Why It Sucked to Be a Pirate Captain | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey there. 
My weary friends who are eager 

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to get some rest tonight, we'll 
discuss something that sounds 

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romantic until you think about 
it for more than five seconds. 

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The Golden Age of piracy lasted 
roughly from 1690 to 1730. 

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And during that time, hundreds 
of men became pirate captains in

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the Caribbean and along the 
Atlantic coast. 

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Most of them passed away broke 
diseased or dangling from a rope

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within a few years. so before we
journey inwards together and 

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learn about something cool, feel
free to follow if you are new Be

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sure to leave us a review if our
content is up to your liking as 

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it helps us out more than you 
know. 

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And let me know how you're doing
today down below in our 

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community section. 
Now dim those Bright Lights get 

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cozy and let's get started. 
Disclaimer. 

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There may be some minor blips to
today, due to changes being made

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to some Ambience tracks and 
effects. 

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If you notice any, please let us
know in the comments below and 

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we will address it promptly. 
If it's like a lamb speaking 

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type of noise as that seems to 
be the one. 

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Let's just make friends with it.
Now, let's really begin. 

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You're standing on the deck of a
captured Merchant vessel 

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somewhere off the coast of 
Jamaica in 1715. 

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The previous Captain, has 
stepped down. 

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The crew is looking at you. 
Someone needs to make a decision

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about what happens next. 
And apparently that someone is 

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you This is not how you imagined
becoming a captain. 

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You did not inherit this 
position from your father. 

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You did not graduate from a 
Naval Academy. 

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You did not work your way up 
through years of loyal service. 

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To a shipping company, you 
became a pirate Captain because 

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37 stubborn men just held an 
election and you won by four 

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votes. 
The Democratic process among 

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Pirates was real and documented 
extensively in trial records 

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from the early 1700s. 
When a pirate crew needed a new 

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captain, they voted every man 
got one vote. 

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Can adopt with the most votes 
became captain and that position

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lasted exactly. 
As long as the crew, felt like 

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keeping you around you stand 
there, trying to look confident.

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While your brain scrambles to 
remember anything useful about 

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navigation, or maritime law or 
leadership, you are a merchant 

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sailor 3 months ago, you know, 
how to tie knots and swap decks 

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and stay out of the way when the
actual Sailors were working Now,

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you are responsible for keeping 
37, men fed and functioning. 

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While simultaneously figuring 
out how to find prizes without 

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exhausting everyone, the ship 
rocks, gently Beneath Your Feet,

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the Caribbean Sun beats down on 
your head. 

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Someone hands, you a hat that 
belonged to the previous 

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Captain, it still has his sweat 
stains in the band. 

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You put it on because that seems
like, what a captain would do 

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it. 
Sits slightly crooked on your 

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head because it was shaped to 
fit someone else's skull. 

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Your first order of business is 
figuring out what to do with 

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this merchant ship, you just 
captured The cargo hold contains

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barrels of salted, pork bolts, 
of cloth, and 70 pounds of 

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sugar. 
Crew wants to sell everything 

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and divide the money. 
You want to keep some of the 

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food because, you know, the ship
supplies are running low. 

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This creates your first 
leadership crisis, approximately

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10 minutes into your captaincy. 
Pirates. 

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Operated under a strict code 
that was written down and signed

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by every crew member These codes
survive in historical records 

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and they are surprisingly 
details. 

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Captain Bartholomew Roberts had 
a code with 11 articles, Captain

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John Phillips had a code with 10
articles, the codes covered 

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everything from how to divide 
treasure to compensation for 

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injuries in battle to whether 
you could bring musicians 

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aboard. 
Article 6 of Bartholomew 

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Roberts's code stated that every
man had an equal vote in Affairs

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of the moment and equal title to
Fresh Provisions or strong 

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liquor seized. 
This meant you could not just 

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decide to keep the food. 
You had to convince 37 men that 

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keeping the food was a good 
idea. 

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And those 37 men really wanted 
the money from selling the food.

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You try to explain basic 
mathematics, the ship currently 

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has enough food for maybe two 
more weeks if everyone eats 

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carefully, if you sell this food
and do not find another prize, 

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soon, everyone goes hungry. 
This argument works on 

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approximately 12 people. 
The other 25 won their money now

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because they do not trust that 
you will find another prize. 

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And frankly, they do not trust 
you at all because you have been

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Captain for less than an hour. 
Someone suggest putting it to a 

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vote everyone agrees. 
This is fair. 

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You spend the next 30 minutes 
watching your crew debate, the 

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relative merits of food versus 
money while the captured 

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Merchant vessel sits dead in the
water. 

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And you pray that a British 
Naval Patrol does not come over 

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the horizon, the vote goes, 14 
to 23 against you, you're 

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keeping the Salted pork, whether
the crew likes it or not, but 

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you just lost your first 
Democratic contest as Captain. 

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This does not bode well for your
long-term survival in this 

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position. 
This historical record shows 

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that pirate captains had 
absolute Authority during Chase 

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or battle. 
But during regular sailing, the 

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crew voted on almost everything.
The quartermaster held nearly as

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much power as the captain and 
served as a check on Captain 

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Authority. 
If the crew did not like your 

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decisions, they could vote you 
out and elect someone else. 

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You make a mental note to be 
better at arguing your case. 

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Next time. 
They knew realized there will be

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a next time, there will be 
hundreds of next time. 

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Every decision you make will be 
scrutinized and debated and 

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voted on by men who have very 
strong opinions about Supply 

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management. 
The sun is starting to set you 

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needed to decide what to do with
the captured crew. 

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Pirates. 
Usually offered Merchant Sailors

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Choice. 
Join the pirate crew will get 

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set a drift in a boat with some 
supplies harming. 

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Captured Sailors was bad 
business because it made other 

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ships fight, rather than 
surrender peacefully. 

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And fighting meant, your crew 
took injuries and damage. 

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The merchant Captain is sitting 
on the deck with his hands tied.

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He's about 50 years old with 
gray hair and Son weathered 

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skin. 
He has been sailing these waters

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for 30 years. 
He knows more about navigation 

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than you are learning your 
entire life. 

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You briefly consider forcing him
to join your crew as a navigator

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but article 11 of Robert's code 
for bids forcing anyone to join 

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against their will. 
Pirates had standards 

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apparently. 
You order the merchant Sailors 

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loaded into a Long Boat with 
enough food and water to reach 

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the nearest Island. 
The merchant Captain looks at 

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you with something between 
contempt and pity. 

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He knows you have no idea what 
you're doing. 

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You know, he knows everyone on 
both ships, knows, This is going

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to be a very long to see. 
The captured ship needs to be 

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dealt with, you could sink it 
but that waste perfectly good 

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materials. 
You could keep it and sail with 

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two ships. 
But that requires splitting your

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crew and you barely have enough 
men to sail, one vessel 

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properly. 
You could sell it at a pirate 

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friendly Port. 
But getting, there takes time. 

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And every day, you sail is 
another day, the British Navy 

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might find you. 
Your quartermaster makes a 

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suggestion strip, the ship of 
anything useful, then let it 

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drift. 
Someone will find it. 

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Eventually this seems reasonable
Until you realize stripping, a 

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ship takes an entire day of work
and your crew wants to get 

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moving toward a port, where they
can spend their money and drink 

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themselves, stupid and another 
vote this time you win by three 

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votes. the crew spends, the next
day transferring supplies, while

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you try to figure out, how to 
navigate to the nearest Safe 

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Harbor without admitting, your 
not entirely, sure where you 

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are, The previous Captain kept 
his charts in a locked chest in 

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his cabin. 
That cabin is now your cabin 

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which sounds luxurious until you
see it. 

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The space is roughly six feet by
8 feet. 

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There is a hammock, a small desk
bolted to the floor, a chair 

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that wobbles and a bucket that 
serves a purpose. 

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You try not to think about The 
chest sits in the corner. 

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Still locked. 
You do not have the key, the 

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previous Captain died with the 
key around his neck, and no one 

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thought to take it off him 
before they threw his body 

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overboard. 
This means you need to break 

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open the chest, which means you 
need tools, which means you need

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to ask someone for tools, which 
means admitting you do not have 

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access to the navigation charts.
Pirates. 

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Maintained detailed knowledge of
Caribbean geography. 

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They needed to know which 
Islands had fresh water, which 

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Harbors were deep enough for 
their ships, which Governors 

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could be bribed, and which Naval
patrols operated in which areas 

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this information was usually 
kept in the captain's head or in

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personal logs that were 
carefully guarded. 

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You find a carpenter and ask for
a pride bar, the carpenter asked

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why you need it. 
You say you need to open a stuck

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chest. 
He looks at you like, you're an 

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idiot and points out that chest 
generally open. 

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When you have the key, you say, 
the key is unavailable. 

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He asks if you mean the 
captain's chest, you admit that?

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Yes. 
You mean the captain's chest 

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which is now your chest. 
But the previous Captain took 

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the key to the bottom of the 
ocean with him. 

