:59,800
Some detractors. 
Whispered, it was the ultimate 

5702
05:01:59,800 --> 05:02:03,100
Act of bonaparte's arrogance. 
Others saw in it the genius of a

5703
05:02:03,100 --> 05:02:05,100
man who made and recognized his 
own destiny. 

5704
05:02:05,100 --> 05:02:08,700
Either way Napoleon had risen 
from Corsica and obscurity to 

5705
05:02:08,700 --> 05:02:10,700
Imperial Zenith in just 15 
years. 

5706
05:02:11,600 --> 05:02:15,300
As the Cannons boomed, a 21 gun 
salute across Paris and the 

5707
05:02:15,300 --> 05:02:18,100
newly crowned Empress stepped 
out on the cathedral steps. 

5708
05:02:18,100 --> 05:02:21,300
In the same uniform, he wore at 
moringo beneath the Imperial 

5709
05:02:21,300 --> 05:02:25,500
mantle the crowds acclaimed him 
wildly many had tears in their 

5710
05:02:25,500 --> 05:02:29,000
eyes believing they beheld the 
savior of France, crowned in 

5711
05:02:29,000 --> 05:02:32,600
glory, Thus, the French Republic
gave way to the French Empire 

5712
05:02:32,600 --> 05:02:35,900
with Napoleon the first on the 
throne in him. 

5713
05:02:35,900 --> 05:02:39,000
People saw a rare combination of
revolutionary change and 

5714
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:41,500
traditional Authority. 
Kept the slogan, Liberty, 

5715
05:02:41,500 --> 05:02:45,000
equality, fraternity, on his 
lips even as he founded a new 

5716
05:02:45,008 --> 05:02:48,600
nobility, granted Marshalls 
princely titles and sat on a 

5717
05:02:48,608 --> 05:02:51,000
throne. 
The third person, omniscient 

5718
05:02:51,000 --> 05:02:54,600
perspective discerns in Napoleon
a consciousness of this Paradox.

5719
05:02:54,600 --> 05:02:57,800
He sincerely viewed himself as 
the guarantor of the 

5720
05:02:57,800 --> 05:03:01,200
revolution's core games. 
Even while accumulating power 

5721
05:03:01,200 --> 05:03:03,400
more absolute than any bourbon 
before him. 

5722
05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:06,700
On the night after the 
coronation in the twillery 

5723
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:08,800
palace, the emperor, sat long 
awake. 

5724
05:03:09,500 --> 05:03:11,800
The Imperial Crown rested on a 
table nearby. 

5725
05:03:11,800 --> 05:03:15,200
Did he feel Triumph while the 
weight of what he had assumed 

5726
05:03:15,200 --> 05:03:19,000
perhaps both, he had achieved 
Grandeur but the drive that 

5727
05:03:19,000 --> 05:03:22,100
fueled him did not Abate. 
He murmured to one confident 

5728
05:03:22,100 --> 05:03:26,000
that evening I have crown 
Josephine but is only a refund, 

5729
05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:28,200
a journey. 
I refuse to slack off on the 

5730
05:03:28,200 --> 05:03:29,900
throne. 
We have only begun. 

5731
05:03:31,200 --> 05:03:35,200
Indeed, New Horizons of power 
stretched out before him Kings, 

5732
05:03:35,200 --> 05:03:39,000
to topple Nations, to found, and
an Empire that at its height. 

5733
05:03:39,000 --> 05:03:42,400
Would redraw the map of Europe 
and leave an indelible mark on 

5734
05:03:42,408 --> 05:03:45,000
History. 
Napoleon's empire burst onto the

5735
05:03:45,000 --> 05:03:48,800
world stage with all the pomp of
a revived Roman Empire and the 

5736
05:03:48,800 --> 05:03:52,800
energy of a modern nation state.
By 1805, the newly. 

5737
05:03:52,800 --> 05:03:55,700
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

5738
05:03:55,700 --> 05:03:58,200
and Charisma. 
He transformed France 

5739
05:03:58,200 --> 05:04:00,800
internally. 
And now he set out to reshape 

5740
05:04:00,800 --> 05:04:05,200
Europe in France's image and 
under France's domination courts

5741
05:04:05,200 --> 05:04:07,800
across the continent. 
He from Vienna to Berlin. 

5742
05:04:07,800 --> 05:04:11,000
Watched the self-made Monarch 
with a mix of all fear and 

5743
05:04:11,000 --> 05:04:14,800
loathing they dubbed him, the 
Corsican ogre in private yet 

5744
05:04:14,800 --> 05:04:17,000
could not deny his Brilliance in
war in governance. 

5745
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:20,400
Napoleon's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

5746
05:04:20,400 --> 05:04:23,800
A child of Revolution who donned
a crown, a promoter of a 

5747
05:04:23,800 --> 05:04:28,100
galatian law, who married into 
the ancient regime in 1809, he 

5748
05:04:28,100 --> 05:04:30,600
divorced Josephine who had 
failed to produce an heir. 

5749
05:04:30,600 --> 05:04:34,100
A married Marie, Louise. 
An Austrian holder and 

5750
05:04:34,100 --> 05:04:36,600
archduchess. 
That's a lying himself to the 

5751
05:04:36,600 --> 05:04:41,500
habsburgs. 
The Empire Zenith roughly 1807 

5752
05:04:41,500 --> 05:04:44,300
to 1809. 
It seemed nothing could stand 

5753
05:04:44,300 --> 05:04:46,700
against him. 
His Empire stretched from the 

5754
05:04:46,708 --> 05:04:50,000
Atlantic to the Russian border 
from the North Sea to Naples. 

5755
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:54,000
His brother Joseph sat on the 
throne in Naples, Joseph also 

5756
05:04:54,000 --> 05:04:57,200
ruled in Spain after 1808. 
His brother Louie, governed in 

5757
05:04:57,208 --> 05:04:59,400
Holland. 
His brothers, Jerome reigned in 

5758
05:04:59,400 --> 05:05:01,700
Westphalia. 
And in Italy, he himself wore 

5759
05:05:01,700 --> 05:05:05,400
the iron crown of Lombardy. 
A veritable family system of 

5760
05:05:05,400 --> 05:05:08,600
bonapartes replaced. 
Old dynasties Napoleon's 

5761
05:05:08,600 --> 05:05:11,100
Marshals once commoners and 
Soldiers of Fortune. 

5762
05:05:11,100 --> 05:05:15,000
Now, ruled as Duke's over, 
Concord province's, the map of 

5763
05:05:15,000 --> 05:05:18,400
Europe was redrawn with French 
client, republics and kingdoms 

5764
05:05:18,400 --> 05:05:22,600
Napoleon dismantle the ancient. 
Holy Roman Empire in the German 

5765
05:05:22,600 --> 05:05:25,600
Heartland in 1806. 
A raising a millennium of 

5766
05:05:25,600 --> 05:05:27,900
history in the process in its 
place. 

5767
05:05:27,900 --> 05:05:30,600
He created the confederation of 
the Rhine under his protection. 

5768
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:35,100
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly
the whole of Continental Europe.

5769
05:05:35,100 --> 05:05:38,400
Either lay under his Direct 
Control or dance to his tune. 

5770
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:42,200
These years sort of Napoleon's 
military genius at its 

5771
05:05:42,200 --> 05:05:47,100
Undisputed Peak The war of the 
third Coalition in 1805, brought

5772
05:05:47,100 --> 05:05:49,900
France, head to head with 
Austria, Russia and Britain. 

5773
05:05:50,700 --> 05:05:53,400
Napoleon's response was 
characteristically audacious. 

5774
05:05:53,400 --> 05:05:57,000
He abandoned his frequently 
discussed plan to invade Britain

5775
05:05:57,000 --> 05:06:00,700
as the Royal Navy still held 
sway over the seas and instead 

5776
05:06:00,700 --> 05:06:04,500
he swiftly marched his Grand 
Army, Eastwood In a master 

5777
05:06:04,500 --> 05:06:07,700
stroke of maneuver, he encircled
an Austrian Army at all, in 

5778
05:06:07,700 --> 05:06:11,000
October 1805, without a major 
fight, forcing its surrender 

5779
05:06:11,000 --> 05:06:14,500
then as an Austrian and Russian 
combined Force, attempted to 

5780
05:06:14,500 --> 05:06:17,500
regroup, Napoleon lured them 
into a trap on the fields of 

5781
05:06:17,500 --> 05:06:21,800
austerlitz in Moravia. 
On December 2nd, 1805 exactly 

5782
05:06:21,800 --> 05:06:23,600
one year. 
After his coronation, he 

5783
05:06:23,600 --> 05:06:26,000
delivered what he himself, 
regarded as his tactical 

5784
05:06:26,000 --> 05:06:29,300
Masterpiece, the Battle of 
austerlitz also called The 

5785
05:06:29,300 --> 05:06:33,800
Battle of the three emperors. 
At dawn, a gentle fog, blanketed

5786
05:06:33,800 --> 05:06:36,500
the plane concealing parts of 
the French positions. 

5787
05:06:36,500 --> 05:06:40,100
Napoleon intentionally exposed 
his right flank to the Allies 

5788
05:06:40,100 --> 05:06:43,400
attack and when the succumbed 
his deception, he launched an 

5789
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:47,200
attack on their Center, as the 
mid-morning Sun, the famed son 

5790
05:06:47,200 --> 05:06:51,400
of Austin's burned through the 
Mist The French seized the high 

5791
05:06:51,400 --> 05:06:54,900
pratts and highlights splitting 
the enemy Army in two Napoleon 

5792
05:06:54,900 --> 05:06:57,900
galloped past cheering columns 
as they rolled up the Allied 

5793
05:06:57,900 --> 05:07:01,100
Lines by early afternoon. 
The Coalition Army was in full 

5794
05:07:01,100 --> 05:07:03,200
Retreat and thousands of enemy 
soldiers. 

5795
05:07:03,200 --> 05:07:06,100
Drowned in the ice of frozen 
lakes that the French artillery 

5796
05:07:06,100 --> 05:07:08,300
shattered. 
The victory was complete. 

5797
05:07:09,300 --> 05:07:11,500
Watching the remnants of the 
Russian army limbo. 

5798
05:07:11,500 --> 05:07:14,700
A Napoleon remarked to his 
Marshals with pride gentlemen. 

5799
05:07:14,700 --> 05:07:18,500
Remember this day it may well be
the greatest of my life, indeed 

5800
05:07:18,500 --> 05:07:20,900
austerlitz served as the 
crowning achievement of his 

5801
05:07:20,900 --> 05:07:24,400
Imperial reign. 
Austria, capitulated signing the

5802
05:07:24,400 --> 05:07:26,200
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 
territory. 

5803
05:07:27,000 --> 05:07:30,200
The Holy Roman Emperor abdicated
his ancient title shortly after 

5804
05:07:30,200 --> 05:07:32,800
effectively ending the Holy 
Roman Empire. 

5805
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:37,100
In gratitude Napoleon soldiers, 
nicknamed him, the Soleil 

5806
05:07:37,100 --> 05:07:40,600
duster's, the son of austerlitz,
a symbol of the glory. 

5807
05:07:40,600 --> 05:07:43,900
He had brought them. 
With Austria, cowd Napoleon 

5808
05:07:43,900 --> 05:07:47,800
turned on Prussia in 1806. 
When that Kingdom belatedly an 

5809
05:07:47,800 --> 05:07:49,600
unwise, Lee challenged French 
dominance. 

5810
05:07:50,500 --> 05:07:54,700
The empress response was Swift 
and devastating in October 1806.

5811
05:07:54,700 --> 05:07:57,700
He crushed the proud crushing 
Army in a twin battle on the 

5812
05:07:57,700 --> 05:08:01,100
same day Jana and our state 
outside Jenner. 

