What Daily Life as a Baker in Medieval Times Was Like | Boring History For Sleep

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All right, my flour, dusted, 
champions of late night, 

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snacking. 
I see you pretending. 

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This is research. 
I'm glad you're here by the 

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fire. 
It's burning low and steady. 

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The kind of warmth that makes 
even Stone kitchens feel 

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inviting because tonight, we're 
easing into daily life, as a 

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baker, in medieval times. 
That's right. 

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The early mornings, heavy ovens 
and quiet rhythm of feeding, an 

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entire town before most people 
were awake, So if this calm 

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slightly, boring reflection 
helps you relax? 

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Feel free to follow. 
Drop a like and tell me where 

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you're listening from and what 
time it is for you. 

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Now dim your light, let your 
head sink into the pillow, slow 

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your breathing and turn on a fan
for noise. 

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You wake up and it is still 
dark. not the kind of dark where

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you can see outlined and shape 
and maybe the cats sleeping on 

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the chair, This is the heavy 
woolly dark of a world. 

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That is not yet remembered. 
It is supposed to have a 

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morning. 
Somewhere outside your small 

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window. 
And Owl is finishing its shift 

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somewhere. 
Far off for rooster is clearing 

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its throat, but has not yet 
committed to the performance. 

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Your name does not matter much. 
You're a baker in a town, whose 

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name most maps have already 
forgotten somewhere in the year 

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1200 and something give or take 
a decade. 

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You live above your bake house, 
which is a generous way of 

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describing a room with a straw 
mattress, a wooden chest and a 

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lingering smell of yesterday's 
Rye, that is soaked into your 

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hair, your clothes and probably 
your dreams. 

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The room is small, you can stand
in the middle of it and touch 

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both walls if you stretch, but 
it is yours. 

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And it is warm heated From Below
by the residual of the oven. 

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Which means that even in the 
deepest part of winter, your 

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bedroom is the warmest room in 
the neighborhood. 

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The Tanner across the lane would
trade his best leather for this 

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rangement and he has told you so
more than once. 

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Usually in January you swing 
your legs off the mattress. 

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The floor is cold. 
The floor is always cold. 

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You have lived in this building 
for 11 years and the floor is 

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never once greeted your feet 
with warmth. 

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You've stopped hoping you have 
made peace with cold, floors the

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way Sailors, make peace with the
sea. 

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It is simply the cost of doing 
what you do. 

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There is no alarm clock, there 
is no clock at all. 

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You have trained your body to 
wake before the church bell 

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rings for matins, which is the 
Monk's way of saying three in 

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the morning your body. 
Does this reliably which is both

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a blessing and a quiet tragedy. 
You have not slept past three in

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the morning since you were 14 
years old. 

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When your father first pressed a
wooden peel into your hands and 

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said, this is your life. 
Now, he was not being dramatic, 

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he was being accurate. 
You pull on your tunic, it is 

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the color of flower. 
Which is to say it was once 

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Brown and is now a sort of 
ghostly beige. 

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You tie your apron which is 
stiff with dry dough and has 

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developed a personality of its 
own over the years. 

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If you left it standing in the 
corner, it would probably remain

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upright without assistance. 
You run a hand through your 

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hair, dislodging a small puff of
flower that has apparently been 

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living there since yesterday. 
Flour gets everywhere. 

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It is in your hair under your 
nails in the creases of your 

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elbows and between your toes. 
you have found flower in places 

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where flour has no business 
being Once you found it in your 

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ear, you did not question how it
got there. 

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You simply accepted it the way 
one accepts gravity or taxation 

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down the narrow stairs. 
One hand on the wall because the

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third step has been loose since 
Autumn and you keep meaning to 

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fix it. 
Your dog. 

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A brown and white creature of 
indeterminate breed and 

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unshakable loyalty lifts his 
head from his spot by the bank 

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Dothan thumps his tail twice 
against the floor in greeting 

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and immediately goes back to 
sleep. 

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He has the right idea. 
Honestly. the Bakehouse greets 

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you the way it always does with 
the faint warmth left over from 

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yesterday's fire and the sweet 
yeasty breath of dough that has 

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been sitting overnight There is 
something living about a 

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Bakehouse at this hour. 
The walls hold heat like a 

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memory. 
The air has weight and texture. 

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You're not alone in here, you're
surrounded by the invisible. 

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Work of millions of tiny 
organisms doing their job in the

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dark, turning flour and water 
into something that will rise. 

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But first, the oven, your oven 
is the most important thing. 

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You own your Sunday shoes, 
clothes and bed are less 

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important. 
The oven is a beast Made of 

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Stone and Clayton to the back 
wall of the Bakehouse like a 

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dragon sleeping in a cave, it is
roughly the size of a small room

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dome-shaped with a mouth just 
wide enough for you to slide 

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loaves in and out on a long 
wooden peel. 

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The stones are blackened from 
years of use. 

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If you press your ear against 
the outside wall, you could feel

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the memory of 10,000 fires You 
kneel at the mouth and begin 

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building the fire? 
This is not a task. 

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You rush, a baker, who rushes? 
The fire is a baker, who burns 

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bread and a baker. 
Who burns bread is a baker, who 

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loses customers and a baker, who
loses customers is a baker who 

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starts thinking about becoming a
farmer, which is a fate worse 

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than cold floors. 
The air outside is perfectly 

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still at this hour, you can hear
the town breathing in its sleep.

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If you listen carefully enough a
horse shifting in its stall, 

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somewhere down the lane, the 
creek that runs behind the 

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Tanners yard murmurs along, its 
Muddy Banks as it has for 

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centuries. 
In another hour, this silence 

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will begin to erode. 
The Roosters will start. 

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Then the dog's, then the people 
But for now the world belongs to

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you and the fire and the quiet. 
You start with kindling. 

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Small sticks. 
Dryers bone arranged in a loose 

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nest. 
Then larger piece is Oak. 

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Mostly because Oak Burns, 
slowed, and even and does not 

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spit Sparks the way Pine does. 
Pine is the gossip of the 

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firewood World, always making a 
scene. 

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You prefer the quiet reliability
of Oak. 

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You like the kindling with a 
flint and steel, leaning close 

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to blow gently on the first tiny
flame until it catches and 

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grows. 
Fire crackles to life. 

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Shadows, jump across the walls, 
the Bakehouse wakes up now. 

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You wait. 
The fire needs to burn for two 

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hours sometimes three depending 
on the wood and the weather and 

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the mood of the universe. 
The stones need to absorb the 

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Heat and they are white hot and 
the entire Dome is radiating. 

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Warmth like a small Sun trapped 
inside your Bakehouse You have 

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learned to read the oven, the 
way, some people read faces, you

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know, when it is ready by the 
color of the Stones, by the way,

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the are shims at the mouth by a 
feeling in your bones, that has 

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nothing to do with measurement 
and everything to do with years 

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of standing. 
In this exact spot doing this 

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exact thing. 
You pour yourself a cup of water

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from the jug by the door and 
drink it. 

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Slowly watching the fire. 
There is something deeply 

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calming about fire at this hour.
It does not demand anything from

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you. 
It does not need instructions or

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supervision. 
It simply Burns steady and 

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purposeful doing what fire does 
and you can stand here and watch

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it and think about nothing for a
while which is a luxury that the

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rest of the day will not offer 
by mid-morning. 

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You will be elbow deep and flour
and surrounded by customers and 

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worrying about whether you 
ordered enough grain from the 

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Miller. 
But right now at this hour with 

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the fire doing its patient work 
and the town still sleeping, 

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you're allowed to Simply Be you 
drink your water, you watch the 

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Flames, the dogs, snores, softly
near your feet. 

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While the oven Heats you turn to
the dough, the dough has been 

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working. 
All night, you mixed it 

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yesterday evening before bed, 
combining flour and water and a 

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piece of old dose from the 
previous batch. 

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This old is your starter, your 
Levin, The Living heart of your 

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bread. 
It contains wild yeast captured 

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from the air itself and colonies
of microscopic creatures that 

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have been passed down from batch
to batch for longer than you can

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remember. 
Your father gave you his 

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starter. 
When you took over the 

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Bakehouse, his father gave it to
him. 

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The yeast in your bread is older
than the king. 

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It has survived Wars famines, 
and at least one incident 

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involving a goat that somehow 
got into the Bakehouse Nate, 

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half the dough before anyone 
noticed. 

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You uncover the dough trough 
along, wooden vessel shaped like

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a boat and there it is. 
Overnight the dough has risen 

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and doubled in size and it sits 
there. 

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Now, looking pleased with 
itself, round and pillowy, and 

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smelling of something, ancient 
and good. 

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You press a finger into the 
surface, it gives slowly then 

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pushes back. 
This is the sign. 

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The dough is alive and ready and
it is time to work. 

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You flower the table. 
The table is a thick slab of Oak

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warns Smooth by Decades of 
needing and it sits in the 

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center of the Bakehouse like an 
altar. 

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Turn the dough out onto it and 
the soft weight of it. 

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Hits the wood with a satisfying.
Thud. 

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Flower rises in a small cloud. 
You lean in and begin. 

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Kneading is physical work. 
Your arms, your shoulders, your 

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back, everything. 
Engages. 

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You push the dough away from you
with the heels of your hands. 

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Fold it back, turn it a quarter 
and push again. 

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There is a rhythm to it. 
A pattern that your body knows 

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so well that your mind is free 
to wonder. 

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Push. 
Fold turn push. 

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Fold turn. 
The dough resists at first dense

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and Shaggy, but gradually, it 
transforms under your hands. 

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It becomes smooth, it becomes a 
elastic It becomes something 

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that feels underneath your palms
almost like skin. 

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The sound of needing is one of 
those sounds that is hard to 

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describe but instantly 
recognizable a soft percussive 

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slapping as the dough hits the 
table. 

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The quietest sound of its 
stretching as you push. 

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Faintly whisper when your palms 
Lift Away taking together. 

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These sounds make a kind of 
music, low, and rhythmic and 

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deeply satisfying. 
The percussion section of the 

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Bakehouse Orchestra If anyone 
were awake to listen at the 

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window, they would hear it and 
know exactly what was happening 

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inside. 
The baker is working, the bread 

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is on its way. 
There is a moment in needing 

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where the dough stops being 
ingredients and becomes bread. 

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You cannot explain it. 
You cannot teach it. 

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You can only feel it. 
And after all these years you 

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feel it. 
Every time you divide the dough 

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into portions, using a bench 
knife, a flat blade of iron that

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your blacksmith friend made for 
you in exchange for a month of 

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free loaves. 
A good trade, you both agreed. 

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You weigh each Portion by hand 
tossing, it lightly to judge the

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heft. 
Because your town does not have 

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scales. 
Fine enough for this work and 

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your hands are more accurate. 
Anyway, each portion needs to be

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the same size because the guild 
says, so, and the guild is not 

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something you are with Killed 
right? 

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We should talk about the gilled.
The Bakers Guild, is the 

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organization that governs your 
trade and it governs thoroughly,

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they set the price of bread. 
They set the weight of bread, 

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they set the quality of bread. 
They determine who can bake and 

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who cannot where Bakery can 
operate. 

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How many apprentices and master,
baek can train and what happens 

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to Bakers, who cheat their 
customers? 

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00:12:12,700 --> 00:12:16,000
The Guild is run by Master 
Bakers men who have spent 

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decades in the trade and who 
take the business of bread with 

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a seriousness that borders on 
the spiritual. 

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When they inspect your Bakehouse
and they do inspect your 

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Bakehouse, they check 
everything. 

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They weigh your loaves, they 
examine your flower, they taste 

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your bread, they look at your 
oven and your tools and your 

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workspace. 
And if they find that you have 

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been cutting Corners, the 
consequences are real. 

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Baker caught selling underweight
bread might be dragged through 

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the streets on a hurdle which is
a kind of wooden sled with the 

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offending loaf. 
Tied around his neck. 

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This is not a private reprimand.
This is a public spectacle and 

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your neighbor's will watch and 
they will remember, and your 

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reputation will carry that 
stain, like flower carries the 

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00:13:01,900 --> 00:13:05,400
smell of yeast for more serious.
Offense is a baker could be 

228
00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:09,800
fined banned from the trade or 
have his oven destroyed, which 

229
00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:12,300
in Practical terms is the same 
as having your livelihood 

230
00:13:12,300 --> 00:13:14,900
reduced to Rubble. 
So, you weigh your portions 

231
00:13:14,900 --> 00:13:18,800
carefully, you shape each one 
with attention, The Guild is 

232
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,100
watching, even when it is not 
watching. 

233
00:13:21,100 --> 00:13:25,500
There is also the matter of the 
size of bread, a law that has 

234
00:13:25,500 --> 00:13:27,600
been in effect. 
Since the king's grandfather, 

235
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:30,900
decided that bread was too 
important to be left entirely 

236
00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:34,100
the market. 
The assigned ties, the price, 

237
00:13:34,100 --> 00:13:37,500
and weight of bread, to the 
current price of wheat, creating

238
00:13:37,500 --> 00:13:41,200
a sliding scale that adjusts as 
grain prices rise and fall. 

239
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:44,500
When wheat is cheap, your loaves
must be heavier. 

240
00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:48,700
When wheat is expensive, your 
loaves can be lighter, but the 

241
00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:51,900
price stays fixed. 
The mathematics of this 

242
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:55,700
relationship are worked out by 
Clark's who have never baked a 

243
00:13:55,700 --> 00:13:59,600
loaf in their lives, but who can
tell you the exact weight down 

244
00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:03,000
to the last fraction that your 
bread should be at any given 

245
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,600
grain price. 
You do not pretend to understand

246
00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:09,100
the formula you simply obey it 
because the penalty for 

247
00:14:09,100 --> 00:14:12,500
disobedience is public 
humiliation at best and the end 

248
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:16,900
of your livelihood at worst. 
The system for all its rigidity.

249
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:20,100
So serves a purpose, it protects
your customers from being 

250
00:14:20,100 --> 00:14:23,300
cheated, which is fair. 
It protects you from 

251
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:27,400
undercutting competitors, which 
is also fair and it ensures that

252
00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:32,000
bread the staff of Life. 
The one food that absolutely, 

253
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:36,000
everyone depends on remains 
affordable, and consistent, and 

254
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:39,900
available The Guild. 
And the size to gather create a 

255
00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:43,200
framework within, which you 
operate a set of rules that 

256
00:14:43,200 --> 00:14:45,200
Define the boundaries of your 
craft. 

257
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,800
You did not choose these rules, 
but you have come to appreciate 

258
00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:53,700
them the way a river appreciates
its Banks without the. 

259
00:14:53,700 --> 00:14:55,000
Everything would just be a 
flood. 

260
00:14:56,100 --> 00:15:01,000
You shape the loaves most of 
your bread is round, a simple 

261
00:15:01,008 --> 00:15:05,000
Beulah because round is 
efficient, round bakes evenly. 

262
00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:07,900
And round has been the shape of 
bread. 

263
00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:11,400
Since before anyone thought to 
write it down, you tuck the 

264
00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:14,400
edges under rotating the dough 
against the table, to create 

265
00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:18,400
surface tension, forming a 
smooth taut skin on the outside.

266
00:15:19,300 --> 00:15:21,400
Then you set each loaf on a 
flour. 

267
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:24,800
Dusted board to rise again. 
This second Rise shorter than 

268
00:15:24,808 --> 00:15:28,200
the first just long enough for 
the dough to relax and puff up 

269
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:29,800
slightly before it goes into the
oven. 

270
00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:34,100
By now the fire in the oven has 
done its work, the stones are 

271
00:15:34,108 --> 00:15:38,600
hot, the Dome is glowing, you 
rake out the coals and the ash, 

272
00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:41,900
using a long-handled iron 
scraper, pulling everything 

273
00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:44,300
forward and out the mouth into a
metal bucket. 

274
00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:48,400
Then you take a wet. 
Mop, basically a rag on a stick 

275
00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:49,800
and swab. 
The oven floor. 

276
00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:54,800
The wet rag sizzles and steams 
cleaning the surface and 

277
00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:57,900
dropping the temperature. 
Just slightly from scorching to 

278
00:15:57,900 --> 00:16:02,100
merely very hot. 
We'll also help the bread form a

279
00:16:02,100 --> 00:16:05,400
good crossed which matters 
because the crust is the first 

280
00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:08,700
thing, your customers notice. 
You pick up the peel? 

281
00:16:08,700 --> 00:16:11,600
This is a flat wooden paddle on 
a long handle. 

282
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:15,500
The baker's primary instrument 
the thing that stands between 

283
00:16:15,500 --> 00:16:18,600
you and the heat, you dust it 
with flour. 

284
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:22,100
Slide it under the first Loaf. 
And with a quick confident 

285
00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:26,200
motion, you send the bread into 
the oven, the loaf slides off 

286
00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:30,000
the peel and lands on the hot 
stone with a soft hiss you 

287
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:33,500
repeat this for every loaf 
working quickly because the oven

288
00:16:33,500 --> 00:16:35,400
is losing heat with every 
second. 

289
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:39,300
The mouth is open and your arm 
is memorized, the exact angle 

290
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:42,200
and speed needed to place each 
loaf where it belongs. 

291
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:44,900
Then you close the oven door and
you wait. 

292
00:16:44,900 --> 00:16:49,200
This is the part of baking that 
no one talks about the waiting. 

293
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,300
The fire was waiting. 
The tide was waiting. 

294
00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:56,300
And now the baking itself is 
waiting standing by while heat 

295
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:59,000
and time do their work in the 
dark of the oven. 

296
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,400
You cannot see what is happening
in there. 

297
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:05,599
You can only trust it, trust the
heat, trust the dough. 

298
00:17:05,599 --> 00:17:09,200
Trust the process that has 
Worked every morning for every 

299
00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:13,599
year of your working life. 
He used this time wisely, you 

300
00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:17,300
clean the table, you sweep the 
floor, you refill, the flour 

301
00:17:17,300 --> 00:17:20,700
bins from the sacks stacked 
against the wall sacks that were

302
00:17:20,700 --> 00:17:22,099
delivered yesterday by the 
Miller. 

303
00:17:22,099 --> 00:17:26,099
A man named Thomas who talks too
much about his back problems, 

304
00:17:26,099 --> 00:17:30,100
but who produces flower, so 
fine, and even that you forgive 

305
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:34,300
him, everything Good flour is 
hard to find when you find a 

306
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:38,000
good Miller, you treat him? 
Well, you pay on time, you laugh

307
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:41,100
at his jokes about his back, you
do, whatever it takes. 

308
00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:44,900
Because the difference between 
good flour and badflower is the 

309
00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:47,700
difference between bread that 
sings and bread. 

310
00:17:47,700 --> 00:17:50,700
That sits there like a stone 
apologizing, for its existence. 

311
00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,600
Smell begins to change. 
You notice it before you notice 

312
00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:59,900
anything else, the raw yeasty 
smell of dough, transforms into 

313
00:17:59,900 --> 00:18:04,300
something deeper, something, 
roasted and golden a smell that 

314
00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:06,600
reaches into the street. 
And pulls people toward your 

315
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:11,000
shop like an invisible hand. 
This is the smell of the mayard 

316
00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:13,700
reaction, though. 
You do not call it that because 

317
00:18:13,700 --> 00:18:16,300
that phrase will not be invented
for another 700 years. 

318
00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:18,900
You call it bread, smelling 
done. 

319
00:18:18,900 --> 00:18:22,800
You open the oven and check the 
loaves of transformed. 

320
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:27,000
Their golden brown cracked on 
top where the heat has split the

321
00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:30,300
crust in beautiful unpredictable
patterns. 

322
00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:34,600
You tap the bottom of one with 
your knuckle, it sounds Hollow 

323
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:36,900
like, knocking on a door with 
nobody home. 

324
00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:42,000
This is the sign. 
Halo means done, you pull the 

325
00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:44,800
lows out one by one. 
Setting them on a wooden rack to

326
00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:47,100
cool. 
And the Bakehouse fills with the

327
00:18:47,100 --> 00:18:50,100
kind of warmth that has nothing 
to do with temperature and 

328
00:18:50,100 --> 00:18:51,700
everything to do with 
satisfaction. 

329
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:58,000
The first batch is done. 
It is perhaps, five. 

330
00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:01,600
In the morning, the sky outside 
is beginning to lighten. 

331
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:04,300
A thin line of gray along the 
rooftops. 

332
00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:08,200
The kind of light that is less a
color than a suggestion of one. 

333
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:11,900
You've been awake for two hours 
and you have already completed 

334
00:19:11,900 --> 00:19:14,500
something. 
Most of the town is still 

335
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:16,900
sleeping. 
The blacksmith has not yet 

336
00:19:16,900 --> 00:19:20,100
opened his Forge. 
The Tanner is not yet begun, his

337
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:23,700
unpleasant work, the merchant 
has not yet unlocked his shop. 

338
00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:28,200
which you the baker have already
made the thing that all of them 

339
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:31,500
will need before the day is 
through, Start the second batch.

340
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:35,400
This is the rhythm of your 
morning, Batch off to batch the 

341
00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:37,900
oven slowly cooling. 
As it gives up its stored heat, 

342
00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:41,500
each successive, round of bread 
baking at a slightly lower 

343
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:45,100
temperature. 
First batch in the hottest of 

344
00:19:45,100 --> 00:19:49,500
an, is for the white bread. 
Finest loaves made from well, 

345
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:52,600
sifted flour. 
Destined for the tables of the 

346
00:19:52,600 --> 00:19:55,400
wealthier towns people. 
The second batch is for the 

347
00:19:55,408 --> 00:19:58,200
standard brown bread. 
The everyday loaf that most 

348
00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:01,500
families eat made from flour. 
That still contains some of the 

349
00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:03,700
bran and germ. 
The third batch. 

350
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:07,400
When the oven is cooler, still 
is for the course of breads, the

351
00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:11,300
dark rye, and Massillon, a 
mixture of wheat and rye, the 

352
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:14,900
bread of laborers, and the poor 
This hierarchy is not your 

353
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:17,300
invention, it is the way things 
are. 

354
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,700
In a medieval Town bread is a 
mirror of society. 

355
00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:23,900
The whiteness of your loaf tells
the world who you are. 

356
00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:28,200
White bread called wostal, or 
Panda. 

357
00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:32,500
Main is expensive, because white
flower requires extra sifting, 

358
00:20:32,500 --> 00:20:36,000
extra processing and more wheat 
per loaf. 

359
00:20:36,800 --> 00:20:39,500
It is soft and light, and 
delicate, and eating. 

360
00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:43,700
It means you can afford to eat 
well, Brown bread called cheat 

361
00:20:43,700 --> 00:20:48,200
or cock, it is the respectable 
middle the bread of Craftsmen 

362
00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:52,000
and Merchants dark bread called 
horse, bred by people who have 

363
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:55,400
never had to depend on. 
It is dense and filling a 

364
00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:58,100
nutritious and it keeps the 
bellies of working people. 

365
00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:01,700
Full until supper. 
You do not judge, you bake, all 

366
00:21:01,700 --> 00:21:05,400
of it, every loaf matters. 
There is something worth noting 

367
00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:07,400
about the way bread moves 
through a household. 

368
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:10,900
A loaf does not simply arrive on
the table and get eaten. 

369
00:21:10,900 --> 00:21:14,200
It has a career when it is 
fresh. 

370
00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:17,100
Still warm still crackling at 
the cross. 

371
00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:21,400
It is the star of the meal, 
broken by hand and eaten with 

372
00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:25,200
whatever accompaniment. 
The household can afford a daily

373
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:27,800
later. 
It has hardened slightly and now

374
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:31,500
it is a different food good for 
dipping into Super stew. 

375
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:34,100
Where the broth softens it back 
to life. 

376
00:21:35,100 --> 00:21:38,200
After two days, it has become a 
structural material. 

377
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:41,900
Hard enough to serve as a 
trencher plate or to be grated 

378
00:21:41,900 --> 00:21:45,100
into breadcrumbs that thicken 
sauces and stretch the contents 

379
00:21:45,100 --> 00:21:47,100
of a cooking pot after three 
days. 

380
00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:51,200
If any survive that long, they 
go to the animals, or into a 

381
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:53,500
bread pudding. 
If the household is Thrifty or 

382
00:21:53,500 --> 00:21:57,200
into ale, if the household is 
creative, nothing is wasted. 

383
00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:01,200
A loaf of bread in a medieval 
household, has more lives than a

384
00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:03,600
cat. 
This long after life of bread is

385
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:06,500
something you think about when 
you bake, you're not just making

386
00:22:06,500 --> 00:22:09,300
food for today. 
You're making a raw material. 

387
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:12,600
That will be used and reused and
transformed over the course of 

388
00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:15,800
several days. 
The density of your bread. 

389
00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:20,800
Thickness of the crust and the 
tightness of the crumb, all of 

390
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:24,400
these affect, how well the loaf 
ages and how it holds up to 

391
00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:29,100
dunking and slicing and grating.
A good loaf should be versatile.

392
00:22:30,100 --> 00:22:33,700
It should be a complete sentence
on its first day and still be 

393
00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:39,100
useful punctuation 3 days later.
As the morning brightons, you 

394
00:22:39,100 --> 00:22:42,300
prepare the shop. 
The Bakehouse on the shop are 

395
00:22:42,300 --> 00:22:44,100
connected. 
The front room open to the 

396
00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:47,500
street through a wide window 
with a wooden shutter that folds

397
00:22:47,500 --> 00:22:49,800
down to create a counter, you 
arrange. 

398
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:53,400
The cooled Loaves on the counter
and on shells behind you, the 

399
00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:56,500
bread is the display. 
There is no sign, no 

400
00:22:56,500 --> 00:22:59,300
advertisement. 
Know painted board hanging from 

401
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:01,600
a bracket, the bread speaks for 
itself. 

402
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:05,700
And the smell does the rest. 
Your first customer arrives 

403
00:23:05,700 --> 00:23:07,600
before the sun clears, the roof 
tops. 

404
00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:11,700
She's an older woman a widow who
lives three streets over, and 

405
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:13,400
she comes every morning at the 
same time. 

406
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:16,400
She does not need to tell you 
what she wants. 

407
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:20,900
You know, one brown loaf 
slightly smaller than standard 

408
00:23:20,900 --> 00:23:24,900
because she lives alone and a 
full loaf goes stale before she 

409
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:27,900
can finish it. 
You hand it to her and she hands

410
00:23:27,900 --> 00:23:31,800
you a coin and this transaction 
repeated every morning for the 

411
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:36,200
last six years is one of the 
fixed points of your day as a 

412
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:38,900
reliable as the Sunrise and 
considerably more punctual. 

413
00:23:40,300 --> 00:23:42,500
The customers come in a steady 
stream after that. 

414
00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:46,500
He servant from the house on the
hill by buying white bread. 

415
00:23:46,500 --> 00:23:49,500
For his employers breakfast, a 
Mother with three children 

416
00:23:49,500 --> 00:23:53,000
attached to her skirt. 
Like small noisy accessories, 

417
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:56,200
buying two, brown, loaves. 
That will feed her family 

418
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:59,000
through the day. 
A laborer is heading to the 

419
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:03,000
construction site at the edge of
town, buying a dark Loaf, and a 

420
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:06,000
handful of day-old roles that 
you sell at Half Price because 

421
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:07,500
they are hard as River. 
Stones. 

422
00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:11,000
But the man does not seem to 
mind, you know, all of them. 

423
00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:14,700
This is a small town and the 
bakery is one of the places 

424
00:24:14,700 --> 00:24:18,000
where the town meets itself 
every morning, you know, who is 

425
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:20,900
well, and who is sick, who has 
had a baby and who has lost a 

426
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:24,100
parent and who is prospering, 
and who is struggling people 

427
00:24:24,100 --> 00:24:27,500
tell you things while they wait 
for their bread, the bakery 

428
00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:29,900
counter is a confessional 
without the religion. 

429
00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:33,700
A place where news travels at 
the speed of small talk. 

430
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:36,600
You learn that the cobbler's 
wife has left him. 

431
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:40,200
You learn that the merchant on 
the corner has been buying wool 

432
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:42,700
from a new supplier and the 
quality is better. 

433
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:45,800
You learn that the priest drank 
too much ale at the Harvest 

434
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:47,600
supper and fell asleep in the 
churchyard. 

435
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,300
You listened, you nod you hand 
over bread. 

436
00:24:51,300 --> 00:24:56,200
This is your role. 
The baker hears, everything and 

437
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:59,500
repeats nothing which is a kind 
of power though. 

438
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:02,800
It does not feel like power. 
It feels like standing behind a 

439
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:06,500
counter while the world tells 
you its business There is also 

440
00:25:06,500 --> 00:25:10,100
the matter of credit not 
everyone pays in coin every day.

441
00:25:10,100 --> 00:25:14,100
Some customers have a rangements
with you running a table that 

442
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:17,800
they settle weekly or monthly, 
Keep track of these debts in 

443
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:19,600
your head, because you do not 
read or write. 

444
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:22,400
Well, enough to keep a ledger 
and because your memory for who 

445
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:27,300
owes what is frankly better than
any written record, you know, 

446
00:25:27,300 --> 00:25:29,500
that the Carpenter's wife owes 
for six loaves? 

447
00:25:29,500 --> 00:25:32,800
You know that the old soldier 
who lives by the gate is three 

448
00:25:32,800 --> 00:25:36,200
weeks behind and will probably 
never pay, but you keep giving 

449
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,900
him bread anyway, because he 
fought in the wars and lost two 

450
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:41,300
fingers and has nobody to cook 
for him. 

451
00:25:41,300 --> 00:25:44,800
And letting an old man, go 
hungry, is not something you are

452
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,900
willing to do Guild rules, or no
Guild rules. 

453
00:25:49,500 --> 00:25:53,100
There are also the customers who
do not pay in money at all the 

454
00:25:53,100 --> 00:25:56,700
farmer, who brings you eggs, The
Beekeeper, who brings you honey,

455
00:25:56,700 --> 00:26:00,000
which you use to make the sweet 
breads that sell so well. 

456
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:04,300
On feast days, the woman who 
mends clothes and who has on 

457
00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:07,600
more than one occasion repair, 
the growing collection of Tears 

458
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:10,100
in your work tunic in exchange 
for a week of bread. 

459
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:13,800
This barter economy runs 
alongside the money economy, 

460
00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:18,000
like a second in a river 
unofficial and unrecorded but 

461
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:22,400
deeply real a web of favors and 
exchanges that binds the town 

462
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:24,200
together. 
More tightly than any Guild 

463
00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,400
Charter Between customers, you 
keep working. 

464
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:32,600
There is always more to do you. 
Mix dough for tomorrow's bread, 

465
00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:34,800
starting the slow overnight 
rise. 

466
00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:36,200
That will greet you again in the
morning. 

467
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:39,800
You prepare specialty items 
because bread is not the only 

468
00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:43,100
thing that comes from your oven.
You make meat pies when you can 

469
00:26:43,100 --> 00:26:45,700
get the filling. 
The butcher saving is scraps for

470
00:26:45,708 --> 00:26:47,700
you. 
In exchange for bread, you make 

471
00:26:47,700 --> 00:26:51,700
trenches the thick slabs of day 
old bread that serves edible 

472
00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:55,800
plates and wealthier households.
The idea is practical in its 

473
00:26:55,800 --> 00:26:58,600
brilliance. 
The bread, absorbs, the juices 

474
00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:00,400
of whatever meal is placed on 
top of it. 

475
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:04,000
And when the meal is finished, 
the trench is eaten, or give 

476
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:05,800
them to the poor or to the 
dog's. 

477
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:10,100
Nothing is wasted. 
The bread has two lives. 

478
00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:12,200
You all so bake for the 
community. 

479
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:16,400
When a family brings you a pot 
of stew or a joint of meat you 

480
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:19,900
put it in your oven after the 
bread is done using the residual

481
00:27:19,900 --> 00:27:23,400
heat to cook their meal. 
Most families in town do not 

482
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:26,600
have others of their own. 
Others are expensive to build 

483
00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:31,000
expensive to fuel and dangerous 
a badly maintained oven can 

484
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:32,900
catch fire and take a whole 
street with it. 

485
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:36,900
And in a town where the 
buildings are in that fire is 

486
00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:41,100
the fear that never sleeps So 
you are in addition to being a 

487
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:45,100
baker, a kind of public. 
Utility your oven serves, the 

488
00:27:45,100 --> 00:27:47,200
town, the way, the well serves 
the town. 

489
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:50,700
It is a shared resource, a 
communal Hearth. 

490
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:53,600
And this gives you a certain 
standing that goes beyond the 

491
00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:57,300
simple selling of bread. 
You charge a small fee for this 

492
00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:01,200
service, a penny, or two per 
pot, and the income adds up over

493
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,500
the course of a week. 
But more than the money, the 

494
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:06,400
arrangement gives you. 
Something less tangible. 

495
00:28:07,300 --> 00:28:09,800
When families come to collect 
their cooked meals in the 

496
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:14,500
evening, they linger they chat. 
They sit on the bench outside 

497
00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:16,200
your bake house and eat their 
supper. 

498
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:20,400
While the last of the days, 
light Fades from the sky, your 

499
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:24,000
Bakehouse becomes without anyone
planning it a kind of 

500
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,400
Neighborhood Center a place 
where people gather because the 

501
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,800
warmth draws them and the bread 
gives them a reason to stay. 

502
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,500
Children play in the lane while 
their parents collect dinner. 

503
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:38,000
Neighbors, who might otherwise 
pass each other without a word 

504
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:41,200
stop and talk because they're 
both waiting for their pots. 

505
00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:46,600
The Bakehouse knits the town 
together, stitch by Stitch loaf 

506
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:49,800
by loaf. 
There is an old woman who brings

507
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:52,800
you a pot of something every 
Tuesday and Thursday, you're not

508
00:28:52,808 --> 00:28:54,100
entirely. 
Sure what is in it. 

509
00:28:54,100 --> 00:29:00,000
The smell suggests cabbage and 
possibly desperation or whatever

510
00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,100
it is. 
She swears by it and she has 

511
00:29:03,100 --> 00:29:05,500
been bringing it to your oven 
for longer than you've been 

512
00:29:05,500 --> 00:29:08,600
baking since your father's time 
and you will keep putting it in 

513
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:10,500
the oven until one of you 
stopped showing up. 

514
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:16,800
The morning passes into midday. 
The rush slows the counter 

515
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:19,900
empties of bread and fills. 
With crumbs, you eat your own 

516
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:23,500
lunch, which is of course bread.
Because what else would a 

517
00:29:23,500 --> 00:29:25,500
bakery? 
Eat you eat it with cheese. 

518
00:29:25,500 --> 00:29:28,500
If you have it or with dripping,
or with, whatever the season 

519
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:31,500
offers, In summer. 
There might be an onion from the

520
00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:35,500
garden behind the Bakehouse 
sharp and sweet in Autumn. 

521
00:29:35,500 --> 00:29:38,000
There might be an apple from the
tree that grows against the back

522
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:39,700
wall. 
The one that drops. 

523
00:29:39,700 --> 00:29:43,300
Its fruit directly onto your 
wood pile every September as if 

524
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:46,800
making an offering. 
After lunch, you begin. 

525
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:51,500
The afternoon's work, you sift 
flour. this is tedious work, 

526
00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:54,800
shaking the flour, through a 
cloth, sieve to separate the 

527
00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:59,500
fine from the course, the white 
from the brown, Finest flour, 

528
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:02,200
sifted, two or three times 
becomes the white bread flour. 

529
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:06,600
The medium sifting become the 
brown bread flour, The corsus 

530
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:10,000
Leftovers the bran and the husks
go into the dark breads or a 

531
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:13,000
sold as animal feed. 
You stand there, shaking the 

532
00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:16,200
sieve with a steady back and 
forth motion that is deeply 

533
00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:20,700
boring and entirely necessary 
and a fine, white dust Rises 

534
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:24,100
around you, until you look like 
a figure standing in a gentle 

535
00:30:24,100 --> 00:30:27,100
snowfall. 
You Haul water from the well? 

536
00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:32,500
You chop wood because wood is 
fuel and fuel is life and you go

537
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:37,100
through enormous quantity of it.
A Bakehouse consumes, would the 

538
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:41,200
way a river consumes, rain 
steadily, and completely, and 

539
00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:45,500
keeping the supply stock is a 
constant occupation you buy from

540
00:30:45,500 --> 00:30:48,900
the woodcutters who work the 
forest outside town, hackling 

541
00:30:48,900 --> 00:30:52,300
over price and quality and 
delivery and you stack the logs 

542
00:30:52,300 --> 00:30:54,700
against the side of the 
Bakehouse where the eaves, keep 

543
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:57,800
them dry because wet wood is 
worse than no wood. 

544
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:02,000
Wet would smoke and sputters and
drops, the oven temperature and 

545
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:06,100
ruined the cross on every loaf. 
The splitting is good work 

546
00:31:06,100 --> 00:31:08,500
though. 
There is a satisfaction to it. 

547
00:31:08,500 --> 00:31:12,200
That is different from baking, 
but related, the satisfaction of

548
00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:15,400
turning something, rough and 
hole into something, useful and 

549
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:18,400
specific. 
You set a log on The Chopping 

550
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:22,700
Block, swing the axe and the 
wood opens along its grain with 

551
00:31:22,700 --> 00:31:25,200
a clean crack. 
The Echoes off the Bakehouse 

552
00:31:25,200 --> 00:31:27,900
wall. 
The dog watches from a safe 

553
00:31:27,900 --> 00:31:30,200
distance, he learned early on 
that. 

554
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:33,300
The Chopping Block is not a good
place to sleep, and this is 

555
00:31:33,300 --> 00:31:35,900
possibly the smartest thing he 
has ever done. 

556
00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:40,600
Some afternoon's, you tend to 
your starter the sourdough 

557
00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:44,500
culture needs feeding, a portion
of fresh flour and water to keep

558
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:47,100
the yeast alive and active. 
You do this. 

559
00:31:47,100 --> 00:31:50,300
The way you might tend to garden
with regularity and attention 

560
00:31:50,300 --> 00:31:54,200
because a neglected starter 
turns, sour and sluggish and 

561
00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:56,300
produces bread that tastes like 
regret. 

562
00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:00,300
Your starter lives in a clay 
Croc on a shelf of the oven 

563
00:32:00,300 --> 00:32:03,500
where the warmth keeps. 
It bubbling happily, you've 

564
00:32:03,500 --> 00:32:06,200
given it a name. 
You will not tell anyone this 

565
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,400
because naming your sourdough 
starter is the kind of thing 

566
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:11,400
that other Tradesmen would find 
eccentric. 

567
00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:15,000
But in the privacy of your own 
Bakehouse, you call it what you 

568
00:32:15,008 --> 00:32:17,300
call it and it does not seem to 
mine. 

569
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:22,300
The seasons change the way you 
bake in some summer, the dough 

570
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:25,800
Rises fast sometimes too fast 
and you have to watch it 

571
00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:29,200
carefully or it will over probe 
and collapse into a sticky 

572
00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:32,100
useless. 
Puddle, The Bakehouse is 

573
00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:35,700
unbearable in August the heat 
from the oven, adding to the 

574
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:38,200
heat of the day. 
Until your workspace feels like 

575
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:42,700
the inside of a bread loaf. 
You drink water constantly, you 

576
00:32:42,700 --> 00:32:45,400
tie a cloth around your head, to
keep the sweat from dripping 

577
00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:49,700
into the dough you dream of 
winter then winter comes and you

578
00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:53,100
dream of Summer. 
The cold slows, everything down 

579
00:32:53,100 --> 00:32:57,300
the dough takes longer to rise. 
The oven takes longer to heat. 

580
00:32:57,300 --> 00:33:01,000
Your fingers are stiff in the 
morning and the water from the 

581
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:03,400
well, is so cold. 
It makes your teeth ache when 

582
00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:05,900
you drink it. 
You mix the dough with water, 

583
00:33:05,900 --> 00:33:09,100
you have warmed by the fire 
because cold water kills the 

584
00:33:09,100 --> 00:33:12,700
yeast, or at least puts it to 
sleep and sleeping yeast. 

585
00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:15,900
To make flat bread. 
And flat bread, makes unhappy 

586
00:33:15,900 --> 00:33:19,700
customers and unhappy customers,
make an unhappy Baker. 

587
00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:22,500
Spring and Autumn are the Good 
Seasons. 

588
00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:26,700
The balance sees Seasons. 
When the temperature is mild and

589
00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:29,500
the do behaves. 
Predictably, and the Bakehouse 

590
00:33:29,500 --> 00:33:34,300
is Pleasant to work in. 
Spring brings the new grain, the

591
00:33:34,300 --> 00:33:38,500
Fresh Harvest milled into flour.
That smells like cut fields and 

592
00:33:38,500 --> 00:33:41,800
sunshine. 
Autumn brings the apples and the

593
00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:45,400
pears, and the preserved fruits 
that you fold into enriched toes

594
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:50,000
for feast days and holidays. 
You make spiced breads at 

595
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:53,800
michaelmas, sweetbreads at 
Christmas and hot cross mark 

596
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:57,600
buns in the weeks before Easter.
The church calendar is your 

597
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:01,700
recipe book, each holy day, 
bringing its own tradition, its 

598
00:34:01,700 --> 00:34:05,000
own bread, and its own customers
lining up Before Dawn for 

599
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:08,800
something special on feast days.
The Bakehouse is chaos. 

600
00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:12,699
You start earlier than usual 
which means you start at an hour

601
00:34:12,708 --> 00:34:15,000
that most people would consider 
the middle of the night. 

602
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:19,500
You make twice the bread three 
times, the bread working through

603
00:34:19,500 --> 00:34:23,300
the darkness with only Tallow 
candles for light, their greasy 

604
00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:26,300
Flames throwing moving Shadows 
across the walls. 

605
00:34:27,199 --> 00:34:30,600
You bring in your Apprentice a 
boy of 15 who is earnest and 

606
00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:33,400
willing, but who has not yet 
developed the Instinct for dough

607
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:36,500
that separates a baker from a 
person who merely makes bread. 

608
00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:41,300
He helps where he can carrying 
sacks sweeping up, sweeping the 

609
00:34:41,300 --> 00:34:44,600
fire fed and occasionally 
dropping things at an opportune 

610
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,100
moments because he is 15 and 
dropping. 

611
00:34:47,100 --> 00:34:49,300
Things is essentially his 
primary skill. 

612
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:56,000
The boy came to you two years 
ago sent by his father, a farmer

613
00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:59,200
in the village three miles east,
who decided that his youngest 

614
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:03,000
son was not suited for fieldwork
on account of being allergic, to

615
00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:05,000
mornings and constitutionally 
posed. 

616
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:08,500
A mud Farming's loss was 
baking's. 

617
00:35:08,500 --> 00:35:12,600
Gains out of the boy is not bad.
He's simply green. 

618
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:16,700
He over needs he under salts? 
He once forgot to put the 

619
00:35:16,700 --> 00:35:19,500
starter in the dough and 
produced loaves so flat and 

620
00:35:19,500 --> 00:35:23,300
dense that you could have used 
them to repair the road but he 

621
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:26,300
is learning. 
You see glimpses of competence 

622
00:35:26,300 --> 00:35:29,100
emerging like shoots in early 
spring and you have enough 

623
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:30,500
patience to wait for them to 
grow. 

624
00:35:30,500 --> 00:35:33,900
After all, you were 15 months 
and you were not much better. 

625
00:35:33,900 --> 00:35:38,000
Your father told you, so 
repeatedly, you're Apprentice 

626
00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:40,500
will learn, they all, learn 
eventually. 

627
00:35:41,700 --> 00:35:44,700
The Guild requires seven years 
of apprenticeship before a young

628
00:35:44,700 --> 00:35:47,700
bake can become a journeyman and
another period of work. 

629
00:35:47,700 --> 00:35:51,200
After that, before he can 
attempt to become a master The 

630
00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:54,700
system is designed to be slow, 
because bread does not tolerate 

631
00:35:54,700 --> 00:35:59,000
him, patience, a baker who is 
not put in the Years who was not

632
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:02,400
the dough change under his 
hands, through every season who 

633
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,400
was not stood before the oven in
the dark of a thousand mornings 

634
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:09,000
is not ready to bake alone. 
The Guild knows this, you know 

635
00:36:09,008 --> 00:36:11,200
this your aching back knows 
this. 

636
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:14,100
You teach the boy, what your 
father taught you. 

637
00:36:14,100 --> 00:36:17,400
How to judge the flower by 
rubbing it between your fingers,

638
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,600
feeling for the right texture, 
the right dryness. 

639
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:23,800
How to test the water 
temperature with your elbow? 

640
00:36:23,800 --> 00:36:27,300
The way you would test a bath 
How to listen to the oven, 

641
00:36:27,300 --> 00:36:31,100
because the oven talks in pops 
and clicks and the soft sigh of 

642
00:36:31,100 --> 00:36:33,700
expanding are. 
And if you listen well enough, 

643
00:36:33,700 --> 00:36:37,100
it will tell you everything you 
need to know how to score the 

644
00:36:37,100 --> 00:36:38,800
tops of the loaves before they 
go in. 

645
00:36:39,500 --> 00:36:43,100
A quick slash with a sharp blade
that lets the bread expand as it

646
00:36:43,100 --> 00:36:45,600
bakes without tearing its own 
crust apart. 

647
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:48,600
How to tell the difference 
between bread? 

648
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,800
That is perfectly baked and 
bread that needs another few 

649
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:54,200
minutes, a distinction, so 
subtle. 

650
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:57,000
It lives entirely in the ear and
the nose and the tips of the 

651
00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:59,900
fingers. 
You also teach him things that 

652
00:36:59,900 --> 00:37:03,100
have nothing to do with baking, 
how to deal with a difficult 

653
00:37:03,100 --> 00:37:06,600
customer without losing your 
temper, or your sale, how to 

654
00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:09,300
keep accounts in your head when 
your hands are covered in dough.

655
00:37:09,300 --> 00:37:12,700
And there is no time to stop how
to be polite to the guild 

656
00:37:12,700 --> 00:37:14,500
inspectors. 
Even when they are being 

657
00:37:14,500 --> 00:37:18,600
unreasonable, which is often. 
How to treat the Miller with 

658
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:20,700
respect. 
Even when his flower is not up 

659
00:37:20,700 --> 00:37:23,900
to standard because you will 
need his flower again next week 

660
00:37:23,900 --> 00:37:26,600
and the week after that, and 
burning a bridge with your 

661
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:29,800
supplier is a worse mistake than
any bread, you could bake. 

662
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:32,900
These are the quiet skills of a 
Tradesman. 

663
00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:36,800
The social glue that holds a 
business together and they are 

664
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:39,500
just as important as knowing 
when the dough is ready or how 

665
00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:42,200
hot the oven should be. 
The boy listens. 

666
00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:45,900
He tries, he fails he tries 
again. 

667
00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:51,300
This is how Bakers are made late
afternoon bleeds into evening. 

668
00:37:51,300 --> 00:37:55,100
The shop is closed. 
The last loaf has been sold or 

669
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:56,700
set aside for tomorrow's 
trenches. 

670
00:37:57,500 --> 00:37:59,900
Clean the Bakehouse scrubbing. 
The table. 

671
00:37:59,900 --> 00:38:03,800
Sweeping the floor and wiping 
down the peel, and the bench 

672
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:07,000
knife and the dough scraper, 
cleaning is not glamorous work, 

673
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,800
but it is necessary work and a 
clean Bakehouse is a healthy 

674
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:14,800
Bakehouse rats are a constant 
threat in a place that stores 

675
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:19,200
grain mice are worse because 
they are smaller and sneaky and 

676
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:23,100
can get into spaces that rats 
cannot You keep a cat for this 

677
00:38:23,100 --> 00:38:27,000
purpose, a gray Tabby with one 
torn are, and a professional 

678
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:29,800
attitude toward rodents that you
deeply respect. 

679
00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:34,200
She patrols the flower stores 
with the dedication of a night 

680
00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:39,300
Watchman and the ruthlessness of
a small furry mercenary between 

681
00:38:39,300 --> 00:38:42,000
the cat and the dog, your 
Bakehouse is well defended 

682
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:44,700
against anything with four legs 
and bad intentions. 

683
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:49,300
You Bank, the oven fire, not 
letting it go out entirely, but 

684
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:52,000
tamping it down to a slow glow 
that will make tomorrow, 

685
00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:57,100
morning's fire easier to start. 
you check the flower stores, you

686
00:38:57,100 --> 00:39:00,200
make mental calculations about 
tomorrow's bake, how many 

687
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:03,600
loaves, what types and whether 
you need to send to the Miller 

688
00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:09,400
for more grain The town outside 
is settling into its evening. 

689
00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:13,600
Smoke rises from chimneys, the 
sound of children playing in the

690
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:16,000
lanes, Fades as mothers, call 
them in for supper. 

691
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:21,500
Church bell rings for Vespers 
the evening prayer, and its deep

692
00:39:21,508 --> 00:39:25,000
tone rolls, over the rooftops, 
and down into your Bakehouse 

693
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:28,100
where it vibrates in the stones 
of the oven, like a second 

694
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:31,000
heartbeat. 
This is the music of your town, 

695
00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:34,800
the Bell and the smoke and the 
distant murmur of voices and you

696
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:38,100
are woven into it. 
As tightly as anyone, you go up 

697
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:43,200
stairs, you eat supper, which is
simple bread again because waste

698
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:45,900
is a sin and there are always 
left over roles and ends and 

699
00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:49,200
pieces that did not sell. 
You might add a bowl of pottage 

700
00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:53,100
the thick vegetable stew that 
everyone in town eats because it

701
00:39:53,100 --> 00:39:57,300
is cheap and filling and can be 
made from whatever the garden 

702
00:39:57,300 --> 00:40:03,300
provides turnips in Winter peas 
in Springs in summer. 

703
00:40:04,100 --> 00:40:05,100
Cabbage. 
Always. 

704
00:40:05,100 --> 00:40:07,600
Because cabbage, grows 
everywhere. 

705
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:11,400
And refuses to die, is the most 
persistent vegetable in the 

706
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:14,500
known world. 
After supper, you mixed 

707
00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:18,100
tomorrow's dough, this is your 
evening ritual, the bookend to 

708
00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:20,700
the morning, the Alpha and Omega
of your Baker's day. 

709
00:40:21,500 --> 00:40:24,200
You measure the flour, by the 
scoop, dumping it into the 

710
00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:27,500
dough, trough raising a white 
cloud that settles on your arms 

711
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:31,400
and your apron and the floor, 
you add water, warm from the pot

712
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:33,100
that has been sitting near. 
The oven all day. 

713
00:40:33,100 --> 00:40:37,500
You add a piece of yesterday's 
dough, the starter the living 

714
00:40:37,500 --> 00:40:41,300
bridge between today's bread and
tomorrow's, you mix with your 

715
00:40:41,300 --> 00:40:44,600
hands squeezing and turning 
until the flour and water come 

716
00:40:44,600 --> 00:40:48,000
together into a shaky mass that 
does not yet look like anything 

717
00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:51,800
edible, but which by morning 
will be transformed. 

718
00:40:52,900 --> 00:40:57,400
You add the salt last. 
Salt is expensive, more 

719
00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:00,700
expensive per weight than flour,
and you use it? 

720
00:41:00,700 --> 00:41:03,600
Sparingly? 
But salt is also essential 

721
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:06,700
without it bread, taste flat, 
and lifeless. 

722
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:10,400
Like a story told without any 
feeling behind it. 

723
00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:13,500
The right amount of salt pulls 
all the other flavors into 

724
00:41:13,500 --> 00:41:17,500
Focus, brightening the wheat 
deepening, the firmament and 

725
00:41:17,500 --> 00:41:20,900
turning a plain dough into 
something with character, you 

726
00:41:20,900 --> 00:41:23,900
pinch the salt from a small Clay
Pot that you keep on a high 

727
00:41:23,908 --> 00:41:28,000
shelf away from The Damp and 
Scatter it to cross the surface 

728
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,500
of the dough before folding it 
in with long slow stroke's. 

729
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:36,500
The dough, resists the salt at 
first tightening slightly, then 

730
00:41:36,500 --> 00:41:39,700
relaxes and absorbs. 
It, you cover the trough with a 

731
00:41:39,708 --> 00:41:43,100
cloth and leave it. 
The yeast will do the rest. 

732
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:49,100
While you sleep, they will eat 
and multiply and produce the 

733
00:41:49,100 --> 00:41:51,100
gas. 
That makes the dough rise. 

734
00:41:51,100 --> 00:41:55,600
Doing their silent work in the 
dark of the Bakehouse the same 

735
00:41:55,600 --> 00:41:56,700
work. 
They have been doing. 

736
00:41:56,700 --> 00:41:59,700
Since the Egyptians first 
discovered that old dough makes 

737
00:41:59,700 --> 00:42:02,700
new bread lighter. 
Your part of a chain that 

738
00:42:02,700 --> 00:42:07,000
stretches back, thousands of 
years, Baker to Baker, loaf to 

739
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:09,400
Loaf. 
And this knowledge sits in you 

740
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:13,300
like warmth, you wash your 
hands, you wash your face. 

741
00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:16,700
The water in the basement is 
cold because, of course, it is. 

742
00:42:16,700 --> 00:42:21,200
And the soap is rough and smells
of Tallow and Ash, but you are 

743
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:24,400
clean enough for bed. 
You hang your apron on the hook 

744
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:28,900
by the door, where it assumes 
its customary rigid posture and 

745
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:34,300
you climb into bed. 
The dog has come up stairs and 

746
00:42:34,300 --> 00:42:37,400
settled at the foot of the 
mattress turning three times in 

747
00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:41,200
a tight circle before collapsing
with a sigh that suggests he has

748
00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:44,100
had a harder than you, which he 
absolutely has not. 

749
00:42:44,100 --> 00:42:48,600
He was asleep for most of it. 
But dogs are masters of 

750
00:42:48,608 --> 00:42:52,100
performed exhaustion and you let
him have this moment without 

751
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:54,900
comment. 
The mattress is straw. 

752
00:42:54,900 --> 00:42:58,700
The blanket is wool. 
The pillow is a folded piece of 

753
00:42:58,700 --> 00:43:02,400
linen, stuffed with dried herbs,
lavender and chamomile. 

754
00:43:03,300 --> 00:43:05,400
Because your grandmother told 
your mother and your mother told

755
00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:08,400
you that these help you sleep, 
and whether this is true or 

756
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:12,600
merely traditional the smell of 
the means, bedtime means, rest 

757
00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:16,400
means the day is over, and you 
can finally stop. 

758
00:43:17,200 --> 00:43:18,600
Outside. 
The town is quiet. 

759
00:43:18,600 --> 00:43:21,500
The last drunk has stumbled home
from the tavern. 

760
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:25,400
The night Watchman is making his
rounds, his Lantern, a small 

761
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:27,500
yellow dot moving through the 
dark streets. 

762
00:43:27,500 --> 00:43:32,500
A dog barks, once then thinks 
better of it, the moon, if there

763
00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:35,900
is a moon throw, silver light to
cross the roof tops, and through

764
00:43:35,900 --> 00:43:39,200
your window and onto the floor, 
where it lies like a fallen 

765
00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:41,700
hanker chief. 
You think about tomorrow? 

766
00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:46,900
Tomorrow will be the same. 
The Same dark morning, the same 

767
00:43:46,900 --> 00:43:51,100
cold floor, the same fire, the 
same dough. 

768
00:43:51,100 --> 00:43:56,700
The same other the same bread. 
The same customers, the same 

769
00:43:56,700 --> 00:43:59,300
coins. 
The same conversations about the

770
00:43:59,300 --> 00:44:02,700
cobbler's wife and the merchants
wool and the priests drinking 

771
00:44:02,700 --> 00:44:05,300
habits. 
The same Ness might seem 

772
00:44:05,300 --> 00:44:08,300
monotonous. 
Described from the outside. 

773
00:44:08,300 --> 00:44:10,500
But from the inside, it feels 
different. 

774
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:14,600
From the inside, it feels like a
song with a chorus, you know, by

775
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:18,200
heart where the pleasure is not 
in surprise, but in the Deep 

776
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:22,100
satisfaction of repetition done.
Well, because here is the thing 

777
00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:24,900
about bread, it is never exactly
the same twice. 

778
00:44:24,900 --> 00:44:29,100
The flower changes with every 
harvest, the weather changes the

779
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:32,800
dough, the wood changes, the 
fire, your own hands changes. 

780
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:36,000
You age growing stronger than 
growing tired. 

781
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:39,100
Then growing skilled in a 
different way that compensates 

782
00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:42,600
for the tiredness. 
Every loaf you bake is a unique 

783
00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:45,400
event. 
A one-time collaboration between

784
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:49,400
100 variables and no amount of 
repetition can make that boring.

785
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:53,800
The 500th loaf is as much a 
creation as the first. 

786
00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:58,500
More perhaps because the 500th 
loaf carries the knowledge of 

787
00:44:58,508 --> 00:45:03,000
the 499 before it. 
Your part of your town in a way 

788
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:06,800
that is difficult to explain the
Lord in his manner, owns the 

789
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:08,800
land. 
But he does not feed the people.

790
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:14,000
The priests in his church tends 
the souls but he does not fill 

791
00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:17,300
the bellies. 
You do every morning, you take 

792
00:45:17,300 --> 00:45:21,200
raw grain and water and fire and
time you turn them into the one 

793
00:45:21,200 --> 00:45:22,700
thing that nobody can live 
without. 

794
00:45:23,700 --> 00:45:26,800
The poorest laborer and the 
richest Merchant both need what 

795
00:45:26,800 --> 00:45:31,100
you make the child, teething on 
a crust of your bread and the 

796
00:45:31,100 --> 00:45:34,700
grandmother softening a piece in
her, soup are both sustained by 

797
00:45:34,708 --> 00:45:38,900
the same work of your hands. 
In a world of vast inequality, 

798
00:45:38,900 --> 00:45:42,000
where the distance between the 
Lord's table, and The Peasants 

799
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:44,600
table is measured in courses and
silver. 

800
00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:49,200
And servants, bread is the great
equalizer, everyone eats bread. 

801
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:52,500
Everyone needs the baker. 
This gives you a kind of 

802
00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:55,500
invisible Authority. 
You're not wealthy, you're not 

803
00:45:55,508 --> 00:45:57,700
powerful. 
You do not sit on the Town 

804
00:45:57,700 --> 00:46:01,300
Council or own land or where fur
trimmed robes, but you are 

805
00:46:01,308 --> 00:46:04,400
essential. 
When the Harvest fails and grain

806
00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:08,300
is scarce, you are the one 
people turn to because you are 

807
00:46:08,300 --> 00:46:10,600
the one who turns gray into 
something edible. 

808
00:46:11,300 --> 00:46:14,900
When the price of the wheat 
Rises, the whole town feels it 

809
00:46:14,900 --> 00:46:18,100
through the price of your bread 
and you are the messenger of 

810
00:46:18,100 --> 00:46:22,000
that economic reality standing 
behind your counter, while 

811
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:24,500
people shake their heads and 
tighten their purse, strings, 

812
00:46:24,500 --> 00:46:28,800
The Guild sets the price, not 
you, but it is your face. 

813
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:32,100
They see when they pay it on 
Sundays, you rest. 

814
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:36,600
Church requires it. 
The golden forces it and your 

815
00:46:36,600 --> 00:46:41,500
body demands it, you go to mass 
wearing your one good tunic, the

816
00:46:41,500 --> 00:46:44,600
one without flour stains which 
you keep in the chest 

817
00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:48,600
specifically, for this purpose, 
You stand in the Nave with the 

818
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:52,000
other Tradesmen, the blacksmith 
and the carpenter, and the 

819
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:55,400
Chandler, and the Tanner who 
always stands slightly apart 

820
00:46:55,400 --> 00:46:58,700
because no amount of Sunday, 
scrubbing can entirely remove 

821
00:46:58,700 --> 00:47:02,900
the smell of his profession. 
You sing the hymns or at least 

822
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:05,400
you move your mouth in the 
general direction of the melody.

823
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:08,900
You listen to the sermon. 
You pray though. 

824
00:47:08,900 --> 00:47:11,700
Your prayers tend to be 
practical rather than spiritual 

825
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:15,100
good weather. 
Good grain, a healthy oven, no 

826
00:47:15,100 --> 00:47:17,700
fires. 
These are the prayers of a baker

827
00:47:17,700 --> 00:47:21,000
and God if he is listening has 
so far been reasonably 

828
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:25,000
responsive. 
The church itself is the largest

829
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:31,000
building in town Stone and cool 
In Summer with windows that let 

830
00:47:31,000 --> 00:47:32,900
in colored light on Sunny 
mornings. 

831
00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:37,700
You helped pay for one of those 
windows, not a large one, just a

832
00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:41,300
small panel of Blue Glass near 
the back funded by a donation 

833
00:47:41,300 --> 00:47:43,300
from the baker's Guild three 
years ago. 

834
00:47:44,300 --> 00:47:47,100
It is not much. 
But every time the morning sun 

835
00:47:47,100 --> 00:47:50,200
catches that blue panel and 
throws a square of colored light

836
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:53,600
across the stone floor. 
You feel a quiet Pride that has 

837
00:47:53,600 --> 00:47:57,000
nothing to do with vanity and 
everything to do with belonging.

838
00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:01,000
Your trade helped build this 
place your bread feeds. 

839
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:04,400
The people who fill these pews, 
you're part of something larger 

840
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:07,900
than yourself and on Sunday 
morning standing in the Nave 

841
00:48:07,900 --> 00:48:10,100
with the light falling blue 
across your hands. 

842
00:48:10,100 --> 00:48:14,200
You can feel it. 
After church, you might walk to 

843
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:16,100
the market square. 
And look at what the other 

844
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:18,900
Tradesmen are selling. 
You might visit the Miller to 

845
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:20,700
discuss next week's flower 
delivery. 

846
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:23,600
You might sit on the bench 
outside your bake house and 

847
00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:27,000
simply watch the town go by 
which is a pleasure that costs 

848
00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:29,900
nothing and provides more 
entertainment than you might 

849
00:48:29,908 --> 00:48:32,900
expect. 
Towns are interesting places 

850
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:36,100
when you slow down enough to see
them, The Butchers dogs, 

851
00:48:36,100 --> 00:48:39,400
stealing a bone from the gutter 
two children racing each other 

852
00:48:39,400 --> 00:48:42,100
down the lane, their laughter 
Rising like birds. 

853
00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:45,800
An old man, a sleep on a 
doorstep with his hat. 

854
00:48:45,800 --> 00:48:49,100
Over his face, perfectly at 
peace, with the world and its 

855
00:48:49,100 --> 00:48:51,600
demands. 
Monday morning. 

856
00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:55,800
You do it all again. 
There is a particular quality to

857
00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:58,900
the repetition of a Baker's life
that deserves more attention. 

858
00:48:58,900 --> 00:49:01,900
It is not the repetition of 
boredom. 

859
00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:06,800
It is the repetition of Kraft. 
A musician who plays the same 

860
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:08,500
piece every day is not bored by 
it. 

861
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:12,500
A gardener who tends the same 
beds every season is not dulled 

862
00:49:12,500 --> 00:49:15,500
by familiarity. 
The repetition is the medium 

863
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:18,900
through which Mastery is 
achieved and expressed the daily

864
00:49:18,900 --> 00:49:21,500
practice. 
That transforms effort into art 

865
00:49:22,300 --> 00:49:24,700
Your bread is better today than 
it was a year ago. 

866
00:49:24,700 --> 00:49:27,300
It will be better next year than
it is today. 

867
00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:31,600
This progression is so slow as 
to be invisible on any given 

868
00:49:31,600 --> 00:49:35,300
morning, but over the span of a 
career, it is the difference 

869
00:49:35,300 --> 00:49:39,300
between bread and bread with a 
capital letter between something

870
00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:41,300
you eat. 
And something you remember, 

871
00:49:42,500 --> 00:49:45,700
Occasionally you try something 
new, a different scoring pattern

872
00:49:45,700 --> 00:49:49,600
on the lows a deeper cut or a 
curved slash and of a straight 

873
00:49:49,608 --> 00:49:52,400
one. 
Handful of herbs from the garden

874
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:56,500
mixed into a batch of dough 
Rosemary or thyme, just to see 

875
00:49:56,500 --> 00:49:59,400
what happens. 
A slightly longer rise a 

876
00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:02,600
slightly hotter oven a change. 
So small that nobody would 

877
00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:04,300
notice unless they were looking 
for it. 

878
00:50:05,300 --> 00:50:08,700
These experiments are how the 
craft moves forward, not in 

879
00:50:08,700 --> 00:50:11,600
great leaps. 
But in tiny adjustments, each 

880
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:14,700
one tested and tasted and 
neither kept or discarded. 

881
00:50:15,700 --> 00:50:18,200
Most of them come to nothing. 
A few stick. 

882
00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:21,800
And over the years, those few 
accumulate into something that 

883
00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,500
you might call a style. 
A way of baking. 

884
00:50:24,500 --> 00:50:27,800
That is yours alone. 
Shaped by a thousand small 

885
00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:30,500
decisions made in the quiet 
hours before Dawn. 

886
00:50:31,500 --> 00:50:34,600
The market comes to town twice a
week on Wednesdays and 

887
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:38,700
Saturdays, and on Market Days, 
the town swells with people from

888
00:50:38,700 --> 00:50:42,200
the surrounding Countryside. 
Farmers bring their produce 

889
00:50:42,200 --> 00:50:44,700
Tinkers. 
Bring their pots and pans 

890
00:50:44,700 --> 00:50:48,600
traveling, Merchants bring cloth
and spices news from other 

891
00:50:48,600 --> 00:50:51,600
towns. 
The atmosphere is loud and busy 

892
00:50:51,600 --> 00:50:55,700
and smells of animals and Earth 
and the sharp Tang of fresh cut 

893
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:58,100
cheese. 
On Market Days, you sell more 

894
00:50:58,100 --> 00:51:01,100
bread than usual because the 
farmer's wives want something to

895
00:51:01,100 --> 00:51:03,400
eat while they shop. 
And the merchants want something

896
00:51:03,400 --> 00:51:06,300
to eat while they sell and the 
children want something to eat 

897
00:51:06,300 --> 00:51:08,700
because they are children and 
eating is essentially their 

898
00:51:08,700 --> 00:51:11,900
entire agenda. 
You set up a trestle table 

899
00:51:11,900 --> 00:51:13,700
outside your shop on Market 
Days. 

900
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:16,000
Stacking it with Loaves and 
roles. 

901
00:51:16,000 --> 00:51:20,000
And if you have had an ambitious
weak little pastries filled with

902
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:23,400
dried fruit and honey that you 
sell for a penny each These 

903
00:51:23,400 --> 00:51:27,000
pastries are popular partly 
because they are delicious and 

904
00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:29,200
partly because eating something 
sweet at a market. 

905
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:31,700
Feels like a small Rebellion 
against the ordinary. 

906
00:51:32,500 --> 00:51:36,200
People buy them and eat them 
standing up, getting crumbs on 

907
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:38,000
their clothes, and honey, on 
their fingers. 

908
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:42,700
And the expression on their 
faces is the same every time, a 

909
00:51:42,700 --> 00:51:45,600
brief private moment of pleasure
in the middle of the busy day. 

910
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:49,900
You see this expression and it 
makes the early mornings worth 

911
00:51:49,900 --> 00:51:52,500
it. 
This is why you bake a, not for 

912
00:51:52,500 --> 00:51:55,000
the money, though. 
The Money Matters, not for the 

913
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:58,200
guilds approval, though, the 
guilds approval, also matters. 

914
00:51:59,100 --> 00:52:02,400
You bake with that expression, 
you bake, because bread makes 

915
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:05,500
people happy and making people 
happy turns out to be a 

916
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:07,600
surprisingly. 
Good reason to get out of bed 

917
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:10,700
before the sun. 
Market Days also, bring 

918
00:52:10,700 --> 00:52:14,100
strangers Travelers passing 
through who stopped at your 

919
00:52:14,100 --> 00:52:17,100
counter because they're hungry 
and because a bakery is one of 

920
00:52:17,100 --> 00:52:19,700
the only shops and town that 
requires no introduction. 

921
00:52:21,100 --> 00:52:24,400
Stranger can walk up to your 
counter pointed, a loaf Handover

922
00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:26,700
a coin and leave with something 
to eat. 

923
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:29,900
All without needing to know 
anyone or explain their 

924
00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:32,700
business. 
Bread is the universal language 

925
00:52:32,700 --> 00:52:35,800
of Commerce. 
It needs no translation, no 

926
00:52:35,800 --> 00:52:39,900
negotiation, no social currency.
It just needs a penny and a hand

927
00:52:39,900 --> 00:52:42,500
to hold it. 
And in a world where strangers 

928
00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:46,200
are regarded with a certain 
amount of Suspicion, the bakery 

929
00:52:46,200 --> 00:52:48,900
is one of the few neutral 
territories where anyone is 

930
00:52:48,908 --> 00:52:52,500
welcome, no questions are asked 
as long as they can pay. 

931
00:52:53,900 --> 00:52:58,000
Some of these Travelers, bring 
news a war in the East, a new 

932
00:52:58,008 --> 00:53:02,000
bridge being built, Two Towns 
over traveling, fare setting up 

933
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:05,200
outside the city walls, you 
collect these scraps of 

934
00:53:05,208 --> 00:53:07,400
information the way you collect 
flour dust. 

935
00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:11,600
Passively and constantly until 
they form a picture of The Wider

936
00:53:11,600 --> 00:53:14,900
world, the world beyond your 
town and its lanes, and its 

937
00:53:14,900 --> 00:53:17,600
fields. 
You have never traveled more 

938
00:53:17,600 --> 00:53:19,900
than 20 miles from the place 
where you were born. 

939
00:53:19,900 --> 00:53:23,900
You probably never will, but 
through the stories of strangers

940
00:53:23,900 --> 00:53:26,300
and the gossip of neighbors and 
the occasional pronouncement 

941
00:53:26,300 --> 00:53:29,500
from the pulpit, you know, that 
the world is large and 

942
00:53:29,508 --> 00:53:32,800
complicated, and full of people 
who regardless of where they 

943
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:34,400
live, or what language, they 
speak. 

944
00:53:34,400 --> 00:53:38,500
All need bread. 
The afternoon of a market day is

945
00:53:38,500 --> 00:53:42,300
for accounting. 
You count your coins, separating

946
00:53:42,300 --> 00:53:46,400
the pennies into neat stacks on 
the table calculating, what you 

947
00:53:46,400 --> 00:53:47,600
have earned against what you 
owe. 

948
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:51,900
You owe the Miller for flower, 
you owe The Woodcutter for fuel.

949
00:53:51,900 --> 00:53:55,200
Your a smaller amount to the 
guild for your annual membership

950
00:53:55,200 --> 00:53:59,100
and a larger amount of the 
church for your tithe, which is 

951
00:53:59,100 --> 00:54:02,100
one tenth of your earnings. 
And which you pay with the 

952
00:54:02,100 --> 00:54:05,400
resigned acceptance of a man who
understands that arguing with 

953
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:08,800
the church is like, arguing with
the weather, you will set aside 

954
00:54:08,800 --> 00:54:11,900
money for maintenance because 
ovens crack and Peel's break and

955
00:54:11,900 --> 00:54:16,000
roofs leak and the third step on
the stairs is still loose and 

956
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:19,500
will presumably remain loose 
until the end of time or until 

957
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:23,400
you hire the carpenter. 
Whichever comes first What is 

958
00:54:23,408 --> 00:54:26,200
left is yours. 
It is not a lot. 

959
00:54:26,200 --> 00:54:30,000
You're not rich by any measure, 
but you're not poor either. 

960
00:54:30,000 --> 00:54:33,000
You're somewhere in the 
comfortable middle of medieval 

961
00:54:33,000 --> 00:54:36,300
economic life. 
Skilled Tradesmen with a secure 

962
00:54:36,300 --> 00:54:40,100
place in the community a roof, 
over your head food in your 

963
00:54:40,108 --> 00:54:44,100
belly and work that while 
exhausting gives you a clear 

964
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:47,700
sense of purpose and identity. 
You are a baker. 

965
00:54:47,708 --> 00:54:51,000
It is not just what you do. 
It is who you are. 

966
00:54:52,300 --> 00:54:56,200
In the evening, you might visit 
the tavern, not every evening 

967
00:54:56,200 --> 00:54:58,800
because you need your sleep and 
Ale is the enemy of early 

968
00:54:58,800 --> 00:55:01,000
mornings. 
But occasionally, when the day 

969
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:03,900
has been good and the bread has 
come out well, and you feel like

970
00:55:03,900 --> 00:55:06,000
sitting somewhere that is not 
your Bakehouse. 

971
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:09,800
The Tavern is warm and smells of
wood smoke and Ale and the 

972
00:55:09,800 --> 00:55:11,800
combined efforts of 20 people 
suffers. 

973
00:55:11,800 --> 00:55:16,400
You sit in your usual spot near 
the fire but not too near and 

974
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:19,500
you drink a cup of Ale, which 
the Tavon keep a bruis himself 

975
00:55:19,500 --> 00:55:23,800
from which tastes frankly, like 
something brewed by Avenger not 

976
00:55:23,800 --> 00:55:28,000
by anyone with formal training. 
But it is wet and it is warming 

977
00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:30,300
and it costs less than a loaf of
your bread. 

978
00:55:30,300 --> 00:55:32,700
So you drink it and you do not 
complain. 

979
00:55:33,700 --> 00:55:37,500
The Tavern keeper is a large man
named Hugh who laughs at 

980
00:55:37,500 --> 00:55:41,000
everything, including things 
that are not funny which means 

981
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:42,600
the tavaughn. 
Always, sounds more cheerful 

982
00:55:42,600 --> 00:55:45,500
than it probably is. 
He has been trying to get you to

983
00:55:45,508 --> 00:55:49,200
bake trenches specifically for 
his establishment slightly 

984
00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:52,600
larger and dense than the usual 
kind to absorb. 

985
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:56,300
The truly remarkable quantities 
of gravy that his stews produce 

986
00:55:57,000 --> 00:56:00,000
You're considering it? 
A standing order is a standing 

987
00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:03,500
order and Hugh pays promptly, 
which is more than you can say 

988
00:56:03,500 --> 00:56:05,800
for half the town. 
The other Tradesmen are here 

989
00:56:05,808 --> 00:56:08,900
too. 
The blacksmith whose hands are 

990
00:56:08,908 --> 00:56:12,900
even more damaged than yours is 
scarred and calloused from years

991
00:56:12,900 --> 00:56:17,000
of working with hot metal. 
The carpenter who is quiet and 

992
00:56:17,000 --> 00:56:18,400
thoughtful, and builds 
Furniture. 

993
00:56:18,400 --> 00:56:22,200
So beautiful that you sometimes,
wish you had chosen a trade that

994
00:56:22,208 --> 00:56:24,600
produced objects that lasted 
longer than a day. 

995
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:29,300
The Chandler who makes candles 
and soap and whose shops smells 

996
00:56:29,300 --> 00:56:32,000
like a complicated argument 
between Tallow and lie. 

997
00:56:32,700 --> 00:56:35,600
You sit with these men and you 
talk about nothing in particular

998
00:56:35,600 --> 00:56:39,100
about the weather and the market
and the state of the roads and 

999
00:56:39,100 --> 00:56:40,600
the behavior of the Town 
Council. 

1000
00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:45,300
And this is how Community works 
not through grand gestures or 

1001
00:56:45,300 --> 00:56:49,000
formal institutions, but through
regular people sitting together 

1002
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:52,400
at the end of a long day, 
sharing a drink and a complaint 

1003
00:56:52,400 --> 00:56:55,900
and a laugh and going home, 
feeling slightly, less alone. 

1004
00:56:55,900 --> 00:57:00,400
The months roll passed spring. 
Planting gives way to summarize 

1005
00:57:00,400 --> 00:57:04,000
whitening, which gives way to 
Autumn Harvest which gives way 

1006
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:07,300
to Winter waiting each season 
brings its bread. 