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The carpenter laughs and says he
will get his Tools. 10 minutes 

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later. 
He is prying the lock off. 

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While half your crew watches and
make jokes about the new 

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captain, who does not have keys 
to his own furniture. 

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You're learning that maintaining
dignity is going to be extremely

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difficult in this job. 
The chest contains charts a 

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compass that might be broken a 
journal filled with notes in 

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handwriting. 
You can barely read three shirts

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that are too small for you and a
pistol with no ammunition. 

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You take the charts and journal 
back to your desk and spend the 

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next three hours trying to 
figure out where you are. 

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The charts are hand drawn and 
not particularly accurate. 

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The journal contains notes about
currents, wind patterns and the 

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locations of various hazards, 
the handwriting is terrible. 

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The previous Captain apparently,
spelled words, however, he felt 

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like at the moment. 
You find references to 

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locations, you have never heard 
of and warning about reefs, that

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may or may not exist. 
Navigation in the early 1700s 

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was part science and part 
guesswork. 

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Captains, used dead reckoning, 
which meant estimating your 

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position based on your speed 
direction and time travel. 

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This worked fine until currents 
pushed you off course, or 

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storms. 
Blew you miles from, where you 

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thought you were. 
Accurate longitude calculation 

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did not exist yet? 
The best Maritime chronometer 

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would not be invented until 1735
your sailing approximately two 

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decades to early for that 
convenience. 

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You have a compass and the Sun 
and the stars and a crew that 

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expects you to get them 
somewhere profitable without 

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running a ground on a reef or 
sailing directly into a British 

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naval. 
Squadron you spread the charts 

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across your desk and try to 
match what you see with, what 

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you remember of the coastline. 
The problem is that you have 

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only been in these waters for 
three months. 

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For that, you are sailing 
between Bristol and Boston on 

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Merchant roots, that stayed far 
from Pirate infested areas, you 

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know, the Caribbean exists and 
that it contains numerous 

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islands and at least three 
major, Colonial Powers, who 

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would all be delighted to hang 
you? 

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Beyond that, your geographical 
knowledge gets fuzzy. 

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Your quartermaster knocks on the
cabin door and asks, if you have

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figured out where you're going, 
you say you're working on it. 

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He says the crew wants to head 
to Nassau because they heard it 

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is a safe port for pirates. 
You say Nassau sounds great and 

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you will set a course. 
Immediately, he leaves. 

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You have absolutely no idea. 
Where Nassau is you spend 

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another hour with the charts. 
Before you find a reference to 

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New Providence Island, and a 
note that says Good Harbor and 

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friendly Governor. 
You assume this is Nassau, he 

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tried to calculate how long it 
will take to get there based on 

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your current position, which 
you're only about 60%. 

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Sure of the wind is coming from 
the East, your ship can make 

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about six knots and good 
conditions. 

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New Providence island is 
somewhere north west of your 

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current estimated position you 
guess may be three days sailing 

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if the wind holds and you do not
hit any storms or currents or 

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reefs or Naval patrols. 
You write down your course 

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00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:37,200
heading and take it up to the 
helm. 

230
00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:40,000
The pilot looks at your numbers 
and raises an eyebrow. 

231
00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:43,400
He does not say anything, which 
is somehow worse than if. 

232
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:45,900
He had just told you that you 
were wrong, you tell him to 

233
00:12:45,900 --> 00:12:49,100
follow the heading. 
He says, I captain in a tone 

234
00:12:49,100 --> 00:12:51,200
that suggests, he's already 
planning what to say at your 

235
00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:55,300
impeachment here in nightfalls 
you stand on deck and watch the 

236
00:12:55,300 --> 00:12:58,500
stars come out. 
The crew settles in to watch 

237
00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:01,400
rotations. 
Someone starts singing a song 

238
00:13:01,408 --> 00:13:04,500
about a woman into two guy. 
Someone else tells him to shut 

239
00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:06,100
up because he cannot carry a 
tune. 

240
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:11,100
Ship creeks and sways as it cuts
through the Dark Water, your 

241
00:13:11,100 --> 00:13:16,300
responsible for all of this. 
Ship the crew, the navigation 

242
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:20,700
the decisions about when to 
attack and when to run your 

243
00:13:20,700 --> 00:13:24,100
responsible for keeping everyone
fed and alive and one step ahead

244
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:27,600
of the law, you have been 
Captain for less than 24 hours 

245
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:31,600
and you already want to resign, 
but resignation is not really an

246
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:33,800
option. 
Once you are elected Captain, 

247
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:38,000
you stay captain until you die 
or get voted out. 

248
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:41,200
Getting voted out often meant 
getting marooned on an 

249
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:43,900
uninhabited island with a pistol
and one shot. 

250
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:47,700
A pirate code was Democratic but
not particularly forgiving. 

251
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:50,600
You go back to your cabin and 
try to sleep. 

252
00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:55,100
The hammock is uncomfortable. 
The ship makes alarming noises 

253
00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:58,400
that you're not yet experienced 
enough to identify as normal or 

254
00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:01,700
concerning. 
Every time you close your eyes, 

255
00:14:01,700 --> 00:14:04,700
you see that Merchant Captain's 
face looking at you with pity. 

256
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:07,800
You wonder how long you can 
maintain this pretense of 

257
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:10,200
competence? 
You wonder if the crew is 

258
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:12,300
already figured out that you 
barely know what you're doing. 

259
00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:15,500
You wonder if that pilot is 
right now, telling everyone that

260
00:14:15,500 --> 00:14:17,400
your course heading is going to 
get them all lost. 

261
00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:20,800
The historical Bartholomew 
Roberts became Captain. 

262
00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:22,800
After the previous Captain 
stepped down. 

263
00:14:22,800 --> 00:14:26,100
Roberts had been aboard, the 
pirate ship for only six weeks. 

264
00:14:26,100 --> 00:14:29,800
When he was elected. 
He went on to capture over 400 

265
00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,100
prizes and become one of the 
most successful pirates in 

266
00:14:32,108 --> 00:14:35,100
history. 
But Roberts was a natural 

267
00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:37,300
Navigator and a charismatic 
leader. 

268
00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:41,500
You are neither of those things,
you're a man who became Captain 

269
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:44,500
because someone had to be 
captain and you seemed slightly 

270
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:46,600
less incompetent than the 
alternatives. 

271
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:50,100
You're a man who does not know 
where he is going or how to get 

272
00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:52,500
there, or what to do when he 
arrives. 

273
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,300
You're a man who just realized 
that being a pirate Captain is 

274
00:14:56,300 --> 00:14:58,100
less about Adventure and 
freedom. 

275
00:14:58,100 --> 00:15:01,900
And more about trying to keep 
stubborn men organized enough to

276
00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:06,800
survive another week. 
Ship rolls in a long swell water

277
00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:10,200
slaps against the hull. 
Somewhere above deck, a rope 

278
00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:13,200
creeks in a block, you lie in 
the hammer, can stare at the 

279
00:15:13,208 --> 00:15:15,900
dark sealing and wonder if you 
will still be functioning in 

280
00:15:15,900 --> 00:15:17,800
three days. 
When you hopefully arrive at 

281
00:15:17,808 --> 00:15:21,700
Nassau, Probably. 
But at least you will be wearing

282
00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:24,000
a hat that belonged to someone 
who actually what they were 

283
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:26,600
doing. 
You've been captured for five 

284
00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:29,900
days and you have already 
presided over 11 votes on 

285
00:15:29,900 --> 00:15:33,600
various matters, whether to 
chase a merchant Sloop that 

286
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:35,300
turned out to be fast of your 
ship. 

287
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,300
Whether to change course, to 
investigate a potential prize, 

288
00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:43,500
whether to reduce the rum 
ration, whether to increase the 

289
00:15:43,500 --> 00:15:45,700
rum ration. 
After everyone got angry about 

290
00:15:45,700 --> 00:15:49,900
reducing the rum ration, whether
to Keel haul the man who stole 

291
00:15:49,900 --> 00:15:53,400
someone else's boots. 
Where the Keel hauling was too 

292
00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:55,100
severe and maybe just flock him 
instead. 

293
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:58,800
Where the flogging was also too 
severe and maybe just make him, 

294
00:15:58,808 --> 00:16:02,500
give the boots back. 
Democracy is exhausting when 

295
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:05,900
you're constituency consists of 
men who have very firm opinions 

296
00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:08,300
about everything. 
The pirate code that governs, 

297
00:16:08,300 --> 00:16:11,800
your ship was written by the 
previous captain and signed by 

298
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,200
every crew member, you have a 
copy nailed to the main Master, 

299
00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:18,700
where everyone can see it. 
Article, one states that Every 

300
00:16:18,700 --> 00:16:20,400
Man Has a vote in Affairs of the
moment. 

301
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,400
There's of the moment apparently
include everything from major 

302
00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:28,200
tactical decisions to whether 
someone snoring is loud enough 

303
00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:30,600
to Warrant moving him to a 
different part of the ship. 