5813
05:08:01,100 --> 05:08:04,200
Napoleon's forces routed, a 
Prussian Army while on a nearby 

5814
05:08:04,200 --> 05:08:06,400
Field. 
Marshal devou with a smaller 

5815
05:08:06,400 --> 05:08:09,400
French Corps, defeated the main 
Prussian Army at our state 

5816
05:08:09,400 --> 05:08:12,600
Frederick the great Smith of 
Prussian military prowess 

5817
05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:16,500
crumbled in a single morning. 
The French marched into Berlin 

5818
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:19,400
and Napoleon visited the tomb of
Frederick contemplatively 

5819
05:08:19,400 --> 05:08:21,900
marking. 
If you were alive, we wouldn't 

5820
05:08:21,900 --> 05:08:25,500
be here today. 
In a display of both magnanimity

5821
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:27,400
and shrewdness. 
He took the sword of Frederick 

5822
05:08:27,400 --> 05:08:30,700
the great as a he ordered that 
the Fallen Prussian officers be 

5823
05:08:30,700 --> 05:08:33,900
respectfully buried. 
Despite the trophy Napoleon's 

5824
05:08:33,900 --> 05:08:37,000
empire burst onto the world 
stage with all the pomp of a 

5825
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:40,000
revived Roman Empire and the 
energy of a modern nation state.

5826
05:08:41,000 --> 05:08:43,900
By 1805, the newly. 
Crowned emperor of the French 

5827
05:08:43,900 --> 05:08:46,000
stood at the Apex of his power 
and Charisma. 

5828
05:08:46,000 --> 05:08:48,300
He had transformed France 
internally. 

5829
05:08:48,300 --> 05:08:51,800
And now he set out to reshape 
Europe in France's image and 

5830
05:08:51,800 --> 05:08:55,800
under France's domination. 
Courts across the continent from

5831
05:08:55,800 --> 05:08:58,600
Vienna to Berlin. 
Watched the self-made Monarch 

5832
05:08:58,600 --> 05:09:02,200
with a mix of all fear and 
loathing a dubbed him, the 

5833
05:09:02,200 --> 05:09:05,700
Corsican ogre in private yet, 
could not deny his Brilliance in

5834
05:09:05,700 --> 05:09:09,100
wearing governance, Napoleon's 
contradictions were becoming the

5835
05:09:09,100 --> 05:09:12,000
world's problem. 
A child of Revolution who donned

5836
05:09:12,000 --> 05:09:15,200
a crown, a promoter of a 
galatian law, who married into 

5837
05:09:15,200 --> 05:09:19,800
the ancient regime in 1809 
Josephine who had to produce an 

5838
05:09:19,800 --> 05:09:23,400
heir and married Marie. 
Louise an Austrian archduchess 

5839
05:09:23,400 --> 05:09:29,400
thusly himself to the habsburgs,
At the Empire Zenith roughly 18 

5840
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:32,500
of 7 to 1809. 
It seemed nothing could stand 

5841
05:09:32,500 --> 05:09:34,800
against him. 
His Empire stretched from the 

5842
05:09:34,800 --> 05:09:37,800
Atlantic to the Russian border 
from the North Sea to Naples. 

5843
05:09:37,800 --> 05:09:42,200
His brother Joseph sat on the 
throne in Naples Joseph, ruled 

5844
05:09:42,200 --> 05:09:44,900
in Spain. 
After 1808, his brother Louie, 

5845
05:09:44,900 --> 05:09:47,300
governed in Holland. 
His brother Jerome reigned in 

5846
05:09:47,308 --> 05:09:50,700
Westphalia and in Italy, he 
himself wore the iron crown of 

5847
05:09:50,700 --> 05:09:55,000
Lombardy A veritable family 
system of bonaparte's replaced 

5848
05:09:55,000 --> 05:09:58,800
old dynasties Napoleon's, 
Marshals once commoners and 

5849
05:09:58,808 --> 05:10:01,500
Soldiers of Fortune. 
Now, ruled as Duke's over 

5850
05:10:01,508 --> 05:10:05,000
conquered provinces, the map of 
Europe was redrawn with French 

5851
05:10:05,000 --> 05:10:09,000
client, republics and kingdoms. 
Napoleon dismantled the ancient.

5852
05:10:09,000 --> 05:10:13,100
Holy Roman Empire in the German 
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 

5853
05:10:13,100 --> 05:10:15,700
millennium of history of the 
process in its place. 

5854
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:18,300
He created the confederation of 
the Rhine under his protection. 

5855
05:10:19,600 --> 05:10:22,400
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly
the whole of Continental Europe.

5856
05:10:22,400 --> 05:10:25,600
Either lay under his Direct 
Control or dance to his tune. 

5857
05:10:26,300 --> 05:10:29,300
These years saw Napoleon's 
military genius at its 

5858
05:10:29,300 --> 05:10:32,500
Undisputed Peak. 
The war of the third Coalition 

5859
05:10:32,500 --> 05:10:36,200
in 1805, brought France, head to
head with Austria, Russia and 

5860
05:10:36,200 --> 05:10:38,700
Britain. 
Napoleon's response was 

5861
05:10:38,700 --> 05:10:42,200
characteristically or dacious, 
he abandoned his frequently 

5862
05:10:42,200 --> 05:10:45,500
discussed plan to invade Britain
as the Royal Navy still held 

5863
05:10:45,500 --> 05:10:49,000
sway over the seas and instead 
he swiftly marched his Grand 

5864
05:10:49,000 --> 05:10:52,900
Army, Eastwood In a master 
stroke of maneuver, he encircled

5865
05:10:52,900 --> 05:10:56,600
an Austrian Army at all, in 
October, 1805, without a major 

5866
05:10:56,600 --> 05:11:00,500
fight, forcing its surrender. 
Then, as an Austrian and Russian

5867
05:11:00,500 --> 05:11:03,500
combined Force, attempted to 
regroup, Napoleon lured them 

5868
05:11:03,508 --> 05:11:05,900
into a trap on the fields of 
Australis in Moravia. 

5869
05:11:07,100 --> 05:11:12,100
December 2nd, 1805 exactly one 
year, after his coronation, he 

5870
05:11:12,100 --> 05:11:14,400
delivered what he himself, 
regarded as his tactical 

5871
05:11:14,400 --> 05:11:17,500
Masterpiece, the Battle of 
austerlitz also called The 

5872
05:11:17,500 --> 05:11:21,600
Battle of the three emperors. 
At dawn, a gentle fog, blanketed

5873
05:11:21,600 --> 05:11:24,200
the plane concealing parts of 
the French positions. 

5874
05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:27,700
Napoleon intentionally exposed 
his right flank to the Allies 

5875
05:11:27,700 --> 05:11:31,000
attack, and when they succumbed 
to his deception, he launched an

5876
05:11:31,000 --> 05:11:34,700
attack on this Center. 
As the mid-morning Sun, the 

5877
05:11:34,700 --> 05:11:38,300
famed son of austerlitz burned 
Through The Mists, the French 

5878
05:11:38,300 --> 05:11:40,400
seized the high, pratts and 
Heights splitting. 

5879
05:11:40,400 --> 05:11:43,700
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 
galloped past cheering columns 

5880
05:11:43,700 --> 05:11:46,700
as they rolled up the Allied 
Lines by early afternoon. 

5881
05:11:46,700 --> 05:11:50,300
The Coalition Army was in full 
Retreat and thousands of enemy 

5882
05:11:50,300 --> 05:11:52,000
soldiers. 
Drowned in the ice of frozen 

5883
05:11:52,000 --> 05:11:53,900
lakes that the French artillery 
shattered. 

5884
05:11:53,900 --> 05:11:58,000
The victory was complete. 
Watching the remnants of the 

5885
05:11:58,000 --> 05:12:00,200
Russian army limp away in 
Napoleon remarked to his 

5886
05:12:00,200 --> 05:12:04,600
Marshals with pride gentlemen. 
Remember this day it may well be

5887
05:12:04,600 --> 05:12:09,100
the greatest of my life. 
Indeed Austin served as the 

5888
05:12:09,100 --> 05:12:11,100
crowning achievement of his 
Imperial reign. 

5889
05:12:11,800 --> 05:12:15,400
Austria, capitulated signing the
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 

5890
05:12:15,400 --> 05:12:17,600
territory. 
The Holy Roman Emperor, 

5891
05:12:17,600 --> 05:12:21,500
abdicated his ancient title 
shortly after effectively ending

5892
05:12:21,500 --> 05:12:24,900
the Holy Roman Empire in 
gratitude, Napoleon soldiers, 

5893
05:12:24,900 --> 05:12:29,300
nicknamed him, the Soleil, 
Dustin the son of austerlitz, a 

5894
05:12:29,300 --> 05:12:32,400
symbol of the glory, he had 
brought them With Austria 

5895
05:12:32,400 --> 05:12:35,400
coward, Napoleon turned on 
pressure in 1806, when that 

5896
05:12:35,400 --> 05:12:39,200
Kingdom, relatedly and unwisely 
challenged French dominance. 

5897
05:12:39,900 --> 05:12:44,200
The emperor's response was Swift
and devastating in October 1806.

5898
05:12:44,200 --> 05:12:46,100
He crushed the proud Prussian 
Army. 

5899
05:12:46,100 --> 05:12:50,200
In a twin battle on the same day
Jenna and our Stead. 

5900
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:54,800
Outside Jana Napoleon's forces 
routed, oppression Army while on

5901
05:12:54,800 --> 05:12:57,200
a nearby Field. 
Marshal davout with a smaller 

5902
05:12:57,200 --> 05:13:00,100
French Corps, defeated the main 
Prussian Army at our state 

5903
05:13:00,900 --> 05:13:03,400
Frederick the Great's myth of 
Prussian military, prowess 

5904
05:13:03,400 --> 05:13:07,200
crumbled in a single morning. 
The French marched into Berlin 

5905
05:13:07,200 --> 05:13:10,200
and Napoleon visited the tomb of
Frederick contemplatively 

5906
05:13:10,200 --> 05:13:12,700
remarking. 
If he were alive, we wouldn't be

5907
05:13:12,700 --> 05:13:15,900
here today. 
In a display of both magnanimity

5908
05:13:15,900 --> 05:13:17,900
and shrewdness. 
He took the sword of Frederick 

5909
05:13:17,900 --> 05:13:21,300
the great as he ordered that, 
the Fallen Prussian officers be 

5910
05:13:21,300 --> 05:13:23,800
respectful buried. 
Despite the trophy, the 

5911
05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:26,600
peninsula War as the conflict. 
In Spain, came to be known 

5912
05:13:26,600 --> 05:13:30,600
became a vicious years-long. 
Guerrilla struggle, the Napoleon

5913
05:13:30,600 --> 05:13:33,700
later referred to, as the 
Spanish ulcer. 

5914
05:13:34,700 --> 05:13:38,200
Draining his resources. 
It was the first major crack in 

5915
05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:41,100
his Empire. 
The mighty French arm designed 

5916
05:13:41,100 --> 05:13:45,100
for peace battles, found itself,
bleeding in a symmetric war of 

5917
05:13:45,100 --> 05:13:47,400
ambushes and reprise in the 
Spanish Hills. 

5918
05:13:48,300 --> 05:13:52,700
Napoleon himself traveled to 
Spain in late 1808 to Blitz, the

5919
05:13:52,700 --> 05:13:55,700
resisting Spanish armies and did
win conventional battles with 

5920
05:13:55,700 --> 05:13:59,500
typical Brilliance but he could 
not pacify the proud and hostile

5921
05:13:59,500 --> 05:14:03,000
population. 
The British seized the chance 

5922
05:14:03,000 --> 05:14:06,600
and landed forces under Arthur 
Wellesley with future Duke of 

5923
05:14:06,608 --> 05:14:09,300
Wellington to support the 
Spaniards and Portuguese. 

5924
05:14:10,100 --> 05:14:13,300
For the first time Napoleon's 
Aura of invincibility was under 

5925
05:14:13,300 --> 05:14:16,500
Threat by an Insurrection and a 
foreign Expedition on his flank.

5926
05:14:17,300 --> 05:14:19,900
Still at the Empire's height, 
these troubles seemed minor 

5927
05:14:19,900 --> 05:14:22,300
compared to the Grand canvas of 
Napoleon's dominance. 

5928
05:14:23,300 --> 05:14:26,800
In 1809 Austria, encouraged by 
French difficulties in Spain. 

5929
05:14:26,800 --> 05:14:30,700
Dared to challenge, Napoleon 
once more, the emperor responded

5930
05:14:30,700 --> 05:14:34,300
with swift Fury though, the 
Austrian surprise him and handed

5931
05:14:34,300 --> 05:14:36,300
him. 
His first personal defeat in a 

5932
05:14:36,300 --> 05:14:38,800
pitched battle at Aspen essling 
just outside Vienna. 