1007
00:57:08,300 --> 00:57:11,500
Spring bread is light and 
hopeful made from the last of 

1008
00:57:11,500 --> 00:57:14,000
the stored grain. 
Before the new crop comes in 

1009
00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:17,800
stretch thin sometimes when the 
stores run low, but always 

1010
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:21,700
present always there. 
Summer bread is generous and 

1011
00:57:21,700 --> 00:57:25,100
golden baked in an oven that 
barely needs stoking, because 

1012
00:57:25,100 --> 00:57:27,200
the air outside is doing half 
the work. 

1013
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:32,200
Autumn bread is the best made 
from fresh milled flour that 

1014
00:57:32,200 --> 00:57:36,600
carries the taste of the fields.
First bred of the new harvest, 

1015
00:57:36,600 --> 00:57:40,100
the bread, that tells the town 
that the lean months are over 

1016
00:57:40,100 --> 00:57:44,100
and abundance as returned. 
Winter, bread is dark and heavy 

1017
00:57:44,100 --> 00:57:48,000
and sustaining rye, and barley. 
And whatever grain is cheapest 

1018
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:50,800
baked to last. 
Because in Winter, you cannot 

1019
00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:53,500
bake every day. 
Not when the wood is wet and the

1020
00:57:53,500 --> 00:57:57,100
oven loses heat to the cold air 
and your fingers are too stiff 

1021
00:57:57,100 --> 00:58:00,100
to need properly. 
There are weeks in late winter, 

1022
00:58:00,100 --> 00:58:03,200
when the flower stalls dropped 
low and you lie awake at night 

1023
00:58:03,200 --> 00:58:05,900
doing arithmetic in your head 
calculating. 

1024
00:58:05,900 --> 00:58:09,700
How many loaves you can stretch 
from what remains these are the 

1025
00:58:09,700 --> 00:58:13,500
anxious weeks, the weeks when 
the price of grain climbs, and 

1026
00:58:13,500 --> 00:58:17,000
the Gilded, the size, and your 
loaves grow lighter, while your 

1027
00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:20,700
worries grow heavy here, You 
have never run completely out. 

1028
00:58:20,700 --> 00:58:26,000
There is always been enough, 
just barely to keep the town fed

1029
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:30,000
until the new crop comes in. 
But the fear of running out is 

1030
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:33,600
always there a background hum 
beneath the daily routine. 

1031
00:58:33,600 --> 00:58:36,900
The way, the sound of the creek 
is always there beneath the 

1032
00:58:36,908 --> 00:58:39,700
sounds of the town. 
You do not dwell on it. 

1033
00:58:39,700 --> 00:58:42,600
You bake what? 
You can with what you have, and 

1034
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:45,100
you trust that the fields will 
produce and the Miller will 

1035
00:58:45,100 --> 00:58:47,600
grind and the cycle will 
continue as it always has. 

1036
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:51,300
And then one more morning in 
late spring, the new grain 

1037
00:58:51,300 --> 00:58:54,100
arrives, Thomas, the Miller 
pulls up in his car. 

1038
00:58:54,100 --> 00:58:56,900
Sacks of fresh flower stacked 
High. 

1039
00:58:56,900 --> 00:59:01,100
And the flower is pale and sweet
smelling and when you rub it 

1040
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:03,400
between your fingers, it feels 
like a promise. 

1041
00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:07,000
The first Loaf from the new 
grain is always something 

1042
00:59:07,000 --> 00:59:09,800
special. 
You bake it with extra care, 

1043
00:59:09,800 --> 00:59:13,500
shaping it well scoring. 
It deeply and giving it the best

1044
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:17,500
spot in the oven where the heat 
is most even when it comes out 

1045
00:59:17,500 --> 00:59:21,800
gold and fragrant and crackling 
softly as it cools, you break 

1046
00:59:21,800 --> 00:59:24,900
off a piece and eat it standing 
right there at the oven mouth 

1047
00:59:24,900 --> 00:59:29,200
and it tastes like relief. 
The lean weeks are over the 

1048
00:59:29,200 --> 00:59:32,200
year, has turned. 
Through it all the bread 

1049
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:35,600
sustains, it is the foundation 
of every meal. 

1050
00:59:35,600 --> 00:59:38,600
It is the first thing on the 
table in the morning and the 

1051
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:41,500
last thing cleared away at 
night, it is what mothers give 

1052
00:59:41,500 --> 00:59:44,800
crying children and what wives 
pack for husbands heading to the

1053
00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:47,400
fields. 
It is what the sick eat when 

1054
00:59:47,400 --> 00:59:50,500
they can eat nothing else. 
And what the dying receive is 

1055
00:59:50,508 --> 00:59:53,700
their last Earthly comfort, 
Bread is life. 

1056
00:59:53,700 --> 00:59:58,300
And the person who makes it is 
in a sense in the life-giving 

1057
00:59:58,300 --> 01:00:02,700
business, You do not think of it
in such Grand terms. 

1058
01:00:02,700 --> 01:00:06,900
Of course, you are a baker, not 
a philosopher, you think of 

1059
01:00:06,900 --> 01:00:11,000
flour and water and fire and 
time and the 900 things that can

1060
01:00:11,000 --> 01:00:14,400
go wrong between the mixing and 
the selling You think about 

1061
01:00:14,400 --> 01:00:17,300
whether Thomas the Miller is 
overcharging, you, you think 

1062
01:00:17,300 --> 01:00:20,000
about whether you're Apprentice 
will ever learn to score a low 

1063
01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:21,900
without making it. 
Look like it lost a fight. 

1064
01:00:21,900 --> 01:00:24,600
You think about the third step 
on the stairs? 

1065
01:00:25,400 --> 01:00:28,200
But underneath all the daily 
concerns underneath the flour 

1066
01:00:28,200 --> 01:00:31,400
dust and the aching shoulders, 
and the permanently warm hands. 

1067
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:35,400
There is something that might if
you were the kind of person who 

1068
01:00:35,400 --> 01:00:39,300
used such words be called 
contentment, you have a place in

1069
01:00:39,300 --> 01:00:41,500
the world, the other skill that 
matters. 

1070
01:00:41,500 --> 01:00:44,500
You have a purpose that connects
you to your neighbor's and your 

1071
01:00:44,500 --> 01:00:48,100
town and the long line of Bakers
who came before you your brain 

1072
01:00:48,100 --> 01:00:51,200
is on every table. 
Your oven warms, the town's 

1073
01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:54,000
meals, your Bakehouse is a 
landmark. 

1074
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:57,900
A Gathering Place. 
Fixed point in the Turning 

1075
01:00:57,900 --> 01:01:00,600
world. 
The church bell rings for 

1076
01:01:00,600 --> 01:01:03,800
complying. 
The last prayer of the day and 

1077
01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:07,200
its sound drifts down through 
the darkness and through your 

1078
01:01:07,200 --> 01:01:11,400
window and into the room where 
you lie in your bed, smelling a 

1079
01:01:11,400 --> 01:01:13,400
flower, and soap and dried 
lavender. 

1080
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:17,100
The dough in the trough down. 
Stairs is rising slowly in the 

1081
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:19,900
dark. 
The oven is breathing, its low 

1082
01:01:19,900 --> 01:01:23,900
steady Heat. 
The town sleeps, You Close Your 

1083
01:01:23,900 --> 01:01:26,300
Eyes. 
The mattress is not comfortable.

1084
01:01:26,300 --> 01:01:30,200
The blanket is not soft. 
The pillow smells like your 

1085
01:01:30,200 --> 01:01:32,400
grandmother's Garden, but you 
are tired. 

1086
01:01:32,400 --> 01:01:35,900
In the way, that only honest 
work, makes you tired tired in 

1087
01:01:35,908 --> 01:01:39,200
the bones and the muscles and 
the satisfying, Center of your 

1088
01:01:39,200 --> 01:01:42,500
self, and sleep comes easily the
way. 

1089
01:01:42,508 --> 01:01:44,800
It always does when you have 
spent the day making something 

1090
01:01:44,800 --> 01:01:48,200
real, Tomorrow, you will wake in
the dark. 

1091
01:01:49,200 --> 01:01:53,100
The floor will be cold, the oven
will need feeding, the dough 

1092
01:01:53,100 --> 01:01:56,200
will be waiting. 
The town will need its bread and

1093
01:01:56,200 --> 01:01:59,400
you will be there to provide it 
as you were yesterday and will 

1094
01:01:59,408 --> 01:02:01,900
be tomorrow. 
And the day after that, and the 

1095
01:02:01,908 --> 01:02:05,200
day after that, the Baker and a 
town whose name nobody remembers

1096
01:02:05,200 --> 01:02:07,700
making the thing that everybody 
needs. 

1097
01:02:08,700 --> 01:02:12,500
And just before you drift off in
that floating space between 

1098
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:16,100
waking and sleeping. 
You think about the bread about 

1099
01:02:16,100 --> 01:02:19,600
the way it rises in the dark 
about the way it transforms in 

1100
01:02:19,600 --> 01:02:23,200
the heat about the way it feeds.
The world, one loaf at a time 

1101
01:02:23,208 --> 01:02:26,600
without asking for anything in 
return, you're a baker. 

1102
01:02:26,600 --> 01:02:29,700
It is enough. 
The last thing you hear before, 

1103
01:02:29,700 --> 01:02:31,700
sleep takes you is the oven 
settling. 

1104
01:02:31,700 --> 01:02:35,500
A low contented sound like a 
large animal curling up for the 

1105
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:37,700
night. 
Fire Whispers. 

1106
01:02:37,700 --> 01:02:40,800
The Flower sits quietly and it's
bins. 

1107
01:02:40,800 --> 01:02:46,000
The doe dreams of bread and you 
dream of mourning, not a 

1108
01:02:46,000 --> 01:02:48,400
specific morning, just morning 
itself. 

1109
01:02:49,300 --> 01:02:53,400
The feeling of it, the dark 
Kitchen coming to life, the fire

1110
01:02:53,400 --> 01:02:56,900
catching the flower falls, 
through your fingers into the 

1111
01:02:56,900 --> 01:03:01,400
trough, the doe yields to your 
hands, the smell of bread, 

1112
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:03,600
climbing out of the other and 
into the world. 

1113
01:03:04,500 --> 01:03:06,800
This is your life. 
It is small. 

1114
01:03:06,800 --> 01:03:10,400
It is local. 
It will not be recorded in any 

1115
01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:12,900
Chronicle or celebrated in any 
song. 

1116
01:03:14,000 --> 01:03:17,100
No one will build a monument to 
the baker who made the brown 

1117
01:03:17,100 --> 01:03:21,000
loaves in the town, whose name 
the maps forgot. but the people 

1118
01:03:21,000 --> 01:03:24,900
you fed will remember the taste 
the warmth of your Bakehouse 

1119
01:03:24,900 --> 01:03:27,900
will live in the memory of every
child who pressed their nose 

1120
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:32,400
against the counter and breathed
in the sweet Wheatie are on a 

1121
01:03:32,400 --> 01:03:34,800
cold morning. 
The bread you made will become 

1122
01:03:34,800 --> 01:03:38,500
part of the body that ate it. 
Part of the bones and the blood 

1123
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:41,300
and the energy that built 
houses, and plowed fields, and 

1124
01:03:41,300 --> 01:03:44,200
carried, babies and laughed. 
At the tavern on Friday nights. 

1125
01:03:44,200 --> 01:03:47,100
You are a baker. 
You feed the world. 

1126
01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:49,800
One loaf at a time. 
One morning, at a time on 

1127
01:03:49,800 --> 01:03:52,000
ordinary extraordinary day after
another. 

1128
01:03:53,000 --> 01:03:55,500
Sleep. 
Now, the dough is rising, the 

1129
01:03:55,500 --> 01:03:58,400
oven is warm. 
The morning will come as it 

1130
01:03:58,400 --> 01:04:00,600
always does and you will be 
ready for it. 

1131
01:04:00,600 --> 01:04:06,100
You are always ready for it. 
Good night Baker, your town 

1132
01:04:06,100 --> 01:04:14,800
sleeps well because of you. 
You open your eyes Before, Dawn.

1133
01:04:14,800 --> 01:04:18,800
And the first thing you notice 
is how quiet everything is not 

1134
01:04:18,800 --> 01:04:22,400
silent. 
Egypt is never truly silent, but

1135
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:25,400
hushed in that particular way, 
that happens when an entire 

1136
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:27,900
Palace is holding. 
Its breath waiting for you to 

1137
01:04:27,908 --> 01:04:31,400
wake up somewhere beyond your 
bed chamber, you can hear the 

1138
01:04:31,400 --> 01:04:35,300
distant sound of water being 
poured, the soft padding of bare

1139
01:04:35,300 --> 01:04:38,700
feet on Limestone floors and the
gentle rustle of linen. 

1140
01:04:38,700 --> 01:04:41,700
A servants prepare for your day,
but none of them will enter 

1141
01:04:41,700 --> 01:04:43,300
until you signal that you're 
ready. 

1142
01:04:44,200 --> 01:04:48,300
Being a God, has its perks. 
And previously Before Sunrise is

1143
01:04:48,300 --> 01:04:51,600
one of them, the bed beneath you
a surprisingly comfortable for 

1144
01:04:51,600 --> 01:04:53,200
something? 
That looks like it was designed 

1145
01:04:53,200 --> 01:04:55,000
by someone. 
Who'd, never actually slept 

1146
01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:57,100
before. 
It's a wooden frame with a 

1147
01:04:57,108 --> 01:05:00,900
football carved to look like 
protective Spirits, part lion 

1148
01:05:00,900 --> 01:05:03,700
part something else entirely 
that, you're not entirely sure 

1149
01:05:03,700 --> 01:05:06,100
about but the Artisan seemed 
confident. 

1150
01:05:06,100 --> 01:05:08,800
So you went with it. 
The mattress is woven Reed, 

1151
01:05:08,800 --> 01:05:11,900
covered with linen sheets that 
somehow stay cool even in the 

1152
01:05:11,900 --> 01:05:15,300
Egyptian Heat. 
Your head rest, a curved piece 

1153
01:05:15,300 --> 01:05:18,800
of wood that cradles your neck 
has taken some getting used to 

1154
01:05:18,800 --> 01:05:21,600
over the years when you were 
younger you thought it was a 

1155
01:05:21,600 --> 01:05:25,900
torture device to Furniture. 
Now, you can't sleep without it.

1156
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:29,900
The room smells like murder and 
frankincense from the sensors 

1157
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:33,300
that burn through the night 
mixed with the peculiar Center 

1158
01:05:33,300 --> 01:05:36,400
of Old Stone that permeates 
every building in Egypt. 

1159
01:05:36,400 --> 01:05:40,700
It's not unpleasant. 
Actually it become so familiar 

1160
01:05:40,700 --> 01:05:44,000
that you find it comforting, 
like the smell of rain to 

1161
01:05:44,000 --> 01:05:47,000
someone who grew up in a wetter 
climate through the highway 

1162
01:05:47,000 --> 01:05:50,300
Windows, you can see the sky 
turning from black to Deep Blue.

1163
01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:54,400
That particular shade that only 
exists for about 15 minutes, 

1164
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:57,800
each morning before the sun 
decides to make its dramatic 

1165
01:05:57,800 --> 01:06:02,000
entrance, you sit up slowly 
because even pharaohs need a 

1166
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:04,700
moment to let their backs adjust
after lying down all night. 

1167
01:06:04,700 --> 01:06:08,100
The Golden, lapis lazuli 
pectoral, you ought to bed. 

1168
01:06:08,100 --> 01:06:10,600
You'll never completely 
unadorned, even in sleep 

1169
01:06:10,600 --> 01:06:13,000
catches, the pre-dawn light and 
throws. 

1170
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:16,600
Tiny blue stars across the wall.
It's one of your favorites. 

1171
01:06:16,600 --> 01:06:20,200
Actually less ostentatious than 
some of the ceremonial pieces, 

1172
01:06:20,200 --> 01:06:22,500
but beautiful in a way that 
doesn't scream. 

1173
01:06:22,500 --> 01:06:25,400
Look at me. 
I'm incredibly important and 

1174
01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:30,700
wealthy. it just Whispers it 
politely there's a gentle cough 

1175
01:06:30,700 --> 01:06:34,000
from the door, not an impatient 
cough because nobody in their 

1176
01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:36,100
right mind would cough 
impatiently at a pharaoh. 

1177
01:06:36,800 --> 01:06:39,700
But a we're ready when you are 
but also the sun waits for no 

1178
01:06:39,700 --> 01:06:43,600
one kind of cough you call out 
that you're awake and the door 

1179
01:06:43,600 --> 01:06:47,000
opens to admit a small 
procession of people whose 

1180
01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:49,400
entire job is, to make sure you 
don't have to dress yourself. 

1181
01:06:49,400 --> 01:06:52,900
Leading them is Ammon. 
Hotep, your chief steward, who 

1182
01:06:52,900 --> 01:06:56,100
has perfected, the art of 
looking simultaneously alert and

1183
01:06:56,100 --> 01:06:58,200
Serene at an hour. 
When most people look like 

1184
01:06:58,200 --> 01:07:01,500
they've been hit with a brick, 
the purification ritual happens 

1185
01:07:01,500 --> 01:07:04,700
first before you can eat or 
drink or do anything else, 

1186
01:07:04,700 --> 01:07:07,500
because you can't very well 
commune with the gods while 

1187
01:07:07,500 --> 01:07:09,500
smelling like you've been asleep
for eight hours. 

1188
01:07:09,500 --> 01:07:13,400
Two presenter carrying Alabaster
jars of water drawn from the 

1189
01:07:13,400 --> 01:07:18,500
Nile at sacred spot Upstream. 
The water is cool and clean and 

1190
01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:21,700
they pour it over your hands and
feet while reciting prayers that

1191
01:07:21,700 --> 01:07:24,600
you've heard so many times you 
could recite them backwards. 

1192
01:07:24,600 --> 01:07:27,600
He probably shouldn't mention 
that you want to try doing 

1193
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:30,600
exactly that during a 
particularly boring ceremony 

1194
01:07:30,600 --> 01:07:34,600
when you were 13. 
Your high priest wasn't amused. 

1195
01:07:34,600 --> 01:07:39,000
The washing is methodical and 
strangely peaceful one, priest 

1196
01:07:39,000 --> 01:07:42,600
focuses on your right side, the 
other on your left, moving in 

1197
01:07:42,600 --> 01:07:45,100
perfect synchronization. 
Like they've been practicing 

1198
01:07:45,100 --> 01:07:48,600
this routine for years. 
Which, of course they have. 

1199
01:07:48,600 --> 01:07:52,400
Water runs over your skin and 
collects in a bronze bass and 

1200
01:07:52,400 --> 01:07:55,200
beneath your feet. 
Carrying away the night and 

1201
01:07:55,200 --> 01:07:58,600
symbolically at least any 
impurities that might have 

1202
01:07:58,608 --> 01:08:02,600
accumulated while you slept, you
watch ripples form in the Basin 

1203
01:08:02,600 --> 01:08:05,900
and think about how the Nile 
itself must be going through its

1204
01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:08,800
own morning. 
Routines, Downstream preparing 

1205
01:08:08,800 --> 01:08:11,700
for another day of keeping 
millions of people alive. 

1206
01:08:12,600 --> 01:08:15,200
Next comes the anointing with 
oils. 

1207
01:08:15,200 --> 01:08:19,100
These aren't your everyday oils.
Nobody's rubbing you down with 

1208
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:21,300
whatever they used to keep door 
hinges from squeaking. 

1209
01:08:21,300 --> 01:08:26,399
These are sacred oils, expensive
oils oils that had to be 

1210
01:08:26,399 --> 01:08:30,100
imported from places so far away
that the merchants who brought 

1211
01:08:30,100 --> 01:08:33,200
them spent months traveling 
through deserts and across Seas,

1212
01:08:33,200 --> 01:08:37,200
the chief oil is mer, mixed with
cinnamon and something floral 

1213
01:08:37,200 --> 01:08:38,700
that you can never quite 
identify. 

1214
01:08:38,700 --> 01:08:40,899
But smells like, what you 
imagine? 

1215
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:44,200
The gods Garden would smell like
if God's needed, Guardians the 

1216
01:08:44,200 --> 01:08:47,899
priest applies the oil to your 
forehead, first drawing symbols,

1217
01:08:47,899 --> 01:08:50,700
you can't see, but can feel in 
the patterns, his fingers, make 

1218
01:08:50,700 --> 01:08:54,399
then your chest your arms and 
your feet. 

1219
01:08:55,500 --> 01:08:59,200
The oil soaks in slowly leaving 
your skin gleaming in the 

1220
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:02,700
Lamplight, you smell like a 
temple now which is appropriate,

1221
01:09:02,700 --> 01:09:05,600
considering you're about to 
become the primary link between 

1222
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:08,300
Egypt and every God who is 
paying attention this morning. 

1223
01:09:09,800 --> 01:09:13,100
The dressing process is its own 
kind of ritual first. 

1224
01:09:13,100 --> 01:09:16,899
The linen killed. 
Not just any linen but Royal 

1225
01:09:16,899 --> 01:09:19,600
linen woven. 
So finally you can barely feel 

1226
01:09:19,600 --> 01:09:22,700
it against your skin. 
It pleated within an inch of its

1227
01:09:22,700 --> 01:09:25,200
life. 
Each fold sharp enough to cut 

1228
01:09:25,200 --> 01:09:28,500
Papyrus and it's held in place 
with a belt that weighs 

1229
01:09:28,500 --> 01:09:30,200
approximately as much as a small
cat. 

1230
01:09:30,200 --> 01:09:33,000
The belt is gold because of 
course it is. 

1231
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:36,700
Inlaid with semi-precious, 
stones arranged in patterns that

1232
01:09:36,700 --> 01:09:40,300
tell stories about your Divine 
Right To Rule and your ancestors

1233
01:09:40,300 --> 01:09:43,500
Divine Right To Rule and 
basically everyone in your 

1234
01:09:43,500 --> 01:09:46,399
family's divine right to do 
whatever they want. 

1235
01:09:46,399 --> 01:09:49,300
Then the color. 
This is where things get 

1236
01:09:49,300 --> 01:09:50,500
serious. 
Wait wise. 

1237
01:09:50,500 --> 01:09:55,300
The broad color is a masterpiece
of goldsmithing rows upon rows 

1238
01:09:55,300 --> 01:09:59,200
of gold Carnelian, turquoise and
Lapis, Lazuli beads strung 

1239
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:02,700
together to create something 
that's part jewelry, part armor 

1240
01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:06,600
and part statement piece that 
says, yes, I could buy your 

1241
01:10:06,600 --> 01:10:09,500
entire village with what I'm 
wearing around my neck. 

1242
01:10:10,300 --> 01:10:12,300
It settles onto your shoulders 
with a familiar. 

1243
01:10:12,300 --> 01:10:14,700
Heaviness new automatically 
straighten. 

1244
01:10:14,700 --> 01:10:17,900
Your posture to compensate. 
You've been wearing these colors

1245
01:10:17,900 --> 01:10:20,900
since you were crowned, and 
you've developed a neck muscles,

1246
01:10:20,900 --> 01:10:22,800
that could probably support a 
small building. 

1247
01:10:22,800 --> 01:10:27,000
The crown comes last, not the 
elaborate double crown, you'll 

1248
01:10:27,000 --> 01:10:29,500
wear for major ceremonies. 
That thing requires its own 

1249
01:10:29,500 --> 01:10:32,100
support staff, and gives you a 
headache after about 20 minutes,

1250
01:10:32,100 --> 01:10:36,600
but the simple neems headdress. 
The striped linen cloth that 

1251
01:10:36,600 --> 01:10:40,100
frames your face and makes you 
instantly recognizable as 

1252
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:42,500
Pharaoh. 
It's surprisingly practical 

1253
01:10:42,500 --> 01:10:46,300
actually, Keeps the sun off your
head, keeps your hair out of 

1254
01:10:46,300 --> 01:10:48,700
your face and looks sufficiently
impressive. 

1255
01:10:48,700 --> 01:10:52,600
That people remember their, in 
the presence of royalty Finally 

1256
01:10:52,600 --> 01:10:54,200
they hand you the crook and 
flail. 

1257
01:10:54,200 --> 01:10:57,300
These are your symbols of 
kingship, the tools that Mark 

1258
01:10:57,300 --> 01:11:01,200
you as both Shepherd and Warrior
of Egypt, the crook is hooked at

1259
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:03,700
the top symbolizing, your role 
in guiding your people. 

1260
01:11:04,600 --> 01:11:07,300
Fail is a kind of whip thing 
that honestly serves no 

1261
01:11:07,300 --> 01:11:11,300
practical purpose, but looks 
great in reliefs and reminds 

1262
01:11:11,300 --> 01:11:14,000
everyone that you could 
theoretically, Smite them if 

1263
01:11:14,000 --> 01:11:16,200
necessary. 
You hold them crossed against 

1264
01:11:16,200 --> 01:11:19,000
your chest, in the traditional 
pose and catch sight of yourself

1265
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:23,100
in a polished bronze mirror. 
You look like a pharaoh, you 

1266
01:11:23,100 --> 01:11:26,800
look like power personified, you
look like someone who definitely

1267
01:11:26,800 --> 01:11:29,500
knows what they're doing and has
everything under control. 

1268
01:11:29,500 --> 01:11:33,100
It's a good look even if you 
know that underneath all the 

1269
01:11:33,108 --> 01:11:36,800
gold and oil and carefully 
arranged linen, you're just a 

1270
01:11:36,800 --> 01:11:38,800
person who's going to need to 
visit the previous at some point

1271
01:11:38,808 --> 01:11:42,500
today and would really like some
breakfast this Sun. 

1272
01:11:42,500 --> 01:11:46,300
God Ra is making his appearance 
on the Eastern Horizon, which 

1273
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:48,500
means it's time for you to make 
yours at the temple. 

1274
01:11:48,500 --> 01:11:52,400
This is non-negotiable you could
be dying and actually one of 

1275
01:11:52,400 --> 01:11:55,100
your predecessors did perform 
the morning ritual Wilding, 

1276
01:11:55,100 --> 01:11:58,800
which everyone agreed was 
impressively dedicated but also 

1277
01:11:58,800 --> 01:12:02,100
maybe taking things a bit far. 
And you'd still need to show up 

1278
01:12:02,100 --> 01:12:05,900
to help the sun rise because 
according to theology, the sun 

1279
01:12:05,900 --> 01:12:10,000
doesn't rise on his own. 
It rises because you as the 

1280
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:13,700
living embodiment of Horus 
perform the correct rituals to 

1281
01:12:13,700 --> 01:12:15,900
make it happen. 
No pressure. 

1282
01:12:15,900 --> 01:12:18,800
The walk to the temple. 
Takes you through corridors, 

1283
01:12:18,800 --> 01:12:20,600
that are starting to come alive 
with activity. 

1284
01:12:21,400 --> 01:12:24,100
Servants press themselves 
against the walls as you pass 

1285
01:12:24,100 --> 01:12:28,000
heads bowed because looking 
directly at you is considered 

1286
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:30,500
bold at best and sacrilegious at
worst. 

1287
01:12:30,500 --> 01:12:33,600
You've tried to tell people, 
they can look at you, like a 

1288
01:12:33,600 --> 01:12:36,700
normal person, but apparently 
that's not how Divine King ship 

1289
01:12:36,700 --> 01:12:38,600
works. 
So, you've learned to 

1290
01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:40,600
acknowledge them without 
requiring I contact. 

1291
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:44,300
Small nod here. 
A gesture there enough to show 

1292
01:12:44,300 --> 01:12:45,800
you. 
See them without forcing them, 

1293
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:49,700
into an awkward theological 
situation, the temple is cool 

1294
01:12:49,700 --> 01:12:53,600
and dark lit, only by oil lamps,
that create pools of golden 

1295
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:56,000
light. 
In the darkness, the air is 

1296
01:12:56,000 --> 01:12:59,300
thick with incense so thick you 
can practically taste it and 

1297
01:12:59,300 --> 01:13:01,600
you've developed the ability to 
breathe through your mouth 

1298
01:13:01,600 --> 01:13:04,700
without being obvious about it. 
The walls are covered in higher 

1299
01:13:04,700 --> 01:13:08,100
or glyphs and images that tell 
the story of Creation, The Gods,

1300
01:13:08,100 --> 01:13:11,000
Your Divine ancestry, and 
several of your own 

1301
01:13:11,000 --> 01:13:13,900
accomplishments that may have 
been slightly exaggerated by the

1302
01:13:13,900 --> 01:13:18,100
artists that battle you won in 
real life, it was messy and 

1303
01:13:18,108 --> 01:13:21,800
terrifying and you nearly got 
knocked off your chariot on the 

1304
01:13:21,808 --> 01:13:24,200
temple wall, your 
single-handedly defeating 

1305
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:26,900
thousands of enemies while 
remaining perfectly quaffed. 

1306
01:13:26,900 --> 01:13:30,000
The high priest is waiting for 
you at the sanctuary entrance 

1307
01:13:30,000 --> 01:13:33,100
along with a collection of other
priests who form a kind of 

1308
01:13:33,100 --> 01:13:36,000
religious Entourage. 
There are all shaved, completely

1309
01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:38,300
bald. 
Not just their heads, but 

1310
01:13:38,300 --> 01:13:42,400
eyebrows everything because body
hair is considered impure in 

1311
01:13:42,400 --> 01:13:45,700
sacred spaces. 
You've always found this a bit 

1312
01:13:45,708 --> 01:13:48,300
extreme but you're not the one 
who made the rules. 

1313
01:13:48,300 --> 01:13:51,300
Well, technically you are the 
one who could change the rules 

1314
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:54,300
being pharaoh and all but some 
traditions are so old and so 

1315
01:13:54,300 --> 01:13:56,200
ingrained that even you don't 
mess with them. 

1316
01:13:56,200 --> 01:13:59,700
The inner Sanctuary is where the
god actually lives, not 

1317
01:13:59,700 --> 01:14:03,200
metaphorically, lives the statue
in their houses, the actual 

1318
01:14:03,200 --> 01:14:06,400
essence of the god, making it 
the most sacred, and most 

1319
01:14:06,408 --> 01:14:10,800
dangerous spot in all of Egypt. 
Only you and the high priest can

1320
01:14:10,800 --> 01:14:15,100
enter and even then only during 
a specific rituals, the door is 

1321
01:14:15,100 --> 01:14:18,000
sealed with the previous day 
seal which you break with the 

1322
01:14:18,000 --> 01:14:22,500
ceremonial knife, the wax cracks
with a satisfying snap and the 

1323
01:14:22,500 --> 01:14:25,300
heavy doors, swing open to 
reveal the gods dwelling. 

1324
01:14:26,300 --> 01:14:30,300
Statue is magnificent covered in
Gold Leaf and precious stones 

1325
01:14:30,300 --> 01:14:32,900
wearing its own set of 
ceremonial garments that get 

1326
01:14:32,900 --> 01:14:36,000
changed daily. 
It stands in the dim, lamp light

1327
01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:39,000
looking appropriately, Divine, 
and slightly intimidating. 

1328
01:14:39,000 --> 01:14:41,900
The day at his eyes seemed to 
follow you as you approach, 

1329
01:14:41,900 --> 01:14:44,800
which is either a trick of the 
light or proof that the God is 

1330
01:14:44,800 --> 01:14:48,000
indeed present. 
You prefer not to think about it

1331
01:14:48,000 --> 01:14:50,700
too deeply. 
The morning ritual is always the

1332
01:14:50,700 --> 01:14:54,200
same you approach the statue. 
Reciting prayers in the ancient 

1333
01:14:54,200 --> 01:14:57,100
tongue that you learned 
phonetically, as a child, even 

1334
01:14:57,100 --> 01:14:59,500
though you're fluent in them. 
Now, there's something about the

1335
01:14:59,500 --> 01:15:03,700
sound of the words rounded and 
formal and heavy with Millennia 

1336
01:15:03,700 --> 01:15:06,400
of repetition, that makes them 
feel powerful. 

1337
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:10,800
You're not just speaking, you're
activating something connecting 

1338
01:15:10,800 --> 01:15:12,600
to a power that existed before 
your 

1339
01:15:12,600 --> 01:15:15,000
great-great-great-grandparents 
were born. 

1340
01:15:15,700 --> 01:15:19,600
You purify the statue with water
and nature and carefully washing

1341
01:15:19,600 --> 01:15:23,300
the gods face and hands. 
Then you dress it in fresh line 

1342
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:26,000
in removeing, yesterday's 
garments and replacing them with

1343
01:15:26,000 --> 01:15:28,200
new ones that have been 
specially prepared and 

1344
01:15:28,200 --> 01:15:31,000
consecrated. 
The god gets jewelry, too 

1345
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:35,500
necklaces and bracelets that you
fasten with steady hands, taking

1346
01:15:35,500 --> 01:15:38,800
care, not to let them tangle. 
You've gotten quite good at 

1347
01:15:38,800 --> 01:15:40,800
this. 
Over the years, the first time 

1348
01:15:40,800 --> 01:15:44,100
you did it, you were so nervous.
You nearly dropped a Priceless 

1349
01:15:44,100 --> 01:15:47,600
Amulet, the high priest face 
went through several shades of 

1350
01:15:47,600 --> 01:15:52,100
pale before you caught it Food 
offerings come next a small 

1351
01:15:52,100 --> 01:15:54,700
Feast is laid out before the 
statue bread. 

1352
01:15:54,700 --> 01:15:58,100
Beer roasted duck, fresh fruit 
and vegetables prepared. 

1353
01:15:58,100 --> 01:16:01,600
Exactly the way the god, 
prefers, the irony isn't lost on

1354
01:16:01,600 --> 01:16:02,900
you. 
That the god probably doesn't 

1355
01:16:02,900 --> 01:16:05,800
actually eat the food. 
But what happens is that, the 

1356
01:16:05,800 --> 01:16:08,800
gods Essence consumes, the 
spiritual part of the meal, 

1357
01:16:08,800 --> 01:16:12,500
leaving the physical part to be 
distributed among the priests 

1358
01:16:12,500 --> 01:16:14,500
later. 
It's an efficient system, really

1359
01:16:14,500 --> 01:16:18,800
the gods get fed, the priests 
get fed, and everyone's happy. 

1360
01:16:19,600 --> 01:16:23,000
You like incense and make the 
final offerings, reciting the 

1361
01:16:23,000 --> 01:16:26,300
prayers, that release the Gods, 
power to flow through Egypt, for

1362
01:16:26,300 --> 01:16:28,600
another day. 
It's during these moments that 

1363
01:16:28,600 --> 01:16:31,600
you sometimes feel something 
shift in the air, something you 

1364
01:16:31,600 --> 01:16:34,100
can't quite explain, but the 
makes the hair on your arms 

1365
01:16:34,100 --> 01:16:36,700
stand up. 
Maybe it's just the incense 

1366
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:38,000
smoke Playing Tricks on your 
mind. 

1367
01:16:38,000 --> 01:16:41,300
Maybe it's the weight of belief 
from millions of Egyptians 

1368
01:16:41,300 --> 01:16:44,100
flowing through you. 
Maybe the gods really are 

1369
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:46,100
listening? 
When you emerge from the 

1370
01:16:46,108 --> 01:16:48,300
sanctuary, the Sun as fully 
risen? 

1371
01:16:48,300 --> 01:16:51,900
This is important. 
If you'd fail in your duties, 

1372
01:16:51,900 --> 01:16:54,000
theoretically, the sun wouldn't 
have risen. 

1373
01:16:54,000 --> 01:16:57,100
Egypt would have fallen into 
chaos and it would have been 

1374
01:16:57,100 --> 01:17:00,900
entirely your fault. 
But the sun is shining, the Nile

1375
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:05,100
is flowing, and the world 
continues to exist, which means 

1376
01:17:05,100 --> 01:17:08,300
you've successfully fulfilled, 
your Cosmic responsibility for 

1377
01:17:08,300 --> 01:17:12,000
another morning, You allow 
yourself a moment of quiet 

1378
01:17:12,000 --> 01:17:15,200
satisfaction. 
The rest of the morning involves

1379
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:19,400
more temples and more Gods Egypt
has a lot of gods and almost 

1380
01:17:19,400 --> 01:17:22,600
embarrassing number of gods. 
Really, and while you can't 

1381
01:17:22,600 --> 01:17:25,500
personally visit all of them. 
Every day you need to make 

1382
01:17:25,500 --> 01:17:27,800
regular appearances. 
At the major temples. 

1383
01:17:27,800 --> 01:17:31,700
There's the Temple of a moon, 
the king of Gods, whose priests 

1384
01:17:31,700 --> 01:17:35,000
wheeled almost as much power as 
you do and need to be kept 

1385
01:17:35,000 --> 01:17:37,600
happy. 
There's the Temple of tar, 

1386
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:40,500
patron of Craftsmen whose favor 
you need. 

1387
01:17:40,500 --> 01:17:43,500
If you want your building 
projects to succeed, there's the

1388
01:17:43,500 --> 01:17:47,200
Temple of hathor goddess of love
and joy whose festivals are 

1389
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:49,900
significantly more fun than the 
other gods festivals. 

1390
01:17:50,600 --> 01:17:54,000
Each Temple visit follows a 
similar pattern approach with 

1391
01:17:54,000 --> 01:17:57,200
appropriate, reverence perform 
the rituals make the offerings 

1392
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:01,100
and listen to the priest reports
about Temple business and their 

1393
01:18:01,100 --> 01:18:05,600
requests for more funding. 
The request for funding are 

1394
01:18:05,600 --> 01:18:08,600
constant every priest believes 
their God, deserves a bigger 

1395
01:18:08,600 --> 01:18:11,900
Temple more offering, an 
additional staff. 

1396
01:18:11,900 --> 01:18:15,400
You've become skilled at the 
political dance of appearing to 

1397
01:18:15,400 --> 01:18:18,600
consider every request. 
Seriously, while committing to 

1398
01:18:18,600 --> 01:18:22,500
nothing specific between 
temples, your carried on a 

1399
01:18:22,500 --> 01:18:25,100
litter by bearers who move with 
synchronized Precision. 

1400
01:18:25,100 --> 01:18:28,500
Making the journey smooth enough
that you could probably balance 

1401
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:30,900
a couple of wine on your head 
without spilling a drop. 

1402
01:18:31,600 --> 01:18:34,100
Not that you've tried. 
That would be undignified. 

1403
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:37,400
The streets are crowded with 
people who've come out to see 

1404
01:18:37,400 --> 01:18:40,500
you pass and you maintain the 
appropriate expression of 

1405
01:18:40,508 --> 01:18:44,100
benevolent Divine Authority. 
While privately wondering, if 

1406
01:18:44,100 --> 01:18:46,500
you remember to have someone 
check on your favorite hunting, 

1407
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:50,200
dog, who seemed a bit off 
yesterday by mid-morning. 

1408
01:18:50,200 --> 01:18:52,900
Your back at the palace for the 
less spiritual, but equally 

1409
01:18:52,900 --> 01:18:56,100
important part of being Pharaoh 
actually running the country. 

1410
01:18:56,900 --> 01:18:59,500
The audience Hall is already 
filling with people who need 

1411
01:18:59,500 --> 01:19:02,900
something from. 
You officials Nobles, foreign 

1412
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:07,500
ambassadors, priests Architects,
Merchants Farmers with disputes,

1413
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:12,200
criminals awaiting judgment, and
that one persistent inventor who

1414
01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:15,100
keeps trying to convince you to 
fund his revolutionary new 

1415
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:17,900
irrigation system. 
That will definitely work this 

1416
01:19:17,900 --> 01:19:20,700
time. 
Unlike the last three times, he 

1417
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:24,300
settle onto your throne, which 
is magnificent and uncomfortable

1418
01:19:24,300 --> 01:19:26,900
in equal measure. 
It's designed to make you look 

1419
01:19:26,900 --> 01:19:29,500
powerful, not to provide lumbar 
support. 

1420
01:19:29,500 --> 01:19:34,600
The throne is gold plated inlaid
with Ivory and Ebony and carved 

1421
01:19:34,600 --> 01:19:38,800
with images of you defeating 
enemies communing with gods and 

1422
01:19:38,800 --> 01:19:41,800
generally being excellent. 
At everything, the arms are 

1423
01:19:41,800 --> 01:19:45,100
shaped like rearing cobras which
looks impressive, but means you 

1424
01:19:45,100 --> 01:19:47,100
have to be careful. 
Not to scratch yourself on the 

1425
01:19:47,100 --> 01:19:49,000
Cobra fangs when you adjust your
position. 

1426
01:19:50,500 --> 01:19:54,000
Your Vizio tahit approaches with
the days agenda. 

1427
01:19:54,000 --> 01:19:58,000
He's been your second in command
for five years now and you trust

1428
01:19:58,000 --> 01:20:01,900
him more than almost anyone is 
brilliant and efficient and has 

1429
01:20:01,900 --> 01:20:04,600
the rare quality of being 
willing to tell you when you're 

1430
01:20:04,600 --> 01:20:07,600
wrong but doing it in such a 
diplomatic way that you don't 

1431
01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:09,800
feel like having him thrown to 
the crocodiles. 

1432
01:20:09,800 --> 01:20:13,400
He's also apparently immune to 
bore them which is essential 

1433
01:20:13,400 --> 01:20:15,200
when dealing with Palace 
Administration. 

1434
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:19,100
The first matter is a border 
dispute between two provincial 

1435
01:20:19,100 --> 01:20:22,100
Governors who both claim the 
same stretch of Farmland. 

1436
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:25,800
The dispute has been going on 
for three years which seems 

1437
01:20:25,800 --> 01:20:28,600
excessive for an argument about 
dirt but apparently this 

1438
01:20:28,600 --> 01:20:32,700
particular dirt is extremely 
fertile and produces exceptional

1439
01:20:32,700 --> 01:20:35,800
barley. 
Both Governors are present each 

1440
01:20:35,800 --> 01:20:38,600
with Scrolls of evidence 
Witnesses and arguments 

1441
01:20:38,600 --> 01:20:40,900
prepared. 
You let them present their 

1442
01:20:40,900 --> 01:20:44,800
cases, which takes approximately
forever and involves a lot of 

1443
01:20:44,808 --> 01:20:47,600
dramatic gesturing and appeals 
to ancient precedents. 

1444
01:20:47,600 --> 01:20:51,100
The truth is, you could probably
solve this by simply declaring, 

1445
01:20:51,100 --> 01:20:54,200
one of them, the winner and 
moving on your Pharaoh, your 

1446
01:20:54,200 --> 01:20:56,600
word is law. 
But you've learned that 

1447
01:20:56,600 --> 01:20:59,000
arbitrary decisions. 
Even when you have the power to 

1448
01:20:59,000 --> 01:21:02,400
make them, To create resentment 
and problems down the line. 

1449
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:06,700
So you listen, ask questions and
eventually propose a solution 

1450
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:08,500
that involves surveying the land
properly. 

1451
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:12,700
Splitting it based on the survey
results and both Governors 

1452
01:21:12,700 --> 01:21:15,800
contributing to a new irrigation
project that will benefit the 

1453
01:21:15,800 --> 01:21:18,600
entire region. 
Neither Governor looks entirely 

1454
01:21:18,600 --> 01:21:21,100
happy, which probably means it's
a fair solution. 

1455
01:21:21,100 --> 01:21:25,200
Next is a delegation from Nubia 
with tribute and trade 

1456
01:21:25,200 --> 01:21:27,700
proposals. 
The Nubians are skilled 

1457
01:21:27,700 --> 01:21:31,600
diplomats who dressed in their 
finest gold jewelry that Rivals,

1458
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:35,100
your own Fine Fabrics, and 
elaborate hairstyles. 

1459
01:21:35,100 --> 01:21:39,000
They present their gifts with 
appropriate ceremony gold. 

1460
01:21:39,000 --> 01:21:43,000
Ivory ebony exotic, animal skins
and a live leopard. 

1461
01:21:43,000 --> 01:21:45,900
That seems less than thrilled 
about being a diplomatic gift. 

1462
01:21:45,900 --> 01:21:49,000
The leopard is beautiful, but 
looks like it's considering 

1463
01:21:49,000 --> 01:21:52,000
making a break for Freedom, 
which would certainly live up 

1464
01:21:52,000 --> 01:21:54,800
the proceedings. 
You accept the tribute 

1465
01:21:54,800 --> 01:21:58,200
graciously, and listen to their 
trade proposals which are 

1466
01:21:58,200 --> 01:22:02,800
actually quite reasonable Nubia,
has resources, Egypt needs and 

1467
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:05,100
Egypt has grain and manufactured
goods. 

1468
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:08,400
New beer wants. 
Its basic economics dressed up 

1469
01:22:08,400 --> 01:22:11,400
in diplomatic language. 
You agree to most of their 

1470
01:22:11,400 --> 01:22:14,900
requests modify, a few details 
and send them away. 

1471
01:22:14,900 --> 01:22:18,500
Happy the leopard goes to the 
Royal Menagerie where hopefully 

1472
01:22:18,500 --> 01:22:21,800
it will feel less homicidal. 
Then there's the criminal case. 

1473
01:22:21,800 --> 01:22:25,100
A merchant is accused of using 
false weights to cheat 

1474
01:22:25,100 --> 01:22:28,200
customers. 
The evidence is presented the 

1475
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:30,100
weights. 
In question, testimony from 

1476
01:22:30,100 --> 01:22:34,200
customers and the merchants 
protests of Innocence, you 

1477
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:37,400
examine the weights yourself, 
comparing them to the standard 

1478
01:22:37,400 --> 01:22:40,700
measures kept in the palace, 
there definitely lighter than 

1479
01:22:40,708 --> 01:22:43,300
they should be, which means the 
merchant was selling people, 

1480
01:22:43,300 --> 01:22:46,600
less grain than they paid. 
For not the crime of the 

1481
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:50,200
century, but dishonest 
nonetheless, Egyptian law, is 

1482
01:22:50,200 --> 01:22:54,300
supposed to be based on Matt 
truth, justice Harmony and the 

1483
01:22:54,300 --> 01:22:56,100
fundamental order of the 
universe. 

1484
01:22:57,100 --> 01:22:59,500
In practice, it means trying to 
be fair while. 

1485
01:22:59,500 --> 01:23:02,100
Also making sure people don't 
think they can cheat each other 

1486
01:23:02,100 --> 01:23:05,100
with impunity. 
You find the merchant guilty and

1487
01:23:05,100 --> 01:23:08,400
sentence him to pay back double 
what he stole plus a fine to the

1488
01:23:08,408 --> 01:23:11,100
temple. 
It Stern enough to discourage 

1489
01:23:11,100 --> 01:23:12,500
others from trying the same 
thing. 

1490
01:23:12,500 --> 01:23:15,500
But not so harsh that it 
destroys the man's life. 

1491
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:18,200
He leaves looking relieved that 
you didn't order anything 

1492
01:23:18,200 --> 01:23:21,700
involving crocodiles, the 
architect arrives with updated 

1493
01:23:21,700 --> 01:23:25,000
plans, for your Mortuary Temple.
This is the building that will 

1494
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:27,100
serve as your cult center after 
you die. 

1495
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:29,700
Where priests will make 
offerings to your memory for 

1496
01:23:29,700 --> 01:23:31,400
centuries. 
No. 

1497
01:23:31,400 --> 01:23:33,300
Pressure to make it impressive 
or anything. 

1498
01:23:33,300 --> 01:23:35,600
The architect. 
Unrolls Papyrus. 

1499
01:23:35,600 --> 01:23:39,300
After Papyrus showing you 
designs for Courtyards columns, 

1500
01:23:39,300 --> 01:23:42,800
statues and reliefs. 
Everything is calculated to 

1501
01:23:42,800 --> 01:23:46,500
inspire or and demonstrate your 
divine nature to Future 

1502
01:23:46,500 --> 01:23:49,500
Generations. 
You suggest some modifications, 

1503
01:23:49,500 --> 01:23:54,100
a larger Courtyard here, 
different proportions, there may

1504
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:57,700
be fewer images of you smiting 
enemies, and more of you making 

1505
01:23:57,700 --> 01:24:01,200
offerings to Gods because you 
want to be remembered as Pious. 

1506
01:24:01,200 --> 01:24:05,400
Not just violent, the architect 
makes notes nodding 

1507
01:24:05,400 --> 01:24:08,700
enthusiastically at your ideas 
even though you suspect. 

1508
01:24:08,700 --> 01:24:11,600
He's going to gently talk you 
out of half of them later by 

1509
01:24:11,600 --> 01:24:14,000
explaining various architectural
principles. 

1510
01:24:14,000 --> 01:24:17,400
You don't fully understand 
between official, audience's, 

1511
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:19,300
tahit updates your on the 
Kingdom's. 

1512
01:24:19,300 --> 01:24:23,200
Finances Egypt is wealthy but 
wealth requires management. 

1513
01:24:24,100 --> 01:24:28,100
There are granaries to maintain 
armies to pay building projects 

1514
01:24:28,100 --> 01:24:32,100
to fund temples to support and 
foreign trade to manage the 

1515
01:24:32,100 --> 01:24:35,300
Niles flood this year was good, 
which means the Harvest should 

1516
01:24:35,300 --> 01:24:37,500
be abundant, which means tax 
revenue. 

1517
01:24:37,500 --> 01:24:41,300
Should be solid. 
But there's always something a 

1518
01:24:41,300 --> 01:24:44,500
warehouse that needs repairs. 
A Garrison, that needs supplies,

1519
01:24:44,500 --> 01:24:48,800
a canal that needs dredging. 
You approved budgets sign off on

1520
01:24:48,800 --> 01:24:52,400
expenditures and make decisions 
about resource allocation. 

1521
01:24:52,400 --> 01:24:54,300
That would probably bore you to 
tears. 

1522
01:24:54,300 --> 01:24:57,200
If they weren't. 
So crucial to keeping Egypt 

1523
01:24:57,200 --> 01:24:59,500
functioning the truth about 
ruling. 

1524
01:24:59,500 --> 01:25:02,300
An Empire is that it's less 
about dramatic pronouncements 

1525
01:25:02,300 --> 01:25:06,500
and more about making sure grain
gets from where it's grown to 

1526
01:25:06,500 --> 01:25:10,400
where it's needed workers. 
Get paid infrastructure gets 

1527
01:25:10,400 --> 01:25:14,600
maintained and the complex 
machine of civilization keeps 

1528
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:17,000
turning a messenger arrives. 
With news. 

1529
01:25:17,000 --> 01:25:20,300
From the Army, has been a 
skirmish on the eastern border. 

1530
01:25:20,300 --> 01:25:23,300
Nothing major. 
Just Raiders testing Egypt's 

1531
01:25:23,300 --> 01:25:26,100
defense's. 
Your general has handled it 

1532
01:25:26,100 --> 01:25:29,500
efficiently, but he's requesting
additional troops to reinforce 

1533
01:25:29,500 --> 01:25:32,100
the Garrison. 
You approve the request and 

1534
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:34,100
dictator response. 
Praising the General's 

1535
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:37,600
Vigilantes military matters. 
Require careful attention. 

1536
01:25:37,600 --> 01:25:40,800
Egypt is Powerful. 
But the world is full of 

1537
01:25:40,808 --> 01:25:42,700
neighbors. 
Who would love to claim a piece 

1538
01:25:42,708 --> 01:25:44,800
of the Niles wealth by early 
afternoon? 

1539
01:25:44,800 --> 01:25:48,400
You're ready for a break from 
audience is an administrative 

1540
01:25:48,400 --> 01:25:51,000
decision. 
You retire to the private 

1541
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:55,000
quarters of the palace where the
rooms are cooler, quieter and 

1542
01:25:55,000 --> 01:25:59,200
significantly less formal here. 
You can actually relax or at 

1543
01:25:59,200 --> 01:26:02,400
least engage in the fairy onic 
version of relaxation which 

1544
01:26:02,400 --> 01:26:04,400
still involves some level of 
ceremony. 

1545
01:26:04,400 --> 01:26:07,100
But with fewer people watching 
your every move. 

1546
01:26:07,100 --> 01:26:11,300
The palace is a city unto 
itself, a sprawling complex of 

1547
01:26:11,300 --> 01:26:14,000
buildings Courtyards Gardens and
Halls. 

1548
01:26:14,000 --> 01:26:17,900
Your private quarters are in the
heart of it all protected by 

1549
01:26:17,900 --> 01:26:21,100
multiple layers of guards walls 
and protocol. 

1550
01:26:21,100 --> 01:26:25,000
The rooms are beautiful painted 
walls showing Gardens and 

1551
01:26:25,000 --> 01:26:30,200
Wildlife flaws of polished, 
Stone and Furniture in laid with

1552
01:26:30,200 --> 01:26:33,500
precious materials. 
But there are so surprisingly 

1553
01:26:33,500 --> 01:26:35,400
comfortable, you've made sure of
that. 

1554
01:26:35,400 --> 01:26:38,100
Yes you are a god king but 
you're all. 

1555
01:26:38,108 --> 01:26:41,500
So someone who appreciates a 
good chair Your chief wife 

1556
01:26:41,500 --> 01:26:43,900
nefertari his waiting in the 
garden. 

1557
01:26:43,900 --> 01:26:47,400
Courtyard she is dressed more 
casually than you'd see her in 

1558
01:26:47,400 --> 01:26:49,100
public. 
Still elegant still wearing 

1559
01:26:49,100 --> 01:26:52,700
enough jewelry to fund a small 
army but in a lighter linen 

1560
01:26:52,700 --> 01:26:55,800
suitable for the afternoon heat,
she has been dealing with her 

1561
01:26:55,800 --> 01:26:59,000
own administrative duties all 
morning, the Royal household 

1562
01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:02,300
doesn't run itself and she 
manages a staff of hundreds with

1563
01:27:02,300 --> 01:27:04,100
the efficiency of a military 
commander. 

1564
01:27:04,900 --> 01:27:08,600
You discuss the day over light 
Refreshments, she tells you 

1565
01:27:08,600 --> 01:27:11,500
about a dispute between two 
servants that she had to mediate

1566
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:15,200
a request from the Temple of 
hathor, for her to attend an 

1567
01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:18,500
upcoming festival and her 
concerns about your eldest son's

1568
01:27:18,500 --> 01:27:20,700
education. 
He's showing more interest in 

1569
01:27:20,700 --> 01:27:23,700
hunting than in learning the 
administrative skills he'll need

1570
01:27:23,700 --> 01:27:25,600
when he eventually becomes 
Pharaoh. 

1571
01:27:25,600 --> 01:27:29,500
You make a mental note to spend 
some time with him, maybe find a

1572
01:27:29,500 --> 01:27:32,300
way to make governance seem as 
exciting as chasing, gazelle 

1573
01:27:32,300 --> 01:27:35,200
through the desert. 
The garden is one of your 

1574
01:27:35,200 --> 01:27:39,400
favorite places in the palace. 
It's no aces of green in a 

1575
01:27:39,400 --> 01:27:41,800
landscape of stone and sand with
carefully. 

1576
01:27:41,800 --> 01:27:45,300
Tended trees flowers and a pool 
stopped with fish. 

1577
01:27:46,100 --> 01:27:50,200
The Egyptians of managed to make
garden art form, creating spaces

1578
01:27:50,200 --> 01:27:51,800
that are both beautiful and 
functional. 

1579
01:27:51,800 --> 01:27:55,800
The trees, provide shade, the 
flowers, provide perfume, and 

1580
01:27:55,800 --> 01:27:59,100
the pool provides a spot for 
actual relaxation that doesn't 

1581
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:03,000
involve sitting on a throne 
covered in angry cobras you 

1582
01:28:03,000 --> 01:28:05,400
spend some time with your 
children who are brought to you 

1583
01:28:05,400 --> 01:28:09,000
by their nurses, Royal children 
live somewhat separate lives 

1584
01:28:09,000 --> 01:28:12,800
from their parents its 
traditional and also practical 

1585
01:28:12,800 --> 01:28:16,000
given the demands of kingship 
But you make time for them. 

1586
01:28:16,000 --> 01:28:18,600
When you can your daughter shows
your drawing? 

1587
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:21,000
She made, which is supposed to 
be a lotus flower. 

1588
01:28:21,000 --> 01:28:23,400
But looks more like, an 
enthusiastic blob. 

1589
01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:27,300
You praise it, appropriately, 
your younger son, who's about 

1590
01:28:27,300 --> 01:28:30,900
three is more interested in 
trying to grab your ceremonial 

1591
01:28:30,900 --> 01:28:34,400
beard, which is attached to your
chin with some kind of ancient 

1592
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:38,300
Egyptian adhesive technology 
that works better than it has 

1593
01:28:38,300 --> 01:28:42,000
any right to these moments are 
precious, not because they're 

1594
01:28:42,000 --> 01:28:46,200
Grand or ceremonial but because 
they're normal in these moments 

1595
01:28:46,200 --> 01:28:50,100
you're not a fairer or a God or 
the living embodiment of cosmic 

1596
01:28:50,100 --> 01:28:51,900
order. 
You're just a parent. 

1597
01:28:51,900 --> 01:28:54,400
Trying to keep a toddler from 
destroying your Royal regalia 

1598
01:28:54,400 --> 01:28:57,100
while pretending to understand a
child's artwork. 

1599
01:28:58,600 --> 01:29:02,800
Later you review reports from 
your various States as Pharaoh. 

1600
01:29:02,800 --> 01:29:05,400
You personally, own significant 
amounts of land throughout Egypt

1601
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:08,000
managed by stewards who send 
regular updates. 

1602
01:29:08,000 --> 01:29:11,000
The reports are written on 
papyrus in the neat. 

1603
01:29:11,000 --> 01:29:14,000
Hierarchic script that scribes 
use for business documents 

1604
01:29:14,000 --> 01:29:16,700
faster than hire a glyphs 
though. 

1605
01:29:16,700 --> 01:29:18,400
Significantly less impressive 
looking. 

1606
01:29:18,400 --> 01:29:21,900
You've learned to read these 
reports quickly scanning for 

1607
01:29:21,900 --> 01:29:24,300
important information. 
While skipping the elaborate 

1608
01:29:24,300 --> 01:29:28,500
formalities that every scribe 
feels compelled to include, This

1609
01:29:28,500 --> 01:29:32,000
state had a good harvest that a 
state had some problems with 

1610
01:29:32,000 --> 01:29:36,100
locusts but managed to save most
of the crop, this estate Steward

1611
01:29:36,100 --> 01:29:38,800
is requesting permission to 
build a new irrigation channel 

1612
01:29:38,800 --> 01:29:42,100
that is State Steward. 
Wants to know if you'd like any 

1613
01:29:42,100 --> 01:29:44,400
of the particularly fine cattle.
They've read. 

1614
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:49,900
You make notes, approve or deny 
requests and generally ensure 

1615
01:29:49,900 --> 01:29:53,000
that your personal wealth, which
is considerable, is being 

1616
01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:56,300
managed competently. 
There's a relaxing interlude of 

1617
01:29:56,300 --> 01:29:58,600
music. 
You have caught musicians who 

1618
01:29:58,600 --> 01:30:02,300
are genuinely talented, not just
employed, because they're good 

1619
01:30:02,300 --> 01:30:05,600
at flattering the Pharaoh, a 
harpist plays while you recline 

1620
01:30:05,600 --> 01:30:08,500
on a comfortable couch, the 
music filling the room with 

1621
01:30:08,500 --> 01:30:10,900
something beautiful, and 
temporary, and completely 

1622
01:30:10,900 --> 01:30:14,300
divorced from politics or 
religion or responsibility. 

1623
01:30:14,300 --> 01:30:16,700
The harp is a beautiful 
instrument. 

1624
01:30:16,700 --> 01:30:21,300
It sound clear and resonant and 
the musicians fingers move 

1625
01:30:21,300 --> 01:30:25,200
across the strings with 
practiced Grace, You close your 

1626
01:30:25,200 --> 01:30:29,900
eyes and just listen, the music 
washers over you and for a few 

1627
01:30:29,908 --> 01:30:32,300
minutes, your mind is empty of 
Border disputes. 

1628
01:30:32,300 --> 01:30:36,000
Budget, concerns diplomatic 
negotiations and Theological 

1629
01:30:36,000 --> 01:30:39,600
responsibilities. 
There's just the music, the cool

1630
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:42,900
air from the garden and the 
distant sound of the palace, 

1631
01:30:42,900 --> 01:30:46,600
continuing its Daily Business. 
Without You a bath follows, 

1632
01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:48,200
Which is less, a quick rinse and
more. 

1633
01:30:48,200 --> 01:30:52,400
An elaborate process involving 
servants, oils, and water at 

1634
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:56,300
exactly the right temperature. 
The bath is in a dedicated room 

1635
01:30:56,300 --> 01:30:58,100
with a limestone tub. 
That's been polished. 

1636
01:30:58,100 --> 01:31:01,900
Smooth by years of use, the 
water is centered with lotus oil

1637
01:31:01,900 --> 01:31:05,700
and as you sink into it, you 
feel muscles relaxed that you 

1638
01:31:05,700 --> 01:31:09,500
didn't realize were tense. 
Being a pharaoh is physically 

1639
01:31:09,500 --> 01:31:12,600
demanding in ways. 
People don't often consider all 

1640
01:31:12,600 --> 01:31:15,300
that standing sitting on 
uncomfortable Thrones wearing 

1641
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:18,000
heavy jewelry and maintaining 
perfect posture. 

1642
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:22,700
Your body keeps a running tally.
The afternoon heat is building 

1643
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:26,300
and the palace has grown quiet. 
During the hottest hours, this 

1644
01:31:26,300 --> 01:31:29,900
is when sensible people, rest, 
and even pharaohs need to be 

1645
01:31:29,908 --> 01:31:34,200
sensible occasionally You retire
to your sleeping quarters, where

1646
01:31:34,200 --> 01:31:36,900
the air is cooler. 
Thanks to thick stone walls, and

1647
01:31:36,900 --> 01:31:39,900
servants who've been waving fans
and sprinkling water on 

1648
01:31:39,900 --> 01:31:42,300
Weedmaps. 
You lie down on your bed. 

1649
01:31:42,300 --> 01:31:44,500
The same one. 
You woke up in this morning. 

1650
01:31:44,500 --> 01:31:50,400
Let yourself drift into sleep. 
The afternoon nap is sacred not 

1651
01:31:50,400 --> 01:31:54,000
theologically sacred. 
Just personally, sacred is one 

1652
01:31:54,008 --> 01:31:57,100
of the few parts of your day. 
That's entirely your own when 

1653
01:31:57,100 --> 01:31:59,500
nobody needs anything from you. 
And you don't need to make 

1654
01:31:59,500 --> 01:32:02,600
decisions about anything more 
important than which side to 

1655
01:32:02,600 --> 01:32:05,100
sleep on the palace knows not to
disturb. 

1656
01:32:05,100 --> 01:32:08,100
You unless something is 
literally on fire and even then 

1657
01:32:08,100 --> 01:32:10,900
they'd better be sure. 
It's a really important fire. 

1658
01:32:10,900 --> 01:32:14,800
You wake refreshed as the worst 
heat of the day begins to fade. 

1659
01:32:14,800 --> 01:32:18,800
The Nile is calling. 
Not literally though in poetry 

1660
01:32:18,800 --> 01:32:21,700
and hymns the Egyptian certainly
right about the river like it 

1661
01:32:21,700 --> 01:32:24,000
speaks. 
And you've decided to take a 

1662
01:32:24,000 --> 01:32:27,300
journey on the Royal. 
Barge, the Nile is Egypt's 

1663
01:32:27,300 --> 01:32:32,200
Lifeline, its source of water, 
food, transportation and 

1664
01:32:32,200 --> 01:32:35,200
fertility. 
Understanding the river means 

1665
01:32:35,200 --> 01:32:39,200
understanding your kingdom and 
besides, its pleasant to be on 

1666
01:32:39,200 --> 01:32:40,800
the water. 
When the air is Cooling, and the

1667
01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:44,100
light is turning golden, the 
Royal barge is magnificent, 

1668
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:47,000
which is practically a 
requirement for anything 

1669
01:32:47,000 --> 01:32:50,400
associated with royalty, but 
it's also surprisingly 

1670
01:32:50,400 --> 01:32:52,900
practical. 
It's large enough to be stable 

1671
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:56,200
decorated enough to be 
impressive and equipped with a 

1672
01:32:56,208 --> 01:32:58,300
cabin that provides shade and 
privacy. 

1673
01:32:58,300 --> 01:33:02,900
The boat itself is painted in 
bright colors, red, blue, green,

1674
01:33:02,900 --> 01:33:06,800
and gold with the sacred Eye of 
Horus on the prowl to ward off 

1675
01:33:06,800 --> 01:33:09,200
evil, the ozzman, a skilled 
professionals. 

1676
01:33:09,200 --> 01:33:11,900
Who can navigate the Niles 
currents with the kind of 

1677
01:33:11,908 --> 01:33:14,200
precision that comes from years 
of practice? 

1678
01:33:14,200 --> 01:33:16,400
You bored with the small 
retinue. 

1679
01:33:16,400 --> 01:33:21,300
So, some guards, a few servants 
tarot who apparently never takes

1680
01:33:21,300 --> 01:33:24,500
time off and a priest, because 
you're still pharaoh, and still 

1681
01:33:24,500 --> 01:33:27,600
connected to the Divine. 
Even when you're just taking a 

1682
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:30,800
boat ride, the barge pushes away
from the dock and immediately 

1683
01:33:30,800 --> 01:33:33,600
you feel the difference on land 
your surrounded by. 

1684
01:33:33,800 --> 01:33:37,900
Stone and politics on the water,
there's movement are and a sense

1685
01:33:37,900 --> 01:33:40,500
of Freedom that is rare, when 
you're responsible for an entire

1686
01:33:40,500 --> 01:33:44,400
civilization, the Nile flows 
Northwood which confuses 

1687
01:33:44,400 --> 01:33:48,200
foreigners until you explained 
that in Egypt, North means 

1688
01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:51,500
Downstream toward the 
Mediterranean, and South means 

1689
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:54,900
Upstream toward new beer, the 
current carries you gently along

1690
01:33:54,900 --> 01:33:58,400
and when the wind is right, the 
sale can catch it and supplement

1691
01:33:58,400 --> 01:34:02,000
the Allman's efforts. 
Today, the wind is perfect 

1692
01:34:02,000 --> 01:34:06,100
filling the sale with a 
satisfying snap of fabric and 

1693
01:34:06,100 --> 01:34:09,700
the boat Glides along with 
minimal effort from the water. 

1694
01:34:09,700 --> 01:34:13,700
You see, Egypt differently, the 
Riverbanks aligned with green, 

1695
01:34:13,700 --> 01:34:17,600
the fertile strip of land, where
everything grows where life is 

1696
01:34:17,600 --> 01:34:22,000
possible and where your people 
farm and build and live beyond 

1697
01:34:22,000 --> 01:34:25,400
the green, is the desert, the 
Red Land stretching away to 

1698
01:34:25,400 --> 01:34:29,200
distant Horizons. 
The contrast is Stark, green 

1699
01:34:29,200 --> 01:34:33,900
means life, red means death, the
Nile creates the green by 

1700
01:34:33,900 --> 01:34:37,100
flooding. 
Every year depositing Rich silt 

1701
01:34:37,100 --> 01:34:39,700
that makes Egypt soil. 
Some of the most fertile on 

1702
01:34:39,700 --> 01:34:43,200
Earth you pass with villages and
towns, their mud brick 

1703
01:34:43,200 --> 01:34:46,300
buildings, clustered near the 
water people working in the 

1704
01:34:46,300 --> 01:34:50,000
fields, look up and see the 
Royal barge, recognizing it by 

1705
01:34:50,000 --> 01:34:53,400
its decoration and size some 
wave, some ball. 

1706
01:34:53,400 --> 01:34:56,300
Some simply stare. 
You're a distant figure to most 

1707
01:34:56,300 --> 01:35:00,000
Egyptians more simple than 
person and moments like this, 

1708
01:35:00,000 --> 01:35:04,400
where they can actually see you 
even from a distance matter more

1709
01:35:04,400 --> 01:35:07,500
than you might think. 
Fishman in small Papyrus boats 

1710
01:35:07,500 --> 01:35:10,800
are working their Nets. 
The ancient dance of casting and

1711
01:35:10,800 --> 01:35:12,800
pulling that has been On the 
Nile. 

1712
01:35:12,800 --> 01:35:15,600
Since before the pyramids were 
built fish are plentiful in the 

1713
01:35:15,608 --> 01:35:19,900
river perch catfish and tilapia 
and fishing provides food for 

1714
01:35:19,900 --> 01:35:23,200
Millions. 
You watch one fishermen, make a 

1715
01:35:23,200 --> 01:35:26,000
perfect cast. 
The weighted net, spreading into

1716
01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:27,900
a circle before dropping into 
the water. 

1717
01:35:27,900 --> 01:35:32,100
It's a simple act, but there's 
Grace in it, skill in it and the

1718
01:35:32,100 --> 01:35:35,000
kind of practical Mastery that 
keeps civilization fed. 

1719
01:35:36,000 --> 01:35:39,400
Field stretch away from the 
river green with growing grain. 

1720
01:35:39,400 --> 01:35:43,100
This is barley and Emma wheat. 
The crops that make bread and 

1721
01:35:43,100 --> 01:35:45,700
beer. 
The Staples of the Egyptian diet

1722
01:35:45,700 --> 01:35:48,400
farmers are working. 
The irrigation channels 

1723
01:35:48,400 --> 01:35:51,900
directing water from the river 
to their fields through a 

1724
01:35:51,900 --> 01:35:54,800
network of canals and basins 
that represent centuries of 

1725
01:35:54,800 --> 01:35:57,900
engineering knowledge. 
The system works because people 

1726
01:35:57,900 --> 01:36:01,400
understand the Niles rhythms and
know when to flood the fields 

1727
01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:06,200
when to plant and when to 
harvest You pass a temple under 

1728
01:36:06,200 --> 01:36:09,100
construction. 
Its Limestone walls gleaming 

1729
01:36:09,100 --> 01:36:12,100
white in the afternoon. 
Sun workers are everywhere, 

1730
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:16,600
hauling Stones mixing mortar and
carving decorations building a 

1731
01:36:16,600 --> 01:36:20,000
temple is a massive undertaking 
that can last years or even 

1732
01:36:20,000 --> 01:36:24,100
decades employing hundreds of 
workers and consuming resources 

1733
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:27,900
on a scale that would bankrupt 
smaller kingdoms, but temples 

1734
01:36:27,900 --> 01:36:32,100
are investments in the Divine in
Maat and in the cosmic order 

1735
01:36:32,100 --> 01:36:37,100
that keeps Egypt prosperous 
They're also admittedly very 

1736
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:39,200
effective ways to demonstrate 
fairy. 

1737
01:36:39,200 --> 01:36:41,300
Onic power to anyone, who needs 
reminding. 

1738
01:36:41,300 --> 01:36:44,800
The barge stops at a landing 
where local officials are 

1739
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:46,900
waiting. 
This is part of the purpose of 

1740
01:36:46,900 --> 01:36:50,300
the journey being seen hearing 
concerns and maintaining the 

1741
01:36:50,300 --> 01:36:52,000
connection between pharaoh and 
people. 

1742
01:36:52,000 --> 01:36:55,700
The officials present themselves
with appropriate ceremony and 

1743
01:36:55,700 --> 01:36:59,100
you listen to their reports 
about The Harvest local disputes

1744
01:36:59,100 --> 01:37:02,000
that have been resolved and 
requests for assistance with 

1745
01:37:02,000 --> 01:37:05,600
various projects. 
It kingship on a smaller scale, 

1746
01:37:05,600 --> 01:37:08,500
more personal than the audience 
is at the palace. 

1747
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:12,600
But just as important, A farmer 
approaches nervous, but 

1748
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:15,800
determined, he's been granted an
audience because his farm 

1749
01:37:15,800 --> 01:37:19,400
produces exceptional wine and 
he's brought a sample for your 

1750
01:37:19,408 --> 01:37:22,100
consideration. 
You try the wine. 

1751
01:37:22,100 --> 01:37:25,900
It's actually quite good with a 
complexity that surprises you 

1752
01:37:25,900 --> 01:37:30,000
and compliment him on his work. 
His face lights up with pride 

1753
01:37:30,000 --> 01:37:33,000
and you make a note to have the 
palace acquire more of his 

1754
01:37:33,000 --> 01:37:36,000
vintage. 
Supporting excellent Craftsmen 

1755
01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:39,100
as part of your role and besides
you enjoy. 

1756
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:41,900
Good wine. 
Back on the barge, you can 

1757
01:37:41,900 --> 01:37:45,700
continue Downstream the sun is 
getting lower now painting the 

1758
01:37:45,700 --> 01:37:47,400
sky in shades of orange and 
pink. 

1759
01:37:48,400 --> 01:37:51,700
The Nile reflects the colors 
turning the water into something

1760
01:37:51,700 --> 01:37:55,900
magical and you understand why 
the ancient Egyptians saw 

1761
01:37:55,900 --> 01:37:58,800
Divinity and everything. 
How could you not when the world

1762
01:37:58,800 --> 01:38:01,500
produces Beauty like this on a 
daily basis? 

1763
01:38:01,500 --> 01:38:05,500
You think about the rivers 
cycle, how it floods every year 

1764
01:38:05,500 --> 01:38:09,100
with reliable precision and how 
the ancient Egyptians built 

1765
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:12,500
their entire calendar around. 
This Rhythm Arquette, the 

1766
01:38:12,500 --> 01:38:15,600
inundation season is when the 
river Rises and covers the 

1767
01:38:15,600 --> 01:38:19,700
fields parrot, is the growing 
season when crops are planted 

1768
01:38:19,700 --> 01:38:24,100
and tended, Shemu the harvest 
season is when all that work 

1769
01:38:24,100 --> 01:38:29,300
turns into food three seasons 
each a central each dependent on

1770
01:38:29,300 --> 01:38:31,800
the Nile doing what it's done 
for thousands of years. 

1771
01:38:32,700 --> 01:38:34,900
It strikes. 
You sometimes how much depends 

1772
01:38:34,900 --> 01:38:37,800
on this River. 
If the flood is too small, this 

1773
01:38:37,800 --> 01:38:40,700
famine, if it's too large, 
there's destruction. 

1774
01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:44,800
The Nile has to be just right 
here after year or Egypt, 

1775
01:38:44,800 --> 01:38:48,200
suffers your ancestors claimed. 
They could control the flood 

1776
01:38:48,200 --> 01:38:51,400
through their divine power and 
you maintain that claim because 

1777
01:38:51,400 --> 01:38:53,400
pharaohs are supposed to control
everything. 

1778
01:38:53,400 --> 01:38:57,000
But privately, you know the 
truth, the Nile does what it 

1779
01:38:57,008 --> 01:38:59,300
will. 
And humans, just try to adapt. 

1780
01:39:00,200 --> 01:39:02,900
you're grateful that in your 
Reign so far, the river has been

1781
01:39:02,900 --> 01:39:06,900
kind as the barge returns to the
Palace. 

1782
01:39:06,900 --> 01:39:09,400
Doc, the Sun is setting and the 
evening meal. 

1783
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:12,600
Awaits Egyptian, feasts are 
elaborate affairs. 

1784
01:39:13,600 --> 01:39:17,100
Especially Royal ones and 
tonight is a formal dinner with 

1785
01:39:17,100 --> 01:39:21,100
high-ranking officials foreign 
ambassadors, and Nobles who've 

1786
01:39:21,100 --> 01:39:23,100
been angling for an invitation 
for months. 

1787
01:39:23,100 --> 01:39:26,400
You've changed from your day 
clothes into evening, regalia. 

1788
01:39:27,000 --> 01:39:29,900
Fresh Kilt. 
A different collar and the kind 

1789
01:39:29,900 --> 01:39:32,600
of jewelry that catches 
Lamplight and makes everything 

1790
01:39:32,600 --> 01:39:35,300
Sparkle. 
The bank would halt is 

1791
01:39:35,300 --> 01:39:40,100
spectacular columns painted with
lotus designs rise to a ceiling 

1792
01:39:40,100 --> 01:39:44,600
decorated with stars and sacred 
symbols oil lamps in elaborate 

1793
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:46,800
bronze. 
Stands light the room with warm 

1794
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:50,200
flickering light, the floor is 
scattered with fresh lotus 

1795
01:39:50,200 --> 01:39:52,200
flowers. 
There sent mixing with 

1796
01:39:52,200 --> 01:39:56,000
frankincense from the sensors 
Tables are arranged in the 

1797
01:39:56,000 --> 01:39:59,200
u-shape with your seat at the 
head elevated slightly. 