304
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:33,900
Your learning that pirates took 
their voting rights very 

305
00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:37,500
seriously probably because most 
of them came from societies 

306
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:40,800
where they had no rights at all.
British Sailors in the Royal 

307
00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:44,100
Navy had no say in where they 
went or what they did or how 

308
00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:47,100
they were treated. 
Merchant Sailors and slightly 

309
00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:49,900
more freedom, but still answered
to Captain, who could have them 

310
00:16:49,900 --> 00:16:53,700
flogged for minor infractions. 
Pirate ships offered something, 

311
00:16:53,700 --> 00:16:57,800
neither the Navy, nor Merchant 
vessels provided a voice. 

312
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:01,800
The problem with everyone having
a voice is that everyone uses 

313
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:03,800
their voice constantly and about
everything. 

314
00:17:04,599 --> 00:17:07,599
This morning's debate concerns 
the division of the last prize. 

315
00:17:07,599 --> 00:17:10,500
You captured a small Merchant 
vessel 3 days ago. 

316
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:14,700
The cargo was not particularly 
valuable some tobacco, some 

317
00:17:14,700 --> 00:17:17,200
tools, some personal items from 
the passengers. 

318
00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:20,400
The total value comes to, maybe 
300 pounds. 

319
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,800
If you can find someone to buy 
it all, according to the code, 

320
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:26,500
the captain gets two shares of 
any prize. 

321
00:17:26,500 --> 00:17:30,700
The quartermaster gets one and a
half shares, every regular crew 

322
00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:34,000
member gets one share. 
Men, who lost limbs in battle, 

323
00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:36,600
get extra compensation. 
According to a detailed 

324
00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:38,400
schedule, a missing. 
Right? 

325
00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:41,400
Arm is worth 600 Pieces Of Eight
or six slaves. 

326
00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:45,800
A missing left arm is worth 500 
Pieces Of Eight or five slaves. 

327
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:49,800
You find this pricing structure 
to pressing and try not to think

328
00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:52,700
about what it says about your 
crewmates value systems. 

329
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:56,100
The current argument is about 
whether the carpenter should get

330
00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:59,800
extra shares because he repair 
damaged to the ship that occur 

331
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:02,800
during the capture. 
The carpenter argues that his 

332
00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:06,500
work, kept the ship seaworthy 
and therefore deserves extra 

333
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:09,900
compensation. 
Most of the crew argues that the

334
00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:12,300
carpenter already gets paid for 
carpentry work. 

335
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:14,500
And this is just part of his 
job. 

336
00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:17,100
You're required to moderate this
debate. 

337
00:18:17,100 --> 00:18:20,600
You stand on deck, and listen to
both sides present their 

338
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,700
arguments. 
The carpenter is passionate and 

339
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:27,500
uses several examples of times. 
He went above and beyond his 

340
00:18:27,500 --> 00:18:31,100
regular duties. 
The crew spokesman is equally 

341
00:18:31,100 --> 00:18:34,800
passionate and sites precedent 
from previous prizes, where the 

342
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:38,900
carpenter did not receive extra 
shares the argument goes on for 

343
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:42,400
40 minutes. 
The sun climbs higher, the wind 

344
00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:45,800
drops to almost nothing. 
Your ships sits basically 

345
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:49,400
Motionless In The Water. 
While 37 grown, men debate, the 

346
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:51,800
fine points of carpenter 
compensation. 

347
00:18:51,800 --> 00:18:57,000
You finally call for a vote. 
The result is 20 to 17 in favor 

348
00:18:57,000 --> 00:18:59,100
of giving the carpenter an extra
half-share. 

349
00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:02,800
This means recalculating, 
everyone's portion of the prize,

350
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:06,400
which means more arguments about
math, because half your crew 

351
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:09,800
cannot count past 20 without 
taking off their shoes. 

352
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:13,200
He spend another 30 minutes 
working out the new division. 

353
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:16,900
Each regular crew member will 
now receive slightly less than 

354
00:19:16,900 --> 00:19:19,000
they expected. 
Several of them. 

355
00:19:19,008 --> 00:19:22,100
Look unhappy about this. 
You can already see the seeds of

356
00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:25,400
the next argument forming in 
their heads, the quartermaster 

357
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:27,900
pulls. 
You aside after the vote, his 

358
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:31,000
name is William and he is 
probably the most competent 

359
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:34,300
person on the ship. 
He was a merchant sailor for 15 

360
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:38,300
years before a brutal Captain 
drove him to Mutiny, he knows 

361
00:19:38,300 --> 00:19:41,200
navigation, whether ship 
handling and crew management. 

362
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:45,100
He should probably be Captain 
instead of you but he has no 

363
00:19:45,100 --> 00:19:47,600
interest in the job too much 
responsibility. 

364
00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:52,000
He says too much politics 
William tells you that you 

365
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:54,400
should have sided with the crew 
on the carpenter issue. 

366
00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:58,400
The carpenter is one man. 
The crew is many men. 

367
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,000
Making 20 people, slightly 
unhappy is better than making 17

368
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:04,500
people. 
Very unhappy. 

369
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:08,000
You point out that the carpenter
had a legitimate argument. 

370
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:12,100
William says, legitimacy matters
less than maintaining crew 

371
00:20:12,100 --> 00:20:14,600
morale. 
Your learning that being a 

372
00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:17,200
pirate Captain requires a 
completely different skill set 

373
00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:20,000
than you anticipated. 
You thought it would be about 

374
00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:22,400
sailing and fighting and maybe 
looking intimidating. 

375
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:26,200
Instead it is about vote, 
counting and Coalition building 

376
00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:28,700
and figuring out how to keep 
dozens of stubborn men from 

377
00:20:28,700 --> 00:20:32,000
turning on you. 
The historical record show that 

378
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:34,900
pirate Crews were shockingly 
Democratic compared to other 

379
00:20:34,900 --> 00:20:36,900
Maritime organizations of the 
era. 

380
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:42,400
Tin Charles Johnson's history of
pirates, describes elaborate 

381
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:46,300
systems of checks and balances. 
The captain Commander during 

382
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:49,200
battle but the quartermaster 
handled daily operations and 

383
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:53,600
represented the crews interests.
Major decisions required, votes 

384
00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:56,900
food and drink were shared 
equally discipline was 

385
00:20:56,900 --> 00:20:59,400
administered according to 
written rules rather than 

386
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:02,500
captain Lee whim. 
This democracy was born from 

387
00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:06,400
necessity, you cannot maintain 
an effective pirate crew through

388
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:10,200
threats and intimidation alone. 
If the crew resents you they 

389
00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:13,200
will either Mutiny or simply 
refused to follow you in to 

390
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:16,500
risky situations. 
Pirate captains needed, their 

391
00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:19,600
Crews to actually want to work 
for them, this required, 

392
00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,100
treating them with a level of 
respect, that was almost unheard

393
00:21:22,100 --> 00:21:26,100
of in other maritime contexts. 
But respect and democracy, do 

394
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:30,100
not make your job easier. 
If anything they make it harder,

395
00:21:30,100 --> 00:21:33,700
you cannot just order. 
Men to do things, you have to 

396
00:21:33,700 --> 00:21:36,400
convince them, you have to build
consensus. 

397
00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,500
You have to make them believe 
that your decisions serve their 

398
00:21:39,500 --> 00:21:42,800
interests the day after the 
carpenter debate, a new crisis. 

399
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:46,600
Emerges two crew members got 
into a fight over a dice game. 

400
00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:50,300
One man claims the other was 
cheating, the accused man claims

401
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:53,000
he won fairly both. 
Men are now demanding 

402
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:57,200
satisfaction, according to the 
code Article 5 of your ship's 

403
00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:59,900
codes states that all disputes 
between crew, members should be 

404
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:02,100
settled on Shore through pistol 
or sword. 

405
00:22:02,100 --> 00:22:06,300
If disputes happen at Sea, the 
quartermaster will settle the 

406
00:22:06,300 --> 00:22:08,400
matter. 
Seems straightforward Until you 

407
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:10,900
realize that William is sick 
with some kind of stomach 

408
00:22:10,900 --> 00:22:15,300
ailment and cannot perform his 
duties today, the code does not 

409
00:22:15,300 --> 00:22:17,700
specify what happens. 
If the quartermaster is 

410
00:22:17,700 --> 00:22:20,900
unavailable, you make an 
executive decision that you will

411
00:22:20,900 --> 00:22:22,700
settle the dispute in his 
absence? 

412
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,300
Both men immediately object. 
They do not trust you to be 

413
00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:30,800
impartial they want to vote on. 
Who should serve as temporary. 

414
00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:35,600
Quartermaster you call a vote? 
Crew Alexa man named Thomas who 

415
00:22:35,600 --> 00:22:39,200
has been aboard for six months 
and seems reasonably level 

416
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:42,100
headed. 
Thomas listens to both sides of 

417
00:22:42,100 --> 00:22:45,300
the dice game argument. 
He examines the dice. 