5933
05:14:38,800 --> 05:14:43,200
Where in May 1809 Archduke 
Charles and flicked heavy losses

5934
05:14:43,200 --> 05:14:46,400
as Napoleon's attempt to cross 
the Danube was repelled, the 

5935
05:14:46,400 --> 05:14:50,400
French regrouped. 
In July Napoleon spearheaded a 

5936
05:14:50,400 --> 05:14:52,300
significant attack during the 
Battle of white Graham. 

5937
05:14:52,300 --> 05:14:55,400
A two-day intense battle on the 
plane's close to Vienna. 

5938
05:14:56,000 --> 05:14:59,200
It was a grim attritional battle
lacking, the elegant maneuvers 

5939
05:14:59,200 --> 05:15:02,200
of Australis but Napoleon's 
larger reserve of men and 

5940
05:15:02,200 --> 05:15:05,200
artillery prevailed. 
Austria sued for peace. 

5941
05:15:05,200 --> 05:15:06,000
Again. 
After Wagram. 

5942
05:15:06,700 --> 05:15:10,400
As part of the settlement and to
solidify the new Franco Austrian

5943
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:13,900
Amity, Napoleon took the 
dramatic step of divorcing 

5944
05:15:13,900 --> 05:15:17,000
Josephine. 
His beloved, but now 46 year old

5945
05:15:17,008 --> 05:15:20,000
Empress who had given him no 
children and marrying 

5946
05:15:20,000 --> 05:15:22,000
archduchess Marie Louise of 
Austria. 

5947
05:15:23,000 --> 05:15:26,200
The actor was a profound 
personal sacrifice for him, both

5948
05:15:26,200 --> 05:15:29,700
he and Josephine wept bitterly 
at their former parting, despite

5949
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:31,700
passed in fidelities, on both 
sides. 

5950
05:15:32,800 --> 05:15:35,300
Yet Napoleon ever pragmatic 
about power. 

5951
05:15:35,300 --> 05:15:39,000
Knew the Bonaparte Legacy needed
an air of his own blood and an 

5952
05:15:39,000 --> 05:15:41,400
Austrian princess would bring 
legitimacy in the eyes of 

5953
05:15:41,400 --> 05:15:44,700
Europe. 
In 1811, Mary, Louise bore him, 

5954
05:15:44,708 --> 05:15:47,800
a son, who Napoleon grandly 
titled, the king of Rome. 

5955
05:15:48,600 --> 05:15:52,100
At 42, the emperor had a healthy
male, Heir, that year marked the

5956
05:15:52,100 --> 05:15:53,700
Pinnacle of Napoleonic 
confidence. 

5957
05:15:54,700 --> 05:15:57,400
He spoke a founding a dynasty 
that would last 100 years. 

5958
05:15:58,300 --> 05:16:00,500
One evening, holding the infant 
prints in his arms. 

5959
05:16:00,500 --> 05:16:02,100
Beneath the glow of chandelier 
light. 

5960
05:16:02,100 --> 05:16:06,200
He said to have murmured, you 
will be my living trophy, you 

5961
05:16:06,200 --> 05:16:09,600
will inherit all I have made 
amidst, these triumphs 

5962
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:13,800
Napoleon's influence went beyond
Warfare and politics leaving an 

5963
05:16:13,800 --> 05:16:17,200
imprint on society and even 
distant continents, he spread 

5964
05:16:17,200 --> 05:16:18,900
the Napoleonic Code to the 
lands. 

5965
05:16:18,900 --> 05:16:22,300
He conquered laying foundations 
for legal systems from Italy to 

5966
05:16:22,300 --> 05:16:26,000
the Rhineland systems that 
emphasized clear laws and the 

5967
05:16:26,000 --> 05:16:29,600
end of feudal practices. 
He abolished serfdom in Poland 

5968
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:32,500
and introduced religious 
toleration and secular education

5969
05:16:32,500 --> 05:16:34,300
in many backward corners of 
Europe. 

5970
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:37,500
In the German states and 
elsewhere, his rule 

5971
05:16:37,500 --> 05:16:41,000
inadvertently sparked feeling of
nationalism subject. 

5972
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:43,800
People's even as they resented 
French domination. 

5973
05:16:43,800 --> 05:16:47,900
Also, absorbed the ideas of the 
French Revolution that Napoleon 

5974
05:16:47,900 --> 05:16:51,900
carried with his armies. 
A young German or Italian in 

5975
05:16:51,900 --> 05:16:55,300
1810 might at once hate 
Napoleon's, oppressive taxes, 

5976
05:16:55,300 --> 05:16:59,000
and conscription yet be inspired
by the new concepts of Liberty 

5977
05:16:59,000 --> 05:17:02,800
and nationhood that came in his 
wake. the consequences of Israel

5978
05:17:02,800 --> 05:17:08,200
rippled a cross, the Atlantic In
1803 needing funds for war and 

5979
05:17:08,200 --> 05:17:11,200
sensing that holding territory 
in America was untenable after 

5980
05:17:11,200 --> 05:17:14,300
losing Haiti to a slave 
rebellion, Napoleon sold, the 

5981
05:17:14,300 --> 05:17:16,800
vast Louisiana, territory to the
United States. 

5982
05:17:16,800 --> 05:17:20,100
An act that doubled the size of 
the young American Republic and 

5983
05:17:20,100 --> 05:17:23,800
reshaped, Global geopolitics 
equipped that this sale would 

5984
05:17:23,800 --> 05:17:26,500
forever thwart, British 
Ambitions in the new world and 

5985
05:17:26,500 --> 05:17:28,900
ensuring American power that 
could rival England. 

5986
05:17:29,700 --> 05:17:32,500
In a way, he was crafting the 
future Beyond his own Empire. 

5987
05:17:33,500 --> 05:17:36,500
Similarly his toppling of the 
Spanish regime jolted Spain's 

5988
05:17:36,500 --> 05:17:39,300
colonies in Latin. 
America leaders like Simon 

5989
05:17:39,300 --> 05:17:41,900
believer would soon take 
advantage of the chaos to fight 

5990
05:17:41,900 --> 05:17:44,600
for independence. 
Indirectly influenced by 

5991
05:17:44,600 --> 05:17:47,700
Napoleonic upheaval. 
However at the beginning of the 

5992
05:17:47,700 --> 05:17:51,700
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 
to be completely focused on him.

5993
05:17:51,700 --> 05:17:55,800
He had achieved something 
unprecedented, a French Empire 

5994
05:17:55,800 --> 05:17:58,400
that dominated Europe in a 
manner, not seen since Roman 

5995
05:17:58,400 --> 05:18:01,400
times flanked by his Marshals at
Grand Victory. 

5996
05:18:01,400 --> 05:18:04,400
Parade's the emperor's Pier 
would stand on a reviewing 

5997
05:18:04,400 --> 05:18:07,400
platform in his iconic. 
Buy corn hat, and simple green 

5998
05:18:07,400 --> 05:18:10,600
uniform of the Imperial Guard 
while thousands of troops passed

5999
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:14,100
in martial splendor. 
Bands played LA marseille's and 

6000
05:18:14,100 --> 05:18:17,600
other patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

6001
05:18:17,600 --> 05:18:19,800
were Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor. 

6002
05:18:20,500 --> 05:18:23,700
To observe as in London or 
Vienna it might have looked as 

6003
05:18:23,700 --> 05:18:26,700
if Europe was lost in a trance 
of Napoleonic Glory. 

6004
05:18:27,400 --> 05:18:31,100
And indeed, many of the common 
folk in France and a satellite 

6005
05:18:31,100 --> 05:18:34,000
States revered. 
Napoleon sincerely, crediting 

6006
05:18:34,000 --> 05:18:36,600
him with delivering efficient 
government national pride and 

6007
05:18:36,600 --> 05:18:40,000
victory after victory. 
Yet within Napoleon's tight 

6008
05:18:40,000 --> 05:18:41,600
Circle. 
There were those who sensed the 

6009
05:18:41,608 --> 05:18:45,500
dangers of hubris creeping in, 
tally around his Wily foreign 

6010
05:18:45,500 --> 05:18:48,200
minister till Napoleon dismissed
him once. 

6011
05:18:48,200 --> 05:18:51,200
Remarked acidly that Napoleon's 
downfall would be his inability 

6012
05:18:51,200 --> 05:18:55,100
to stop himself ill, Nepal 
delimits, he wander colleague. 

6013
05:18:55,100 --> 05:18:59,700
The man knows no limits. 
Fouche, the police Minister kept

6014
05:18:59,700 --> 05:19:01,500
secret. 
Dozier's mapping discontent and 

6015
05:19:01,500 --> 05:19:04,800
conspiracies aware that not all 
Hearts will with the emperor. 

6016
05:19:04,800 --> 05:19:08,100
Even some Marshals grumbled 
about the endless Wars and their

6017
05:19:08,100 --> 05:19:11,500
human costs mothers across 
France, quite likely cursed, the

6018
05:19:11,508 --> 05:19:14,100
Emperor who took their sons year
after year, for his 

6019
05:19:14,100 --> 05:19:17,500
granddaughter Army The empire 
was powerful, but brittle in 

6020
05:19:17,500 --> 05:19:21,900
places Reliant entirely on one 
man's Brilliance and Charisma in

6021
05:19:21,900 --> 05:19:23,900
1812 at the height of his 
control. 

6022
05:19:23,900 --> 05:19:27,000
Napoleon assembled, the largest 
army Europe had ever seen over 

6023
05:19:27,000 --> 05:19:30,500
half of a million men drawn from
every corner of his domains LED 

6024
05:19:30,500 --> 05:19:32,900
them Eastwood in a campaign that
he believed would secure his 

6025
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:35,600
dominance once. 
And for all the target, his 

6026
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:38,700
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 
who had drifted out of the 

6027
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:42,200
continental system and defied 
French influence confident in 

6028
05:19:42,200 --> 05:19:45,300
his Destiny and a custom to 
Rapid victories Napoleon. 

6029
05:19:45,300 --> 05:19:47,600
Wagered everything on one more 
lightning War. 

6030
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:53,000
The Grand Army, the Cosmopolitan
host of Frenchmen Italians 

6031
05:19:53,000 --> 05:19:57,800
Germans polls and others marched
off with singing and high morale

6032
05:19:57,800 --> 05:20:01,700
and a summer Skies, it was the 
apogee of Napoleon's hubris an 

6033
05:20:01,700 --> 05:20:03,500
emperor at the peak of his 
power. 

6034
05:20:03,500 --> 05:20:06,500
Thinking, the conquest of the 
vast Russian planes would be, 

6035
05:20:06,508 --> 05:20:08,600
but another Triumph to notch on 
his belt. 

6036
05:20:09,400 --> 05:20:12,100
He told a diplomat we should be 
in Moscow in two months. 

6037
05:20:13,600 --> 05:20:16,300
As the column snaked East 
drummers tapping out, the 

6038
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:19,400
Cadence on Dusty Rhodes. 
An eagle's glinting in the sun, 

6039
05:20:19,400 --> 05:20:22,800
none could imagine that the 
Zenith of the empire was also 

6040
05:20:22,800 --> 05:20:24,600
the beginning of a catastrophic 
decline. 

6041
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:28,300
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

6042
05:20:28,300 --> 05:20:31,400
sun in the minds of many. 
He was the master of Europe 

6043
05:20:31,400 --> 05:20:34,800
perhaps even Invincible. 
The thought that this supreme 

6044
05:20:34,800 --> 05:20:37,600
height might precede a full had 
not yet troubled, the dreams of 

6045
05:20:37,608 --> 05:20:40,500
the emperor of the French. 
However, at the beginning of the

6046
05:20:40,500 --> 05:20:44,500
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 
to be completely focused on him.

6047
05:20:44,500 --> 05:20:48,600
He had achieved something 
unprecedented, a French Empire 

6048
05:20:48,600 --> 05:20:51,600
that dominated Europe in a man 
and not seen since Roman times. 

6049
05:20:52,500 --> 05:20:54,300
Flanked by his Marshals at Grand
Victory. 