1798
01:39:59,200 --> 01:40:02,200
So everyone can see you, because
even at dinner, you're on 

1799
01:40:02,208 --> 01:40:05,100
display. 
Guests arrive in their finest 

1800
01:40:05,100 --> 01:40:08,200
clothes, which in Egypt means. 
Lots of pleated linen. 

1801
01:40:08,200 --> 01:40:12,300
Lots of jewelry, elaborate wigs 
and enough eye makeup to supply 

1802
01:40:12,300 --> 01:40:14,400
a modern Cosmetics counter for a
year. 

1803
01:40:14,408 --> 01:40:17,200
The women's dresses are Sheeran 
enough to be slightly 

1804
01:40:17,200 --> 01:40:21,100
scandalous, to foreign visitors,
but perfectly normal by Egyptian

1805
01:40:21,100 --> 01:40:24,200
standards. 
The men's Kilts are crisp and 

1806
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:26,900
white their colors glittering 
with gold. 

1807
01:40:26,900 --> 01:40:29,900
And semi-precious stones. 
Everyone has gone to 

1808
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:32,600
considerable effort to look 
impressive and the overall 

1809
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:36,200
effect is dazzling. 
You take your seat and servants 

1810
01:40:36,200 --> 01:40:37,600
immediately. 
Begin bringing food. 

1811
01:40:38,600 --> 01:40:40,800
Egyptian feasts are not subtle 
Affairs. 

1812
01:40:40,800 --> 01:40:44,500
There's roasted duck goose, beef
and fish prepared. 

1813
01:40:44,500 --> 01:40:47,600
A dozen different ways. 
This bread in various forms 

1814
01:40:47,600 --> 01:40:51,200
flatbread, raised, bread and 
bread flavored with honey, or 

1815
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,000
dates or coriander. 
There are vegetables. 

1816
01:40:54,000 --> 01:40:58,700
Lettuce onions, garlic, 
cucumbers and beans. 

1817
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:05,500
There are fruits, figs dates, 
pomegranates and melons there 

1818
01:41:05,500 --> 01:41:07,400
are sweets made from honey and 
nuts. 

1819
01:41:07,400 --> 01:41:10,400
There's enough food to feed 
everyone twice over which is the

1820
01:41:10,400 --> 01:41:15,200
point abundance demonstrates 
prosperity. wine flows freely, 

1821
01:41:15,200 --> 01:41:19,000
served in elegant cuts by 
servants who glide through the 

1822
01:41:19,000 --> 01:41:23,800
crowd with practiced Grace, The 
wine is good some from your own 

1823
01:41:23,800 --> 01:41:28,300
estate's some imported from 
abroad Egyptians loved wine 

1824
01:41:28,300 --> 01:41:29,900
though. 
Beer is more common for everyday

1825
01:41:29,900 --> 01:41:32,300
drinking. 
Tonight is not an everyday 

1826
01:41:32,300 --> 01:41:35,900
occasion, though. 
So why it is you sip from a 

1827
01:41:35,900 --> 01:41:38,900
golden cup while watching the 
room, observing the social 

1828
01:41:38,900 --> 01:41:43,100
dynamics, the alliances forming,
and shifting and the careful 

1829
01:41:43,100 --> 01:41:47,500
dance of Court politics. 
Musicians, play Harps, Lutz 

1830
01:41:47,500 --> 01:41:51,200
drums and a sistrum whose 
metallic rattle is supposed to, 

1831
01:41:51,208 --> 01:41:55,500
please the goddess a Thor. 
The music is Lively meant to 

1832
01:41:55,500 --> 01:41:59,000
encourage celebration rather 
than contemplation dancers, 

1833
01:41:59,000 --> 01:42:02,300
perform their movements graceful
and athletic. 

1834
01:42:02,300 --> 01:42:06,000
Their costumes designed more for
visual impact than coverage. 

1835
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:09,500
Egyptian dance dancing. 
Involves a lot of acrobatic 

1836
01:42:09,500 --> 01:42:12,700
moves that look impossible, but 
that these performers make seem 

1837
01:42:12,700 --> 01:42:15,800
effortless between course, is 
this conversation? 

1838
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:20,500
The Ambassador from Hattie 
Egypt, sometimes Ally, sometimes

1839
01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:24,200
rival to the north, This is 
trade agreements and mutual 

1840
01:42:24,200 --> 01:42:26,400
defense. 
The high priest of immune 

1841
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:29,800
mentioned very casually that the
gods Temple could benefit from 

1842
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:33,400
some renovations A provincial 
Governor, complements your 

1843
01:42:33,400 --> 01:42:35,500
wisdom in resolving that border 
dispute. 

1844
01:42:35,500 --> 01:42:39,800
Earlier, everyone is charming 
polite and carefully advancing 

1845
01:42:39,800 --> 01:42:41,400
their own interests while 
pretending. 

1846
01:42:41,400 --> 01:42:44,000
They're just here for the 
pleasure of your company, you 

1847
01:42:44,000 --> 01:42:48,100
make conversation with practice,
ease asking questions, listening

1848
01:42:48,100 --> 01:42:51,800
to responses and making the kind
of small talk that oils the 

1849
01:42:51,800 --> 01:42:54,200
wheels of diplomacy, you 
compliment. 

1850
01:42:54,200 --> 01:42:57,800
The ambassadors wife on her 
jewelry, Egyptian gold, you 

1851
01:42:57,800 --> 01:43:01,000
notice, which is either a 
genuine preference or strategic 

1852
01:43:01,000 --> 01:43:04,200
flattery. 
You discuss architecture with a 

1853
01:43:04,200 --> 01:43:05,700
nobleman whose building a new 
Villa. 

1854
01:43:05,700 --> 01:43:08,800
You listen to a merchant to 
describe his recent trading 

1855
01:43:08,800 --> 01:43:12,800
expedition to punt a mysterious 
land of the South that produces 

1856
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:16,500
frankincense, myrrh and exotic 
Goods, the food keeps coming. 

1857
01:43:16,500 --> 01:43:20,000
There's a whole Roasted Ox that 
required most of the afternoon 

1858
01:43:20,000 --> 01:43:22,700
to prepare. 
There are delicate pastries that

1859
01:43:22,700 --> 01:43:25,500
dissolve on your tongue. 
There are dates stuffed with 

1860
01:43:25,500 --> 01:43:29,000
nuts and honey that are probably
too sweet, but tastes amazing. 

1861
01:43:29,000 --> 01:43:32,900
Anyway, you eat moderately aware
that overeating in public is 

1862
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:36,600
undignified but also aware that 
completely ignoring the food. 

1863
01:43:36,600 --> 01:43:39,700
Might offend the cooks who have 
spent days preparing this feast?

1864
01:43:40,700 --> 01:43:42,900
Entertainment continues between 
courses. 

1865
01:43:42,900 --> 01:43:46,800
There are acrobats, who form 
human pyramids and Tumble across

1866
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:48,500
the floor with alarming 
precision. 

1867
01:43:49,300 --> 01:43:52,400
There are singers whose voices 
rise above the ambient noise, 

1868
01:43:52,400 --> 01:43:56,300
telling stories of gods and 
heroes and romantic Adventures. 

1869
01:43:56,300 --> 01:43:59,900
There's a magician who performs 
illusions that you can't quite 

1870
01:43:59,900 --> 01:44:03,500
figure out, but that Delight. 
The audience Court entertainment

1871
01:44:03,500 --> 01:44:06,500
is supposed to be impressive and
tonight's performers have 

1872
01:44:06,500 --> 01:44:09,800
clearly received that memo as 
the evening progresses. 

1873
01:44:09,800 --> 01:44:14,100
The formality, relaxes slightly.
People are well fed, well 

1874
01:44:14,100 --> 01:44:17,100
watered with wine and in the 
kind of good mood that comes 

1875
01:44:17,100 --> 01:44:20,200
from being warm comfortable and 
surrounded by abundance. 

1876
01:44:20,200 --> 01:44:23,700
Conversation grows louder 
laughter more frequent. 

1877
01:44:23,700 --> 01:44:27,700
You allow yourself to relax to 
to enjoy the moment rather than 

1878
01:44:27,700 --> 01:44:31,100
constantly analyzing it. 
These Gathering serve political 

1879
01:44:31,100 --> 01:44:34,500
purposes but there are so 
genuinely pleasant when you stop

1880
01:44:34,500 --> 01:44:38,300
treating them as work. 
Nefertari is at your side 

1881
01:44:38,300 --> 01:44:41,400
managing the social Dynamic with
her usual skill. 

1882
01:44:41,400 --> 01:44:44,800
She notices when someone feels 
ignored and draws them into 

1883
01:44:44,800 --> 01:44:48,800
conversation, She Smooths over a
potential argument between two 

1884
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:50,400
Nobles who have had too much 
wine. 

1885
01:44:50,400 --> 01:44:54,800
She signals servants to refill 
cups, clear plates, and adjust 

1886
01:44:54,800 --> 01:44:57,400
lighting. 
She makes it all look effortless

1887
01:44:57,400 --> 01:44:59,700
which is how, you know, she's 
working hard. 

1888
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:04,700
Running a royal Feast is its own
kind of governance eventually 

1889
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:08,400
the feast winds down guests, 
begin to leave offering. 

1890
01:45:08,400 --> 01:45:10,100
Elaborate, thanks and 
compliments. 

1891
01:45:10,100 --> 01:45:12,800
You accept their gratitude with 
appropriate. 

1892
01:45:12,800 --> 01:45:16,200
Royal graciousness privately, 
relieved that you can soon 

1893
01:45:16,200 --> 01:45:19,100
retire to quarters where you 
won't have to be on anymore. 

1894
01:45:19,100 --> 01:45:23,100
The servants will spend hours 
cleaning up but that's not your 

1895
01:45:23,100 --> 01:45:25,500
concern. 
Your concern is saying good 

1896
01:45:25,500 --> 01:45:28,400
night to the last few stragglers
without being rude or appearing 

1897
01:45:28,400 --> 01:45:31,900
to eager to get rid of them. 
The next morning brings you to 

1898
01:45:31,900 --> 01:45:36,500
your greatest Obsession and most
enduring Legacy your building 

1899
01:45:36,500 --> 01:45:40,500
projects. 
Every Fair Oaks practically a 

1900
01:45:40,500 --> 01:45:43,100
job requirement but you've taken
it to new levels. 

1901
01:45:43,100 --> 01:45:46,200
You're not just maintaining 
existing structures. 

1902
01:45:46,200 --> 01:45:49,500
You're creating monuments that 
will Outlast You by Millennia, 

1903
01:45:49,500 --> 01:45:52,700
your Mortuary Temple. 
Your additions to the Great 

1904
01:45:52,700 --> 01:45:56,100
temple complexes and the statues
bearing your face. 

1905
01:45:56,100 --> 01:45:59,100
These will tell future 
Generations that you are here 

1906
01:45:59,100 --> 01:46:02,500
that you mattered and that you 
did things worth remembering. 

1907
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:05,600
You're at the construction site 
of your Mortuary Temple. 

1908
01:46:05,600 --> 01:46:09,100
Accompanied by the Chief 
Architect, the project overseer 

1909
01:46:09,100 --> 01:46:12,900
and approximately 1000 workers 
who are currently moving stone 

1910
01:46:12,900 --> 01:46:16,500
blocks that way more than 
several people combined, the 

1911
01:46:16,500 --> 01:46:20,300
sound of construction fills, the
air chisels on Stone, wooden 

1912
01:46:20,300 --> 01:46:24,000
sledges scraping across sand 
Foreman shouting instructions 

1913
01:46:24,000 --> 01:46:25,400
and workers. 
Chanting. 

1914
01:46:25,400 --> 01:46:27,700
Rhythmic work song songs to 
coordinate their efforts. 

1915
01:46:29,000 --> 01:46:32,400
Scale of the project is 
staggering the temple complex 

1916
01:46:32,400 --> 01:46:35,800
will cover Acres with massive 
pylons at the entrance 

1917
01:46:35,800 --> 01:46:40,800
Courtyard, surrounded by columns
hypostyle Halls, where Forest 

1918
01:46:40,800 --> 01:46:44,400
sized Stone pillars, create 
artificial shade sanctuaries for

1919
01:46:44,400 --> 01:46:48,100
the gods and Chambers for the 
rituals that will maintain your 

1920
01:46:48,100 --> 01:46:51,700
cult after death right now. 
It's a construction site chaotic

1921
01:46:51,700 --> 01:46:55,000
and dusty, but the Architects 
plans show you what it will 

1922
01:46:55,000 --> 01:46:59,200
become and the vision is 
magnificent You walk through the

1923
01:46:59,200 --> 01:47:01,600
site, stepping carefully over 
tools and cut. 

1924
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:06,100
Stone workers, pause in their 
labor to Bow as you pass and you

1925
01:47:06,100 --> 01:47:08,400
not acknowledgement. 
These men. 

1926
01:47:08,400 --> 01:47:11,500
And they are almost all men, 
though, women participate in 

1927
01:47:11,500 --> 01:47:15,100
some aspects of construction, a 
skilled professionals. 

1928
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:18,100
The stonecutters can split 
Granite with Precision. 

1929
01:47:18,100 --> 01:47:21,300
That seems impossible. 
The Masons can fit blocks 

1930
01:47:21,300 --> 01:47:23,800
together so tightly that you 
couldn't slip a knife blade 

1931
01:47:23,800 --> 01:47:27,500
between them, the artist carving
reliefs can turn flat into 

1932
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:29,700
images. 
So life like they seem ready to 

1933
01:47:29,700 --> 01:47:32,700
step off the wall. 
The architecture shows you the 

1934
01:47:32,700 --> 01:47:34,400
foundation work for the Great 
Hall. 

1935
01:47:34,400 --> 01:47:37,700
Limestone blocks have been laid 
with mathematical Precision, 

1936
01:47:37,700 --> 01:47:41,100
creating a level platform for 
the columns that will support 

1937
01:47:41,100 --> 01:47:44,300
the roof. 
Each block has been cut to exact

1938
01:47:44,300 --> 01:47:49,500
specifications, its surfaces 
smooth to near-perfect flatness.

1939
01:47:49,500 --> 01:47:53,400
The ancient Egyptians don't have
the tools future civilizations 

1940
01:47:53,400 --> 01:47:56,300
will develop, but they've 
mastered the art of working 

1941
01:47:56,300 --> 01:47:59,900
stone with copper tools 
abrasives and an apparently 

1942
01:47:59,900 --> 01:48:02,800
infinite capacity for patient 
precise labor. 

1943
01:48:02,800 --> 01:48:06,600
You examine the columns being 
carved nearby These will be 

1944
01:48:06,600 --> 01:48:09,800
Papyrus form. 
Columns shaped like bundles of 

1945
01:48:09,800 --> 01:48:13,700
Papyrus stems topped with 
capitals that look like opened 

1946
01:48:13,700 --> 01:48:16,800
Papyrus flowers. 
The symbolism is deliberate. 

1947
01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:21,300
Papyrus grows in the marshes of 
Lower Egypt, representing the 

1948
01:48:21,300 --> 01:48:24,500
northern part of your kingdom. 
The Craftsmen were working on 

1949
01:48:24,500 --> 01:48:27,200
the decorative elements. 
Now carving higher glyphs that 

1950
01:48:27,208 --> 01:48:30,700
will describe your Victory, is 
your Devotion to the gods and 

1951
01:48:30,700 --> 01:48:34,700
your legitimate right to rule. 
The relief on the walls are 

1952
01:48:34,700 --> 01:48:36,600
taking shape under the artist 
chisels. 

1953
01:48:36,600 --> 01:48:40,200
These aren't just decorative 
their narrative, theological, 

1954
01:48:40,200 --> 01:48:43,900
and political statements. 
Here showed making offerings to 

1955
01:48:43,900 --> 01:48:46,400
the gods. 
Maintaining the cosmic order. 

1956
01:48:47,200 --> 01:48:50,600
They're your defeating enemies 
protecting Egypt from chaos. 

1957
01:48:50,600 --> 01:48:54,200
In another scene, you receiving 
the cymbals of kingship from the

1958
01:48:54,200 --> 01:48:57,100
gods themselves. 
Visual Proof of Your Divine 

1959
01:48:57,100 --> 01:48:59,700
mandate. 
The artists are working from 

1960
01:48:59,700 --> 01:49:03,500
approved designs but within 
those parameters they're 

1961
01:49:03,500 --> 01:49:04,900
creating art that will last for 
ages. 

1962
01:49:04,900 --> 01:49:08,800
A master sculptor is working on 
a colossal statue of you in the 

1963
01:49:08,800 --> 01:49:14,200
traditional theory onic pose 
standing left leg forward arms 

1964
01:49:14,200 --> 01:49:17,800
at your sides, wearing the neems
headdress and holding Royal 

1965
01:49:17,800 --> 01:49:20,500
Insignia. 
The statue is carved from Red, 

1966
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:23,900
Granite quarried, hundreds of 
miles, south and transported 

1967
01:49:23,900 --> 01:49:27,400
here by boat and sledge at 
enormous effort and expense. 

1968
01:49:27,400 --> 01:49:30,300
It's not finished yet. 
The face needs more refining and

1969
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,200
details need to be added, but 
already, it's impressive. 

1970
01:49:33,200 --> 01:49:37,400
The statue is three times your 
actual height because subtlety 

1971
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:41,700
is not the point here. 
The point is to inspire or you 

1972
01:49:41,700 --> 01:49:44,800
discuss proportions with the 
sculptor, whose been working on 

1973
01:49:44,800 --> 01:49:48,200
Royal statues for decades. 
He explains the mathematical 

1974
01:49:48,200 --> 01:49:51,800
ratios that governed Egyptian 
art, the relationships between 

1975
01:49:51,800 --> 01:49:54,800
different body parts. 
The angles that create the ideal

1976
01:49:54,800 --> 01:49:59,200
form and the conventions that 
make a statue, Cubby fairy on. 

1977
01:49:59,208 --> 01:50:03,200
It Egyptian art isn't realistic 
in the way later cultures will 

1978
01:50:03,200 --> 01:50:08,100
Define realism it's idealized 
formalized and designed to 

1979
01:50:08,100 --> 01:50:12,200
represent truth rather than mere
appearance your statue. 

1980
01:50:12,200 --> 01:50:15,300
Doesn't need to look exactly 
like you, it needs to look like 

1981
01:50:15,300 --> 01:50:19,600
the Eternal perfect idea of you.
The overseer shows you the work 

1982
01:50:19,600 --> 01:50:21,800
schedule. 
Thousands of workers are 

1983
01:50:21,800 --> 01:50:25,300
employed on this project alone. 
Organized into teams with 

1984
01:50:25,300 --> 01:50:29,000
specialized skills. 
There are Quarrymen haulers 

1985
01:50:29,000 --> 01:50:34,000
Masons Carvers painters, 
plasterers toolmakers Cooks to 

1986
01:50:34,008 --> 01:50:36,600
feed everyone. 
Scribes to track supplies and 

1987
01:50:36,600 --> 01:50:39,200
wages and Foreman to coordinate 
efforts. 

1988
01:50:39,200 --> 01:50:42,500
It's a massive logistical 
undertaking that requires 

1989
01:50:42,500 --> 01:50:46,400
careful planning, consistent 
resources and competent 

1990
01:50:46,400 --> 01:50:48,900
management. 
You asked about the workers 

1991
01:50:48,900 --> 01:50:53,200
conditions because despite what 
future people will believe these

1992
01:50:53,200 --> 01:50:56,400
aren't slaves. 
Their paid laborers, some 

1993
01:50:56,400 --> 01:50:59,600
working full-time, others, 
fulfilling their annual labor, 

1994
01:50:59,600 --> 01:51:04,000
obligation to the state they 
receive rations of grain beer, 

1995
01:51:04,000 --> 01:51:08,100
vegetables, and occasionally 
meet They have off days for 

1996
01:51:08,100 --> 01:51:11,400
festivals, they live in 
purpose-built, work of villages,

1997
01:51:11,400 --> 01:51:14,800
with houses, Medical Care and 
even a kind of Labor, dispute 

1998
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:18,700
resolution system. 
It's not luxury, but it's also 

1999
01:51:18,700 --> 01:51:21,300
not the brutal. 
Oppression that pyramids and 

2000
01:51:21,300 --> 01:51:22,400
slavery. 
Myths would suggest. 

2001
01:51:22,400 --> 01:51:27,200
The project is on the overseer 
assures you though, on schedule 

2002
01:51:27,200 --> 01:51:29,800
for ancient Egyptian, 
construction means years or 

2003
01:51:29,800 --> 01:51:32,500
decades. 
You won't see this Temple 

2004
01:51:32,500 --> 01:51:36,900
completed your successor, might 
not see it completed, but it 

2005
01:51:36,900 --> 01:51:40,200
will be completed. 
And when it is it will stand as 

2006
01:51:40,200 --> 01:51:43,800
a testament to your Reign, your 
Devotion to the gods and your 

2007
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:47,100
determination to be remembered 
you visit the workshops where 

2008
01:51:47,100 --> 01:51:49,600
Artisans are creating the 
smaller but still important 

2009
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:53,700
elements, the gold leaf that 
will cover certain surfaces the 

2010
01:51:53,700 --> 01:51:57,600
precious stone inlays, the 
bronze doors and the elaborate 

2011
01:51:57,600 --> 01:52:01,100
ferniture for the Temple's 
various Chambers each item is 

2012
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:04,500
being made by hand by craftsmen 
who learn their skills from 

2013
01:52:04,500 --> 01:52:08,100
Master's, who learned from their
masters, maintaining Traditions 

2014
01:52:08,100 --> 01:52:11,800
that stretch back Generations. 
There's something profound about

2015
01:52:11,800 --> 01:52:14,900
watching these Works. 
Take shape every chisel strike 

2016
01:52:14,900 --> 01:52:18,900
every careful measurement. 
And every artistic decision is 

2017
01:52:18,900 --> 01:52:21,800
an Act of Creation that will 
Outlast every one involved. 

2018
01:52:21,800 --> 01:52:24,700
The workers will die. 
You will die. 

2019
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:28,600
Even the gods might change. 
But these stones will remain 

2020
01:52:28,600 --> 01:52:32,600
these images will endure and 
Hieroglyphs will continue 

2021
01:52:32,600 --> 01:52:35,200
telling your story to people who
haven't been born yet. 

2022
01:52:35,200 --> 01:52:39,600
It's as close to immortality as 
humans get As evening, 

2023
01:52:39,600 --> 01:52:43,600
approaches you find yourself on 
the palace roof, watching the 

2024
01:52:43,600 --> 01:52:45,500
sun, descend toward the Western 
desert. 

2025
01:52:45,500 --> 01:52:48,100
This has become something of a 
ritual for you. 

2026
01:52:48,100 --> 01:52:52,500
A quiet moment at the end of the
day to think to process to 

2027
01:52:52,500 --> 01:52:56,900
Simply exist without the weight 
of performance up here with the 

2028
01:52:56,900 --> 01:53:00,000
city spreading out below and the
desert Beyond you can see your 

2029
01:53:00,000 --> 01:53:03,400
kingdom in microcosm. 
The Nile cuts through the 

2030
01:53:03,400 --> 01:53:06,100
landscape, like a dark ribbon 
reflecting. 

2031
01:53:06,100 --> 01:53:10,000
The sunset colors along, its 
banks fields are darkening, from

2032
01:53:10,000 --> 01:53:13,600
green to black as the light 
Fades towns and Villages are 

2033
01:53:13,600 --> 01:53:17,400
coming alive with Lamplight. 
Tiny golden points appearing as 

2034
01:53:17,408 --> 01:53:19,000
family settle in for the 
evening. 

2035
01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:23,600
Smoke rises from cooking fires, 
carrying the smell of bread and 

2036
01:53:23,600 --> 01:53:26,300
grilled fish, Somewhere in the 
distance. 

2037
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:30,100
You can hear singing probably 
from a Tavern where workers are 

2038
01:53:30,100 --> 01:53:33,900
relaxing after the day's labor? 
You think about the enormity of 

2039
01:53:33,900 --> 01:53:37,300
your responsibility, Those 
lights represent people. 

2040
01:53:37,300 --> 01:53:42,200
Millions of them who depend on 
you to maintain that to keep the

2041
01:53:42,200 --> 01:53:45,600
Nile flowing. 
The Harvest coming the border 

2042
01:53:45,600 --> 01:53:49,300
secure and the gods satisfied. 
You didn't ask for this 

2043
01:53:49,300 --> 01:53:52,700
responsibility, you were born 
into it, trained for it from 

2044
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:56,500
childhood, had it placed on your
head with a crown and declared 

2045
01:53:56,500 --> 01:53:59,500
inevitable, by every priest and 
official in Egypt. 

2046
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:03,200
But you've accepted it and most 
days you believe you're doing an

2047
01:54:03,200 --> 01:54:06,400
adequate job. 
The concept of Mount occupies 

2048
01:54:06,400 --> 01:54:09,100
your thoughts often. 
It's more than just law or 

2049
01:54:09,100 --> 01:54:13,400
Justice, it's Cosmic order. 
The way things should be the 

2050
01:54:13,400 --> 01:54:15,800
balance between chaos and 
civilization. 

2051
01:54:16,500 --> 01:54:20,000
Your entire Reign is judged by 
how well you maintain that. 

2052
01:54:20,800 --> 01:54:23,700
Do you speak truth? 
Do you ensure Fair judgment? 

2053
01:54:23,700 --> 01:54:27,500
Do you support the gods temples?
Do you keep Egypt? 

2054
01:54:27,500 --> 01:54:31,100
Prosperous and secure every 
decision you make is supposed to

2055
01:54:31,108 --> 01:54:35,200
reinforce all order and push 
back against chaos is fat the 

2056
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:36,800
force that wants to unmake 
everything. 

2057
01:54:36,800 --> 01:54:41,700
It's an impossible standard, 
really your human, despite what 

2058
01:54:41,700 --> 01:54:44,900
the theology says. 
You make mistakes, you have 

2059
01:54:44,900 --> 01:54:49,000
biases, you get tired and cranky
and occasionally makes decisions

2060
01:54:49,000 --> 01:54:52,600
because they're easier rather 
than because they're right, you 

2061
01:54:52,600 --> 01:54:55,700
try every morning, you wake up 
and try to be the fairer. 

2062
01:54:55,700 --> 01:55:00,200
Egypt needs the living Horus, 
the son of raw, The Shepherd of 

2063
01:55:00,200 --> 01:55:03,800
the people, You think about 
mortality, which is, ironic 

2064
01:55:03,800 --> 01:55:07,300
considering you're supposed to 
be divine, but Divinity doesn't 

2065
01:55:07,300 --> 01:55:10,600
make you immune to death. 
It just means you're expected to

2066
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:13,900
continue being important. 
After death, your tomb is being 

2067
01:55:13,908 --> 01:55:15,900
prepared. 
In the Valley of the Kings cut 

2068
01:55:15,900 --> 01:55:19,200
deep into the mountain. 
Rock, its walls covered with 

2069
01:55:19,200 --> 01:55:22,500
religious texts and images to 
guide you through the afterlife,

2070
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:26,700
your burial goods are 
accumulating furniture clothes, 

2071
01:55:26,700 --> 01:55:30,300
jewelry food, everything you 
might need in the next world. 

2072
01:55:31,100 --> 01:55:34,200
The ancient Egyptians have made 
an art form of dealing with 

2073
01:55:34,200 --> 01:55:36,000
death. 
You don't just die. 

2074
01:55:36,000 --> 01:55:39,800
You transform Journey Through 
the underworld face judgment 

2075
01:55:39,800 --> 01:55:42,500
before the gods. 
And if you pass join, the 

2076
01:55:42,500 --> 01:55:45,600
Blessed dead Who Live Forever. 
The Book of the Dead, which 

2077
01:55:45,600 --> 01:55:48,200
isn't actually a book, but a 
collection of spells and 

2078
01:55:48,200 --> 01:55:51,600
instructions will be placed in 
your tomb to help you navigate 

2079
01:55:51,600 --> 01:55:54,300
the dangers of the afterlife. 
You've read it. 

2080
01:55:54,300 --> 01:55:57,900
Of course, it's comforting. 
In a way, all those details 

2081
01:55:57,900 --> 01:56:01,700
instructions about what to say 
and do as if death is just 

2082
01:56:01,700 --> 01:56:04,500
another Journey that can be 
planned for your 

2083
01:56:04,500 --> 01:56:07,200
accomplishments, run through 
your mind, like a scroll on 

2084
01:56:07,200 --> 01:56:11,400
rolling treaties, negotiated 
temples, built enemies defeated 

2085
01:56:11,400 --> 01:56:14,600
laws, enacted, canals and 
Justice administered. 

2086
01:56:15,400 --> 01:56:18,500
Some of it was significant. 
Some of it will be forgotten by 

2087
01:56:18,500 --> 01:56:21,300
next year, but you've tried to 
make Egypt, better than you 

2088
01:56:21,300 --> 01:56:25,200
found it to leave something 
lasting those buildings rising 

2089
01:56:25,200 --> 01:56:28,100
from the desert floor. 
Those inscriptions on Temple 

2090
01:56:28,100 --> 01:56:31,700
walls, those legal precedents. 
They're your legacy. 

2091
01:56:31,700 --> 01:56:35,800
The proof that you existed and 
mattered, but there are failures

2092
01:56:35,800 --> 01:56:39,500
too things. 
You regret hasty decisions that 

2093
01:56:39,500 --> 01:56:42,400
caused problems. 
Later people, you trusted who 

2094
01:56:42,400 --> 01:56:43,300
betrayed that? 
Trust? 

2095
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:48,300
Projects that consumed resources
but delivered little moments 

2096
01:56:48,300 --> 01:56:51,900
when you chose political 
expediency over Justice because 

2097
01:56:51,900 --> 01:56:55,400
the alternative seemed to costly
the weight of rule includes 

2098
01:56:55,400 --> 01:56:58,700
carrying those failures learning
from them if possible and 

2099
01:56:58,700 --> 01:57:00,500
accepting them, when learning 
isn't enough. 

2100
01:57:01,300 --> 01:57:05,200
The sun touches the Horizon and 
the sky erupts in Reds and 

2101
01:57:05,200 --> 01:57:08,500
oranges and purples. 
The Egyptians believed the sun 

2102
01:57:08,500 --> 01:57:10,800
god rare travels through the 
underworld each night. 

2103
01:57:11,600 --> 01:57:15,400
Fighting The Serpent of chaos 
and the sun rises again each 

2104
01:57:15,400 --> 01:57:19,400
morning you've helped that 
process through your rituals but

2105
01:57:19,400 --> 01:57:21,700
watching the sunset. 
You wonder if Farrar needs the 

2106
01:57:21,700 --> 01:57:25,700
help or if the Sun would rise 
anyway, the ology says, one 

2107
01:57:25,700 --> 01:57:29,700
thing, your secret thoughts, 
sometimes suggest another you 

2108
01:57:29,700 --> 01:57:31,900
think about your children and 
what kind of Egypt, they'll 

2109
01:57:31,900 --> 01:57:35,900
inherit Your eldest son will 
likely be the next Pharaoh, the 

2110
01:57:35,900 --> 01:57:38,400
royal succession in Egypt isn't 
always straightforward. 

2111
01:57:38,400 --> 01:57:42,700
He's young still more interested
in the glory of kingship than 

2112
01:57:42,700 --> 01:57:46,100
its tedious reality. 
You hope he'll learn and hope 

2113
01:57:46,100 --> 01:57:48,100
you'll understand that being 
Pharaoh means more 

2114
01:57:48,100 --> 01:57:51,300
responsibility than power. 
You hope he'll be wise enough to

2115
01:57:51,300 --> 01:57:54,000
listen to good advisors and 
strong enough to ignore bad 

2116
01:57:54,000 --> 01:57:56,400
ones. 
Stars are appearing now, 

2117
01:57:56,400 --> 01:58:00,500
familiar constellations, the 
Egyptians of named and mapped 

2118
01:58:00,500 --> 01:58:02,800
and incorporated into their 
religious beliefs. 

2119
01:58:02,800 --> 01:58:06,600
Those Stars will be there long 
after your gone looking down on 

2120
01:58:06,600 --> 01:58:10,000
future fairs future, Egypt, and 
future worlds, you can't imagine

2121
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:14,200
It's humbling in a way to think 
about the vastness of time in 

2122
01:58:14,200 --> 01:58:18,000
your tiny place in it. 
But it's also comforting your 

2123
01:58:18,000 --> 01:58:21,300
part of something larger than 
yourself, part of a chain of 

2124
01:58:21,300 --> 01:58:25,600
Kings, stretching back to normal
who first United Egypt and 

2125
01:58:25,600 --> 01:58:29,200
forward to rulers, you'll never 
meet the evening call to prayer.

2126
01:58:29,200 --> 01:58:32,900
Rises from the temples, priests 
singing hymns to the gods, 

2127
01:58:32,900 --> 01:58:36,200
thanking them for the day, 
asking for their protection. 

2128
01:58:36,200 --> 01:58:39,800
Through the night, the sound 
carries across the city and you 

2129
01:58:39,800 --> 01:58:42,300
find yourself humming along with
the familiar melodies. 

2130
01:58:43,400 --> 01:58:46,400
You may be a pharaoh, but you're
also a worshiper. 

2131
01:58:46,400 --> 01:58:50,500
Someone who acknowledges Powers 
greater than yourself as 

2132
01:58:50,500 --> 01:58:53,500
Darkness settles over Egypt. 
You feel the days tensions? 

2133
01:58:53,500 --> 01:58:56,900
Releasing tomorrow will bring 
new challenges, new 

2134
01:58:56,900 --> 01:59:00,700
responsibilities and new 
opportunities to maintain mayor 

2135
01:59:00,700 --> 01:59:03,600
or fail trying. 
But for now, this moment is 

2136
01:59:03,600 --> 01:59:07,600
enough standing on your Palace 
roof, watching your kingdom, 

2137
01:59:07,600 --> 01:59:11,400
settle into night, being simply 
yourself before you have to be 

2138
01:59:11,400 --> 01:59:14,200
fairer again. 
You turn away from The View and 

2139
01:59:14,200 --> 01:59:17,700
head back inside, ready for the 
evening meal, for the rituals 

2140
01:59:17,700 --> 01:59:20,700
that will prepare you for sleep,
and for another night's rest. 

2141
01:59:20,700 --> 01:59:24,400
Before another day's rain, the 
palace swallows you back into 

2142
01:59:24,400 --> 01:59:28,100
its routines You carry the piece
of that roof top moment with 

2143
01:59:28,100 --> 01:59:30,300
you. 
A reminder that underneath all 

2144
01:59:30,300 --> 01:59:34,800
the ceremony and responsibility,
your human living, a life 

2145
01:59:34,808 --> 01:59:39,500
measured in Sunset, and 
decisions, trying to do right in

2146
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:42,500
a world that rarely makes 
rightness easy, you lie in bed. 

2147
01:59:42,500 --> 01:59:46,700
Again, the day circuit complete 
tomorrow, you'll wake and do it 

2148
01:59:46,708 --> 01:59:50,100
all again, the rituals, the 
governance, the building the 

2149
01:59:50,100 --> 01:59:55,000
responsibility, It's a rhythm as
reliable as the Niles flood, as 

2150
01:59:55,000 --> 01:59:57,300
predictable as the sun's daily 
Journey. 

2151
01:59:57,300 --> 02:00:00,500
You're not Immortal, despite the
Divine titles. 

2152
02:00:00,500 --> 02:00:03,900
You're a person doing a job that
happens to involve being treated

2153
02:00:03,900 --> 02:00:07,800
like a god, your legacy will be 
stoned and law temples and 

2154
02:00:07,808 --> 02:00:12,300
treaties children who carry your
bloodline forward and officials 

2155
02:00:12,300 --> 02:00:16,300
who learned from your decisions.
Some of it will last Millennia, 

2156
02:00:16,300 --> 02:00:20,300
some will be forgotten within a 
generation such as the nature of

2157
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:24,000
human endeavor. 
But for now you sleep knowing 

2158
02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:26,800
the sun will rise again because 
rare travels through the night 

2159
02:00:26,800 --> 02:00:31,000
or because the Earth rotates or 
because that simply what Sons do

2160
02:00:31,000 --> 02:00:35,500
your job is to be there when it 
rises to perform the rituals to 

2161
02:00:35,500 --> 02:00:38,800
govern justly and to maintain 
that for another day. 

2162
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:43,600
The weight of the crown rests on
a stand nearby silent and 

2163
02:00:43,600 --> 02:00:48,400
patient waiting for more morning
outside the Nile flows northward

2164
02:00:48,400 --> 02:00:52,000
as it always has carrying Egypt,
life toward the sea and in the 

2165
02:00:52,000 --> 02:00:54,700
Eternal cycle of rising and 
setting of flooding, and 

2166
02:00:54,700 --> 02:00:58,500
planting, and harvesting of life
and death and life again. 

2167
02:00:58,500 --> 02:01:03,000
You are Pharaoh Divine mortal, 
powerful. 

2168
02:01:03,000 --> 02:01:07,700
Vulnerable responsible for 
everything master of nothing, 

2169
02:01:07,700 --> 02:01:10,600
but your intentions sleep comes 
gently. 

2170
02:01:10,600 --> 02:01:14,100
Carrying you toward dreams of 
the perfect Egypt, you build 

2171
02:01:14,100 --> 02:01:16,800
each night and wake to 
approximate each day. 

2172
02:01:23,300 --> 02:01:27,400
You're standing in a library in 
1871 running, your fingers along

2173
02:01:27,400 --> 02:01:30,700
leather bound volumes, that 
smell of must and possibility. 

2174
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:33,900
Outside Gaslight flickers 
against London's fog. 

2175
02:01:33,900 --> 02:01:37,200
But here in this quiet Corner, 
you've stumbled upon something 

2176
02:01:37,200 --> 02:01:40,300
that makes your pulse. 
Quicken just slightly a German 

2177
02:01:40,300 --> 02:01:43,900
businessman named Heinrich 
schliemann as published claims 

2178
02:01:43,900 --> 02:01:46,300
so outrageous that Scholars, 
dismissed them with barely 

2179
02:01:46,300 --> 02:01:49,900
concealed contempt. 
He insists that Troy the 

2180
02:01:49,900 --> 02:01:53,700
legendary City from home as 
ancient poems, actually existed 

2181
02:01:53,700 --> 02:01:55,800
as a real place. 
You could visit touch and 

2182
02:01:55,800 --> 02:01:59,400
excavate from Turkish soil. 
The academic establishment 

2183
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:02,700
considers this laugh of all Troy
belongs to mythology. 

2184
02:02:02,700 --> 02:02:07,600
They insist no more real than 
unicorns or dragons homers epic 

2185
02:02:07,600 --> 02:02:12,000
Tales served as entertainment 
moral instruction, perhaps, but 

2186
02:02:12,000 --> 02:02:15,400
certainly not as geographical 
guidebooks you can almost hear 

2187
02:02:15,400 --> 02:02:17,700
The scoffing Echoes through 
University Halls. 

2188
02:02:17,700 --> 02:02:21,800
As professors Waverly, man's 
theories with the same casual 

2189
02:02:21,800 --> 02:02:24,000
dismissal. 
They'd give to claims of 

2190
02:02:24,000 --> 02:02:27,400
Atlantis or El Dorado but 
schliemann possesses something 

2191
02:02:27,400 --> 02:02:29,700
more valuable than academic 
credentials. 

2192
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:34,600
He has Homer's text a fortune 
from his business ventures and 

2193
02:02:34,600 --> 02:02:37,400
an unshakable conviction that 
stories preserve truth. 

2194
02:02:37,400 --> 02:02:40,400
While others read The Iliad as 
pure fiction. 

2195
02:02:40,400 --> 02:02:45,100
He notices the specific details 
the descriptions of landscape 

2196
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:49,100
features the mentions of 
distances between locations and 

2197
02:02:49,100 --> 02:02:51,500
the careful accounting of 
geographical markers. 

2198
02:02:51,500 --> 02:02:54,400
That seem too precise for Pure 
invention. 

2199
02:02:54,400 --> 02:02:58,400
You follow his journey in your 
mind's eye, he arrives at a Hill

2200
02:02:58,400 --> 02:03:02,000
Called hisarlik in Northwestern 
turkey where local farmers, 

2201
02:03:02,000 --> 02:03:04,200
grazed their sheep across what 
appears to be. 

2202
02:03:04,200 --> 02:03:06,500
Nothing more than unremarkable 
Terrain. 

2203
02:03:07,600 --> 02:03:09,900
The soil feels ordinary beneath 
his boots. 

2204
02:03:09,900 --> 02:03:13,900
The wind carries the same salt 
smell from the nearby Dardanelle

2205
02:03:13,900 --> 02:03:16,400
straight that it is carried for 
thousands of years. 

2206
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:19,700
Nothing announces itself, as 
extraordinary. 

2207
02:03:20,600 --> 02:03:24,800
Yet, he begins to dig the first 
days yield Pottery shards and 

2208
02:03:24,800 --> 02:03:26,600
Broken Walls. 
That could belong to any 

2209
02:03:26,600 --> 02:03:29,600
forgotten settlement. 
The workers, he's hired. 

2210
02:03:29,600 --> 02:03:32,100
Probably wonder about this 
Foreigner's obsession with their

2211
02:03:32,100 --> 02:03:36,300
Dusty Hillside, but as the 
excavation deepens layers reveal

2212
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:40,300
themselves, like pages in a book
written in soil and stone, each 

2213
02:03:40,300 --> 02:03:44,000
stratum tells a story of 
habitation destruction and 

2214
02:03:44,000 --> 02:03:47,000
rebuilding. 
The hill contains, not one city 

2215
02:03:47,000 --> 02:03:50,600
but many stacked atop each other
in archaeological succession. 

2216
02:03:50,600 --> 02:03:54,500
When schliemann's team uncovers 
fortification walls of massive, 

2217
02:03:54,500 --> 02:03:58,200
Limestone blocks fitted together
with techniques that speak of 

2218
02:03:58,200 --> 02:03:59,900
significant engineering 
knowledge. 

2219
02:04:00,800 --> 02:04:04,700
Shape of something magnificent 
begins to emerge, these aren't 

2220
02:04:04,700 --> 02:04:06,900
the modest remains of a simple 
farming Village. 

2221
02:04:06,900 --> 02:04:11,400
The defensive structure suggests
a city that expected attack that

2222
02:04:11,400 --> 02:04:14,500
prepared for Siege and that 
mattered enough to defend with 

2223
02:04:14,500 --> 02:04:17,400
substantial resources. 
You can imagine running your 

2224
02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:20,200
hands along. 
These ancient Stones feeling the

2225
02:04:20,200 --> 02:04:23,900
tool marks, left by Bronze Age, 
Masons who shaped each block 

2226
02:04:23,900 --> 02:04:27,000
with patient, Precision, the 
walls, curve and angle, 

2227
02:04:27,000 --> 02:04:29,700
according to strategic military 
principles, that wouldn't feel 

2228
02:04:29,700 --> 02:04:33,300
out of place in much later. 
Fortifications, someone designed

2229
02:04:33,300 --> 02:04:36,200
these defenses with careful 
thought about sight lines 

2230
02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:39,900
defensive positions and the 
psychology of attackers facing 

2231
02:04:39,900 --> 02:04:43,700
seemingly impenetrable barriers,
the discovery of a massive 

2232
02:04:43,700 --> 02:04:47,200
Treasure Trove gold golden Dyer.
Dems, silver vessels copper 

2233
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:50,800
Shields creates an international
sensation though. 

2234
02:04:50,800 --> 02:04:53,300
Shemans methods of removing 
these artifacts would make 

2235
02:04:53,300 --> 02:04:57,500
modern archaeologists wince, but
the treasure itself matters less

2236
02:04:57,500 --> 02:05:01,100
than what it represents. 
Proof that this location housed 

2237
02:05:01,100 --> 02:05:05,000
a wealthy significant City 
during exactly the period. 

2238
02:05:05,000 --> 02:05:08,300
When homeless Troy would have 
flourished, Critic scrambled to 

2239
02:05:08,308 --> 02:05:11,600
explain away the findings. 
Perhaps, this is a city, they 

2240
02:05:11,600 --> 02:05:13,800
can see but surely not, the Troy
of Legend. 

2241
02:05:14,800 --> 02:05:17,300
Connection to Homer's epic 
remains speculation. 

2242
02:05:17,300 --> 02:05:19,600
They insist. 
Even as more evidence 

2243
02:05:19,600 --> 02:05:23,600
accumulates, the site's location
matches, homeless descriptions 

2244
02:05:23,600 --> 02:05:26,900
with Eerie accuracy, the 
Strategic importance of 

2245
02:05:26,908 --> 02:05:29,900
controlling the Dardanelles, the
narrow straight, connecting the 

2246
02:05:29,900 --> 02:05:32,500
Mediterranean to the Black Sea 
explains. 

2247
02:05:32,500 --> 02:05:36,100
Why such a city would have 
existed here and why others 

2248
02:05:36,100 --> 02:05:39,700
might have waged War to control 
it, as you settle deeper into 

2249
02:05:39,700 --> 02:05:42,200
your imaginary exploration of 
these discoveries. 

2250
02:05:42,200 --> 02:05:45,600
You realize that schliemann's 
Vindication teaches something 

2251
02:05:45,600 --> 02:05:49,500
profound about the relationship 
between story and Truth. 

2252
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:52,400
Legends. 
Don't materialize from nothing. 

2253
02:05:52,400 --> 02:05:57,200
They emerge from real events, 
real places and real people 

2254
02:05:57,200 --> 02:06:00,600
whose accomplishments impressed 
their contemporary so deeply 

2255
02:06:00,600 --> 02:06:03,900
that the tales of survived 
centuries of retelling. 

2256
02:06:04,900 --> 02:06:08,800
The conspiracy wasn't really 
about Troy's existence the real 

2257
02:06:08,800 --> 02:06:11,000
hidden. 
Truth was that oral traditions 

2258
02:06:11,000 --> 02:06:14,600
and epic, poetry could preserve 
accurate geographical and 

2259
02:06:14,600 --> 02:06:18,800
historical information across 
vast stretches of time something

2260
02:06:18,800 --> 02:06:22,100
that scholarly convention 
insisted was impossible. 

2261
02:06:22,100 --> 02:06:25,200
Ancient storytellers weren't 
simply entertaining their 

2262
02:06:25,200 --> 02:06:28,700
audiences with fanciful Tales, 
they were encoding and 

2263
02:06:28,708 --> 02:06:30,900
transmitting genuine knowledge 
about their world. 

2264
02:06:30,900 --> 02:06:34,300
Wrapping facts in narrative, so 
compelling that people would 

2265
02:06:34,300 --> 02:06:35,900
remember and repeat them for 
Generations. 

2266
02:06:35,900 --> 02:06:39,500
Later excavations would reveal 
even more layers. 

2267
02:06:39,500 --> 02:06:42,600
More complexity and more 
confirmation that this site 

2268
02:06:42,600 --> 02:06:45,800
witnessed the rise and fall of 
significant civilizations. 

2269
02:06:45,800 --> 02:06:49,600
Modern, archaeologists working 
with better technique, and more 

2270
02:06:49,600 --> 02:06:53,400
careful documentation than 
Shimon employed continued to 

2271
02:06:53,400 --> 02:06:55,200
uncover evidence. 
That makes the connection 

2272
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:57,900
between this Turkish Hillside 
and Homer's description 

2273
02:06:57,900 --> 02:07:01,200
increasingly difficult to 
dismiss. 

2274
02:07:01,200 --> 02:07:05,000
You can almost smell the dust of
excavation that Particular 

2275
02:07:05,000 --> 02:07:07,900
Center of disturbed Earth that 
hasn't felt sunlight in 

2276
02:07:07,900 --> 02:07:11,300
Millennia. 
The workers tools scrape against

2277
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:14,100
Stone and pottery. 
Each sound potentially 

2278
02:07:14,100 --> 02:07:17,600
announcing another Revelation. 
The patient work of archeology 

2279
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:20,300
proceeds and careful increments 
brushing away. 

2280
02:07:20,300 --> 02:07:22,200
Dirt to expose what previous 
generations. 

2281
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:26,900
Try to preserve or simply Left 
Behind when circumstances forced

2282
02:07:26,900 --> 02:07:30,600
them to abandon their homes. 
The story of Troy's rediscovery,

2283
02:07:30,600 --> 02:07:33,700
reminds you that sometimes the 
wildest sounding theories 

2284
02:07:33,700 --> 02:07:37,400
deserves serious consideration, 
the conspiracy theorists of 

2285
02:07:37,408 --> 02:07:40,400
schliemann's era. 
Those who insisted that Legends 

2286
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:44,100
contained historical, kernels 
worth investigating turned out 

2287
02:07:44,100 --> 02:07:46,900
to understand something that 
conventional wisdom missed. 

2288
02:07:46,900 --> 02:07:49,800
Ancient people were primitive 
fabulous. 

2289
02:07:49,800 --> 02:07:53,100
They were sophisticated 
observers who encoded their 

2290
02:07:53,100 --> 02:07:55,700
knowledge of the world into 
stories designed to survive. 

2291
02:07:55,700 --> 02:08:00,200
Now your hiking through dense 
Peruvian jungle machete in hand 

2292
02:08:00,200 --> 02:08:03,300
pushing aside vegetation that 
seems determined to reclaim 

2293
02:08:03,300 --> 02:08:05,700
every inch of ground from Human 
intrusion. 

2294
02:08:05,700 --> 02:08:09,600
The year is 1915 and you're 
following Rumours that Most 

2295
02:08:09,600 --> 02:08:12,800
serious Scholars, consider 
beneath their attention local 

2296
02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:14,800
people. 
Speak of ancient roads running 

2297
02:08:14,800 --> 02:08:17,700
through impossible. 
Terrain, connecting distant 

2298
02:08:17,700 --> 02:08:20,400
sights in the Andes with 
engineering that supposedly 

2299
02:08:20,400 --> 02:08:22,900
Rivals. 
Anything modern civilization as 

2300
02:08:22,900 --> 02:08:26,000
achieved. 
The academic Consensus 

2301
02:08:26,000 --> 02:08:29,400
dismisses, These stories. 
Yes the Inca built some 

2302
02:08:29,400 --> 02:08:31,700
impressive structures experts 
acknowledge. 

2303
02:08:31,700 --> 02:08:35,800
But the claims about vast Road 
networks spanning, thousands of 

2304
02:08:35,800 --> 02:08:39,500
miles strain, credulity the 
terrain, in this part of South 

2305
02:08:39,500 --> 02:08:42,000
America, presents challenges 
that were defeat even 

2306
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:45,900
contemporary engineers. 
Mountains rise so steeply that 

2307
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:48,700
constructing sustained Roots, 
seems physically impossible 

2308
02:08:48,700 --> 02:08:51,700
jungles grow. 
So thick that maintaining any 

2309
02:08:51,700 --> 02:08:54,900
kind of pathway would require 
constant exhausting labor. 

2310
02:08:56,100 --> 02:08:59,500
But Hiram Bingham, the Explorer,
whose footsteps, your retracing 

2311
02:08:59,500 --> 02:09:02,800
keeps hearing consistent stories
from people who live in these 

2312
02:09:02,800 --> 02:09:05,400
mountains. 
They describe Pathways that run 

2313
02:09:05,400 --> 02:09:08,200
from Ecuador to Chile Crossing 
some of the most hostile 

2314
02:09:08,200 --> 02:09:11,200
landscape on Earth. 
They mentioned Bridges spanning 

2315
02:09:11,200 --> 02:09:14,700
gorgeous, so deep that you 
couldn't see the bottom even on 

2316
02:09:14,700 --> 02:09:18,000
the clearest day, they talk 
about rest stations positioned 

2317
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:21,600
at precise intervals allowing 
travelers to make predictable 

2318
02:09:21,600 --> 02:09:24,000
progress through terrain that 
should have been impossible. 

2319
02:09:24,000 --> 02:09:28,000
Your climbing now following what
looks like nothing more than a 

2320
02:09:28,000 --> 02:09:31,500
slightly elevated Ridge through 
the forest Then you know noticed

2321
02:09:31,500 --> 02:09:35,400
that the slope beneath your feet
feels too consistent to 

2322
02:09:35,400 --> 02:09:37,800
carefully. 
Graded to be natural pushing 

2323
02:09:37,800 --> 02:09:40,800
aside centuries of plant growth,
your fingers and counter 

2324
02:09:40,800 --> 02:09:44,300
carefully fitted Stones. 
Forming a surface designed for 

2325
02:09:44,300 --> 02:09:47,000
travel. 
The road emerges from its 

2326
02:09:47,000 --> 02:09:50,400
camouflage, vegetation like a 
secret revealing itself. 

2327
02:09:50,400 --> 02:09:53,900
Reluctantly, the construction 
technique, makes you pause in 

2328
02:09:53,900 --> 02:09:56,400
admiration. 
These Builders didn't simply 

2329
02:09:56,400 --> 02:10:00,200
pile Stones randomly, they 
selected each piece for specific

2330
02:10:00,200 --> 02:10:04,300
characteristics, shape, size, 
and weight, distribution, and 

2331
02:10:04,300 --> 02:10:07,100
fitted them together. 
So precisely that mortar became 

2332
02:10:07,100 --> 02:10:10,500
unnecessary, the road surface, 
drains water, effectively 

2333
02:10:10,500 --> 02:10:13,700
preventing the erosion. 
That would have destroyed lesser

2334
02:10:13,700 --> 02:10:16,100
construction. 
Centuries ago, the grade never 

2335
02:10:16,100 --> 02:10:19,400
exceeds certain limits 
suggesting that the engineers 

2336
02:10:19,400 --> 02:10:22,100
understood, the relationship 
between slope and sustainable 

2337
02:10:22,100 --> 02:10:24,600
travel. 
As you can continue following 

2338
02:10:24,600 --> 02:10:27,600
this route, the full scope of 
the achievement becomes 

2339
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:30,400
apparent. 
This is an accrued path, worn by

2340
02:10:30,400 --> 02:10:33,600
repeated foot traffic. 
It's an intentionally designed 

2341
02:10:33,600 --> 02:10:37,400
Transportation infrastructure, 
that required surveying planning

2342
02:10:37,400 --> 02:10:40,700
and organized labor on a scale 
that challenges assumptions 

2343
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:43,400
about pre-columbian American 
civilizations. 

2344
02:10:43,400 --> 02:10:47,200
The road just a train changes 
with sophisticated Solutions, 

2345
02:10:47,200 --> 02:10:51,300
staircases carved into Cliff 
faces where slopes become too. 

2346
02:10:51,300 --> 02:10:55,000
Steep retaining walls, 
preventing landslides and 

2347
02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:57,700
drainage systems channeling 
water away from the travel 

2348
02:10:57,700 --> 02:10:59,800
surface. 
You reach a section where the 

2349
02:10:59,808 --> 02:11:03,100
road clings to a Mountainside, 
suspended above a valley floor, 

2350
02:11:03,100 --> 02:11:05,500
so far below that it disappears 
into Haze. 

2351
02:11:06,500 --> 02:11:09,100
Looking at the engineering 
required to create, this passage

2352
02:11:09,100 --> 02:11:11,500
makes you slightly dizzy 
workers. 

2353
02:11:11,500 --> 02:11:14,500
Would have needed to secure 
themselves with ropes while 

2354
02:11:14,500 --> 02:11:16,500
chiseling foundations into Solid
Rock. 

2355
02:11:17,400 --> 02:11:20,400
They would have hauled massive 
Stones up slopes that exhaust, 

2356
02:11:20,400 --> 02:11:23,400
you even without carrying 
anything, they achieve this 

2357
02:11:23,400 --> 02:11:27,400
without wheels, without draft 
animals larger than llamas and 

2358
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:29,600
without iron tools to cut 
through Stone. 

2359
02:11:29,600 --> 02:11:32,700
The conspiracy theory that 
Scholars mocked was simple 

2360
02:11:32,700 --> 02:11:35,400
indigenous. 
American civilizations had 

2361
02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:38,400
developed sophisticated 
engineering knowledge and 

2362
02:11:38,400 --> 02:11:42,100
organizational capacity without 
European influence the 

2363
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:44,500
conventional wisdom of the early
20th century. 

2364
02:11:44,500 --> 02:11:46,100
Could not accommodate this 
possibility. 

2365
02:11:46,100 --> 02:11:49,300
It seemed more reasonable to 
attribute any impressive, 

2366
02:11:49,300 --> 02:11:53,300
pre-columbian achievements to 
Lost European visitors, or even 

2367
02:11:53,300 --> 02:11:57,500
extraterrestrial intervention 
than to accept that and people's

2368
02:11:57,500 --> 02:12:01,700
had independently developed 
Advanced technical skills, your 

2369
02:12:01,700 --> 02:12:03,100
resting. 
Now at one of the weigh 

2370
02:12:03,100 --> 02:12:07,200
stations, the locals mentioned, 
The structure still stands 

2371
02:12:07,200 --> 02:12:09,300
partially ruined but 
recognizable. 

2372
02:12:09,300 --> 02:12:10,900
Positioned. 
Exactly. 

2373
02:12:10,900 --> 02:12:14,400
One day's travel from the 
previous station, the spacing 

2374
02:12:14,400 --> 02:12:16,600
reveals, careful planning based 
on realistic. 

2375
02:12:16,600 --> 02:12:19,900
Assessments of human endurance 
in high altitude conditions, 

2376
02:12:19,900 --> 02:12:23,300
Travelers could rely on finding 
shelter at predictable 

2377
02:12:23,300 --> 02:12:26,500
intervals, transforming a 
potentially deadly journey 

2378
02:12:26,500 --> 02:12:29,200
through hostile terrain into a 
manageable Expedition. 

2379
02:12:29,200 --> 02:12:31,900
The road Network, you're 
discovering stretches 

2380
02:12:31,900 --> 02:12:36,000
approximately 25,000 miles at 
its maximum extent. 

2381
02:12:36,700 --> 02:12:39,200
Connecting regions as 
climatically different as 

2382
02:12:39,200 --> 02:12:42,800
tropical coastal areas and 
frigid mountain, passes above 

2383
02:12:42,800 --> 02:12:45,800
14,000 feet. 
The incur didn't merely build 

2384
02:12:45,800 --> 02:12:48,900
paths between nearby 
settlements, they created an 

2385
02:12:48,900 --> 02:12:52,200
integrated system that United, 
an Empire spanning much of 

2386
02:12:52,200 --> 02:12:56,400
Western South America, allowing 
rapid communication, military 

2387
02:12:56,400 --> 02:12:59,900
deployment, and economic 
exchange across distances that 

2388
02:12:59,900 --> 02:13:02,500
would have taken months to 
Traverse through unimproved 

2389
02:13:02,500 --> 02:13:05,400
terrain. 
Running your hands along the 

2390
02:13:05,400 --> 02:13:08,200
stone surface, worn Smooth by 
countless feet over. 

2391
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:11,600
Centuries, you can almost feel 
the history embedded in these 

2392
02:13:11,600 --> 02:13:14,700
rocks Messengers called chaskey 
want sprinted. 

2393
02:13:14,700 --> 02:13:17,800
Along these routes carrying 
information through a relay 

2394
02:13:17,800 --> 02:13:21,200
system, that could transmit news
fast and seemed physically 

2395
02:13:21,200 --> 02:13:24,100
possible. 
Arm is marched, these roads 

2396
02:13:24,100 --> 02:13:27,200
their footsteps. 
Echoing against Mountain walls. 

2397
02:13:27,200 --> 02:13:32,500
Merchants transported, goods 
sold from coastal areas potatoes

2398
02:13:32,500 --> 02:13:36,300
from Highland farms and tropical
fruits from Jungle regions 

2399
02:13:36,300 --> 02:13:40,200
creating economic integration 
that wouldn't exist again in 

2400
02:13:40,200 --> 02:13:43,700
South America, until the modern 
era, The bridges prove even more

2401
02:13:43,700 --> 02:13:45,200
impressive than the roads 
themselves. 

2402
02:13:45,200 --> 02:13:49,300
The Inca Engineers mastered 
suspension bridge construction, 

2403
02:13:49,300 --> 02:13:52,500
weaving cables from grass 
fibers, that could support 

2404
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:55,400
significant weight. 
While spanning distance, is that

2405
02:13:55,400 --> 02:13:58,500
stone construction couldn't 
achieve you encounter the 

2406
02:13:58,500 --> 02:14:02,000
remains of one such Crossing 
where anchor points carved into 

2407
02:14:02,000 --> 02:14:04,700
Cliff faces. 
Once held cables stretching 

2408
02:14:04,700 --> 02:14:06,700
across a gap that makes your 
stomach tighten. 

2409
02:14:06,700 --> 02:14:10,000
Just looking at it modern 
testing of reconstructed in 

2410
02:14:10,000 --> 02:14:12,200
cabridge, reveals engineering 
principles. 

2411
02:14:12,200 --> 02:14:14,700
That wouldn't feel out of place 
in contemporary textbooks. 

2412
02:14:15,700 --> 02:14:19,300
The cables distribute way. 
Totally the deck design provides

2413
02:14:19,300 --> 02:14:22,000
stability against wind that 
whips through these mountain 

2414
02:14:22,000 --> 02:14:26,700
passes with terrifying Force. 
The whole structure flexes 

2415
02:14:26,700 --> 02:14:30,500
rather than resisting movement, 
allowing it to survive, stresses

2416
02:14:30,500 --> 02:14:34,200
that would snap more rigid 
constructions, the conspiracy 

2417
02:14:34,200 --> 02:14:38,200
wasn't about roads existing, 
every society creates paths 

2418
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:41,500
between settlements, the hidden 
truth was that pre-columbian 

2419
02:14:41,500 --> 02:14:44,300
American civilizations had 
achieved engineering 

2420
02:14:44,300 --> 02:14:47,700
sophistication. 
That European scholars insisted 

2421
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:52,400
required, knowledge transmitted 
from the old world, The roads, 

2422
02:14:52,400 --> 02:14:56,100
prove that indigenous people had
independently developed 

2423
02:14:56,100 --> 02:14:59,600
technical skills organizational 
methods and scientific 

2424
02:14:59,600 --> 02:15:03,600
understanding that conventional 
wisdom refused to acknowledge as

2425
02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:06,800
you continue your journey along 
these ancient Roots you notice 

2426
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:10,400
smaller details that reveal the 
depth of planning involved the 

2427
02:15:10,400 --> 02:15:13,900
Inca position, their roads to 
minimize exposure to landslides 

2428
02:15:13,900 --> 02:15:17,200
and avalanches they wrote it. 
Paths to take advantage of 

2429
02:15:17,200 --> 02:15:20,700
natural shelter, where possible 
they created drainage systems 

2430
02:15:20,700 --> 02:15:24,000
that still function after five 
centuries of neglect every 

2431
02:15:24,000 --> 02:15:27,000
decision, reflected accumulated,
knowledge about how to build 

2432
02:15:27,000 --> 02:15:29,500
infrastructure that could 
survive in some of Earth's, most

2433
02:15:29,500 --> 02:15:31,900
challenging environments, your 
descending. 

2434
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:35,100
Now following switchbacks that 
demonstrate another aspect of 

2435
02:15:35,100 --> 02:15:38,600
the engineers skill rather than 
attempting impossibly steep 

2436
02:15:38,600 --> 02:15:42,600
grades, the roads zigzags down 
the Mountainside in a pattern. 

2437
02:15:42,600 --> 02:15:44,800
That makes The Descent 
manageable for travelers and 

2438
02:15:44,800 --> 02:15:48,000
cargo carriers. 
The turns Bank slightly like 

2439
02:15:48,000 --> 02:15:51,200
curves on a modern Highway 
reducing the risk of losing 

2440
02:15:51,200 --> 02:15:53,600
footing. 
On Corners, even the width of 

2441
02:15:53,608 --> 02:15:57,400
the road, very strategically 
wide on straight sections where 

2442
02:15:57,400 --> 02:16:00,500
multiple Travelers might pass 
each other narrower through 

2443
02:16:00,500 --> 02:16:03,200
difficult terrain, where 
construction costs mattered more

2444
02:16:03,200 --> 02:16:06,400
than convenience the discovery 
of these Road networks. 

2445
02:16:06,400 --> 02:16:10,100
Didn't just reveal impressive. 
Engineering it demonstrated that

2446
02:16:10,100 --> 02:16:13,600
the Americas before European 
contact, hosted complex, 

2447
02:16:13,600 --> 02:16:18,400
organized societies capable of 
sustained large-scale projects 

2448
02:16:18,400 --> 02:16:22,800
requiring across Generations. 
The roads couldn't have been 

2449
02:16:22,808 --> 02:16:24,800
built quickly by small 
populations. 

2450
02:16:24,800 --> 02:16:28,200
They required centralized 
Authority, that could mobilize 

2451
02:16:28,200 --> 02:16:33,000
labor Engineers who could solve 
technical problems and Society. 

2452
02:16:33,000 --> 02:16:35,500
Stable enough to invest 
resources in infrastructure that

2453
02:16:35,500 --> 02:16:38,900
might take decades to complete. 
You're sitting in a monastery 

2454
02:16:38,900 --> 02:16:43,200
library, in 16th century, Spain 
examining manuscripts that monks

2455
02:16:43,200 --> 02:16:46,000
of carefully preserved from the 
burning and destruction that 

2456
02:16:46,000 --> 02:16:49,500
followed Conquest. 
The leather bound Pages smell of

2457
02:16:49,508 --> 02:16:53,799
age and secrets outside the 
inquisitions influence, still 

2458
02:16:53,799 --> 02:16:55,700
shapes. 
What knowledge people dare to 

2459
02:16:55,700 --> 02:16:57,700
pursue and what questions? 
They risk asking. 

2460
02:16:57,700 --> 02:17:02,000
But here in this quiet room, 
you're looking at evidence that 

2461
02:17:02,000 --> 02:17:05,000
challenges, everything, Europe, 
believes about, mathematical 

2462
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:08,900
sophistication, the documents 
before you can contain Mayan 

2463
02:17:08,900 --> 02:17:12,200
astronomical calculations that 
predict less of events with 

2464
02:17:12,200 --> 02:17:16,000
accuracy that European science 
won't match for centuries. 

2465
02:17:16,000 --> 02:17:19,400
You trace your finger along 
Columns of dots and bars. 

2466
02:17:19,400 --> 02:17:23,100
The elegant Maya number system, 
that includes a concept European

2467
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:25,500
mathematics. 
Still struggles to fully Embrace

2468
02:17:25,500 --> 02:17:29,000
zero as a placeholder, a number 
in its own, right? 

2469
02:17:29,000 --> 02:17:32,600
The conspiracy theory that most 
Europeans wouldn't accept was 

2470
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:35,600
straightforward. 
People in the Americas at 

2471
02:17:35,600 --> 02:17:39,000
independently developed, 
advanced mathematics, astronomy,

2472
02:17:39,000 --> 02:17:43,000
and calendar systems, without 
any influence from European 

2473
02:17:43,000 --> 02:17:47,700
Asian or African civilizations, 
the conventional wisdom. 

2474
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:52,100
Insisted that such sophisticated
intellectual achievements, must 

2475
02:17:52,100 --> 02:17:55,799
have spread from a single 
Source, presumably somewhere in 

2476
02:17:55,808 --> 02:17:59,500
the Mediterranean or Middle East
because surely Humanity couldn't

2477
02:17:59,500 --> 02:18:03,600
have discovered these Concepts 
multiple times in isolation, but

2478
02:18:03,600 --> 02:18:05,700
the evidence before you tells a 
different story. 

2479
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:10,700
The Mayan number system works in
base, 20, rather than the base 

2480
02:18:10,700 --> 02:18:12,799
10 that dominates European 
Counting. 

2481
02:18:13,700 --> 02:18:16,600
This wasn't a primitive choice 
or a sign of mathematical 

2482
02:18:16,600 --> 02:18:20,200
confusion, it represented a 
different but equally valid 

2483
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:22,100
approach to representing 
quantities. 

2484
02:18:22,100 --> 02:18:26,000
One that actually offers certain
advantages for specific types of

2485
02:18:26,000 --> 02:18:29,299
calculations your examining a 
calendar calculation. 

2486
02:18:29,299 --> 02:18:32,200
Now, watching how the Mayan 
system tracks, multiple 

2487
02:18:32,200 --> 02:18:35,000
overlapping Cycles with 
Precision, that makes your head 

2488
02:18:35,000 --> 02:18:38,000
spin slightly. 
They maintained a sacred 

2489
02:18:38,000 --> 02:18:44,500
calendar of 260 days, a solar 
calendar of 365 days and along 

2490
02:18:44,500 --> 02:18:47,299
count that could track dates 
across thousands of years. 

2491
02:18:47,299 --> 02:18:51,200
The mathematical sophistication 
required to keep these systems 

2492
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:53,900
synchronized while using them 
for practical purposes. 

2493
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:58,900
Agricultural planing religious 
ceremonies political events, 

2494
02:18:58,900 --> 02:19:03,100
reveals Minds as sharp as any in
European University's, 

2495
02:19:03,100 --> 02:19:06,400
astronomical observations proved
even more impressive. 

2496
02:19:07,299 --> 02:19:10,400
Mayan mathematicians calculated.
The lunar month to within 

2497
02:19:10,400 --> 02:19:13,299
seconds of what modern 
instruments reveal they 

2498
02:19:13,299 --> 02:19:16,299
predicted solar eclipses with 
accuracy that European 

2499
02:19:16,299 --> 02:19:19,700
astronomers couldn't match until
they gained access to better 

2500
02:19:19,700 --> 02:19:23,299
tools and techniques centuries 
later they tracked Venus's 

2501
02:19:23,299 --> 02:19:26,500
movement through the sky. 
So precisely that their 

2502
02:19:26,500 --> 02:19:29,500
calculations remain useful to 
contemporary astronomers 

2503
02:19:29,500 --> 02:19:33,299
studying that planet. 
Cycle's, you can imagine my un 

2504
02:19:33,299 --> 02:19:36,799
observers on Pyramid platforms, 
watching the night sky with 

2505
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:41,900
patient on Cross Generations. 
They didn't have telescopes but 

2506
02:19:41,900 --> 02:19:46,299
they had time dedication and 
sophisticated mathematical tools

2507
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:48,000
for analyzing what they 
observed. 

2508
02:19:48,000 --> 02:19:51,200
Each generation refined the 
previous generations, 

2509
02:19:51,200 --> 02:19:54,500
observations accumulating 
knowledge that eventually 

2510
02:19:54,500 --> 02:19:57,500
allowed them to predict 
celestial events years in 

2511
02:19:57,500 --> 02:20:00,800
advance. 
The conspiracy extended Beyond 

2512
02:20:00,800 --> 02:20:05,000
mathematics in writing systems 
European scholars, initially 

2513
02:20:05,000 --> 02:20:08,200
refused to accept that Mayan 
glyphs represented, a true 

2514
02:20:08,208 --> 02:20:10,900
writing system rather than 
simple pictographs. 

2515
02:20:10,900 --> 02:20:15,000
The idea that indigenous 
Americans had independently 

2516
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:18,600
invented complex written 
language complete with phonetic 

2517
02:20:18,600 --> 02:20:20,800
elements, grammatical 
structures. 

2518
02:20:20,800 --> 02:20:24,100
And the ability to express 
abstract Concepts. 

2519
02:20:24,100 --> 02:20:27,200
Contradicted. 
Assumption about the unique 

2520
02:20:27,200 --> 02:20:31,300
Brilliance of Old World 
civilizations, but the glyphs 

2521
02:20:31,300 --> 02:20:34,700
clearly functioned as genuine 
writing, You're looking at a 

2522
02:20:34,708 --> 02:20:39,100
text that records historical 
events, Royal genius, and 

2523
02:20:39,100 --> 02:20:42,700
mythological narrative with the 
same sophistication that Latin 

2524
02:20:42,700 --> 02:20:45,700
or Greek achieved. 
The writing system, combines 

2525
02:20:45,700 --> 02:20:47,600
logo, graphic, and phonetic 
elements. 

2526
02:20:47,600 --> 02:20:51,200
Allowing it to represent, both 
concrete objects and abstract 

2527
02:20:51,200 --> 02:20:53,100
ideas. 
With equal facility. 

2528
02:20:53,100 --> 02:20:57,100
Scribes could record sounds 
meaningless and subtle, 

2529
02:20:57,100 --> 02:20:59,800
grammatical distinctions that 
turn their language into 

2530
02:20:59,800 --> 02:21:03,700
permanent readable form. 
The mathematical achievements 

2531
02:21:03,700 --> 02:21:06,700
embedded in Mayan construction, 
provide another layer of 

2532
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:11,000
evidence, your examining 
architectural drawings now or 

2533
02:21:11,000 --> 02:21:14,000
rather proportions preserved in 
surviving structures. 

2534
02:21:14,000 --> 02:21:16,700
That reveal the mathematical 
principles underlying their 

2535
02:21:16,700 --> 02:21:20,600
design Mayan Builders use 
sophisticated geometry to create

2536
02:21:20,600 --> 02:21:22,800
buildings aligned to 
astronomical events. 

2537
02:21:23,700 --> 02:21:26,300
Pyramids oriented. 
So that sunlight, creates, 

2538
02:21:26,300 --> 02:21:29,100
specific, shadow effects during 
equinoxes. 

2539
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:33,600
Doorways, positioned to frame 
particular stars at significant 

2540
02:21:33,600 --> 02:21:36,200
dates. 
Conspiracy theorists of the 

2541
02:21:36,200 --> 02:21:39,100
colonial period. 
Those few Europeans who insisted

2542
02:21:39,100 --> 02:21:43,200
on taking Mayan intellectual 
achievement, seriously faced 

2543
02:21:43,200 --> 02:21:45,100
ridicule. 
And professional consequences 

2544
02:21:45,100 --> 02:21:48,900
acknowledging that people in the
Americas, had independently 

2545
02:21:48,900 --> 02:21:52,400
developed advanced mathematics, 
and astronomy challenged 

2546
02:21:52,400 --> 02:21:56,500
theological certainties about 
human Origins and dispersal it 

2547
02:21:56,500 --> 02:21:59,600
complicated narratives about 
European cultural superiority. 

2548
02:21:59,600 --> 02:22:02,900
It raised uncomfortable 
questions about what else 

2549
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:05,700
indigenous people might have 
discovered that conquest and 

2550
02:22:05,700 --> 02:22:07,900
disease are destroyed. 
Before it could be properly, 

2551
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:11,300
documented, your examining a 
mathematical texts dealing with 

2552
02:22:11,300 --> 02:22:14,500
what we'd call calculus the 
mathematics of continuous 

2553
02:22:14,500 --> 02:22:17,000
change. 
Mayan mathematicians didn't 

2554
02:22:17,000 --> 02:22:19,100
develop this. 
Exactly as Europeans would 

2555
02:22:19,100 --> 02:22:22,700
centuries later, but they 
clearly grasped Concepts about 

2556
02:22:22,700 --> 02:22:26,900
tracking changing quantities 
over time, calculating areas 

2557
02:22:26,900 --> 02:22:30,500
under curves and understanding 
accumulation in ways that 

2558
02:22:30,500 --> 02:22:33,900
anticipate later. 
Mathematical developments the 

2559
02:22:33,900 --> 02:22:38,200
zero itself. deserves special 
attention, Mayan mathematicians 

2560
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:41,400
developed this concept in 
dependently, using it both as a 

2561
02:22:41,400 --> 02:22:45,700
placeholder, making positional 
notation work and as a number in

2562
02:22:45,700 --> 02:22:48,800
his own right, European 
mathematics wouldn't fully 

2563
02:22:48,800 --> 02:22:52,300
Embrace zero until well after 
contact with Arabic mathematical

2564
02:22:52,300 --> 02:22:56,200
traditions, Yet here at 
functions naturally, and a 

2565
02:22:56,200 --> 02:22:59,000
system developed in complete. 
Isolation from Old World 

2566
02:22:59,000 --> 02:23:01,600
influences. 
You can almost hear the scratch 

2567
02:23:01,600 --> 02:23:05,000
of a Mayan scribes brush against
paper made from tree bark. 