418
00:22:45,900 --> 00:22:49,400
He asks several witnesses. 
What they saw after about an 

419
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:53,000
hour of deliberation, he 
announces his judgment, the 

420
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:57,000
accused man was not cheating. 
The accuser is a sore loser, the

421
00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:59,600
accuser must publicly apologized
and forfeit. 

422
00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:02,900
His next rum ration. 
Both men looked dissatisfied, 

423
00:23:02,900 --> 00:23:07,000
but except the Judgment Thomas 
returns to his regular duties. 

424
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:10,500
You return to pretending you 
have any control over this 

425
00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:14,200
floating democracy. 
That after noon, you spot a sale

426
00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:17,200
on the horizon. 
The crew wants to give Chase, 

427
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:20,900
you want to be cautious because 
the sale might belong to a naval

428
00:23:20,900 --> 00:23:23,500
vessel this creates another 
vote. 

429
00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:28,200
Article, 6 states that every man
has an equal voice in a fairs of

430
00:23:28,208 --> 00:23:30,900
the moment. 
Singing a potential prize 

431
00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:34,500
definitely qualifies as an 
affair of the moment you make 

432
00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:37,600
your case for caution. 
You point out, that Naval 

433
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:40,800
vessels, often disguise himself,
as merchant ships to lure 

434
00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:44,300
Pirates into traps. 
You remind everyone that getting

435
00:23:44,300 --> 00:23:47,700
captured means serious 
consequences, your argument 

436
00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:51,000
convinces. 
Exactly 8 people, the other 29 

437
00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:53,800
want to chase the sale because 
they are bored and broke and 

438
00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:56,300
tired of sailing around with 
without taking prizes. 

439
00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:00,100
The vote goes 29 to 8 in favor 
of pursuit. 

440
00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:04,300
You give the order to change 
course, your pilot adjusts The 

441
00:24:04,300 --> 00:24:06,600
Heading. 
The crew scrambles to adjust the

442
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:10,200
sails, your ship begins, moving 
toward the distant, vessel at 

443
00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:12,800
the best speed, it can manage, 
which is not particularly 

444
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:15,500
impressive because the hull 
badly needs scraping. 

445
00:24:15,500 --> 00:24:18,700
As you get closer, you realize 
two things. 

446
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:22,700
First, the distance ship is 
flying British colors. 

447
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:26,200
Second, it has more guns than 
your ship. 

448
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:30,200
These observations do not fill 
you with confidence, you call 

449
00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:33,000
another vote on whether to 
continue the chase or break off 

450
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:35,700
this time. 
The crew is split almost evenly.

451
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:39,900
16 want to continue 15 want to 
break off. 

452
00:24:39,900 --> 00:24:44,500
Six are undecided you spend 20 
minutes, listening to arguments 

453
00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:47,800
from both sides while the gap 
between the ships slowly closes.

454
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:52,400
The underside factioned finally 
breaks for continuing the chase 

455
00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,000
by a margin of four to two. 
You're now committed to 

456
00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:58,400
attacking a vessel. 
That is probably better armed 

457
00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:01,400
than you are, and might be a 
naval ship into Skies. 

458
00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:03,800
The crew begins preparing for 
battle. 

459
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:07,400
Weapons are distributed. 
Gunpowder is brought up from the

460
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:10,000
magazine. 
The surgeon sets up his station 

461
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:13,600
below deck with his saws and 
needles and leather strap for 

462
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:16,700
men to bite on. 
You try to project confidence 

463
00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:19,500
while your stomach attempts to 
exit your body through your 

464
00:25:19,500 --> 00:25:22,900
throat. 
As you close to within half a 

465
00:25:22,900 --> 00:25:25,900
mile, the distance ships 
suddenly shows its true colors. 

466
00:25:25,908 --> 00:25:29,200
It runs up a naval length and 
fires. 

467
00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:32,900
A warning shot across your bow. 
Your crew has just voted to 

468
00:25:32,900 --> 00:25:35,100
attack. 
A British Naval Patrol vessel 

469
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:38,300
you immediately call for another
vote on whether to continue the 

470
00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:41,600
attack or run. 
This vote takes approximately 12

471
00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:44,300
seconds. 
The result is unanimous for 

472
00:25:44,300 --> 00:25:47,000
running. 
Your ship comes about and flees 

473
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:49,200
in the opposite direction. 
While the naval vessel gives 

474
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:52,200
Chase your ship is slow than the
British vessel. 

475
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:55,500
This is a problem. 
Your crew is now frantically, 

476
00:25:55,500 --> 00:25:57,700
throwing everything overboard 
that might weigh you down, 

477
00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:01,600
barrels crates, spare Timber two
cannons. 

478
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:05,100
You watch hundreds of pounds 
worth of supplies, sinking into 

479
00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:08,500
the ocean, while the naval 
vessel gains on you steadily. 

480
00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:13,500
Chase loss for hours the wind 
shifts in your favor just as the

481
00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:17,300
British ship gets within Cannon 
range, you manage to slip into a

482
00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:19,400
narrow channel between two small
Islands. 

483
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:22,200
The naval vessel is too large to
follow. 

484
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:26,600
You escape by pure luck. 
And favorable geography the crew

485
00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:29,300
celebrates like they just want 
to Great Victory, rather than 

486
00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:32,500
nearly getting everyone captured
through Democratic stupidity. 

487
00:26:33,300 --> 00:26:36,600
You go to your cabin and drink 
the previous captains, run while

488
00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:39,500
trying not to think about how 
close you came to disaster 

489
00:26:39,500 --> 00:26:42,100
today. 
William recovers from his 

490
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:43,200
stomach ailment the next 
morning. 

491
00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:46,900
You tell him about the chase and
the votes and the near-disaster.

492
00:26:47,700 --> 00:26:50,400
He nods sympathetically and 
says, this is why he did not 

493
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,900
want to be captain. 
Every decision gets debated and 

494
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:57,600
voted on and second guessed. 
Every choice you make can be 

495
00:26:57,608 --> 00:27:01,600
overruled by popular opinion. 
Your simultaneously responsible 

496
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:03,700
for everything and in control of
nothing. 

497
00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:06,900
You ask him how the previous 
Captain handled this? 

498
00:27:07,700 --> 00:27:10,000
William says, the previous 
Captain was better at 

499
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:12,900
persuasion. 
He how to frame arguments in 

500
00:27:12,900 --> 00:27:15,300
ways that made the crew. 
Think his ideas were their 

501
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:18,000
ideas. 
He knew when to push for votes. 

502
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:22,200
And when to wait, he which crew 
members were influential and 

503
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:23,900
which ones would follow the 
crowd? 

504
00:27:24,700 --> 00:27:28,300
You do not have those skills yet
you're still learning which men 

505
00:27:28,300 --> 00:27:31,500
hold sway over the others, 
you're still figuring out how to

506
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:35,000
present your case in ways that 
appeal to Pirates rather than 

507
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:38,200
reasonable people. 
You're still discovering that 

508
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:40,600
leading through democracy 
requires just as much 

509
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:44,300
manipulation as leading through 
Authority, just with extra 

510
00:27:44,300 --> 00:27:47,300
steps. 
The next few days pass without 

511
00:27:47,300 --> 00:27:50,900
major incidents, you sail toward
Nassau while trying to avoid 

512
00:27:50,900 --> 00:27:53,100
additional Naval, patrols and 
Merchant vessels. 

513
00:27:53,100 --> 00:27:57,300
That might be too well-armed the
crew settles into a routine of 

514
00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:00,500
watches and maintenance and 
endless debates about minor 

515
00:28:00,500 --> 00:28:03,100
issues. 
Someone proposes changing the 

516
00:28:03,100 --> 00:28:07,200
rum ration from once per day to 
twice per day, this gets voted 

517
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:10,500
down 25 to 12. 
Someone proposes allowing 

518
00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:12,000
musicians to play during 
evening. 

519
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:17,200
Watch, this gets voted up 19 to 
18, someone, proposes 

520
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:20,000
instituting a punishment for men
who do not maintain their 

521
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:23,800
weapons properly, this gets 
debated for 90 minutes before 

522
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:27,500
being tabled for future 
consideration, you realize that 

523
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:30,800
your life is Captain consists 
largely of facilitating 

524
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:32,800
discussions among opinionated 
men. 

525
00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:36,500
About mundane topics, your 
lesser commander and more a 

526
00:28:36,500 --> 00:28:39,000
meeting moderator with 
occasional navigation duties. 

527
00:28:39,900 --> 00:28:41,800
This historical Pirate, Henry 
Avery. 

528
00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:44,700
Supposedly inspired his crew 
through speeches, and 

529
00:28:44,700 --> 00:28:48,400
Leadership. 
Pirate Edward, Teach known as 

530
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:51,900
Blackbeard maintained discipline
through reputation and 

531
00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:56,000
Theatrical displays. 
Bartholomew Roberts relied on 

532
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,200
competence and fair dealing 
every successful. 

533
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,400
Pirate Captain found their own 
way to manage the Democratic 

534
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:04,200
chaos. 
You have not yet. 