6050
05:20:54,300 --> 05:20:57,800
Parades the emperor's Pier would
stand on a reviewing platform in

6051
05:20:57,800 --> 05:21:00,700
his iconic bicorne hat, and 
simple green uniform of the 

6052
05:21:00,708 --> 05:21:04,000
Imperial Guard while thousands 
of troops passed in martial 

6053
05:21:04,000 --> 05:21:06,900
splendor. 
Bands played LA marseillaise and

6054
05:21:06,900 --> 05:21:10,400
other patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

6055
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:12,500
were Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor. 

6056
05:21:13,300 --> 05:21:16,500
To observe as in London or 
Vienna, it might have looked as 

6057
05:21:16,500 --> 05:21:19,400
if Europe was lost in a chance 
of Napoleonic Glory. 

6058
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:23,700
And indeed, many of the common 
folk in France and a satellite 

6059
05:21:23,700 --> 05:21:26,700
States revered. 
Napoleon sincerely, crediting 

6060
05:21:26,700 --> 05:21:29,400
him with delivering efficient 
government national pride and 

6061
05:21:29,400 --> 05:21:32,800
victory after victory. 
Yet within Napoleon's tight 

6062
05:21:32,800 --> 05:21:34,400
Circle. 
There were those who sent the 

6063
05:21:34,400 --> 05:21:38,200
dangers of hubris creeping in, 
tally around his Wily foreign 

6064
05:21:38,200 --> 05:21:41,000
minister till Napoleon dismissed
him once. 

6065
05:21:41,000 --> 05:21:43,900
Remarked acidly that Napoleon's 
downfall would be his inability,

6066
05:21:43,900 --> 05:21:48,300
to stop himself ill, napala 
limits, he wander colleague, the

6067
05:21:48,300 --> 05:21:52,500
man knows no limits. 
Fouche, the police Minister kept

6068
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:55,000
secret dossi's mapping 
discontent and conspiracies 

6069
05:21:55,000 --> 05:21:57,600
aware that not all Hearts will 
with the emperor. 

6070
05:21:57,600 --> 05:22:00,900
Even some Marshals grumbled 
about the endless Wars and their

6071
05:22:00,900 --> 05:22:04,300
human costs mothers across 
France, quite likely curse. 

6072
05:22:04,300 --> 05:22:06,800
The Emperor who took their sons 
year after year for his 

6073
05:22:06,800 --> 05:22:10,700
granddaughter May The empire was
powerful, but brittle in places 

6074
05:22:10,700 --> 05:22:15,300
Reliant entirely on one man's 
Brilliance and Charisma in 1812 

6075
05:22:15,300 --> 05:22:18,200
at the height of his control. 
Napoleon assembled, the largest 

6076
05:22:18,200 --> 05:22:21,100
army Europe had ever seen over 
half a million men drawn from 

6077
05:22:21,108 --> 05:22:24,400
every corner of his domains. 
Let them Eastward in a campaign 

6078
05:22:24,400 --> 05:22:26,400
that he believed would secure 
his dominance once. 

6079
05:22:26,400 --> 05:22:30,200
And for all the target, his 
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 

6080
05:22:30,200 --> 05:22:33,000
who had drifted out of the 
continental system and defied 

6081
05:22:33,000 --> 05:22:36,400
French influence confident in 
his Destiny and a custom to 

6082
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:39,600
Rapid victories Napoleon. 
Wagered everything on one more 

6083
05:22:39,600 --> 05:22:43,600
lightning War. 
The Grand Army, the Cosmopolitan

6084
05:22:43,600 --> 05:22:48,700
host of Frenchmen Italians 
Germans polls and others marched

6085
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:50,500
off with singing and high 
morale. 

6086
05:22:50,500 --> 05:22:53,400
And summer Skies. 
It was the apogee of Napoleon's 

6087
05:22:53,400 --> 05:22:56,200
hubris and Emperor at the peak 
of his power. 

6088
05:22:56,200 --> 05:22:59,300
Thinking the conquest of the 
vast Russian planes would be, 

6089
05:22:59,300 --> 05:23:01,300
but another Triumph to notch on 
his belt. 

6090
05:23:02,200 --> 05:23:04,900
He told a diplomat, we shall be 
a Moscow in two months. 

6091
05:23:06,400 --> 05:23:09,100
As the column snake. 
Deezed drummers tapping out, the

6092
05:23:09,100 --> 05:23:12,200
Cadence on Dusty roads and 
Eagles glinting in the sun. 

6093
05:23:12,200 --> 05:23:15,600
None could imagine that the 
Zenith of the empire was also 

6094
05:23:15,600 --> 05:23:17,500
the beginning of a catastrophic 
decline. 

6095
05:23:17,500 --> 05:23:21,000
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

6096
05:23:21,000 --> 05:23:22,800
Sun. 
The minds of many. 

6097
05:23:22,800 --> 05:23:25,900
He was the master of Europe 
perhaps even Invincible. 

6098
05:23:25,900 --> 05:23:29,100
The thought that this supreme 
height might precede a full had 

6099
05:23:29,100 --> 05:23:32,100
not yet troubled, the dreams of 
the emperor of the French, the 

6100
05:23:32,100 --> 05:23:34,500
ACT left thousands on the far 
Bank, who shouted as the 

6101
05:23:34,500 --> 05:23:38,100
remaining Escape path burned, 
early December saw the Grande. 

6102
05:23:38,100 --> 05:23:42,100
Are may possibly 20,000 ragged 
frostbitten survivors from 

6103
05:23:42,100 --> 05:23:45,500
600,000 stagger into Poland and 
Prussia. 

6104
05:23:46,300 --> 05:23:48,600
Napoleon's side with 
satisfaction when he entered 

6105
05:23:48,600 --> 05:23:51,400
friendly territory after 
narrowly escaping arrest 

6106
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:53,300
multiple times during the 
retreat. 

6107
05:23:54,000 --> 05:23:58,100
The cost was nearly unfathomable
the Russian winter attacks and 

6108
05:23:58,100 --> 05:24:00,600
starvation reduced, the 
overwhelming Force centering 

6109
05:24:00,600 --> 05:24:04,700
Russia, less than 10% survived 
snow shattered. 

6110
05:24:04,700 --> 05:24:08,000
Napoleon's European 
invincibility Paris, rumors 

6111
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:11,700
about the disaster for shadowed.
His return Napoleon, abandoned 

6112
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:14,600
the remaining troops and rode a 
sled, back to France and Cognito

6113
05:24:14,600 --> 05:24:19,600
and quickly in December 1812. 
He left, martial nae nae and 

6114
05:24:19,608 --> 05:24:21,900
others to oversee the terrible 
retreat. 

6115
05:24:22,700 --> 05:24:26,500
Poland left his forces to avert 
a domestic coup, the general 

6116
05:24:26,500 --> 05:24:29,900
named melaye had launched a 
strange coup in Paris falsely 

6117
05:24:29,900 --> 05:24:33,200
announcing Napoleon's death 
illustrating how delicate things

6118
05:24:33,200 --> 05:24:37,400
were Napoleon crossed blizzards 
day and night to Paris. 

6119
05:24:37,400 --> 05:24:40,400
Before the year's end, he made 
the country, believe, everything

6120
05:24:40,400 --> 05:24:42,700
was fine, masking the 
devastation. 

6121
05:24:43,500 --> 05:24:47,100
Short-lived for sad after Russia
won Europe's rulers, formed a 

6122
05:24:47,100 --> 05:24:48,900
coalition to destroy the weaker 
Empire. 

6123
05:24:49,900 --> 05:24:54,000
Prussia joined Russia, against 
France in early 1813 Austria 

6124
05:24:54,000 --> 05:24:57,300
prepared to jump in Napoleon 
quickly, recruited youngsters 

6125
05:24:57,300 --> 05:24:59,700
and Last Resort reserves to 
replace his Veterans. 

6126
05:24:59,700 --> 05:25:03,900
As before he examined maps and 
made massive plans to defeat the

6127
05:25:03,900 --> 05:25:08,000
Allies, he was still alive, but 
reality was looming his Marshals

6128
05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:10,400
feared, he could win an 
interminable War because the 

6129
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:14,200
French were exhausted. 
Napoleon returned triumphantly 

6130
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:18,700
in mid 1813 in March 1813. 
He was beat the Russo, Prussian 

6131
05:25:18,700 --> 05:25:22,000
Army at Luton and bouts and with
hardly trained Concepts demand 

6132
05:25:22,000 --> 05:25:23,800
and straightening his 
operational competence. 

6133
05:25:23,800 --> 05:25:26,100
He hoped to prevent catastrophe 
again. 

6134
05:25:26,100 --> 05:25:30,800
Too many odds were against him, 
October 1813 saw the Battle of 

6135
05:25:30,800 --> 05:25:33,800
light sick, later renamed, the 
Battle of nations in Saxony 

6136
05:25:33,800 --> 05:25:37,300
three days of fierce fighting 
between Napoleon's, Marshals and

6137
05:25:37,300 --> 05:25:40,800
guard and a combined Russian 
Austrian and Swedish army. 

6138
05:25:41,500 --> 05:25:45,400
Napoleon was outnumbered roughly
two to one attrition and hostile

6139
05:25:45,400 --> 05:25:47,000
teamwork. 
Defeated him despite his 

6140
05:25:47,000 --> 05:25:51,000
expertise and bravery. 
Scared French officer blew up a 

6141
05:25:51,008 --> 05:25:53,700
crucial bridge too early 
trapping a rear guard on the 

6142
05:25:53,708 --> 05:25:55,300
wrong side of the river to be 
captured. 

6143
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:58,200
Napoleon lost the biggest battle
in European history. 

6144
05:25:58,200 --> 05:26:01,800
Ending French rule in Germany. 
Many of Napoleon's, German 

6145
05:26:01,800 --> 05:26:04,800
allies affected. 
The Rhine Confederation fell 

6146
05:26:04,800 --> 05:26:07,700
while retreating over the 
elster, river, his beloved 

6147
05:26:07,700 --> 05:26:13,000
polish hero, martial Pontius 
Napoleon retreated France with 

6148
05:26:13,000 --> 05:26:16,000
his 70,000 defeated soldiers, 
resolved to fight. 

6149
05:26:17,000 --> 05:26:19,900
In early 1814, the Allies 
invaded France, expecting a 

6150
05:26:19,908 --> 05:26:23,100
quick march to Paris. 
Napoleon's little Force, 

6151
05:26:23,100 --> 05:26:26,200
defeated elements of the bigger 
Allied soldiers in the six days 

6152
05:26:26,200 --> 05:26:29,900
campaign in February. 1814 one 
of his most successful defensive

6153
05:26:29,900 --> 05:26:33,900
campaigns often overlooked. 
His youthful mobility and skills

6154
05:26:33,900 --> 05:26:37,600
surprised his opponents at 
Champa bear Monte and Montrose. 

6155
05:26:37,600 --> 05:26:40,700
Seeing the emperor. 
Sprint, like a firefighter, gay 

6156
05:26:40,700 --> 05:26:43,500
French peasants. 
Hope math told him, he was two 

6157
05:26:43,500 --> 05:26:46,800
outnumbered to win. 
Despite his few victories, the 

6158
05:26:46,800 --> 05:26:49,300
Allies reached Paris by late 
March 1814. 

6159
05:26:50,100 --> 05:26:54,300
After Marshalls marmol and Morty
left to defend Paris concluded 

6160
05:26:54,300 --> 05:26:57,200
resistance was pointless. 
The Coalition Army, took it 

6161
05:26:57,200 --> 05:27:01,000
practically and peace. after 
centuries without foreign rule, 

6162
05:27:01,000 --> 05:27:04,600
the Victorious, Czar Alexander, 
King, Frederick, William of 

6163
05:27:04,600 --> 05:27:07,600
Prussia and other dignitaries 
entered Paris on March, 31st 

6164
05:27:07,600 --> 05:27:12,200
1814 Parisians flocked to the 
boulevards in despair or relief 

6165
05:27:12,200 --> 05:27:14,100
as Napoleon's epic adventure 
ended. 