2568
02:23:05,700 --> 02:23:09,300
Carefully recording calculations
that would preserve astronomical

2569
02:23:09,300 --> 02:23:11,100
knowledge for future 
Generations. 

2570
02:23:11,100 --> 02:23:14,500
The concentration required for 
this work and the understanding 

2571
02:23:14,500 --> 02:23:17,400
that you're contributing to an 
accumulating body of knowledge 

2572
02:23:17,400 --> 02:23:21,000
that transcends individual 
lifetimes creates a connection 

2573
02:23:21,000 --> 02:23:23,900
across centuries. 
Those scribes knew they were 

2574
02:23:23,908 --> 02:23:27,100
building something that mattered
preserving discoveries that took

2575
02:23:27,100 --> 02:23:30,900
generations to accumulate. 
The architectural evidence 

2576
02:23:30,900 --> 02:23:33,000
speaks to practical applications
of this. 

2577
02:23:33,000 --> 02:23:35,800
Mathematical knowledge. 
My Anne Builders created 

2578
02:23:35,800 --> 02:23:38,600
structures, that still stand 
centuries after Construction. 

2579
02:23:39,500 --> 02:23:42,100
Despite earthquakes hurricanes 
and the weight of jungle 

2580
02:23:42,100 --> 02:23:45,300
vegetation trying to pull them 
down the proportions of these 

2581
02:23:45,300 --> 02:23:48,000
buildings reflect to 
sophisticated understanding of 

2582
02:23:48,000 --> 02:23:51,400
Structural Engineering load 
distribution and the 

2583
02:23:51,400 --> 02:23:54,700
relationship between Form and 
Function, your studying, the 

2584
02:23:54,700 --> 02:23:57,800
remains of an astronomical 
Observatory now or what 

2585
02:23:57,800 --> 02:23:59,900
Scholars? 
Have identified, as such based 

2586
02:23:59,900 --> 02:24:03,700
on alignments, that could have 
occurred by Chance the structure

2587
02:24:03,700 --> 02:24:07,400
tracks solar and lunar cycles 
with Precision that required, 

2588
02:24:07,400 --> 02:24:12,800
both mathematical sophistication
and patience of many years, the 

2589
02:24:12,800 --> 02:24:16,000
builders positioned windows and 
doorways to frame specific, 

2590
02:24:16,000 --> 02:24:19,600
celestial events, turning 
architecture into a permanent 

2591
02:24:19,600 --> 02:24:21,200
record of astronomical 
knowledge. 

2592
02:24:22,300 --> 02:24:25,700
The conspiracy wasn't just about
mathematics existing in 

2593
02:24:25,700 --> 02:24:28,600
isolation from European 
influence, the deeper hidden 

2594
02:24:28,600 --> 02:24:31,100
truth was that human 
intelligence developed 

2595
02:24:31,100 --> 02:24:33,900
sophisticated solutions to 
complex problems, wherever 

2596
02:24:33,900 --> 02:24:37,900
people have time, resources and 
motivation to pursue knowledge, 

2597
02:24:37,900 --> 02:24:41,000
systematically the Mayan, 
mathematical achievements, 

2598
02:24:41,000 --> 02:24:43,800
demonstrated that intellectual 
advancement doesn't require 

2599
02:24:43,800 --> 02:24:47,600
specific, cultural lineages or 
divine inspiration. 

2600
02:24:47,600 --> 02:24:51,400
Limited to particular regions. 
It emerges from Human capacity 

2601
02:24:51,400 --> 02:24:54,300
to observe patterns test ideas 
and build on previous 

2602
02:24:54,300 --> 02:24:57,300
generations, discoveries. 
You're walking through a 

2603
02:24:57,300 --> 02:25:00,500
rainforest in the Amazon basin, 
your boot, squelching through 

2604
02:25:00,500 --> 02:25:03,000
mud, that smells of 
decomposition and growth 

2605
02:25:03,000 --> 02:25:06,900
occurring, simultaneously are 
wraps around you like a warm 

2606
02:25:06,900 --> 02:25:09,900
damp blanket, carrying a 
thousand different plants and 

2607
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:14,000
Indigenous guides lead you to 
trees and vines that European 

2608
02:25:14,000 --> 02:25:16,400
trained. 
Doctors insist couldn't possibly

2609
02:25:16,400 --> 02:25:18,300
contain the medicinal 
properties. 

2610
02:25:18,300 --> 02:25:21,500
That local people claim the 
medical establishment in the 

2611
02:25:21,508 --> 02:25:24,200
early 20th. 
Tree maintains firm positions 

2612
02:25:24,200 --> 02:25:27,100
about indigenous knowledge, 
native peoples might have 

2613
02:25:27,100 --> 02:25:29,900
stumbled upon a few useful 
plants through trial and error, 

2614
02:25:29,900 --> 02:25:33,500
doctors acknowledge grudgingly, 
but the sophisticated 

2615
02:25:33,500 --> 02:25:36,700
pharmacological understanding 
they claim seems implausible, 

2616
02:25:36,700 --> 02:25:40,900
real medicine requires 
laboratory research, controlled 

2617
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:44,600
testing and scientific rigor 
that supposedly couldn't exist 

2618
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:49,100
in cultures without formal 
academic institutions, but your 

2619
02:25:49,100 --> 02:25:51,700
guides demonstrate knowledge 
that makes you question. 

2620
02:25:51,700 --> 02:25:55,900
These dismissive assumptions 
identify specific plants for 

2621
02:25:55,900 --> 02:25:58,800
particular ailments with 
confidence, born from 

2622
02:25:58,800 --> 02:26:01,900
generations, of careful 
observation, they explain 

2623
02:26:01,900 --> 02:26:06,300
preparation methods which parts 
of a plant to use how to extract

2624
02:26:06,300 --> 02:26:10,200
active compounds and what 
dosages proof effective without 

2625
02:26:10,200 --> 02:26:13,200
causing harm. 
They discuss contraindications 

2626
02:26:13,200 --> 02:26:15,700
and interactions between 
different medicines with the 

2627
02:26:15,700 --> 02:26:20,400
same careful attention to detail
that European Pharmacy claim as 

2628
02:26:20,400 --> 02:26:24,100
their exclusive domain. 
Your examining Sensational Bach 

2629
02:26:24,100 --> 02:26:28,000
now, the source of quinine that 
European doctors reluctantly 

2630
02:26:28,000 --> 02:26:31,600
admitted could treat malaria. 
After centuries of indigenous, 

2631
02:26:31,600 --> 02:26:35,500
use in South America, your guide
explains how our ancestors 

2632
02:26:35,500 --> 02:26:37,600
identified. 
This particular tree species, 

2633
02:26:37,600 --> 02:26:41,600
among thousands in the forest. 
How they discovered that bark 

2634
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:45,500
from specific elevations proved 
more effective than others, and 

2635
02:26:45,500 --> 02:26:49,000
how they developed extraction 
techniques, that maximize, the 

2636
02:26:49,000 --> 02:26:52,600
active compound concentration, 
the conspiracy theory that 

2637
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:56,300
medical professionals refuse to 
accept was that indigenous 

2638
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:59,100
peoples had developed genuine 
pharmacological knowledge, 

2639
02:26:59,100 --> 02:27:03,100
through systematic observation 
and experimentation the 

2640
02:27:03,100 --> 02:27:05,600
conventional wisdom. 
Insisted that effective medicine

2641
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:09,500
required written records, formal
education and scientific 

2642
02:27:09,500 --> 02:27:13,100
methodology that supposedly 
didn't exist in oral cultures. 

2643
02:27:13,100 --> 02:27:16,200
Therefore any effective 
indigenous remedies must 

2644
02:27:16,200 --> 02:27:19,600
represent lucky accidents rather
than true Medical Science. 

2645
02:27:19,600 --> 02:27:23,400
But the evidence suggests 
otherwise your learning about 

2646
02:27:23,400 --> 02:27:27,000
Ayahuasca now, not the 
recreational substance that 

2647
02:27:27,000 --> 02:27:30,600
would later attract tourists but
the medicinal compound, the 

2648
02:27:30,600 --> 02:27:34,100
indigenous healers developed for
specific therapeutic purposes. 

2649
02:27:34,100 --> 02:27:37,300
The preparation requires 
combining two plants that 

2650
02:27:37,300 --> 02:27:39,500
separately don't produce the 
desired effects. 

2651
02:27:40,000 --> 02:27:43,100
Together, they create a 
substance, whose mechanism of 

2652
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:45,800
action involves chemical 
interactions, that European 

2653
02:27:45,800 --> 02:27:48,900
farmer ecology couldn't fully 
explain for decades after 

2654
02:27:48,900 --> 02:27:51,000
Western scientists. 
First encountered it, 

2655
02:27:51,700 --> 02:27:54,400
Sophistication required to 
discover this combination makes 

2656
02:27:54,400 --> 02:27:57,400
your head spin slightly. 
The Amazon contains 

2657
02:27:57,400 --> 02:28:01,500
approximately 80,000 plant 
species, the probability of 

2658
02:28:01,500 --> 02:28:04,300
randomly combining these two 
specific plants in the right 

2659
02:28:04,300 --> 02:28:08,000
proportions. 
Seems astronomically small yet 

2660
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:10,800
indigenous healers. 
Not only made this discovery but

2661
02:28:10,800 --> 02:28:13,600
also understood the conditions 
under which the medicine worked,

2662
02:28:13,600 --> 02:28:17,600
most effectively who should 
receive it and who shouldn't and

2663
02:28:17,600 --> 02:28:21,200
how to manage the experience to 
achieve therapeutic rather than 

2664
02:28:21,200 --> 02:28:25,100
merely disorienting effects. 
You can imagine the generations 

2665
02:28:25,100 --> 02:28:27,400
of careful observation this 
knowledge required. 

2666
02:28:28,300 --> 02:28:31,400
Someone noticed that particular 
plants produce specific effects,

2667
02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:34,700
others experimented with 
different preparations, 

2668
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:38,100
different combinations and 
different dosages, knowledge 

2669
02:28:38,100 --> 02:28:42,500
accumulated, as people compared 
experiences, refined techniques 

2670
02:28:42,500 --> 02:28:46,000
and developed, increasingly 
sophisticated, understanding of 

2671
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:48,800
how these medicines interacted 
with human physiology. 

2672
02:28:48,800 --> 02:28:51,300
The guides are showing you wound
treatment techniques. 

2673
02:28:51,300 --> 02:28:54,500
Now using plants that prevent 
infection with the effectiveness

2674
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:58,400
European medicine wouldn't match
until antibiotics became 

2675
02:28:58,400 --> 02:29:00,100
available in the mid-20th 
century. 

2676
02:29:00,100 --> 02:29:03,700
They explain how to identify the
right plants even when they're 

2677
02:29:03,700 --> 02:29:06,300
not flowering. 
How to prepare to says that 

2678
02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:09,700
prevent bacterial growth and how
to assess whether a wound 

2679
02:29:09,700 --> 02:29:13,200
requires additional intervention
Beyond Botanical treatment, the 

2680
02:29:13,200 --> 02:29:17,900
conspiracy extended to surgical 
knowledge indigenous peoples, in

2681
02:29:17,900 --> 02:29:21,200
several regions performed 
trepanation, drilling holes, in 

2682
02:29:21,208 --> 02:29:24,700
skulls, to relieve pressure, or 
treat, head injuries with 

2683
02:29:24,700 --> 02:29:26,900
survival rates. 
That wouldn't shame modern 

2684
02:29:26,900 --> 02:29:29,600
Neurosurgery. 
Archaeological evidence, shows 

2685
02:29:29,600 --> 02:29:32,600
healed, skulls demonstrating, 
that patients survived these 

2686
02:29:32,608 --> 02:29:36,300
procedures and recovered 
sufficiently for bone to regrow 

2687
02:29:36,300 --> 02:29:39,300
around the surgical opening. 
This requires, understanding of 

2688
02:29:39,300 --> 02:29:42,800
sterility pain management and 
post-operative care that 

2689
02:29:42,800 --> 02:29:45,100
supposedly didn't exist outside 
European. 

2690
02:29:45,100 --> 02:29:48,700
Medical Traditions, your 
examining coca leaves now which 

2691
02:29:48,700 --> 02:29:51,300
are guide choose to manage 
altitude sickness during 

2692
02:29:51,300 --> 02:29:53,700
Mountain Travel. 
She explains the difference 

2693
02:29:53,700 --> 02:29:57,000
between traditional use of the 
leaf, which provides mild 

2694
02:29:57,000 --> 02:30:00,700
stimulation and altitude 
adaptation and concentrated 

2695
02:30:00,700 --> 02:30:03,300
extraction that creates 
problematic compounds. 

2696
02:30:03,300 --> 02:30:06,400
The knowledge embedded in this 
distinction reveals a 

2697
02:30:06,400 --> 02:30:08,900
sophisticated understanding of 
pharmacology. 

2698
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:12,700
Indigenous peoples recognized 
that route of administration 

2699
02:30:12,700 --> 02:30:17,500
dosage and preparation Method. 
All affect a substance is impact

2700
02:30:17,500 --> 02:30:20,200
on human physiology. 
The medical knowledge 

2701
02:30:20,200 --> 02:30:23,900
encompasses more than just 
pharmaceutical plants, your 

2702
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:25,700
learning about dietary, 
treatments for specific 

2703
02:30:25,700 --> 02:30:29,800
conditions, Physical Therapy 
techniques for injuries and 

2704
02:30:29,800 --> 02:30:33,200
mental health interventions. 
That modern psychology is only 

2705
02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:35,600
beginning to appreciate 
indigenous. 

2706
02:30:35,600 --> 02:30:38,400
Healers understood that treating
patients required, addressing 

2707
02:30:38,400 --> 02:30:41,800
physical psychological and 
social dimensions of illness 

2708
02:30:41,800 --> 02:30:45,100
simultaneously. 
A holistic approach that Western

2709
02:30:45,100 --> 02:30:47,800
medicine, would eventually 
ReDiscover and Rebrand as 

2710
02:30:47,800 --> 02:30:52,400
Integrative Healthcare. 
The guides discussed diagnostic 

2711
02:30:52,400 --> 02:30:55,500
techniques that involve 
observing subtle signs that 

2712
02:30:55,500 --> 02:30:58,900
European trained doctors would 
dismiss as Superstition, but 

2713
02:30:58,900 --> 02:31:01,900
when you watch carefully, you 
notice their tracking real 

2714
02:31:01,900 --> 02:31:05,400
physiological. 
Indicators changes in skin color

2715
02:31:05,400 --> 02:31:07,400
that suggests circulatory 
problems. 

2716
02:31:07,400 --> 02:31:10,300
Alterations in breathing 
patterns that indicate 

2717
02:31:10,300 --> 02:31:13,600
respiratory issues and 
behavioral shifts that signal 

2718
02:31:13,600 --> 02:31:16,900
neurological concerns. 
They've simply developed 

2719
02:31:16,900 --> 02:31:19,400
observational skills. 
So refined that their 

2720
02:31:19,400 --> 02:31:23,700
conclusions seem intuitive 
rather than analytical, You can 

2721
02:31:23,708 --> 02:31:26,100
almost smell the bitter 
alkaloids in the plant. 

2722
02:31:26,100 --> 02:31:29,400
Your guide is preparing now 
explaining its use for Digestive

2723
02:31:29,400 --> 02:31:31,900
complaints. 
The preparation involves 

2724
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:36,400
specific timing harvesting a 
particular seasons processing 

2725
02:31:36,400 --> 02:31:39,800
within certain time frames and 
storing under control 

2726
02:31:39,800 --> 02:31:42,200
conditions. 
This level of detail 

2727
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:46,000
demonstrates empirical testing 
across Generations, careful, 

2728
02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:49,500
documentation through, oral 
tradition and systematic 

2729
02:31:49,500 --> 02:31:52,900
knowledge, accumulation that 
deserves recognition as genuine 

2730
02:31:52,900 --> 02:31:55,900
scientific methodology. 
Even if it didn't involve 

2731
02:31:55,900 --> 02:32:00,200
written records or laboratory 
equipment, the conspiracy wasn't

2732
02:32:00,200 --> 02:32:03,100
about whether indigenous 
people's use plants as medicine.

2733
02:32:03,100 --> 02:32:06,800
Even the most dismissive 
European, doctors acknowledge 

2734
02:32:06,800 --> 02:32:08,800
that much. 
The hidden truth was that 

2735
02:32:08,800 --> 02:32:11,700
indigenous cultures had 
developed sophisticated medical 

2736
02:32:11,700 --> 02:32:14,000
knowledge through rigorous 
observation and testing. 

2737
02:32:15,000 --> 02:32:18,000
Creating pharmacological 
understanding that rivaled and 

2738
02:32:18,000 --> 02:32:21,500
sometimes exceeded what European
science had achieved through 

2739
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:24,000
supposedly Superior academic 
methods. 

2740
02:32:24,000 --> 02:32:27,900
You're standing on a dock in the
Mediterranean watching divers 

2741
02:32:27,900 --> 02:32:29,800
prepare equipment for an 
expedition that most 

2742
02:32:29,800 --> 02:32:33,700
archeologists consider a waste 
of time and resources, the year 

2743
02:32:33,700 --> 02:32:37,400
is 1953 and conventional wisdom 
insists that underwater 

2744
02:32:37,400 --> 02:32:40,000
archeology represents a 
contradiction in terms. 

2745
02:32:40,000 --> 02:32:42,900
Anything truly important 
wouldn't have ended up at the 

2746
02:32:42,900 --> 02:32:46,100
bottom of the sea experts argue 
and even if significant 

2747
02:32:46,100 --> 02:32:49,700
artifacts did sink The Saltwater
environment would have destroyed

2748
02:32:49,700 --> 02:32:53,200
them centuries ago but the 
divers preparing to descend 

2749
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:56,400
don't share this pessimism. 
They've heard stories from 

2750
02:32:56,400 --> 02:32:59,200
SpongeBob fishermen and local 
Sailors about shipwrecks 

2751
02:32:59,200 --> 02:33:03,100
containing him for he, the clay 
jars ancient people's used for 

2752
02:33:03,100 --> 02:33:05,200
transporting wine or oil and 
other Goods. 

2753
02:33:05,200 --> 02:33:08,700
These humble containers might 
reveal information about ancient

2754
02:33:08,700 --> 02:33:12,900
trade routes, economics systems,
and cultural connections that 

2755
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:16,500
written records never captured. 
Because they seemed to mundane 

2756
02:33:16,500 --> 02:33:19,000
to document. 
You watch as the first diver 

2757
02:33:19,000 --> 02:33:22,500
disappears beneath the surface 
following bubbles, that Mark his

2758
02:33:22,500 --> 02:33:25,500
descent. 
The water here is remarkably 

2759
02:33:25,500 --> 02:33:29,200
clear allowing visibility that 
makes underwater exploration 

2760
02:33:29,200 --> 02:33:31,300
feasible. 
If not exactly comfortable 

2761
02:33:31,300 --> 02:33:35,500
minutes, pass with a peculiar 
that waiting always creates. 

2762
02:33:36,300 --> 02:33:40,100
Then the diver surfaces. 
Excitement evident even through 

2763
02:33:40,100 --> 02:33:43,000
his breathing apparatus. 
He's found something. 

2764
02:33:43,000 --> 02:33:46,200
Not just scattered Pottery 
shards but an organized 

2765
02:33:46,200 --> 02:33:48,800
shipwreck with cargo still 
arranged as it was when the 

2766
02:33:48,808 --> 02:33:51,800
vessel sank. 
Perhaps 2000 years ago, the 

2767
02:33:51,800 --> 02:33:54,500
conspiracy theory that 
underwater exploration would 

2768
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:58,100
eventually prove was that 
ancient Maritime trade operated 

2769
02:33:58,100 --> 02:34:01,300
on a much larger scale than 
historical records suggested 

2770
02:34:01,300 --> 02:34:04,900
conventional wisdom held that 
ancient shipping was limited 

2771
02:34:04,900 --> 02:34:08,900
risky and confined to Coastal 
Waters where Sailors, could keep

2772
02:34:08,900 --> 02:34:11,500
land. 
In sight, the idea that regular 

2773
02:34:11,500 --> 02:34:14,600
trade routes, Criss crossed the 
Mediterranean that ship's 

2774
02:34:14,600 --> 02:34:18,200
routinely carried, massive 
Cargoes across open water that 

2775
02:34:18,200 --> 02:34:21,400
Maritime Commerce, formed the 
backbone of ancient economies 

2776
02:34:21,400 --> 02:34:25,000
all this seemed like romantic 
exaggeration rather than 

2777
02:34:25,000 --> 02:34:28,300
historical fact. 
But the shipwrecks tell a 

2778
02:34:28,300 --> 02:34:33,200
different story, your examining 
the first recovery now, a bronze

2779
02:34:33,200 --> 02:34:35,200
statue. 
So perfectly preserved by the 

2780
02:34:35,200 --> 02:34:37,600
marine environment that it looks
like it could have been 

2781
02:34:37,608 --> 02:34:41,700
submerged last week rather than 
Millennia ago the copper in the 

2782
02:34:41,700 --> 02:34:44,300
alloy created chemical 
conditions that prevented 

2783
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:48,400
bacterial degradation the 
statue, spent 2000 years at the 

2784
02:34:48,400 --> 02:34:51,900
bottom of the sea and emerged in
better condition than bronzes 

2785
02:34:51,900 --> 02:34:56,800
that survived above ground 
exposed to air water cycles and 

2786
02:34:56,800 --> 02:35:00,400
human handling. 
The cargo itself reveals the 

2787
02:35:00,400 --> 02:35:04,000
scope of ancient trade. 
This single ship carried wine 

2788
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:08,000
from one region, olive oil from 
another and manufactured goods 

2789
02:35:08,000 --> 02:35:11,300
from a third location. 
The M3 bear stamps. 

2790
02:35:11,300 --> 02:35:14,500
Identifying their Origins 
creating a map of commercial 

2791
02:35:14,500 --> 02:35:17,500
connections that stretched 
across the entire Mediterranean 

2792
02:35:17,500 --> 02:35:20,200
World. 
Some jars traveled, thousands of

2793
02:35:20,200 --> 02:35:23,900
miles from their production 
sites, suggesting regular trade 

2794
02:35:23,900 --> 02:35:26,600
routes, that connected diverse 
cultures in sustained. 

2795
02:35:26,600 --> 02:35:31,000
Economic relationships, your 
diving now yourself following 

2796
02:35:31,000 --> 02:35:33,400
the archaeologists who are 
mapping the Rex site with 

2797
02:35:33,400 --> 02:35:36,700
careful precision. 
The ship's remains rest on the 

2798
02:35:36,708 --> 02:35:40,400
seabed like a time capsule 
preserving a moment from ancient

2799
02:35:40,400 --> 02:35:42,700
Commerce. 
The wooden Hull is mostly 

2800
02:35:42,700 --> 02:35:46,100
decayed but the cargo that 
survived shows you how much 

2801
02:35:46,100 --> 02:35:49,200
Merchant organized? 
Their vessels, heavy items, low 

2802
02:35:49,200 --> 02:35:52,400
in the hole for stability, 
fragile Goods, packed with 

2803
02:35:52,400 --> 02:35:55,800
protective materials. 
Everything arranged to maximize 

2804
02:35:55,800 --> 02:36:00,200
the space available while 
maintaining seaworthiness the 

2805
02:36:00,200 --> 02:36:04,400
conspiracy extended Beyond 
Simple trade routes underwater 

2806
02:36:04,400 --> 02:36:07,800
archeology revealed that ancient
people's facilities. 

2807
02:36:07,800 --> 02:36:11,900
Far more sophisticated than 
textual sources suggested your 

2808
02:36:11,900 --> 02:36:13,700
swimming over the remains of a 
Roman Port. 

2809
02:36:13,700 --> 02:36:16,400
Now seeing underwater 
construction that demonstrates 

2810
02:36:16,400 --> 02:36:19,800
Advanced engineering knowledge. 
Stone blocks, fitted together 

2811
02:36:19,800 --> 02:36:23,500
with waterproof cement. 
Breakwater's position to protect

2812
02:36:23,500 --> 02:36:27,300
ships from storms, and Mooring, 
systems designed for vessels 

2813
02:36:27,300 --> 02:36:30,300
much larger than the modest 
craft, that historical accounts 

2814
02:36:30,300 --> 02:36:34,300
described the preservation 
underwater often exceeds what 

2815
02:36:34,300 --> 02:36:37,300
survives on land. 
Organic materials that would 

2816
02:36:37,300 --> 02:36:41,600
have rotted away terrestrial 
conditions would rope and 

2817
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:45,100
leather remain intact enough to 
study their construction. 

2818
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:48,600
Your examining wooden parts of 
the ship's Hull that show the 

2819
02:36:48,600 --> 02:36:52,300
techniques ancient ship price 
used to create vessels capable 

2820
02:36:52,300 --> 02:36:55,300
of Crossing open water. 
While carrying a normal loads, 

2821
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,500
the planking reveals a 
sophisticated understanding of 

2822
02:36:58,500 --> 02:37:01,900
how would flexes is under 
stress, how to join pieces to 

2823
02:37:01,900 --> 02:37:05,800
create waterproof seams and how 
to design hulls, that balance 

2824
02:37:05,800 --> 02:37:08,000
cargo capacity against sailing 
performance. 

2825
02:37:08,000 --> 02:37:11,900
The hidden truth that underwater
archeology exposed was that 

2826
02:37:11,900 --> 02:37:15,400
ancient Maritime technology was 
far more advanced than 

2827
02:37:15,400 --> 02:37:17,200
conventional history is 
acknowledged. 

2828
02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:21,500
Ships, didn't simply hug 
coastlines limiting themselves 

2829
02:37:21,500 --> 02:37:25,300
to short Journeys with frequent 
stops, Navigators developed 

2830
02:37:25,300 --> 02:37:27,800
techniques for crossing Open 
Water, using Celestial 

2831
02:37:27,800 --> 02:37:31,500
navigation, seasonal, wind 
patterns and accumulated. 

2832
02:37:31,500 --> 02:37:34,600
Knowledge, about currents and 
weather shipbuilders created 

2833
02:37:34,600 --> 02:37:37,500
vessels that could survive 
storms powerful enough to sink 

2834
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:41,000
modern craft. 
Merchants established trade 

2835
02:37:41,000 --> 02:37:44,600
networks, that functioned with 
impressive efficiency despite 

2836
02:37:44,600 --> 02:37:48,200
the absence of modern 
communication technology, your 

2837
02:37:48,200 --> 02:37:51,000
surfacing. 
Now lungs grateful for fresh air

2838
02:37:51,000 --> 02:37:53,200
after breathing through the 
apparatus underwater. 

2839
02:37:54,000 --> 02:37:57,800
The afternoon sun sparkles on 
wavelets you can see the support

2840
02:37:57,800 --> 02:38:01,000
vessel where archaeologists are 
cataloging the mornings 

2841
02:38:01,000 --> 02:38:02,900
discoveries. 
Each artifact. 

2842
02:38:02,900 --> 02:38:06,000
Recovered tells part of a larger
story about ancient Commerce 

2843
02:38:06,000 --> 02:38:09,800
about the movement of goods 
ideas and people across 

2844
02:38:09,800 --> 02:38:13,500
distances that supposedly 
represented impossible barriers 

2845
02:38:13,500 --> 02:38:15,600
to regular contact the ships 
themselves. 

2846
02:38:15,600 --> 02:38:17,900
Demonstrate. 
Technological sophistication 

2847
02:38:17,900 --> 02:38:22,400
that rewrite understanding of 
ancient capabilities Your 

2848
02:38:22,400 --> 02:38:26,000
examining technical drawings and
hole remains recovered from 

2849
02:38:26,000 --> 02:38:29,600
multiple wrecks, the designs 
incorporate principles, that 

2850
02:38:29,600 --> 02:38:31,900
wouldn't be rediscovered until 
the age of sail. 

2851
02:38:32,700 --> 02:38:36,800
Hull shapes that minimize drag 
Keel configuration that improve 

2852
02:38:36,800 --> 02:38:40,400
stability and rigging systems 
that allow sailing Against the 

2853
02:38:40,400 --> 02:38:43,900
Wind Through careful tacking, 
later discoveries would reveal 

2854
02:38:43,900 --> 02:38:48,600
even more impressive finds Ships
carrying bronze computers the 

2855
02:38:48,600 --> 02:38:52,800
anti-roman, the demonstrated 
mechanical sophistication, 

2856
02:38:52,800 --> 02:38:57,100
centuries ahead of what 
historians thought possible Rex 

2857
02:38:57,100 --> 02:38:59,800
from the Bronze Age. 
Containing tin from Cornwall and

2858
02:38:59,800 --> 02:39:02,400
Amber from the Baltic proving 
that trade routes. 

2859
02:39:02,400 --> 02:39:05,800
Spanned Europe Millennia before 
written records documented, such

2860
02:39:05,800 --> 02:39:09,500
connections, underwater city, 
show that ancient peoples, built

2861
02:39:09,500 --> 02:39:13,000
permanent structures and shallow
Marine environments, creating 

2862
02:39:13,000 --> 02:39:16,600
Harbor facilities that served as
commercial hubs for centuries. 

2863
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:20,800
The conspiracy wasn't about 
denying that ancient peoples, 

2864
02:39:20,800 --> 02:39:23,700
traveled by sea. 
Everyone acknowledged that much.

2865
02:39:23,700 --> 02:39:27,800
The hidden truth was that 
Maritime technology navigation, 

2866
02:39:27,800 --> 02:39:30,100
knowledge and Commercial 
organization. 

2867
02:39:30,100 --> 02:39:33,500
Had reached levels of 
sophistication, that challenged 

2868
02:39:33,500 --> 02:39:36,600
narratives about primitive, 
ancients slowly developing 

2869
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:39,300
capabilities that modern 
societies perfected. 

2870
02:39:39,300 --> 02:39:42,500
Ancient Mariners weren't 
cautious Coastal Sailors. 

2871
02:39:42,500 --> 02:39:45,900
Making tentative Journeys along 
familiar Shores, they were 

2872
02:39:45,900 --> 02:39:48,600
confident Navigators, who 
crossed Open Water regularly 

2873
02:39:48,600 --> 02:39:52,200
carrying commercial Cargoes, 
that sustained complex economic 

2874
02:39:52,200 --> 02:39:55,200
systems. 
Spanning entire Seas, you're in 

2875
02:39:55,200 --> 02:39:57,100
a map collection in Istanbul 
carefully. 

2876
02:39:57,100 --> 02:39:58,700
Unrolling a document that 
cartography. 

2877
02:39:58,700 --> 02:40:02,900
Experts insist must be a fraud 
or a curiosity rather than 

2878
02:40:02,900 --> 02:40:06,000
evidence of anything. 
Historically, significant, the 

2879
02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:10,800
piri Reis map, created in 1513 
shows details of coastlines, 

2880
02:40:10,800 --> 02:40:13,700
that European explorers 
supposedly hadn't discovered yet

2881
02:40:13,700 --> 02:40:17,500
but what really makes Scholars 
uncomfortable is how accurate it

2882
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:20,500
appears in places where accuracy
shouldn't have been possible. 

2883
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:24,100
With the tools and knowledge 
available to 16th century 

2884
02:40:24,100 --> 02:40:27,700
cartographers, the conspiracy 
theory that makes the academic 

2885
02:40:27,700 --> 02:40:30,000
establishment. 
So uncomfortable is simple, 

2886
02:40:30,000 --> 02:40:34,400
ancient civilizations possess 
geographical knowledge far more 

2887
02:40:34,400 --> 02:40:37,700
extensive than conventional 
histories acknowledge someone 

2888
02:40:37,700 --> 02:40:42,500
somewhere had accurately mapped 
coastlines and perhaps, even 

2889
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:45,400
portions of continents that 
Europeans wouldn't officially 

2890
02:40:45,400 --> 02:40:49,000
explore for centuries. 
This knowledge somehow survived.

2891
02:40:49,800 --> 02:40:54,800
Fragmentary corrupted, but 
recognizable in maps. 

2892
02:40:54,800 --> 02:40:57,600
That later cartographers created
using sources. 

2893
02:40:57,600 --> 02:41:01,100
They claimed derived from 
antiquity Your examining 

2894
02:41:01,100 --> 02:41:03,800
Antarctica's Coastline on the 
periods map now. 

2895
02:41:04,800 --> 02:41:07,500
Shape matches the land 
underneath the ice sheets with 

2896
02:41:07,500 --> 02:41:11,200
unsettling accuracy land. 
That modern science didn't 

2897
02:41:11,200 --> 02:41:15,100
happen, until the mid-20th 
century using Sonar and Ice 

2898
02:41:15,100 --> 02:41:18,800
penetrating radar. 
How could a 16th century ottoman

2899
02:41:18,800 --> 02:41:21,500
Adderall have depicted this 
Coastline as it appeared before 

2900
02:41:21,500 --> 02:41:25,200
glaciation, the conventional 
explanation that it's a 

2901
02:41:25,200 --> 02:41:28,500
distorted representation of 
South America's coasts, doesn't 

2902
02:41:28,500 --> 02:41:30,800
quite satisfy. 
When you look at the specific 

2903
02:41:30,800 --> 02:41:33,500
features that seem to match sub 
glacial Antarctica. 

2904
02:41:33,500 --> 02:41:37,400
The map contains notes 
explaining that pirates compiled

2905
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:39,600
it from approximately 20 Source 
Maps. 

2906
02:41:40,300 --> 02:41:43,200
Some of which he claimed dated 
to the time of Alexander, the 

2907
02:41:43,200 --> 02:41:47,200
Great most historians dismiss 
this claim as exaggeration or 

2908
02:41:47,200 --> 02:41:50,100
misunderstanding. 
But the accuracy of certain 

2909
02:41:50,100 --> 02:41:53,400
sections makes you wonder what 
those Source materials actually 

2910
02:41:53,400 --> 02:41:56,200
showed you're studying the 
African Coastline. 

2911
02:41:56,200 --> 02:41:59,500
Now traced with Precision that 
European Navigators supposedly 

2912
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,700
didn't achieve until after 
Decades of exploration and 

2913
02:42:02,700 --> 02:42:05,300
surveying the rivers appear 
incorrect. 

2914
02:42:05,300 --> 02:42:09,000
Positions, the coastal features 
match reality more closely than 

2915
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:12,000
maps, that European sources 
created during the same period. 

2916
02:42:13,000 --> 02:42:15,400
Someone clearly had better 
information about African 

2917
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:17,800
geography. 
Then official exploration, 

2918
02:42:17,800 --> 02:42:19,600
record suggests should have been
available. 

2919
02:42:19,600 --> 02:42:23,300
The conspiracy extends to other 
maps from the same general 

2920
02:42:23,300 --> 02:42:25,700
period. 
Your examining the auntie's 

2921
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:30,300
Finas map from 1531 now which 
shows Antarctica centered at the

2922
02:42:30,300 --> 02:42:34,500
south pole with a remarkably 
accurate shape and size Again 

2923
02:42:34,500 --> 02:42:36,900
depicting the continent. 
As it would appear without ice 

2924
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:40,400
coverage, the Mountain Rangers 
correspond to sub glacial 

2925
02:42:40,400 --> 02:42:44,300
features that modern geology 
identifies through methods on 

2926
02:42:44,300 --> 02:42:47,800
available to Renaissance. 
Cottagers The conventional 

2927
02:42:47,800 --> 02:42:51,000
explanations for these Maps feel
increasingly strained, the more 

2928
02:42:51,008 --> 02:42:53,800
you study them. 
Yes, cartographers sometimes. 

2929
02:42:53,800 --> 02:42:57,000
Copied errors from previous Maps
creating persistent 

2930
02:42:57,000 --> 02:43:00,200
inaccuracies. 
Yes, mapmakers occasionally 

2931
02:43:00,200 --> 02:43:03,500
invented features to fill empty 
spaces, but the specific 

2932
02:43:03,500 --> 02:43:06,800
accuracies, the precise 
positions of geographical 

2933
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:10,300
features that remained unknown 
to European explorers suggest 

2934
02:43:10,300 --> 02:43:13,600
something more interesting than 
random luck or artistic license.

2935
02:43:13,600 --> 02:43:16,800
You can imagine ancient 
Mariners, carefully recording 

2936
02:43:16,800 --> 02:43:20,400
coastlines as they explored 
creating charts, that later 

2937
02:43:20,400 --> 02:43:24,100
generations, copied and recopy 
introducing errors. 

2938
02:43:24,100 --> 02:43:26,700
While preserving enough accurate
detail, that Renaissance 

2939
02:43:26,700 --> 02:43:30,300
cartographers could create, 
surprisingly precise composite 

2940
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:33,900
Maps, perhaps Phoenician Sailors
range farther than classical 

2941
02:43:33,900 --> 02:43:37,500
sources recorded. 
Perhaps Polynesian Navigators 

2942
02:43:37,500 --> 02:43:40,100
shared geographical knowledge 
with traders who carried it 

2943
02:43:40,100 --> 02:43:42,700
Westwood. 
Perhaps civilizations that left,

2944
02:43:42,700 --> 02:43:44,900
no written records. 
Nevertheless mapped their 

2945
02:43:44,900 --> 02:43:48,100
discoveries with sufficient 
skill that fragments survived 

2946
02:43:48,100 --> 02:43:51,300
into historical periods. 
The hidden truth isn't 

2947
02:43:51,300 --> 02:43:54,600
necessarily that ancient 
explorers circumnavigated, the 

2948
02:43:54,600 --> 02:43:57,300
globe all that lost 
civilizations possessed 

2949
02:43:57,300 --> 02:44:00,400
technology rivaling. 
Modern capabilities, the 

2950
02:44:00,400 --> 02:44:03,200
conspiracy that conventional 
wisdom, couldnt accept was 

2951
02:44:03,200 --> 02:44:06,000
simpler. 
Human geographical knowledge 

2952
02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:08,500
before. 
European exploration was far 

2953
02:44:08,500 --> 02:44:12,200
more extensive than the 
historical record preserves and 

2954
02:44:12,200 --> 02:44:14,600
this knowledge survived in 
fragmentary form. 

2955
02:44:14,600 --> 02:44:19,200
Through oral Traditions, copied 
maps and cultural memory, That 

2956
02:44:19,208 --> 02:44:23,000
official histories dismissed, as
Legend, your examining Chinese 

2957
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:25,500
Maps. 
Now, showing Maritime routes 

2958
02:44:25,500 --> 02:44:28,900
across the Indian Ocean that 
supposedly didn't exist before 

2959
02:44:28,900 --> 02:44:32,400
European contact. 
But the detail suggests regular 

2960
02:44:32,400 --> 02:44:36,300
travel between Asia and Africa 
established trade routes and 

2961
02:44:36,300 --> 02:44:39,000
geographical knowledge 
accumulated across centuries of 

2962
02:44:39,000 --> 02:44:43,300
navigation, the maps contain 
practical information locations 

2963
02:44:43,300 --> 02:44:45,400
of Harbors notation of 
dangerous. 

2964
02:44:45,400 --> 02:44:49,600
Reefs indication of seasonal 
wind patterns, that only comes 

2965
02:44:49,600 --> 02:44:53,500
from actual experience sailing 
these Waters repeatedly, the 

2966
02:44:53,500 --> 02:44:56,800
Polynesian, Navigators provide, 
perhaps the most convincing 

2967
02:44:56,800 --> 02:45:00,200
evidence that pre-modern 
people's achieved geographical 

2968
02:45:00,200 --> 02:45:03,000
knowledge on par with anything 
European exploration 

2969
02:45:03,000 --> 02:45:06,100
accomplished. 
Apps made from sticks and 

2970
02:45:06,100 --> 02:45:09,100
shells, encoding information, 
about currents, wave patterns 

2971
02:45:09,100 --> 02:45:10,300
and Island. 
Locations. 

2972
02:45:10,300 --> 02:45:13,500
Demonstrates sophisticated 
understanding of ocean, 

2973
02:45:13,500 --> 02:45:16,100
navigation. 
They crossed thousands of miles 

2974
02:45:16,100 --> 02:45:19,900
of open Pacific, settling 
Islands from Hawaii to Easter 

2975
02:45:19,900 --> 02:45:23,000
Island and New Zealand using 
navigational techniques that 

2976
02:45:23,000 --> 02:45:25,900
didn't require written records 
or complex instruments. 

2977
02:45:25,900 --> 02:45:29,500
But nevertheless worked with 
impressive reliability. 

2978
02:45:29,500 --> 02:45:32,800
You're sitting in a University 
Library, on a quiet evening, 

2979
02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:36,900
watching the last sunlight fade 
from Windows, that Overlook a 

2980
02:45:36,900 --> 02:45:40,700
compass much changed from its 
founding centuries, around you 

2981
02:45:40,700 --> 02:45:44,000
books contain knowledge, that 
was once lost, then recovered, 

2982
02:45:44,000 --> 02:45:47,500
then sometimes lost again. 
Before finally finding secure 

2983
02:45:47,500 --> 02:45:50,600
homes, in academic institutions 
that preserve and share it. 

2984
02:45:50,600 --> 02:45:54,200
The story of how Humanity, 
rediscovered forgotten truths, 

2985
02:45:54,200 --> 02:45:58,500
creates his own Narrative of 
persistence curiosity, and the 

2986
02:45:58,500 --> 02:46:01,700
slow accumulation of 
understanding the pattern 

2987
02:46:01,700 --> 02:46:04,400
repeats across civilizations and
centuries. 

2988
02:46:04,900 --> 02:46:07,800
Knowledge emerges through 
careful observation and testing.

2989
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:13,400
Disasters, natural or human, 
cause destroy the institutions 

2990
02:46:13,400 --> 02:46:17,000
that preserve this knowledge 
fragments survive in, odd 

2991
02:46:17,000 --> 02:46:21,100
places, copies that Scholars 
saved oral Traditions, that 

2992
02:46:21,100 --> 02:46:24,600
communities maintained, and 
practical applications that 

2993
02:46:24,600 --> 02:46:28,400
people continued using even 
after theoretical understanding 

2994
02:46:28,400 --> 02:46:31,100
disappeared. 
Eventually, someone notices the 

2995
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:35,100
fragments recognizes their 
significance and Begins the 

2996
02:46:35,100 --> 02:46:39,100
patient work of reconstructing. 
What was lost your reading about

2997
02:46:39,100 --> 02:46:41,400
the recovery of Greek, 
mathematical, and philosophical 

2998
02:46:41,400 --> 02:46:45,600
text now, How Islamic scholars 
preserved works. 

2999
02:46:45,600 --> 02:46:49,100
That Christian Europe, had lost 
or destroyed during chaotic 

3000
02:46:49,100 --> 02:46:50,900
periods. 
Following Rome's, collapse. 

3001
02:46:50,900 --> 02:46:54,600
He Scholars didn't merely 
preserve the texts, they added 

3002
02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:57,900
their own commentaries and 
discoveries advancing knowledge.

3003
02:46:57,900 --> 02:47:01,000
That European institutions would
later reclaim and develop 

3004
02:47:01,000 --> 02:47:03,100
further. 
The transmission of knowledge, 

3005
02:47:03,100 --> 02:47:06,600
followed complex paths Crossing 
cultural and religious 

3006
02:47:06,600 --> 02:47:10,000
boundaries surviving periods. 
When certain ideas seem 

3007
02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:13,600
dangerous or irrelevant to the 
society that held them the 

3008
02:47:13,600 --> 02:47:16,200
rediscovery of ancient medical 
knowledge, followed similar 

3009
02:47:16,200 --> 02:47:19,400
patterns, Your examining a 
medieval manuscript. 

3010
02:47:19,400 --> 02:47:22,500
Now that shows surgical 
techniques derive from Roman 

3011
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:25,400
sources but preserved through 
Arabic translation. 

3012
02:47:25,400 --> 02:47:28,900
The Original Latin texts had 
been lost when libraries burned 

3013
02:47:28,900 --> 02:47:32,500
when monasteries dissolved and 
when Warfare scattered 

3014
02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:35,300
collections that represented 
centuries of accumulated 

3015
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:38,600
learning but the knowledge 
survived its wanderings 

3016
02:47:38,600 --> 02:47:42,600
eventually returning to European
Medical Practice in Rich by the 

3017
02:47:42,600 --> 02:47:46,600
contributions of every culture. 
It passed through the conspiracy

3018
02:47:46,600 --> 02:47:49,400
that conventional wisdom 
resisted was that knowledge does

3019
02:47:49,400 --> 02:47:53,300
not linearly always advancing. 
Never retreating. 

3020
02:47:54,100 --> 02:47:59,000
Understanding accumulates but it
also disappears civilizations 

3021
02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:02,600
achieve sophisticated insights. 
Then lose the when circumstances

3022
02:48:02,600 --> 02:48:06,800
change, Other societies 
independently, develop similar 

3023
02:48:06,800 --> 02:48:10,100
ideas while they recover lost 
Knowledge from fragments that 

3024
02:48:10,100 --> 02:48:13,400
survived destruction, the actual
history of human learning 

3025
02:48:13,400 --> 02:48:18,000
involves advances Retreats 
parallel development recovery 

3026
02:48:18,000 --> 02:48:21,900
and synthesis in patterns far 
more complex than simple 

3027
02:48:21,900 --> 02:48:23,700
narratives of progressive 
Improvement. 

3028
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:26,500
You can feel the weight of all 
these books around you. 

3029
02:48:26,500 --> 02:48:29,700
Each one containing knowledge 
that someone fought to preserve 

3030
02:48:29,700 --> 02:48:32,700
that survived periods. 
When it seemed destined for 

3031
02:48:32,708 --> 02:48:35,900
permanent loss and that returned
to human awareness through 

3032
02:48:35,900 --> 02:48:40,300
persistence and often accident 
the library represents, not just

3033
02:48:40,300 --> 02:48:43,900
current understanding but the 
accumulated of countless 

3034
02:48:43,900 --> 02:48:46,400
individuals who believed 
knowledge mattered enough to 

3035
02:48:46,400 --> 02:48:51,600
protect copy translate and 
transmit despite obstacles and 

3036
02:48:51,600 --> 02:48:54,100
dangers. 
The environmental wisdom of 

3037
02:48:54,100 --> 02:48:57,600
indigenous peoples provides. 
Another example of lost and 

3038
02:48:57,600 --> 02:49:00,500
recovered knowledge. 
Your reading ecological studies.

3039
02:49:00,500 --> 02:49:03,500
Now that confirm practices in 
indigenous communities 

3040
02:49:03,500 --> 02:49:06,800
maintained for Centuries 
controlled burning, that 

3041
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:11,100
prevents catastrophic wildfires 
crop rotation systems that 

3042
02:49:11,100 --> 02:49:14,600
preserve soil, fertility and 
water management techniques. 

3043
02:49:15,500 --> 02:49:18,500
The stain agriculture in 
marginal environments for 

3044
02:49:18,500 --> 02:49:21,300
Generations, European 
Agricultural Science dismiss, 

3045
02:49:21,300 --> 02:49:25,200
these practices as primitive. 
Then ecological research 

3046
02:49:25,200 --> 02:49:28,400
revealed that they embodied 
sophisticated understanding of 

3047
02:49:28,400 --> 02:49:32,100
ecosystem, Dynamics, often 
proving more sustainable than 

3048
02:49:32,100 --> 02:49:35,600
the methods that replace them. 
The recovery continues in your 

3049
02:49:35,600 --> 02:49:37,700
own time. 
Archaeologists. 

3050
02:49:37,700 --> 02:49:39,900
Keep finding evidence. 
That requires revising 

3051
02:49:39,900 --> 02:49:44,200
historical narratives. 
Linguist decode writing systems 

3052
02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:46,600
that preserve Knowledge from 
cultures that disappeared, 

3053
02:49:46,600 --> 02:49:49,800
scientists discover that 
traditional medicine can contain

3054
02:49:49,800 --> 02:49:53,000
compounds with genuine 
therapeutic value, each 

3055
02:49:53,000 --> 02:49:56,500
Discovery confirms that human 
achievement extends deeper into 

3056
02:49:56,500 --> 02:49:59,900
the past than any single 
generation realizes and that 

3057
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:02,400
knowledge develops in more 
places and times than 

3058
02:50:02,400 --> 02:50:03,900
conventional histories 
acknowledge. 

3059
02:50:04,700 --> 02:50:06,500
The thinking about the 
Antichrist mechanism. 

3060
02:50:06,500 --> 02:50:09,600
Now the ancient Greek Computing 
device recovered from a 

3061
02:50:09,600 --> 02:50:12,600
shipwreck showing that 
mechanical sophistication 

3062
02:50:12,600 --> 02:50:15,500
existed centuries before 
historians thought such 

3063
02:50:15,500 --> 02:50:19,800
technology possible for decades 
after its recovery Scholars, 

3064
02:50:19,800 --> 02:50:23,600
couldn't explain how it worked. 
The device satin museums 

3065
02:50:23,600 --> 02:50:28,900
recognized as important, but not
understood until modern imaging 

3066
02:50:28,900 --> 02:50:31,200
technology. 
Allowed detailed examination of 

3067
02:50:31,200 --> 02:50:35,500
its gears and mechanisms. 
Even then recreating it requires

3068
02:50:35,500 --> 02:50:37,300
sophisticated engineering 
knowledge. 

3069
02:50:37,300 --> 02:50:40,600
Demonstrating that ancient 
Crafts People possess skills 

3070
02:50:40,600 --> 02:50:44,500
that their society valued enough
to support, but not to document 

3071
02:50:44,500 --> 02:50:49,400
in text that survived The 
pattern teaches humility every 

3072
02:50:49,400 --> 02:50:51,600
generation. 
Thinks it understands the past 

3073
02:50:51,600 --> 02:50:54,200
that it knows what ancient 
people could and couldn't 

3074
02:50:54,200 --> 02:50:56,900
achieve and what knowledge they 
possessed or lacked. 

3075
02:50:56,900 --> 02:51:00,800
Then new discoveries arrive. 
Forcing revisions revealing that

3076
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:03,900
the past was more complex, more 
sophisticated and more 

3077
02:51:03,900 --> 02:51:06,600
interesting than simplified 
narrative suggested. 

3078
02:51:06,600 --> 02:51:10,200
The conspiracy theorists who 
insisted that ancient people's 

3079
02:51:10,200 --> 02:51:12,500
deserved more credit than 
conventional wisdom. 

3080
02:51:12,500 --> 02:51:16,300
Granted often proved correct. 
Though, sometimes for reasons 

3081
02:51:16,300 --> 02:51:19,300
different than they imagined as 
you prepare to leave the 

3082
02:51:19,300 --> 02:51:21,800
library, you notice the 
comfortable weight of knowledge 

3083
02:51:21,800 --> 02:51:25,400
accumulated around you. 
These books, these preserved 

3084
02:51:25,400 --> 02:51:28,700
fragments of human, learning 
represent Victory against 

3085
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:31,900
entropy and Chaos. 
Someone cared enough to write 

3086
02:51:31,900 --> 02:51:35,200
this information down. 
Others preserved it when easier 

3087
02:51:35,200 --> 02:51:37,100
options involve letting it 
disappear. 

3088
02:51:37,900 --> 02:51:40,800
Still others, translated 
transmitted and eventually 

3089
02:51:40,800 --> 02:51:43,700
printed it and forms. 
That could survive across 

3090
02:51:43,700 --> 02:51:46,700
centuries and continents the 
knowledge Available to You 

3091
02:51:46,700 --> 02:51:49,100
represents countless small acts 
of preservation. 

3092
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:53,200
Each one affirming that 
understanding matters that truth

3093
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:56,800
deserves protection and that the
effort to maintain and transmit 

3094
02:51:56,800 --> 02:51:59,000
knowledge. 
Serves purposes more important 

3095
02:51:59,000 --> 02:52:03,800
than any individual lifetime, 
the slow rediscovery continues. 

3096
02:52:04,500 --> 02:52:07,300
Somewhere tonight, someone is 
examining evidence that will 

3097
02:52:07,300 --> 02:52:10,100
revise understanding of what 
ancient people's achieved 

3098
02:52:10,100 --> 02:52:13,300
somewhere. 
A fragment of lost knowledge is 

3099
02:52:13,300 --> 02:52:16,800
being decoded translated or 
recognized for its significant 

3100
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:19,900
the conspiracy theories that 
turned out to be true. 

3101
02:52:19,900 --> 02:52:22,900
Remind you that healthy 
skepticism about conventional 

3102
02:52:22,900 --> 02:52:25,300
wisdoms serves. 
Truth better than unquestioned 

3103
02:52:25,300 --> 02:52:27,200
acceptance of what authorities 
claimed. 

3104
02:52:27,200 --> 02:52:31,900
The past keeps revealing itself 
to be more sophisticated more 

3105
02:52:31,900 --> 02:52:35,000
accomplished and more 
interesting than any single 

3106
02:52:35,000 --> 02:52:37,900
narrative. 
Can fully capture You're walking

3107
02:52:37,908 --> 02:52:39,700
home. 
Now through evening, are that 

3108
02:52:39,700 --> 02:52:43,700
carries hints of approaching 
Autumn above, you star, shine 

3109
02:52:43,700 --> 02:52:47,900
with the same light that ancient
astronomers observed mapped and 

3110
02:52:47,900 --> 02:52:51,100
predicted with tools. 
That seemed impossibly primitive

3111
02:52:51,100 --> 02:52:54,500
yet somehow worked. 
The Mind mathematicians were 

3112
02:52:54,500 --> 02:52:58,100
seeing the same constellations 
calculating their movements with

3113
02:52:58,100 --> 02:53:00,600
Precision. 
That Rivals modern instruments, 

3114
02:53:00,600 --> 02:53:04,600
a Polynesian Navigators used 
these stars to cross oceans, 

3115
02:53:04,600 --> 02:53:08,500
encoding knowledge, and songs 
and sticks and stories that 

3116
02:53:08,500 --> 02:53:10,700
European science. 
Initially dismissed as 

3117
02:53:10,700 --> 02:53:14,100
primitive, the ancient engineers
whose roads and cities and 

3118
02:53:14,100 --> 02:53:16,900
harbors still functions 
centuries after their creators 

3119
02:53:16,900 --> 02:53:19,200
died. 
Proven that sophistication 

3120
02:53:19,200 --> 02:53:23,100
doesn't require the specific 
technologies that our era takes 

3121
02:53:23,100 --> 02:53:25,300
for granted. 
The real lesson isn't that 

3122
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:28,100
ancient people's possessed, 
mysterious lost technology or 

3123
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:30,900
secret knowledge that modern 
science hasn't rediscovered. 

3124
02:53:30,900 --> 02:53:33,800
The conspiracy theories that 
turned out to be true to teach 

3125
02:53:33,808 --> 02:53:37,200
something subtler, human 
intelligence given time 

3126
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:40,700
Motivation developed 
sophisticated solutions, to 

3127
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:44,900
complex problems, regardless of 
specific cultural circumstances 

3128
02:53:44,900 --> 02:53:48,500
knowledge accumulates, wherever 
people pay attention to their 

3129
02:53:48,500 --> 02:53:52,900
environment test their ideas 
against reality and pass their 

3130
02:53:52,900 --> 02:53:54,200
discoveries to Future 
Generations. 

3131
02:53:54,200 --> 02:53:57,800
The diversity of human 
achievement across cultures and 

3132
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:01,000
centuries demonstrates that 
there are many paths to 

3133
02:54:01,008 --> 02:54:05,200
understanding many methods that 
work and many ways of being 

3134
02:54:05,200 --> 02:54:07,600
sophisticated that conventional 
wisdom in. 

3135
02:54:07,600 --> 02:54:12,100
Any particular era, might fail 
to recognize or appreciate your 

3136
02:54:12,100 --> 02:54:14,200
home. 
Now, settling into familiar 

3137
02:54:14,200 --> 02:54:16,400
comfort with the satisfaction of
a journey. 

3138
02:54:16,400 --> 02:54:20,200
Completed the stories, you've 
traveled through tonight, lost 

3139
02:54:20,200 --> 02:54:23,500
cities, that were myths, ancient
knowledge that deserved, 

3140
02:54:23,500 --> 02:54:26,900
respect, civilization's that 
achieved more than history, 

3141
02:54:26,900 --> 02:54:29,500
initially. 
Credited, remind you that 

3142
02:54:29,500 --> 02:54:33,200
reality often proves more 
interesting than either Skeptics

3143
02:54:33,200 --> 02:54:36,000
or Enthusiast. 
Imagine the truth resides 

3144
02:54:36,000 --> 02:54:39,200
somewhere between absolute 
dismissal and uncritical 

3145
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:42,400
acceptance. 
In the patient work of examining

3146
02:54:42,400 --> 02:54:46,800
evidence, revising theories, and
acknowledging when conventional 

3147
02:54:46,800 --> 02:54:50,700
wisdom needs updating, as you 
drift towards sleep, you're 

3148
02:54:50,700 --> 02:54:52,600
thinking about all the 
knowledge, still waiting to be 

3149
02:54:52,600 --> 02:54:54,700
recovered. 
All the evidence, not yet, 

3150
02:54:54,700 --> 02:54:57,800
discovered and all the 
conventional wisdom that future 

3151
02:54:57,800 --> 02:54:59,300
Generations will. 
Revise. 

3152
02:54:59,300 --> 02:55:03,400
As they uncover truths that this
era's conspiracies, only hint at

3153
02:55:03,400 --> 02:55:08,100
the investigation continues as 
it always has as it always will.

3154
02:55:09,100 --> 02:55:12,400
Somewhere someone is examining a
fragment of the past that will 

3155
02:55:12,400 --> 02:55:14,800
eventually reshape understanding
of human achievement. 

3156
02:55:14,800 --> 02:55:19,400
The slow work of rediscovery. 
Proceeds, one careful, 

3157
02:55:19,400 --> 02:55:22,500
observation at a time, building 
toward insights, that won't 

3158
02:55:22,500 --> 02:55:24,500
fully emerge for years or 
decades. 

3159
02:55:24,500 --> 02:55:28,500
That will eventually add to the 
accumulated, understanding that 

3160
02:55:28,500 --> 02:55:32,900
each generation. 
Inherits revises and passes 

3161
02:55:32,900 --> 02:55:36,000
along the past, remains alive, 
in its influence, on the 

3162
02:55:36,000 --> 02:55:39,100
present, in the knowledge, that 
survived to shape current 

3163
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:42,200
understanding and in the 
Mysteries that still wait for 

3164
02:55:42,200 --> 02:55:45,600
explanation, the conspiracy 
theories that proved true. 

3165
02:55:45,600 --> 02:55:48,800
Remind you that humility about 
what you think, you know, serves

3166
02:55:48,800 --> 02:55:52,700
truth better than certainly. 
The human story keeps revealing 

3167
02:55:52,700 --> 02:55:57,000
itself to be more complex, more 
accomplished and more surprising

3168
02:55:57,000 --> 02:55:59,300
than any simplified narrative 
can capture. 

3169
02:55:59,300 --> 02:56:03,600
And that complexity that 
persistent ability of the past 

3170
02:56:03,600 --> 02:56:07,400
to surprise, and teach provides 
its own quiet comfort as you 

3171
02:56:07,400 --> 02:56:10,600
settle into rest. 
Knowing that tomorrow will bring

3172
02:56:10,600 --> 02:56:14,600
new opportunities to learn 
revised and appreciate the 

3173
02:56:14,608 --> 02:56:17,600
sophisticated. 
Achievements of people who came 

3174
02:56:17,600 --> 02:56:20,800
before people whose names are 
lost, but whose discoveries 

3175
02:56:20,800 --> 02:56:24,300
encoded in monuments and maps 
and mathematical systems, 

3176
02:56:24,300 --> 02:56:27,000
continue to speak across the 
centuries. 

3177
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:29,300
If you're willing to listen 
carefully to what they're 

3178
02:56:29,300 --> 02:56:37,800
saying, sweet dreams, my 
friends. picture yourself 

3179
02:56:37,800 --> 02:56:41,200
stepping off a Dusty Stagecoach,
in 1882 somewhere, in the 

3180
02:56:41,208 --> 02:56:43,800
Arizona territory, You're back 
aches. 

3181
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:46,500
As if you've been sitting on a 
concrete park bench for 12 

3182
02:56:46,500 --> 02:56:50,600
hours, a situation that given 
the suspension system of 

3183
02:56:50,600 --> 02:56:53,700
Frontier Transportation isn't 
too far from reality. 

3184
02:56:54,800 --> 02:56:56,400
The Sun is setting behind the 
mountains. 

3185
02:56:56,400 --> 02:56:58,500
Painting everything in that 
golden hour. 

3186
02:56:58,500 --> 02:57:01,900
Light that would make a modern 
Instagram influencer, weep With 

3187
02:57:01,900 --> 02:57:05,900
Envy, Your searching for a place
to eat drink and maybe wash off 

3188
02:57:05,900 --> 02:57:09,500
three days worth of trail dust. 
And there it is right across the

3189
02:57:09,500 --> 02:57:12,900
street. 
The Silver Dollar Saloon It's 

3190
02:57:12,900 --> 02:57:16,300
painted sign creeks in the 
evening Breeze and those iconic 

3191
02:57:16,300 --> 02:57:19,400
batwing doors. 
You know, the ones that swing 

3192
02:57:19,400 --> 02:57:22,500
both ways and come up to about 
chest height, a practically 

3193
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:25,200
calling your name. 
Now before you push through 

3194
02:57:25,200 --> 02:57:28,300
those doors, let's pause for a 
moment you're about to enter 

3195
02:57:28,300 --> 02:57:31,100
what was essentially the social 
media platform of its day. 

3196
02:57:31,100 --> 02:57:34,500
Imagine a wild west Saloon as a 
fusion of Facebook Twitter and 

3197
02:57:34,500 --> 02:57:37,200
your local Starbucks. 
All housed within a single 

3198
02:57:37,200 --> 02:57:40,700
wooden structure that exudes a 
scent of tobacco whiskey and 

3199
02:57:40,708 --> 02:57:44,700
surreal dreams. 
The Batwing doors were just for 

3200
02:57:44,700 --> 02:57:47,600
show, by the way, they were 
brilliantly practical, like 

3201
02:57:47,600 --> 02:57:51,400
cargo shorts, but actually 
useful. it kept out dust and 

3202
02:57:51,400 --> 02:57:54,500
Tumble weeds while letting in 
fresh air and allowing people to

3203
02:57:54,500 --> 02:57:58,200
see who was coming and going, In
a place where your reputation 

3204
02:57:58,200 --> 02:58:01,500
literally, determined, whether 
you lived or died knowing who 

3205
02:58:01,500 --> 02:58:04,700
just walked in, was rather 
important information as you 

3206
02:58:04,700 --> 02:58:07,400
approached the entrance. 
You notice the doors are worn 

3207
02:58:07,400 --> 02:58:09,800
Smooth by thousands of hands 
pushing through them. 

3208
02:58:10,500 --> 02:58:13,300
The wood has that patina that 
only comes from Decades of use, 

3209
02:58:13,300 --> 02:58:16,300
like, the handle of a well-loved
baseball bat or your 

3210
02:58:16,300 --> 02:58:19,900
grandmother's rolling pin. 
Inside, you can hear the sound 

3211
02:58:19,900 --> 02:58:24,100
of laughter glasses clinking, a 
slightly off-tune piano, and the

3212
02:58:24,100 --> 02:58:26,100
occasional third of boots on 
wooden floors. 

3213
02:58:26,100 --> 02:58:30,600
You take a deep breath catching 
sense of wood, smoke roasted 

3214
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:33,800
meat and something that might be
coffee, but could just as easily

3215
02:58:33,800 --> 02:58:37,000
be paint thinner. 
Your stomach rumbles reminding 

3216
02:58:37,000 --> 02:58:40,100
you that hard tech and jerky, 
don't constitute fine, dining, 

3217
02:58:40,100 --> 02:58:43,200
no matter how you. 
Look at it, here's where your 

3218
02:58:43,200 --> 02:58:44,800
modern sensibility start to kick
in. 

3219
02:58:44,800 --> 02:58:47,900
You're a custom to perusing 
online restaurant reviews, and 

3220
02:58:47,900 --> 02:58:50,500
perhaps observing the Health 
Department's rating prominently 

3221
02:58:50,500 --> 02:58:54,100
displayed in the window. 
But this isn't that world, the 

3222
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:56,500
only review system here is 
whether people are still alive 

3223
02:58:56,500 --> 02:58:59,200
after eating the food. 
And even that's not always a 

3224
02:58:59,200 --> 02:59:01,600
reliable indicator, given the 
general life expectancy of the 

3225
02:59:01,600 --> 02:59:05,400
frontier, you adjust your hat 
because everyone wore caps. 

3226
02:59:05,400 --> 02:59:08,800
Then it wasn't optional, like, 
wearing pants to Walmart, and 

3227
02:59:08,800 --> 02:59:11,800
push through those Swinging 
Doors, they spring back behind 

3228
02:59:11,800 --> 02:59:15,500
you with a satisfying whoosh. 
And suddenly, you're inside and 

3229
02:59:15,500 --> 02:59:19,000
oh, my, it's quite a scene. 
First thing that hits, you isn't

3230
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:20,900
the site. 
It's the sound. 

3231
02:59:20,900 --> 02:59:23,800
It's loud. 
It's not as loud as a rock 

3232
02:59:23,808 --> 02:59:27,200
concert, but rather as loud as a
busy restaurant on a Friday 

3233
02:59:27,200 --> 02:59:31,500
night, Conversations overlap 
like competing radio stations 

3234
02:59:31,500 --> 02:59:34,300
punctuated by the occasional 
burst of laughter. 

3235
02:59:34,300 --> 02:59:38,400
The scrap of chairs on wooden 
floors and the rhythmic Funk. 

3236
02:59:38,400 --> 02:59:40,900
Funk of someone dealing cards at
a table near the back. 

3237
02:59:41,800 --> 02:59:43,700
The second thing that hits you 
is the smell. 

3238
02:59:43,700 --> 02:59:47,500
It's a complex bouquet that no 
modern knows is quite prepared 

3239
02:59:47,500 --> 02:59:49,800
for, there's the obvious whiskey
and tobacco. 

3240
02:59:49,800 --> 02:59:52,700
But underneath that is the 
earthy scent of wool and leather

3241
02:59:52,700 --> 02:59:56,400
the metallic Tang of Gun oil and
something that might charitably 

3242
02:59:56,400 --> 03:00:00,100
be called Frontier cologne, but 
more accurately described as 

3243
03:00:00,100 --> 03:00:01,900
three weeks without a proper 
bath. 

3244
03:00:02,700 --> 03:00:06,300
The lighting is dim, not 
romantic restaurant dim, but we 

3245
03:00:06,300 --> 03:00:09,200
only have oil lamps and candles.
Dim your eyes. 

3246
03:00:09,200 --> 03:00:11,700
Take a moment to adjust. 
Like, when you walk into a movie

3247
03:00:11,700 --> 03:00:14,400
theater, except the movie 
theater, doesn't have armed 

3248
03:00:14,400 --> 03:00:16,600
patrons and questionable hygiene
standards. 

3249
03:00:16,600 --> 03:00:19,800
And there you stand, just inside
those famous Swinging Doors 

3250
03:00:19,800 --> 03:00:22,800
taking in your first real wild 
west Saloon. 

3251
03:00:23,700 --> 03:00:26,600
The adventure is about to begin.
And honestly, you're not 

3252
03:00:26,608 --> 03:00:29,800
entirely sure whether to be 
excited or concerned, maybe 

3253
03:00:29,800 --> 03:00:33,300
both, probably both. 
You can now see the faces around

3254
03:00:33,300 --> 03:00:36,700
you, as your eyes have adjusted 
to the oil lamps and the glow 

3255
03:00:36,700 --> 03:00:40,300
and what faces they are. 
It's as if you've stepped into a

3256
03:00:40,300 --> 03:00:43,100
dynamic to garrette, but only 
with everyone in motion and 

3257
03:00:43,100 --> 03:00:46,800
summer armed, The first rule of 
saloon etiquette which nobody 

3258
03:00:46,800 --> 03:00:48,600
bothered to mention in your 
guidebook is this. 

3259
03:00:48,600 --> 03:00:52,000
Don't just stand there. 
Gawking like a tourist at Times 

3260
03:00:52,000 --> 03:00:54,000
Square, you need to move with 
purpose. 

3261
03:00:54,000 --> 03:00:57,500
Even if that purpose is simply 
find a place to sit without 

3262
03:00:57,500 --> 03:01:00,800
getting shot. 
The bartender, catches your eye,

3263
03:01:00,800 --> 03:01:04,700
and odds a universal gesture 
that transcends time and roughly

3264
03:01:04,700 --> 03:01:06,900
translates to buy something or 
get out. 

3265
03:01:07,900 --> 03:01:10,500
He's a large man with sleeves, 
rolled up past his elbows. 

3266
03:01:10,500 --> 03:01:13,800
Sporting the kind of mustache 
that required, serious daily 

3267
03:01:13,800 --> 03:01:16,900
maintenance think, Tom Selleck 
but with more experience, 

3268
03:01:16,900 --> 03:01:19,800
breaking up fights and less 
experienced solving crimes in 

3269
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,000
Hawaii. 
You scan the room for seating 

3270
03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:24,600
options. 
There's the bar itself naturally

3271
03:01:24,600 --> 03:01:27,000
with a few empty stools that 
look about as comfortable as 

3272
03:01:27,000 --> 03:01:29,300
sitting on a fence post. 
The bar is actually quite 

3273
03:01:29,300 --> 03:01:31,600
impressive. 
A long stretch of polished wood,

3274
03:01:31,600 --> 03:01:34,800
that seen more drama than a 
soap, opera behind, the bar 

3275
03:01:34,800 --> 03:01:36,400
bottles line. 
The shelves, like glass 

3276
03:01:36,400 --> 03:01:38,400
soldiers. 
However, several of them have 

3277
03:01:38,400 --> 03:01:40,900
handwritten labels that raise 
questions about quality control 

3278
03:01:40,900 --> 03:01:43,300
standards. 
Then there are the tables 

3279
03:01:43,300 --> 03:01:46,200
scattered around the room. 
This is where the study of 

3280
03:01:46,200 --> 03:01:48,300
social anthropology becomes 
fascinating. 

3281
03:01:48,300 --> 03:01:52,600
Each table seems to have its 
ecosystem, its own unspoken 

3282
03:01:52,600 --> 03:01:55,300
rules, and its potential for 
sudden violence. 

3283
03:01:57,000 --> 03:02:00,300
A table of real cowboys, not the
Hollywood version sits near the 

3284
03:02:00,308 --> 03:02:03,800
front window, their Dusty Sun 
weather, and looked like they 

3285
03:02:03,800 --> 03:02:07,100
haven't seen a barber in months.
Their hats are sweat stained and

3286
03:02:07,108 --> 03:02:09,200
practical. 
Their boots are scuffed from 

3287
03:02:09,208 --> 03:02:12,700
actual work and their clothes 
have that lived in quality that 

3288
03:02:12,700 --> 03:02:14,200
comes from spending weeks on the
trail. 

3289
03:02:15,200 --> 03:02:17,300
Their nursing beers and 
discussing something that 

3290
03:02:17,300 --> 03:02:20,800
involves a lot of gesturing 
toward the door. he decided to 

3291
03:02:20,808 --> 03:02:24,500
file these observations under 
information to remember and keep

3292
03:02:24,500 --> 03:02:27,800
looking In the corner, there's a
poker game happening at around 

3293
03:02:27,800 --> 03:02:30,500
table. 
The players are a mixed bunch a 

3294
03:02:30,500 --> 03:02:32,100
man in a slightly too fancy 
vest. 

3295
03:02:32,100 --> 03:02:35,100
Who might be a traveling 
salesman a grizzled prospector, 

3296
03:02:35,100 --> 03:02:37,000
who's a beard? 
Could hide a small animal. 

3297
03:02:37,000 --> 03:02:39,900
And two other gentlemen, whose 
occupations are harder to 

3298
03:02:39,900 --> 03:02:42,100
determine. 
But who serious expression? 

3299
03:02:42,100 --> 03:02:46,200
Suggests the stakes are real The
fourth rule of saloon survival 

3300
03:02:46,200 --> 03:02:48,300
which follows the first three 
rules of. 

3301
03:02:48,300 --> 03:02:51,600
Don't stare. 
Don't touch anyone's hat and 

3302
03:02:51,600 --> 03:02:55,900
don't ask about anyone's past. 
Is this never sit at a poker 

3303
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:58,500
table unless you're invited and 
prepared to lose your shirt, 

3304
03:02:58,500 --> 03:03:01,800
literally. 
There's a piano in one corner. 

3305
03:03:01,800 --> 03:03:05,500
An upright that seemed better 
decades, where a woman in a blue

3306
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:06,900
dress is playing something that 
might be. 

3307
03:03:06,900 --> 03:03:11,100
Oh, Susanna if you squint your 
ears just right, she's what they

3308
03:03:11,100 --> 03:03:13,900
call the saloon girl and her job
description, included 

3309
03:03:13,900 --> 03:03:16,700
entertainment, conversation and 
selling drinks. 

3310
03:03:16,700 --> 03:03:19,000
Despite what Hollywood might 
have suggested? 

3311
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:22,500
Most saloon girls were 
essentially, the Vans, customer 

3312
03:03:22,500 --> 03:03:25,300
service Representatives, not 
anything more scandalous. 

3313
03:03:26,300 --> 03:03:29,700
The characters continue to 
unfold before you like the pages

3314
03:03:29,700 --> 03:03:33,600
in a very dusty book. 
The gentleman at the bar dressed

3315
03:03:33,600 --> 03:03:36,800
immaculately in a black suit, a 
clean hat and Shining boots is a

3316
03:03:36,800 --> 03:03:40,100
sight to behold. 
He could be a banker a preacher,

3317
03:03:40,100 --> 03:03:43,300
or someone you really don't want
to accidentally bump into his 

3318
03:03:43,300 --> 03:03:44,000
coat. 
Hangs. 

3319
03:03:44,000 --> 03:03:46,400
Just so, and you can't tell if 
that's because he's very 

3320
03:03:46,400 --> 03:03:48,900
particular about his appearance 
or because he's carrying 

3321
03:03:48,900 --> 03:03:52,700
something under there, that 
requires easy access At a small 

3322
03:03:52,708 --> 03:03:54,700
table near the back. 
A couple of older men are 

3323
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:57,300
engaged in what appears to be 
either a heated philosophical 

3324
03:03:57,300 --> 03:03:59,200
debate or an argument about 
who's turn. 

3325
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:02,500
It is to buy the next round, 
their voices, rise and fall like

3326
03:04:02,500 --> 03:04:05,400
a verbal tide and occasionally, 
one of them pounds, the table 

3327
03:04:05,400 --> 03:04:07,700
for emphasis making the glasses 
jump. 

3328
03:04:08,600 --> 03:04:10,400
You realize, you're still 
standing there like a 

3329
03:04:10,400 --> 03:04:12,700
decoration, so you make your 
move toward the bar. 

3330
03:04:13,600 --> 03:04:16,100
The bartender watches your 
approach with the expression of 

3331
03:04:16,100 --> 03:04:18,700
someone who seen everything at 
least twice and isn't easily 

3332
03:04:18,700 --> 03:04:21,100
impressed. 
As you climb onto one of those 

3333
03:04:21,100 --> 03:04:22,000
fence. 
Post stools. 

3334
03:04:22,000 --> 03:04:25,700
You notice the bars surface 
tells its stories ring stains 

3335
03:04:25,700 --> 03:04:28,800
from countless glasses, small 
Nicks from knives. 