535
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:07,200
Found your way. 
You're still figuring out how to

536
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:08,900
survive from one vote to the 
next. 

537
00:29:08,900 --> 00:29:12,500
You're still learning that 
democracy at Sea is complicated 

538
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:14,800
and messy, and requires 
constant. 

539
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:18,000
Political maneuvering, You're 
still discovering that the 

540
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:19,900
romance of pirate. 
Freedom comes with the 

541
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:22,300
exhausting reality of pirate 
bureaucracy. 

542
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,500
A week into your captaincy, you 
finally understand why the 

543
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:28,500
previous captain always looks. 
So tired. 

544
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:32,100
It was not from the sailing, or 
the fighting or the navigation. 

545
00:29:32,100 --> 00:29:35,300
It was from spending every 
waking hour managing the 

546
00:29:35,308 --> 00:29:38,600
opinions and Grievances, and 
demands of three dozen men who 

547
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:40,500
could vote you out of power at 
any moment. 

548
00:29:41,500 --> 00:29:43,900
You wonder how long you can 
maintain this Balancing Act. 

549
00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:46,000
You wonder when the crew will 
decide. 

550
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:49,300
You're not worth keeping around.
You wonder if you will see it 

551
00:29:49,308 --> 00:29:52,600
coming or if it will happen. 
Suddenly during some vote you 

552
00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:55,900
thought was routine. 
Ships sails on through Blue 

553
00:29:55,900 --> 00:29:59,500
Water and white sails. 
The crew goes about their duties

554
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:02,400
democracy continues, whether you
like it or not. 

555
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:06,500
You've been staring at the same 
chart for three hours and you're

556
00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:07,900
still not entirely sure where 
you are. 

557
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:12,000
The chart shows what you think 
is the current Coastline the 

558
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:13,700
coastline. 
You can actually see through 

559
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:16,300
your telescope does not quite 
match either. 

560
00:30:16,300 --> 00:30:19,800
The chart is wrong or you are 
wrong or the coastline has 

561
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,400
changed since someone drew this 
map 20 years ago. 

562
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:27,100
Navigation in 1715 is part art 
and part prayer. 

563
00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:30,900
You have a compass that works. 
Most of the time you have a 

564
00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:34,000
cross star for measuring the 
angle of the sun, which gives 

565
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:36,000
you latitude. 
If you remember how to do the 

566
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:39,500
math correctly and the sun 
cooperates by actually being 

567
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:43,200
visible, You have several charts
of varying accuracy. 

568
00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,500
All hand drawn by people who 
may, or may not have known what 

569
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:49,200
they were doing. 
What you do not have is any 

570
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:52,500
reliable way to calculate 
longitude, the problem of 

571
00:30:52,500 --> 00:30:56,000
determining East-West position 
at Sea will not be solved for 

572
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:59,800
another, two decades. until 
someone invents an accurate 

573
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,900
Marine chronometer, your stuck 
with dead reckoning and 

574
00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:07,000
guesswork dead reckoning means. 
Estimating your position based 

575
00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:11,000
on speed time and direction. 
You measure your speed by 

576
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,300
dropping a log, tied to a 
knotted, rope overboard, and 

577
00:31:14,300 --> 00:31:17,200
Counting, how many knots passed 
through your hands in a certain 

578
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:20,100
time, period. 
This gives you speed in knots. 

579
00:31:20,100 --> 00:31:23,900
Assuming the Rope is noted at 
correct intervals and you count 

580
00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:26,800
accurately in the log. 
Does not hit seaweed or a random

581
00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,800
piece of driftwood. 
You measured Direction with your

582
00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,100
compass assuming magnetic. 
North is where you think it is. 

583
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:37,000
And your compass has not been 
affected by Iron objects stored 

584
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:41,400
nearby or mysterious magnetic 
anomalies that apparently exist 

585
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:45,100
in certain parts of the 
Caribbean, you measure time with

586
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:48,200
an hourglass that needs to be 
turned over regularly by whoever

587
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:51,800
is on what watch. assuming they 
actually remember to turn it 

588
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:56,200
over and not get distracted by 
dolphins, or argument about dice

589
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,500
games, all of these measurements
combined to give you an 

590
00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:03,500
estimated position, then you 
adjust for currents, which flow 

591
00:32:03,500 --> 00:32:06,000
in different directions at 
different speeds, depending on 

592
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,600
location, and season and the 
phase of the moon for all, you 

593
00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:13,400
know, Then you adjust for Wind 
Drift, which pushes your ship 

594
00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:16,800
sideways, even when you're 
trying to sail straight, then 

595
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:19,500
you adjust, for the fact that 
all your previous estimates were

596
00:32:19,500 --> 00:32:22,800
probably slightly wrong, which 
means your current position is 

597
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:25,900
based on a chain of slightly 
wrong estimates stretching back 

598
00:32:25,900 --> 00:32:30,900
days, or weeks after three hours
of calculation, you determine 

599
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:33,500
that you're probably somewhere 
between two possible locations 

600
00:32:33,500 --> 00:32:38,800
that are about 30 miles apart. 
This is not particularly helpful

601
00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,800
when you're trying to navigate 
through a region filled with 

602
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:45,500
reefs and small islands and 
Colonial Harbors with trigger 

603
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:48,500
happy gunners. 
Your pilot comes to check on 

604
00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:51,800
your progress. 
His name is James and he has 

605
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:53,800
been sailing these waters for 
seven years. 

606
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:57,100
He looks at your calculations 
and makes a face. 

607
00:32:57,100 --> 00:33:01,700
That suggests you have just fail
the basic mathematics test James

608
00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:04,500
takes your chart and points to a
small notation in the corner, 

609
00:33:04,500 --> 00:33:10,500
the chart is based on a survey 
from 1694 that was 21 years ago.

610
00:33:10,500 --> 00:33:15,400
Hurricanes, have reshaped some 
islands, sandbars of shifted 

611
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,100
reefs have grown or broken 
apart. 

612
00:33:18,100 --> 00:33:22,300
This chart is a suggestion at 
best. he pulls out his own 

613
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:25,200
personal chart, which is covered
in notes, and Corrections and 

614
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:29,700
small drawings of landmarks This
is what experience Caribbean 

615
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:31,700
sailors. 
Did they maintain their own 

616
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:35,100
charts based on personal 
observation and stories from 

617
00:33:35,100 --> 00:33:38,000
other sailors? 
They noted the depth of various 

618
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:42,300
Harbors, the location of reefs 
and which beaches had fresh 

619
00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:45,400
water and which colonial 
Governors were likely to offer 

620
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:48,600
shelter for a price. 
James shows you several 

621
00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:51,400
discrepancies between the 
official chart and his personal 

622
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:53,900
knowledge. 
That island is actually two 

623
00:33:53,900 --> 00:33:57,200
miles further south. 
That Reef extends further than 

624
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,700
showing that Harbor is too 
shallow for your ship at low 

625
00:34:00,700 --> 00:34:03,300
tide. 
This information exists nowhere,

626
00:34:03,300 --> 00:34:06,900
except in the memories and 
personal charts of men who have 

627
00:34:06,908 --> 00:34:11,300
survived by paying attention. 
You ask James, why he is not 

628
00:34:11,300 --> 00:34:13,000
been helping with navigation 
early. 

629
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,800
He says you did. 
Not ask you point out that you 

630
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:18,500
are the captain and you need 
help. 

631
00:34:19,500 --> 00:34:22,400
Shrugs and says the previous 
Captain never asked for help 

632
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:26,699
either until he ran aground on a
reef near toga and had to spend 

633
00:34:26,708 --> 00:34:30,500
three days making repairs while 
hoping a naval Patrol did not 

634
00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:33,199
show up. 
This is when you realize that 

635
00:34:33,199 --> 00:34:34,699
pride is going to get you 
killed. 

636
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,300
You swallow your dignity and 
asked James to navigate. 

637
00:34:38,300 --> 00:34:42,000
He agrees on the condition that 
he gets an extra quarter. 

638
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:44,600
Share of the next prize for 
serving as Navigator. 

639
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,699
In addition, to Pilot, you 
agree, because accurate 

640
00:34:47,699 --> 00:34:49,500
navigation is worth more than 
money. 

641
00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:53,100
You do not have yet. 
James takes over the charts and 

642
00:34:53,100 --> 00:34:55,600
immediately changes course, by 
about 15 degrees. 

643
00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:59,200
He explains that the current in 
this area, flows, north west, 

644
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,800
and you need to compensate or 
you will end up miles off 

645
00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:05,200
Target. 
He also points out that you 

646
00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:08,000
should sail further from the 
coast to avoid Spanish Patrol 

647
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:10,500
boats that operate in the 
shallow water's. 

648
00:35:10,500 --> 00:35:14,000
You realize you've been doing 
navigation, completely wrong for

649
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:16,900
the past week. 
You all so realized that you've 

650
00:35:16,900 --> 00:35:20,800
been lucky not to run into a 
reef or Patrol boat or any of 

651
00:35:20,808 --> 00:35:23,500
the other numerous hazards. 
That kill Pirates who do not 

652
00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:26,600
know what they're doing. 
The weather decides to make your

653
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:30,400
life harder that after noon. 
Clouds roll in from the East. 