6166
05:27:14,900 --> 05:27:17,500
Napoleon was outraged and 
unhappy in Fontainebleau 

6167
05:27:17,500 --> 05:27:20,500
following paris's loss. 
He pondered marching his 

6168
05:27:20,500 --> 05:27:23,900
remaining men to seize the city,
his Marshals, confronted him 

6169
05:27:23,900 --> 05:27:28,100
exhausted and honest for the 
first time, Marshalls nay had no

6170
05:27:28,100 --> 05:27:30,500
and LeFevre who had followed him
across Europe. 

6171
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:34,000
Advised him to reason, they 
France was defeated and 

6172
05:27:34,000 --> 05:27:38,000
resistance would be fatal. 
Napoleon was Furious, accusing 

6173
05:27:38,000 --> 05:27:41,400
them of cowardice and betrayal. 
He faced a reality alone in 

6174
05:27:41,400 --> 05:27:44,500
Fontainebleau at night, the 
Allies sought his unconditional 

6175
05:27:44,500 --> 05:27:48,600
surrender, even his stepson and 
Brother Joseph persuaded him to 

6176
05:27:48,600 --> 05:27:52,200
submit for the nation. 
Marshals and MacDonald issued, a

6177
05:27:52,200 --> 05:27:56,600
stunning ultimate on April 4th 
1814 Philippe must abdicate. 

6178
05:27:56,600 --> 05:28:00,200
Before the Army could march on 
Paris, Napoleon abdicated for 

6179
05:28:00,200 --> 05:28:03,800
his son, expecting an Allied 
Regency, when rejected, he 

6180
05:28:03,800 --> 05:28:07,000
realized the game was over 
Napoleon abdicated on April 

6181
05:28:07,000 --> 05:28:10,600
11th, 1814 relinquishing, French
Regal rights. 

6182
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:13,900
He received an annual stipend 
and a modest guard on Elba. 

6183
05:28:13,900 --> 05:28:17,600
The smaller Italian Island from 
the Allies, a beautiful prison, 

6184
05:28:17,600 --> 05:28:21,400
for a Fallen King. 
Napoleon said goodbye to his old

6185
05:28:21,400 --> 05:28:24,800
guard in fontaine's, Courtyard 
on April 20th, 1814. 

6186
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:29,200
France would remember a touching
scene Napoleon continued 

6187
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:32,800
speaking with a steady 
impassioned voice saying to the 

6188
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:36,600
soldiers of my old guard? 
I bid you farewell you've been 

6189
05:28:36,600 --> 05:28:40,100
my constant companion on the 
path to honor and glory for 20 

6190
05:28:40,100 --> 05:28:44,200
years do not mourn my fate. 
I want to document our wonderful

6191
05:28:44,200 --> 05:28:45,700
Deeds. 
Sweet kids. 

6192
05:28:45,700 --> 05:28:51,400
Goodbye Napoleon veteran 
grenadiers of 12 campaigns cried

6193
05:28:51,400 --> 05:28:55,500
the emperor, kissed the Imperial
Eagle flag one last time and 

6194
05:28:55,500 --> 05:28:58,300
hugged General Petty who was 
holding the regimental Eagle. 

6195
05:28:58,300 --> 05:29:02,200
He said goodbye kids raising his
hand in salutation. 

6196
05:29:03,200 --> 05:29:06,000
Napoleon despite his best 
efforts jumped into a carriage 

6197
05:29:06,000 --> 05:29:10,200
crying that night, many jaded 
soldiers, Under the Stars unsure

6198
05:29:10,200 --> 05:29:13,100
of France's or their future 
without Lumpur, a veteran 

6199
05:29:13,100 --> 05:29:16,100
mermaid. 
It's over a wonderful person 

6200
05:29:16,100 --> 05:29:19,400
left. 
An imaginary Kingdom held 

6201
05:29:19,400 --> 05:29:21,800
European ruler. 
Napoleon Bonaparte captive. 

6202
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:26,400
He arrived at Elba 19 square 
miles of rugged terrain and 

6203
05:29:26,400 --> 05:29:29,400
Vineyards in Tuscany in late, 
April 1814. 

6204
05:29:30,500 --> 05:29:34,000
He was rarely self-pitying, 
keeping the title Emperor, the 

6205
05:29:34,000 --> 05:29:35,500
Allies. 
Gave him the name as a polite 

6206
05:29:35,500 --> 05:29:38,000
fiction. 
He established a small Court in 

6207
05:29:38,000 --> 05:29:41,600
Port of pharaoh elba's main town
and rained like France in 

6208
05:29:41,600 --> 05:29:44,600
miniature. 
Napoleon was Restless on Elba 

6209
05:29:44,600 --> 05:29:47,800
for nine months, he studied 
lilliputians iron mines and 

6210
05:29:47,800 --> 05:29:51,500
quarries planned to modernize 
Agriculture and designed a flag.

6211
05:29:51,500 --> 05:29:55,000
A diagonal band of white with 
red and bees symbolizing 

6212
05:29:55,000 --> 05:29:58,000
industriousness, and potentially
nodding to his Imperial emblem. 

6213
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:01,600
He formed a small Navy and army 
with a few ships and hundreds of

6214
05:30:01,608 --> 05:30:03,800
people including a loyal Old 
Guard Detachment. 

6215
05:30:03,800 --> 05:30:07,700
He wrote tight Roots inspected, 
Olive, Orchards and talked to 

6216
05:30:07,700 --> 05:30:10,000
Port. 
Fisherman, villagers said his 

6217
05:30:10,000 --> 05:30:13,700
micromanagement improved roads, 
built a small hospital and 

6218
05:30:13,700 --> 05:30:16,500
accelerated tax collection 
Albus. 

6219
05:30:16,500 --> 05:30:20,000
People were amazed and perplexed
that this powerful man cared 

6220
05:30:20,000 --> 05:30:23,300
about their humble life. 
Friendly, Alberta joked. 

6221
05:30:23,300 --> 05:30:25,400
He thinks he's still ruling. 
The world. 

6222
05:30:27,000 --> 05:30:29,500
Poland's Vigor over WellMed 
elbows a delicate appearance. 

6223
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:32,600
Connections in newspapers, kept 
him abreast of French and 

6224
05:30:32,600 --> 05:30:35,600
European happening. 
This information, ordered him 

6225
05:30:35,608 --> 05:30:38,900
the restored bourbon monarchy. 
The 18th was unpopular in 

6226
05:30:38,900 --> 05:30:40,800
France. 
The Arrogant Return of the old 

6227
05:30:40,800 --> 05:30:44,000
aristocracy led to dismissal of 
many Napoleon Affiliated French 

6228
05:30:44,000 --> 05:30:47,800
officers, and bureaucrats rumors
of royalist Revenge and economic

6229
05:30:47,800 --> 05:30:50,300
recession. 
Circulated peasants, feared, the

6230
05:30:50,308 --> 05:30:52,900
Bourbons would retake their 
gains after Napoleon's reign. 

6231
05:30:53,800 --> 05:30:56,600
During a Congress of the great 
countries in Vienna to redraw 

6232
05:30:56,600 --> 05:30:58,400
Europe's map often Napoleon's 
fall. 

6233
05:30:58,400 --> 05:31:01,600
The British may send Napoleon to
a remote Atlantic Rock. 

6234
05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:04,800
If he becomes too difficult in 
Elba the island felt like a 

6235
05:31:04,800 --> 05:31:07,200
gilded prison. 
The Bonaparte family was 

6236
05:31:07,200 --> 05:31:10,500
Infamous for their inviting and 
Napoleon's mother and sister, 

6237
05:31:10,500 --> 05:31:13,700
clashed often Napoleon's busy, 
mind, was bored. 

6238
05:31:13,700 --> 05:31:15,900
He was sad. 
Looking at the sea via a 

6239
05:31:15,908 --> 05:31:18,300
telescope from elba's Cliffs in 
early 1815. 

6240
05:31:18,300 --> 05:31:21,800
I live like a sleeping volcano. 
Read one letter. 

6241
05:31:22,600 --> 05:31:25,100
He could not bear the world 
going on without him his 

6242
05:31:25,100 --> 05:31:27,000
insatiable ambition and Fate 
One. 

6243
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:31,000
In late February 1815, Napoleon 
returned to France, to reclaim 

6244
05:31:31,000 --> 05:31:32,500
his crown. 
After hearing, the Congress of 

6245
05:31:32,500 --> 05:31:35,500
Vienna was in disorder and 
France's anger, with Louis, the 

6246
05:31:35,500 --> 05:31:38,800
18th was growing. 
It appeared in possible and 

6247
05:31:38,800 --> 05:31:40,400
expelled Emperor. 
The courted. 

6248
05:31:40,400 --> 05:31:42,900
By Allied ships, trying to 
incite a civilian Insurrection 

6249
05:31:42,900 --> 05:31:46,800
to overthrow a reconstituted. 
Monarchy Napoleon had the 

6250
05:31:46,800 --> 05:31:51,900
ability to bring dreams to life.
Napoleon fled elbow on February 

6251
05:31:51,900 --> 05:31:56,800
26th, 1815 under loose guards. 
Travel to France with several 

6252
05:31:56,800 --> 05:31:59,600
hundred loyal Warriors. 
Aboard the ship in constant and 

6253
05:31:59,600 --> 05:32:02,100
on numerous smaller vessels to 
evade British surveillance. 

6254
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:07,300
He escaped cap on the voyage by 
chance and daring, Napoleon 

6255
05:32:07,300 --> 05:32:10,900
stared at the prowl with a 
familiar fire as the coach does 

6256
05:32:10,900 --> 05:32:13,100
Europe appeared. 
France is ours. 

6257
05:32:13,100 --> 05:32:15,500
He informed his troops Bonaparte
believed. 

6258
05:32:15,500 --> 05:32:19,300
Louis, the 18th France would 
fail on March 1st 1815, the 

6259
05:32:19,300 --> 05:32:21,700
French Riviera witnessed an 
astonishing sight. 

6260
05:32:21,700 --> 05:32:25,500
Napoleon Bonaparte. 
The exiled Emperor landed near 

6261
05:32:25,500 --> 05:32:28,700
can with a tiny force and 
unfurled his tricolor flag once 

6262
05:32:28,700 --> 05:32:31,200
more. 
Dressed in his trademark grey 

6263
05:32:31,200 --> 05:32:33,600
coat and cocked hat. 
He stepped ashore and 

6264
05:32:33,600 --> 05:32:36,100
proclaimed. 
I have come to save France. 

6265
05:32:37,500 --> 05:32:41,100
Thus began the episode known as 
the 100 days a final blaze of 

6266
05:32:41,108 --> 05:32:45,400
Napoleon's meteoric, life. 
He marched northward voiding the

6267
05:32:45,400 --> 05:32:48,700
royalist stronghold of Provence,
choosing the Alpine route 

6268
05:32:48,700 --> 05:32:52,100
through the dolphin. 
A His band was small barely a 

6269
05:32:52,100 --> 05:32:55,600
thousand men but as they 
Advanced Napoleon's Charisma and

6270
05:32:55,600 --> 05:32:59,700
France is simmering discontent 
began to work miracles, a town 

6271
05:32:59,700 --> 05:33:02,800
after town locals, especially 
veterans and peasants turned out

6272
05:33:02,800 --> 05:33:05,400
with curiosity and growing 
enthusiasm. 

6273
05:33:05,400 --> 05:33:09,000
To many, the news of his return 
felt like a long-lost family 

6274
05:33:09,000 --> 05:33:11,900
member coming home. 
A pivotal moment, came on March,

6275
05:33:11,900 --> 05:33:15,700
7th near the mountain town of 
lafri, Royal troops of the 5th, 

6276
05:33:15,700 --> 05:33:18,800
regiment and orders to arrest 
the user confronted, Napoleon on

6277
05:33:18,800 --> 05:33:22,600
the road, the two forces faced 
each other nervous and Silent 

6278
05:33:22,600 --> 05:33:24,800
Napoleon. 
Fearless Strode forward. 

6279
05:33:24,800 --> 05:33:28,500
Alone flung open his coat to 
bear his chest and shouted to 

6280
05:33:28,500 --> 05:33:30,900
the soldiers, arrayed against 
him soldiers. 