3336
03:04:28,800 --> 03:04:31,800
And what might be initials 
carved by Patron's with too much

3337
03:04:31,808 --> 03:04:35,600
time and whiskey the stool 
creaks, ominously under your 

3338
03:04:35,600 --> 03:04:37,900
weight. 
Not because you're heavy, but 

3339
03:04:37,900 --> 03:04:41,300
because it's held together with 
hope nails and possibly some 

3340
03:04:41,300 --> 03:04:44,500
very determined termites. 
You settle in trying to look 

3341
03:04:44,500 --> 03:04:47,800
like you belong or fighting the 
urge to ask if they have a wine 

3342
03:04:47,800 --> 03:04:51,300
list. 
The bartender approaches wiping 

3343
03:04:51,300 --> 03:04:53,600
his hands, on a towel that has 
witnessed Better Days. 

3344
03:04:54,300 --> 03:04:57,300
Waddle it be he asks and you 
realize you're about to make 

3345
03:04:57,300 --> 03:05:00,100
your first real decision in the 
Wild West. 

3346
03:05:01,000 --> 03:05:04,400
Choose Wisely your stomach and 
your reputation may depend on 

3347
03:05:04,408 --> 03:05:05,800
it. 
What will it be? 

3348
03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:09,300
The bartender asks again and you
realize that this isn't like 

3349
03:05:09,300 --> 03:05:12,200
browsing through a 20-page menu 
at the Cheesecake Factory. 

3350
03:05:13,000 --> 03:05:15,500
Your options are limited and 
some of them might be 

3351
03:05:15,500 --> 03:05:17,400
questionable for your long-term 
Health prospects. 

3352
03:05:18,400 --> 03:05:19,800
Let's start with the drinks, 
shall we? 

3353
03:05:20,700 --> 03:05:23,600
The house specialty is whiskey 
and buy specialty. 

3354
03:05:23,600 --> 03:05:26,300
I mean, it's basically the only 
option that won't require you to

3355
03:05:26,300 --> 03:05:29,300
lie down afterward. 
However, it's important to note 

3356
03:05:29,300 --> 03:05:32,700
that the master distiller didn't
not age, Frontier whiskey and 

3357
03:05:32,700 --> 03:05:34,100
Charming, Oak, barrels for 12 
years. 

3358
03:05:34,100 --> 03:05:37,800
Oh no, this whiskey was aged for
about as long as it took to make

3359
03:05:37,800 --> 03:05:40,000
it, which was roughly the same 
amount of time. 

3360
03:05:40,000 --> 03:05:43,600
It takes to microwave a burrito,
the bartender holds up a bottle 

3361
03:05:43,600 --> 03:05:46,400
with a handwritten label. 
That simply says whiskey in 

3362
03:05:46,400 --> 03:05:49,300
letters that suggest the writers
hand was an entirely steady at 

3363
03:05:49,300 --> 03:05:52,200
the time. 
The liquid inside has an amber 

3364
03:05:52,200 --> 03:05:55,800
color that could generously be 
called rustic or more accurately

3365
03:05:55,800 --> 03:06:00,100
described as concerning. but you
know what, when you've been 

3366
03:06:00,108 --> 03:06:02,600
eating Trail Dust for three 
days, your standards become 

3367
03:06:02,600 --> 03:06:05,500
remarkably flexible, Whiskey 
sounds, perfect. 

3368
03:06:05,500 --> 03:06:09,600
You say, because when in Rome, 
or in this case, when in a place

3369
03:06:09,608 --> 03:06:12,400
where Rome seems like a distant 
fever dream, you do as the 

3370
03:06:12,400 --> 03:06:15,900
locals, do the bartender pours. 
You a shot in a glass, that's 

3371
03:06:15,900 --> 03:06:17,700
clean enough. 
Assuming you don't look too 

3372
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:20,100
closely at The Rim. 
The whiskey boasts. 

3373
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:23,300
A color reminiscent of weak tea 
and an aroma reminiscent of. 

3374
03:06:23,300 --> 03:06:27,600
What could be corn? 
You take a sip and wow, it's 

3375
03:06:27,600 --> 03:06:30,500
like liquid, campfire with hints
of regret and a finish that 

3376
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:32,000
suggests. 
You should probably eat 

3377
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:36,000
something soon. 
Speaking of food, let's talk 

3378
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:40,600
about your dining options, the 
menu such as it exists is posted

3379
03:06:40,600 --> 03:06:43,600
on a chalkboard behind the bar 
written in the same shaky 

3380
03:06:43,600 --> 03:06:44,900
handwriting as the whiskey 
label. 

3381
03:06:44,900 --> 03:06:48,900
Your choice is a beef stew. 
Beans and bacon cornbread and 

3382
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:50,800
something. 
Optimistically labeled fresh 

3383
03:06:50,800 --> 03:06:53,400
fish. 
Now you're in the middle of the 

3384
03:06:53,400 --> 03:06:56,100
desert. 
So the fresh fish raises, some 

3385
03:06:56,100 --> 03:06:59,900
immediate questions fresh from 
where exactly, how can the fish 

3386
03:06:59,900 --> 03:07:02,400
be considered fresh, when the 
nearest substantial body of 

3387
03:07:02,400 --> 03:07:05,900
water is a three-day ride away. 
The bartender notices, your 

3388
03:07:05,900 --> 03:07:08,900
expression and Chuckles, don't 
worry about the fish. 

3389
03:07:08,900 --> 03:07:12,200
He says been on the menu for two
years, nobody's ever ordered it.

3390
03:07:13,100 --> 03:07:15,900
You decide beef stew? 
Sounds like the safest bet. 

3391
03:07:15,900 --> 03:07:19,600
It's a decision that shows 
wisdom beyond your years or at 

3392
03:07:19,600 --> 03:07:21,500
least beyond your experience 
with Frontier cuisine. 

3393
03:07:22,600 --> 03:07:25,300
The bartender calls your order 
back to the kitchen which is 

3394
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:28,200
apparently just behind a curtain
doorway where you can hear the 

3395
03:07:28,200 --> 03:07:30,500
sounds of serious. 
Cooking happening lots of 

3396
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:33,200
clanging, some creative 
vocabulary and what might be 

3397
03:07:33,200 --> 03:07:36,200
prayer while you, wait, you 
notice the other patrons dining 

3398
03:07:36,200 --> 03:07:38,300
choices? 
The Cowboys at the front table 

3399
03:07:38,300 --> 03:07:41,300
are sharing a plate of beans and
bacon, that could probably feed 

3400
03:07:41,300 --> 03:07:43,700
a small army or at least three 
famished Cowboys. 

3401
03:07:43,700 --> 03:07:46,500
They're eating with the 
efficiency of people who view 

3402
03:07:46,500 --> 03:07:50,000
food as fuel rather than an 
experience, which is probably 

3403
03:07:50,000 --> 03:07:52,700
the right attitude when you're 
dining options are limited to 

3404
03:07:52,700 --> 03:07:54,600
brown stuff and other brown 
stuff. 

3405
03:07:55,600 --> 03:07:57,600
The poker players have ordered 
rounds of everything, 

3406
03:07:57,600 --> 03:08:00,600
apparently, because their table 
looks like a frontier Buffet. 

3407
03:08:01,300 --> 03:08:05,100
There are plates of cornbread 
bowls of Sears to Stew strip of 

3408
03:08:05,100 --> 03:08:07,500
bacon and enough whiskey to fill
a small boat. 

3409
03:08:07,500 --> 03:08:09,700
Of course, they're playing for 
money. 

3410
03:08:09,700 --> 03:08:12,200
So they might be trying to 
fortify themselves for a long 

3411
03:08:12,208 --> 03:08:15,200
night of cards and potentially 
life-changing losses. 

3412
03:08:16,200 --> 03:08:18,500
The well-dressed gentleman at 
the bar is nursing a single 

3413
03:08:18,500 --> 03:08:21,800
glass of whiskey and a plate of 
cornbread eating. 

3414
03:08:21,800 --> 03:08:24,300
With the careful, Precision of 
someone, who's either very 

3415
03:08:24,300 --> 03:08:28,700
refined or very suspicious of 
the food quality, he cuts his 

3416
03:08:28,700 --> 03:08:31,500
cornbread into perfect squares 
and shoes thoughtfully. 

3417
03:08:31,500 --> 03:08:34,400
Like he's conducting a 
scientific analysis of its 

3418
03:08:34,400 --> 03:08:38,200
ingredients. 
Your stew arrives carried by a 

3419
03:08:38,200 --> 03:08:41,800
woman who emerges from behind 
the kitchen curtain like she's 

3420
03:08:41,800 --> 03:08:44,600
stepping onto a stage. 
She's the cook clearly. 

3421
03:08:44,600 --> 03:08:47,800
And she sets the bowl down with 
the pride of someone who knows 

3422
03:08:47,800 --> 03:08:51,200
her craft. 
A tin Bowl, hot enough to Brand 

3423
03:08:51,200 --> 03:08:54,200
cattle, holds the stew and its 
contents appear. 

3424
03:08:54,208 --> 03:08:57,800
Substantial, the stew contains 
chunks of beef that were once 

3425
03:08:57,800 --> 03:09:00,200
tough, but have now become 
tender vegetables. 

3426
03:09:00,200 --> 03:09:03,600
That could be charitably 
described as rustic and a gravy.

3427
03:09:03,600 --> 03:09:04,900
Thick enough to serve as a 
mortar. 

3428
03:09:04,900 --> 03:09:08,700
It smells fantastic actually, 
like, comfort food made by 

3429
03:09:08,700 --> 03:09:10,300
someone who understands that 
Comfort. 

3430
03:09:10,300 --> 03:09:13,000
Sometimes comes in the form of 
calories and warmth, rather than

3431
03:09:13,000 --> 03:09:14,800
presentation and Molecular 
Gastronomy. 

3432
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:18,700
You take a spoonful and it's 
delicious, really good. 

3433
03:09:18,700 --> 03:09:21,600
The kind of good that makes you 
understand why people wrote 

3434
03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:24,600
songs about home cooking. 
The cornbread that comes with it

3435
03:09:24,600 --> 03:09:27,700
is dense and filling with a 
slightly sweet taste that 

3436
03:09:27,700 --> 03:09:29,600
balances the hearty stew 
perfectly. 

3437
03:09:30,600 --> 03:09:33,000
It's nothing like the fluffy 
cake like cornbread. 

3438
03:09:33,000 --> 03:09:34,600
You might know from Modern 
restaurant's. 

3439
03:09:35,300 --> 03:09:38,600
This bread symbolizes business 
and can sustain you throughout a

3440
03:09:38,600 --> 03:09:40,500
long day of your planned 
Frontier activities. 

3441
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:44,700
As you eat, you start to relax a
little, the whiskey has smooth, 

3442
03:09:44,700 --> 03:09:47,800
some of your rough edges. 
The food is warming, you from 

3443
03:09:47,800 --> 03:09:50,900
the inside out and the general 
atmosphere is starting to feel 

3444
03:09:50,900 --> 03:09:54,900
less like a movie set and more 
like Just a place where people 

3445
03:09:54,900 --> 03:09:57,200
come to eat and drink and escape
from their day. 

3446
03:09:57,200 --> 03:10:00,300
But then you notice something 
that makes your spoon pores, 

3447
03:10:00,300 --> 03:10:03,600
halfway to your mouth. 
The conversation at the Cowboys 

3448
03:10:03,600 --> 03:10:05,700
table has gotten quieter more 
intense. 

3449
03:10:05,700 --> 03:10:08,800
They keep glancing toward the 
door and one of them has shifted

3450
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:10,200
his chair. 
So he has a better view of the 

3451
03:10:10,200 --> 03:10:12,600
entrance. 
The well-dressed gentleman has 

3452
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:15,200
also noticed the changes and has
angled himself slightly on his 

3453
03:10:15,208 --> 03:10:17,400
stool. 
Uh, oh, you get the feeling that

3454
03:10:17,400 --> 03:10:20,000
your peaceful dinner is about to
become significantly, more 

3455
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:22,900
interesting, you're just 
starting to feel settled. 

3456
03:10:22,900 --> 03:10:26,300
The stew is warming, your belly.
The whiskey is taken the edge 

3457
03:10:26,300 --> 03:10:29,200
off, three days of Stagecoach, 
travel and your beginning. 

3458
03:10:29,200 --> 03:10:31,500
To think there's whole Wild West
experience. 

3459
03:10:31,500 --> 03:10:34,100
Might be more civilized than the
stories suggested. 

3460
03:10:34,900 --> 03:10:38,600
At that moment, the Batwing 
doors opened forcefully, causing

3461
03:10:38,600 --> 03:10:42,600
the rooms temperature to drop by
approximately 10 degrees. 3 men 

3462
03:10:42,600 --> 03:10:45,700
walking and they walk like they 
own the place they appear as 

3463
03:10:45,700 --> 03:10:48,100
though their contemplating 
acquiring it without the need 

3464
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:51,500
for paperwork, their different 
from the other Patron's cleaner 

3465
03:10:51,500 --> 03:10:54,100
better dressed. 
But with an edge that makes 

3466
03:10:54,100 --> 03:10:56,800
everyone else look like Sunday 
school teachers by comparison. 

3467
03:10:57,900 --> 03:11:00,500
The leader is tall and lean 
where wearing a black coat that 

3468
03:11:00,500 --> 03:11:02,500
seen some use, but not much 
abuse. 

3469
03:11:03,400 --> 03:11:06,700
His hat is perfectly positioned 
and his boots exuded a shine 

3470
03:11:06,700 --> 03:11:09,400
that suggests Heather 
meticulously maintained his 

3471
03:11:09,400 --> 03:11:12,100
belongings or hasn't been 
traversing the desert dust for 

3472
03:11:12,100 --> 03:11:14,900
days. 
His eyes scan the room with the 

3473
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:18,400
methodical, Precision of someone
conducting an inventory, his 

3474
03:11:18,400 --> 03:11:20,800
companions. 
Flank him like bookends one 

3475
03:11:20,800 --> 03:11:24,200
shorter and stockier built, like
a man who settles disagreements 

3476
03:11:24,200 --> 03:11:27,400
with his fists and another whose
trying a little too difficult to

3477
03:11:27,400 --> 03:11:31,300
look casual while obviously 
being anything but They moved to

3478
03:11:31,300 --> 03:11:34,200
the bar but not before the tour.
One makes eye contact with 

3479
03:11:34,200 --> 03:11:38,800
several patrons including you. 
Now you've never been in a 

3480
03:11:38,800 --> 03:11:42,100
situation quite like this, but 
some instincts are Universal, 

3481
03:11:42,100 --> 03:11:44,400
it's akin to being an a 
restaurant. 

3482
03:11:44,408 --> 03:11:47,200
When a group enters that exudes 
an unsettling presence 

3483
03:11:47,200 --> 03:11:51,200
excessively loud overly 
aggressive and behaving as 

3484
03:11:51,200 --> 03:11:54,300
though they are seeking 
confrontation, Except in this 

3485
03:11:54,300 --> 03:11:57,600
case, the people who might find 
trouble are armed and there's no

3486
03:11:57,600 --> 03:12:00,800
manager to complain to the 
bartenders demeanor changes. 

3487
03:12:00,800 --> 03:12:04,200
Subtly, he still approaches them
and asks what they want but now 

3488
03:12:04,200 --> 03:12:07,300
this tension in his shoulders 
the Cowboys at the front table 

3489
03:12:07,300 --> 03:12:10,400
of gone, completely quiet, which
is probably the frontier 

3490
03:12:10,400 --> 03:12:12,700
equivalent of turning off your 
phone when you sent drama 

3491
03:12:12,700 --> 03:12:14,900
Brewing. 
Whiskey says the tall. 

3492
03:12:14,900 --> 03:12:17,900
Stranger the good stuff. 
Not what you've been serving and

3493
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:20,300
everyone else This story is 
interesting. 

3494
03:12:20,300 --> 03:12:23,300
Apparently, there's a two-tier 
beverage system in operation 

3495
03:12:23,300 --> 03:12:27,300
here and you've been drinking 
from the economy section The 

3496
03:12:27,300 --> 03:12:30,000
bartender reaches under the bar 
and produces a different bottle.

3497
03:12:30,000 --> 03:12:33,400
This one with an actual printed 
label and liquid, that doesn't 

3498
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:36,600
look like it could strip paint. 
As the strangers get their 

3499
03:12:36,600 --> 03:12:39,700
drinks, you notice the poker 
game has paused, the players are

3500
03:12:39,700 --> 03:12:42,300
still holding their cards, but 
nobody's looking at them 

3501
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:44,400
anymore. 
The saloon girl has stopped 

3502
03:12:44,400 --> 03:12:48,100
playing piano mid-song, which 
creates an awkward sounds that 

3503
03:12:48,100 --> 03:12:52,000
everyone pretends not to notice 
you continue eating your stew. 

3504
03:12:52,000 --> 03:12:54,800
Trying to channel the energy of 
someone who's totally absorbed 

3505
03:12:54,800 --> 03:12:57,800
in their meal and definitely not
eavesdropping on potentially 

3506
03:12:57,800 --> 03:13:00,700
dangerous conversations. 
Your task is harder than it. 

3507
03:13:00,700 --> 03:13:03,500
Sounds when every instinct is 
telling you to pay attention to 

3508
03:13:03,500 --> 03:13:06,800
the new arrivals The tool 
stranger turns from the bar, 

3509
03:13:06,800 --> 03:13:09,000
whiskey in hand and addresses 
the room in general. 

3510
03:13:09,800 --> 03:13:12,100
Evening, folks. 
Beautiful night, isn't it? 

3511
03:13:12,100 --> 03:13:15,500
His voice is Pleasant enough, 
but there's something underneath

3512
03:13:15,500 --> 03:13:18,900
it like a velvet glove with 
brass knuckles inside. 

3513
03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:23,500
A few people Mumble responses, 
someone asks a question, but 

3514
03:13:23,500 --> 03:13:25,200
you're uncertain. 
If the right answer could lead 

3515
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:28,100
to your death. 
We're looking for someone, The 

3516
03:13:28,100 --> 03:13:31,200
Stranger continues, taking a 
casual sip of his whiskey 

3517
03:13:31,200 --> 03:13:33,900
researching For A Friend by the 
name of Thompson. 

3518
03:13:34,700 --> 03:13:37,200
Bill Thompson, he might be in 
these parts. 

3519
03:13:37,200 --> 03:13:39,600
Now, you don't know anyone named
Bill Thompson. 

3520
03:13:39,600 --> 03:13:43,200
You can feel the collective 
tension in the room ratchet up 

3521
03:13:43,208 --> 03:13:46,200
another notch. 
It's like when someone asks who 

3522
03:13:46,200 --> 03:13:49,000
broke this and even though 
you're innocent, you still feel 

3523
03:13:49,000 --> 03:13:52,200
guilty. 
One of the Cowboys clears his 

3524
03:13:52,200 --> 03:13:54,900
throat. 
Dotted Thompsons in these parts.

3525
03:13:54,900 --> 03:13:57,800
He says carefully. 
Might help if you could be more 

3526
03:13:57,800 --> 03:14:01,200
specific. 
The Stranger smiles and it's not

3527
03:14:01,208 --> 03:14:05,000
entirely a pleasant expression. 
Oh, you'd know this Thompson. 

3528
03:14:05,000 --> 03:14:09,700
If you saw him about 40 brown 
hair scar on his left cheek from

3529
03:14:09,700 --> 03:14:13,000
a disagreement about Catalonia 
ship tends to be memorable. 

3530
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:17,300
The description hangs in the air
like smoke from a bad cigar. 

3531
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:20,400
You notice, the well-dressed 
gentleman at the bar has become 

3532
03:14:20,400 --> 03:14:23,700
very interested in the bottom of
his whiskey glass and the poker 

3533
03:14:23,700 --> 03:14:26,100
players have the Frozen Look of 
people trying to become 

3534
03:14:26,100 --> 03:14:28,100
invisible through sheer force of
will. 

3535
03:14:29,000 --> 03:14:30,300
Can't say the name rings, a 
bell. 

3536
03:14:30,300 --> 03:14:33,200
The cowboy says, which is 
probably true, but also probably

3537
03:14:33,200 --> 03:14:36,000
not the whole truth. 
The Stranger nods, like he 

3538
03:14:36,000 --> 03:14:39,000
expected this answer. 
Well, that's disappointing. 

3539
03:14:39,000 --> 03:14:42,300
But understandable. 
Sometimes people's memories need

3540
03:14:42,300 --> 03:14:46,100
a little encouragement. 
And that's when you realize your

3541
03:14:46,100 --> 03:14:49,000
peaceful evening, has officially
taken a turn toward the kind of 

3542
03:14:49,000 --> 03:14:50,900
excitement. 
You read about in dime novels, 

3543
03:14:50,900 --> 03:14:54,600
but, never actually, wanted to 
experience first-hand the stew. 

3544
03:14:54,600 --> 03:14:58,100
Suddenly tastes like cardboard 
and the whiskey isn't warming, 

3545
03:14:58,100 --> 03:14:59,700
your stomach so much as 
churning. 

3546
03:14:59,700 --> 03:15:02,800
It You keep eating trying to 
look like someone who's 

3547
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:06,500
completely oblivious to the 
growing tension, while your mind

3548
03:15:06,500 --> 03:15:10,100
races through your options. 
You could finish quickly and 

3549
03:15:10,100 --> 03:15:12,000
leave but that might draw 
attention. 

3550
03:15:12,800 --> 03:15:15,400
You could stay and hope things 
settle down, but that could mean

3551
03:15:15,400 --> 03:15:17,800
getting caught in whatever's 
about to happen, or you could 

3552
03:15:17,808 --> 03:15:19,600
just keep eating stew and 
pretend you're anywhere else, 

3553
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:22,400
which is your current strategy, 
but probably not a long-term 

3554
03:15:22,400 --> 03:15:25,400
solution. 
The Stranger takes another sip 

3555
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:28,600
of his whiskey and smiles. 
That unsettling smile again. 

3556
03:15:28,600 --> 03:15:30,600
Well no hurry, we've got all 
night. 

3557
03:15:31,700 --> 03:15:35,100
Oh good, they're staying, this 
should be interesting in a 

3558
03:15:35,100 --> 03:15:38,000
situation like this. 
It can be quite challenging to 

3559
03:15:38,000 --> 03:15:40,400
focus on your own Affairs. 
When everyone else is 

3560
03:15:40,400 --> 03:15:42,500
activities, are taking place 
right next to you. 

3561
03:15:43,200 --> 03:15:46,400
It's like trying to ignore a 
fire alarm technically possible,

3562
03:15:46,400 --> 03:15:49,500
but probably not advisable for 
your continued well-being. 

3563
03:15:50,600 --> 03:15:53,100
You've developed a sudden, 
intense fascination with your 

3564
03:15:53,100 --> 03:15:56,400
stew examining each piece of 
beef, like your conducting a 

3565
03:15:56,400 --> 03:15:58,400
scientific study on Frontier 
cooking techniques. 

3566
03:15:59,200 --> 03:16:02,100
Meanwhile, the three strangers 
have settled in at a table near 

3567
03:16:02,100 --> 03:16:04,600
the center of the room. 
Close enough to watch every one 

3568
03:16:04,600 --> 03:16:07,900
far enough from the door to make
leaving quickly a challenge for 

3569
03:16:07,900 --> 03:16:10,400
anyone else. 
The tall one seemingly 

3570
03:16:10,400 --> 03:16:13,300
representing the group has 
initiated a conversation with a 

3571
03:16:13,308 --> 03:16:15,800
variety of patrons. 
Is the kind of conversation 

3572
03:16:15,800 --> 03:16:18,200
where one person asked questions
and everyone else provides 

3573
03:16:18,200 --> 03:16:21,100
answers that are technically 
truthful, but carefully and 

3574
03:16:21,100 --> 03:16:23,000
complete. 
Nice Town, you've got here. 

3575
03:16:23,000 --> 03:16:26,300
He says to the room in general 
quiet, peaceful. 

3576
03:16:26,300 --> 03:16:29,400
The kind of place, where a man 
could disappear if he wanted to.

3577
03:16:30,400 --> 03:16:34,100
the Cowboys nod politely similar
to how one might Nord when 

3578
03:16:34,100 --> 03:16:36,200
someone makes a comment about 
the weather, that could be 

3579
03:16:36,208 --> 03:16:39,900
interpreted as a threat The 
poker players have resumed their

3580
03:16:39,900 --> 03:16:42,900
game but you notice they're 
betting much more conservatively

3581
03:16:42,900 --> 03:16:46,600
than before nothing dampens. 
The spirit of gambling more than

3582
03:16:46,600 --> 03:16:48,200
the threat of unexpected 
violence. 

3583
03:16:49,200 --> 03:16:52,100
The bartender continues wiping 
glasses with that towel. 

3584
03:16:52,800 --> 03:16:55,600
Which by now must be either 
perfectly clean or completely 

3585
03:16:55,600 --> 03:16:58,500
contaminated. 
He's developed the expression of

3586
03:16:58,500 --> 03:17:01,400
someone who's seen this movie 
before and knows, it doesn't end

3587
03:17:01,400 --> 03:17:03,600
with everyone shaking hands and 
sharing recipes. 

3588
03:17:04,500 --> 03:17:06,700
You're making excellent progress
on your stew. 

3589
03:17:06,700 --> 03:17:10,000
When the shorter of the three 
strangers, the one bill like a 

3590
03:17:10,000 --> 03:17:11,800
human, Cannonball stands up and 
stretches. 

3591
03:17:11,800 --> 03:17:15,900
It's an innocent enough gesture.
Except for the way, his coat 

3592
03:17:15,900 --> 03:17:17,500
Falls open just enough to 
reveal. 

3593
03:17:17,500 --> 03:17:19,700
What's definitely not a pocket 
watch on his hip. 

3594
03:17:20,500 --> 03:17:23,400
Think I'll take a look around. 
He announces get familiar with 

3595
03:17:23,400 --> 03:17:26,300
the local geography. 
He starts wandering between the 

3596
03:17:26,300 --> 03:17:28,000
tables, not bothering anyone. 
Exactly. 

3597
03:17:28,000 --> 03:17:31,500
But making his presence felt 
it's like having a tiger 

3598
03:17:31,500 --> 03:17:33,200
casually stroll through your 
living room. 

3599
03:17:33,200 --> 03:17:36,400
It might not eat you, but you're
definitely going to keep track 

3600
03:17:36,400 --> 03:17:39,900
of where it is. 
When he gets to the poker table,

3601
03:17:39,900 --> 03:17:42,100
he pauses to watch the game. 
Interesting. 

3602
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:45,000
He says, looking at the cards, 
that's almost a winning hand. 

3603
03:17:45,000 --> 03:17:48,600
You've got their friend Vector 
with the impressive beard looks 

3604
03:17:48,600 --> 03:17:51,700
up nervously just having a 
friendly game, mister nothing 

3605
03:17:51,700 --> 03:17:54,500
serious. 
Oh, I'm sure the stranger 

3606
03:17:54,500 --> 03:17:56,900
replies though. 
I noticed you've got quite a 

3607
03:17:56,900 --> 03:17:59,200
pile of coins there. 
Lucky night. 

3608
03:18:00,300 --> 03:18:01,500
Some nights are better than 
others. 

3609
03:18:01,500 --> 03:18:04,900
The prospector, says carefully. 
The Stranger nods thoughtfully. 

3610
03:18:04,900 --> 03:18:07,200
That's true. 
Some nights. 

3611
03:18:07,200 --> 03:18:10,400
A man's luck can change. 
Very suddenly, it's not exactly 

3612
03:18:10,400 --> 03:18:13,000
a threat but it's not exactly 
not a threat either. 

3613
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:15,900
It's that special, kind of 
Frontier Communication. 

3614
03:18:15,900 --> 03:18:19,200
That says everything while 
saying nothing like a passive 

3615
03:18:19,200 --> 03:18:21,100
aggressive email written with 
six shooters. 

3616
03:18:21,100 --> 03:18:23,900
The wandering stranger continues
his tour. 

3617
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:28,700
Eventually making his way toward
the bar toward you you become 

3618
03:18:28,700 --> 03:18:31,700
intensely interested in the last
few spoonfuls of your stew, 

3619
03:18:31,700 --> 03:18:34,500
hoping to project the aura of 
someone completely absorbed in 

3620
03:18:34,508 --> 03:18:38,400
their dinner and definitely not 
worth talking to Evening, he 

3621
03:18:38,400 --> 03:18:42,000
says settling onto the stool 
next to you evening, you reply, 

3622
03:18:42,000 --> 03:18:44,300
because ignoring him would be 
rude and rude. 

3623
03:18:44,300 --> 03:18:47,200
Miss in the situation could have
consequences that extend beyond 

3624
03:18:47,200 --> 03:18:49,700
hurt feelings. 
Good stew. 

3625
03:18:49,700 --> 03:18:51,900
He asks, looking at your bowl. 
Yes. 

3626
03:18:51,900 --> 03:18:53,100
Quite good. 
You answer. 

3627
03:18:53,100 --> 03:18:54,900
Honestly. 
No point in lying about 

3628
03:18:54,908 --> 03:18:58,500
something so easily. 
Verified, You're not from around

3629
03:18:58,500 --> 03:18:59,800
here. 
He observes. 

3630
03:18:59,800 --> 03:19:03,100
It's not a question. 
Just passing through you say 

3631
03:19:03,100 --> 03:19:05,400
which is true and hopefully 
boring enough to end the 

3632
03:19:05,400 --> 03:19:08,600
conversation, he nods and orders
a whiskey from the bartender. 

3633
03:19:09,400 --> 03:19:12,300
Not the good stuff, you notice 
which suggests either budget 

3634
03:19:12,300 --> 03:19:15,100
constraints, or that he's not as
important as his tool friend. 

3635
03:19:15,900 --> 03:19:18,700
While he waits for his drink, he
studies you with the Casual 

3636
03:19:18,700 --> 03:19:21,500
interest of someone examining a 
potentially interesting bug. 

3637
03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:26,100
Passing through to where he asks
now, you're in slightly trickier

3638
03:19:26,100 --> 03:19:28,900
territory too much detail. 
Might make you memorable in 

3639
03:19:28,900 --> 03:19:30,900
ways. 
You don't want to be too little 

3640
03:19:30,900 --> 03:19:34,100
might make you seem suspicious. 
You go with vague but plausible.

3641
03:19:35,000 --> 03:19:36,900
West. 
You say looking for 

3642
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:38,500
opportunities. 
He Chuckles. 

3643
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:39,700
Aren't we? 
All friends? 

3644
03:19:39,700 --> 03:19:45,500
We all his whiskey arrives, and 
Takes a sip then he leans 

3645
03:19:45,500 --> 03:19:48,300
slightly closer, you catch a 
whiff of tobacco leather. 

3646
03:19:48,300 --> 03:19:50,900
And something that might be made
or might be bear Grease. 

3647
03:19:51,700 --> 03:19:54,400
Word of advice. 
He says quietly sometimes the 

3648
03:19:54,400 --> 03:19:56,400
best opportunity is knowing when
to keep moving. 

3649
03:19:56,400 --> 03:20:00,500
No I mean you nod because you do
know what he means and because 

3650
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:02,100
agreeing seems like the safest 
option. 

3651
03:20:02,100 --> 03:20:05,500
He's telling you in the polite 
as possible terms that this 

3652
03:20:05,500 --> 03:20:07,900
might be a good night to finish 
your dinner and find somewhere 

3653
03:20:07,900 --> 03:20:12,400
else to be. appreciate the 
advice you say, He nods and 

3654
03:20:12,400 --> 03:20:14,800
returns to his whiskey 
apparently, satisfied. 

3655
03:20:14,800 --> 03:20:16,900
That his message has been 
delivered and understood. 

3656
03:20:16,900 --> 03:20:20,500
You finished the last of your 
student cornbread trying to eat 

3657
03:20:20,500 --> 03:20:23,200
at a pace that suggests, you're 
not hurrying, but not lingering 

3658
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:25,600
either. 
That's when the Batwing doors 

3659
03:20:25,600 --> 03:20:29,100
swing, open again and this time 
you know, before you even look 

3660
03:20:29,100 --> 03:20:31,400
that whoever's coming in is 
going to make the evening 

3661
03:20:31,400 --> 03:20:34,900
significantly more complicated. 
Because that's how these things 

3662
03:20:34,900 --> 03:20:38,000
work in the wild west. 
Just when you think you've got a

3663
03:20:38,000 --> 03:20:41,300
handle on the situation, the 
situation decides to handle you 

3664
03:20:41,300 --> 03:20:44,200
instead the man who walks 
through those batwing doors is 

3665
03:20:44,200 --> 03:20:48,300
about 40 years old has brown 
hair and sports a scar on his 

3666
03:20:48,300 --> 03:20:50,300
left cheek. 
That looks like it came from a 

3667
03:20:50,300 --> 03:20:51,700
disagreement about cattle 
ownership. 

3668
03:20:51,700 --> 03:20:55,400
In other words, he matches the 
description of Bill Thompson 

3669
03:20:55,400 --> 03:20:57,900
perfectly, which means your 
peaceful evening. 

3670
03:20:57,900 --> 03:21:01,400
Has just transformed into front 
row seats for whatever's about 

3671
03:21:01,400 --> 03:21:04,100
to unfold. 
But here's the thing that makes 

3672
03:21:04,100 --> 03:21:06,400
this intriguing from a social 
dynamics perspective. 

3673
03:21:06,400 --> 03:21:09,600
Bill Thompson doesn't look 
surprised to see the three 

3674
03:21:09,600 --> 03:21:12,100
strangers. 
He doesn't pause, he doesn't 

3675
03:21:12,100 --> 03:21:15,100
scan the room, nervously and 
doesn't show any of the signs. 

3676
03:21:15,100 --> 03:21:18,900
You'd expect from someone who is
being hunted, instead he walks 

3677
03:21:18,900 --> 03:21:21,500
to the bar with the Casual 
confidence of a man whose 

3678
03:21:21,500 --> 03:21:24,600
precisely where he wants to be 
evening Jake. 

3679
03:21:24,600 --> 03:21:27,500
He says, to the bartender who 
suddenly looks like, he'd rather

3680
03:21:27,500 --> 03:21:30,600
be anywhere else, perhaps 
somewhere peaceful like the 

3681
03:21:30,600 --> 03:21:34,300
middle of a buffalo, stampede. 
The tool stranger at the center 

3682
03:21:34,300 --> 03:21:37,400
table doesn't say anything 
immediately, he just watches 

3683
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:41,000
Thompson order, a whiskey and 
settle against the bar like he 

3684
03:21:41,000 --> 03:21:44,500
owns it. 
The silent stretches out like 

3685
03:21:44,500 --> 03:21:48,100
taffy and you can practically 
hear everyone in the room. 

3686
03:21:48,100 --> 03:21:52,100
Not breathing, finally the tall 
stranger speaks built Thompson. 

3687
03:21:52,900 --> 03:21:54,800
That's right. 
Thompson replies without turning

3688
03:21:54,800 --> 03:21:58,400
around and you'd be Carson 
unless I miss my guess. 

3689
03:21:59,100 --> 03:22:02,200
Carson. 
Now, the tall stranger has a 

3690
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:04,800
name, which somehow makes the 
whole situation feel more real 

3691
03:22:04,800 --> 03:22:06,100
and more dangerous at the same 
time. 

3692
03:22:07,100 --> 03:22:10,300
Carson stands up slowly the kind
of deliberate movement that 

3693
03:22:10,300 --> 03:22:12,700
suggests, he's very comfortable 
with everyone's attention, 

3694
03:22:12,700 --> 03:22:15,400
focused on him. 
Being looking for you, Bill. 

3695
03:22:16,400 --> 03:22:19,000
I figured that was the case 
Thompson says taking a sip of 

3696
03:22:19,000 --> 03:22:22,400
his whiskey heard, you boys were
asking around thought I'd say 

3697
03:22:22,400 --> 03:22:24,100
you the trouble of hunting all 
over creation. 

3698
03:22:25,000 --> 03:22:27,600
Now, this is intriguing. 
Instead of a Manhunt your 

3699
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:29,100
witnessing. 
What appears to be a plan 

3700
03:22:29,100 --> 03:22:31,200
meeting? 
The question is whether it's 

3701
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:33,700
going to be a civilized 
conversation or something that 

3702
03:22:33,700 --> 03:22:35,300
requires you to duck under 
tables. 

3703
03:22:36,800 --> 03:22:39,800
The cowboy at the front table, 
shifts slightly in his chair and

3704
03:22:39,800 --> 03:22:42,400
you notice his hand resting 
casually near his side. 

3705
03:22:43,500 --> 03:22:46,100
The poker players have given up 
all pretense of playing cards 

3706
03:22:46,100 --> 03:22:49,200
and openly watching the 
proceedings, even the saloon 

3707
03:22:49,200 --> 03:22:51,900
girl is positioned herself near.
What you hope is a back exit. 

3708
03:22:52,700 --> 03:22:55,300
Carson moves away from his table
but not quickly, not 

3709
03:22:55,300 --> 03:22:58,500
aggressively, it's more like a 
dance where both Partners know 

3710
03:22:58,500 --> 03:23:00,800
the steps. 
You've got something that 

3711
03:23:00,800 --> 03:23:04,300
belongs to my employer bill. 
That's so Thompson says what 

3712
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:06,100
might that be? 
Don't play games. 

3713
03:23:06,100 --> 03:23:09,500
The money from the Tucson job 
Thompson Chuckles, but it's not 

3714
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:11,800
a particularly amused. 
Sound money. 

3715
03:23:11,800 --> 03:23:13,700
What makes you think? 
I've got any money? 

3716
03:23:13,700 --> 03:23:15,100
Look at me. 
Carson. 

3717
03:23:15,100 --> 03:23:17,400
Do I look like a man who's 
recently come into wealth? 

3718
03:23:17,400 --> 03:23:21,000
And he's got a point, Thompson's
clothes, A Worn, but clean, his 

3719
03:23:21,000 --> 03:23:23,600
boots are scuffed and his hat to
seen better years. 

3720
03:23:24,500 --> 03:23:27,400
If he sit on a pile of stolen 
money, he's either excellent at 

3721
03:23:27,400 --> 03:23:29,100
hiding it or terrible at 
spending it. 

3722
03:23:30,100 --> 03:23:33,200
My employer seems to think 
otherwise Carson says your 

3723
03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:36,000
employer thinks many things 
doesn't make them true. 

3724
03:23:36,000 --> 03:23:39,800
The conversation is polite or 
almost casual, but you can feel 

3725
03:23:39,800 --> 03:23:42,500
the undercurrent of violence 
running beneath it like a stream

3726
03:23:42,500 --> 03:23:44,800
under ice. 
Both men are armed. 

3727
03:23:44,800 --> 03:23:47,900
You can tell by the way, they 
carry themselves, the way their 

3728
03:23:47,900 --> 03:23:50,300
coats, hang and the way they 
position their hands. 

3729
03:23:50,300 --> 03:23:53,600
The question is whether they are
going to keep talking or start 

3730
03:23:53,600 --> 03:23:56,600
shooting your beginning to 
understand why the bartender was

3731
03:23:56,600 --> 03:23:58,100
nervous about the fish on the 
menu. 

3732
03:23:58,900 --> 03:24:01,000
In a place where business 
disputes are settled with 

3733
03:24:01,000 --> 03:24:04,000
gunpowder freshness, standards 
are probably flexible. 

3734
03:24:04,800 --> 03:24:06,600
The shorter. 
Stranger the one who gave you 

3735
03:24:06,600 --> 03:24:08,800
the friendly advice about 
knowing when to keep moving. 

3736
03:24:08,800 --> 03:24:11,000
Has positioned himself near the 
door? 

3737
03:24:11,000 --> 03:24:12,800
Not blocking it. 
Exactly. 

3738
03:24:12,800 --> 03:24:15,400
But making it clear that anyone 
wanting to leave would need to 

3739
03:24:15,400 --> 03:24:18,800
get past him. 
The third member of their group 

3740
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:20,400
has moved to cover the back of 
the room. 

3741
03:24:20,400 --> 03:24:23,200
Thompson seems to notice these 
movements without looking 

3742
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:26,100
directly at them. 
Brought the whole crew did you? 

3743
03:24:26,100 --> 03:24:29,100
That's flattering though. 
I have to say for a friendly 

3744
03:24:29,108 --> 03:24:32,300
conversation about money. 
I don't have you boys seem a 

3745
03:24:32,300 --> 03:24:36,300
little prepared. 
Just being careful, Carson says 

3746
03:24:36,300 --> 03:24:40,400
nothing personal. 
Oh I'm sure Thompson replies 

3747
03:24:40,400 --> 03:24:43,100
just like what happened in 
Prescott was nothing personal 

3748
03:24:43,100 --> 03:24:46,200
Carson's expression. 
Changes slightly At The Mention 

3749
03:24:46,200 --> 03:24:48,700
Of Prescott and you get the 
feeling that there's a whole 

3750
03:24:48,700 --> 03:24:51,200
other story. 
There probably involving more 

3751
03:24:51,200 --> 03:24:54,800
cattle, more disagreements, and 
definitely more scars. 

3752
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:59,600
That was business cast and says,
so is this Thompson replies? 

3753
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:02,500
And that's when you realize that
you're not just witnessing a 

3754
03:25:02,500 --> 03:25:05,000
confrontation between men with a
disagreement about money. 

3755
03:25:06,000 --> 03:25:08,400
Your watching the continuation 
of something that started 

3756
03:25:08,400 --> 03:25:11,600
somewhere else, probably 
involving cattle because 

3757
03:25:11,600 --> 03:25:13,300
everything, in the west, seems 
to involve cattle. 

3758
03:25:13,300 --> 03:25:16,200
And definitely involving the 
kind of business that leaves 

3759
03:25:16,200 --> 03:25:19,400
scars on people's faces. 
The room has gone completely 

3760
03:25:19,400 --> 03:25:22,500
quiet except for the sound of 
your own heartbeat which seems 

3761
03:25:22,500 --> 03:25:24,800
unreasonably loud given the 
circumstances. 

3762
03:25:25,800 --> 03:25:28,300
You're trying to decide whether 
finishing your whiskey would be 

3763
03:25:28,300 --> 03:25:30,800
a good idea. 
Liquid courage, or a terrible 

3764
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:34,600
idea impaired judgment when 
Thompson turns slightly and 

3765
03:25:34,600 --> 03:25:37,100
catches your eye. 
You might want to step outside 

3766
03:25:37,100 --> 03:25:38,700
for some are friend. 
He says quietly. 

3767
03:25:39,500 --> 03:25:41,500
Sometimes these business 
discussions, get a little 

3768
03:25:41,508 --> 03:25:44,700
heated, which is probably the 
lightest way anyone has ever 

3769
03:25:44,700 --> 03:25:47,200
suggested that you evacuate 
before the shooting starts. 

3770
03:25:47,200 --> 03:25:49,900
Here's the thing, about the wild
west, that all those Hollywood 

3771
03:25:49,900 --> 03:25:52,900
movies, got wrong, most 
confrontations didn't end in 

3772
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:55,300
gunfights. 
They ended in negotiations 

3773
03:25:55,300 --> 03:25:58,500
compromises, and people finding 
ways to settle their differences

3774
03:25:58,500 --> 03:26:01,600
without ventilating each other 
because, despite what the dime 

3775
03:26:01,600 --> 03:26:04,200
novel suggested most folks 
preferred being alive to being 

3776
03:26:04,200 --> 03:26:06,800
legendary. 
Your contemplating Thompson 

3777
03:26:06,800 --> 03:26:09,400
suggestion about stepping 
outside when something 

3778
03:26:09,400 --> 03:26:12,200
unexpected happens. 
Carson. 

3779
03:26:12,200 --> 03:26:16,200
Laughs Carson, laughs not with a
menacing or bitter laugh but 

3780
03:26:16,200 --> 03:26:19,200
with an actual genuine laugh 
that changes his entire face. 

3781
03:26:19,200 --> 03:26:22,600
You know what? 
Bill your absolutely right. 

3782
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:26,600
This idea is ridiculous. 
He sits back down at his table 

3783
03:26:26,600 --> 03:26:30,100
and the tension in the room 
doesn't exactly disappear, but 

3784
03:26:30,100 --> 03:26:33,200
it shifts into something more 
manageable, removing the timer. 

3785
03:26:33,200 --> 03:26:35,800
Instead of cutting wires is akin
to diffusing a bomb. 

3786
03:26:36,600 --> 03:26:38,900
We're both getting too old for 
this car can continues. 

3787
03:26:38,900 --> 03:26:41,300
And honestly, my employer is an 
idiot. 

3788
03:26:42,300 --> 03:26:45,000
Thompson turns around still 
holding his whiskey eyebrows 

3789
03:26:45,000 --> 03:26:47,000
raised. 
That's quite an admission coming

3790
03:26:47,000 --> 03:26:48,800
from you. 
Well, it's true. 

3791
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:51,700
Sending me in the boys all the 
way out here to collect money. 

3792
03:26:51,700 --> 03:26:53,800
That probably doesn't exist from
a job. 

3793
03:26:53,808 --> 03:26:56,700
That went sideways six months 
ago from a man who has been 

3794
03:26:56,700 --> 03:26:58,000
trying to go straight ever 
since. 

3795
03:26:58,800 --> 03:27:00,900
Carson shakes. 
His head some days. 

3796
03:27:00,900 --> 03:27:03,300
I wonder why I don't just buy a 
farm and raise chickens. 

3797
03:27:04,500 --> 03:27:07,200
The shortest stranger looks 
confused by this turn of events 

3798
03:27:07,200 --> 03:27:09,800
boss. 
We came all this way. 

3799
03:27:09,800 --> 03:27:13,500
I know what we came here for. 
Mike, Carson says, but 

3800
03:27:13,500 --> 03:27:15,700
occasionally, you get somewhere 
in realize the trip wasn't worth

3801
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:18,100
taking. 
Thompson moves away from the bar

3802
03:27:18,100 --> 03:27:21,600
but towards and table, not 
towards the door, he pulls out a

3803
03:27:21,600 --> 03:27:24,500
chair and sits down still 
cautious, but no longer looking 

3804
03:27:24,500 --> 03:27:26,100
like he's expecting to dodge 
bullets. 

3805
03:27:27,000 --> 03:27:27,700
So what happens? 
Now. 

3806
03:27:27,700 --> 03:27:32,300
Thompson asks now, Now we finish
our drinks, you tell me what 

3807
03:27:32,300 --> 03:27:34,800
really happened in Tucson, and 
maybe we figure out how to 

3808
03:27:34,800 --> 03:27:37,400
explain to my employer, that his
money disappeared Into Thin Air 

3809
03:27:37,400 --> 03:27:38,900
without anyone getting shot over
it. 

3810
03:27:38,900 --> 03:27:43,400
And just like that, the standoff
becomes a conversation The 

3811
03:27:43,400 --> 03:27:45,500
Cowboys at the front table, 
start breathing again. 

3812
03:27:46,400 --> 03:27:48,000
The poker players. 
Remember they have cards to 

3813
03:27:48,000 --> 03:27:50,400
play? 
The saloon girl begins playing 

3814
03:27:50,400 --> 03:27:53,800
the piano again but this time 
she selects a more cheerful tune

3815
03:27:53,800 --> 03:27:56,400
than the one she played 
previously, you decide to stay 

3816
03:27:56,400 --> 03:27:59,200
put in order another whiskey 
because the scene is turning 

3817
03:27:59,200 --> 03:28:01,000
into. 
Exactly the kind of Frontier 

3818
03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:04,400
drama, you came West to 
experience except without the 

3819
03:28:04,400 --> 03:28:06,400
Mortal Peril, you hadn't really 
planned on. 

3820
03:28:07,900 --> 03:28:10,400
Thompson signals Jake for 
another drink and settles into 

3821
03:28:10,400 --> 03:28:13,100
his chair. 
Tucson was a disaster from the 

3822
03:28:13,108 --> 03:28:14,100
start. 
He begins. 

3823
03:28:14,100 --> 03:28:17,500
Your employer had a bank that 
turned out to be expecting us. 

3824
03:28:18,300 --> 03:28:22,700
Inside information had to be. 
We walked into that bank and 

3825
03:28:22,700 --> 03:28:25,000
found half the territorial 
militia waiting for us. 

3826
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:29,400
Lost two, good men, barely got 
out alive and came away with 

3827
03:28:29,400 --> 03:28:31,500
exactly nothing except a 
newfound. 

3828
03:28:31,500 --> 03:28:34,400
Appreciation for honest. 
Work, Carson nods. 

3829
03:28:34,400 --> 03:28:36,600
Thought for me, that explains 
some things. 

3830
03:28:36,600 --> 03:28:39,900
My employer has been mighty 
closed, mouth about the details 

3831
03:28:39,900 --> 03:28:44,900
probably because he set us up 
Thompson says my guest He made a

3832
03:28:44,900 --> 03:28:48,100
deal with the law decided We 
Were Expendable and figured he'd

3833
03:28:48,100 --> 03:28:49,900
collect the reward money instead
of paying us. 

3834
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:54,600
The shortest Ranger Mike looks 
between his boss and Thompson 

3835
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:57,600
like he's watching a tennis 
match played with words instead 

3836
03:28:57,600 --> 03:29:00,200
of bulls. 
So there never was any money to 

3837
03:29:00,200 --> 03:29:02,500
recover. 
Oh there was money. 

3838
03:29:02,500 --> 03:29:05,500
Thompson says just not where my 
employer thinks it ended up. 

3839
03:29:06,400 --> 03:29:09,000
He reaches into his coat. 
And for a moment, everyone tends

3840
03:29:09,000 --> 03:29:10,900
his again. 
But what he pulls out is a 

3841
03:29:10,900 --> 03:29:12,500
folded piece of paper, not a 
weapon. 

3842
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:15,500
Bank draft, he explains showing 
it to Carson. 

3843
03:29:15,500 --> 03:29:17,900
It was intended for the Tucson 
orphanage. 

3844
03:29:17,900 --> 03:29:20,600
Figured if I was going to steal 
money, I might as well steal it 

3845
03:29:20,608 --> 03:29:23,600
for someone who needed it. 
More than your employer did cost

3846
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:26,200
an examines the paper and his 
expression shifts to one. 

3847
03:29:26,200 --> 03:29:27,700
That could be interpreted as 
respect. 

3848
03:29:28,700 --> 03:29:32,200
You donated stolen money to an 
orphanage. seemed like the right

3849
03:29:32,200 --> 03:29:35,500
thing to do at the time tops and
says, with a shrug still does 

3850
03:29:35,500 --> 03:29:38,900
actually Mike looks completely 
baffled by this turn of events 

3851
03:29:38,900 --> 03:29:41,100
boss. 
What do we tell him back in 

3852
03:29:41,100 --> 03:29:44,200
Phoenix, cast and folds, the 
bank draft, and handed it back 

3853
03:29:44,200 --> 03:29:46,400
to Thompson. 
We tell him that Bill Thompson 

3854
03:29:46,400 --> 03:29:48,400
is dead. 
What? 

3855
03:29:48,400 --> 03:29:51,900
Mike's voice goes up. 
An octave died in a gunfight 

3856
03:29:51,900 --> 03:29:54,800
tragic, really? 
We buried him outside of town 

3857
03:29:54,800 --> 03:29:58,300
and said some words a very 
touching ceremony Carson's 

3858
03:29:58,300 --> 03:30:00,500
deadpan, delivery would make a 
professional poker player. 

3859
03:30:00,500 --> 03:30:05,000
Proud Money was never recovered.
He probably spent all the money 

3860
03:30:05,000 --> 03:30:08,300
on Whiskey and loose women 
before he died Thompson grins. 

3861
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:11,500
I like it though. 
I prefer to think I spent on 

3862
03:30:11,500 --> 03:30:15,300
Whiskey and tight women Details,
Carson waves. 

3863
03:30:15,300 --> 03:30:18,200
Dismissively point is, as far as
Phoenix is concerned. 

3864
03:30:18,200 --> 03:30:21,000
This case is closed and that's 
when you realize you've just 

3865
03:30:21,000 --> 03:30:24,100
witnessed something remarkable. 
Problem solved, not with 

3866
03:30:24,100 --> 03:30:28,200
violence but with creativity 
pragmatism and a healthy dose of

3867
03:30:28,200 --> 03:30:31,100
Frontier Justice. 
This solution ensures that 

3868
03:30:31,100 --> 03:30:34,000
everyone leaves with their lives
and dignity intact. 

3869
03:30:34,500 --> 03:30:36,700
The saloon has returned to 
something approaching normal. 

3870
03:30:36,700 --> 03:30:39,300
The poker game has resumed with 
renewed, enthusiasm. 

3871
03:30:39,300 --> 03:30:42,600
Apparently nothing makes cards 
more captivating than the 

3872
03:30:42,600 --> 03:30:45,000
possibility that you might not 
live to play another hand. 

3873
03:30:45,900 --> 03:30:48,500
The Cowboys have ordered another
round and a back to discussing 

3874
03:30:48,500 --> 03:30:50,900
whatever, important Cowboy 
business they were discussing 

3875
03:30:50,900 --> 03:30:54,700
before the excitement started. 
Carson stands up and extends his

3876
03:30:54,700 --> 03:30:57,200
hand to Thompson. 
It's been a pleasure doing 

3877
03:30:57,200 --> 03:31:00,200
business with you Bill, or 
should I say, it's been a 

3878
03:31:00,200 --> 03:31:02,800
pleasure not doing business with
you Thompson shakes. 

3879
03:31:02,800 --> 03:31:06,200
His hand. 
Likewise give my regards to 

3880
03:31:06,200 --> 03:31:08,300
Phoenix. 
Tell them I died bravely. 

3881
03:31:09,400 --> 03:31:12,500
Oh, I will, I will probably 
include some details about how 

3882
03:31:12,500 --> 03:31:14,900
you took three of us with you 
just to make the story more 

3883
03:31:14,900 --> 03:31:18,800
interesting. 
Mike still looks confused, but 

3884
03:31:18,800 --> 03:31:21,800
the third member of Carson's 
group whose been silent through 

3885
03:31:21,800 --> 03:31:25,900
most of this, finally speaks up.
Does your statement mean we can 

3886
03:31:25,900 --> 03:31:28,200
go home now? 
I'm tired of sleeping on the 

3887
03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:30,600
ground. 
Yes, Eddie we can go home. 

3888
03:31:30,600 --> 03:31:34,000
Carson says patiently and we can
stop at that hotel in Flagstaff 

3889
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:36,900
on the way back. 
The one with the actual beds, 

3890
03:31:36,900 --> 03:31:40,800
the one with the actual beds. 
Eddie Brighton's considerably at

3891
03:31:40,808 --> 03:31:43,100
this news. 
Apparently even in the wild 

3892
03:31:43,100 --> 03:31:45,600
west, a good night's sleep was 
worth more than a questionable, 

3893
03:31:45,600 --> 03:31:50,600
gunfight As Carson's group 
prepares to leave the toolman, 

3894
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:53,200
pauses at your table. 
Thanks for the entertainment. 

3895
03:31:53,200 --> 03:31:56,100
He says not often do we get to 
watch a business meeting that 

3896
03:31:56,100 --> 03:31:57,600
ends with everyone still 
breathing? 

3897
03:31:58,500 --> 03:32:01,400
My pleasure, you reply, raising 
your glass in a small salute, 

3898
03:32:01,400 --> 03:32:03,600
here's to create a problem 
solving. 

3899
03:32:04,600 --> 03:32:07,100
I'll drink to that. 
Carson says, and surprisingly, 

3900
03:32:07,100 --> 03:32:10,700
he does finishing his whiskey in
one, smooth, motion before 

3901
03:32:10,700 --> 03:32:12,400
tipping, his hat and heading for
the door. 

3902
03:32:14,000 --> 03:32:16,400
The saloon settles in to a 
comfortable evening Rhythm. 

3903
03:32:16,400 --> 03:32:18,800
As the three strangers 
disappear, through the Batwing, 

3904
03:32:18,800 --> 03:32:22,600
doors, Thompson moves to the bar
orders, another whiskey and 

3905
03:32:22,600 --> 03:32:25,200
Strikes up a conversation with 
Jacob about the weather and the 

3906
03:32:25,200 --> 03:32:27,600
price of cattle. 
You sit back in your chair, 

3907
03:32:27,600 --> 03:32:30,800
nursing your second whiskey and 
marveling at what you've just 

3908
03:32:30,800 --> 03:32:33,500
experienced in the span of two 
hours. 

3909
03:32:33,500 --> 03:32:37,200
You've witnessed a Manhunt a 
standoff and negotiation and a 

3910
03:32:37,200 --> 03:32:39,000
resolution that would have made 
Solomon proud. 

3911
03:32:39,000 --> 03:32:42,000
You've seen grown men solve 
their problems with words 

3912
03:32:42,000 --> 03:32:44,600
instead of weapons and 
creativity, instead of violence,

3913
03:32:45,400 --> 03:32:48,700
The saloon girl starts playing 
Red River Valley and this time 

3914
03:32:48,700 --> 03:32:51,900
she gets all the notes, right? 
The poker players are laughing 

3915
03:32:51,900 --> 03:32:54,600
at something. 
The prospector said, the Cowboys

3916
03:32:54,600 --> 03:32:57,600
are planning their next cattle 
drive and you're sitting in a 

3917
03:32:57,600 --> 03:33:00,100
wild West Tavern. 
Drinking whiskey that tastes 

3918
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:02,900
like liquid. 
Campfire, eating stew that could

3919
03:33:02,900 --> 03:33:06,400
keep you going for a week and 
thinking that maybe just maybe 

3920
03:33:06,400 --> 03:33:09,600
the real wild west was more 
intriguing than any Hollywood 

3921
03:33:09,600 --> 03:33:13,200
movie ever suggested. 
Because the truth is most 

3922
03:33:13,200 --> 03:33:16,300
people, then just like, most 
people now were just trying to 

3923
03:33:16,308 --> 03:33:18,100
get through their day without 
too much trouble. 

3924
03:33:18,100 --> 03:33:21,400
They wanted to eat a decent 
meal, have a drink with friends,

3925
03:33:21,400 --> 03:33:24,300
maybe play some cards and go 
home to their families. 

3926
03:33:25,000 --> 03:33:27,500
The fact that they sometimes 
carried guns and settled 

3927
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:30,500
disputes with jewels doesn't 
mean they preferred violence. 

3928
03:33:30,500 --> 03:33:33,600
It just means they lived in a 
time and place where being 

3929
03:33:33,600 --> 03:33:35,800
prepared for trouble was a 
practical necessity. 

3930
03:33:36,600 --> 03:33:39,200
As the evening winds down and 
you can consider heading to 

3931
03:33:39,200 --> 03:33:43,300
whatever passes for lodging in 
this Frontier Town, you reflect 

3932
03:33:43,300 --> 03:33:44,600
on the lesson you've learned 
tonight. 

3933
03:33:45,400 --> 03:33:48,300
Sometimes the most dangerous 
situations are resolved, not by 

3934
03:33:48,300 --> 03:33:50,800
the fastest gun or the strongest
fighter. 

3935
03:33:50,800 --> 03:33:54,100
But by the person clever enough 
to find a solution that lets 

3936
03:33:54,100 --> 03:33:56,200
everyone walk away with their 
pride intact. 

3937
03:33:57,700 --> 03:34:00,700
Thompson glances at you from the
bar, raising his glass in a 

3938
03:34:00,700 --> 03:34:05,000
small salute to orphanages, he 
says, quietly to often, it is 

3939
03:34:05,000 --> 03:34:06,600
your reply. 
And you both drink to the kind 

3940
03:34:06,600 --> 03:34:09,200
of justice that doesn't make 
headlines, but makes the world a

3941
03:34:09,200 --> 03:34:11,300
little bit better. 
One small Act of decency. 

3942
03:34:11,300 --> 03:34:15,100
At a time, outside the desert 
night is clear and cold full of 

3943
03:34:15,108 --> 03:34:19,000
stars that seem close enough to 
touch inside the Silver Dollar. 

3944
03:34:19,000 --> 03:34:23,000
Saloon the oil lamps burn warm 
and steady the piano plays soft 

3945
03:34:23,000 --> 03:34:26,000
Melodies and people who've never
met before tomorrow will be 

3946
03:34:26,000 --> 03:34:29,300
strangers again, sharing stories
and whiskey and the kind of 

3947
03:34:29,300 --> 03:34:31,900
companionship that Travelers 
have always found in places like

3948
03:34:31,900 --> 03:34:34,900
this. 
And that more than any gunfight,

3949
03:34:34,900 --> 03:34:38,100
or cattle, rustling, or Gold 
Rush drama, is what the wild 

3950
03:34:38,100 --> 03:34:42,300
west was really about people 
finding ways to connect to solve

3951
03:34:42,300 --> 03:34:45,400
problems and to help each other 
through the challenges of living

3952
03:34:45,400 --> 03:34:47,100
in a hard place during a hard 
time. 

3953
03:34:47,800 --> 03:34:51,600
Your stew is long, finished. 
Your whiskey glasses, empty, and

3954
03:34:51,600 --> 03:34:54,000
your adventure in Frontier. 
Dining is complete. 

3955
03:34:54,900 --> 03:34:57,300
Tomorrow, you'll climb back on 
that Stagecoach and continue 

3956
03:34:57,300 --> 03:35:00,800
West carrying with you, the 
memory of an evening, when the 

3957
03:35:00,800 --> 03:35:04,300
wild west revealed itself to be 
not quite as wild as advertised,

3958
03:35:04,300 --> 03:35:07,300
but infinitely more fascinating 
than you'd expected. 

3959
03:35:07,300 --> 03:35:10,900
Sometimes, the best stories 
aren't about the fastest guns, 

3960
03:35:10,900 --> 03:35:13,400
or the biggest fights. 
Sometimes there are about the 

3961
03:35:13,408 --> 03:35:16,600
moments when Ordinary People 
find extraordinary ways to be 

3962
03:35:16,600 --> 03:35:20,200
decent to each other? 
Even when a specially when it 

3963
03:35:20,200 --> 03:35:23,500
would be easier, not to be And 
with that thought you finish 

3964
03:35:23,500 --> 03:35:27,200
your whiskey tip your hat to 
Jake the bartender nod, farewell

3965
03:35:27,200 --> 03:35:29,900
to Thompson and the other 
patrons, and push through those 

3966
03:35:29,900 --> 03:35:33,200
famous batwing, doors into the 
star-filled desert night, 

3967
03:35:33,200 --> 03:35:35,300
carrying with you, a story worth
telling. 

3968
03:35:35,300 --> 03:35:38,300
And the kind of satisfied 
tiredness that comes from a day.

3969
03:35:38,300 --> 03:35:42,000
Well, lived and an evening. 
Well, spent The Silver Dollar 

3970
03:35:42,000 --> 03:35:43,700
Saloon settles into its 
nighttime. 

3971
03:35:43,700 --> 03:35:46,200
Rhythm behind. 
You, ready to welcome the next 

3972
03:35:46,200 --> 03:35:48,900
traveler. 
The next Story, the next small 

3973
03:35:48,900 --> 03:35:52,400
drama of frontier life. 
Because that's what places like 

3974
03:35:52,400 --> 03:35:54,800
this. 
Do they provide a stage where 

3975
03:35:54,800 --> 03:35:57,600
ordinary people can have 
extraordinary moments, where 

3976
03:35:57,600 --> 03:36:00,400
strangers can become friends 
over shared meal and a glass of 

3977
03:36:00,400 --> 03:36:02,900
something that might charitably 
be called whiskey? 

3978
03:36:03,800 --> 03:36:06,600
And in the morning, the 
stagecoach will come and you'll 

3979
03:36:06,600 --> 03:36:08,600
climb aboard for the next leg of
your journey. 

3980
03:36:08,600 --> 03:36:11,100
But you'll always remember the 
night, you learned that the real

3981
03:36:11,100 --> 03:36:14,500
wild west wasn't one with guns. 
It was one with conversation 

3982
03:36:14,500 --> 03:36:18,800
creativity and the kind of human
decency that transcends time and

3983
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:22,300
place sweet dreams Travelers the
frontier awaits. 

3984
03:36:22,300 --> 03:36:25,000
And now you know it's not quite 
as dangerous as the story 

3985
03:36:25,000 --> 03:36:27,800
suggests, just infinitely more 
interesting than you ever 

3986
03:36:27,800 --> 03:36:35,300
imagined. 
Margaret Holloway had always 

3987
03:36:35,300 --> 03:36:38,100
prided herself on being the sort
of person who read instruction 

3988
03:36:38,100 --> 03:36:40,700
manuals. 
Particularly for toasters her 

3989
03:36:40,700 --> 03:36:43,600
insurance company continued to 
mention the incident from 19 

3990
03:36:43,600 --> 03:36:45,800
years ago in hushed, traumatized
tones. 

3991
03:36:45,800 --> 03:36:49,000
So, when she inherited her, 
great aunt, Millicent's peculiar

3992
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:51,600
collection of antiques, 
including what appeared to be a 

3993
03:36:51,608 --> 03:36:54,800
medieval, astro-lab made of 
suspiciously modern materials. 

3994
03:36:54,800 --> 03:36:58,100
She naturally assumed there 
would be documentation there 

3995
03:36:58,100 --> 03:37:01,800
wasn't What there was tucked 
behind the device like a guilty.

3996
03:37:01,800 --> 03:37:05,300
Afterthought was a Post-It. 
Note reading, don't touch the 

3997
03:37:05,300 --> 03:37:07,100
blue bits when Mercury is in 
retrograde. 

3998
03:37:08,100 --> 03:37:11,000
M. 
Margaret, who possessed both the

3999
03:37:11,000 --> 03:37:14,200
Masters Degree in library 
science and a healthy skepticism

4000
03:37:14,200 --> 03:37:17,300
toward astrological nonsense 
promptly touched the blue bits. 

4001
03:37:17,900 --> 03:37:20,300
It was Tuesday morning. 
She had already dealt with three

4002
03:37:20,300 --> 03:37:23,500
passive, aggressive emails from 
her supervisor and Mercury. 

4003
03:37:23,500 --> 03:37:26,500
Could frankly retrograde itself 
into the Sun, for all she cared.

4004
03:37:27,200 --> 03:37:29,900
The Astro lay Hamid. 
This was Margaret's first 

4005
03:37:29,900 --> 03:37:32,300
indication that perhaps greater 
Millicent and had been more 

4006
03:37:32,300 --> 03:37:33,800
eccentric than previously 
documented. 

4007
03:37:33,800 --> 03:37:37,700
The second indication, was the 
way her kitchen began folding 

4008
03:37:37,700 --> 03:37:40,900
itself, inside out, like origami
designed by a mathematician, 

4009
03:37:40,900 --> 03:37:44,300
having an existential crisis, 
oh, bollocks. 

4010
03:37:44,300 --> 03:37:47,000
And Margaret said, which were 
destined to be the last word 

4011
03:37:47,000 --> 03:37:49,600
spoken in her ranch style home 
in Suburban, Ohio for 

4012
03:37:49,600 --> 03:37:53,600
approximately 700 years. 
The world transformed into a 

4013
03:37:53,600 --> 03:37:57,100
pretzel, infused with Cosmic 
salt and offered itself to the 

4014
03:37:57,100 --> 03:37:59,800
universe accompanied by temporal
displacement. 

4015
03:38:01,200 --> 03:38:03,900
Margaret found herself lying 
face down in what smelled 

4016
03:38:03,900 --> 03:38:08,000
suspiciously like a combination 
of horses unwashed, humans and 

4017
03:38:08,000 --> 03:38:10,700
regret. 
When she lifted her head, she 

4018
03:38:10,700 --> 03:38:12,100
discovered she was wearing a 
brown. 

4019
03:38:12,100 --> 03:38:13,700
Woolen dress that itched in 
places. 

4020
03:38:13,700 --> 03:38:16,900
She didn't know could itch and 
her sensible Flats had been 

4021
03:38:16,908 --> 03:38:19,700
replaced by leather things that 
appeared to have been crafted by

4022
03:38:19,700 --> 03:38:22,600
someone who had only heard 
Footwear described second-hand. 

4023
03:38:23,500 --> 03:38:26,700
Around her, a medieval village 
conducted its morning, business 

4024
03:38:26,700 --> 03:38:29,600
with the sort of casual chaos 
that suggested this was 

4025
03:38:29,600 --> 03:38:31,300
perfectly normal Tuesday 
Behavior. 

4026
03:38:32,100 --> 03:38:34,800
A man chased a pig while 
shouting what Margaret assumed 

4027
03:38:34,800 --> 03:38:38,400
were Medieval profanities. 
A woman emptied, a chamber pot 

4028
03:38:38,400 --> 03:38:40,200
from a second story window with 
the practice. 

4029
03:38:40,200 --> 03:38:42,200
Aim of someone who had clearly 
done this before. 

4030
03:38:43,200 --> 03:38:45,000
Children played in the dirt with
sticks. 

4031
03:38:45,000 --> 03:38:47,400
Apparently. 
Finding the activity, the height

4032
03:38:47,400 --> 03:38:51,300
of entertainment Margaret, sat 
up slowly her librarian, 

4033
03:38:51,300 --> 03:38:54,000
instincts immediately, 
cataloging the historical, 

4034
03:38:54,000 --> 03:38:57,000
inconsistencies, the 
architecture was wrong for any 

4035
03:38:57,000 --> 03:39:00,100
specific period. 
She could identify The clothing 

4036
03:39:00,100 --> 03:39:03,100
was a mixed of style spanning 
roughly three centuries. 

4037
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:06,300
Was the man over there wearing 
what appeared to be a digital 

4038
03:39:06,300 --> 03:39:08,500
watch? 
Is this your first time? 

4039
03:39:08,500 --> 03:39:11,700
Hasta voice behind her Margaret 
turned to find a woman in her 

4040
03:39:11,700 --> 03:39:13,700
50s. 
Wearing robes that managed to 

4041
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:16,700
look both authentically medieval
and suspiciously. 

4042
03:39:16,700 --> 03:39:20,300
Well tailored, a smile was 
knowing and her teeth were far 

4043
03:39:20,300 --> 03:39:22,700
too straight for someone living 
in the pre-dental era. 

4044
03:39:23,400 --> 03:39:26,700
May I ask for your, pardon 
Margaret asked, Margaret asked 

4045
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:29,400
then immediately regretted it in
her experience. 

4046
03:39:29,400 --> 03:39:33,100
Begging anyone's, pardon, in an 
unfamiliar situation, typically 

4047
03:39:33,100 --> 03:39:37,500
led to complications time travel
the woman clarified as if the 

4048
03:39:37,500 --> 03:39:39,500
solution were obvious, you've 
got that. 

4049
03:39:39,500 --> 03:39:42,800
Look, you've recently realized 
that physics is more of a 

4050
03:39:42,800 --> 03:39:46,900
suggestion than a law. 
I'm sister Agatha formerly, dot,

4051
03:39:46,900 --> 03:39:50,200
Agnes, Whitmore of the Cambridge
medieval history department. 

4052
03:39:50,200 --> 03:39:53,600
And you're clearly, not from 
around here, temporarily 

4053
03:39:53,600 --> 03:39:55,800
speaking. 
Margaret stared. 

4054
03:39:56,500 --> 03:40:01,400
This is impossible. 
Oh honey, sister Agatha laughed,

4055
03:40:01,400 --> 03:40:05,000
a sound that carried distinct 
notes of Hysteria carefully 

4056
03:40:05,000 --> 03:40:06,600
controlled through years of 
practice. 

4057
03:40:06,600 --> 03:40:11,100
Impossible was last Tuesday. 
This is just inconvenient. 

4058
03:40:11,100 --> 03:40:13,400
Come on, let's get you oriented 
before the anachronism. 

4059
03:40:13,400 --> 03:40:15,800
Please show up. 
The, what now? 

4060
03:40:17,200 --> 03:40:20,200
But sister Agatha was already 
walking away Heroes. 

4061
03:40:20,200 --> 03:40:22,500
Wishing with the authority of 
someone who had learned to 

4062
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:25,300
navigate, both medieval politics
and University bureaucracy. 

4063
03:40:26,700 --> 03:40:29,800
Margaret scrambled to follow her
new shoes, making sound like 

4064
03:40:29,800 --> 03:40:32,800
frustrated cats on the 
cobblestones as they walk 

4065
03:40:32,800 --> 03:40:37,100
through the village, Margaret 
noticed more inconsistencies, a 

4066
03:40:37,100 --> 03:40:40,100
blacksmith hammered, what looks 
suspiciously like a smartphone 

4067
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:42,700
case. 
A merchant sold authentic 

4068
03:40:42,700 --> 03:40:45,900
medieval remedies from bottles 
that clearly bore, modern 

4069
03:40:45,900 --> 03:40:48,900
safety, seals. 
And everywhere people moved with

4070
03:40:48,900 --> 03:40:51,900
a particular sort of resigned 
efficiency that Margaret 

4071
03:40:51,900 --> 03:40:53,500
recognized from her office 
environment. 

4072
03:40:53,500 --> 03:40:56,400
Right? 
Sister Agatha, said, stopping 

4073
03:40:56,400 --> 03:40:59,800
outside what appeared to be a 
Tavern with a sign, reading the 

4074
03:40:59,800 --> 03:41:03,800
temporal refugee. 
Here's the situation, welcome to

4075
03:41:03,808 --> 03:41:07,100
Kronos Commons, The Accidental 
Dumping Ground for temporal 

4076
03:41:07,100 --> 03:41:10,500
tourists, displaced individuals,
and the generally temporarily 

4077
03:41:10,500 --> 03:41:13,900
confused. 
We've got Romans victorians a 

4078
03:41:13,900 --> 03:41:17,500
perplexed gentleman from 1623 
who keeps asking about the 

4079
03:41:17,500 --> 03:41:18,800
location of the nearest 
Starbucks. 

4080
03:41:18,800 --> 03:41:21,700
And last week, we acquired a 
flapper from the 20s, who was 

4081
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:23,500
already revolutionized our 
cocktail menu. 

4082
03:41:25,200 --> 03:41:27,500
Margaret fell to familiar 
Sensation that she usually 

4083
03:41:27,500 --> 03:41:29,400
associated with faculty 
meetings. 

4084
03:41:29,400 --> 03:41:33,000
The gradual realization that she
was trapped in something that 

4085
03:41:33,000 --> 03:41:35,400
made no sense. 
But with somehow become her 

4086
03:41:35,400 --> 03:41:37,700
responsibility, how do I get 
home? 

4087
03:41:37,700 --> 03:41:42,500
She asked Sister smiled took on 
the sort of kindness typically 

4088
03:41:42,500 --> 03:41:44,500
reserved for delivering 
catastrophic news. 

4089
03:41:44,500 --> 03:41:46,700
Well that's the question isn't 
it? 

4090
03:41:46,700 --> 03:41:50,300
Some people figure it out, 
others don't but the good news 

4091
03:41:50,300 --> 03:41:53,300
is we've developed quite a nice 
little Community here. 

4092
03:41:53,300 --> 03:41:57,000
We've got running water, thanks 
to a Roman engineer, decent 

4093
03:41:57,000 --> 03:42:00,200
food, courtesy of a Victorian 
chef and surprisingly 

4094
03:42:00,200 --> 03:42:02,700
Progressive social policies 
implemented by a group of 

4095
03:42:02,700 --> 03:42:04,300
suffragettes who arrived last 
spring. 

4096
03:42:05,500 --> 03:42:07,600
Margaret looked around at the 
village with new eyes. 

4097
03:42:07,600 --> 03:42:11,000
It wasn't medieval at all she 
realized It was something 

4098
03:42:11,000 --> 03:42:15,200
entirely new a place where time 
had hiccuped collected. 

4099
03:42:15,200 --> 03:42:17,900
Its mistakes and decided to make
the best of things. 

4100
03:42:17,900 --> 03:42:22,200
How long have you been here? 
She asked Five years is a 

4101
03:42:22,208 --> 03:42:25,400
subjective time. 
It could be five minutes or five

4102
03:42:25,400 --> 03:42:28,400
decades in the real world times.
A bit wobbly here. 