654
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:35,000
The wind picks up the sea 
develops, long swells that make 

655
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:38,900
the ship role in a corkscrewing 
motion that turns your stomach 

656
00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:41,700
inside out. 
This is not a hurricane. 

657
00:35:41,700 --> 00:35:44,900
This is just normal, Caribbean 
weather being normal. 

658
00:35:45,900 --> 00:35:49,200
But normal, weather can still 
kill you if you are not 

659
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:52,500
prepared. 
The wind shifts Direction. 

660
00:35:52,500 --> 00:35:56,500
Three times in an hour. 
The rain comes in sheets that 

661
00:35:56,500 --> 00:36:00,900
cut visibility to maybe 20 feet.
The waves grow larger enough, 

662
00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:03,600
that water breaks over the bow 
and floods across the deck. 

663
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:07,400
Your crew knows what to do. 
They have been through storms 

664
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:11,400
before they Reef the sails to 
reduce strain on The Masks. 

665
00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:15,400
They secure everything loose on 
Deck, they close the hatches and

666
00:36:15,408 --> 00:36:18,200
gun ports. 
They do all of this efficiently 

667
00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:21,000
without needing allders from 
you, which is fortunate because 

668
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:24,100
you are trying, very hard, not 
to vomit in front of everyone. 

669
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:28,900
The storm lasts six hours during
that time, you have no idea 

670
00:36:28,900 --> 00:36:30,800
where you are, or which 
direction you're going. 

671
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:35,400
Compass swings wildly as the 
ship pitches and rolls. 

672
00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:38,500
The rain is too heavy to see any
landmarks. 

673
00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:41,200
You could be heading straight 
for a reef and you would not 

674
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:44,900
know until you hit it. 
James stands at the helm and 

675
00:36:44,900 --> 00:36:48,600
steers by feel he adjusts the 
wheel constantly to keep the 

676
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:52,200
ship angled properly into the 
waves when you ask him, how he 

677
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,600
knows which way to steer. 
He says, he just knows this is 

678
00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:59,200
not particularly reassuring the 
storm finally passes around 

679
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:03,200
midnight, the clouds break 
apart, the stars come out. 

680
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:07,300
You can see the North Star which
gives you Direction James 

681
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:11,700
immediately changes course, by 
about 40 degrees, the storm 

682
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:13,800
pushed. 
You miles off your intended 

683
00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:16,300
path. 
He explains that the best you 

684
00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:19,500
can do now is sale North until 
you hit the larger islands. 

685
00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:22,500
Then figure out where you are 
based on which island you hit. 

686
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,600
This navigation strategy, 
essentially amounts to wandering

687
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:28,500
around until you recognize 
something. 

688
00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:32,100
It works because the Caribbean 
is full of islands and 

689
00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,900
eventually you hit one it fails.
When you hit the wrong Island 

690
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,100
and end up sailing directly into
a colonial port or running a 

691
00:37:39,108 --> 00:37:41,700
ground. 
The next morning, you discover 

692
00:37:41,700 --> 00:37:45,400
another navigation problem. 
Storm damage your compass. 

693
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:47,400
The glass cover cracked and 
water. 

694
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,900
Got inside the needle. 
Now, sticks in totally and gives

695
00:37:50,900 --> 00:37:52,800
readings that drift by several 
degrees. 

696
00:37:53,900 --> 00:37:57,100
Is very bad, a broken Compass 
means, you cannot maintain 

697
00:37:57,100 --> 00:38:00,000
accurate headings. 
You can still navigate by the 

698
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:01,900
Sun during the day and stars at 
night. 

699
00:38:01,900 --> 00:38:06,900
But clouds make that impossible.
You need a working Compass the 

700
00:38:06,900 --> 00:38:08,900
nearest place to get a 
replacement is Nassau. 

701
00:38:09,500 --> 00:38:11,700
Which is still several days 
away, assuming you can find it 

702
00:38:11,700 --> 00:38:15,100
without a reliable compass. 
James suggests a temporary 

703
00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:17,300
solution. 
He pulls out a needle and a 

704
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:20,000
piece of cork. 
He magnetizes the needle by 

705
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:21,800
stroking. 
It repeatedly against a 

706
00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:23,700
loadstone, he keeps in his 
personal kit. 

707
00:38:24,700 --> 00:38:28,500
Then he floats, the cork in a 
cup of water and balances the 

708
00:38:28,500 --> 00:38:31,800
needle on top. 
This creates a makeshift compass

709
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:36,000
that actually works reasonably 
well as long as no one bumps the

710
00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:38,600
cup you spend the next three 
days. 

711
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:41,500
Navigating with a needle 
floating in a cup of water. 

712
00:38:41,500 --> 00:38:44,800
This is both in genius and 
terrifying. 

713
00:38:44,800 --> 00:38:47,500
Every time the ship rocks in a 
wave. 

714
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:50,600
You worry the compass will spill
and you will lose the only 

715
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:53,800
directional reference. 
You have the makeshift Compass. 

716
00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:56,100
Gets you close enough to New 
Providence Island that you can 

717
00:38:56,100 --> 00:39:00,600
navigate by landmarks. 
James recognizes the shape of 

718
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:04,500
the coast, he guides the ship 
into Nassau Harbour which is 

719
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:07,400
filled with perhaps 20, other 
vessels in various states of 

720
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:11,400
repair summer, Merchant ships, 
some are clearly pirate ships. 

721
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:14,400
Some might be either depending 
on who you are asking what they 

722
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:18,400
were doing last week. 
Nassau in 1715 is a pirate 

723
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:20,400
Haven. 
The governor is friendly to 

724
00:39:20,408 --> 00:39:22,800
Pirates because Pirates, bring 
money and trade goods. 

725
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:25,900
The British government is not 
particularly happy about this 

726
00:39:25,900 --> 00:39:28,300
Arrangement, but Nassau is 
remote enough. 

727
00:39:28,300 --> 00:39:31,000
That enforcing the law is 
difficult and expensive. 

728
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,500
You anchor in the harbor and 
immediately faced a new 

729
00:39:34,500 --> 00:39:37,700
navigation problem. 
Where exactly do you dock? 

730
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:41,800
The harbor has no organized 
docking system ships anchor. 

731
00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:44,600
Wherever there is space getting 
to shore requires. 

732
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:47,000
Rowing a small boat through a 
maze of anchored vessels. 

733
00:39:47,008 --> 00:39:50,000
While trying not to accidentally
ran into anyone. 

734
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:54,400
Your quartermaster William 
handles, the shortest sticks, he

735
00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:57,300
knows which Merchants will buy 
stolen tobacco without asking 

736
00:39:57,300 --> 00:40:00,400
questions. 
He knows which taverns are safe 

737
00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:02,600
and which ones are run by people
who will rob. 

738
00:40:02,600 --> 00:40:05,800
You, he knows which boarding 
houses have rooms and which ones

739
00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:08,200
have bed bugs. 
This knowledge comes from 

740
00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:11,000
experience. 
You do not have yet While 

741
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,700
William arrangers supplies in 
sales, you meet with other 

742
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:16,800
captains, to gather information 
where have Naval. 

743
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:20,200
Patrols been spotted, which 
shipping routes are currently 

744
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:23,600
active, are there any Merchant 
convoys worth chasing? 

745
00:40:23,600 --> 00:40:26,700
Has anyone seen Spanish treasure
ships recently? 

746
00:40:27,900 --> 00:40:31,000
This information sharing happens
in taverns and boarding houses 

747
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:34,200
and on the beach. 
Pirate captains, trade knowledge

748
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,300
like currency. 
You learn that a British naval 

749
00:40:37,300 --> 00:40:39,200
squadron is operating near 
Jamaica. 

750
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:42,500
You learn that a Spanish 
Merchant Fleet recently, left 

751
00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:44,600
Havana? 
You learned that a French 

752
00:40:44,608 --> 00:40:48,200
Privateer is hunting Pirates 
near Martinique and has already 

753
00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:52,000
captured two ships. 
You also learn that reputation 

754
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:54,100
matters enormously in the pirate
world. 

755
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:58,300
Other captains judge you based 
on your prizes, your cruise 

756
00:40:58,300 --> 00:41:00,300
loyalty and your navigation 
skills. 

757
00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:03,900
Your reputation right now is 
approximately 0. 

758
00:41:04,900 --> 00:41:08,300
You're a new captain who has 
taken exactly one small prize 

759
00:41:08,300 --> 00:41:11,000
and nearly got caught by a naval
Patrol. 