6281
05:33:30,900 --> 05:33:33,600
If there is one among you, who 
wants to kill his General, his 

6282
05:33:33,600 --> 05:33:36,600
Emperor here. 
I am for a tense heartbeat, no 

6283
05:33:36,600 --> 05:33:40,500
one moved then in an emotional 
Rush, the Royal troops erupted 

6284
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:43,500
in. 
Cheers Vivo rang out as they 

6285
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:45,400
threw down. 
Their white Bourbon cockades and

6286
05:33:45,408 --> 05:33:48,600
surged toward Napoleon. 
The men of the 5th, joined 

6287
05:33:48,600 --> 05:33:52,200
Napoleon's ranks in unison, I 
Witnesses saw veterans, crying 

6288
05:33:52,200 --> 05:33:54,200
and laughing as they embraced, 
their former leader. 

6289
05:33:55,000 --> 05:33:58,200
Word quickly spread throughout 
the countryside, Napoleon had 

6290
05:33:58,200 --> 05:34:00,900
returned, and the Army was 
United by him. 

6291
05:34:02,100 --> 05:34:05,700
King Louis the 18th attempts to 
muster resistance faltered as 

6292
05:34:05,700 --> 05:34:08,800
one regiment after another, 
either went over to Bonaparte or

6293
05:34:08,800 --> 05:34:12,700
melted away through May once 
Napoleon's, trusted bravest of 

6294
05:34:12,708 --> 05:34:14,900
the Brave had initially 
promised, the king he would 

6295
05:34:14,900 --> 05:34:17,900
bring Napoleon back in an iron 
cage but confronted with the 

6296
05:34:17,900 --> 05:34:19,400
further of his troops for the 
emperor. 

6297
05:34:19,400 --> 05:34:23,600
Nay too defected overwhelmed by 
old loyalties and perhaps the 

6298
05:34:23,600 --> 05:34:28,000
irresistible tide of sentiment. 
By March 20th, Napoleon reached 

6299
05:34:28,000 --> 05:34:30,600
Paris. 
Louis the 18th had already fled 

6300
05:34:30,600 --> 05:34:34,300
into Exile supposedly leaving, 
so hastily that, he lost his 

6301
05:34:34,300 --> 05:34:37,200
shoe, thus, giving a touch of 
fast to the bourbon Kings, 

6302
05:34:37,200 --> 05:34:41,200
second departure, That night 
Napoleon entered the Wheeler's 

6303
05:34:41,200 --> 05:34:43,200
to the ecstatic Roar of 
parisians. 

6304
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:46,500
Who just weeks early had been 
murmuring against him as the 

6305
05:34:46,500 --> 05:34:49,700
ogre public opinion had. 
Once again, whiplashed 

6306
05:34:50,600 --> 05:34:54,200
remarkably in a matter of 20 
days without a single shot fired

6307
05:34:54,200 --> 05:34:56,500
in Anger. 
Napoleon had regular regained, 

6308
05:34:56,500 --> 05:34:58,700
his throne. 
It was one of the most dramatic 

6309
05:34:58,700 --> 05:35:02,700
political The Comebacks in 
history serves as a testament to

6310
05:35:02,700 --> 05:35:05,100
his unequaled, ability to 
inspire or intimidate. 

6311
05:35:05,100 --> 05:35:08,500
And they also reflect the French
people's ambivalence about the 

6312
05:35:08,500 --> 05:35:12,000
restored monarchy The tricolor 
flew once more from public 

6313
05:35:12,000 --> 05:35:15,400
buildings in the streets people 
sang La marseillaise and lip. 

6314
05:35:15,400 --> 05:35:19,200
Bonfires Napoleon moved quickly 
to consolidate this unexpected. 

6315
05:35:19,200 --> 05:35:22,700
Second chance he sent letters 
professing peaceful intentions 

6316
05:35:22,700 --> 05:35:25,800
and offering new alliances. 
He even adopted a more liberal 

6317
05:35:25,800 --> 05:35:27,900
tone, promulgating a revised 
Constitution. 

6318
05:35:27,900 --> 05:35:31,100
The additional act that granted 
a free oppress, and a 

6319
05:35:31,100 --> 05:35:32,700
constitutional monarchy style 
government. 

6320
05:35:32,700 --> 05:35:36,300
An olive branch to liberals and 
moderates in France, who wanted 

6321
05:35:36,300 --> 05:35:38,500
reform. 
The emperor claimed he had 

6322
05:35:38,500 --> 05:35:41,300
learned from Exile and now 
desire to be a benign ruler of a

6323
05:35:41,300 --> 05:35:44,200
free people. 
Many were skeptical of this late

6324
05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:46,700
hour conversion to liberalism, 
but they preferred him to the 

6325
05:35:46,700 --> 05:35:50,100
Bourbons regardless, however, 
Napoleon's escaping and 

6326
05:35:50,100 --> 05:35:53,500
restoration shook Europe. the 
crowned heads at the Congress of

6327
05:35:53,500 --> 05:35:57,500
Vienna were aghast and Furious, 
The Coalition of practically 

6328
05:35:57,500 --> 05:36:00,500
every other European power, 
Britain Prussia Austria, Russia 

6329
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:03,900
and others immediately formed 
declaring Napoleon and Outlaw 

6330
05:36:03,900 --> 05:36:07,700
and enemy of World Peace. 
The devil has been Unchained. 

6331
05:36:07,700 --> 05:36:10,900
So the Austrian foreign minister
metallic encapsulating. 

6332
05:36:10,900 --> 05:36:14,300
The shocked outrage of the 
aristocracies the aristocracies 

6333
05:36:14,300 --> 05:36:17,000
quickly mobilized their Idol 
armies to decisively Crush 

6334
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:19,600
Napoleon. 
Napoleon aware that diplomacy 

6335
05:36:19,600 --> 05:36:21,400
was hopeless. 
The Allies refused anything 

6336
05:36:21,400 --> 05:36:24,700
short of his second abdication 
prepared for war with a mix of 

6337
05:36:24,700 --> 05:36:26,900
urgency in confidence. 
Yeah. 

6338
05:36:26,900 --> 05:36:30,700
Perhaps 125,000 soldiers of the 
regular army, immediately it and

6339
05:36:30,700 --> 05:36:34,400
plus volunteers swelling. 
The ranks daily Both veterans 

6340
05:36:34,400 --> 05:36:37,900
and new recruits were present, 
many driven by a patriotic Zeal 

6341
05:36:37,900 --> 05:36:40,400
to ensure that foreign monarchs 
would not dictate to France. 

6342
05:36:40,400 --> 05:36:44,700
He also reconstituted the 
formidable Imperial Guard Still 

6343
05:36:44,700 --> 05:36:48,000
facing him would soon be several
massive Allied armies converging

6344
05:36:48,000 --> 05:36:50,900
from all sides, potentially over
half a million men. 

6345
05:36:51,800 --> 05:36:54,600
Napoleon strategic Instinct 
guided him to swiftly and 

6346
05:36:54,608 --> 05:36:57,500
forcefully attack the closest 
adversaries before the Coalition

6347
05:36:57,500 --> 05:36:59,900
could fully unite. 
He famously said, to his 

6348
05:36:59,908 --> 05:37:02,900
Marshals, we must make a 
campaign that is prompt and 

6349
05:37:02,900 --> 05:37:05,200
energetic as in the days of our 
youth. 

6350
05:37:06,200 --> 05:37:09,600
In June 1815, he marched into. 
What is now Belgium then part of

6351
05:37:09,608 --> 05:37:12,400
the United Kingdom of the 
Netherlands to preempt the 

6352
05:37:12,400 --> 05:37:15,600
anglo-dutch Army under the Duke 
of Wellington and the Prussian 

6353
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:18,700
Army under Marshal blucher 
hoping to defeat each in turn. 

6354
05:37:19,800 --> 05:37:23,800
On June, the 16th, 1815 
Napoleon's are made Du Nord 

6355
05:37:23,800 --> 05:37:26,700
clashed with the prussians at 
linear and the Anglo Allied 

6356
05:37:26,700 --> 05:37:31,500
Forces at Napoleon. 
Defeated blue marking it as his 

6357
05:37:31,500 --> 05:37:34,000
last victory. 
However, it was not a route 

6358
05:37:34,000 --> 05:37:38,000
since bouquets with Drew in good
order bruised but not broken. 

6359
05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:42,000
Marshal's fight at Prague 
against Wellington's forces was 

6360
05:37:42,000 --> 05:37:45,500
inconclusive neighbor's, unable 
to prevent Wellington from 

6361
05:37:45,500 --> 05:37:47,000
later. 
Pulling back to a defensive 

6362
05:37:47,000 --> 05:37:48,600
position near the village of 
Waterloo. 

6363
05:37:49,400 --> 05:37:53,600
Two days later on June 18th 
1815, Napoleon faced 

6364
05:37:53,600 --> 05:37:55,508
Wellington's. 
British-led Allied Army on the 

6365
05:37:55,516 --> 05:37:58,400
rolling plateau of min-sang, 
Jean just south of Waterloo. 

6366
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:01,400
The ground had been soaked by 
heavy rains, the night before 

6367
05:38:01,400 --> 05:38:03,800
delaying. 
Napoleon's attack, until late 

6368
05:38:03,800 --> 05:38:06,500
morning. 
While it dried Napoleon's fate 

6369
05:38:06,500 --> 05:38:09,000
would be decided on a field of 
clover and Rye. 

6370
05:38:09,000 --> 05:38:12,900
One mile long and three miles 
wide with Wellington Scarlet. 

6371
05:38:12,900 --> 05:38:16,100
Coated infantry in Union, Jack 
flags array to get against the 

6372
05:38:16,100 --> 05:38:20,300
tricolor standards of France. 
Wellington and experienced 

6373
05:38:20,300 --> 05:38:24,200
defensive, General had a raid, 
his 68,000 troops behind gentle 

6374
05:38:24,200 --> 05:38:27,300
ridges and in strong points, 
like the farm of lahaye Saint 

6375
05:38:27,300 --> 05:38:30,000
and he anxiously awaited the 
arrival of blue cares. 

6376
05:38:30,000 --> 05:38:35,000
Prussians to bolster him. 
Napoleon had around 72,000 

6377
05:38:35,000 --> 05:38:38,600
troops, including the rodeo in 
Imperial Guard, but he too was 

6378
05:38:38,600 --> 05:38:41,000
looking over his shoulder for 
the prussians, hoping his 

6379
05:38:41,000 --> 05:38:43,300
subordinate Marshal grouchy, 
would keep them at Bay. 

6380
05:38:44,100 --> 05:38:47,400
There's Battle of Waterloo was 
fierce and unrelenting a true 

6381
05:38:47,408 --> 05:38:49,500
end game between the year as 
greatest commanders. 

6382
05:38:50,400 --> 05:38:53,300
Napoleon launched a midday 
assault with a grand, battery of

6383
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:56,700
artillery and a main attack 
against the Allied Center, while

6384
05:38:56,700 --> 05:38:59,600
naled Cavalry Charges that 
thundered against Wellington's. 

6385
05:38:59,600 --> 05:39:03,300
Infantry Square's, The British 
and their allies held firm on 

6386
05:39:03,308 --> 05:39:04,900
the ridge despite horrific 
losses. 

6387
05:39:05,900 --> 05:39:08,700
By late afternoon, Nei 
misunderstanding an enemy 

6388
05:39:08,700 --> 05:39:11,200
movement mistakenly believed. 
The Anglo Allied line was 

6389
05:39:11,200 --> 05:39:13,700
faltering and led one of 
military history's. 

6390
05:39:13,700 --> 05:39:17,500
Most infamous Mass Cavalry 
Charges dozens of squadrons with

6391
05:39:17,500 --> 05:39:19,900
glittering, quora acids, and 
Penance thundering, over the 

6392
05:39:19,900 --> 05:39:21,800
ridge without infantry or 
artillery support. 

6393
05:39:22,700 --> 05:39:24,800
They were met by the Resolute. 
Infantry squares. 

6394
05:39:24,800 --> 05:39:28,200
Wellington soldiers and Silent 
rows behind bayonets. 

6395
05:39:28,200 --> 05:39:31,600
Endured repeated waves of French
Horseman swirling around their 

6396
05:39:31,600 --> 05:39:33,800
bristling squares unable to 
break them. 

6397
05:39:34,900 --> 05:39:38,000
Days Valor was undeniable, his 
horse was shot from under him 

6398
05:39:38,000 --> 05:39:40,600
five times that day, but the 
Chargers game, nothing. 