4103
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:32,300
Sister Agatha Shrugged, but I've
got to say the research 

4104
03:42:32,300 --> 03:42:35,400
opportunities are unparalleled. 
Where else can you get primary 

4105
03:42:35,400 --> 03:42:37,700
source material from actual 
primary sources? 

4106
03:42:37,700 --> 03:42:41,000
Margaret felta, self beginning 
to panic which was unfortunate 

4107
03:42:41,000 --> 03:42:43,400
because Panic had never been 
particularly useful in her 

4108
03:42:43,400 --> 03:42:45,600
experience. 
But I have a job. 

4109
03:42:45,600 --> 03:42:48,400
I have a mortgage. 
I have a cat had sister 

4110
03:42:48,400 --> 03:42:51,700
corrected. 
Gently past tense is crucial 

4111
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,100
when you're dealing with 
temporal displacement but look 

4112
03:42:54,100 --> 03:42:56,500
on the bright side, no more 
mortgage payments. 

4113
03:42:56,500 --> 03:42:59,800
The temporal Refugee turned out 
to be precisely what it sounded 

4114
03:42:59,800 --> 03:43:01,900
like. 
A Tavern for people who had 

4115
03:43:01,900 --> 03:43:05,300
accidentally fallen through the 
cracks in time and were making 

4116
03:43:05,300 --> 03:43:07,500
the best of it with varying 
degrees of success. 

4117
03:43:07,500 --> 03:43:11,500
The proprietor was a cheerful 
woman named Gladys who claimed 

4118
03:43:11,500 --> 03:43:15,200
to be from 1943 and had arrived 
during the blitz expecting to 

4119
03:43:15,200 --> 03:43:19,100
find an air raid shelter. 
Instead she'd found herself The 

4120
03:43:19,100 --> 03:43:22,300
Accidental mayor of history's. 
Most confused municipality. 

4121
03:43:23,200 --> 03:43:26,500
New arrival, Gladys announced a 
sister Agatha LED Margaret 

4122
03:43:26,500 --> 03:43:29,100
through the door. 
Welcome to the club that no one 

4123
03:43:29,100 --> 03:43:32,400
desired to join yet. 
Everyone inextricably finds 

4124
03:43:32,400 --> 03:43:36,400
themselves a part of The First 
Drink is free, the second is on 

4125
03:43:36,400 --> 03:43:39,600
credit and the third is your 
responsibility, because you 

4126
03:43:39,600 --> 03:43:43,700
should know our economy by then,
the taverns interior was a 

4127
03:43:43,700 --> 03:43:45,600
fascinating Collision of 
architectural periods. 

4128
03:43:46,500 --> 03:43:49,200
Tudor beams supported, what 
appeared to be Art Deco, light 

4129
03:43:49,200 --> 03:43:52,800
fixtures, while Roman mosaics 
decorated floors laid with 

4130
03:43:52,800 --> 03:43:55,600
Victorian tiles. 
The overall effect was like 

4131
03:43:55,600 --> 03:43:57,800
walking into time and having an 
identity crisis. 

4132
03:43:58,900 --> 03:44:01,400
At a corner table, a man in what
looked like 18th century 

4133
03:44:01,400 --> 03:44:03,900
clothing was engaged. 
In animated conversational with 

4134
03:44:03,900 --> 03:44:08,400
a woman, wearing a 1960s, mod 
dress, and a Roman Centurion who

4135
03:44:08,400 --> 03:44:11,200
had apparently decided to keep 
his armor but updated his 

4136
03:44:11,200 --> 03:44:13,400
attitude. 
Their discussion appeared to 

4137
03:44:13,408 --> 03:44:16,300
center around the best methods 
for organizing a democratic 

4138
03:44:16,300 --> 03:44:18,500
government. 
When you're citizenry spammed 

4139
03:44:18,500 --> 03:44:20,800
roughly 2000 years of 
politically evolution. 

4140
03:44:22,000 --> 03:44:25,900
That's our steering committee. 
Sister, Agatha explained, we 

4141
03:44:25,900 --> 03:44:27,900
found that representative 
democracy works. 

4142
03:44:27,900 --> 03:44:30,800
Surprisingly, well, when 
everyone's equally confused 

4143
03:44:30,800 --> 03:44:34,300
about the present situation, 
Thomas who hails from the year, 

4144
03:44:34,300 --> 03:44:38,000
1776 arrived shortly after 
signing a document, he describes

4145
03:44:38,000 --> 03:44:41,200
as terribly important which is 
why he has strong opinions about

4146
03:44:41,200 --> 03:44:46,100
governance Veronica, who is from
1967 holds strong opinions on a 

4147
03:44:46,100 --> 03:44:49,600
wide range of topics Marcus, has
strong opinions, about military 

4148
03:44:49,600 --> 03:44:52,700
organization, primarily 
suggesting that all disputes 

4149
03:44:52,700 --> 03:44:54,000
should be settled through 
combat. 

4150
03:44:55,000 --> 03:44:58,200
Margaret accepted a drink from 
Gladys that tasted like, it had 

4151
03:44:58,200 --> 03:45:01,000
been invented by someone who 
remembered alcohol, fondly, but 

4152
03:45:01,000 --> 03:45:04,500
had to work with medieval 
ingredients, Although it wasn't 

4153
03:45:04,500 --> 03:45:07,600
entirely unpleasant, the drink 
felt like a metaphor for her 

4154
03:45:07,600 --> 03:45:11,800
entire situation. 
So, how does this work Margaret 

4155
03:45:11,800 --> 03:45:13,500
asked? 
The data day. 

4156
03:45:13,500 --> 03:45:16,100
I mean, you can't all just sit 
around drinking and forming 

4157
03:45:16,100 --> 03:45:19,500
committees. 
Oh heavens, no Gladys laughed. 

4158
03:45:19,500 --> 03:45:21,500
We've got quite the economy 
going. 

4159
03:45:21,500 --> 03:45:23,600
It turns out. 
When you put together people 

4160
03:45:23,600 --> 03:45:26,100
from different times, you get a 
lot of useful knowledge, 

4161
03:45:26,100 --> 03:45:30,000
exchange markers taught us Roman
construction techniques which 

4162
03:45:30,000 --> 03:45:33,100
the Victorian engineer improved 
with modern Material Science, 

4163
03:45:33,100 --> 03:45:36,200
which Thomas enhance with 
Democratic labor practices, 

4164
03:45:36,200 --> 03:45:39,800
which Veronica, revolutionized 
with modern efficiency methods. 

4165
03:45:40,800 --> 03:45:43,400
She gestured toward the window, 
where Margaret could see people 

4166
03:45:43,400 --> 03:45:46,100
working on what appeared to be a
construction project involving 

4167
03:45:46,100 --> 03:45:49,400
both medieval stonework and 
suspiciously modern looking 

4168
03:45:49,400 --> 03:45:52,200
Plumbing. 
We're building a proper Town 

4169
03:45:52,200 --> 03:45:53,900
Hall. 
Sister, Agatha explained 

4170
03:45:53,900 --> 03:45:57,300
complete with meeting rooms a 
library and what Veronica 

4171
03:45:57,300 --> 03:45:59,600
insists on calling a social 
services department. 

4172
03:45:59,600 --> 03:46:03,100
Apparently, temporal 
displacement comes with its own 

4173
03:46:03,100 --> 03:46:04,900
unique set of bureaucratic 
needs. 

4174
03:46:06,000 --> 03:46:07,700
But surely someone's trying to 
get home. 

4175
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:11,300
Margaret asked The Tavern went 
quiet in a way that suggested 

4176
03:46:11,300 --> 03:46:13,200
she touched on a sensitive 
subject. 

4177
03:46:14,300 --> 03:46:17,500
Gladys polished a glass with 
unnecessary intensity, while 

4178
03:46:17,500 --> 03:46:20,200
sister Agatha developed a sudden
interest in the pattern of the 

4179
03:46:20,200 --> 03:46:23,000
tablecloth. 
Well, Thomas said from the 

4180
03:46:23,000 --> 03:46:26,400
corner table, his Colonial 
American accent carrying clearly

4181
03:46:26,400 --> 03:46:28,600
across the room. 
That's rather the central 

4182
03:46:28,600 --> 03:46:31,200
question, isn't it? 
Some folk spend all their time 

4183
03:46:31,200 --> 03:46:32,400
trying to figure out the way 
back. 

4184
03:46:32,400 --> 03:46:34,700
Others come to the conclusion 
that staying in. 

4185
03:46:34,708 --> 03:46:38,900
The present isn't necessarily A 
Bad Thing and some, he Trails 

4186
03:46:38,900 --> 03:46:40,900
off. 
Some Margaret, prompted. 

4187
03:46:41,700 --> 03:46:43,900
Some discover that home isn't 
quite what they remembered 

4188
03:46:43,900 --> 03:46:48,000
Veronica Finnish, London accent 
crisp despite the anachronistic 

4189
03:46:48,000 --> 03:46:50,900
setting. 
Turns out when you've been gone 

4190
03:46:50,900 --> 03:46:53,800
for subjective years, certain 
assumptions about what you want 

4191
03:46:53,800 --> 03:46:55,700
to return to start looking 
rather questionable. 

4192
03:46:56,500 --> 03:46:58,800
Markus the Roman Centurion 
nodded Gravely. 

4193
03:46:58,800 --> 03:47:02,600
I was fleeing Gaul when I 
arrived here, the situation 

4194
03:47:02,600 --> 03:47:05,100
which involved a superior 
officers wife and a 

4195
03:47:05,100 --> 03:47:06,500
misunderstanding about Roman 
marriage. 

4196
03:47:06,500 --> 03:47:10,700
Customs was rather embarrassing.
Point is going back, would 

4197
03:47:10,700 --> 03:47:12,900
involve considerably more 
crucifixion than I am 

4198
03:47:12,908 --> 03:47:17,700
comfortable with. 
Margaret felt the weight of her 

4199
03:47:17,700 --> 03:47:20,200
life settling around her like an
ill-fitting coat. 

4200
03:47:20,200 --> 03:47:24,300
Her job at the library while 
stable had become increasingly 

4201
03:47:24,300 --> 03:47:26,500
automated and decreasingly 
fulfilling. 

4202
03:47:27,200 --> 03:47:29,900
Her marriage had ended two years
ago when her husband discovered 

4203
03:47:29,900 --> 03:47:32,200
that his midlife crisis 
required, a motorcycle. 

4204
03:47:32,200 --> 03:47:36,300
And a 25 year old named Crystal.
Her mortgage was for a house 

4205
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:39,300
that had always felt too large 
for one person and two small for

4206
03:47:39,300 --> 03:47:41,900
the life. 
She'd imagined she'd have how do

4207
03:47:41,900 --> 03:47:44,000
you know if you want to go back?
She asked quietly. 

4208
03:47:44,900 --> 03:47:47,500
That said sister Agatha is the 
question. 

4209
03:47:47,500 --> 03:47:51,500
Everyone asks and nobody can 
answer for anyone else, but I 

4210
03:47:51,508 --> 03:47:55,200
will say this in five years 
here, I've published more 

4211
03:47:55,200 --> 03:47:57,800
original research than I did in 
20 years at Cambridge. 

4212
03:47:57,800 --> 03:48:01,400
It turns out that primary source
material is much easier to 

4213
03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:03,700
obtain when your sources are 
sitting at the next table. 

4214
03:48:04,800 --> 03:48:07,300
Gladius set down her glass and 
leaned against the bar. 

4215
03:48:08,100 --> 03:48:10,500
I've been thinking about that 
night in London when I ended up 

4216
03:48:10,500 --> 03:48:13,900
here, the sirens were going off,
bombs were falling and I was 

4217
03:48:13,900 --> 03:48:16,200
more terrified than I'd ever 
been in my life. 

4218
03:48:16,900 --> 03:48:19,300
But I was also More Alive than 
I'd felt in years. 

4219
03:48:20,200 --> 03:48:22,300
Three years had passed since my 
husband's death. 

4220
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:25,500
My children had grown and left 
and I was merely existing. 

4221
03:48:25,500 --> 03:48:28,100
You need me here. 
I'm building something. 

4222
03:48:29,200 --> 03:48:32,000
But don't you miss it, Margaret 
asked your real life. 

4223
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:36,000
This is my real, life Gladys 
said, simply the other one was 

4224
03:48:36,000 --> 03:48:39,500
just what happened before. 
I started Living Heaven door 

4225
03:48:39,500 --> 03:48:43,600
abruptly opened suggesting 
either extreme urgency or poor 

4226
03:48:43,600 --> 03:48:45,500
door. 
Maintenance a young man. 

4227
03:48:45,500 --> 03:48:48,500
Stumbled in wearing clothes, 
that looked like a confused 

4228
03:48:48,500 --> 03:48:51,300
merger between medieval peasant 
wear and what Margaret was 

4229
03:48:51,300 --> 03:48:54,600
beginning to recognize as the 
standard issue temporal Refugee 

4230
03:48:54,600 --> 03:48:57,900
uniform Emergency committee 
meeting, he announced 

4231
03:48:57,900 --> 03:49:01,300
breathlessly, we've got an 
acronym policing coming and 

4232
03:49:01,300 --> 03:49:03,400
there are asking about 
unauthorized timeline 

4233
03:49:03,400 --> 03:49:05,600
modifications. 
The Tavern erupted into 

4234
03:49:05,600 --> 03:49:08,200
organized in chaos. 
Thomas immediately began 

4235
03:49:08,200 --> 03:49:10,900
drafting what he called, 
emergencies protocols for 

4236
03:49:10,900 --> 03:49:14,600
Democratic crisis management. 
For Annika started organizing 

4237
03:49:14,600 --> 03:49:17,900
people into what she termed. 
Efficiency groups, Marcus began 

4238
03:49:17,900 --> 03:49:20,200
to discussing defensive 
strategies that involved words 

4239
03:49:20,200 --> 03:49:22,600
like Phalanx and tactical 
retreat. 

4240
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:25,800
Anachronism. 
Police Margaret asked sister 

4241
03:49:25,800 --> 03:49:29,300
about the commotion. 
Time travels, governing body 

4242
03:49:29,300 --> 03:49:33,100
sister Agatha, explained grimly,
consider them to be the 

4243
03:49:33,100 --> 03:49:35,900
universe's Hall monitors, but 
with the authority to erase 

4244
03:49:35,900 --> 03:49:38,900
entire timeline of the think 
things have gotten too messy, 

4245
03:49:38,900 --> 03:49:43,500
they don't like places like 
this, too many variables, too 

4246
03:49:43,500 --> 03:49:46,400
much potential for paradox. 
What do they do? 

4247
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:50,100
Best case scenario? 
They relocate us to approve, 

4248
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:53,000
temporal zones. 
Worst case scenario. 

4249
03:49:53,000 --> 03:49:57,900
They decide where too much of a 
risk and Sister Agatha made a 

4250
03:49:57,900 --> 03:50:00,200
gesture that could be 
interpreted as either poof or 

4251
03:50:00,200 --> 03:50:03,300
obliteration. 
Margaret felt that familiar 

4252
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:06,600
librarian Instinct kicking in 
the one that appeared whenever 

4253
03:50:06,600 --> 03:50:09,500
someone threatened to reorganize
her carefully maintained systems

4254
03:50:09,500 --> 03:50:12,800
without consulting her first. 
It was the same feeling she got 

4255
03:50:12,800 --> 03:50:16,000
when patrons tried to return 
books to the wrong shelves, or 

4256
03:50:16,000 --> 03:50:19,500
when her supervisor suggested 
improving efficiency through 

4257
03:50:19,500 --> 03:50:23,000
methods that would clearly make 
everything worse Right? 

4258
03:50:23,000 --> 03:50:25,400
She said surprising herself with
her decisive nurse. 

4259
03:50:25,400 --> 03:50:29,100
What actions are necessary. 
The emergency committee meeting 

4260
03:50:29,100 --> 03:50:31,500
took place in what Gladys 
optimistically called the 

4261
03:50:31,500 --> 03:50:34,300
community center, which was 
actually the Taven with the 

4262
03:50:34,300 --> 03:50:36,400
tables pushed together. 
And everyone trying to look 

4263
03:50:36,400 --> 03:50:38,000
official. 
Well though half of them would 

4264
03:50:38,000 --> 03:50:41,200
drinking ale at 10 in the 
morning, Margaret found herself 

4265
03:50:41,200 --> 03:50:43,700
appointed as Secretary of 
Records, primarily because she 

4266
03:50:43,700 --> 03:50:46,600
was the only one present who 
knew what carbon paper was and 

4267
03:50:46,600 --> 03:50:48,700
could also operate the hand 
cranked printing. 

4268
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:51,800
Press the Victorian gentleman 
named Nigel, had constructed 

4269
03:50:51,800 --> 03:50:55,800
from memory and spare parts. 
Right then Thomas said calling 

4270
03:50:55,800 --> 03:50:58,800
the meeting to order with the 
sort of Gravitas that suggested 

4271
03:50:58,800 --> 03:51:02,100
he'd had practice at this sort 
of thing Jeremiah report. 

4272
03:51:03,200 --> 03:51:06,400
Jeremiah the young man who 
brought the news stood up and 

4273
03:51:06,400 --> 03:51:08,800
consulted, what appeared to be 
notes written on bark. 

4274
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:12,000
Three anachronism police 
officers arrived this morning 

4275
03:51:12,000 --> 03:51:15,300
via what looked like a temporal 
Vortex disguised as a traveling 

4276
03:51:15,300 --> 03:51:17,800
Merchant wagon. 
They are staying at the end and 

4277
03:51:17,800 --> 03:51:20,100
asking questions about 
unauthorized timeline 

4278
03:51:20,100 --> 03:51:23,100
modifications and dangerous, 
temporal accumulations. 

4279
03:51:24,300 --> 03:51:27,800
Dangerous temporal accumulations
sister Agatha repeated 

4280
03:51:27,800 --> 03:51:30,100
thoughtfully. 
That's what they call places 

4281
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:32,300
like us. 
We have an excessive number of 

4282
03:51:32,300 --> 03:51:34,800
individuals from various eras 
residing in one place. 

4283
03:51:35,700 --> 03:51:38,300
Where apparently creating? 
What they term chronological. 

4284
03:51:38,300 --> 03:51:41,200
Instability. 
Bollocks said, Veronica firmly 

4285
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:43,600
were creating a chronological 
Community. 

4286
03:51:43,600 --> 03:51:46,700
There's a difference. 
Marcus nodded approvingly. 

4287
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:51,100
In Rome, we had a saying when 
the bureaucrats arrive, hide the

4288
03:51:51,108 --> 03:51:54,600
wine and sharp and the swords. 
We're not hiding wine or 

4289
03:51:54,600 --> 03:51:56,100
sharpening. 
Swords Thompson said quickly, 

4290
03:51:56,100 --> 03:51:59,500
with civilized people have a 
civilized discussion about how 

4291
03:51:59,500 --> 03:52:01,900
to handle a bureaucratic 
situation through proper 

4292
03:52:01,900 --> 03:52:06,500
Democratic channels. 
Have you met bureaucrats Gladius

4293
03:52:06,500 --> 03:52:09,900
asked, dryly in my experience. 
Proper Democratic channels work 

4294
03:52:09,900 --> 03:52:12,200
about as well for people in 
London during the blitz as they 

4295
03:52:12,200 --> 03:52:15,200
do. 
Now, that is not at all and you 

4296
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:16,800
mostly have to muddle through 
and hope for the best. 

4297
03:52:17,900 --> 03:52:19,800
Margaret found herself taking 
details. 

4298
03:52:19,800 --> 03:52:23,200
Partly out of professional habit
and partly because writing 

4299
03:52:23,200 --> 03:52:26,600
things down helped her think. 
As she wrote patterns began to 

4300
03:52:26,608 --> 03:52:30,400
emerge the anachronism police 
seemed concerned about their 

4301
03:52:30,400 --> 03:52:33,200
communities effect on the 
timeline, but from what she 

4302
03:52:33,208 --> 03:52:35,900
could gather, they hadn't 
actually done anything to affect

4303
03:52:35,900 --> 03:52:37,500
it. 
They were just living their 

4304
03:52:37,500 --> 03:52:39,600
lives in a place that 
technically shouldn't exist. 

4305
03:52:39,600 --> 03:52:43,700
What exactly is the timeline 
we're supposedly affecting she 

4306
03:52:43,700 --> 03:52:47,400
asked the room went quiet. 
Margaret was beginning to 

4307
03:52:47,400 --> 03:52:49,400
recognize this particular type 
of Silence. 

4308
03:52:49,400 --> 03:52:52,200
It was the same one that 
occurred in library staff 

4309
03:52:52,200 --> 03:52:54,100
meetings. 
When someone asked obvious 

4310
03:52:54,100 --> 03:52:56,400
questions that revealed 
fundamental problems with the 

4311
03:52:56,408 --> 03:53:01,700
entire system, Well, sister 
Agatha said slowly that's rather

4312
03:53:01,700 --> 03:53:05,300
complicated. 
See technically, none of us 

4313
03:53:05,300 --> 03:53:07,900
should be here. 
We should all be in our original

4314
03:53:07,900 --> 03:53:10,200
Times. 
Living our original lives, 

4315
03:53:10,200 --> 03:53:12,800
making our original 
contributions to history. 

4316
03:53:13,700 --> 03:53:15,600
But we're not affecting our 
original times. 

4317
03:53:15,600 --> 03:53:17,500
Margaret pointed out, we're not 
there. 

4318
03:53:17,500 --> 03:53:20,600
If anything, our absence should 
have more impact than our 

4319
03:53:20,600 --> 03:53:24,100
presence here. 
Ah said Nigel the Victorian 

4320
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:27,800
engineer speaking up for the 
first time, that's where it gets

4321
03:53:27,800 --> 03:53:30,700
intriguing, my research. 
Which I've dedicated a 

4322
03:53:30,700 --> 03:53:33,900
significant amount of time to 
indicate that our disappearances

4323
03:53:33,900 --> 03:53:36,500
of received compensation 
compensated. 

4324
03:53:36,500 --> 03:53:40,400
How Tom was asked. 
Replacements, Nigel said, simply

4325
03:53:40,400 --> 03:53:44,000
the timeline has generated 
substitute versions of us to 

4326
03:53:44,000 --> 03:53:46,600
fill the gaps. 
We left behind my wife, believes

4327
03:53:46,600 --> 03:53:50,100
I died in a factory accident, 
sister Agatha's University 

4328
03:53:50,100 --> 03:53:51,500
believed. 
She took early retirement 

4329
03:53:51,500 --> 03:53:55,000
Margaret's Library believed. 
She moved to Florida to care for

4330
03:53:55,000 --> 03:53:57,600
an elderly relative. 
Margaret felt a chill that had 

4331
03:53:57,600 --> 03:53:59,400
nothing to do with the medieval 
heating system. 

4332
03:54:00,500 --> 03:54:02,800
So there's another version of me
living my life. 

4333
03:54:03,800 --> 03:54:06,900
A timeline generated 
approximation sister Agatha 

4334
03:54:06,900 --> 03:54:10,300
confirmed, close enough to 
maintain continuity, but not 

4335
03:54:10,300 --> 03:54:13,900
actually you think of it as 
temporal autocorrect. 

4336
03:54:15,100 --> 03:54:18,700
That's deeply unsettling 
Margaret said, welcome to time. 

4337
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:21,900
Travel Gladys said, chiefly 
nothing about it makes sense. 

4338
03:54:21,900 --> 03:54:25,200
And the more you think about it,
the more you realize that sense 

4339
03:54:25,200 --> 03:54:29,500
was always overrated anyway, The
meeting continued for another 

4340
03:54:29,500 --> 03:54:32,400
hour with various committee 
members proposing solutions, 

4341
03:54:32,400 --> 03:54:37,500
that range from diplomatic 
negotiation, Thomas to strategic

4342
03:54:37,500 --> 03:54:40,600
misdirection Veronica to trial 
by combat. 

4343
03:54:40,600 --> 03:54:44,400
Markus, predictably Margaret 
found herself, thinking about 

4344
03:54:44,400 --> 03:54:46,700
the other version of herself 
living in her house doing her 

4345
03:54:46,700 --> 03:54:48,900
job and presumably, feeding her 
cat. 

4346
03:54:49,700 --> 03:54:51,300
Was that version of her 
fulfilled? 

4347
03:54:51,300 --> 03:54:54,200
Was she living the life? 
Margaret had been too afraid to 

4348
03:54:54,200 --> 03:54:57,200
lead? 
I proposed she said interrupting

4349
03:54:57,200 --> 03:54:59,800
a discussion about the proper 
protocol for addressing temporal

4350
03:54:59,800 --> 03:55:03,000
law enforcement that we find out
what the anachronism police 

4351
03:55:03,000 --> 03:55:05,100
actually want. 
Before we decide how to respond 

4352
03:55:05,100 --> 03:55:07,900
to them. 
Revolutionary thinking Veronica 

4353
03:55:07,900 --> 03:55:10,700
said approvingly gather 
intelligence before forming 

4354
03:55:10,700 --> 03:55:12,200
strategy. 
I like her. 

4355
03:55:13,100 --> 03:55:16,800
Called reconnaissance, Marcus 
added basic military procedure. 

4356
03:55:17,700 --> 03:55:20,700
It's called Common Sense. 
Gladys said I suppose that's 

4357
03:55:20,700 --> 03:55:23,800
revolutionary enough. 
In most situations Thomas nodded

4358
03:55:23,800 --> 03:55:26,100
thoughtfully. 
Margaret raises next excellent 

4359
03:55:26,100 --> 03:55:28,100
point. 
We've been assuming they want to

4360
03:55:28,100 --> 03:55:31,500
shut us down or relocate us but 
perhaps their concerns are more 

4361
03:55:31,500 --> 03:55:33,700
specific. 
Jeremiah what? 

4362
03:55:33,700 --> 03:55:35,100
Exactly were they are asking 
about? 

4363
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:38,400
Jeremiah, consulted, his bark 
notes. 

4364
03:55:38,400 --> 03:55:41,500
Again, they wanted to know, 
about unauthorized historical 

4365
03:55:41,500 --> 03:55:45,700
documentation and that chronic 
technological development and 

4366
03:55:45,700 --> 03:55:49,600
unsanctioned temporal education.
Programs Margaret held her 

4367
03:55:49,608 --> 03:55:52,600
library in instincts tingling. 
Those are very specific 

4368
03:55:52,600 --> 03:55:55,400
concerns. 
Not General timeline protection,

4369
03:55:55,400 --> 03:55:59,700
specific activities, Sister 
Agatha has been writing papers 

4370
03:55:59,700 --> 03:56:02,900
about medieval life, based on 
Direct observation, Nigel said, 

4371
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:05,300
slowly. 
I've been developing hybrid 

4372
03:56:05,300 --> 03:56:08,700
Technologies using Knowledge 
from multiple times and we've 

4373
03:56:08,700 --> 03:56:11,000
all been sharing knowledge 
across historical boundaries 

4374
03:56:12,000 --> 03:56:15,400
We've been learning from each 
other Margaret said, and that's 

4375
03:56:15,400 --> 03:56:18,900
what they're worried about. 
The room fell silent again but 

4376
03:56:18,900 --> 03:56:21,000
this time it was the thoughtful 
Silence of people. 

4377
03:56:21,000 --> 03:56:23,700
Realizing they were in more 
trouble than they'd initially 

4378
03:56:23,700 --> 03:56:27,100
understood but also possibly 
more right than they dare to 

4379
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:30,700
Hope. 
So Tom has said, finally we're 

4380
03:56:30,700 --> 03:56:33,800
not just temporal refugees were 
temporal revolutionaries. 

4381
03:56:34,900 --> 03:56:38,300
Accidental, temporal 
revolutionaries or sister Agatha

4382
03:56:38,300 --> 03:56:41,400
corrected. 
The best kind of said with 

4383
03:56:41,400 --> 03:56:45,200
satisfaction, nobody expects The
Accidental revolutionaries. 

4384
03:56:46,300 --> 03:56:49,300
Margaret looked around the room 
at her fellow temporal Misfits 

4385
03:56:49,300 --> 03:56:52,300
and felt something she hadn't 
experienced in years. 

4386
03:56:52,300 --> 03:56:55,500
The sense that she was precisely
where she was supposed to be 

4387
03:56:55,500 --> 03:56:57,600
doing it. 
Exactly what she was supposed to

4388
03:56:57,600 --> 03:56:59,800
do. 
She appeared to be tasked with 

4389
03:56:59,800 --> 03:57:02,400
challenging, the fundamental 
principles of temporal law 

4390
03:57:02,400 --> 03:57:04,800
enforcement by radically 
establishing a functional 

4391
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:09,900
community. right then, she said 
surprise again with her decisive

4392
03:57:09,900 --> 03:57:13,600
nurse Let's go talk to these 
anachronism, police and find out

4393
03:57:13,600 --> 03:57:16,900
exactly what kind of Revolution.
We're accidentally leading based

4394
03:57:16,900 --> 03:57:19,900
on her experience, with various 
forms of bureaucratic Authority.

4395
03:57:19,900 --> 03:57:23,200
Margaret expected the 
anachronism police to be polite,

4396
03:57:23,200 --> 03:57:27,300
efficient and firmly convinced 
that there are the only logical 

4397
03:57:27,300 --> 03:57:29,700
one. 
They're taking up residence in 

4398
03:57:29,700 --> 03:57:33,200
The Villages only in which was 
run by a cheerful woman from the

4399
03:57:33,200 --> 03:57:36,100
14th century who had adapted to 
her unusual. 

4400
03:57:36,100 --> 03:57:40,000
Clown tell by developing what 
she called a flexible approach 

4401
03:57:40,000 --> 03:57:44,800
to customer service. 
The three officers were sitting 

4402
03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:47,500
in the ins common room, when 
Margaret's diplomatic delegation

4403
03:57:47,500 --> 03:57:50,400
arrived. 
Thomas had insisted on formal. 

4404
03:57:50,400 --> 03:57:54,300
Protocols Veronica, had insisted
on strategic positioning and 

4405
03:57:54,300 --> 03:57:56,200
Marcus. 
Had insisted on bringing weapons

4406
03:57:56,200 --> 03:57:59,300
ceremonial purposes. 
Only, he assured them while 

4407
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:02,300
checking the edge on his 
Gladius, Margaret had insisted 

4408
03:58:02,300 --> 03:58:06,100
on bringing tea service, because
in her experience any difficult,

4409
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:10,000
conversation went better with 
proper Refreshments, the lead 

4410
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:12,600
officer was a woman who 
introduced herself as Inspector 

4411
03:58:12,600 --> 03:58:14,900
Cronos, which Margaret suspected
was either. 

4412
03:58:14,900 --> 03:58:17,800
An assumed name or evidence that
the anachronism police had a 

4413
03:58:17,800 --> 03:58:20,700
department devoted entirely to 
ironic nomenclature. 

4414
03:58:20,700 --> 03:58:24,100
She was wearing what appeared to
be a uniform designed by someone

4415
03:58:24,100 --> 03:58:27,700
who had been told to create 
Timeless professional attire and

4416
03:58:27,700 --> 03:58:30,800
had interpreted the term as a 
boring Grace suit that could 

4417
03:58:30,800 --> 03:58:34,600
plausibly exist in any century. 
Thank you for meeting with us. 

4418
03:58:34,600 --> 03:58:37,300
Inspector Cronus. 
Said as Margaret arrange the tea

4419
03:58:37,300 --> 03:58:38,600
service on the ins largest 
table. 

4420
03:58:38,600 --> 03:58:41,300
We appreciate your cooperation 
in this matter. 

4421
03:58:42,100 --> 03:58:44,600
Our pleasure Thomas replied 
smoothly. 

4422
03:58:45,300 --> 03:58:48,100
Though I confess we're uncertain
about the nature of the matter 

4423
03:58:48,100 --> 03:58:52,600
that requires our cooperation. 
Inspector Kronos consulted, a 

4424
03:58:52,600 --> 03:58:55,300
tablet that definitely hadn't 
existed in any time period. 

4425
03:58:55,300 --> 03:58:58,400
Margaret could identify. 
You're aware that this 

4426
03:58:58,400 --> 03:59:01,400
settlement exists in violation 
of several temporal Accords. 

4427
03:59:02,500 --> 03:59:04,400
We weren't aware. 
There were temporal Accords. 

4428
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:08,500
Sister Agatha, said, mildly. 
Perhaps, you could Enlighten us.

4429
03:59:09,400 --> 03:59:12,200
Margaret Paul T, while listening
to inspect a croissant, explain 

4430
03:59:12,200 --> 03:59:14,800
the complex legal framework, 
that apparently governed time 

4431
03:59:14,800 --> 03:59:17,200
travel. 
According to the temporal 

4432
03:59:17,200 --> 03:59:21,100
Accords unauthorized time travel
was prohibited, temporal 

4433
03:59:21,100 --> 03:59:23,900
settlements were forbidden and 
crossed temporal knowledge. 

4434
03:59:23,900 --> 03:59:27,200
Sharing was considered a class 3
chronological offense punishable

4435
03:59:27,200 --> 03:59:30,500
by timeline rehabilitation. 
Timeline. 

4436
03:59:30,500 --> 03:59:32,500
Rehabilitation sounds ominous 
Veronica. 

4437
03:59:32,500 --> 03:59:34,900
Observed. 
It's a Humane process. 

4438
03:59:34,900 --> 03:59:38,900
Inspector Cronus, assured her. 
We simply relocated individuals 

4439
03:59:38,900 --> 03:59:41,300
to appropriate. 
Temporal Zone's, where they can 

4440
03:59:41,300 --> 03:59:43,900
live productive lives without 
disrupting historical 

4441
03:59:43,900 --> 03:59:46,400
continuity. 
Separate us. 

4442
03:59:46,408 --> 03:59:48,700
You mean Margaret said offering 
the sugar cubes. 

4443
03:59:48,700 --> 03:59:51,600
Send us back to our original 
times where we want to go or 

4444
03:59:51,600 --> 03:59:53,800
not. 
The personal preferences of 

4445
03:59:53,800 --> 03:59:56,500
temporally displaced persons are
secondary to the stability of 

4446
03:59:56,500 --> 04:00:00,400
the timeline inspector. 
Kronos replied, accepting her 

4447
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:02,300
tea with the sort of politeness 
that suggested. 

4448
04:00:02,300 --> 04:00:05,000
She had been trained in 
diplomatic protocols, but found 

4449
04:00:05,000 --> 04:00:07,600
them. 
Tedious Margaret felt that 

4450
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:11,800
familiar librarian, anger Rising
the specific Fury that came from

4451
04:00:11,800 --> 04:00:14,300
dealing with people who 
prioritize systems over people 

4452
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:16,700
and called it necessary 
efficiency. 

4453
04:00:17,500 --> 04:00:20,600
And who decided that timelines 
stability was more important 

4454
04:00:20,600 --> 04:00:23,900
than personal autonomy. 
Inspector Cronus. 

4455
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:27,300
Looked genuinely puzzled by the 
question. the temporal 

4456
04:00:27,300 --> 04:00:30,700
authority, of course, timeline 
stability, maintains, the proper

4457
04:00:30,700 --> 04:00:35,100
order of historical events, 
Whose proper order Thomas asked 

4458
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:38,600
his Colonial revolutionary 
instincts, clearly activated, 

4459
04:00:38,600 --> 04:00:41,100
who gave this temporal 
Authority, the right to 

4460
04:00:41,100 --> 04:00:43,000
determine how people should live
their lives. 

4461
04:00:44,100 --> 04:00:47,400
The Authority derives from 
temporal law, which exists to 

4462
04:00:47,400 --> 04:00:49,500
prevent paradoxes and maintain 
historical. 

4463
04:00:49,500 --> 04:00:53,300
Accuracy, inspector Cronus 
explained to patiently as if 

4464
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:55,600
speaking to children who 
couldn't understand basic 

4465
04:00:55,600 --> 04:01:00,000
concepts. historical accuracy, 
according to whom sister Agatha 

4466
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:03,100
asked, I've spent five years 
here, conducting primary 

4467
04:01:03,100 --> 04:01:05,500
research. 
That revealed significant errors

4468
04:01:05,500 --> 04:01:07,400
in accepted historical, 
narratives. 

4469
04:01:07,400 --> 04:01:11,500
Are you more interested in 
preserving factual accuracy or 

4470
04:01:11,500 --> 04:01:13,800
in upholding your own 
interpretation of accuracy? 

4471
04:01:14,800 --> 04:01:17,100
Margaret watched inspector 
chronosis face? 

4472
04:01:17,100 --> 04:01:20,800
Carefully years of dealing with 
Library patrons had taught her 

4473
04:01:20,800 --> 04:01:23,500
to recognize the exact moment 
when someone realized their 

4474
04:01:23,500 --> 04:01:25,900
position might not be as 
unassailable as they'd assumed, 

4475
04:01:26,900 --> 04:01:30,800
inspector Cronos was having that
moment right now, your research 

4476
04:01:30,800 --> 04:01:33,500
is part of the problem, one of 
the other officers said speaking

4477
04:01:33,500 --> 04:01:36,800
for the first time you're 
creating unauthorized historical

4478
04:01:36,800 --> 04:01:40,000
documentation that could alter 
scholarly understanding of past 

4479
04:01:40,000 --> 04:01:44,000
events, You mean it could 
improve scholarly understanding 

4480
04:01:44,000 --> 04:01:48,500
Margaret said sweetly refilling.
His teacup Isn't that what 

4481
04:01:48,500 --> 04:01:52,400
research is supposed to do? 
Not when it disrupts established

4482
04:01:52,400 --> 04:01:54,300
historical consensus. 
The officer replied. 

4483
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:58,200
Established historical consensus
has been wrong before of 

4484
04:01:58,200 --> 04:02:00,400
Veronica appointed out. 
I should know. 

4485
04:02:00,400 --> 04:02:04,800
I lived through the 60s and the 
established historical consensus

4486
04:02:04,800 --> 04:02:07,500
about that decade is almost 
entirely bollocks. 

4487
04:02:08,300 --> 04:02:10,500
Margaret could see that this 
conversation was heading toward 

4488
04:02:10,500 --> 04:02:13,200
the sort of philosophical 
impasse that typically resulted 

4489
04:02:13,200 --> 04:02:15,200
in either violence or very long 
meetings. 

4490
04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:19,800
In her experience, violence was 
Messier but often more efficient

4491
04:02:19,800 --> 04:02:22,300
than meetings. 
However both typically ended 

4492
04:02:22,300 --> 04:02:24,900
with someone feeling aggrieved 
and nothing actually resolved 

4493
04:02:26,300 --> 04:02:28,700
Inspector. 
Kronos she said, interrupting 

4494
04:02:28,700 --> 04:02:30,800
what appeared to be the 
beginning of a lecture about the

4495
04:02:30,800 --> 04:02:32,400
importance of historical 
stability. 

4496
04:02:33,300 --> 04:02:35,100
May, I ask you a personal 
question? 

4497
04:02:36,200 --> 04:02:39,100
Inspector, Kronos looked weary. 
I suppose. 

4498
04:02:40,500 --> 04:02:42,000
When did you last have a 
vacation? 

4499
04:02:43,000 --> 04:02:45,900
The question clearly wasn't what
inspector Kronos had expected. 

4500
04:02:45,900 --> 04:02:49,300
I that's not relevant to this 
investigation. 

4501
04:02:50,600 --> 04:02:53,200
Humor, me Margaret said, 
employing the same tone. 

4502
04:02:53,200 --> 04:02:56,700
She used with particularly 
stubborn Library, patrons, When 

4503
04:02:56,700 --> 04:02:58,300
did you last take time off from 
work? 

4504
04:02:59,200 --> 04:03:01,600
Temporal Authority agents. 
Don't take vacations. 

4505
04:03:02,400 --> 04:03:05,400
Inspector Kronos said stiffly. 
We have important work to do. 

4506
04:03:06,300 --> 04:03:10,200
Everyone needs time off Margaret
said gently otherwise work 

4507
04:03:10,200 --> 04:03:12,800
becomes the only thing that 
Gives Life Meaning and that's 

4508
04:03:12,800 --> 04:03:15,900
not healthy for anyone. 
Trust me, I speak from 

4509
04:03:15,900 --> 04:03:19,500
experience. 
She gestured around the end 

4510
04:03:19,500 --> 04:03:22,000
common room, where the afternoon
light was streaming through 

4511
04:03:22,000 --> 04:03:24,700
windows that had been designed 
by someone from the 18th century

4512
04:03:24,700 --> 04:03:28,100
built by someone from ancient 
Rome and decorated by someone. 

4513
04:03:28,100 --> 04:03:31,900
From the 196s, the result was 
chaotic but somehow harmonious 

4514
04:03:31,900 --> 04:03:35,100
Like A visual representation of 
their entire community. 

4515
04:03:35,800 --> 04:03:38,900
This place works. 
She said we have people from a 

4516
04:03:38,900 --> 04:03:41,100
dozen different times. 
Living together sharing 

4517
04:03:41,100 --> 04:03:42,600
knowledge, building something 
new. 

4518
04:03:42,600 --> 04:03:44,500
We're not disrupting the 
timeline. 

4519
04:03:44,500 --> 04:03:47,100
We're creating something the 
timeline never had before 

4520
04:03:47,100 --> 04:03:51,100
something beautiful. 
unauthorized beauty is still 

4521
04:03:51,100 --> 04:03:54,900
unauthorized, inspector Kronos 
said, but her voice lacked 

4522
04:03:54,900 --> 04:03:57,500
conviction, According to the 
temporal Accords. 

4523
04:03:57,500 --> 04:03:58,400
Yes. 
Margaret. 

4524
04:03:58,400 --> 04:04:01,800
But have you considered that the
temporal Accords might be wrong?

4525
04:04:02,800 --> 04:04:05,400
The silence that followed was 
different from the previous 

4526
04:04:05,400 --> 04:04:08,700
uncomfortable silences. 
This silence was the result of 

4527
04:04:08,708 --> 04:04:11,900
someone who had blindly followed
the rules for years, suddenly 

4528
04:04:11,900 --> 04:04:15,200
forced to question their logic. 
The Accords exist for good 

4529
04:04:15,200 --> 04:04:17,600
reason. 
Inspector Cronos said finally 

4530
04:04:18,400 --> 04:04:22,000
I'm sure they do Thomas said 
diplomatically, but good reasons

4531
04:04:22,000 --> 04:04:25,100
can become bad reasons. 
If circumstances change in my 

4532
04:04:25,100 --> 04:04:27,900
experience, the best laws of the
ones that can adapt in your 

4533
04:04:27,900 --> 04:04:31,200
Situation's. 
What if Sister Agatha suggested 

4534
04:04:31,200 --> 04:04:34,000
carefully? 
Instead of shutting us down, you

4535
04:04:34,000 --> 04:04:36,900
studied us. 
We could be a pilot program for 

4536
04:04:36,900 --> 04:04:39,800
controlled cross, temporal 
Community Development, think of 

4537
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:43,500
the research opportunities. 
Margaret could see inspect a 

4538
04:04:43,500 --> 04:04:47,100
Cronos wavering years of 
bureaucratic training were 

4539
04:04:47,100 --> 04:04:50,300
warring with what appeared to be
genuine curiosity and possibly 

4540
04:04:50,300 --> 04:04:52,900
the first intriguing 
conversation she had in decades 

4541
04:04:53,800 --> 04:04:56,600
That would require authorization
from the temporal Authority 

4542
04:04:56,600 --> 04:05:00,700
inspector Kronos said slowly. 
Then let's get authorization. 

4543
04:05:00,700 --> 04:05:04,000
Margaret said briskly, I assume 
there's some sort of application

4544
04:05:04,000 --> 04:05:07,300
process. 
Inspector Kronos stared at her. 

4545
04:05:08,200 --> 04:05:10,700
You want to apply for legal 
recognition as an experimental 

4546
04:05:10,700 --> 04:05:12,900
temporal community? 
Why not? 

4547
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:16,000
Margaret Shrugged, we're already
here. 

4548
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:18,700
We're already functioning. 
And apparently we're already 

4549
04:05:18,700 --> 04:05:21,000
breaking. 
The rules might as well break 

4550
04:05:21,000 --> 04:05:23,400
them officially applying for 
legal recognition. 

4551
04:05:23,400 --> 04:05:26,200
As an experimental. 
Temporal Community turned out to

4552
04:05:26,200 --> 04:05:29,500
involve approximately 17 
different forms Each of which 

4553
04:05:29,500 --> 04:05:31,800
had to be filled out in 
triplicate, using writing, 

4554
04:05:31,800 --> 04:05:34,200
implements appropriate to the 
time period of the person 

4555
04:05:34,200 --> 04:05:36,900
filling them out. 
Margaret found herself wielding 

4556
04:05:36,900 --> 04:05:38,700
a quill pen for the first time 
in her life. 

4557
04:05:38,700 --> 04:05:41,700
While cursing, whoever decided 
that bureaucracy should be 

4558
04:05:41,708 --> 04:05:46,100
deliberately difficult, This is 
ridiculous for Annika, muttered 

4559
04:05:46,100 --> 04:05:49,200
struggling with what appeared to
be a formed designed to assess 

4560
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:51,200
cross. 
Temporal cultural integration, 

4561
04:05:51,200 --> 04:05:54,200
protocols. 
They want to know our policy for

4562
04:05:54,200 --> 04:05:56,600
resolving conflicts between 
Roman law and Renaissance 

4563
04:05:56,600 --> 04:05:59,800
banking practices. 
We don't have conflicts between 

4564
04:05:59,800 --> 04:06:01,900
Roman law and Renaissance 
banking practices. 

4565
04:06:01,900 --> 04:06:04,700
Thomas pointed out working his 
way, through a form of 

4566
04:06:04,708 --> 04:06:07,300
democratic governance in 
multitude period communities, 

4567
04:06:07,300 --> 04:06:10,400
with the sort of methodical 
Precision that suggested he'd 

4568
04:06:10,400 --> 04:06:12,200
had experience with Colonial 
paperwork. 

4569
04:06:12,200 --> 04:06:17,000
Exactly sister Agatha said, 
Marcus handles military Justice,

4570
04:06:17,000 --> 04:06:19,000
Nigel handles infrastructure 
disputes. 

4571
04:06:19,000 --> 04:06:22,100
You handle governance issues and
Gladys handles everything else 

4572
04:06:22,100 --> 04:06:24,500
because she's the only one who's
actually good at managing people

4573
04:06:24,500 --> 04:06:29,600
Margaret looked up from form. 
47b justification for temporal 

4574
04:06:29,600 --> 04:06:32,000
cohabitation and realized 
something important. 

4575
04:06:32,900 --> 04:06:35,000
They hadn't just accidentally 
created a community. 

4576
04:06:35,000 --> 04:06:39,100
They'd accidentally created a 
functioning government and not 

4577
04:06:39,100 --> 04:06:41,500
just any government. 
But one that actually worked 

4578
04:06:41,500 --> 04:06:44,000
because everyone involved was 
too confused and to practical to

4579
04:06:44,000 --> 04:06:46,800
waste time on politics. 
We need to document this, she 

4580
04:06:46,800 --> 04:06:50,400
said suddenly document, what is 
spectacular Cronus asked? 

4581
04:06:50,400 --> 04:06:53,900
She had remained at the end to 
oversee the application process,

4582
04:06:53,900 --> 04:06:57,100
but Margaret suspected that her 
primary reason for staying was 

4583
04:06:57,100 --> 04:07:00,000
her interest in their Community,
which she found far more 

4584
04:07:00,000 --> 04:07:01,800
engaging than her usual 
assignments. 

4585
04:07:02,700 --> 04:07:05,900
This is how we govern ourselves 
Margaret explained reaching for 

4586
04:07:05,900 --> 04:07:08,400
a fresh sheet of paper. 
If we're applying to be an 

4587
04:07:08,400 --> 04:07:11,500
experimental Community, we need 
to show that our experiment 

4588
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:15,400
actually produces results. 
Over the next several hours, 

4589
04:07:15,400 --> 04:07:17,200
Margaret found herself doing 
what she did. 

4590
04:07:17,200 --> 04:07:21,300
Best organizing information, 
With input from the others, she 

4591
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:24,400
documented their decision-making
processes, their conflict 

4592
04:07:24,400 --> 04:07:27,600
resolution methods, their 
resource allocation systems, and

4593
04:07:27,600 --> 04:07:31,400
their integration, protocols. 
What emerged was a picture of a 

4594
04:07:31,400 --> 04:07:34,300
community that had organically 
developed solutions to problems.

4595
04:07:34,300 --> 04:07:37,900
That political scientists spent 
decades debating This is 

4596
04:07:37,900 --> 04:07:41,000
extraordinary. 
Inspector Kronos said reading 

4597
04:07:41,000 --> 04:07:44,400
over Margaret's documentation, 
you've created a functional 

4598
04:07:44,400 --> 04:07:48,200
multi-temporal, democracy within
cultural sensitivity, protocols,

4599
04:07:48,200 --> 04:07:51,300
and adaptive governance 
structures. we've muddled 

4600
04:07:51,300 --> 04:07:54,000
through Gladys corrected, 
bringing them all and another 

4601
04:07:54,000 --> 04:07:57,700
round of tea, We've made the 
best of it, just like anyone 

4602
04:07:57,700 --> 04:08:00,200
else who finds themselves in an 
unexpected situation. 

4603
04:08:01,300 --> 04:08:05,200
But that's precisely the point. 
Inspector Corona said it, 

4604
04:08:05,400 --> 04:08:08,200
Excitement creeping into her 
voice for the first time since 

4605
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:11,400
Margaret had met her. 
Most temporal displacement, 

4606
04:08:11,400 --> 04:08:15,300
results in psychological. 
Trauma, cultural, isolation and 

4607
04:08:15,300 --> 04:08:18,100
eventual breakdown. 
You've created something that 

4608
04:08:18,100 --> 04:08:21,800
not only works but actually 
enhances the lives of everyone 

4609
04:08:21,800 --> 04:08:24,100
involved. 
Margaret looked around the ends 

4610
04:08:24,100 --> 04:08:26,800
common room where their 
impromptu government session had

4611
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:29,400
attracted an audience of curious
community members. 

4612
04:08:30,200 --> 04:08:33,200
Marcus was explaining Roman 
military organization to a group

4613
04:08:33,208 --> 04:08:36,800
that included a Viking Warrior 
Two medieval merchants what 

4614
04:08:36,800 --> 04:08:39,000
appeared to be a flapper who had
arrived just that morning. 

4615
04:08:39,700 --> 04:08:43,300
Nigel was sketching engineering 
diagrams, on an napkin, while a 

4616
04:08:43,300 --> 04:08:45,900
Renaissance artist offered 
suggestions about aesthetic, 

4617
04:08:45,900 --> 04:08:49,300
improvements Thomas and Veronica
were deep in discussion about 

4618
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:52,300
the Practical applications of 
democratic theory with a 

4619
04:08:52,300 --> 04:08:54,700
gentleman, who claimed to be 
from the court of Louis the 

4620
04:08:54,700 --> 04:08:57,400
14th. 
It works because we need it to 

4621
04:08:57,400 --> 04:08:59,500
work. 
In Margaret said we can't go 

4622
04:08:59,500 --> 04:09:01,100
home. 
So we have to make this place 

4623
04:09:01,100 --> 04:09:04,400
home and that means figuring out
how to live together even when 

4624
04:09:04,400 --> 04:09:08,100
we come from entirely different 
worlds, the temporal Authority 

4625
04:09:08,100 --> 04:09:11,500
should see this inspector Cronus
said, they've been trying to 

4626
04:09:11,500 --> 04:09:13,900
solve the problem of the 
temporal displacement for 

4627
04:09:13,900 --> 04:09:16,300
centuries and you've 
accidentally discovered the 

4628
04:09:16,300 --> 04:09:19,300
solution. 
What's the problem with temporal

4629
04:09:19,300 --> 04:09:21,600
displacement? 
Sister Agatha, the asked 

4630
04:09:22,600 --> 04:09:25,400
Displaced persons typically 
suffer from severe, temporal 

4631
04:09:25,400 --> 04:09:28,100
culture, shock inspector, Cronus
explained. 

4632
04:09:28,900 --> 04:09:31,800
They can't adapt to their new 
time, but they can't return to 

4633
04:09:31,800 --> 04:09:34,008
their original time. 
Either most end up in 

4634
04:09:34,016 --> 04:09:37,000
Specialized Care Facilities, or 
isolated temporal, reservations.

4635
04:09:38,100 --> 04:09:41,200
Margaret felt a chill. 
Temporal reservations. 

4636
04:09:42,100 --> 04:09:45,100
Quarantine zones where displaced
persons can live out their lives

4637
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:48,100
without affecting the timeline. 
Inspector Kronos said, 

4638
04:09:48,100 --> 04:09:51,600
apparently not noticing the 
horror on everyone's faces is 

4639
04:09:51,600 --> 04:09:53,700
considered the most Humane 
solution. 

4640
04:09:54,800 --> 04:09:59,200
Humane Thomas, repeated flatly, 
you isolate people from society 

4641
04:09:59,200 --> 04:10:02,200
and call it Humane. 
It's better than the alternative

4642
04:10:02,200 --> 04:10:04,100
inspector. 
Kronos said defensively 

4643
04:10:04,100 --> 04:10:07,100
uncontrolled. 
Temporal displacement can cause 

4644
04:10:07,100 --> 04:10:12,600
paradoxes timeline disruptions 
and even reality Cascades Has 

4645
04:10:12,600 --> 04:10:14,400
that actually happened? 
Margaret asked? 

4646
04:10:14,400 --> 04:10:17,300
Or is it theoretical inspector 
Kronos? 

4647
04:10:17,300 --> 04:10:20,900
Pause. 
Well, theoretical, but the wrist

4648
04:10:20,900 --> 04:10:23,100
is theoretical Margaret 
finished. 

4649
04:10:23,100 --> 04:10:26,900
Meanwhile, the reality, is that,
your condemning people to 

4650
04:10:26,900 --> 04:10:30,600
isolation based on theoretical 
risks, she stood up feeling the 

4651
04:10:30,600 --> 04:10:32,400
same sense of righteous 
indignation. 

4652
04:10:32,400 --> 04:10:35,700
That has sustained her through 
years of fighting budget cuts 

4653
04:10:35,700 --> 04:10:37,500
and bureaucratic interference at
the library. 

4654
04:10:38,600 --> 04:10:41,700
Inspector Kronos. 
I think it's time the temporal 

4655
04:10:41,700 --> 04:10:44,600
Authority met with some people 
who have actually made temporal 

4656
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:48,500
displacement work. you want to 
petition, the temporal Authority

4657
04:10:48,500 --> 04:10:52,400
directly inspector, Kronos asked
looking alarmed, I want to 

4658
04:10:52,400 --> 04:10:54,600
invite them to visit Margaret 
corrected. 

4659
04:10:54,600 --> 04:10:56,600
Let them see what we've built 
here. 

4660
04:10:56,600 --> 04:10:59,600
Let them meet our community. 
Let them understand that 

4661
04:10:59,600 --> 04:11:01,900
temporal displacement. 
Doesn't have to be a problem to 

4662
04:11:01,900 --> 04:11:04,400
be managed. 
It can be an opportunity to be 

4663
04:11:04,400 --> 04:11:08,100
embraced. 
The room went quiet again, but 

4664
04:11:08,100 --> 04:11:10,900
this time it was the excited 
Silence of people who had just 

4665
04:11:10,900 --> 04:11:12,600
realized. 
They were about to do something.

4666
04:11:12,600 --> 04:11:16,000
Either very brave or very stupid
and weren't entirely sure. 

4667
04:11:16,000 --> 04:11:20,100
Which That said, Veronica slowly
is either brilliant or 

4668
04:11:20,100 --> 04:11:23,900
completely insane. in my 
experience Gladys said, 

4669
04:11:23,908 --> 04:11:28,800
cheerfully the best ideas are 
usually both inspector Kronos 

4670
04:11:28,800 --> 04:11:31,200
looked around the room at the 
faces of people who had 

4671
04:11:31,200 --> 04:11:34,600
accidentally revolutionized 
temporal Community planning and 

4672
04:11:34,600 --> 04:11:37,200
we're now proposing to take 
their Revolution directly to the

4673
04:11:37,200 --> 04:11:39,000
highest levels of temporal 
Authority. 

4674
04:11:40,100 --> 04:11:42,700
Margaret could see her trying to
calculate the potential 

4675
04:11:42,700 --> 04:11:45,000
consequences. 
Weigh the risks against the 

4676
04:11:45,000 --> 04:11:47,700
benefits, and figure out where 
the supporting this plan would 

4677
04:11:47,700 --> 04:11:51,200
Advance or destroy her career. 
I'll need to send a preliminary 

4678
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:55,400
report, first she said, finally 
prepare them for the possibility

4679
04:11:55,400 --> 04:11:57,800
of an unconventional solution to
the displacement problem. 

4680
04:11:58,700 --> 04:12:02,100
Unconventional Solutions are the
best kind of Marcus said 

4681
04:12:02,100 --> 04:12:04,900
approvingly. 
In Rome, we had a saying when 

4682
04:12:04,900 --> 04:12:07,100
conventional tactics fail, try 
something. 

4683
04:12:07,100 --> 04:12:10,000
So unexpected that your enemies 
defeat themselves through 

4684
04:12:10,000 --> 04:12:13,200
confusion Did Romans actually 
say that? 

4685
04:12:13,200 --> 04:12:17,700
Thomas asked, no Marcus admitted
cheerfully, but they should 

4686
04:12:17,700 --> 04:12:19,700
have. 
Its excellent advice. 

4687
04:12:20,700 --> 04:12:23,600
Margaret looked at inspector 
Cronus who was staring at their 

4688
04:12:23,600 --> 04:12:26,500
Community with the expression of
someone who had come to enforce 

4689
04:12:26,500 --> 04:12:29,500
the rules and instead discovered
that they might need changing 

4690
04:12:30,200 --> 04:12:33,100
inspector. 
She said gently, when did you 

4691
04:12:33,100 --> 04:12:35,900
last do something that made you 
excited about your work? 

4692
04:12:37,000 --> 04:12:39,200
Inspector, Kronos was quiet for 
a long moment. 

4693
04:12:40,300 --> 04:12:42,100
I can't remember. 
She said, finally. 

4694
04:12:42,800 --> 04:12:45,100
Then maybe it's time to try 
something new Margaret 

4695
04:12:45,100 --> 04:12:48,300
suggested, maybe it's time to 
help us show the temporal 

4696
04:12:48,300 --> 04:12:51,400
Authority that some problems are
actually opportunities in 

4697
04:12:51,400 --> 04:12:53,200
Disguise. 
The temporal authorities 

4698
04:12:53,200 --> 04:12:56,100
response to inspect a Cronus is 
preliminary report arrived. 

4699
04:12:56,100 --> 04:12:59,100
Three days later in the form of 
what appeared to be a medieval 

4700
04:12:59,100 --> 04:13:02,300
messenger, who rode a horse. 
That moves slightly too smoothly

4701
04:13:02,300 --> 04:13:05,700
and cast, no shadow. 
The message itself was written 

4702
04:13:05,700 --> 04:13:08,000
on parchment that looked 
authentic, but felt like 

4703
04:13:08,000 --> 04:13:11,300
high-quality printer paper and 
the ink had the peculiar 

4704
04:13:11,300 --> 04:13:14,100
property of remaining wet until 
someone read it at which point 

4705
04:13:14,100 --> 04:13:17,300
it dried instantly Margaret had 
become fascinated by these 

4706
04:13:17,300 --> 04:13:20,400
temporal and consistencies. 
Everything about the temporal 

4707
04:13:20,400 --> 04:13:22,800
Authority seemed designed to 
look period appropriate while 

4708
04:13:22,800 --> 04:13:25,900
functioning with modern 
efficiency as if they couldn't 

4709
04:13:25,900 --> 04:13:28,600
decide whether they wanted to 
blend in with history or 

4710
04:13:28,600 --> 04:13:31,700
transcended entirely. 
They're sending a delegation 

4711
04:13:31,700 --> 04:13:35,200
inspector, Kronos announced 
reading the message allowed to 

4712
04:13:35,208 --> 04:13:37,900
the assemble Community. 
Senior inspector Paradox, 

4713
04:13:37,900 --> 04:13:42,200
inspector's ality and directed 
temporal will arrive tomorrow to

4714
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:45,200
assess the viability of Kronos 
Commons as an experimental 

4715
04:13:45,200 --> 04:13:48,800
temporal community. 
Direct a temporal sister Agatha 

4716
04:13:48,800 --> 04:13:52,000
asked, that's either a critical 
personal someone with a deeply 

4717
04:13:52,000 --> 04:13:56,700
unfortunate name. 
Both, probably Veronica said, in

4718
04:13:56,700 --> 04:13:59,400
my experience the most 
important, bureaucrats always 

4719
04:13:59,400 --> 04:14:03,800
have the most ridiculous titles.
Margaret felt the familiar 

4720
04:14:03,800 --> 04:14:06,100
flutter of anxiety that 
proceeded, any important 

4721
04:14:06,100 --> 04:14:09,400
inspection, whether it was 
Library Auditors Health 

4722
04:14:09,400 --> 04:14:12,400
Department, officials or 
apparently temporal law 

4723
04:14:12,400 --> 04:14:15,000
enforcement. 
But underneath the anxiety was 

4724
04:14:15,000 --> 04:14:19,700
something else excitement. 
First time in years, she was 

4725
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:22,800
part of something that mattered 
something worth far more 

4726
04:14:22,800 --> 04:14:26,200
fighting for. 
Right then, she said Stan 

4727
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:29,300
standing up with the sort of 
decisive that surprised everyone

4728
04:14:29,300 --> 04:14:33,100
including herself. 
We have one day to prepare for 

4729
04:14:33,100 --> 04:14:35,400
the most important visitors. 
This community has ever 

4730
04:14:35,400 --> 04:14:38,000
received. 
I suggest we show them exactly 

4731
04:14:38,000 --> 04:14:42,100
what we've accomplished here. 
The next 24 hours passed in a 

4732
04:14:42,100 --> 04:14:44,900
blur of organized chaos. 
That would have made any event 

4733
04:14:44,900 --> 04:14:47,100
planner weep with other 
admiration or despair. 

4734
04:14:48,000 --> 04:14:51,100
Gladys organized a feast that 
showcase culinary technique from

4735
04:14:51,100 --> 04:14:54,900
12 different times, Nigel 
provided the entire village with

4736
04:14:54,900 --> 04:14:57,100
a comprehensive overview of 
infrastructure. 

4737
04:14:57,100 --> 04:15:00,100
Improvements highlighting the 
innovations that emerged from 

4738
04:15:00,100 --> 04:15:03,400
the fusion of Roman engineering,
Victoria and precision, and 

4739
04:15:03,400 --> 04:15:07,000
modern Material Science. 
Thomas prepared, a presentation 

4740
04:15:07,000 --> 04:15:09,600
on their governance, structure 
that managed to be both 

4741
04:15:09,600 --> 04:15:11,900
academically rigorous and 
practically applicable. 

4742
04:15:13,500 --> 04:15:15,100
Margaret found herself 
coordinating. 

4743
04:15:15,100 --> 04:15:18,400
The entire effort, which felt 
remarkably similar to organizing

4744
04:15:18,400 --> 04:15:22,200
the library's annual fundraising
Gala, except with more times 

4745
04:15:22,200 --> 04:15:24,400
involved and significantly 
higher Stakes. 

4746
04:15:25,200 --> 04:15:27,900
She discovered that her years of
managing Library events had 

4747
04:15:27,900 --> 04:15:30,200
prepared her surprisingly, well,
for managing, temporal 

4748
04:15:30,200 --> 04:15:33,200
diplomacy. 
The delegation arrived precisely

4749
04:15:33,200 --> 04:15:36,300
at noon stepping out of what 
appeared to be a traveling 

4750
04:15:36,300 --> 04:15:38,600
Merchants wagon. 
That definitely hadn't been 

4751
04:15:38,600 --> 04:15:41,900
there moments before director. 
Temporal turned out to be a 

4752
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:44,400
woman who looked like she could 
have been anywhere between 30 

4753
04:15:44,400 --> 04:15:48,000
and 300 years old wearing robes 
that managed to suggest both 

4754
04:15:48,000 --> 04:15:50,200
medieval Authority and modern 
professionalism. 

4755
04:15:51,100 --> 04:15:53,700
Senior inspector Paradox was a 
tall man with the sort of 

4756
04:15:53,700 --> 04:15:55,700
precisely groomed appearance 
that suggested. 

4757
04:15:55,700 --> 04:15:58,500
He took temporal regulations, 
very seriously indeed. 

4758
04:15:59,500 --> 04:16:02,200
Inspector Calls ality was 
younger with the eager 

4759
04:16:02,200 --> 04:16:05,100
expression of someone who had 
recently been promoted and was 

4760
04:16:05,100 --> 04:16:06,900
determined to prove worthy of 
the position. 

4761
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:10,600
Welcome to Cronos. 
Commons Margaret said, stepping 

4762
04:16:10,600 --> 04:16:13,600
forward with the sort of 
confidence usually reserved for 

4763
04:16:13,600 --> 04:16:15,900
dealing with particularly 
difficult Library board members.

4764
04:16:15,900 --> 04:16:19,600
We're honored by your visit 
director, temporal looked around

4765
04:16:19,600 --> 04:16:22,600
the Village Square where the 
community had assembled to greet

4766
04:16:22,600 --> 04:16:24,900
their visitors. 
Her expression was carefully 

4767
04:16:24,900 --> 04:16:27,800
neutral but Margaret caught her 
pausing to study the 

4768
04:16:27,800 --> 04:16:30,100
architectural. 
Innovations, the way people from

4769
04:16:30,100 --> 04:16:33,300
different times were naturally 
interacting and the general 

4770
04:16:33,300 --> 04:16:35,200
atmosphere of purposeful 
activity. 

4771
04:16:36,000 --> 04:16:39,200
Inspector Chronos has submitted 
a preliminary reports suggesting

4772
04:16:39,200 --> 04:16:41,900
that this community represents a
viable alternative to 

4773
04:16:41,900 --> 04:16:43,500
traditional temporal 
displacement. 

4774
04:16:43,500 --> 04:16:47,300
Protocols directed temporal 
said, we're here to assess the 

4775
04:16:47,300 --> 04:16:50,800
accuracy of that assessment. 
We'd be delighted to show you 

4776
04:16:50,800 --> 04:16:53,100
around. 
Thomas said stepping forward 

4777
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:57,000
with Colonial diplomatic charm 
perhaps we could begin with our 

4778
04:16:57,000 --> 04:17:00,600
governance Center. 
What followed was the most 

4779
04:17:00,600 --> 04:17:03,200
unusual tour Margaret ever 
participated in? 

4780
04:17:03,900 --> 04:17:06,300
They showed the delegation, 
their Democratic decision-making

4781
04:17:06,300 --> 04:17:08,500
processes. 
Their conflict resolution 

4782
04:17:08,500 --> 04:17:11,800
methods, their resource 
allocation system and their 

4783
04:17:11,800 --> 04:17:14,500
integration. 
Protocols, At each stop 

4784
04:17:14,500 --> 04:17:17,000
community members. 
Demonstrated not just how their 

4785
04:17:17,000 --> 04:17:19,100
systems worked, but why they 
worked? 

4786
04:17:20,000 --> 04:17:22,900
The key Insight sister Agatha 
explained as they stood in what 

4787
04:17:22,900 --> 04:17:25,100
had become their informal 
receipt urgent center. 

4788
04:17:25,100 --> 04:17:28,400
Is that temporal displacement, 
doesn't have to mean, cultural 

4789
04:17:28,400 --> 04:17:31,200
isolation, when you put people 
from different times together, 

4790
04:17:31,200 --> 04:17:32,800
they don't just adapt to each 
other. 

4791
04:17:32,800 --> 04:17:36,700
They enhance each other. 
She gestured to a wall covered 

4792
04:17:36,700 --> 04:17:40,000
with research notes, engineering
diagrams, artistic 

4793
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:43,300
collaborations and what appeared
to be a detailed analysis of 

4794
04:17:43,300 --> 04:17:46,500
democratic theory written in 
four different languages by 

4795
04:17:46,500 --> 04:17:48,200
authors from four different 
centuries. 

4796
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:50,700
We're not just preserving 
historical knowledge. 

4797
04:17:50,700 --> 04:17:54,600
She continued we're creating new
knowledge, by combining 

4798
04:17:54,600 --> 04:17:57,600
historical perspectives in ways 
that have never been possible 

4799
04:17:57,600 --> 04:18:00,400
before. 
Inspector call. 

4800
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:03,400
Solati was taking in Malden 
notes while senior inspector, 

4801
04:18:03,400 --> 04:18:05,700
Paradox, maintained an 
expression of professional. 

4802
04:18:05,700 --> 04:18:09,100
Skepticism directed temporal, 
however, was studying the 

4803
04:18:09,100 --> 04:18:12,300
research wall with the sort of 
intense Focus that suggested she

4804
04:18:12,300 --> 04:18:13,800
was seeing something she hadn't 
expected. 

4805
04:18:14,900 --> 04:18:18,000
This is unprecedented. 
She said finally crossed 

4806
04:18:18,000 --> 04:18:20,000
temporal knowledge synthesis on 
this scale. 

4807
04:18:20,900 --> 04:18:22,500
The implications are 
extraordinary. 

4808
04:18:23,400 --> 04:18:26,000
The implications are what we 
live with every day, Gladys 

4809
04:18:26,000 --> 04:18:28,500
said, cheerfully appearing with 
the tray of Refreshments that 

4810
04:18:28,500 --> 04:18:31,300
somehow managed to appeal to 
taste preferences from across 

4811
04:18:31,300 --> 04:18:33,700
the centuries. 
It turns out when you stop 

4812
04:18:33,700 --> 04:18:36,000
worrying about the implications 
and start focusing on the 

4813
04:18:36,000 --> 04:18:38,100
practicalities, most problems 
solve themselves. 

4814
04:18:39,200 --> 04:18:42,000
The tour continued through the 
afternoon, with the delegation, 

4815
04:18:42,000 --> 04:18:44,700
observing everything, from 
Marcus's conflict, resolution 

4816
04:18:44,700 --> 04:18:47,500
sessions, which involved more 
shouting, the Margaret was 

4817
04:18:47,508 --> 04:18:48,800
comfortable with it, but seemed 
to work. 

4818
04:18:49,900 --> 04:18:52,500
To Nigel's engineering workshops
which had produced in 

4819
04:18:52,500 --> 04:18:54,400
innovations that probably 
shouldn't have been possible 

4820
04:18:54,400 --> 04:18:57,800
with available materials. 
However, Margaret was aware that

4821
04:18:57,800 --> 04:19:00,400
the evening Feast would 
determine the success or failure

4822
04:19:00,400 --> 04:19:03,400
of their argument. 
As the community gathered around

4823
04:19:03,400 --> 04:19:06,300
tables that have been built by 
combining Roman construction 

4824
04:19:06,300 --> 04:19:09,500
techniques with Victorian 
craftsmanship, and a modern 

4825
04:19:09,500 --> 04:19:12,500
ergonomic principles. 
She watched the delegation of 

4826
04:19:12,500 --> 04:19:15,000
observe something that couldn't 
be documented or measured. 

4827
04:19:15,000 --> 04:19:18,500
The simple fact that their 
Community was genuine Lee happy.

4828
04:19:19,400 --> 04:19:22,000
I have a question directed 
temporal said as the meal wound 

4829
04:19:22,000 --> 04:19:23,900
down. 
What happens when someone wants 

4830
04:19:23,900 --> 04:19:26,508
to leave? 
The question lingered in the 

4831
04:19:26,516 --> 04:19:29,100
air. 
King to an uncomfortable truth, 

4832
04:19:29,100 --> 04:19:33,000
that everyone had been invading.
Margaret felt her stomach 

4833
04:19:33,000 --> 04:19:35,600
clenched because this was the 
one aspect of their Community, 

4834
04:19:35,600 --> 04:19:39,900
they hadn't fully addressed. 
Well, Thomas said slowly that's 

4835
04:19:39,900 --> 04:19:43,100
rather complicated. 
We haven't actually figured out 

4836
04:19:43,100 --> 04:19:45,200
how to leave even if someone 
wanted to. 

4837
04:19:46,200 --> 04:19:48,300
But would you Inspector Calls a 
Letty? 

4838
04:19:48,300 --> 04:19:52,800
Ask Want to leave. 
I mean, if you could Margaret 

4839
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:54,800
looked around the table at 
faces, that had become more 

4840
04:19:54,800 --> 04:19:58,200
familiar to her than her family.
These people had become her 

4841
04:19:58,200 --> 04:20:01,208
colleagues, her friends, her 
chosen community, in a way that 

4842
04:20:01,216 --> 04:20:05,300
her old life had never provided.
I think she said carefully. 

4843
04:20:05,300 --> 04:20:09,300
That's the wrong question. 
The right question is, would we 

4844
04:20:09,300 --> 04:20:11,300
want to go back to the lives? 
We were living before. 

4845
04:20:11,300 --> 04:20:14,000
We came here. 
And the answer to that question 

4846
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:17,200
director, temporal asked 
Margaret smiled asked me 

4847
04:20:17,208 --> 04:20:19,200
tomorrow. 
The temporal authorities 

4848
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:21,400
decision came in the form of an 
official Proclamation. 

4849
04:20:21,400 --> 04:20:24,500
That somehow managed to be both 
bureaucratically, precise and 

4850
04:20:24,500 --> 04:20:28,500
genuinely revolutionary. 
Chronos Commons was granted 

4851
04:20:28,500 --> 04:20:31,700
experimental status as the first
authorized cross Temple 

4852
04:20:31,700 --> 04:20:35,300
Community Development project 
with funding legal recognition 

4853
04:20:35,300 --> 04:20:39,100
and most importantly official 
permission to continue existing.

4854
04:20:40,100 --> 04:20:43,900
Congratulations to temporal 
said, presenting Margaret with a

4855
04:20:43,908 --> 04:20:46,900
document that looked like a 
medieval Charter but contained 

4856
04:20:46,900 --> 04:20:49,100
Clauses about Innovative, 
temporal integration 

4857
04:20:49,100 --> 04:20:52,900
methodologies and sustainable 
anachronistic Community Players.

4858
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:56,300
You've accidentally solved a 
problem, we've been working on 

4859
04:20:56,300 --> 04:20:59,200
for centuries. 
We've accidentally sold several 

4860
04:20:59,200 --> 04:21:02,600
problems for on a corrected. 
Temporal displacement, 

4861
04:21:02,600 --> 04:21:05,100
cross-cultural integration, 
sustainable Community 

4862
04:21:05,100 --> 04:21:07,400
Development and Margaret's 
midlife crisis. 

4863
04:21:08,200 --> 04:21:11,000
Margaret laughed because it was 
true somewhere between 

4864
04:21:11,000 --> 04:21:14,000
organizing emergency committee 
meetings and negotiating with 

4865
04:21:14,000 --> 04:21:16,900
temporal bureaucrats. 
She had discovered that her 

4866
04:21:16,900 --> 04:21:19,500
midlife crisis hadn't been about
her age, or her circumstances. 

4867
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:22,300
It had been about the fact that 
she hadn't been living a life 

4868
04:21:22,308 --> 04:21:25,800
that felt like her own. 
So what happens now she asked? 

4869
04:21:26,400 --> 04:21:29,800
Now, director Temple said, you 
become a model for other 

4870
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:31,500
temporal displacement 
situations. 

4871
04:21:31,500 --> 04:21:34,700
We'll be sending observers 
researchers and probably a few 

4872
04:21:34,708 --> 04:21:37,400
more accidental Time, Travelers 
your way you're going to be 

4873
04:21:37,408 --> 04:21:40,300
busy. 
We're already busy Gladys 

4874
04:21:40,300 --> 04:21:43,700
pointed out a good at busy. 
Busy is what happens when you're

4875
04:21:43,700 --> 04:21:47,500
doing something that matters. 
has the temporal Authority 

4876
04:21:47,500 --> 04:21:50,700
delegation prepared to leave 
inspector Cronos, approached 

4877
04:21:50,700 --> 04:21:53,700
Margaret privately, I've 
submitted a request for 

4878
04:21:53,700 --> 04:21:56,100
reassignment. 
She said, I'd like to stay here 

4879
04:21:56,100 --> 04:21:58,800
as a permanently Azan between 
the community and the authority.