760
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:14,500
This makes you either 
inexperienced or incompetent or 

761
00:41:14,500 --> 00:41:17,400
both. 
An older Captain named Davis 

762
00:41:17,400 --> 00:41:20,300
offers some advice. 
He has been pirating for eight 

763
00:41:20,300 --> 00:41:24,000
years and survived by being 
careful and smart. he tells you 

764
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:27,800
that the key to staying alive is
knowing when to fight and when 

765
00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:32,000
to run, He also tells you that 
good navigation means knowing 

766
00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:35,800
every Harbor and reef and 
current in your operating area. 

767
00:41:36,500 --> 00:41:38,900
Charts help. 
But local knowledge matters 

768
00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:41,300
more. 
Davis shows you his personal 

769
00:41:41,300 --> 00:41:44,800
chart which is a work of art. 
It contains detailed notes about

770
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:49,100
dozens of locations, water 
depths Beach, compositions, 

771
00:41:49,100 --> 00:41:53,000
prevailing, winds locations of 
freshwater sources which 

772
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:57,000
colonial Governors can be bribed
and for how much this chart 

773
00:41:57,000 --> 00:42:00,400
represents eight years of 
accumulated, knowledge, your 

774
00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:04,400
chart represents three weeks of 
guessing you ask Davis, if he 

775
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,100
would share some of his 
knowledge, he agrees to Mark 

776
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:10,400
several key locations on your 
chart in exchange for small 

777
00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:13,300
payment and a promise that you 
will share your own knowledge 

778
00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:17,200
when you gain some, this is how 
pirate cartography Works. 

779
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:20,400
Information. 
Flows between captains who trust

780
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:23,600
each other enough to trade, you 
spend two days in Nassau, 

781
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:26,600
getting supplies, making repairs
and trying to learn as much as 

782
00:42:26,600 --> 00:42:29,600
possible about Caribbean 
navigation, from people who 

783
00:42:29,600 --> 00:42:31,100
actually know what they're 
doing. 

784
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:35,100
James gets drunk and wins. 
Money, gambling, William, 

785
00:42:35,100 --> 00:42:37,800
negotiates, prices, and Rangers 
for whole repairs. 

786
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,000
You attend Captain meeting's and
try to look like you belong 

787
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:44,800
there. 
On the third day, your crew vote

788
00:42:44,800 --> 00:42:47,200
to leave Nassau or go hunting 
for prizes. 

789
00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:52,000
The vote passes, 23 to 14, you 
are now responsible for 

790
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:55,300
navigating back out of the 
harbor without running into any 

791
00:42:55,300 --> 00:42:57,000
of the two dozen ships currently
anchored. 

792
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:00,800
There, This proves more 
difficult than entering the tide

793
00:43:00,800 --> 00:43:03,100
is wrong. 
The wind is wrong. 

794
00:43:03,100 --> 00:43:07,300
You have to tack back and forth 
between anchored vessels, while 

795
00:43:07,300 --> 00:43:11,200
your crew holds on lines and 
adjusts sales at one point. 

796
00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:14,600
You pass within maybe 10 feet of
another pirate ship, and the 

797
00:43:14,600 --> 00:43:17,600
cruise exchange shouted insults 
and suggestions about your 

798
00:43:17,600 --> 00:43:20,700
navigation skills. 
You eventually make it out of 

799
00:43:20,708 --> 00:43:24,700
the harbor and into Open Water. 
James sets a course for a 

800
00:43:24,700 --> 00:43:28,200
merchant shipping route that 
supposedly sees regular traffic.

801
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:32,500
You have a working Compass, 
again, better, charts, and 

802
00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:34,700
slightly more knowledge than 
when you arrived. 

803
00:43:35,400 --> 00:43:38,400
This feels like progress Until 
you realize, you still do not 

804
00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:42,000
actually know what you're doing.
Now navigation is not getting 

805
00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:44,300
easier. 
If anything the more you learn 

806
00:43:44,300 --> 00:43:46,400
the more you realize how much 
you do not know. 

807
00:43:47,400 --> 00:43:51,300
Every chart is incomplete. 
Every direction is approximate 

808
00:43:51,300 --> 00:43:54,300
every estimate compounds, 
previous errors. 

809
00:43:55,100 --> 00:43:58,400
Your piloting a ship through 
Dangerous Waters with tools and 

810
00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:02,000
knowledge that barely adequate 
and a crew that assumes you know

811
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:05,100
what you're doing. 
You stand on deck and watch the 

812
00:44:05,100 --> 00:44:07,700
coast of New Providence, Island 
disappear behind you. 

813
00:44:07,700 --> 00:44:11,000
Ah, headlines open water and 
uncertainty. 

814
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:14,300
And the constant low-grade 
Terror that you're going to get 

815
00:44:14,300 --> 00:44:18,400
everyone lost or stranded. 
James notices your expression 

816
00:44:18,400 --> 00:44:20,900
and laughs. 
He says this is just how 

817
00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:25,700
navigation Works in 1715. 
Everyone is making educated 

818
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:29,200
guesses and hoping for the best.
The difference between good 

819
00:44:29,200 --> 00:44:31,800
Navigators and failed 
Navigators, is that good? 

820
00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:34,900
Navigators gets better and get 
lucky more often. 

821
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:38,900
You're not sure if this is 
supposed to be comforting, it is

822
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:43,000
not comforting. 
In your cabin doing mathematics,

823
00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:45,700
you learn to hate in school and 
the numbers are telling you 

824
00:44:45,700 --> 00:44:47,100
something, you do not want to 
hear. 

825
00:44:47,100 --> 00:44:52,600
Your ship has 37 crew members. 
Each man needs approximately one

826
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:54,500
gallon of water per day to 
survive. 

827
00:44:54,500 --> 00:44:58,300
In the Caribbean heat each man 
needs, roughly one and a half 

828
00:44:58,300 --> 00:45:01,800
pounds of food per day to 
maintain working strength. 

829
00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:06,600
This means your ship consumes 
307 gallons of water and about 

830
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:09,300
56 pounds of food every single 
day. 

831
00:45:10,300 --> 00:45:14,300
The current water supply will 
last approximately 14 days, if 

832
00:45:14,300 --> 00:45:18,700
nobody gets extra rations and 
the barrels of not leaked. the 

833
00:45:18,700 --> 00:45:21,800
food supply will last maybe 12 
days if you stretch everything 

834
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:26,700
and nobody complains too loudly 
about reduced portions, You need

835
00:45:26,708 --> 00:45:29,600
to take a prize within 12 days 
where everyone starts starving. 

836
00:45:29,600 --> 00:45:33,900
If you do not find fresh water 
within 14 days, everyone starts 

837
00:45:33,900 --> 00:45:37,200
dying of thirst. 
These are not abstract concerns.

838
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:39,600
These are mathematical facts 
that will kill you. 

839
00:45:39,600 --> 00:45:42,800
The previous Captain kept 
detailed Supply logs. 

840
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:45,900
You've been reading them and 
learning about the constant 

841
00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:48,700
calculations required to keep a 
pirate ship operating. 

842
00:45:48,700 --> 00:45:51,700
How much gunpowder for the 
Cannons vs? 

843
00:45:51,700 --> 00:45:55,900
How much weight you can spare? 
How many cannonballs to carry 

844
00:45:55,900 --> 00:45:57,800
versus how much food storage 
space? 

845
00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:02,000
They occupy How many weapons to 
maintain versus how many spare 

846
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:05,800
parts to keep for ship repairs? 
Every item on the ship 

847
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:09,200
represents a trade-off. 
More weapons mean, more fighting

848
00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:12,800
capability, but more weight, and
less room for supplies. 

849
00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:16,400
More food means, longer range, 
but more weight and slower 

850
00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:19,100
sailing. 
More water means survival, but 

851
00:46:19,100 --> 00:46:22,800
water barrels are heavy and take
up enormous amounts of space. 

852
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:26,500
Your quartermaster William 
brings you, the latest inventory

853
00:46:26,500 --> 00:46:28,400
numbers are worse than you 
thought. 

854
00:46:29,200 --> 00:46:33,100
Someone has been stealing from 
the food stores about 30 pounds 

855
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:35,800
of salted, pork of disappeared 
over the past week. 

856
00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:39,600
This theft represents roughly 
half a day of rationals for the 

857
00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:42,800
entire crew, you call a meeting 
to address the theft. 

858
00:46:43,800 --> 00:46:46,100
Crew gathers on Deck. 
While you explain the supply 

859
00:46:46,100 --> 00:46:49,000
situation, you show them the 
calculations. 

860
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:52,500
You explain that stealing food 
from the communal stores means 

861
00:46:52,500 --> 00:46:55,500
someone else goes hungry. 
This is not a moral argument. 

862
00:46:55,500 --> 00:46:58,800
This is mathematics nobody 
confesses. 

863
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:03,300
This does not surprise you, you 
call for a vote on how to handle

864
00:47:03,300 --> 00:47:05,500
the situation, should you 
search? 

865
00:47:05,500 --> 00:47:08,100
Everyone's personal? 
Belongings, should you post a 

866
00:47:08,100 --> 00:47:10,700
guard on the food stores? 
Should you reduce? 

867
00:47:10,700 --> 00:47:14,800
Everyone's rations and the thief
confesses The debate lasts now. 