6399
05:39:40,600 --> 05:39:42,200
But heaps of dead, men and 
horses. 

6400
05:39:42,200 --> 05:39:46,600
Napoleon watched this spectacle 
and reportedly explained that he

6401
05:39:46,600 --> 05:39:49,800
had gone mad. 
As the afternoon wore on news 

6402
05:39:49,800 --> 05:39:52,300
reached Napoleon that her 
crushing forces were approaching

6403
05:39:52,300 --> 05:39:54,900
from the Easter was coming, 
fulfilling his promise to 

6404
05:39:54,900 --> 05:39:57,500
Wellington. 
For the love of God, come as 

6405
05:39:57,500 --> 05:39:59,900
fast as you can, will fight to 
the last man. 

6406
05:40:00,700 --> 05:40:04,200
Indeed by early evening, 
Prussian Advanced units under 

6407
05:40:04,200 --> 05:40:07,700
boo, boo attack, the French 
right flank at the Village of 

6408
05:40:07,700 --> 05:40:11,500
Plank and Noah forcing Napoleon 
to divert troops, including part

6409
05:40:11,500 --> 05:40:14,800
of the young guard, to hold them
off the iron Vice was closing. 

6410
05:40:15,600 --> 05:40:18,900
With time dwindling Napoleon 
took a final risk, he committed 

6411
05:40:18,900 --> 05:40:22,700
his Imperial Guard, his most 
loyal and Elite battalions in a 

6412
05:40:22,700 --> 05:40:25,200
final bid to break Wellington 
center before the prussians 

6413
05:40:25,200 --> 05:40:26,600
could fully Unite with the 
allies. 

6414
05:40:27,200 --> 05:40:30,300
These battle hardened, veterans 
short, but tall in reputation, 

6415
05:40:30,300 --> 05:40:33,500
marched up the ridge in solid 
columns, drums, beating the 

6416
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:36,500
pasta Shahs the Lumpur, they 
cried. 

6417
05:40:36,500 --> 05:40:39,500
As Napoleon watched them go 
these men who had never tasted 

6418
05:40:39,500 --> 05:40:43,300
defeat, the Allied line buckled 
under the initial impact, but 

6419
05:40:43,300 --> 05:40:46,100
Wellington had kept some units 
in reserve lying down behind the

6420
05:40:46,108 --> 05:40:48,700
ridge. 
At his command, the British 

6421
05:40:48,700 --> 05:40:51,100
guards and other units. 
Stood up close range, and 

6422
05:40:51,100 --> 05:40:53,600
poured, volleys into the flanks 
of the advancing guard columns, 

6423
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:57,400
A brutal firefight ensued near 
the summit of the ridge. 

6424
05:40:58,200 --> 05:41:01,100
Under hail storms of musket 
balls and grape shot for the 

6425
05:41:01,100 --> 05:41:04,600
first time in memory. 
The Imperial Guard recoiled, the

6426
05:41:04,600 --> 05:41:08,600
cry went up among the Allied 
troops legarde lacul which means

6427
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:12,200
the guard is falling back. 
Shock rippled through the French

6428
05:41:12,200 --> 05:41:15,000
lines, disbelief turned to 
panic, as the guards, Retreat 

6429
05:41:15,000 --> 05:41:18,200
became General. 
Wellington seized the moment, 

6430
05:41:18,200 --> 05:41:21,300
waving his hat and ordering a 
general Advance all along the 

6431
05:41:21,300 --> 05:41:24,600
line blue, Asians. 
Now, arriving in force sashed 

6432
05:41:24,600 --> 05:41:27,400
into the French, right? 
Napoleon's Army exhausted. 

6433
05:41:27,400 --> 05:41:30,800
And with its morale shattered, 
began to disintegrate on a 

6434
05:41:30,800 --> 05:41:32,500
gentle slope. 
A square of the Old Guard, 

6435
05:41:32,500 --> 05:41:34,300
formed to act as a rear guard 
for the fleeing Army. 

6436
05:41:35,200 --> 05:41:38,000
Surrounded by Allied Forces. 
They were given a chance to 

6437
05:41:38,000 --> 05:41:41,300
surrender. 
One apocryphal version tells 

6438
05:41:41,300 --> 05:41:45,200
that when called to yield a 
Guard general perhaps, come on, 

6439
05:41:45,200 --> 05:41:48,900
retorted. 
Legal de Mehran PA. 

6440
05:41:49,700 --> 05:41:51,500
The guard dies but does not 
surrender. 

6441
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:56,600
Followed by a defiant mad. 
When eventually overwhelmed, 

6442
05:41:56,600 --> 05:42:00,000
many of these steadfast 
grenadiers indeed died where 

6443
05:42:00,000 --> 05:42:03,600
they stood rather than 
capitulate among the chaos 

6444
05:42:03,600 --> 05:42:07,900
Napoleon who had remained on the
field and the guards repulsed 

6445
05:42:07,900 --> 05:42:12,400
almost fell into enemy hands, as
all seemed lost his Marshals, 

6446
05:42:12,400 --> 05:42:15,900
persuaded him to depart He fled 
the field in a carriage. 

6447
05:42:15,900 --> 05:42:19,800
As Darkness fell racing back 
toward Paris, his dream of 

6448
05:42:19,800 --> 05:42:23,300
renewed Glory shattered, the 
Battle of Waterloo was over 

6449
05:42:23,300 --> 05:42:26,700
Napoleon's. 
Final gambled Napoleon, 

6450
05:42:26,700 --> 05:42:33,700
reportedly said cifani or it's 
finished then as he left Back in

6451
05:42:33,700 --> 05:42:36,500
Paris, Napoleon attempted to 
Rally support for continuing 

6452
05:42:36,500 --> 05:42:39,400
resistance. 
But the political will was gone 

6453
05:42:39,400 --> 05:42:43,200
the legend of turned against him
and even the ever-loyal martial 

6454
05:42:43,200 --> 05:42:45,500
name. 
Now, urged abdication, saying 

6455
05:42:45,500 --> 05:42:47,800
another round of Civil War. 
Would ruin from France. 

6456
05:42:48,800 --> 05:42:52,800
On June 22nd 1815, Napoleon 
abdicated for the second time in

6457
05:42:52,800 --> 05:42:55,500
favor of his young son. 
Napoleon the second though, the 

6458
05:42:55,500 --> 05:42:57,900
Allies ignored this and restore 
Louis the 18th again. 

6459
05:42:58,900 --> 05:43:02,100
He then made his way to the 
Atlantic coast, initially hoping

6460
05:43:02,100 --> 05:43:05,800
to escape the United States. 
For weeks, he lingered at 

6461
05:43:05,800 --> 05:43:08,500
rochefort with two British 
warships, blocking any attempt 

6462
05:43:08,500 --> 05:43:11,600
to sail. 
Finally, realizing he could not 

6463
05:43:11,600 --> 05:43:14,400
allude the global reach of 
British Sea power, Napoleon 

6464
05:43:14,400 --> 05:43:17,500
surrendered himself to the 
British captain Maitland of HMS 

6465
05:43:17,500 --> 05:43:23,200
bellerophon on July 15th 1815. 
He would be treated as a former 

6466
05:43:23,200 --> 05:43:25,500
head of state and allowed 
retirement in Britain or 

6467
05:43:25,500 --> 05:43:28,500
elsewhere. 
Instead the British driven by 

6468
05:43:28,500 --> 05:43:30,600
their government's resolve that 
he never troubled the world 

6469
05:43:30,600 --> 05:43:33,700
again, decided to send him to 
the remote, South Atlantic 

6470
05:43:33,700 --> 05:43:37,000
island of Saint Helena far from 
any European Shore. 

6471
05:43:38,400 --> 05:43:42,000
In October 1815, Napoleon 
arrived, at the start volcanic 

6472
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:46,200
island, roughly 1200 miles from 
the coast of Africa, the thus 

6473
05:43:46,200 --> 05:43:48,800
began his second final Exile on 
a speck of land. 

6474
05:43:48,800 --> 05:43:50,800
That was essentially an open-air
prison. 

6475
05:43:51,600 --> 05:43:55,700
He was 46 years old, the climate
was dammed the terrain rugged 

6476
05:43:55,700 --> 05:43:59,000
but confined there would be no 
dramatic Escape or return from 

6477
05:43:59,000 --> 05:44:02,400
this place, the British Governor
so Hudson Lowe was due to full 

6478
05:44:02,400 --> 05:44:05,500
of watchful restricting, 
Napoleon's movements, to prevent

6479
05:44:05,500 --> 05:44:08,900
any chance of rescue. 
Napoleon was given a residence 

6480
05:44:08,900 --> 05:44:12,200
Longwood house which was damp 
Windswept, and hardly 

6481
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:13,700
comfortable by Imperial 
standards. 

6482
05:44:13,700 --> 05:44:18,300
He passed the next almost six 
years in a strange half-life The

6483
05:44:18,300 --> 05:44:21,200
small cohort of loyal followers 
voluntarily accompanied him 

6484
05:44:21,200 --> 05:44:24,700
General's, Bertrand and 
month-long counter lacasse says,

6485
05:44:24,700 --> 05:44:26,600
and his valet Marshawn, among 
others. 

6486
05:44:26,600 --> 05:44:31,000
And if they formed a tiny Court 
in Exile, Napoleon established a

6487
05:44:31,000 --> 05:44:34,000
daily routine, dictating, his 
Memoirs, and thoughts to his 

6488
05:44:34,000 --> 05:44:36,300
companions. 
Specially last cases who 

6489
05:44:36,300 --> 05:44:39,000
recorded his conversations in, 
what would become the memorial 

6490
05:44:39,000 --> 05:44:42,300
of Saint Helena. attending a 
small garden reading, 

6491
05:44:42,300 --> 05:44:45,400
voraciously history, and 
literature, and the newspapers, 

6492
05:44:45,400 --> 05:44:48,100
when he could get them and 
taking the occasional ride or 

6493
05:44:48,100 --> 05:44:51,100
walk, when his health allowed, 
Over time his robust 

6494
05:44:51,100 --> 05:44:54,200
Constitution began to fail. 
He grew Stout from lack of 

6495
05:44:54,200 --> 05:44:56,900
exercise. 
And rich food, they still dined 

6496
05:44:56,900 --> 05:44:58,400
formerly each night on Silver 
Plate. 

6497
05:44:58,400 --> 05:45:00,900
Maintaining pretenses of an 
imperial household. 

6498
05:45:01,900 --> 05:45:04,000
He suffered from what appeared 
to be a stomach ailment. 

6499
05:45:04,000 --> 05:45:06,900
Perhaps an ulcer or ultimately 
stomach cancer. 

6500
05:45:06,900 --> 05:45:09,100
His father had died of stomach, 
cancer, too. 

6501
05:45:09,900 --> 05:45:11,600
Some speculated he was being 
slowly. 

6502
05:45:11,600 --> 05:45:14,700
Poisoned indeed asked Nick was 
later found in hair samples 

6503
05:45:14,700 --> 05:45:16,500
though. 
Modern historians, leaned 

6504
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:19,200
towards natural illness, 
exacerbated by the conditions 

6505
05:45:19,200 --> 05:45:22,500
and possibly the Arsenic present
in things like the wallpaper 

6506
05:45:22,500 --> 05:45:25,200
die. 
Emotionally intellectually 

6507
05:45:25,200 --> 05:45:29,000
Napoleon oscillated between 
boredom bitterness and 

6508
05:45:29,000 --> 05:45:32,100
reflective car. 
He would spend hours mapping out

6509
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:35,500
alternative histories what he 
should have done at Waterloo or 

6510
05:45:35,500 --> 05:45:38,700
regretting not crushing the 
crush's more decisively early or

6511
05:45:38,700 --> 05:45:40,600
lamenting the Folly of the 
Russian campaign. 

6512
05:45:41,400 --> 05:45:44,100
But other times he would delve 
into philosophical discussions 

6513
05:45:44,100 --> 05:45:45,900
about fate in the future 
Generations. 