4880
04:22:00,000 --> 04:22:01,300
Why do you want to be 
reassigned? 

4881
04:22:01,300 --> 04:22:03,400
Margaret asked, though. 
She suspected. 

4882
04:22:03,400 --> 04:22:06,600
She knew the answer because For 
the First Time in decades, I'm 

4883
04:22:06,600 --> 04:22:09,700
engaged in work that feels 
significant inspector, Kronos 

4884
04:22:09,700 --> 04:22:13,000
stated plainly And because 
someone needs to document what 

4885
04:22:13,000 --> 04:22:16,300
you're accomplishing here. 
Future temporal communities are 

4886
04:22:16,300 --> 04:22:18,600
going to need guidance and 
you've already figured out most 

4887
04:22:18,600 --> 04:22:21,100
of the answers. 
Margaret nodded. 

4888
04:22:21,800 --> 04:22:23,000
Will need help with the 
paperwork. 

4889
04:22:23,000 --> 04:22:26,500
Anyway, temporal bureaucracy is 
even more complicated than 

4890
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:30,400
regular bureaucracy. 
That evening as the community 

4891
04:22:30,400 --> 04:22:33,300
gathered for what had become 
their traditional end of day 

4892
04:22:33,300 --> 04:22:35,300
meeting. 
Margaret reflected, on the 

4893
04:22:35,300 --> 04:22:37,000
strange Journey that had brought
her here. 

4894
04:22:37,000 --> 04:22:40,000
Six months ago, she had been 
living a life that felt too 

4895
04:22:40,000 --> 04:22:43,800
small to predictable and too 
much like settling for less than

4896
04:22:43,800 --> 04:22:46,400
she deserved. 
Now, she was helping to Pioneer 

4897
04:22:46,400 --> 04:22:49,600
a new form of human community, 
that existed outside normal time

4898
04:22:49,600 --> 04:22:53,500
and space. 
Any regrets sister Agatha asked 

4899
04:22:53,500 --> 04:22:55,400
settling into the chair beside 
her? 

4900
04:22:56,200 --> 04:22:58,000
Margaret considered the question
seriously? 

4901
04:22:58,000 --> 04:23:02,600
Did she miss her old life? 
Did she miss her house her job 

4902
04:23:02,600 --> 04:23:05,100
her routine? 
Or did she miss the person? 

4903
04:23:05,100 --> 04:23:07,200
She had been when those things 
had felt like enough. 

4904
04:23:07,900 --> 04:23:11,000
I missed my cat. 
She said finally cats are 

4905
04:23:11,000 --> 04:23:13,000
adaptable if he could see me 
now. 

4906
04:23:13,000 --> 04:23:15,600
He'd probably approve. 
He always thought I was capable 

4907
04:23:15,600 --> 04:23:19,000
of more than I believed. 
Cats at excellent judges of 

4908
04:23:19,008 --> 04:23:20,200
character. 
Tom agreed. 

4909
04:23:20,200 --> 04:23:24,800
They see potential that humans. 
Often miss Speaking of potential

4910
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:27,500
Veronica said what do we want to
be when we grow up? 

4911
04:23:27,500 --> 04:23:30,600
Now that we're officially 
experimental, we get to decide 

4912
04:23:30,600 --> 04:23:33,400
what we're experimenting. 
With the questions sparked, the 

4913
04:23:33,400 --> 04:23:35,900
sort of enthusiastic discussion 
that Margaret had learned to 

4914
04:23:35,900 --> 04:23:38,800
associate with her new community
ideas. 

4915
04:23:38,800 --> 04:23:42,200
Flew around the room like 
butterflies establishing a 

4916
04:23:42,200 --> 04:23:45,300
university for cross-temporal 
studies, developing sustainable 

4917
04:23:45,300 --> 04:23:47,900
technologies that combined 
Knowledge from multiple time 

4918
04:23:47,900 --> 04:23:50,400
periods. 
Creating artistic collaborations

4919
04:23:50,400 --> 04:23:53,000
that have never been possible 
before and writing the 

4920
04:23:53,000 --> 04:23:55,500
definitive guides to temporal 
Community planning. 

4921
04:23:56,600 --> 04:23:59,200
We could change how people think
about time itself, Nigel 

4922
04:23:59,200 --> 04:24:02,300
suggested. 
Demonstrate that past present 

4923
04:24:02,300 --> 04:24:03,900
and future aren't separate 
things. 

4924
04:24:04,800 --> 04:24:08,500
They're different perspectives 
on the same Human Experience. we

4925
04:24:08,508 --> 04:24:11,900
could revolutionize historical 
research, sister Agatha added, 

4926
04:24:12,700 --> 04:24:15,000
Imagine what we could learn. 
If historians could actually 

4927
04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:19,200
talk to the people, they study. 
We could perfect democracy or 

4928
04:24:19,200 --> 04:24:22,400
Thomas said with the enthusiasm 
of someone who had spent 

4929
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:24,600
centuries thinking about 
political Theory. 

4930
04:24:25,500 --> 04:24:28,500
Test different approaches with 
people who have lived under 

4931
04:24:28,500 --> 04:24:30,800
different systems. 
We could just keep being 

4932
04:24:30,800 --> 04:24:34,800
ourselves and see what happens 
Gladys said pragmatically in my 

4933
04:24:34,800 --> 04:24:37,700
experience, the best revolution 
of the ones that happen 

4934
04:24:37,700 --> 04:24:40,200
naturally because people are 
living the lives. 

4935
04:24:40,200 --> 04:24:43,500
They want to live. 
Margaret listened to the 

4936
04:24:43,500 --> 04:24:46,600
conversation swirl around her 
and felt something she had never

4937
04:24:46,608 --> 04:24:49,900
experienced before. 
Complete certainty that she was 

4938
04:24:49,900 --> 04:24:53,300
precisely where she belonged 
doing exactly what she was meant

4939
04:24:53,300 --> 04:24:57,500
to do with exactly the people. 
She was meant to do it with I 

4940
04:24:57,500 --> 04:25:00,400
have a proposal she said and the
room quieted to listen. 

4941
04:25:01,200 --> 04:25:04,100
What if we stopped defining 
ourselves and just become who we

4942
04:25:04,100 --> 04:25:06,700
want to be? 
We're not just a temporal 

4943
04:25:06,700 --> 04:25:09,600
Community or an experimental 
project or an accidental 

4944
04:25:09,600 --> 04:25:12,800
Revolution where people who 
found each other across time and

4945
04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:15,000
space and decided to build 
something beautiful together. 

4946
04:25:16,400 --> 04:25:20,200
That said, Marcus approvingly is
the sort of proposal that wins 

4947
04:25:20,200 --> 04:25:23,900
Wars. 
Are we at War Inspector Calls 

4948
04:25:23,900 --> 04:25:25,300
out? 
Looking alarmed. 

4949
04:25:26,100 --> 04:25:28,600
Were at war with the idea that 
people have to accept the lives.

4950
04:25:28,600 --> 04:25:30,600
They give an instead of creating
the lives. 

4951
04:25:30,600 --> 04:25:34,200
They want Margaret said, We're 
at war with the notion that 

4952
04:25:34,200 --> 04:25:36,300
different is dangerous and of 
wonderful. 

4953
04:25:36,300 --> 04:25:40,200
The belief that the future must 
mirror the past simply because 

4954
04:25:40,200 --> 04:25:42,300
it's the norm is what we're 
fighting against. 

4955
04:25:43,400 --> 04:25:46,900
Revolutionary Wars are the best 
kind of Veronica said with 

4956
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:50,300
satisfaction the specially when 
you win the them by accident. 

4957
04:25:51,500 --> 04:25:54,000
Because the meeting went down 
and people began drifting back 

4958
04:25:54,000 --> 04:25:56,300
to their homes. 
Holmes, that had been built by 

4959
04:25:56,300 --> 04:25:58,700
combining architectural 
Knowledge from across the 

4960
04:25:58,700 --> 04:26:01,400
centuries. 
Decorated with art created 

4961
04:26:01,400 --> 04:26:04,100
through cross-temporal 
collaboration and filled with 

4962
04:26:04,108 --> 04:26:06,700
the sort of contentment that 
came from living in a community 

4963
04:26:06,700 --> 04:26:10,500
where everyone belonged Margaret
stepped outside to look up at 

4964
04:26:10,500 --> 04:26:12,400
stars that had witnessed all of 
human history. 

4965
04:26:12,400 --> 04:26:16,400
Tomorrow would bring new 
challenges, new visitors and new

4966
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:18,900
opportunities to prove that 
their accidental experiment in 

4967
04:26:18,900 --> 04:26:21,500
temporal Community. 
Building could work on a larger 

4968
04:26:21,508 --> 04:26:25,400
scale, there would be more 
paperwork, more bureaucracy and 

4969
04:26:25,400 --> 04:26:27,900
more negotiations with 
authorities who still weren't 

4970
04:26:27,900 --> 04:26:30,300
entirely convinced that rules 
were meant to be broken. 

4971
04:26:31,400 --> 04:26:34,700
But tonight Margaret was simply 
a woman who had accidentally 

4972
04:26:34,700 --> 04:26:36,400
time traveled into the best 
life. 

4973
04:26:36,400 --> 04:26:39,400
She'd never imagined living 
surrounded by friends, she had 

4974
04:26:39,408 --> 04:26:42,700
never expected to make working 
on projects that mattered in 

4975
04:26:42,700 --> 04:26:45,900
ways she was still discovering. 
She thought about the other 

4976
04:26:45,900 --> 04:26:49,200
version of herself living in her
old house working at her old 

4977
04:26:49,208 --> 04:26:52,200
job, probably wondering why life
felt so unsatisfying. 

4978
04:26:53,100 --> 04:26:55,800
Margaret had been waiting 
approval to pursue her desired 

4979
04:26:55,800 --> 04:26:58,100
life. 
This Margaret had learned that 

4980
04:26:58,100 --> 04:27:00,000
sometimes. 
The best thing you can do is 

4981
04:27:00,000 --> 04:27:03,000
stop waiting for permission and 
start creating the life you 

4982
04:27:03,000 --> 04:27:06,300
deserve. 
The Stars looked exactly the 

4983
04:27:06,300 --> 04:27:09,400
same as they had in her time, 
which somehow made everything 

4984
04:27:09,400 --> 04:27:12,500
else feel possible. 
Time was more flexible than 

4985
04:27:12,500 --> 04:27:15,000
anyone had. 
Imagined Community was more 

4986
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:18,000
important than anyone had 
realized and revolution could 

4987
04:27:18,000 --> 04:27:20,100
happen. 
Accidentally, when people simply

4988
04:27:20,100 --> 04:27:23,200
decided to treat each other with
kindness and respect across the 

4989
04:27:23,200 --> 04:27:25,000
barriers that were supposed to 
divide them. 

4990
04:27:25,800 --> 04:27:28,500
Margaret smiled and went inside 
to help glad his plan tomorrow's

4991
04:27:28,500 --> 04:27:32,200
menu, because even accidental, 
revolutionaries had to eat, and 

4992
04:27:32,200 --> 04:27:34,800
someone needed to coordinate the
logistics of changing the world 

4993
04:27:34,800 --> 04:27:38,600
on shared meal as time. 
After all, she was still a 

4994
04:27:38,600 --> 04:27:41,500
librarian at heart. 
And Librarians, understood that 

4995
04:27:41,500 --> 04:27:43,600
the most important revolution's 
were the ones that happen. 

4996
04:27:43,600 --> 04:27:47,100
Quietly, one person has a time 
through the simple Act of 

4997
04:27:47,100 --> 04:27:49,000
Health, helping people find 
exactly what they were looking 

4998
04:27:49,000 --> 04:27:51,500
for even when they hadn't known,
they were looking for it. 

4999
04:27:57,500 --> 04:28:00,400
Imagine your sitting around 
Humanity's first controlled, 

5000
04:28:00,400 --> 04:28:04,300
fire may be 400,000 years ago 
give or take a few millennia. 

5001
04:28:05,100 --> 04:28:08,700
You're not quite a modern human 
yet, your brow Ridge is more 

5002
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:12,200
pronounced, your posture 
slightly different, but your 

5003
04:28:12,200 --> 04:28:14,700
brain is asking the same 
questions humans. 

5004
04:28:14,700 --> 04:28:19,100
Still asked today, what is this?
How does it work and most 

5005
04:28:19,108 --> 04:28:22,000
importantly, how can I use this 
to make my life better? 

5006
04:28:22,800 --> 04:28:25,300
Fire itself was already 
miraculous enough. 

5007
04:28:25,300 --> 04:28:28,300
Your ancestors had watched 
lightning strikes for 

5008
04:28:28,308 --> 04:28:31,600
generations and seen the 
devastating and cleansing power 

5009
04:28:31,600 --> 04:28:35,200
of wildfire. 
But now, now they could carry 

5010
04:28:35,200 --> 04:28:38,000
this Elemental force in their 
hands feed. 

5011
04:28:38,000 --> 04:28:42,100
It control it and make it dance 
to human rhythms. 

5012
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:47,600
The warmth alone would have been
revolutionary transforming caves

5013
04:28:47,600 --> 04:28:51,400
from Cold Stone Chambers into 
something approaching homes but 

5014
04:28:51,400 --> 04:28:53,200
then something unexpected 
happened. 

5015
04:28:53,900 --> 04:28:57,000
Someone, let's call her the 
world's first accidental Aroma 

5016
04:28:57,000 --> 04:29:01,400
therapist through some Greenwood
onto the fire, maybe it was wet 

5017
04:29:01,400 --> 04:29:05,300
Sage or pine boughs or some 
resinous branch that hadn't 

5018
04:29:05,300 --> 04:29:08,300
dried properly. 
Smoke that Rose wasn't. 

5019
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:11,700
The usual grey plume. 
This smoke was thick and 

5020
04:29:11,700 --> 04:29:15,000
aromatic and when it drifted 
past someone's face, something 

5021
04:29:15,000 --> 04:29:17,400
changed. 
You have to understand that 

5022
04:29:17,400 --> 04:29:20,100
these early humans had no 
context for what we'd call 

5023
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:25,600
relaxation, or stress relief. 
Life was an endless cycle of 

5024
04:29:25,600 --> 04:29:30,300
hunting Gathering voiding 
predators, and trying not to die

5025
04:29:30,300 --> 04:29:31,900
from infected wounds or bad 
weather. 

5026
04:29:33,000 --> 04:29:36,000
Concept of deliberately calming 
yourself would have seemed as 

5027
04:29:36,000 --> 04:29:40,900
alien as quantum physics. but 
when that fragrance smoke passed

5028
04:29:40,900 --> 04:29:45,000
by muscles, that had been tense 
for days, suddenly loosened, 

5029
04:29:45,600 --> 04:29:49,000
Minds that had been vigilantly 
scanning for danger found 

5030
04:29:49,000 --> 04:29:51,700
themselves drifting into 
something approaching piece. 

5031
04:29:51,700 --> 04:29:54,600
It probably took generations to 
connect the dots. 

5032
04:29:55,400 --> 04:29:58,000
Fire Plus certain plants equals 
feeling different. 

5033
04:29:58,800 --> 04:30:01,100
But humans are pattern 
recognition machines. 

5034
04:30:01,100 --> 04:30:04,300
And eventually someone noticed 
that burning Juniper made the 

5035
04:30:04,308 --> 04:30:06,200
cave. 
Smell clean and left people 

5036
04:30:06,200 --> 04:30:09,300
feeling lighter. 
Burning certain resins made 

5037
04:30:09,300 --> 04:30:13,400
everyone drowsy and content. 
Burning others seem to sharpen 

5038
04:30:13,400 --> 04:30:17,000
the mind or lift the spirits. 
These early experiments were 

5039
04:30:17,000 --> 04:30:20,300
written down writing wouldn't be
invented for hundreds of 

5040
04:30:20,308 --> 04:30:22,800
thousands of years, but they 
were passed down through 

5041
04:30:22,800 --> 04:30:26,700
demonstration and experience. 
The knowledge became embedded in

5042
04:30:26,700 --> 04:30:29,900
human culture. 
So deeply that by the time we 

5043
04:30:29,900 --> 04:30:32,900
invented writing smoking, 
various substances for various 

5044
04:30:32,900 --> 04:30:34,800
effects was already in ancient 
practice. 

5045
04:30:34,800 --> 04:30:37,500
The interesting thing is that 
this discovery was almost 

5046
04:30:37,500 --> 04:30:40,600
certainly made independently and
dozens of different locations 

5047
04:30:40,600 --> 04:30:44,000
around the world. 
Humans in Africa, Asia Europe, 

5048
04:30:44,000 --> 04:30:47,500
and eventually the Americas all 
figured out that smoke could be 

5049
04:30:47,508 --> 04:30:49,200
more than just a byproduct of 
fire. 

5050
04:30:49,200 --> 04:30:53,600
It could be a tool, a medicine, 
a pathway to Altered States Of 

5051
04:30:53,600 --> 04:30:56,800
Consciousness, or simply a 
moment of relief in otherwise 

5052
04:30:56,800 --> 04:30:59,900
Relentless lives. 
Consider the sensory experience 

5053
04:30:59,900 --> 04:31:02,900
for these early humans. 
They lived in a world that was 

5054
04:31:02,900 --> 04:31:05,600
simultaneously more Vivid and 
more limited than ours. 

5055
04:31:06,600 --> 04:31:09,100
No, artificial lights. 
Meant that fire was the only 

5056
04:31:09,100 --> 04:31:11,100
thing holding back. 
Absolute Darkness. 

5057
04:31:11,900 --> 04:31:15,800
No processed foods meant every 
meal was an adventure in Wild 

5058
04:31:15,800 --> 04:31:19,700
flavors, and no air pollution 
meant that the smell of burning 

5059
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:23,300
herbs, was a profound departure 
from the normal sense of Earth 

5060
04:31:23,300 --> 04:31:28,600
animals and unwashed humans when
aromatic Smoke Filled a cave, it

5061
04:31:28,600 --> 04:31:32,000
transformed the space entirely. 
The flickering firelight would 

5062
04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:35,300
make the smoke visible as it 
Rose and swirled creating 

5063
04:31:35,300 --> 04:31:39,500
patterns that human eyes evolved
to spot predators, and prey 

5064
04:31:39,500 --> 04:31:43,500
couldn't help, but follow, The 
smell would announce itself 

5065
04:31:43,500 --> 04:31:46,900
immediately, overwhelming the 
caves normal odors with 

5066
04:31:46,900 --> 04:31:50,300
something intentional and 
controlled and The Taste, 

5067
04:31:50,300 --> 04:31:52,600
because smell and taste are 
intimately. 

5068
04:31:52,600 --> 04:31:54,600
Connected would Linger on the 
tongue. 

5069
04:31:54,600 --> 04:31:58,200
A reminder, that this moment was
different from normal moments. 

5070
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:01,900
Some of these early smoke 
experiments probably went badly,

5071
04:32:02,600 --> 04:32:06,700
Certain plants when burned 
produced toxic fumes that caused

5072
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:11,000
nausea headaches or worse. 
There must have been countless 

5073
04:32:11,000 --> 04:32:14,000
trial and error incidents that 
ended with everyone, stumbling 

5074
04:32:14,000 --> 04:32:16,100
out of a cave. 
Gasping for fresh air and 

5075
04:32:16,100 --> 04:32:18,800
wondering why their ancestors 
had recommended burning that 

5076
04:32:18,800 --> 04:32:22,500
particular plant, but the 
successes those plants that 

5077
04:32:22,500 --> 04:32:25,800
produced Pleasant calming or 
Consciousness altering smoke. 

5078
04:32:26,600 --> 04:32:30,200
Those got remembered and 
repeated by the time humans were

5079
04:32:30,200 --> 04:32:34,400
anatomically modern roughly 
300,000 years ago, the knowledge

5080
04:32:34,400 --> 04:32:37,300
of smoke and its effects was 
already an established part of 

5081
04:32:37,308 --> 04:32:40,700
human culture. 
Archaeological evidence shows 

5082
04:32:40,700 --> 04:32:44,700
that even neanderthals are close
cousins who died out around 

5083
04:32:44,700 --> 04:32:48,000
40,000 years ago. 
Used aromatic plants 

5084
04:32:48,000 --> 04:32:52,400
deliberately We found traces of 
medicinal herbs in their teeth. 

5085
04:32:53,000 --> 04:32:55,700
Suggesting they were either 
eating them or breathing their 

5086
04:32:55,700 --> 04:33:00,400
smoke for therapeutic purposes. 
This wasn't Superstition or 

5087
04:33:00,400 --> 04:33:03,600
primitive ignorance. 
These early humans were 

5088
04:33:03,600 --> 04:33:06,599
conducting empirical experiments
with their own Consciousness 

5089
04:33:06,599 --> 04:33:10,300
discovering that certain 
substances could reliably 

5090
04:33:10,300 --> 04:33:14,500
produce specific effects. 
They were in their way, the 

5091
04:33:14,500 --> 04:33:18,300
world's first farmer colleges 
working with the Laboratories or

5092
04:33:18,300 --> 04:33:21,000
double blind studies. 
But with a deep intuitive, 

5093
04:33:21,000 --> 04:33:24,900
understanding of how plants and 
human body's interact, the smoke

5094
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:30,000
itself, became a teacher, Watch 
how it rises always seeking the 

5095
04:33:30,000 --> 04:33:32,099
sky. 
Never moving straight but 

5096
04:33:32,099 --> 04:33:35,300
dancing in response to air. 
Currents, two subtle for human 

5097
04:33:35,300 --> 04:33:38,599
senses to detect. 
See how it gathers along. 

5098
04:33:38,599 --> 04:33:42,400
The cave ceiling creating a 
visible layer between Earth and 

5099
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:45,599
stone. 
Notice how it clings to hair and

5100
04:33:45,599 --> 04:33:48,400
clothing. 
Marking those who sat closest to

5101
04:33:48,400 --> 04:33:51,300
the fire with a lingering 
reminder of the experience. 

5102
04:33:51,300 --> 04:33:54,599
These observations would later 
become metaphors and spiritual 

5103
04:33:54,599 --> 04:33:58,000
Concepts Smoke Rises like 
prayers. 

5104
04:33:58,000 --> 04:34:02,500
Smoke connects, Earth to Sky. 
Smoke transforms. 

5105
04:34:02,500 --> 04:34:05,300
Solid matter into something 
ethereal and temporary. 

5106
04:34:06,300 --> 04:34:10,000
But before the metaphors came, 
the simple physical reality, 

5107
04:34:10,000 --> 04:34:13,900
burning certain things, produces
smoke that makes you feel 

5108
04:34:13,900 --> 04:34:15,700
different. 
Feelings. 

5109
04:34:15,700 --> 04:34:18,200
Different can be exactly what 
you need. 

5110
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:22,400
Fast forward, several 100,000 
years, humans have invented, 

5111
04:34:22,400 --> 04:34:26,400
agriculture, built cities, 
developed, writing systems, and 

5112
04:34:26,400 --> 04:34:30,200
created the first civilization 
where now in the ancient world 

5113
04:34:30,200 --> 04:34:33,500
of temples and Priests of 
organized, religion and 

5114
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:36,099
institutionalized ritual and 
smoke. 

5115
04:34:36,099 --> 04:34:39,700
Our old friend, from the cave, 
has become absolutely Central to

5116
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:42,800
how humans interact with the 
Divine picture yourself in 

5117
04:34:42,800 --> 04:34:47,500
ancient Egyptian temple around 
2000, BCE you've been awake 

5118
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:50,800
since before, Dawn preparing for
Ceremony, that will honor the 

5119
04:34:50,800 --> 04:34:53,800
gods and hopefully secure Their 
Blessings for the coming 

5120
04:34:53,800 --> 04:34:57,099
Harvest. 
The template itself is a Marvel.

5121
04:34:57,099 --> 04:35:02,099
Massive stone, columns, carved 
with hieroglyphs painted in 

5122
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:05,800
colors that would seem garish by
modern standards but the Shimmer

5123
04:35:05,800 --> 04:35:08,800
beautifully and Lamplight. 
But what hits you first before 

5124
04:35:08,800 --> 04:35:12,300
you even enter the inner 
Sanctuary is the smell Incense 

5125
04:35:12,300 --> 04:35:16,000
has been burning in this Temple 
for hours, maybe days, the 

5126
04:35:16,000 --> 04:35:18,900
priests know that the Sacred 
Space must be properly prepared,

5127
04:35:18,900 --> 04:35:22,000
and preparation means filling 
the air with fragrance. 

5128
04:35:22,000 --> 04:35:25,300
So thick you can almost see it 
the ancient Egyptians took their

5129
04:35:25,300 --> 04:35:29,500
incense seriously and by 
seriously I mean they built an 

5130
04:35:29,500 --> 04:35:33,500
entire economic system around 
it, they imported frankincense 

5131
04:35:33,500 --> 04:35:35,900
and myrrh from the mysterious 
Land of Punt. 

5132
04:35:35,900 --> 04:35:40,300
Probably modern Somalia, or 
Yemen paying enormous sums for 

5133
04:35:40,300 --> 04:35:42,900
resins that were literally worth
their weight in gold. 

5134
04:35:44,300 --> 04:35:48,000
Famous reliefs at Dale bihari 
show, Queen hatshepsut's 

5135
04:35:48,000 --> 04:35:51,400
expedition to punt, bringing 
back, living my trees like 

5136
04:35:51,400 --> 04:35:56,000
Botanical trophies, why this 
obsession with aromatic smoke. 

5137
04:35:57,099 --> 04:36:00,000
The Practical answer is that 
temples were located in hot 

5138
04:36:00,000 --> 04:36:04,000
climates filled with animal 
sacrifices and attended by 

5139
04:36:04,000 --> 04:36:06,800
crowds of people who bathed less
frequently than we do. 

5140
04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:11,300
Incense was among other things, 
the ancient world's most 

5141
04:36:11,300 --> 04:36:14,500
sophisticated air freshener. 
But that's only part of the 

5142
04:36:14,500 --> 04:36:16,700
story. 
The Egyptians believed that 

5143
04:36:16,700 --> 04:36:20,400
fragrant smoke was literally 
food for the Gods. when they 

5144
04:36:20,400 --> 04:36:24,500
burned incense before a statue 
of RA or Osiris, they weren't 

5145
04:36:24,500 --> 04:36:27,500
just creating a pleasant 
atmosphere, they were providing 

5146
04:36:27,500 --> 04:36:32,000
sustenance to Divine beings who 
existed in a realm, Beyond human

5147
04:36:32,000 --> 04:36:36,500
senses, The smoke rising from 
the sensor was a bridge between 

5148
04:36:36,500 --> 04:36:40,300
worlds carrying prayers and 
offerings to places. 

5149
04:36:40,300 --> 04:36:43,900
Human's, couldn't reach the 
physical effect of this constant

5150
04:36:43,900 --> 04:36:47,800
incense burning would have been 
significant ancient temples used

5151
04:36:47,800 --> 04:36:53,099
frankincense my racks and other 
resins that we now know contain 

5152
04:36:53,099 --> 04:36:56,800
psychoactive compounds. 
Frankincense for instance 

5153
04:36:56,800 --> 04:36:59,800
contains Tetra Hydra cannabinol 
and other chemicals. 

5154
04:36:59,800 --> 04:37:03,700
That can produce mild Euphoria 
and reducing anxiety when burned

5155
04:37:03,700 --> 04:37:07,400
in enclosed spaces. 
Stand in a temple filled with 

5156
04:37:07,400 --> 04:37:10,599
frankincense, smoke for hours 
and you're going to feel 

5157
04:37:10,599 --> 04:37:14,800
different calmer, more 
contemplative, perhaps more 

5158
04:37:14,800 --> 04:37:17,900
receptive to spiritual 
experiences, the priest 

5159
04:37:17,900 --> 04:37:21,099
understood this, even if they 
couldn't explain it in modern 

5160
04:37:21,099 --> 04:37:25,300
pharmacological terms, they that
the right combination of incense

5161
04:37:25,300 --> 04:37:28,000
chanting. 
Drumming and ritual could induce

5162
04:37:28,000 --> 04:37:30,800
States Of Consciousness that 
felt like communication with the

5163
04:37:30,800 --> 04:37:33,900
divine. 
Whether these states actually 

5164
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:37,099
involved Supernatural contact or
were simply altered brain 

5165
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:38,700
chemistry is almost beside the 
point. 

5166
04:37:38,700 --> 04:37:44,400
The experience was real profound
and reliably reproducible. 

5167
04:37:44,400 --> 04:37:48,800
Now travel West to ancient 
Greece around 500 BCE. 

5168
04:37:48,800 --> 04:37:52,599
You're at the Oracle of Delphi, 
that famous Sanctuary where 

5169
04:37:52,599 --> 04:37:55,900
priestesses delivered prophecies
that Kings and Generals would 

5170
04:37:55,900 --> 04:37:59,400
stake their fortunes on. 
The Oracle sits in a small 

5171
04:37:59,408 --> 04:38:03,300
chamber, built over a geological
fault, a modern researchers have

5172
04:38:03,300 --> 04:38:06,400
discovered something 
fascinating, that felt releases 

5173
04:38:06,400 --> 04:38:09,700
ethylene, gas. 
A sweet smelling substance that 

5174
04:38:09,700 --> 04:38:13,000
produces Euphoria and 
dissociative States in moderate 

5175
04:38:13,000 --> 04:38:15,599
concentrations. 
The Greeks didn't know about 

5176
04:38:15,599 --> 04:38:18,800
ethylene chemistry, but they 
certainly knew that the pythia 

5177
04:38:18,800 --> 04:38:23,099
The Prestige who served as the 
Oracle would breathe deeply from

5178
04:38:23,099 --> 04:38:24,599
the vapors rising from the 
earth. 

5179
04:38:24,599 --> 04:38:28,099
Then enter a trance State during
which she would speak the words 

5180
04:38:28,099 --> 04:38:30,200
of Apollo. 
They burned additional 

5181
04:38:30,200 --> 04:38:34,500
substances, Laurel leaves barley
and other materials to enhance 

5182
04:38:34,500 --> 04:38:37,300
the effect and create an 
atmosphere thick with smoke and 

5183
04:38:37,300 --> 04:38:39,800
mystery. 
You can imagine standing in that

5184
04:38:39,800 --> 04:38:43,300
sacred Precinct waiting, your 
turn to consult the oracle. 

5185
04:38:44,300 --> 04:38:46,800
Smell of burning Laurel. 
Fills your nostrils. 

5186
04:38:46,800 --> 04:38:51,099
Sharp slightly medicinal 
Strangely compelling. 

5187
04:38:52,200 --> 04:38:55,300
The pythia's attendance, 
maintain the fires adding more 

5188
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:59,300
leaves When the Smoke begins to 
thin, the whole process has been

5189
04:38:59,308 --> 04:39:02,599
refined over centuries to 
produce maximum psychological 

5190
04:39:02,599 --> 04:39:06,900
and pharmacological effect when 
the pythia, finally, speaks her 

5191
04:39:06,900 --> 04:39:10,200
words are often cryptic and 
ambiguous famously. 

5192
04:39:10,200 --> 04:39:14,200
So, but in that smoke filled 
chamber with your own 

5193
04:39:14,200 --> 04:39:17,300
Consciousness, slightly altered 
by the atmospheric compounds 

5194
04:39:17,300 --> 04:39:20,300
you've been breathing. 
Those ambiguous words, seem 

5195
04:39:20,300 --> 04:39:23,599
pregnant, with meaning, your 
mind, makes connections sees 

5196
04:39:23,599 --> 04:39:26,599
patterns and find significance, 
that might not survive, 

5197
04:39:26,599 --> 04:39:29,000
exposure, to clear, air, and 
sober reflection. 

5198
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:33,200
The Romans, practicals always 
took incense culture and 

5199
04:39:33,200 --> 04:39:37,900
industrialized, it They imported
so much frankincense and myrrh 

5200
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:40,400
that the trade routes carrying, 
these materials, became some of 

5201
04:39:40,400 --> 04:39:43,100
the most important economic 
arteries of the ancient world. 

5202
04:39:44,500 --> 04:39:48,600
Roman temples burned incense 
constantly not just during 

5203
04:39:48,600 --> 04:39:51,600
special ceremonies but as a 
regular offering to maintain 

5204
04:39:51,600 --> 04:39:55,400
good relations with the gods but
Romans also recognize the 

5205
04:39:55,400 --> 04:40:00,000
secular uses of aromatic smoke. 
Wealthy households burned 

5206
04:40:00,000 --> 04:40:03,700
incense to mask unpleasant, 
odors and create an atmosphere 

5207
04:40:03,700 --> 04:40:07,400
of luxury. 
Roman Physicians, like Galen and

5208
04:40:07,400 --> 04:40:11,300
dioscorides wrote extensively 
about the medicinal properties 

5209
04:40:11,300 --> 04:40:14,400
of different incentives. 
Recommending specific substances

5210
04:40:14,400 --> 04:40:18,500
for specific conditions, 
headache tribe, burning willow 

5211
04:40:18,500 --> 04:40:24,300
bark, anxiety chamomile, smoke 
insomnia, Valerian or Poppy. 

5212
04:40:24,300 --> 04:40:28,400
The senses themselves, those 
ornate metal containers designed

5213
04:40:28,400 --> 04:40:31,100
to burn incense became works of 
art. 

5214
04:40:31,900 --> 04:40:35,500
Some were simple, clay bowls 
others were elaborate bronze 

5215
04:40:35,500 --> 04:40:39,300
constructions with chains for 
carrying perforated Lids to 

5216
04:40:39,308 --> 04:40:43,300
control airflow and decorative. 
Elements that showed exactly how

5217
04:40:43,300 --> 04:40:46,900
important incented become to 
Mediterranean culture across the

5218
04:40:46,900 --> 04:40:50,400
Mediterranean in ancient. 
Judea, incense played a central 

5219
04:40:50,400 --> 04:40:54,500
role in Temple worship. 
The book of Exodus describes a 

5220
04:40:54,508 --> 04:40:58,900
specific incense recipe. 
Stacked tea on each other 

5221
04:40:58,900 --> 04:41:03,800
galbanum and frankincense mixed 
in precise proportions. 

5222
04:41:03,800 --> 04:41:07,300
That was so sacred that making 
it for any purpose other than 

5223
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:09,600
Temple worship was punishable by
exile. 

5224
04:41:10,600 --> 04:41:12,500
Cloud of incense smoke in the 
temples. 

5225
04:41:12,500 --> 04:41:15,600
Holy of holies was thought to 
Veil The Very presence of God, 

5226
04:41:15,600 --> 04:41:18,600
making the Divine, bearable to 
human eyes. 

5227
04:41:18,600 --> 04:41:25,000
This period, roughly 3,000, BCE 
to 500 CE represents the high 

5228
04:41:25,000 --> 04:41:27,000
water. 
Mark of, institutional incense 

5229
04:41:27,000 --> 04:41:31,100
culture in the ancient world 
Smoke had evolved from a cave, 

5230
04:41:31,100 --> 04:41:34,500
Discovery to a Cornerstone of 
religious practice from an 

5231
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:37,400
accidental finding to a 
deliberate technology for 

5232
04:41:37,400 --> 04:41:40,800
altering Consciousness, and 
creating Sacred Space, while 

5233
04:41:40,800 --> 04:41:42,800
priests were burning incense in 
temples. 

5234
04:41:42,800 --> 04:41:46,200
Another group of professionals 
was discovering that smoke could

5235
04:41:46,200 --> 04:41:49,600
heal the body as directly as it 
elevated, the spirit. 

5236
04:41:51,300 --> 04:41:54,800
The ancient Physicians those 
observers of human suffering who

5237
04:41:54,800 --> 04:41:58,500
combined empirical observation 
with theoretical Frameworks, 

5238
04:41:58,500 --> 04:42:01,800
that seemed both sophisticated 
and charmingly wrong by modern 

5239
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:04,900
standards. 
Developed an entire branch of 

5240
04:42:04,900 --> 04:42:08,200
Therapeutics based on inhaling 
medicinal smoke. 

5241
04:42:08,200 --> 04:42:13,500
Let's visit ancient China around
200, BCE your suffering from a 

5242
04:42:13,500 --> 04:42:15,500
persistent cough. 
That's been keeping you awake at

5243
04:42:15,508 --> 04:42:19,000
night and your family is finally
scraped together enough money to

5244
04:42:19,000 --> 04:42:22,400
consult a physician. 
He's a learned man who has 

5245
04:42:22,400 --> 04:42:25,800
studied the classics understands
the flow of chi through the body

5246
04:42:25,800 --> 04:42:29,200
and has access to the 
accumulated medical wisdom of 

5247
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:33,400
centuries, after examining your 
tongue, checking your pulse at 

5248
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:36,300
several points and asking 
detailed questions about your 

5249
04:42:36,300 --> 04:42:39,500
diet and daily routine. 
He nods thoughtfully. 

5250
04:42:40,700 --> 04:42:44,200
The problem he explains is an 
imbalance of energies in your 

5251
04:42:44,208 --> 04:42:47,500
lungs Complicated by excess 
dampness. 

5252
04:42:48,500 --> 04:42:52,100
The treatment requires a careful
combination of approaches, but 

5253
04:42:52,100 --> 04:42:55,900
one element will be therapeutic.
Smoke, The Physician produces a 

5254
04:42:55,900 --> 04:43:00,200
small bundle of dried herbs 
Mahal, a Federer, some dried 

5255
04:43:00,200 --> 04:43:03,000
Mulberry leaf and other 
materials you don't recognize. 

5256
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:05,400
He instructs you to burn these 
over. 

5257
04:43:05,400 --> 04:43:08,400
Charcoal and breathe. 
The resulting smoke deeply. 

5258
04:43:08,400 --> 04:43:11,900
Three times per day. 
Always facing East in the 

5259
04:43:11,900 --> 04:43:13,000
morning and West, in the 
evening. 

5260
04:43:14,000 --> 04:43:16,300
The ritual specification isn't 
arbitrary. 

5261
04:43:17,100 --> 04:43:19,900
Chinese medicine viewed. 
The body as intimately connected

5262
04:43:19,900 --> 04:43:23,700
to Cosmic patterns and timing 
treatments to align with daily 

5263
04:43:23,700 --> 04:43:27,800
Cycles was thought to enhance 
their effectiveness the herbs. 

5264
04:43:27,800 --> 04:43:30,100
He's prescribed actually work 
though. 

5265
04:43:30,100 --> 04:43:35,100
Not for the reasons he believed.
Ma Huang contains a fedrin a 

5266
04:43:35,100 --> 04:43:37,600
Broncho dilator that opens 
Airways and makes breathing 

5267
04:43:37,600 --> 04:43:39,900
easier. 
The other herbs have 

5268
04:43:39,900 --> 04:43:42,600
antimicrobial and 
anti-inflammatory properties 

5269
04:43:42,600 --> 04:43:45,300
that were genuinely help a 
respiratory infection. 

5270
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:49,700
The act of deliberately slowing 
your breathing to inhale, the 

5271
04:43:49,700 --> 04:43:53,900
smoke probably helps too 
inducing a relaxation response 

5272
04:43:53,900 --> 04:43:56,200
that reduces stress related, 
coughing. 

5273
04:43:56,200 --> 04:43:59,500
The Chinese were not alone in 
developing smoke, based 

5274
04:43:59,500 --> 04:44:04,200
Therapeutics in Ancient India, 
ayurvedic Physicians created, 

5275
04:44:04,200 --> 04:44:06,400
elaborate systems of douma 
Panna. 

5276
04:44:07,200 --> 04:44:12,000
Therapeutic smoking. 
The sushruta samhita, a medical 

5277
04:44:12,008 --> 04:44:16,900
texts, composed around 600 BCE 
describes specific herbs to be 

5278
04:44:16,900 --> 04:44:22,100
smoked for specific conditions. 
Try mixture that includes 

5279
04:44:22,100 --> 04:44:26,700
cannabis and Tura. 
Mental disturbances different 

5280
04:44:26,700 --> 04:44:29,000
combinations of aromatic, woods 
and resins. 

5281
04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:32,400
Even hiccups had their own 
prescribed smoke treatment, 

5282
04:44:32,400 --> 04:44:35,800
these ayurvedic Physicians. 
Understood something important. 

5283
04:44:36,700 --> 04:44:39,600
Different substances produced 
different effects depending on 

5284
04:44:39,600 --> 04:44:43,500
how they are consumed. 
Cannabis eaten as food produces 

5285
04:44:43,500 --> 04:44:47,000
one, set of effects, the same 
plants, smoked produces 

5286
04:44:47,000 --> 04:44:49,500
different fast faster, acting 
results. 

5287
04:44:50,400 --> 04:44:53,800
This wasn't Superstition. 
It was practical pharmacology 

5288
04:44:53,800 --> 04:44:57,100
based on careful observation the
Greeks and Romans also 

5289
04:44:57,100 --> 04:45:00,400
Incorporated therapeutic smoking
into their medical practice. 

5290
04:45:01,300 --> 04:45:04,600
Hypocrisy is the father of 
Western medicine, described 

5291
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,800
using smoke inhalation to treat 
gynecological problems. 

5292
04:45:08,600 --> 04:45:11,400
His reasoning was based on the 
theory that the uterus could 

5293
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:14,500
wander through the body. 
A delightfully wrong idea, 

5294
04:45:14,500 --> 04:45:18,200
called the wandering womb, and 
strong, smelling smoke would 

5295
04:45:18,200 --> 04:45:19,900
drive it back to its proper 
position. 

5296
04:45:21,100 --> 04:45:24,800
The theory was nonsense, but 
some of the herbs he recommended

5297
04:45:24,800 --> 04:45:28,300
had genuine anti-inflammatory or
muscle relaxing properties. 

5298
04:45:28,300 --> 04:45:32,300
That probably provided actual 
relief Galen. 

5299
04:45:32,300 --> 04:45:35,300
Probably the most influential 
physician of the ancient world 

5300
04:45:35,300 --> 04:45:38,400
wrote extensively about smoke 
Therapeutics. 

5301
04:45:39,200 --> 04:45:42,100
He distinguished between 
different types of smoke based 

5302
04:45:42,100 --> 04:45:46,600
on their properties, hot, or 
cold wet, or dry, subtle, or 

5303
04:45:46,600 --> 04:45:49,600
thick. 
A physician needed to match the 

5304
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:52,800
qualities of the therapeutic. 
Smoke to the imbalance in the 

5305
04:45:52,800 --> 04:45:57,000
patient's body. 
Too much heat in the lungs, use 

5306
04:45:57,000 --> 04:45:59,300
cooling smoke from cucumber 
seeds or lettuce. 

5307
04:45:59,300 --> 04:46:03,200
Too much cold warming smoke from
Pepper or mustard. 

5308
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:06,300
The interesting thing is that 
many of these ancient smoke 

5309
04:46:06,300 --> 04:46:10,400
remedies actually worked, even 
if the theoretical explanations 

5310
04:46:10,400 --> 04:46:14,200
were completely wrong, when you 
burn eucalyptus and breathe, its

5311
04:46:14,200 --> 04:46:18,900
Vapor, your congested sinuses do
clear, not because your 

5312
04:46:18,900 --> 04:46:22,300
balancing humors or adjusting 
your key but because eucalyptus 

5313
04:46:22,300 --> 04:46:27,400
is a genuine expectorant and 
decongestant Ancient Physicians,

5314
04:46:27,400 --> 04:46:30,100
didn't need to understand the 
chemistry to observe that it 

5315
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:33,900
worked and to incorporate it 
into their practice, some 

5316
04:46:33,900 --> 04:46:36,200
ancient smoke therapies were 
surprisingly, sophisticated 

5317
04:46:36,200 --> 04:46:40,300
Greek, and Roman Physicians. 
Developed fumigation tents where

5318
04:46:40,308 --> 04:46:41,900
patients with respiratory 
problems. 

5319
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:45,000
Could sit surrounded by 
therapeutic smoke from 

5320
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:46,200
carefully. 
Chosen herbs. 

5321
04:46:47,300 --> 04:46:50,000
The dosage could be controlled 
by adjusting ventilation. 

5322
04:46:50,000 --> 04:46:54,000
The duration of treatment was 
specified, precisely and 

5323
04:46:54,000 --> 04:46:57,500
patients were monitored for 
adverse reactions in ancient 

5324
04:46:57,500 --> 04:46:59,600
Persia. 
Physicians at the famous medical

5325
04:46:59,600 --> 04:47:02,500
school in Gundam. 
Poor compiled, extensive farmer 

5326
04:47:02,500 --> 04:47:06,100
payers that included detailed 
descriptions of therapeutic 

5327
04:47:06,100 --> 04:47:09,100
smoking. 
They categorized hundreds of 

5328
04:47:09,108 --> 04:47:11,700
plants by their effects. 
When burned and inhaled, 

5329
04:47:11,700 --> 04:47:15,100
creating reference works that 
Physicians could consult when 

5330
04:47:15,100 --> 04:47:18,900
treating specific conditions, 
the sensory experience of these 

5331
04:47:18,900 --> 04:47:21,200
treatments would have been 
significant in itself. 

5332
04:47:21,200 --> 04:47:25,600
Imagine suffering from some 
chronic condition joint pain. 

5333
04:47:25,600 --> 04:47:29,300
Respiratory problems or 
digestive issues and being 

5334
04:47:29,300 --> 04:47:32,400
prescribed, a treatment that 
involves sitting in a warm room 

5335
04:47:32,400 --> 04:47:35,900
filled with aromatic smoke, 
while a physician monitors your 

5336
04:47:35,900 --> 04:47:40,400
response The relaxation induced 
by the setting, the attention 

5337
04:47:40,400 --> 04:47:43,900
from a respected healer, and the
pleasant smell of the burning 

5338
04:47:43,900 --> 04:47:46,600
herbs. 
All of these factors would work 

5339
04:47:46,600 --> 04:47:50,400
together to produce, what modern
medicine calls Placebo effects 

5340
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:52,600
though that term doesn't quite 
capture. 

5341
04:47:52,600 --> 04:47:55,300
The complexity of what's 
happening because here's the 

5342
04:47:55,300 --> 04:47:58,200
thing, about Placebo effects, 
they're real. 

5343
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:02,000
When your brain believes healing
is occurring, it triggers 

5344
04:48:02,000 --> 04:48:04,500
physiological. 
Processes that promote actual 

5345
04:48:04,500 --> 04:48:08,300
healing. 
Stress hormones, decrease immune

5346
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:11,100
function, improves pain, 
perception changes. 

5347
04:48:12,000 --> 04:48:15,000
The ancient physicians may not 
have understood the mechanisms, 

5348
04:48:15,000 --> 04:48:18,900
but they understood that healing
involved, the whole person, Body

5349
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:21,600
Mind and Spirit and that 
therapeutic. 

5350
04:48:21,600 --> 04:48:23,600
Smoke could address. 
All three aspects 

5351
04:48:23,600 --> 04:48:26,600
simultaneously. 
While Physicians were refining, 

5352
04:48:26,600 --> 04:48:29,500
therapeutic smoke in to a 
medical art and Priests were 

5353
04:48:29,508 --> 04:48:33,900
perfecting incense rituals 
Merchants were creating networks

5354
04:48:33,900 --> 04:48:37,000
that would carry aromatic 
substances across continents and

5355
04:48:37,000 --> 04:48:39,600
oceans. 
These trade routes. 

5356
04:48:40,400 --> 04:48:43,100
Particularly the famous Silk 
Road and the maritime spice 

5357
04:48:43,100 --> 04:48:45,300
route didn't just transport 
Goods. 

5358
04:48:46,400 --> 04:48:49,700
Carried knowledge practices and 
entire cultural Traditions 

5359
04:48:49,700 --> 04:48:53,000
around smoke and its uses 
picture yourself as a merchant 

5360
04:48:53,000 --> 04:48:56,300
in a caravan traveling. 
The Silk Road around 200 CE 

5361
04:48:57,300 --> 04:49:01,200
You've been on the road for 
months, moving slowly from Oasis

5362
04:49:01,200 --> 04:49:03,300
to Oasis across the heart of 
Asia. 

5363
04:49:04,100 --> 04:49:07,600
Your camels are loaded with 
various Goods, but the most 

5364
04:49:07,600 --> 04:49:13,900
valuable items are small light. 
And Incredibly expensive, resins

5365
04:49:13,900 --> 04:49:17,800
herbs, and aromatic Woods that 
will eventually be burned in 

5366
04:49:17,800 --> 04:49:21,100
temples, palaces and Wealthy 
homes across the known world. 

5367
04:49:21,100 --> 04:49:24,300
The economics of the incense 
trade were fascinating and 

5368
04:49:24,300 --> 04:49:29,100
sometimes absurd Frankincense 
and myrrh harvested from trees 

5369
04:49:29,100 --> 04:49:32,200
in southern Arabia, and the Horn
of Africa could increase in 

5370
04:49:32,200 --> 04:49:35,900
value by a factor of 50 or more.
By the time they reached Rome or

5371
04:49:35,900 --> 04:49:39,900
shangaan, Merchants could become
wealthy from a single successful

5372
04:49:39,900 --> 04:49:42,500
Caravan though. 
They could also lose everything 

5373
04:49:42,500 --> 04:49:46,600
to ban its sandstorms or simple 
miscalculations about market 

5374
04:49:46,600 --> 04:49:50,200
demand, but these Merchants were
carrying more than commodities 

5375
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:54,400
at each stop along the Route. 
They shared information about 

5376
04:49:54,400 --> 04:49:58,400
how different cultures used 
aromatic smoke. a Buddhist 

5377
04:49:58,400 --> 04:50:01,200
technique for burning incense 
learned in India, might be 

5378
04:50:01,200 --> 04:50:04,100
combined with Chinese theories 
about herbal properties and 

5379
04:50:04,100 --> 04:50:07,500
Persian aesthetic preferences to
create something entirely new 

5380
04:50:08,800 --> 04:50:12,900
The Silk Road was like a massive
slow-motion cultural blender 

5381
04:50:12,900 --> 04:50:17,100
mixing practices and beliefs 
about smoke into increasingly 

5382
04:50:17,100 --> 04:50:21,200
complex combinations. 
Consider Sandalwood that 

5383
04:50:21,200 --> 04:50:24,500
aromatic wood from India that 
has been prized for thousands of

5384
04:50:24,500 --> 04:50:27,500
years. 
In its Homeland, Sandalwood was 

5385
04:50:27,508 --> 04:50:31,700
primarily a religious substance 
burned in Hindu and Buddhist 

5386
04:50:31,700 --> 04:50:35,800
temples to purify space and 
honor the divine. but as it 

5387
04:50:35,800 --> 04:50:38,300
traveled along trade routes, it 
acquired New Uses and meanings 

5388
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:42,100
Chinese Buddhists adopted 
Sandalwood incense but 

5389
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:44,700
integrated it with Taoist 
practices and confucianists 

5390
04:50:46,100 --> 04:50:49,300
Japanese culture of eventually 
transformed incense appreciation

5391
04:50:49,300 --> 04:50:53,700
into codo. 
Literally the way of incense a 

5392
04:50:53,700 --> 04:50:56,300
ceremonial art form as refined 
as tea sermon. 

5393
04:50:57,200 --> 04:51:00,300
Islamic cultures Incorporated 
Sandalwood into their own 

5394
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:03,000
devotional practices. 
While developing new 

5395
04:51:03,000 --> 04:51:06,400
combinations, with rose Howard 
and other aromatics. 

5396
04:51:07,300 --> 04:51:10,100
Christian churches began using 
it as an alternative to 

5397
04:51:10,100 --> 04:51:13,700
frankincense the same substance 
moving through different 

5398
04:51:13,700 --> 04:51:16,200
cultural. 
Contexts became multiple 

5399
04:51:16,200 --> 04:51:17,900
different things while remaining
itself. 

5400
04:51:19,100 --> 04:51:21,300
This is one of smokes, 
interesting properties. 

5401
04:51:21,300 --> 04:51:25,200
It's concrete enough to be a 
definite substance with specific

5402
04:51:25,200 --> 04:51:28,100
effects. 
But ephemeral enough to acquire,

5403
04:51:28,100 --> 04:51:31,100
whatever symbolic, meanings 
humans want to project onto it. 

5404
04:51:31,100 --> 04:51:34,600
The maritime spice routes that 
connected the Indian Ocean world

5405
04:51:34,600 --> 04:51:36,500
were equally important for 
spreading smoke. 

5406
04:51:36,500 --> 04:51:40,600
Kulture Arab traders sailing 
from East Africa, to India to 

5407
04:51:40,600 --> 04:51:44,500
Southeast, Asia carried, not 
just cinnamon cloves and pepper,

5408
04:51:44,500 --> 04:51:47,700
but also knowledge about 
aromatics and their uses. 

5409
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:51,300
An Indonesian method for 
processing benzoin. 

5410
04:51:51,300 --> 04:51:55,200
Resin might be combined with 
Indian ivic theories and Arab 

5411
04:51:55,200 --> 04:51:58,300
perfumery techniques to create 
new products and practices. 

5412
04:51:58,300 --> 04:52:01,800
Some of these aromatic 
substances traveled, astonishing

5413
04:52:01,800 --> 04:52:06,300
distance is camphor from Borneo.
Found its way to Chinese temples

5414
04:52:06,300 --> 04:52:09,900
and European apothecaries. 
Hallows wood from South East 

5415
04:52:09,900 --> 04:52:12,200
Asia became prized in Middle 
Eastern palaces. 

5416
04:52:13,200 --> 04:52:16,700
Dragon's blood resin from the 
Sakura islands of Yemen, 

5417
04:52:16,700 --> 04:52:20,400
traveled to China in India, 
Rome, and eventually Medieval 

5418
04:52:20,400 --> 04:52:23,100
Europe. 
Each substance carried with its 

5419
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:27,500
stories practices and beliefs 
about smoke and its properties 

5420
04:52:27,500 --> 04:52:31,000
the Traders themselves. 
Often became experts in aromatic

5421
04:52:31,000 --> 04:52:35,000
substances, they needed to know,
not just market prices, but also

5422
04:52:35,000 --> 04:52:39,300
how to identify genuine 
materials versus Delta's, how to

5423
04:52:39,308 --> 04:52:42,200
store and transport delicate, 
resins, without losing their 

5424
04:52:42,200 --> 04:52:45,400
aromatic properties and what 
different customers in different

5425
04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:49,300
regions preferred. 
A successful incense Merchant 

5426
04:52:49,300 --> 04:52:53,600
was part chemist, part cultural 
Anthropologist and part 

5427
04:52:53,600 --> 04:52:56,900
Logistics expert. 
These trade routes also spread 

5428
04:52:56,900 --> 04:53:01,200
Technologies for using aromatic 
smoke this sensor designs we 

5429
04:53:01,200 --> 04:53:03,800
discussed earlier those 
specialized containers for 

5430
04:53:03,800 --> 04:53:07,400
burning incense evolved through 
contact between different 

5431
04:53:07,400 --> 04:53:11,600
cultures Chinese designs 
influenced, Persian metal work, 

5432
04:53:11,600 --> 04:53:15,200
Indian temple practices, 
inspired Southeast, Asian, 

5433
04:53:15,200 --> 04:53:18,800
Buddhist rituals Arab 
Innovations in perfumery 

5434
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:21,000
influenced. 
European approaches to aromatic 

5435
04:53:21,000 --> 04:53:23,300
substances by the medieval 
period. 

5436
04:53:23,300 --> 04:53:26,000
You could track cultural 
influence by following incense 

5437
04:53:26,000 --> 04:53:29,300
practices, when you see a 
particular way of blending 

5438
04:53:29,300 --> 04:53:32,600
aromatics, or a specific ritual,
use of smoke appearing. 

5439
04:53:32,600 --> 04:53:36,200
In a new region, your usually 
seeing evidence of trade contact

5440
04:53:36,200 --> 04:53:39,600
and cultural Exchange. 
Smoke became a marker of 

5441
04:53:39,600 --> 04:53:42,600
cultural connection. 
A visible sign that ideas and 

5442
04:53:42,608 --> 04:53:46,500
practices were flowing between 
regions the economic importance 

5443
04:53:46,500 --> 04:53:49,500
of the incense trade, also 
shaped political relationships, 

5444
04:53:50,300 --> 04:53:53,600
Control over frankincense and 
myrrh producing regions was 

5445
04:53:53,600 --> 04:53:56,700
contested by various Powers 
throughout ancient history. 

5446
04:53:56,700 --> 04:54:00,100
The Romans even launched 
military Expeditions in to 

5447
04:54:00,100 --> 04:54:04,400
Arabia, partly to try to control
incense supplies and reduce the 

5448
04:54:04,400 --> 04:54:06,500
enormous costs. 
They were paying to Arabian 

5449
04:54:06,500 --> 04:54:12,200
merchants The Expeditions failed
desert Warfare is hard but the 

5450
04:54:12,200 --> 04:54:16,000
attempt shows just how valuable 
these aromatic substances had 

5451
04:54:16,000 --> 04:54:18,200
become. 
What's remarkable is that this 

5452
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:23,000
vast complex trade system 
existed primarily to serve human

5453
04:54:23,000 --> 04:54:27,600
desires for Pleasant smells and 
altered consciousness Yes, some 

5454
04:54:27,600 --> 04:54:31,100
aromatic substances, had 
important medicinal uses and yes

5455
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:35,900
incense played crucial roles in 
religious practices but at its 

5456
04:54:35,900 --> 04:54:39,200
core, the incense trade existed 
because humans across cultures 

5457
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:42,300
agreed that filling the air with
fragrant smoke was worth 

5458
04:54:42,300 --> 04:54:45,900
enormous effort and expense. 
This tells us something about 

5459
04:54:45,900 --> 04:54:49,600
human priority is we're not 
purely practical creatures, 

5460
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:52,100
focused, only on immediate 
survival needs. 

5461
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:57,100
We're also aesthetic beings who 
Value Beauty, pleasure, and 

5462
04:54:57,100 --> 04:55:00,400
experience is that Transporters 
Beyond ordinary consciousness. 

5463
04:55:01,700 --> 04:55:05,400
The ancient incense trade serve 
these deeper, human needs and 

5464
04:55:05,400 --> 04:55:08,000
Merchants became wealthy because
they understood something 

5465
04:55:08,000 --> 04:55:10,400
essential about what humans want
from Life. 

5466
04:55:10,400 --> 04:55:14,300
By now several thousand years 
into Humanity's relationship 

5467
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:19,000
with aromatic smoke, something 
interesting, had happened, Smoke

5468
04:55:19,000 --> 04:55:20,900
hadn't just become a tool or 
commodity. 

5469
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:24,900
It had become a language a 
system of symbols through which 

5470
04:55:24,900 --> 04:55:29,200
humans expressed ideas about the
sacred, the mysterious and the 

5471
04:55:29,208 --> 04:55:31,500
boundaries between different 
Realms of existence. 

5472
04:55:31,500 --> 04:55:34,400
Let's explore. 
How different cultures turn this

5473
04:55:34,400 --> 04:55:38,000
physical phenomenon into 
metaphor and how those metaphors

5474
04:55:38,000 --> 04:55:41,200
shaped human, understanding of 
Consciousness, Divinity. 

5475
04:55:41,200 --> 04:55:45,200
And the structure of reality 
itself, start in ancient, 

5476
04:55:45,200 --> 04:55:49,100
Mesopotamia that cradle of 
civilization between the Tigris 

5477
04:55:49,100 --> 04:55:52,500
and Euphrates rivers. 
The Babylonians and Assyrians 

5478
04:55:52,500 --> 04:55:56,400
burned incense in their temples 
but they all carefully, observed

5479
04:55:56,400 --> 04:55:58,200
the patterns smoke made as it 
Rose. 

5480
04:55:59,200 --> 04:56:03,300
Specialized priests Bahru. 
They were called practiced 

5481
04:56:03,300 --> 04:56:07,500
divination by smoke. 
Reading messages from the gods 

5482
04:56:07,500 --> 04:56:11,400
in how incense smoke curled 
drifted or suddenly changed 

5483
04:56:11,400 --> 04:56:14,000
Direction. 
This wasn't as arbitrary as it 

5484
04:56:14,000 --> 04:56:17,400
might sound. 
Smoke is exquisitely, sensitive 

5485
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:20,900
to air, currents, temperature, 
gradients, and subtle 

5486
04:56:20,900 --> 04:56:24,600
environmental factors that human
senses can't directly detect. 

5487
04:56:25,700 --> 04:56:29,300
The Bahru were essentially using
smoke as a visualization tool 

5488
04:56:29,300 --> 04:56:33,000
for invisible atmospheric 
conditions, then interpreting 

5489
04:56:33,000 --> 04:56:36,500
these patterns, according to 
complex symbolic systems that 

5490
04:56:36,500 --> 04:56:38,500
had been refined over 
Generations. 

5491
04:56:39,300 --> 04:56:41,400
They were wrong about the God, 
sending messages. 

5492
04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:45,400
But right that smoke reveals 
information about the 

5493
04:56:45,400 --> 04:56:48,700
environment that would otherwise
be hidden, the symbolism was 

5494
04:56:48,700 --> 04:56:51,600
clear. 
Smoke connects the visible and 

5495
04:56:51,600 --> 04:56:53,900
invisible, the known and 
unknown. 

5496
04:56:53,900 --> 04:56:58,900
It emerges from the solid matter
of incense, or herbs transforms 

5497
04:56:58,900 --> 04:57:03,300
into something ethereal and 
disappears into are Travelling, 

5498
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:05,700
perhaps to Realms Beyond human 
perception. 

5499
04:57:05,700 --> 04:57:09,800
This made smoke a perfect 
metaphor for the souls Journey 

5500
04:57:09,800 --> 04:57:13,000
after death for prayers seeking 
Divine attention. 

5501
04:57:13,000 --> 04:57:17,400
And for any movement between 
material and spiritual Realms in

5502
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,700
ancient China, smoke took on 
different, but related meanings,

5503
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:24,500
Taoist philosophers watched 
incense smoke rising, and 

5504
04:57:24,500 --> 04:57:27,100
temples, and saw lessons about 
the nature of reality. 

5505
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:32,200
The smoke follows its nature, 
they noted, it doesn't try to be

5506
04:57:32,200 --> 04:57:34,700
anything other than what it is 
doesn't resist. 

5507
04:57:34,700 --> 04:57:38,200
Its own transformational from 
visible to Invisible and doesn't

5508
04:57:38,200 --> 04:57:41,500
cling to any particular form or 
place this made. 

5509
04:57:41,500 --> 04:57:45,700
Smoke a teaching tool about the 
way effortless action, and about

5510
04:57:45,700 --> 04:57:49,000
accepting change. 
Rather than fighting it Chinese 

5511
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:51,800
poets, wrote extensively about 
incense smoke. 

5512
04:57:51,800 --> 04:57:55,000
Using it as a metaphor, for 
everything from romantic 

5513
04:57:55,000 --> 04:57:58,400
Longing, To political 
frustration to the transients of

5514
04:57:58,400 --> 04:58:02,400
life itself. 
Lie by one of China's greatest 

5515
04:58:02,400 --> 04:58:06,100
poets, wrote about smoke from 
his incense, burner twisting 

5516
04:58:06,100 --> 04:58:10,100
like dragon shapes, connecting, 
his writing desk to the realm of

5517
04:58:10,100 --> 04:58:13,500
Immortals, The smoke wasn't just
decoration. 

5518
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:16,600
It was a visual representation 
of the connection between 

5519
04:58:16,600 --> 04:58:19,900
mundane reality and Transcendent
experience. 

5520
04:58:19,900 --> 04:58:22,600
That poetry sought to capture in
India. 

5521
04:58:22,600 --> 04:58:25,700
Smoke symbolism, became deeply 
embedded in both Hindu and 

5522
04:58:25,700 --> 04:58:29,900
Buddhist practice. 
The Sanskrit word Duma smoke 

5523
04:58:29,900 --> 04:58:33,800
appears in, countless religious 
texts, usually associated with 

5524
04:58:33,800 --> 04:58:37,700
transformation purification, and
the transition between states, 

5525
04:58:38,600 --> 04:58:41,300
When a Hindu cremation releases 
smoke into the sky. 

5526
04:58:42,200 --> 04:58:44,200
That smoke represents the 
deceased. 

5527
04:58:44,200 --> 04:58:47,100
Essence beginning its journey to
whatever comes next. 

5528
04:58:48,200 --> 04:58:51,900
When Buddhist monks burn incense
the rising smoke. 

5529
04:58:51,900 --> 04:58:54,500
Visualizes. 
The rise of Merit from good 

5530
04:58:54,500 --> 04:58:57,600
actions. 
The dispersion of negative Karma

5531
04:58:57,600 --> 04:59:00,000
and the movement of 
Consciousness toward 

5532
04:59:00,000 --> 04:59:03,500
Enlightenment, the Buddha 
himself, apparently used as a 

5533
04:59:03,500 --> 04:59:07,700
teaching metaphor In various 
sutras, he compared clinging to 

5534
04:59:07,700 --> 04:59:10,200
impermanent things to try to 
grasp smoke. 

5535
04:59:11,100 --> 04:59:14,400
How do you squeeze the, faster 
it escapes and your left with 

5536
04:59:14,400 --> 04:59:16,700
nothing? 
But perhaps a lingering smell on

5537
04:59:16,700 --> 04:59:19,100
your hands. 
The lesson was about 

5538
04:59:19,100 --> 04:59:23,100
non-attachment about recognizing
that everything like smoke is 

5539
04:59:23,108 --> 04:59:24,700
temporary and cannot be 
possessed. 

5540
04:59:24,700 --> 04:59:27,800
Native American cultures 
developed their own Rich. 

5541
04:59:27,800 --> 04:59:30,900
Smoke symbolism, though. 
We should be careful here about 

5542
04:59:30,900 --> 04:59:33,400
generalizing cross hundreds of 
distinct cultures. 

5543
04:59:34,500 --> 04:59:39,300
Many groups use smoke from 
sacred plants tobacco, Sage 

5544
04:59:39,300 --> 04:59:43,200
sweet grass in ways that 
combined practical purposes with

5545
04:59:43,200 --> 04:59:46,700
deep symbolic. 
Meaning, Smoke might pure fire 

5546
04:59:46,700 --> 04:59:50,100
space, carry prayers to the 
spirit world, Mark the 

5547
04:59:50,100 --> 04:59:53,400
boundaries of sacred ground, or 
seal agreements between 

5548
04:59:53,400 --> 04:59:57,200
people's, the peace pipe sage 
and or ceremonial pipe. 

5549
04:59:58,000 --> 05:00:01,000
Traditions found in many North 
American cultures treated 

5550
05:00:01,000 --> 05:00:05,300
smokers a covenant mediator. 
When former enemy, shared smoke 

5551
05:00:05,300 --> 05:00:08,600
from the same pipe, they were 
creating a physical and symbolic

5552
05:00:08,600 --> 05:00:11,800
Bond. 
The smoke, they exhaled had been

5553
05:00:11,800 --> 05:00:15,000
inside their bodies mingling 
with their breath and blood 

5554
05:00:15,000 --> 05:00:18,300
sharing that smoke and sharing 
something essential. 

5555
05:00:19,800 --> 05:00:22,400
Breaking an agreement made over,
the pipe wasn't just political 

5556
05:00:22,400 --> 05:00:25,500
betrayal. 
It was spiritual violation in 

5557
05:00:25,500 --> 05:00:28,900
Islamic cultures, smoke a quiet,
meaning related to both Beauty 

5558
05:00:28,900 --> 05:00:32,100
and Transcendence. 
Persian, poetry frequently 

5559
05:00:32,100 --> 05:00:36,200
mentioned incense smoke as a 
symbol of devotion longing and 

5560
05:00:36,200 --> 05:00:38,700
the attempt to reach Beyond 
material limitations. 

5561
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:43,000
Sufi Mystic sometimes used 
aromatic smokers part of their 

5562
05:00:43,000 --> 05:00:47,300
practices seeing in its Rising 
movement and image of the Soul's

5563
05:00:47,300 --> 05:00:51,800
aspiration toward God. 
The best smoked pure fragrant, 

5564
05:00:51,800 --> 05:00:54,400
Rising straight and true 
represented. 

5565
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:58,600
The ideal spiritual State 
medieval European Christianity 

5566
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:01,500
inherited. 
Its smoke, symbolism partly from

5567
05:01:01,500 --> 05:01:04,000
Jewish temple, traditions and 
partly from broader 

5568
05:01:04,000 --> 05:01:07,500
Mediterranean cultures. 
The smoke of incense in a 

5569
05:01:07,500 --> 05:01:11,100
cathedral represented prayers 
rising to heaven, but it also 

5570
05:01:11,100 --> 05:01:13,000
had more practical symbolic 
functions. 

5571
05:01:13,000 --> 05:01:16,500
It marked Sacred Space as 
distinct from ordinary space. 

5572
05:01:17,400 --> 05:01:20,900
Created an atmosphere for 
experiences of the numinous and 

5573
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:23,600
literally Illustrated 
theological Concepts about 

5574
05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:26,600
mediation between human and 
divine relms. 

5575
05:01:26,600 --> 05:01:30,500
The writers of medieval mystical
texts often used smokers a 

5576
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:32,800
metaphor for Spiritual 
experiences that couldn't be 

5577
05:01:32,800 --> 05:01:37,100
captured in ordinary language. 
How do you describe a vision of 

5578
05:01:37,108 --> 05:01:39,800
God? 
It's like seeing through smoke 

5579
05:01:39,800 --> 05:01:44,500
you perceive something, you 
know, something is there but you

5580
05:01:44,500 --> 05:01:47,800
can't make out clear details and
the experience is inherently 

5581
05:01:47,800 --> 05:01:51,100
transitory Smoke became the 
language for describing, 

5582
05:01:51,100 --> 05:01:54,400
encounters with the ineffable. 
What's interesting across? 

5583
05:01:54,400 --> 05:01:57,100
All these Traditions is how 
smokes physical properties. 

5584
05:01:57,100 --> 05:02:01,500
Its visibility combined with 
intangibility its upward 

5585
05:02:01,500 --> 05:02:05,500
movement and its gradual 
dissolution made it almost 

5586
05:02:05,500 --> 05:02:09,200
universally available as a 
metaphor for similar Concepts. 

5587
05:02:10,000 --> 05:02:12,800
Different cultures didn't arrive
at identical. 

5588
05:02:12,800 --> 05:02:16,100
Smoke, symbolism. 
But there are striking parallels

5589
05:02:16,100 --> 05:02:18,500
in how humans have interpreted 
this phenomenon. 

5590
05:02:18,500 --> 05:02:22,000
The color of smoke. 
Also acquired symbolic meanings 

5591
05:02:22,000 --> 05:02:27,300
white, smoke was generally 
positive, Pure Clean or spacious

5592
05:02:27,300 --> 05:02:32,000
black smoke suggested, something
wrong dangerous or malevolent 

5593
05:02:32,000 --> 05:02:36,700
gray, smoke was ambiguous, 
neither clearly good nor bad. 

5594
05:02:36,700 --> 05:02:40,000
These color associations were 
not arbitrary. 

5595
05:02:40,000 --> 05:02:43,300
They related to what actually 
produces different colored 

5596
05:02:43,300 --> 05:02:46,000
smoke. 
White smoke comes from clean 

5597
05:02:46,000 --> 05:02:49,800
burning aromatics and black 
smoke from incomplete combustion

5598
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:54,400
or impure materials. 
Humans turn these practical 

5599
05:02:54,400 --> 05:02:57,700
observations into symbolic 
systems, even the smell of 

5600
05:02:57,708 --> 05:02:59,400
smoke, carried some bullet 
weight. 

5601
05:03:00,200 --> 05:03:04,500
Sweet, Smoke suggested, divine 
presence, spiritual Purity or 

5602
05:03:04,500 --> 05:03:08,400
successful ritual. 
Acrid smoke indicated, something

5603
05:03:08,400 --> 05:03:10,500
gone wrong. 
Either in the physical 

5604
05:03:10,500 --> 05:03:14,200
preparation of materials, or 
metaphorically in the spiritual 

5605
05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:18,800
state of the people involved. 
Smell that most Primal and 

5606
05:03:18,800 --> 05:03:23,100
emotionally evocative of Senses 
became a way of evaluating the 

5607
05:03:23,100 --> 05:03:27,300
quality and success of smoke 
based practices while temples 

5608
05:03:27,300 --> 05:03:29,500
filled with incense smoke and 
Physicians. 

5609
05:03:29,500 --> 05:03:33,000
Prescribed therapeutic 
fumigation, another tradition 

5610
05:03:33,000 --> 05:03:37,400
was developing one more personal
more intimate, and more focused 

5611
05:03:37,400 --> 05:03:40,100
on individual Consciousness than
Collective. 

5612
05:03:40,100 --> 05:03:44,800
Ritual, This was the tradition 
of smoking from pipes, a 

5613
05:03:44,800 --> 05:03:47,400
practice that would eventually 
Circle the globe and become one 

5614
05:03:47,400 --> 05:03:50,500
of Humanity's most wide-spread 
ways of altering Consciousness. 

5615
05:03:50,500 --> 05:03:54,600
The early as pipes we know about
come from various places and 

5616
05:03:54,600 --> 05:03:58,100
probably represent independent 
invention rather than diffusion 

5617
05:03:58,100 --> 05:04:02,100
from a single source. 
Ancient people's in Africa Asia 

5618
05:04:02,100 --> 05:04:05,900
and the Americas all developed 
pipe Technologies though they 

5619
05:04:05,900 --> 05:04:08,400
used them for different 
substances and invested them 

5620
05:04:08,400 --> 05:04:11,200
with different meanings. 
Let's start in the Americas 

5621
05:04:11,200 --> 05:04:15,000
where tobacco was first, 
domesticated and smoking first 

5622
05:04:15,000 --> 05:04:16,900
became a complex cultural 
practices. 

5623
05:04:17,700 --> 05:04:21,400
Long before Europeans arrived 
indigenous, peoples throughout 

5624
05:04:21,400 --> 05:04:25,300
North, and South America, were 
cultivating tobacco and 

5625
05:04:25,300 --> 05:04:28,100
developing elaborate 
Technologies and rituals around 

5626
05:04:28,100 --> 05:04:30,500
smoking it. 
But here's something that often 

5627
05:04:30,500 --> 05:04:34,500
gets misunderstood these weren't
casual recreational practices 

5628
05:04:34,500 --> 05:04:38,100
when a Mayan priests smoked 
tobacco through a long read tube

5629
05:04:38,100 --> 05:04:41,600
or when a Cherokee Elder filled 
a ceremonial pipe with sacred 

5630
05:04:41,600 --> 05:04:45,000
tobacco mixed with other herbs, 
they were engaging in religious 

5631
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:47,400
practice as serious as any 
Temple ceremony. 

5632
05:04:48,300 --> 05:04:51,800
The smoke from these pipes was 
medicine, Sacrament and 

5633
05:04:51,800 --> 05:04:56,000
diplomatic tool, all rolled into
one, the physical experience of 

5634
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:59,800
smoking tobacco through a pike 
would have been intense far more

5635
05:04:59,800 --> 05:05:03,800
so than modern cigarettes. 
Ancient tobacco varieties was 

5636
05:05:03,800 --> 05:05:07,200
significantly stronger than 
modern breeds and pipe smoking 

5637
05:05:07,200 --> 05:05:09,900
delivers nicotine more 
efficiently than modern smoking 

5638
05:05:09,900 --> 05:05:13,000
methods. 
The immediate effects mild, 

5639
05:05:13,000 --> 05:05:16,300
Euphoria slight. 
Nausea, dizziness altered 

5640
05:05:16,300 --> 05:05:18,700
perception. 
Would have reinforced the sense 

5641
05:05:18,700 --> 05:05:21,300
that something spiritually 
significant was occurring. 