6514
05:45:45,900 --> 05:45:50,500
He once stated they wanted me to
be another Washington referring 

6515
05:45:50,500 --> 05:45:53,000
to how Britain might have 
expected him to quietly retire 

6516
05:45:53,000 --> 05:45:56,000
and farm that they will not find
another Washington in me. 

6517
05:45:57,200 --> 05:46:01,000
As months turned to years, 
Napoleon became preoccupied with

6518
05:46:01,000 --> 05:46:03,800
shaping his legacy in dictation 
sessions. 

6519
05:46:03,800 --> 05:46:06,300
He portrayed himself as the 
champion of the people's rights 

6520
05:46:06,300 --> 05:46:09,500
against reactionary monarchs and
as a soldier philosopher, who 

6521
05:46:09,500 --> 05:46:13,300
spread revolutionary ideals He 
insisted that his True Glory was

6522
05:46:13,300 --> 05:46:15,700
not the 40 battles. 
He won for defeat at Waterloo, 

6523
05:46:15,700 --> 05:46:18,700
overshadowed them. 
But what will live forever is my

6524
05:46:18,700 --> 05:46:22,100
civil code, the administrative 
reforms, the memory of a Nation.

6525
05:46:22,100 --> 05:46:26,100
I transformed, he described the 
Grandeur may as a Band of 

6526
05:46:26,100 --> 05:46:28,700
Brothers who achieved The 
Impossible out of love for 

6527
05:46:28,700 --> 05:46:32,200
France, even expressed some 
remorse or at least sadness over

6528
05:46:32,200 --> 05:46:36,000
the human cost of his Ambitions 
at times sitting on the porch. 

6529
05:46:36,000 --> 05:46:39,200
At Longwood gazing at the 
Atlantic rollers under a gray 

6530
05:46:39,200 --> 05:46:41,500
sky. 
One imagines Napoleon pondering 

6531
05:46:41,500 --> 05:46:43,500
the ultimate futility of worldly
power. 

6532
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:47,200
Nevertheless he never lost a 
certain pride and combativeness 

6533
05:46:47,200 --> 05:46:50,900
when sir Hudson low would visit 
with Petty regulations or refuse

6534
05:46:50,900 --> 05:46:53,500
him, the title of Emperor and 
correspondence that British 

6535
05:46:53,500 --> 05:46:56,200
addressed him as general 
Bonaparte, Napoleon would 

6536
05:46:56,200 --> 05:46:58,900
bristle with anger. 
Sometimes refusing to see the 

6537
05:46:58,900 --> 05:47:01,500
governor at all, cloaking 
himself in dignified, silence 

6538
05:47:01,500 --> 05:47:04,800
his Entourage remained fiercely 
loyal, sharing in these 

6539
05:47:04,800 --> 05:47:09,900
indignities in 1818, Las Casas 
was deported by Lisa, milieu for

6540
05:47:09,900 --> 05:47:12,100
allegedly, trying to smuggle, 
let us to Europe. 

6541
05:47:12,700 --> 05:47:16,200
Napoleon was outraged but he 
continued his dictations with 

6542
05:47:16,200 --> 05:47:19,800
others over time reports of his 
declining Health reached Europe 

6543
05:47:19,800 --> 05:47:22,900
and softened some hearts. 
Even royalists in France, became

6544
05:47:22,900 --> 05:47:26,200
less harsh and a simmering 
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 

6545
05:47:26,200 --> 05:47:30,700
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,
worsened constant abdominal 

6546
05:47:30,700 --> 05:47:32,500
pain, nausea and physical 
weakening. 

6547
05:47:32,500 --> 05:47:36,100
He took to bed in April, he 
sensed the end was near and made

6548
05:47:36,100 --> 05:47:39,500
a will famously asking to be 
buried on the banks of the sin, 

6549
05:47:39,500 --> 05:47:42,200
among the French people who may 
have loved so much. 

6550
05:47:43,200 --> 05:47:47,100
On May the 5th 1821 during a 
ferocious storm, Napoleon died. 

6551
05:47:47,100 --> 05:47:50,500
His last words murmured in 
Delirium were recorded by those 

6552
05:47:50,500 --> 05:47:54,100
at his bedside as France, 
schooly Army. 

6553
05:47:55,500 --> 05:47:59,800
Tetani Josephine. 
France. 

6554
05:48:00,800 --> 05:48:03,100
The army. 
Head of the army. 

6555
05:48:04,000 --> 05:48:07,700
Josephine. 
Even at the final moment, his 

6556
05:48:07,700 --> 05:48:11,500
mind to what he cherished. 
His country, his soldiers, his 

6557
05:48:11,500 --> 05:48:14,700
glory, and perhaps a fleeting 
thought of the first wife, he 

6558
05:48:14,700 --> 05:48:18,600
had loved Napoleon was buried on
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,

6559
05:48:18,600 --> 05:48:21,200
in a modest. 
Grave marked only by a simple, 

6560
05:48:21,200 --> 05:48:24,600
Tombstone, the British wary of 
any symbol left at nameless. 

6561
05:48:25,400 --> 05:48:29,100
But death, only magnified the 
legend within years, Memoirs, 

6562
05:48:29,100 --> 05:48:31,500
like the memorial of Saint 
Helena spread, across Europe, 

6563
05:48:31,500 --> 05:48:35,200
painting Napoleon is a romantic 
hero and Martyr of of sorts. 

6564
05:48:35,200 --> 05:48:39,600
The great man by fate and the 
malice of lesser men, The term 

6565
05:48:39,600 --> 05:48:42,400
Napoleon complex would come to 
describe, not psychological 

6566
05:48:42,400 --> 05:48:46,500
height issues but the complexity
of his historical image Tyrant 

6567
05:48:46,500 --> 05:48:49,600
or enlightened ruler military 
genius or Reckless conqueror. 

6568
05:48:50,300 --> 05:48:54,200
In 1840, as political Tides 
changed in France, King Louis 

6569
05:48:54,200 --> 05:48:58,100
Philippe obtained permission to 
bring Napoleon's remains home in

6570
05:48:58,100 --> 05:49:01,200
a grande State ceremony. 
Napoleon's body was exhumed 

6571
05:49:01,200 --> 05:49:05,700
found remarkably well preserved,
and transported to Paris lined 

6572
05:49:05,700 --> 05:49:09,000
by hundreds of thousands of 
Silent onlookers, his coffin 

6573
05:49:09,000 --> 05:49:11,500
passed under the Arctic Tree on 
that Monument. 

6574
05:49:11,500 --> 05:49:14,500
He commissioned at the height of
his power and he was finally 

6575
05:49:14,500 --> 05:49:17,200
laid to rest with full honors in
a red Pourri. 

6576
05:49:17,200 --> 05:49:21,000
Sarcophagus at France. 
Thus symbolically reconciled 

6577
05:49:21,000 --> 05:49:21,900
with her. 
Prodigal son. 

6578
05:49:21,900 --> 05:49:26,200
He described the grand amay as a
Band of Brothers who achieved 

6579
05:49:26,200 --> 05:49:29,600
The Impossible out of love for 
France, even expressed some 

6580
05:49:29,600 --> 05:49:32,800
remorse or at least sadness over
the human cost of his Ambitions 

6581
05:49:32,800 --> 05:49:37,100
at times sitting on the portrait
Longwood gazing at the Atlantic 

6582
05:49:37,100 --> 05:49:40,500
rollers under a gray sky. 
One imagines Napoleon pondering 

6583
05:49:40,500 --> 05:49:42,500
the ultimate futility of worldly
power. 

6584
05:49:42,500 --> 05:49:46,200
Nevertheless he never lost a 
certain pride and combativeness 

6585
05:49:46,200 --> 05:49:50,000
when sir Hudson low would visit 
with Petty regulations or refuse

6586
05:49:50,000 --> 05:49:51,300
him. 
Title of Emperor and 

6587
05:49:51,300 --> 05:49:53,500
correspondence that British 
addressed him as general 

6588
05:49:53,500 --> 05:49:56,300
Bonaparte, Napoleon would 
bristle with anger. 

6589
05:49:56,300 --> 05:49:59,100
Sometimes refusing to see the 
governor at all, cloaking 

6590
05:49:59,100 --> 05:50:02,700
himself in dignified, silence 
his Entourage remained fiercely 

6591
05:50:02,700 --> 05:50:04,300
loyal, sharing in these 
indignities. 

6592
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:09,600
In 1818, less cases was deported
by Lucy Liu for allegedly trying

6593
05:50:09,600 --> 05:50:13,800
to smuggle letters to Europe. 
Napoleon was outraged but he 

6594
05:50:13,808 --> 05:50:17,400
continued his dictations with 
others over time reports of his 

6595
05:50:17,408 --> 05:50:20,000
declining Health reached Europe 
and softened some hearts. 

6596
05:50:20,000 --> 05:50:23,500
Even royalists in France, became
less harsh and a simmering 

6597
05:50:23,500 --> 05:50:27,700
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,

6598
05:50:27,700 --> 05:50:31,000
worsened constant abdominal 
pain, nausea and physical 

6599
05:50:31,000 --> 05:50:34,000
weakening. 
He took to bed in April, he sent

6600
05:50:34,000 --> 05:50:37,500
the end was near and made a will
famously asking to be buried on 

6601
05:50:37,500 --> 05:50:40,700
the banks of the sin, among the 
French people who may have loved

6602
05:50:40,700 --> 05:50:44,300
so much. 
On May the 5th 1821 during a 

6603
05:50:44,300 --> 05:50:48,500
ferocious storm, Napoleon died. 
His last word words in Delirium 

6604
05:50:48,500 --> 05:50:53,000
were recorded by those at his 
bedside as France, Gilroy Army. 

6605
05:50:54,500 --> 05:50:56,500
Tech dummy. 
Josephine. 

6606
05:50:58,500 --> 05:51:00,200
France. 
The army. 

6607
05:51:01,400 --> 05:51:03,700
Head of the army. 
Josephine. 

6608
05:51:05,200 --> 05:51:08,500
Even at the final moment, his 
mind clung to what he cherished,

6609
05:51:08,500 --> 05:51:12,400
his country, his soldiers, his 
glory and perhaps a fleeting 

6610
05:51:12,400 --> 05:51:16,100
thought of the first wife, he 
had loved Napoleon was buried on

6611
05:51:16,100 --> 05:51:19,000
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,
in a modest. 

6612
05:51:19,000 --> 05:51:22,400
Grave marked only by a simple, 
Tombstone, the British wary of 

6613
05:51:22,400 --> 05:51:25,900
any symbol left it nameless. 
But death, only magnified the 

6614
05:51:25,900 --> 05:51:29,200
legend within years, Memoirs, 
like the memorial of Saint 

6615
05:51:29,200 --> 05:51:32,500
Helens spread across Europe, 
painting, Napoleon as a romantic

6616
05:51:32,500 --> 05:51:36,300
hero, and Martyr of sorts the 
great, man and done by Fate in 

6617
05:51:36,300 --> 05:51:39,900
the malice of lesser men. 
The term Napoleon complex would 

6618
05:51:39,900 --> 05:51:43,300
come to describe not cycle 
issues, but the complexity of 

6619
05:51:43,300 --> 05:51:47,100
his historical image Tyrant or 
enlightened ruler military 

6620
05:51:47,100 --> 05:51:51,500
genius, or Reckless conqueror. 
In 1840, the political Tides 

6621
05:51:51,500 --> 05:51:54,600
changed in France, King Louis 
Philippe obtained permission to 

6622
05:51:54,600 --> 05:51:58,200
bring Napoleon's remains home. 
In a grande State ceremony. 

6623
05:51:58,200 --> 05:52:01,800
Napoleon's body was exhumed 
found remarkably well-preserved 

6624
05:52:01,800 --> 05:52:06,500
and transported to Paris line by
hundreds of thousands of Silent 

6625
05:52:06,500 --> 05:52:10,100
onlookers, his coffin passed 
under the Arctic Tree on that 

6626
05:52:10,100 --> 05:52:12,000
Monument. 
He commissioned at the height of

6627
05:52:12,000 --> 05:52:15,200
his power and he was finally 
laid to rest with full honors in

6628
05:52:15,200 --> 05:52:18,600
a red, poor furry sarcophagus at
Liz Emily France. 

6629
05:52:18,600 --> 05:52:20,900
Thus symbolically reconciled 
with her, Prodigal Son.