5642
05:05:21,300 --> 05:05:25,000
Native American Pipe Traditions 
often, treated the pipe itself 

5643
05:05:25,000 --> 05:05:27,600
as sacred. 
Materials were chosen, 

5644
05:05:27,600 --> 05:05:31,400
carefully, certain Woods 
specific stones and decorations 

5645
05:05:31,400 --> 05:05:35,700
that carried symbolic meaning. 
The process of filling lighting 

5646
05:05:35,700 --> 05:05:38,400
and smoking the pipe followed 
prescribed patterns. 

5647
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:42,000
Smoke might be offered to the 
four directions to the Earth and

5648
05:05:42,000 --> 05:05:46,900
Sky or to ancestors or spirits. 
The entire practice was 

5649
05:05:46,900 --> 05:05:49,100
choreographed to create an 
experience, that was 

5650
05:05:49,100 --> 05:05:52,000
simultaneously, physical the 
nicotine effects. 

5651
05:05:52,800 --> 05:05:57,400
Social pipes were often smoked 
communally, and spiritual the 

5652
05:05:57,400 --> 05:06:01,200
ceremonial context, provided 
meaning in Asia different pipe 

5653
05:06:01,200 --> 05:06:03,300
Traditions developed around 
different substances. 

5654
05:06:03,300 --> 05:06:07,400
Chinese and Southeast Asian 
opium pipes represented a 

5655
05:06:07,400 --> 05:06:11,300
fascinating case study in how 
substance technology and culture

5656
05:06:11,300 --> 05:06:14,600
interact. 
Opium smoking, which became 

5657
05:06:14,600 --> 05:06:17,400
widespread in China during the 
17th and 18th. 

5658
05:06:17,400 --> 05:06:20,900
Centuries required, specialized 
equipment and technique. 

5659
05:06:21,900 --> 05:06:23,700
The pipes were often works of 
art. 

5660
05:06:24,500 --> 05:06:28,700
Bamboo stems with ceramic bowls.
Sometimes decorated with 

5661
05:06:28,700 --> 05:06:32,500
intricate carvings or inlays. 
The Opium smoking ritual was 

5662
05:06:32,500 --> 05:06:34,800
elaborate. 
The Opium had to be prepared. 

5663
05:06:34,800 --> 05:06:37,900
Cooked cleaned formed into 
pills. 

5664
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:41,200
The pipe had to be held at the 
correct angle over a lamp. 

5665
05:06:41,200 --> 05:06:44,600
The smoker had to know exactly 
how to heat the Opium pill and 

5666
05:06:44,600 --> 05:06:48,900
when to inhale, Done correctly. 
The process produced a 

5667
05:06:48,900 --> 05:06:51,300
distinctive. 
Sweet smell and a wave of 

5668
05:06:51,300 --> 05:06:53,700
relaxation. 
That opium uses described as 

5669
05:06:53,700 --> 05:06:57,400
like floating on a warm sea. 
We should note here that opium 

5670
05:06:57,400 --> 05:07:00,200
addiction became a severe social
problem in 19th century. 

5671
05:07:00,200 --> 05:07:03,800
China with devastating 
consequences for individuals and

5672
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:06,900
Society. 
But understanding the appeal 

5673
05:07:06,900 --> 05:07:09,800
requires acknowledging the 
sensory and psychological 

5674
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:14,000
attractions of the practice the 
ritual, The Taste the immediate 

5675
05:07:14,000 --> 05:07:18,500
relief from pain or anxiety and 
cleaned and the temporary escape

5676
05:07:18,500 --> 05:07:21,300
from difficult lives in the 
Middle East and Central. 

5677
05:07:21,300 --> 05:07:26,000
Asia water pipes, who curse or 
arguers evolved as a way to 

5678
05:07:26,000 --> 05:07:28,500
smoke tobacco and other 
substances with some of the 

5679
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:32,400
harshness filtered out, The 
hookah represents sophisticated.

5680
05:07:32,400 --> 05:07:36,100
Engineering smoke is drawn 
through water, which cools it 

5681
05:07:36,100 --> 05:07:39,200
and remove some irritants. 
Then through a long tube to The 

5682
05:07:39,200 --> 05:07:42,500
Smokers mouth. 
Multiple people can smoke from 

5683
05:07:42,500 --> 05:07:46,700
the same hooker simultaneously. 
Making it a social technology as

5684
05:07:46,700 --> 05:07:49,900
much as a drug delivery system. 
Who hookah smoking in 

5685
05:07:49,900 --> 05:07:52,700
traditional Middle Eastern 
culture was allegedly practiced 

5686
05:07:52,700 --> 05:07:56,900
associated with coffee houses, 
intellectual discussion an 

5687
05:07:56,900 --> 05:08:00,100
unhurried socializing he didn't 
just smoke a hookah. 

5688
05:08:00,100 --> 05:08:03,300
You spent an evening at a hookah
lounge, talking philosophy or 

5689
05:08:03,300 --> 05:08:05,800
politics or everyday concerns 
with friends? 

5690
05:08:05,800 --> 05:08:10,600
While sharing flavored tobacco 
smoke that tasted Apple Rose or 

5691
05:08:10,600 --> 05:08:14,300
other aromatics? 
The practice created a specific 

5692
05:08:14,300 --> 05:08:18,400
kind of social space slightly 
removed from ordinary time. 

5693
05:08:18,400 --> 05:08:22,200
Where conversation could wander 
and people could relax European 

5694
05:08:22,200 --> 05:08:24,900
and American Pipe smoking 
Traditions, which developed 

5695
05:08:24,900 --> 05:08:29,100
primarily in the 16th through 
19th centuries, created their 

5696
05:08:29,100 --> 05:08:30,700
own cultures around the 
practice. 

5697
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:35,200
Clay pipes then Briar pipes 
became Technologies of 

5698
05:08:35,200 --> 05:08:38,800
contemplation, the ritual of 
choosing a tobacco blend, 

5699
05:08:38,800 --> 05:08:42,300
filling the pipe properly, 
lighting it with care, and 

5700
05:08:42,300 --> 05:08:44,900
maintaining the burn through 
strategic puffing. 

5701
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:48,900
These actions required attention
and provided structure for 

5702
05:08:48,900 --> 05:08:53,900
thinking many scholars, writers 
and artists described pipe 

5703
05:08:53,900 --> 05:08:56,100
smoking as an, a to 
concentration and creativity. 

5704
05:08:57,200 --> 05:09:00,700
The gentle stimulation from 
nicotine combined with the 

5705
05:09:00,700 --> 05:09:04,000
meditative quality of the ritual
and the pleasant Taste of good 

5706
05:09:04,000 --> 05:09:07,900
tobacco created conditions that 
many found conducive to 

5707
05:09:07,900 --> 05:09:11,800
intellectual work. 
This wasn't justification for a 

5708
05:09:11,800 --> 05:09:14,100
habit. 
There's evidence that moderate 

5709
05:09:14,100 --> 05:09:17,200
nicotine intake, can enhance 
certain cognitive functions, 

5710
05:09:17,200 --> 05:09:21,100
particularly sustained, 
attention the pipe itself became

5711
05:09:21,100 --> 05:09:24,500
a symbol in European and 
American culture of masculinity 

5712
05:09:24,500 --> 05:09:28,700
intellectuality Leisure or 
contemplation depending on 

5713
05:09:28,700 --> 05:09:31,900
context. 
Sherlock Holmes is pipe 

5714
05:09:31,900 --> 05:09:35,800
suggested, his analytical mind. 
Father Christmas is pipe 

5715
05:09:35,800 --> 05:09:39,500
represented Jolly contentment. 
The pipe smoking Professor 

5716
05:09:39,500 --> 05:09:43,000
became such a cultural archetype
that even people who never 

5717
05:09:43,000 --> 05:09:46,300
smoked recognized The 
Stereotype, what United? 

5718
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:49,100
All these different pipe 
Traditions from Amazonian 

5719
05:09:49,100 --> 05:09:51,200
tobacco to Asian opium to 
European. 

5720
05:09:51,200 --> 05:09:54,600
Briar pipes was the intimate 
personal quality of the 

5721
05:09:54,600 --> 05:09:57,500
experience. 
Unlike Temple incense. 

5722
05:09:57,500 --> 05:10:00,200
That filled a large space. 
For many people, unlike 

5723
05:10:00,200 --> 05:10:02,800
Physicians fumigations 
administers as treatment. 

5724
05:10:03,600 --> 05:10:06,000
Pipes smoking was about 
individual Consciousness, 

5725
05:10:06,000 --> 05:10:09,900
personal ritual and chosen 
moments of altered awareness. 

5726
05:10:09,900 --> 05:10:13,500
The pipe created a small 
immediate relationship between a

5727
05:10:13,500 --> 05:10:16,700
person and smoke. 
You can control every aspect 

5728
05:10:16,700 --> 05:10:21,000
what you smoke'd when you 
smoke'd and how much you smoked 

5729
05:10:21,000 --> 05:10:25,400
the Smoke, Filled your mouth 
touched your tongue and entered 

5730
05:10:25,400 --> 05:10:28,300
your lungs, or in some 
traditions was only taken into 

5731
05:10:28,300 --> 05:10:30,300
the mouth. 
It was yours in a way that 

5732
05:10:30,300 --> 05:10:34,000
communal smoke wasn't this 
personal quality, made pipes 

5733
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:37,500
attractive for contemplation for
marking transitions between 

5734
05:10:37,500 --> 05:10:41,300
activities and for creating 
small islands of ritual in 

5735
05:10:41,300 --> 05:10:45,000
otherwise unstructured time. 
You could smoke a pipe while 

5736
05:10:45,000 --> 05:10:48,500
thinking through a problem while
grieving a loss while 

5737
05:10:48,500 --> 05:10:52,000
celebrating a success or while 
simply watching the sunset. 

5738
05:10:53,100 --> 05:10:56,500
The smoke became a companion, to
your thoughts, a physical 

5739
05:10:56,500 --> 05:10:59,700
manifestation of the moment you 
were inhabiting different 

5740
05:10:59,700 --> 05:11:02,700
cultures, developed different, 
etiquettes around pipe smoking. 

5741
05:11:03,600 --> 05:11:05,400
In some native American 
traditions. 

5742
05:11:05,400 --> 05:11:08,200
Interrupting someone who was 
smoking would be deeply 

5743
05:11:08,200 --> 05:11:11,600
disrespectful. 
The ACT demanded its own time 

5744
05:11:11,600 --> 05:11:14,800
and space in. 
Victorian England pipes smoking 

5745
05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:18,300
was gendered male and confined 
specific rooms or times, 

5746
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:22,200
creating a whole architecture of
social rules about where and 

5747
05:11:22,200 --> 05:11:26,200
when smoke was appropriate, In 
Middle Eastern coffee houses, 

5748
05:11:26,200 --> 05:11:30,100
who could smoking was communal 
and conversational the pipe 

5749
05:11:30,100 --> 05:11:33,400
passed between friends. 
As freely as words, the sensory 

5750
05:11:33,400 --> 05:11:37,500
experience of pipe smoking 
varied in enormously, depending 

5751
05:11:37,500 --> 05:11:41,400
on what was being smoked and how
Tobacco, could be sweet or 

5752
05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:45,800
harsh, smooth or biting aromatic
or plain. 

5753
05:11:46,700 --> 05:11:50,100
Opium produced, a distinctive 
smell that became associated 

5754
05:11:50,100 --> 05:11:54,200
with relaxation and Escape. 
Cannabis, which has been smoked 

5755
05:11:54,200 --> 05:11:57,400
in various forms for thousands 
of years offered yet. 

5756
05:11:57,400 --> 05:12:02,000
Another sensory profile earthea 
and more pungent than tobacco 

5757
05:12:02,000 --> 05:12:04,600
with quite different effect on 
Consciousness. 

5758
05:12:04,600 --> 05:12:08,600
What's interesting is how 
quickly pipe smoking spread once

5759
05:12:08,600 --> 05:12:12,600
global trade networks emerged in
the 16th and 17th centuries. 

5760
05:12:13,500 --> 05:12:16,500
Tobacco, which was completely 
unknown outside the Americas. 

5761
05:12:16,500 --> 05:12:21,800
Before 1492 had reached every 
inhabited continent within a 

5762
05:12:21,800 --> 05:12:23,800
century of European contact with
the new world. 

5763
05:12:24,700 --> 05:12:28,100
Pipes appeared in Africa, Asia 
Europe and Oceania with 

5764
05:12:28,100 --> 05:12:32,000
remarkable speed suggesting that
the practice answered some 

5765
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:36,200
widespread human need or desire.
This rapid spread wasn't just 

5766
05:12:36,200 --> 05:12:37,900
about nicotine addiction, 
though. 

5767
05:12:37,900 --> 05:12:41,000
That certainly played a role. 
It was also about the appeal of 

5768
05:12:41,000 --> 05:12:44,300
a personal ritual that could 
create moments of calm, in 

5769
05:12:44,300 --> 05:12:46,900
increasingly, complex, 
connected, and demanding 

5770
05:12:46,900 --> 05:12:51,000
societies. 
As the world modernized as 

5771
05:12:51,000 --> 05:12:52,800
traditional rhythms of 
agricultural. 

5772
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:56,500
Life gave way to Urban. 
Industrial time the pipe offered

5773
05:12:56,500 --> 05:13:00,800
a portable personal technology 
for creating small moments of 

5774
05:13:00,800 --> 05:13:02,900
peace. 
Now, we approach more recent 

5775
05:13:02,900 --> 05:13:06,300
history that period from roughly
1700 to 1900. 

5776
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:10,000
When the practice is we've been 
discussing underwent significant

5777
05:13:10,000 --> 05:13:13,800
transformational Scientific 
Revolution was changing how 

5778
05:13:13,800 --> 05:13:17,300
educated people understood smoke
and its effects in 

5779
05:13:17,300 --> 05:13:20,900
industrialization was changing 
how aromatic substances were 

5780
05:13:20,900 --> 05:13:24,700
produced and distributed. 
Colonialism was disrupting 

5781
05:13:24,700 --> 05:13:27,700
traditional practices while 
spreading them to new contexts. 

5782
05:13:28,400 --> 05:13:31,700
Let's consider how European 
expansion affected in sense, 

5783
05:13:31,700 --> 05:13:35,100
Traditions worldwide. 
When Portuguese traders reached 

5784
05:13:35,100 --> 05:13:38,300
India and Southeast Asia, when 
Spanish conquistadors, 

5785
05:13:38,300 --> 05:13:41,600
encountered American 
civilizations, and when Dutch 

5786
05:13:41,600 --> 05:13:44,700
Merchants established themselves
in Indonesia, they found 

5787
05:13:44,700 --> 05:13:47,900
elaborate sophisticated 
Traditions around aromatic 

5788
05:13:47,900 --> 05:13:51,900
smoke, some of these Traditions.
They adopted others they 

5789
05:13:51,900 --> 05:13:56,000
disrupted and still others. 
They try to suppress Christian 

5790
05:13:56,000 --> 05:13:59,000
missionaries for instance often 
viewed indigenous smoking 

5791
05:13:59,000 --> 05:14:03,800
practices with deep suspicion. 
Shamanic tobacco, use in the 

5792
05:14:03,800 --> 05:14:07,100
Americas look disturbingly like 
religious ritual, which of 

5793
05:14:07,100 --> 05:14:11,200
course, it was, and missionaries
work to suppress it as paganism.

5794
05:14:12,200 --> 05:14:14,500
But they had no problem with 
incense in their own churches, 

5795
05:14:14,500 --> 05:14:18,200
which was a religious smoke 
ritual but probably Christian 

5796
05:14:18,200 --> 05:14:21,500
and therefore acceptable this 
selective acceptance and 

5797
05:14:21,500 --> 05:14:25,000
rejection created. 
Interesting, hybrid practices in

5798
05:14:25,000 --> 05:14:28,500
Latin America in indigenous 
smoking Traditions mixed with 

5799
05:14:28,500 --> 05:14:33,500
Catholic incense used to create 
something new In India Hindu 

5800
05:14:33,500 --> 05:14:37,000
incense, practices continued but
also influence British colonial 

5801
05:14:37,000 --> 05:14:42,000
Culture by the Victorian era, 
wealthy British, homes routinely

5802
05:14:42,000 --> 05:14:45,200
burned in Indian incense, though
usually stripped of their 

5803
05:14:45,208 --> 05:14:48,800
original religious meanings and 
appreciated primarily for their 

5804
05:14:48,800 --> 05:14:52,200
exotic fragrance. 
The scientific study of smoke 

5805
05:14:52,200 --> 05:14:54,800
and its effects began in Earnest
during this period. 

5806
05:14:55,700 --> 05:14:59,200
Chemists started analyzing the 
compounds in various aromatic, 

5807
05:14:59,200 --> 05:15:03,500
substances identifying specific 
molecules responsible for 

5808
05:15:03,500 --> 05:15:07,600
particular, smells or effects. 
Physicians began conducting 

5809
05:15:07,600 --> 05:15:11,500
something resembling clinical 
trials testing, whether the 

5810
05:15:11,500 --> 05:15:14,200
therapeutic smoking actually 
worked for the conditions. 

5811
05:15:14,200 --> 05:15:17,800
It was prescribed to treat some 
traditional smoke remedies held 

5812
05:15:17,800 --> 05:15:20,100
up reasonably well under 
scientific scrutiny. 

5813
05:15:20,100 --> 05:15:23,900
Yes, eucalyptus smoke does help 
respiratory problems. 

5814
05:15:23,900 --> 05:15:27,300
We can now explain exactly why 
in terms of chemical 

5815
05:15:27,300 --> 05:15:30,100
constituents and their 
interactions with human 

5816
05:15:30,100 --> 05:15:33,500
respiratory tissues other 
traditional practices didn't 

5817
05:15:33,500 --> 05:15:36,800
fare as well. 
No smoke from burnt goat hair 

5818
05:15:36,800 --> 05:15:40,000
will not cure epilepsy 
regardless of what ancient 

5819
05:15:40,000 --> 05:15:43,300
Physicians believed, but this 
scientific understanding also 

5820
05:15:43,300 --> 05:15:46,000
strips of much of its mystery 
and symbolic power. 

5821
05:15:47,100 --> 05:15:50,200
When aromatic smoke becomes 
merely a delivery mechanism for 

5822
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:53,800
specific chemical compounds. 
It loses something of its 

5823
05:15:53,800 --> 05:15:56,300
capacity to carry, meaning 
beyond the physical. 

5824
05:15:57,200 --> 05:15:59,200
The rationalization of smoke 
knowledge. 

5825
05:15:59,200 --> 05:16:02,900
Made practices more effective in
some ways while making them less

5826
05:16:02,900 --> 05:16:06,300
meaningful in others. 
Industrialization changed the 

5827
05:16:06,300 --> 05:16:10,400
incense trade dramatically. 
Instead of rare resins carried 

5828
05:16:10,400 --> 05:16:14,300
across continents by Caravan 
aromatic substances could be 

5829
05:16:14,300 --> 05:16:17,800
synthesized in factories or at 
least mass produced from 

5830
05:16:17,800 --> 05:16:21,800
Plantation grown materials. 
This made in cents, much cheaper

5831
05:16:21,800 --> 05:16:25,700
and more widely available which 
was good for Access but not so 

5832
05:16:25,700 --> 05:16:29,400
good for the sense of precious 
Rarity that had surrounded 

5833
05:16:29,400 --> 05:16:31,400
aromatics for thousands of 
years. 

5834
05:16:31,400 --> 05:16:35,300
The 19th century also saw 
increasing concerns about 

5835
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:38,900
smoking health effects 
Physicians who had once 

5836
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:42,600
prescribed therapeutic smoking 
began noticing that heavy 

5837
05:16:42,600 --> 05:16:45,300
smokers seem to develop 
distinctive health problems. 

5838
05:16:46,300 --> 05:16:49,300
The connection between tobacco 
and very diseases was beginning 

5839
05:16:49,300 --> 05:16:52,100
to be recognized. 
Though, it would take until the 

5840
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:55,000
mid-20th century before the full
scope of smoking. 

5841
05:16:55,000 --> 05:16:58,400
Health impacts became clear this
created an interesting 

5842
05:16:58,400 --> 05:17:02,400
Divergence Temple incense and 
aromatic smoke for atmosphere 

5843
05:17:02,400 --> 05:17:04,000
remained relatively 
uncontroversial. 

5844
05:17:05,100 --> 05:17:07,700
People recognized, you weren't 
inhaling enough smoke in these 

5845
05:17:07,700 --> 05:17:09,200
context to cause health 
problems. 

5846
05:17:10,100 --> 05:17:12,300
But pipes, smoking and 
cigarette. 

5847
05:17:12,300 --> 05:17:16,000
Smoking came under increasing 
scrutiny as evidence mounted. 

5848
05:17:16,000 --> 05:17:20,200
The regular smoke, inhalation 
damaged lungs and contributed to

5849
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:23,800
various diseases, the cigarette 
which became dominant in the 

5850
05:17:23,800 --> 05:17:26,600
20th. 
Century represented a departure 

5851
05:17:26,600 --> 05:17:29,000
from older smoking traditions in
important ways. 

5852
05:17:30,000 --> 05:17:34,100
Cigarettes were Industrial 
Products, uniform mass produced 

5853
05:17:34,100 --> 05:17:37,100
and designed for quick 
consumption rather than 

5854
05:17:37,100 --> 05:17:41,900
contemplative ritual. 
The cigarette breaks, the pipe 

5855
05:17:41,900 --> 05:17:45,800
smoking session, same basic 
activity but compressed hurried 

5856
05:17:45,800 --> 05:17:49,900
and stripped of most ceremonial 
elements where pipe smoking had 

5857
05:17:49,900 --> 05:17:51,400
required. 
Some skill and tension. 

5858
05:17:51,400 --> 05:17:52,900
You had to pack the pipe 
properly. 

5859
05:17:52,900 --> 05:17:56,000
Keep it lit and manage. 
The ash cigarette. 

5860
05:17:56,000 --> 05:17:58,800
Smoking was nearly effortless. 
Striker match. 

5861
05:17:58,800 --> 05:18:04,300
Inhale, exhale, repeat. 
This ease of use contributed to 

5862
05:18:04,300 --> 05:18:07,200
much higher consumption rates 
and consequently much worse, 

5863
05:18:07,200 --> 05:18:10,800
Health outcomes. 
Cigarette was Smoke, practice 

5864
05:18:10,800 --> 05:18:14,500
optimized for nicotine delivery 
rather than for ritual, 

5865
05:18:14,500 --> 05:18:19,200
contemplation or social bonding 
yet even cigarettes acquired 

5866
05:18:19,200 --> 05:18:22,500
their own rituals and meanings 
the sharing of cigarettes 

5867
05:18:22,500 --> 05:18:26,300
between soldiers created bonds. 
The offered cigarette, became a 

5868
05:18:26,300 --> 05:18:30,000
social gesture, the lighting of 
someone else's cigarette had its

5869
05:18:30,000 --> 05:18:32,800
own etiquette and even romantic 
connotations. 

5870
05:18:33,700 --> 05:18:36,600
Humans, it seems will create 
ritual around any repeated 

5871
05:18:36,600 --> 05:18:41,100
practice, even industrial ones. 
Meanwhile, incense Traditions 

5872
05:18:41,100 --> 05:18:45,600
continue to evolve in various 
directions in Japan codo. 

5873
05:18:45,600 --> 05:18:49,400
The way of incense became 
increasingly refined as an 

5874
05:18:49,400 --> 05:18:52,400
aesthetic practice separate from
religious contexts. 

5875
05:18:53,200 --> 05:18:54,900
Practitioners learn to 
distinguish. 

5876
05:18:54,900 --> 05:18:58,900
Hundreds of different aromatic 
Woods to appreciate subtle 

5877
05:18:58,900 --> 05:19:02,500
differences in fragrance and to 
use incense as a focus for 

5878
05:19:02,500 --> 05:19:06,700
meditation and mindfulness. it 
was like wine tasting but for 

5879
05:19:06,700 --> 05:19:11,100
smoke and equally sophisticated 
in India, the ancient traditions

5880
05:19:11,100 --> 05:19:14,500
of incense making continued but 
also adapted to Modern Commerce 

5881
05:19:15,400 --> 05:19:17,900
Factories and cities like 
Bangalore produced incense 

5882
05:19:17,900 --> 05:19:21,200
sticks in enormous quantities, 
maintaining traditional 

5883
05:19:21,200 --> 05:19:24,100
formulations while using modern 
manufacturing techniques. 

5884
05:19:25,100 --> 05:19:27,800
The smell of Jasmine or 
Sandalwood, incense became 

5885
05:19:27,800 --> 05:19:31,900
associated with Indian culture. 
Generally carried worldwide by 

5886
05:19:31,900 --> 05:19:35,400
the Indian diaspora Western 
counterculture movements in the 

5887
05:19:35,400 --> 05:19:39,800
1960s and seventies rediscovered
incense and brought it into 

5888
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:41,800
mainstream Euro American 
culture. 

5889
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:45,600
Young people burning nag Champa 
in their Apartments were 

5890
05:19:45,600 --> 05:19:49,000
participating. 
Often unknowingly in Smoke 

5891
05:19:49,000 --> 05:19:51,900
Traditions that stretched back, 
thousands of years. 

5892
05:19:53,000 --> 05:19:56,800
The context had changed the Hemi
and flats rather than ancient 

5893
05:19:56,800 --> 05:19:59,500
temples. 
But the basic practice of 

5894
05:19:59,500 --> 05:20:02,200
filling a space with aromatic 
smoke remained. 

5895
05:20:02,200 --> 05:20:04,900
The same. 
This period also saw renewed 

5896
05:20:04,900 --> 05:20:09,200
interest in indigenous smoking 
practices particularly ioska 

5897
05:20:09,200 --> 05:20:10,700
ceremonies and similar 
traditions. 

5898
05:20:11,600 --> 05:20:14,200
Some of this interest was 
respectful and carefully 

5899
05:20:14,200 --> 05:20:17,500
conducted. 
Some of it amounted to cultural 

5900
05:20:17,500 --> 05:20:21,100
appropriation with sacred 
practices stripped from their 

5901
05:20:21,100 --> 05:20:24,500
original context and treated as 
recreational drug use. 

5902
05:20:25,200 --> 05:20:28,000
The distinction matters. 
There's a difference between 

5903
05:20:28,000 --> 05:20:32,000
participating meaningfully in a 
tradition and simply consuming 

5904
05:20:32,000 --> 05:20:35,100
exotic experiences. 
As you Nestle deeper into your 

5905
05:20:35,108 --> 05:20:37,200
blankets. 
And perhaps notice how your own 

5906
05:20:37,208 --> 05:20:39,200
breathing is slowed while 
reading this story. 

5907
05:20:39,200 --> 05:20:42,700
Let's turn to what modern 
science has discovered about why

5908
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:45,600
smoke based practices affect the
way they do. 

5909
05:20:45,600 --> 05:20:49,300
Understanding the mechanisms, 
doesn't diminish The Experience,

5910
05:20:49,300 --> 05:20:53,900
if anything it reveals, how 
intuitive our ancestors were in 

5911
05:20:53,900 --> 05:20:56,700
their observations, the human 
olfactory system. 

5912
05:20:56,700 --> 05:21:00,600
You'll sense of smell is 
directly connected to the limbic

5913
05:21:00,600 --> 05:21:03,200
system. 
Those ancient structures deep in

5914
05:21:03,200 --> 05:21:07,300
your brain that process emotion 
and memory This is why certain 

5915
05:21:07,300 --> 05:21:11,200
smells can instantly transport 
you to Childhood, the VOC 

5916
05:21:11,200 --> 05:21:15,000
powerful emotional responses or 
create immediate feelings of 

5917
05:21:15,000 --> 05:21:18,700
calm or anxiety. 
When you smell incense or 

5918
05:21:18,700 --> 05:21:22,500
aromatic smoke the molecules 
trigger, not just sensory 

5919
05:21:22,500 --> 05:21:26,500
perception, but emotional and 
memory responses that bypass 

5920
05:21:26,500 --> 05:21:29,500
conscious reasoning. 
Ancient people didn't know about

5921
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:32,300
the limbic system but they 
certainly knew that certain 

5922
05:21:32,300 --> 05:21:33,900
smells made them feel certain 
ways. 

5923
05:21:34,900 --> 05:21:37,300
They were working with the same 
neurological architecture. 

5924
05:21:37,300 --> 05:21:40,800
We have today conducting 
empirical experiments and 

5925
05:21:40,800 --> 05:21:43,400
altering their own Consciousness
and carefully noting which 

5926
05:21:43,400 --> 05:21:45,900
plants produced which affects 
modern. 

5927
05:21:45,900 --> 05:21:49,000
Chemistry is identified the 
specific compounds responsible 

5928
05:21:49,000 --> 05:21:51,300
for many traditional incense 
effects. 

5929
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:55,900
Frankincense contains both acids
and other molecules that have 

5930
05:21:55,900 --> 05:21:59,700
genuine anti-inflammatory and 
anxiolytic anxiety. 

5931
05:21:59,700 --> 05:22:03,700
Reducing properties. 
When burned frankincense 

5932
05:22:03,700 --> 05:22:06,600
releases these compounds in a 
form that can be absorbed 

5933
05:22:06,600 --> 05:22:10,200
through the respiratory system, 
producing measurable effects on 

5934
05:22:10,200 --> 05:22:14,300
brain, chemistry and emotional 
state, lavender, smoke contains 

5935
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:18,700
linear Lulu and linel acetate 
compounds that have been shown 

5936
05:22:18,700 --> 05:22:21,600
in laboratory studies, to reduce
stress hormones and promote 

5937
05:22:21,600 --> 05:22:25,100
relaxation. 
The Greeks and Romans who burned

5938
05:22:25,100 --> 05:22:28,400
lavender to promote, calmness 
weren't just engaging in 

5939
05:22:28,400 --> 05:22:32,600
Superstition, they were using a 
substance that genuinely affects

5940
05:22:32,600 --> 05:22:35,300
human neurobiology and ways that
reduce anxiety. 

5941
05:22:35,300 --> 05:22:39,400
Similarly, the therapeutic 
smoking practices of ancient 

5942
05:22:39,400 --> 05:22:43,600
Physicians often prescribed 
genuinely effective substances. 

5943
05:22:45,000 --> 05:22:48,400
When Chinese doctors recommended
smoking Moen for respiratory 

5944
05:22:48,400 --> 05:22:50,400
problems. 
They were unknowingly. 

5945
05:22:50,400 --> 05:22:53,700
Prescribing a feed dream. 
A powerful Broncho dilator. 

5946
05:22:54,900 --> 05:22:58,500
When Indian ayurvedic Physicians
prescribed, cannabis smoke, for 

5947
05:22:58,500 --> 05:23:01,300
various conditions, they were 
using a substance with 

5948
05:23:01,300 --> 05:23:05,400
documented effects on pain. 
Nausea, and several other 

5949
05:23:05,400 --> 05:23:08,000
symptoms. 
Modern Neuroscience has also 

5950
05:23:08,000 --> 05:23:11,200
helped explain why ritual and 
setting matters so much for 

5951
05:23:11,200 --> 05:23:14,800
smoked based practices. 
The brain doesn't just respond 

5952
05:23:14,800 --> 05:23:18,100
to chemical compounds. 
It responds to expectations 

5953
05:23:18,100 --> 05:23:21,900
context and meaning. 
When you burn incense in a 

5954
05:23:21,900 --> 05:23:24,400
context, you've learned to 
associate with relaxation or 

5955
05:23:24,400 --> 05:23:27,900
spiritual experience. 
Your brain begins producing the 

5956
05:23:27,900 --> 05:23:31,100
associated response before. 
You've even inhaled any smoke. 

5957
05:23:31,100 --> 05:23:35,200
This isn't just psychological. 
By the way, the expectation of 

5958
05:23:35,200 --> 05:23:38,300
relaxation triggers real. 
Measurable changes in brain 

5959
05:23:38,300 --> 05:23:42,500
chemistry, increase serotonin, 
and dopamine, and decreased 

5960
05:23:42,500 --> 05:23:45,800
quarters and adrenaline. 
The chemical compounds in the 

5961
05:23:45,800 --> 05:23:49,400
smoke then enhance and extend 
these changes creating a 

5962
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:52,500
synergistic effect that is more 
powerful than either contacts or

5963
05:23:52,500 --> 05:23:56,400
chemistry alone breathing 
patterns matter too and this is 

5964
05:23:56,400 --> 05:23:59,200
something ancient practitioners 
understood intuitively. 

5965
05:24:00,500 --> 05:24:03,600
When you deliberately slow and 
deepen, your breathing to inhale

5966
05:24:03,600 --> 05:24:07,700
aromatic smoke, your activating,
your parasympathetic nervous 

5967
05:24:07,700 --> 05:24:11,500
system, the rest and digest mode
that counteract stress 

5968
05:24:11,500 --> 05:24:15,100
responses, the compounds in the 
Smoke, enhance this effect. 

5969
05:24:16,100 --> 05:24:18,800
The breathing pattern itself is 
doing significant work. 

5970
05:24:18,800 --> 05:24:22,500
This explains why similar 
practices emerged in different 

5971
05:24:22,500 --> 05:24:27,600
cultures humans everywhere have 
the same basic neurobiology, the

5972
05:24:27,600 --> 05:24:31,500
same limbic system responses to 
aromatic compounds and the same 

5973
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:35,000
parasympathetic relaxation 
response to slow breathing 

5974
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:40,200
Ancient peoples in China, India 
Rome and the Americas 

5975
05:24:40,200 --> 05:24:43,800
independently discovered that 
burning certain plants and 

5976
05:24:43,800 --> 05:24:47,800
breathing the smoke deeply 
produce specific desirable 

5977
05:24:47,800 --> 05:24:50,900
effects because they were all 
working with the same human 

5978
05:24:50,900 --> 05:24:53,300
Hardware. 
Modern research has also 

5979
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:56,200
revealed some unexpected 
benefits of certain aromatic 

5980
05:24:56,200 --> 05:24:59,100
compounds. 
Rose Marie smoke for instance, 

5981
05:24:59,100 --> 05:25:03,000
contains molecules that appear 
to enhance memory and cognitive 

5982
05:25:03,000 --> 05:25:05,700
function. 
Studies have shown that people 

5983
05:25:05,700 --> 05:25:08,800
performing memory tasks in room 
centered with Rose, Marie 

5984
05:25:08,800 --> 05:25:10,600
performed better than control 
groups. 

5985
05:25:11,500 --> 05:25:14,400
Ancient peoples who burned Rose 
Marie while studying, or before 

5986
05:25:14,400 --> 05:25:18,000
important meetings may have been
unwittingly using a genuine 

5987
05:25:18,000 --> 05:25:21,400
cognitive enhancer 
interestingly, the communal 

5988
05:25:21,400 --> 05:25:24,600
aspects of smoke practices. 
Also have measurable effects. 

5989
05:25:25,500 --> 05:25:28,500
when people participate in 
shared rituals, whether 

5990
05:25:28,500 --> 05:25:32,500
religious incense ceremonies or 
communal pipes smoking, they're 

5991
05:25:32,500 --> 05:25:35,400
stress hormones, decreased their
sense of social connection 

5992
05:25:35,400 --> 05:25:39,800
increases and various measures 
of well-being improve The smoke 

5993
05:25:39,800 --> 05:25:42,900
is part of this. 
But so is the ritual itself, the

5994
05:25:42,900 --> 05:25:46,800
shared experience and the sense 
of participating in something 

5995
05:25:46,800 --> 05:25:49,600
larger than yourself, Placebo 
effects. 

5996
05:25:49,600 --> 05:25:52,200
We mentioned earlier. 
Turn out to be far more complex 

5997
05:25:52,200 --> 05:25:53,600
and interesting than once 
thought. 

5998
05:25:54,500 --> 05:25:57,700
Modern research shows that 
Placebo responses involve 

5999
05:25:57,700 --> 05:26:01,000
genuine changes in 
neurotransmitter levels immune 

6000
05:26:01,000 --> 05:26:02,900
function and even gene 
expression. 

6001
05:26:03,900 --> 05:26:07,200
When ancient healers conducted 
elaborate smoke rituals for sick

6002
05:26:07,200 --> 05:26:10,700
patients, they were triggering 
healing responses that were as 

6003
05:26:10,700 --> 05:26:12,700
real as any pharmaceutical 
effect. 

6004
05:26:13,500 --> 05:26:16,300
Even if the mechanisms were 
completely different from what 

6005
05:26:16,300 --> 05:26:18,200
the healers believed there are 
all. 

6006
05:26:18,200 --> 05:26:20,300
So risks. 
And modern science has made 

6007
05:26:20,300 --> 05:26:24,500
these clearer than ever regular 
smoke inhalation regardless of 

6008
05:26:24,500 --> 05:26:27,800
the substance damages 
respiratory tissues and increase

6009
05:26:27,800 --> 05:26:30,100
his risks of various Cancers and
lung diseases. 

6010
05:26:30,100 --> 05:26:33,800
The difference between 
occasional ceremonial incense, 

6011
05:26:33,800 --> 05:26:37,000
exposure and daily tobacco 
smoking is enormous in terms of 

6012
05:26:37,000 --> 05:26:40,100
health outcomes. 
But even aromatic smoke in high 

6013
05:26:40,100 --> 05:26:42,700
concentrations can be 
problematic for people with 

6014
05:26:42,700 --> 05:26:45,500
respiratory conditions. 
This creates an interesting 

6015
05:26:45,500 --> 05:26:48,200
tension. 
The practices we've been 

6016
05:26:48,200 --> 05:26:50,500
discussing. 
Do have genuine effects, 

6017
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:53,400
psychological neurological and 
social. 

6018
05:26:54,400 --> 05:26:57,400
But they also carry risks that 
increase with frequency and 

6019
05:26:57,400 --> 05:27:00,200
intensity of use. 
Ancient peoples. 

6020
05:27:00,200 --> 05:27:03,100
Generally use these practices 
more sparingly than modern 

6021
05:27:03,100 --> 05:27:06,700
recreational smokers, which 
likely limited health impacts 

6022
05:27:06,700 --> 05:27:09,200
while preserving the ritual and 
psychological benefits. 

6023
05:27:09,200 --> 05:27:12,300
The modern scientific 
understanding of smoke and its 

6024
05:27:12,300 --> 05:27:15,100
effect suggests that our 
ancestors were remarkably 

6025
05:27:15,100 --> 05:27:19,000
sophisticated observers of human
consciousness and the substances

6026
05:27:19,000 --> 05:27:21,900
that alter it. 
They couldn't explain the 

6027
05:27:21,900 --> 05:27:24,600
mechanisms in terms of 
neurotransmitters and receptor 

6028
05:27:24,600 --> 05:27:27,800
sites but they could reliably 
predict that burning substance 

6029
05:27:27,800 --> 05:27:31,000
in context why would produce 
affect zeed? 

6030
05:27:31,000 --> 05:27:34,500
That's empirical science. 
Even without the theoretical 

6031
05:27:34,500 --> 05:27:38,200
Frameworks, we've added now as 
we move into the present day, 

6032
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:42,400
the story of smoke becomes more 
personal and immediate You might

6033
05:27:42,400 --> 05:27:45,800
have your own experience as with
incense with the smell of wood 

6034
05:27:45,800 --> 05:27:50,300
smoke from a fireplace with the 
lingering Aroma of sage or sweet

6035
05:27:50,300 --> 05:27:54,100
grass or with memories attached 
to particular sense that rise 

6036
05:27:54,100 --> 05:27:57,100
and curling wiste's. 
The relationship between modern 

6037
05:27:57,100 --> 05:27:59,300
people and aromatic. 
Smoke is complicated. 

6038
05:27:59,300 --> 05:28:02,100
Full of contradictions that 
would have baffled our 

6039
05:28:02,100 --> 05:28:04,900
ancestors. 
We know more about the chemistry

6040
05:28:04,900 --> 05:28:08,100
and health effects than any 
previous generation yet, we 

6041
05:28:08,100 --> 05:28:12,000
often use this knowledge poorly.
We have access to aromatics from

6042
05:28:12,000 --> 05:28:15,400
around the world at prices, that
would Astound ancient Merchants.

6043
05:28:15,400 --> 05:28:19,200
Yet, we often fail to appreciate
the depth of traditions behind 

6044
05:28:19,200 --> 05:28:21,200
them. 
Walk into most metaphysical 

6045
05:28:21,200 --> 05:28:25,000
bookstores, yoga studios, or 
wellness centers in the western 

6046
05:28:25,000 --> 05:28:28,700
world, and you'll find incense 
for sale often. 

6047
05:28:28,700 --> 05:28:33,200
Nag Champa from India, but also 
white sage bundles Palo. 

6048
05:28:33,200 --> 05:28:37,200
Santo sticks, copal resin and 
various other aromatics from 

6049
05:28:37,200 --> 05:28:41,200
Traditions worldwide. 
This represents unprecedented 

6050
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:44,700
access to global smoke 
Traditions, but also raises 

6051
05:28:44,700 --> 05:28:47,900
questions about cultural 
appropriation sustainable 

6052
05:28:47,900 --> 05:28:51,500
harvesting and whether 
transplanted practice is retain 

6053
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:55,500
their meaning, outside their 
original contexts, the white 

6054
05:28:55,500 --> 05:28:59,800
sage situation is particularly 
instructive, white sage is 

6055
05:28:59,800 --> 05:29:03,000
sacred to various Native, 
American people's, particularly 

6056
05:29:03,000 --> 05:29:07,000
in California, and the south 
west Smudging with white sage 

6057
05:29:07,000 --> 05:29:11,400
burning bundles of the dried 
herb purify spaces, is an 

6058
05:29:11,400 --> 05:29:13,000
important practice in these 
traditions. 

6059
05:29:14,000 --> 05:29:17,300
But commercial harvesting has 
put white sage populations under

6060
05:29:17,300 --> 05:29:21,400
pressure and seeing this sacred 
plant sold in every new age 

6061
05:29:21,400 --> 05:29:24,800
shop, understandably, bothers, 
many Native Americans. 

6062
05:29:24,800 --> 05:29:28,900
This is the smoke traditional 
encountering globalization and 

6063
05:29:28,900 --> 05:29:31,400
it's complicated. 
On one hand. 

6064
05:29:31,400 --> 05:29:34,600
People worldwide seeking calm 
and purification through 

6065
05:29:34,600 --> 05:29:38,200
aromatic, smoke are 
participating in fundamentally 

6066
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:40,600
human practices that transcend 
culture. 

6067
05:29:40,600 --> 05:29:43,700
On the other hand. 
There's something troubling 

6068
05:29:43,700 --> 05:29:47,100
about sacred Traditions being 
commodified and stripped of 

6069
05:29:47,100 --> 05:29:50,600
their contexts. 
Smoke Remains the Same, but the 

6070
05:29:50,600 --> 05:29:52,300
meaning is change in 
Translation. 

6071
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:56,500
Meanwhile, incense traditions in
their homelands can continue to 

6072
05:29:56,500 --> 05:30:00,700
evolve visitor Buddhist temple, 
in Taiwan Thailand or Japan. 

6073
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:04,500
And you'll find practices that 
combine ancient formulations 

6074
05:30:04,500 --> 05:30:08,200
with modern sensibilities. 
The incense might be made using 

6075
05:30:08,200 --> 05:30:11,000
traditional recipes but 
manufactured in climate 

6076
05:30:11,000 --> 05:30:14,500
controlled facilities with 
quality testing that ensures 

6077
05:30:14,500 --> 05:30:17,900
consistent products. 
The rituals continue. 

6078
05:30:17,900 --> 05:30:20,700
But in buildings that have 
electric lights, air 

6079
05:30:20,700 --> 05:30:24,600
conditioning, and live stream 
services for distant devotees in

6080
05:30:24,600 --> 05:30:26,900
India. 
The incense industry has become 

6081
05:30:26,900 --> 05:30:30,900
a significant economic sector 
employing, thousands of people 

6082
05:30:30,900 --> 05:30:33,600
in traditional craft 
manufacturing that's been 

6083
05:30:33,600 --> 05:30:36,800
modernized with without being 
completely industrialized. 

6084
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:39,900
Families that have made incense 
for Generations. 

6085
05:30:39,900 --> 05:30:43,100
Now export their products 
globally while maintaining 

6086
05:30:43,100 --> 05:30:45,900
recipes and techniques passed 
down through the centuries. 

6087
05:30:45,900 --> 05:30:50,300
Its traditional adapting to 
modernity finding ways to 

6088
05:30:50,300 --> 05:30:54,000
continue that don't require 
rejecting change entirely the 

6089
05:30:54,000 --> 05:30:57,400
medical use of aromatic smoke is
largely disappeared in developed

6090
05:30:57,400 --> 05:31:00,400
countries, replaced by more 
reliable pharmaceutical. 

6091
05:31:00,400 --> 05:31:03,600
Approaches, your doctor isn't 
going to prescribe therapeutic 

6092
05:31:03,600 --> 05:31:05,600
fumigation for your respiratory 
infection. 

6093
05:31:05,600 --> 05:31:08,400
They'll give you antibiotics or 
antivirals. 

6094
05:31:09,300 --> 05:31:12,900
But aroma therapy, the use of 
essential oils and aromatic 

6095
05:31:12,900 --> 05:31:17,200
compounds for cycle and Mild. 
Physical benefits has found a 

6096
05:31:17,200 --> 05:31:20,700
niche as complementary medicine,
essential oil, diffusers 

6097
05:31:20,700 --> 05:31:23,400
represent an interesting 
evolution of smoke practice, 

6098
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:26,000
instead of burning our aromatic 
substances. 

6099
05:31:26,000 --> 05:31:28,900
These devices vaporize essential
oils in water. 

6100
05:31:28,900 --> 05:31:32,400
Creating a fragrant Mist. 
That disperses through a room, 

6101
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:38,000
it's smoke without combustion 
aromatics without Ash and a 

6102
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:40,800
sanitized version of ancient 
practices adapted for modern 

6103
05:31:40,800 --> 05:31:43,400
homes that have smoke detectors 
and fire codes. 

6104
05:31:43,400 --> 05:31:46,800
Does it work? 
Yes, and no. 

6105
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:50,800
The aromatic compounds still 
affect the limbic system. 

6106
05:31:50,800 --> 05:31:54,500
Still produce psychological 
responses and still create 

6107
05:31:54,500 --> 05:31:57,900
Pleasant environments. 
That something is lost when you 

6108
05:31:57,900 --> 05:32:00,100
remove the visual element of 
smoke Rising. 

6109
05:32:00,100 --> 05:32:04,800
The slight edge of danger from 
working with fire and the 

6110
05:32:04,800 --> 05:32:08,100
ritualized aspects of preparing 
and lighting incense. 

6111
05:32:08,900 --> 05:32:12,400
The diffuser is more convenient 
and probably safer but 

6112
05:32:12,400 --> 05:32:15,000
convenience and safety are the 
only values that matter. 

6113
05:32:15,000 --> 05:32:18,200
The cigarette culture that 
dominated much of the 20th 

6114
05:32:18,200 --> 05:32:21,400
century is finally declining as 
health consequences, become 

6115
05:32:21,400 --> 05:32:24,800
undeniable and social acceptance
of evaporates. 

6116
05:32:25,800 --> 05:32:28,100
Fewer people. 
Smoke cigarettes now than at any

6117
05:32:28,100 --> 05:32:30,000
time. 
Since the 1920s in most 

6118
05:32:30,000 --> 05:32:33,600
developed countries. 
This is undoubtedly good for 

6119
05:32:33,600 --> 05:32:36,800
public health but it's also 
removed one of the few remaining

6120
05:32:36,800 --> 05:32:39,400
wide, spread smoke practices 
from everyday life. 

6121
05:32:39,400 --> 05:32:42,900
Some of this void is being 
filled by cannabis legalization 

6122
05:32:42,900 --> 05:32:46,900
in various jurisdictions as 
cannabis become legal for 

6123
05:32:46,900 --> 05:32:49,900
recreational. 
Use New Traditions and practices

6124
05:32:49,900 --> 05:32:51,700
are emerging around its 
consumption. 

6125
05:32:52,800 --> 05:32:56,400
Some of these Echo older 
Traditions the past joined as a 

6126
05:32:56,408 --> 05:32:59,600
social bonding ritual has 
parallels to passed pipes in 

6127
05:32:59,600 --> 05:33:04,400
various cultures Others are 
distinctly, modern vaporizes and

6128
05:33:04,400 --> 05:33:07,900
Edibles representing, approaches
to cannabis consumption, that 

6129
05:33:07,900 --> 05:33:10,100
minimize or eliminate smoke 
entirely. 

6130
05:33:10,100 --> 05:33:14,000
The use of incense and religious
and spiritual contexts continues

6131
05:33:14,000 --> 05:33:17,000
worldwide. 
Relatively unchanged by 

6132
05:33:17,000 --> 05:33:19,200
modernities other 
transformations. 

6133
05:33:19,900 --> 05:33:23,700
Walk into a Catholic Church 
during high mass visit a Hindu 

6134
05:33:23,700 --> 05:33:27,500
temple during Puja or attend. 
A Buddhist Meditation session. 

6135
05:33:27,500 --> 05:33:31,000
You'll encounter aromatic smoke 
being used for purposes, that 

6136
05:33:31,000 --> 05:33:34,300
would be instantly recognizable 
to practitioners from centuries 

6137
05:33:34,300 --> 05:33:37,100
ago. 
This continuity is remarkable 

6138
05:33:37,100 --> 05:33:40,900
given how much else has changed?
Interestingly, there's been a 

6139
05:33:40,900 --> 05:33:43,700
modern Revival of interest in 
contemplative practices 

6140
05:33:43,700 --> 05:33:46,400
generally and incense as 
followed along. 

6141
05:33:47,500 --> 05:33:50,600
Mindfulness meditation, which 
has become surprisingly 

6142
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:54,500
mainstream in secular Western 
culture, often incorporates 

6143
05:33:54,500 --> 05:33:58,300
incense as a focus for attention
or simply as atmosphere. 

6144
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:03,300
Practice has been stripped of 
religious associations but 

6145
05:34:03,300 --> 05:34:07,400
retains the basic Insight that 
aromatic smoke can help create 

6146
05:34:07,400 --> 05:34:12,300
mental States conducive to 
calmer when Japanese incense. 

6147
05:34:12,300 --> 05:34:16,900
Ceremony codo has even founded 
here at Japan though whether 

6148
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:19,500
these practitioners fully 
appreciate the aesthetic and 

6149
05:34:19,500 --> 05:34:21,900
philosophical depth of the 
tradition is debatable. 

6150
05:34:22,900 --> 05:34:26,200
Still, the fact that people are 
willing to spend hours learning 

6151
05:34:26,200 --> 05:34:29,300
to distinguish subtle 
differences in aromatic Woods 

6152
05:34:29,300 --> 05:34:33,800
suggest that ancient approaches 
to smoke, appreciation can still

6153
05:34:33,800 --> 05:34:35,500
resonate with modern 
sensibilities. 

6154
05:34:35,500 --> 05:34:39,500
Environmental concerns are 
adding New Dimensions to how we 

6155
05:34:39,500 --> 05:34:42,800
think about smoke. 
Burning incense or anything else

6156
05:34:42,800 --> 05:34:46,600
releases particular matter and 
various chemicals into the air. 

6157
05:34:47,500 --> 05:34:51,500
Indoor air quality has become a 
recognized Health concern and 

6158
05:34:51,500 --> 05:34:54,400
burning substances indoors 
regularly isn't great for it. 

6159
05:34:55,200 --> 05:34:58,300
This creates another tension. 
The practice is that brought 

6160
05:34:58,300 --> 05:35:01,900
calm to countless Generations. 
Now faced questions about 

6161
05:35:01,900 --> 05:35:04,100
whether they're worth the 
environmental and health costs. 

6162
05:35:04,100 --> 05:35:07,800
There's all the simple fact that
many modern people don't know 

6163
05:35:07,800 --> 05:35:12,300
how to safely work with fire. 
We've outsourced to get those 

6164
05:35:12,300 --> 05:35:15,700
furnaces and pilot lights 
controlled automatic 

6165
05:35:15,700 --> 05:35:17,500
requirement. 
No attention. 

6166
05:35:18,500 --> 05:35:21,300
The idea of deliberately 
lighting something on fire and 

6167
05:35:21,300 --> 05:35:23,700
managing it while. 
It burns is foreign to people 

6168
05:35:23,700 --> 05:35:26,700
who've grown up with smoke 
detectors, that sound at the 

6169
05:35:26,700 --> 05:35:31,600
first hint of combustion. 
Ancient practices assume a 

6170
05:35:31,600 --> 05:35:34,900
comfort level with fire. 
That many modern people simply 

6171
05:35:34,900 --> 05:35:38,900
lack yet the fundamental human 
response is to aromatic smoke, 

6172
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:42,000
have not changed. 
When you smell Sandalwood or 

6173
05:35:42,000 --> 05:35:46,000
frankincense, your brain, 
processes it using the same URL 

6174
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:48,900
Pathways that lit up in ancient 
Egyptians brain. 

6175
05:35:49,900 --> 05:35:53,400
When you watch smoke curl and 
Rise, you're seeing the same 

6176
05:35:53,400 --> 05:35:56,600
patterns that fascinated 
Mesopotamian diviners. 

6177
05:35:57,700 --> 05:36:00,500
When you associate certain 
smells with calm or 

6178
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:04,400
contemplation your participating
in conditioning processes, that 

6179
05:36:04,400 --> 05:36:07,600
humans have been using for 
Millennia as we approach the end

6180
05:36:07,600 --> 05:36:09,300
of our journey through smokes 
history. 

6181
05:36:09,300 --> 05:36:13,900
It's worth pausing to reflect on
why this matters, why the story 

6182
05:36:13,900 --> 05:36:17,200
of Humanity's relationship with 
aromatic smoke, deserves 

6183
05:36:17,200 --> 05:36:20,700
telling, and what it reveals 
about, who we are as a species 

6184
05:36:20,700 --> 05:36:24,200
at the most basic level. 
The story of smoke is a story 

6185
05:36:24,200 --> 05:36:28,200
about human curiosity and 
experimentation our ancestors. 

6186
05:36:28,200 --> 05:36:30,900
Didn't have to figure out that 
burning certain plants produced 

6187
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:34,600
Pleasant or interesting effects.
They could have just burned. 

6188
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:37,200
What ever would was convenient 
and being content with warmth 

6189
05:36:37,200 --> 05:36:40,500
and Light? 
But humans don't work that way. 

6190
05:36:41,300 --> 05:36:45,400
We experiment, observe remember 
and refine. 

6191
05:36:46,300 --> 05:36:49,100
We notice patterns and explore 
possibilities. 

6192
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:52,900
We turn accidental discoveries 
into deliberate practices. 

6193
05:36:52,900 --> 05:36:55,900
The fact that humans in wildly 
different cultures, 

6194
05:36:55,900 --> 05:36:58,700
independently, discovered, 
similarly uses for aromatic, 

6195
05:36:58,700 --> 05:37:03,800
smoke tells us something about 
Universal human needs, Across 

6196
05:37:03,800 --> 05:37:08,300
every continent in climates from
Arctic to Tropical people sought

6197
05:37:08,300 --> 05:37:11,800
ways to alter Consciousness 
creates Sacred Space. 

6198
05:37:11,800 --> 05:37:17,100
Mark important moments, find 
relief from pain or anxiety and 

6199
05:37:17,100 --> 05:37:19,700
connect with something Beyond 
everyday reality. 

6200
05:37:20,800 --> 05:37:23,400
Smoke became one tool among many
for meeting. 

6201
05:37:23,400 --> 05:37:26,600
These needs, this suggests that 
the desire for altered. 

6202
05:37:26,600 --> 05:37:29,300
Consciousness isn't a pathology 
or a weakness. 

6203
05:37:29,300 --> 05:37:32,800
But a fundamental aspect of 
human psychology. 

6204
05:37:33,700 --> 05:37:36,400
We're not meant to exist. 
In one constant state. 

6205
05:37:36,400 --> 05:37:40,800
We need Variety in our 
experiences access to different 

6206
05:37:40,800 --> 05:37:44,200
modes of Consciousness and waste
to step outside, ordinary 

6207
05:37:44,200 --> 05:37:46,600
perception and see from 
different angles. 

6208
05:37:47,800 --> 05:37:52,100
Aromatic smoke provided this for
most of human history which is 

6209
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:55,800
why it's practices spread so 
widely and persisted so long, 

6210
05:37:55,800 --> 05:37:59,400
the story of smoke is also a 
story about the tension between 

6211
05:37:59,400 --> 05:38:02,700
material and meaning. 
Smoke is a physical phenomenon, 

6212
05:38:02,700 --> 05:38:07,100
combustion producing particular 
matter, suspended in air. 

6213
05:38:07,900 --> 05:38:10,700
But humans have never been 
content to treat it as merely 

6214
05:38:10,700 --> 05:38:13,500
physical. 
We've invested smoke with 

6215
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:16,900
meanings used it as a language 
for Concepts. 

6216
05:38:16,900 --> 05:38:18,900
That can't be expressed in words
alone. 

6217
05:38:19,600 --> 05:38:22,600
And made it carry our hopes and 
prayers to Realms. 

6218
05:38:22,600 --> 05:38:26,500
We can't directly perceive this 
capacity to see beyond the 

6219
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:30,200
purely physical to find meaning 
in natural phenomena to create 

6220
05:38:30,200 --> 05:38:32,700
symbol systems. 
That let us think about abstract

6221
05:38:32,700 --> 05:38:35,400
Concepts. 
This is distinctly human. 

6222
05:38:36,500 --> 05:38:40,200
Other animals might enjoy 
Pleasant smells, but only humans

6223
05:38:40,200 --> 05:38:43,700
burn aromatics in specific 
contexts to deliberately alter 

6224
05:38:43,700 --> 05:38:46,500
their mental States. 
While simultaneously expressing 

6225
05:38:46,500 --> 05:38:48,500
spiritual beliefs through the 
actress self. 

6226
05:38:48,500 --> 05:38:51,800
The global spread of smoke 
Traditions, through trade routes

6227
05:38:51,800 --> 05:38:55,600
tells us something about human 
connectivity, We tend to think 

6228
05:38:55,600 --> 05:38:59,500
of ancient people as isolated in
their own cultures but the fact 

6229
05:38:59,500 --> 05:39:02,500
that frankincense from Southern 
Arabia ended up in Chinese 

6230
05:39:02,500 --> 05:39:06,400
temples that tobacco from the 
Americas reached Asia within 

6231
05:39:06,400 --> 05:39:11,400
decades and that incense formula
spread across continents, all 

6232
05:39:11,400 --> 05:39:15,000
this reveals networks of human 
connection that were 

6233
05:39:15,000 --> 05:39:16,800
surprisingly robust and 
far-reaching. 

6234
05:39:16,800 --> 05:39:19,800
These trade networks weren't 
just about economics. 

6235
05:39:19,800 --> 05:39:23,700
They were about shared Human. 
Experience is about the 

6236
05:39:23,700 --> 05:39:26,400
recognition that people in 
distant lands, were seeking 

6237
05:39:26,400 --> 05:39:31,200
similar things, calm 
transcendents healing and 

6238
05:39:31,200 --> 05:39:34,900
connection to the divine The 
merchant who carried 

6239
05:39:34,900 --> 05:39:38,100
frankincense from Arabia to Rome
was carrying more than a 

6240
05:39:38,100 --> 05:39:40,300
commodity. 
They were carrying one, 

6241
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:42,400
culture's approach to these 
Universal. 

6242
05:39:42,400 --> 05:39:45,600
Needs an introducing it to 
people, who would adapt it to 

6243
05:39:45,608 --> 05:39:49,000
their own purposes. 
The evolution of smoke practices

6244
05:39:49,000 --> 05:39:53,500
over time shows, human 
creativity and adaptability Same

6245
05:39:53,500 --> 05:39:57,100
basic principle. 
Burning aromatic substances and 

6246
05:39:57,100 --> 05:40:00,700
breathing or being present with 
the smoke has been endlessly 

6247
05:40:00,700 --> 05:40:04,500
varied and refined. 
From cave, fires to Temple 

6248
05:40:04,500 --> 05:40:08,700
sensors, to ceremonial pipes, to
Modern, incense sticks. 

6249
05:40:09,500 --> 05:40:12,400
Humans have found countless ways
to engage with this simple 

6250
05:40:12,400 --> 05:40:14,900
practice. 
Each variation reflecting 

6251
05:40:14,900 --> 05:40:18,400
different values Technologies 
and cultural contexts. 

6252
05:40:19,200 --> 05:40:21,300
There's something deeply 
Democratic about smoke 

6253
05:40:21,300 --> 05:40:24,200
practices. 
Unlike some technologies that 

6254
05:40:24,200 --> 05:40:28,600
require rare materials or expert
knowledge, almost anyone can 

6255
05:40:28,600 --> 05:40:31,800
burn aromatic substances and 
benefit from the experience. 

6256
05:40:32,700 --> 05:40:35,800
Yes, there are elaborate 
Traditions that require years to

6257
05:40:35,800 --> 05:40:39,400
master but the basic practice is
accessible to everyone. 

6258
05:40:40,100 --> 05:40:43,900
This accessibility helps explain
why smoke practice is spread, so

6259
05:40:43,900 --> 05:40:49,000
widely and persisted across huge
differences in wealth, power and

6260
05:40:49,000 --> 05:40:52,400
social organization. 
The modern decline of some smoke

6261
05:40:52,400 --> 05:40:54,900
Traditions, raises questions 
about what we're losing. 

6262
05:40:55,800 --> 05:40:59,300
Not just specific practices, but
a whole way of engaging with 

6263
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:02,400
Consciousness ritual and the 
Mysterio world. 

6264
05:41:03,600 --> 05:41:06,900
When we replace incense with 
room deodorizers, when we 

6265
05:41:06,900 --> 05:41:10,400
substitute essential old, 
diffusers for sensors, when we 

6266
05:41:10,408 --> 05:41:13,800
eliminate smoke practices 
entirely due to health concerns,

6267
05:41:13,800 --> 05:41:17,000
what are we giving up along with
what we gain? 

6268
05:41:17,000 --> 05:41:20,900
This isn't a call to reject 
modernity or ignore legitimate 

6269
05:41:20,900 --> 05:41:25,100
health concerns But it is worth 
recognizing that our ancestors 

6270
05:41:25,100 --> 05:41:29,300
smoke practices emerged from and
spoke to genuine human needs 

6271
05:41:29,300 --> 05:41:32,000
that don't disappear just 
because we've developed new 

6272
05:41:32,000 --> 05:41:36,300
technologies, the need for 
ritual for moments of deliberate

6273
05:41:36,300 --> 05:41:38,700
harm. 
The sensory experience, is that 

6274
05:41:38,700 --> 05:41:42,000
anchor Us in the present, these 
persist, whether we acknowledge 

6275
05:41:42,000 --> 05:41:44,500
them or not. 
Perhaps, what's most remarkable 

6276
05:41:44,500 --> 05:41:46,200
is? 
How such a simple thing. 

6277
05:41:46,200 --> 05:41:50,400
Aromatic smoke could carry so 
much weight across so many 

6278
05:41:50,400 --> 05:41:54,600
cultures and so many centuries. 
We've developed incredibly 

6279
05:41:54,600 --> 05:41:58,900
sophisticated Technologies 
mapped the human genome and sent

6280
05:41:58,900 --> 05:42:00,600
probes to the edge of the solar 
system. 

6281
05:42:01,500 --> 05:42:04,700
Yet something as basic as 
burning aromatic resins and 

6282
05:42:04,700 --> 05:42:07,900
breathing, the smoke can still 
produce experiences that modern 

6283
05:42:07,900 --> 05:42:11,700
science fully explains but can't
quite replicate through. 

6284
05:42:11,700 --> 05:42:16,400
Any other means the smell of 
Frankincense or Sandalwood the 

6285
05:42:16,400 --> 05:42:20,700
site of smoke curling upward, 
the taste of aromatic Vapor on 

6286
05:42:20,708 --> 05:42:23,900
your tongue. 
These experiences connect you 

6287
05:42:23,900 --> 05:42:26,900
directly to humans who lived 
thousands of years ago. 

6288
05:42:27,900 --> 05:42:31,500
You found in the same smells and
sights access to States Of 

6289
05:42:31,500 --> 05:42:34,400
Consciousness. 
They valued It's a form of time 

6290
05:42:34,400 --> 05:42:38,100
travel, not through technology 
but through shared experience 

6291
05:42:38,100 --> 05:42:41,100
across the centuries. 
As you finish this story and 

6292
05:42:41,100 --> 05:42:43,600
prepare for sleep, you might be 
more aware of the air. 

6293
05:42:43,600 --> 05:42:47,000
You're breathing the way sense. 
Linger, in your room, and the 

6294
05:42:47,000 --> 05:42:49,600
quality of Stillness that can 
settle over a space in the 

6295
05:42:49,600 --> 05:42:52,900
evening. 
These awarenesses are part of 

6296
05:42:52,900 --> 05:42:57,000
what smoke practices cultivated.
Tension to subtle. 

6297
05:42:57,000 --> 05:43:00,500
Sensory experience is 
recognition that the invisible 

6298
05:43:00,500 --> 05:43:03,800
can be as important as the 
visible and understanding that 

6299
05:43:03,800 --> 05:43:08,900
Consciousness is not fixed, but 
fluid the story of smoke is in 

6300
05:43:08,900 --> 05:43:10,700
the end. 
Your story too. 

6301
05:43:11,800 --> 05:43:14,700
Whether you've ever burned 
incense or not, whether you have

6302
05:43:14,700 --> 05:43:19,000
any personal smoke practices or 
not, your part of a species that

6303
05:43:19,000 --> 05:43:23,400
has been exploring Consciousness
seeking calm and finding meaning

6304
05:43:23,400 --> 05:43:27,700
in Rising wisps for hundreds of 
thousands of years that's worth 

6305
05:43:27,700 --> 05:43:29,700
remembering as you drift towards
sleep. 

6306
05:43:30,400 --> 05:43:32,100
You're not separate from this 
history. 

6307
05:43:32,100 --> 05:43:35,800
You're its latest chapter 
carrying forward, patterns of 

6308
05:43:35,808 --> 05:43:39,000
human experience that stretch 
back to those first cave 

6309
05:43:39,000 --> 05:43:42,800
dwellers who threw aromatic 
branches on their fires and 

6310
05:43:42,800 --> 05:43:46,500
discovered that the world could 
suddenly seemed different more 

6311
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:50,000
spacious and more full of 
possibility, the practices 

6312
05:43:50,000 --> 05:43:54,800
change, the substances vary, and
the cultural context shift, but 

6313
05:43:54,800 --> 05:43:57,400
the underlying human, impulses 
remain constant. 

6314
05:43:58,200 --> 05:44:00,500
We seek moments of Peace in 
difficult times. 

6315
05:44:00,500 --> 05:44:04,400
We create rituals to Mark the 
sacred and separate from the 

6316
05:44:04,400 --> 05:44:07,300
mundane. 
We use our senses to Anchor 

6317
05:44:07,300 --> 05:44:11,500
ourselves in the present moment.
We explore Altered States Of 

6318
05:44:11,508 --> 05:44:13,500
Consciousness because ordinary 
Consciousness. 

6319
05:44:13,500 --> 05:44:17,600
While necessary is not 
sufficient for a fully, human 

6320
05:44:17,600 --> 05:44:19,900
life. 
Smoke visible. 

6321
05:44:19,900 --> 05:44:23,800
Breath transformation made 
tangible, the boundary between 

6322
05:44:23,800 --> 05:44:27,000
solid and are serves all these 
purposes and more. 

6323
05:44:27,000 --> 05:44:31,500
It's been medicine and Sacrament
Recreation and therapy art form 

6324
05:44:31,500 --> 05:44:34,800
and spiritual practice. 
It's linked distant cultures, 

6325
05:44:34,800 --> 05:44:38,800
and revealed, common Humanity. 
It's been studied by scientists 

6326
05:44:38,800 --> 05:44:42,800
and Mystics sought by Kings and 
available to peasants tomorrow. 

6327
05:44:42,800 --> 05:44:46,000
You might smell wood smoke from 
a neighbor's fireplace or 

6328
05:44:46,000 --> 05:44:49,900
incense from a nearby Temple or 
simply the lingering Aroma of 

6329
05:44:49,900 --> 05:44:53,300
your evening tea. 
When you do, you might remember 

6330
05:44:53,300 --> 05:44:56,100
this story and recognize that 
you're experiencing something 

6331
05:44:56,100 --> 05:44:59,000
humans have found meaningful for
longer than we've had written 

6332
05:44:59,000 --> 05:45:01,600
language. 
You might notice how the smell 

6333
05:45:01,600 --> 05:45:05,200
effects your mood, how you're 
breathing changes and how the 

6334
05:45:05,200 --> 05:45:07,700
moment feels slightly different 
from moments without that 

6335
05:45:07,700 --> 05:45:11,800
aromatic presence, or you might 
not, you might simply go about 

6336
05:45:11,800 --> 05:45:15,200
your day unaware of the ancient 
Traditions playing out in the 

6337
05:45:15,200 --> 05:45:18,500
background of Modern Life. 
Either way, the smoke will 

6338
05:45:18,500 --> 05:45:22,000
continue to rise carrying with 
it meaning and memories 

6339
05:45:22,000 --> 05:45:25,600
accumulated across Millennia. 
The practices we've discussed 

6340
05:45:25,600 --> 05:45:29,800
face and uncertain, future 
climate change urbanization, 

6341
05:45:29,800 --> 05:45:32,600
health concerns, and cultural 
shifts. 

6342
05:45:32,600 --> 05:45:37,100
All challenged traditional smoke
practices Some will adapt to 

6343
05:45:37,100 --> 05:45:40,200
continue. 
Others will fade a new forms, 

6344
05:45:40,200 --> 05:45:43,800
will emerge that we can't yet 
predict But the human needs 

6345
05:45:43,800 --> 05:45:46,000
these practices. 
Address aren't going anywhere, 

6346
05:45:46,000 --> 05:45:49,700
which suggests that some form of
smoke, traditional will persist.

6347
05:45:49,700 --> 05:45:52,400
As long as humans do perhaps 
future. 

6348
05:45:52,400 --> 05:45:55,500
Historians will look back at our
area, as the moment when 

6349
05:45:55,500 --> 05:45:59,300
Humanity's ancient relationship 
with aromatic, smoke underwent, 

6350
05:45:59,300 --> 05:46:03,500
its most dramatic 
transformation, Or perhaps, 

6351
05:46:03,500 --> 05:46:07,500
they'll see our time as just 
another adaptation in an ongoing

6352
05:46:07,500 --> 05:46:11,000
story that continues to unfold 
in ways, both familiar and 

6353
05:46:11,000 --> 05:46:13,500
surprising. 
What we can say with certainty, 

6354
05:46:13,500 --> 05:46:16,000
is that smoke has been a 
faithful companion to human 

6355
05:46:16,000 --> 05:46:19,200
consciousness for longer than 
any other deliberately sought 

6356
05:46:19,200 --> 05:46:22,600
altered state. 
Before alcohol, fermentation 

6357
05:46:22,600 --> 05:46:26,800
before Plant cultivation before 
writing or wheels or cities. 

6358
05:46:26,800 --> 05:46:30,500
Humans were burning aromatic 
substances and discovering that 

6359
05:46:30,500 --> 05:46:33,400
the right smoke at the right 
time could open doors to 

6360
05:46:33,400 --> 05:46:36,000
experience. 
That made life more bearable and

6361
05:46:36,000 --> 05:46:39,700
sometimes Transcendent. 
That's not a small thing that's 

6362
05:46:39,700 --> 05:46:42,600
evidence that humans have always
been more than just survival 

6363
05:46:42,600 --> 05:46:47,500
machines focused on food shelter
and reproduction Where 

6364
05:46:47,500 --> 05:46:50,900
meaning-making creatures 
Consciousness exploring animals?

6365
05:46:50,900 --> 05:46:53,600
Being who seek? 
Not just to live but to 

6366
05:46:53,600 --> 05:46:57,500
experience living fully in all 
its varieties and depths as you 

6367
05:46:57,500 --> 05:47:00,200
close your eyes and feel 
yourself beginning to drift into

6368
05:47:00,200 --> 05:47:02,700
sleep. 
Imagine for a moment, all the 

6369
05:47:02,700 --> 05:47:05,300
people across all the centuries 
who have landed down at Days, 

6370
05:47:05,300 --> 05:47:09,100
end with the smell of aromatic 
smoke, still lingering in their 

6371
05:47:09,100 --> 05:47:12,200
awareness. 
Roman priestesses after a day of

6372
05:47:12,200 --> 05:47:16,500
Temple service Chinese Scholars 
after evening study session. 

6373
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:20,700
Native American Elders after 
ceremonial pipe sharing. 

6374
05:47:21,600 --> 05:47:26,300
Medieval monks after even song. 
Victorian gentlemen after 

6375
05:47:26,300 --> 05:47:29,600
contemplative pipe smoking, 
you're part of that vast 

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05:47:29,600 --> 05:47:32,800
invisible Community. 
All the humans who have sought 

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05:47:32,800 --> 05:47:37,500
and found moments of Peace 
Insight or Transcendence through

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05:47:37,500 --> 05:47:40,700
the simple Act of being present 
with aromatic smoke. 

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05:47:41,600 --> 05:47:45,800
The specific practices differ, 
the beliefs vary, and the 

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05:47:45,800 --> 05:47:50,200
cultural context shift. 
But the experience connects your

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05:47:50,200 --> 05:47:52,700
time to countless others, who 
breathe. 

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05:47:52,700 --> 05:47:57,500
Deeply, watch, Smoke Rise and 
felt something shift in their 

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05:47:57,500 --> 05:48:00,500
awareness sleep. 
Well, knowing that the air you 

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05:48:00,500 --> 05:48:03,500
breathe has carried, not just 
oxygen, but meaning for, as long

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05:48:03,500 --> 05:48:06,900
as humans have existed. 
The darkness that gathers around

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05:48:06,900 --> 05:48:10,400
you as you sleep once glowed 
with firelight and the 

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05:48:10,400 --> 05:48:13,800
Stillness, you enter was filled 
with the scent of sacred smoke. 

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05:48:14,800 --> 05:48:18,300
You're not alone in this moment,
you're accompanied by ancestors 

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05:48:18,300 --> 05:48:20,900
Beyond counting, who founded in 
Smoke something worth 

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05:48:20,900 --> 05:48:24,100
preserving, and passing down 
tomorrow will bring its own 

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05:48:24,100 --> 05:48:27,000
challenges and joys, its own 
moments of stress and peace. 

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05:48:28,000 --> 05:48:31,200
But you'll carry with you. 
Now, this story, this awareness 

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05:48:31,200 --> 05:48:33,200
that Karma has always been 
available. 

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05:48:33,200 --> 05:48:36,700
That humans have always found 
ways to create space for 

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05:48:36,700 --> 05:48:40,900
reflection and renewal and that 
something as simple as aromatic.

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05:48:40,900 --> 05:48:44,400
Smoke, has served as a bridge to
better states of mind for longer

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05:48:44,400 --> 05:48:47,700
than we can fully comprehend. 
And if you choose to light 

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05:48:47,700 --> 05:48:50,700
incense, or simply notice the 
scent of wood smoke drifting, 

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05:48:50,700 --> 05:48:54,000
past your window, you'll do so, 
with deeper understanding of 

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05:48:54,000 --> 05:48:57,500
what your participating in. 
Not just a personal preference 

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05:48:57,500 --> 05:49:00,700
or a pleasant smell, but a 
practice that connects you to 

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05:49:00,700 --> 05:49:03,200
the oldest most persistent human
Traditions. 

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05:49:03,200 --> 05:49:07,600
The last Ember glows Fadez and 
finally goes dark. 

6404
05:49:08,600 --> 05:49:13,000
The smoke Rises One Last Time, 
thinning, as it climbs becoming 

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05:49:13,000 --> 05:49:17,900
invisible, as it joins the air. 
the story continues even as this

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05:49:17,900 --> 05:49:20,000
telling ends rest now,