868
00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:19,100
Some men want harsh punishment 
for the thief of Court, others 

869
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:20,700
point out that you cannot punish
someone. 

870
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:24,600
You cannot identify a few 
suggests that maybe the food was

871
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:27,900
not stolen, but miscounted, you 
know, the food was not 

872
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:30,600
miscounted because you counted 
it yourself three times. 

873
00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:35,300
The final vote is establishes. 
A watch on the food stores and a

874
00:47:35,300 --> 00:47:37,700
warning that anyone caught 
stealing will be marooned at the

875
00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:40,800
next Island. 
This seems reasonable Until you 

876
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:44,100
realize it requires pulling men 
from other duties to guard food,

877
00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:47,000
which means fewer men of 
available for sailing or 

878
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:49,400
fighting. 
The next day, brings a different

879
00:47:49,400 --> 00:47:54,100
Supply crisis, the water costs, 
a leaking, not catastrophically,

880
00:47:54,100 --> 00:47:57,300
but enough that you are losing. 
May be three or four gallons per

881
00:47:57,300 --> 00:48:00,200
day to evaporation and seepage 
through old wood. 

882
00:48:00,900 --> 00:48:03,800
This pushes your Water Crisis 
forward by about a day. 

883
00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:09,100
You now have maybe 13 days of 
water, instead of 14, James 

884
00:48:09,100 --> 00:48:11,600
suggests stopping at a small 
island, he knows about to 

885
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:12,400
refill. 
The water. 

886
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:16,000
Casks, the island is about two 
days off your current course, 

887
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:20,000
going there means delaying your 
hunt for prizes, but not going. 

888
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:23,000
There means possibly running out
of water before you find a prize

889
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:25,900
that has water aboard. 
You call another vote. 

890
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:30,400
This one is closer than you 
would like 18 men want to stop 

891
00:48:30,400 --> 00:48:33,500
for water 19 men want to 
continue hunting. 

892
00:48:33,500 --> 00:48:37,400
The crew is split almost 
perfectly down the middle and 

893
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:40,400
whether immediate water security
is more important than potential

894
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,200
prize money. 
You make an executive decision 

895
00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:46,800
and override the vote your 
stopping for water because dead 

896
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:51,100
men cannot spend prize money. 
This creates some grumbling but 

897
00:48:51,100 --> 00:48:55,200
nobody challenges you directly. 
The captain has absolute 

898
00:48:55,200 --> 00:48:57,800
Authority during a fairs of 
navigation and safety. 

899
00:48:58,700 --> 00:49:01,200
Running Out of Water, definitely
qualifies. 

900
00:49:01,200 --> 00:49:05,100
As a safety issue, the island 
James knows about turns out to 

901
00:49:05,100 --> 00:49:08,200
be a tiny piece of land with a 
small spring and not much else. 

902
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:11,900
The water is drinkable but 
tastes slightly brackish. 

903
00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:16,400
You spend eight hours varying 
empty casks to shore, filling 

904
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:18,200
them and bringing them back to 
the ship. 

905
00:49:18,900 --> 00:49:21,500
This is exhausting work in 
tropical heat. 

906
00:49:21,500 --> 00:49:23,800
And the crew complains 
constantly. 

907
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:27,600
While filling casks one of your 
men finds fruit trees. 

908
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:30,500
Growing wild on the island. 
This is unexpected. 

909
00:49:30,500 --> 00:49:33,500
Good Fortune. 
Fresh fruit prevents scurvy, 

910
00:49:33,500 --> 00:49:36,300
which is the slow death 
sentence, that kills more 

911
00:49:36,300 --> 00:49:40,500
Sailors than combat or storms. 
Your crew spends an additional 

912
00:49:40,500 --> 00:49:43,600
four hours Gathering every piece
of fruit, they can find and 

913
00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:46,400
loading, it aboard. 
The fruit changes. 

914
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:48,800
Your supply calculation is in a 
positive direction. 

915
00:49:48,800 --> 00:49:52,400
You now have fresh food that 
will last may be five days of 

916
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:55,900
rational carefully. 
This is not much, but it extends

917
00:49:55,900 --> 00:49:59,800
your operational range slightly.
You make notes in your log about

918
00:49:59,800 --> 00:50:02,200
the location of this island for 
future reference. 

919
00:50:03,100 --> 00:50:05,800
Two days later. 
You spot a merchant vessel the 

920
00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:07,200
crew wants to attack 
immediately. 

921
00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:10,600
You want to observe the vessel 
first to determine if it is 

922
00:50:10,608 --> 00:50:13,800
worth the risk. 
This requires being patient, 

923
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:16,800
which Pirates are not naturally 
good at you. 

924
00:50:16,800 --> 00:50:19,900
Watch the merchant ship for 
three hours, it appears to be 

925
00:50:19,900 --> 00:50:23,500
traveling alone, it has maybe 10
crew visible on Deck. 

926
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:27,800
It has four cannons showing 
which suggests modest defense's.

927
00:50:28,800 --> 00:50:31,400
The cargo appears to be barrels 
and crates, which could be 

928
00:50:31,400 --> 00:50:34,500
anything from valuable trade 
goods to worthless, ballast. 

929
00:50:35,200 --> 00:50:39,900
The crew votes to attack the 
vote passes. 32 to 5, you give 

930
00:50:39,908 --> 00:50:42,400
the order to raise the Black 
Flag and begin Pursuit. 

931
00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:45,900
The merchant ship sees, you 
coming and tries to run your 

932
00:50:45,900 --> 00:50:48,300
ship is faster. 
This is good news because it 

933
00:50:48,300 --> 00:50:51,000
means you will catch them before
they can reach port or find 

934
00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:54,300
help. 
The chase last 90 minutes the 

935
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:57,800
merchant ship finally realizes 
it cannot outrun you and he's 

936
00:50:57,800 --> 00:50:59,900
too. 
This means they are surrendering

937
00:50:59,900 --> 00:51:02,500
without a fight. 
This is the best possible 

938
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:06,700
outcome because fighting means, 
casualties, and casualties mean.

939
00:51:06,700 --> 00:51:09,900
More mouths to feed with limited
Supplies, Plus injured, men who 

940
00:51:09,900 --> 00:51:13,400
cannot work Your board. 
The merchant vessel with a dozen

941
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,400
armed men. 
The merchant Captain is a tired 

942
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:19,500
looking man in his 40s, who 
seems more annoyed than 

943
00:51:19,500 --> 00:51:22,500
frightened. 
He hands over the cargo manifest

944
00:51:22,500 --> 00:51:25,500
with out being asked. 
This is a man who has been 

945
00:51:25,500 --> 00:51:28,500
through this before, the car 
goes disappointing. 

946
00:51:28,500 --> 00:51:31,100
Mostly textiles and some tool 
shipments. 

947
00:51:31,100 --> 00:51:34,700
The food supply is a minimal, 
There is almost no water aboard 

948
00:51:34,700 --> 00:51:36,900
because the merchant ship was 
only two days from Port. 

949
00:51:36,900 --> 00:51:40,500
When you captured it, the total 
value of the prize is may be 400

950
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:42,600
pounds. 
If you can sell everything, your

951
00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:45,600
crew is disappointed but takes 
the textiles and tools aboard 

952
00:51:45,600 --> 00:51:48,000
anyway. 
You offer the merchant crew, the

953
00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:52,700
standard Choice, join your crew 
or take a boat and row to the 

954
00:51:52,708 --> 00:51:55,700
nearest land. 
All of them choose the boat. 

955
00:51:55,700 --> 00:51:59,500
None of them want to be Pirates.
You provide them with enough 

956
00:51:59,500 --> 00:52:02,200
food and water to reach Shore 
and send them on their way. 

957
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:05,300
The captured ship itself is in 
poor condition. 

958
00:52:05,300 --> 00:52:08,000
The hole needs work, the sales 
are old. 

959
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:10,400
It is not worth keeping or 
selling. 

960
00:52:11,100 --> 00:52:13,700
You strip it of anything useful 
and let it drift. 

961
00:52:14,500 --> 00:52:17,500
Within a few hours, it will be 
miles away and someone else's 

962
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:20,200
problem. 
You sail away from the drifting 

963
00:52:20,200 --> 00:52:23,500
ship with slightly more supplies
than you had before, but not 

964
00:52:23,500 --> 00:52:26,200
enough to significantly extend 
your operating time. 

965
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:30,200
The mathematics of survival have
improved by maybe two days. 

966
00:52:30,200 --> 00:52:33,500
You still need to find a 
substantial prize within the 

967
00:52:33,500 --> 00:52:36,500
next 10 days or face, serious 
Supply problems. 

968
00:52:37,300 --> 00:52:39,900
That night, William sits down 
with you to review the accounts.

969
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:44,500
The previous prize, divided, 
among 37, shares minus the 

970
00:52:44,500 --> 00:52:47,100
Carpenters extra portion and 
your Captain's. 

971
00:52:47,100 --> 00:52:51,400
Double share comes to about 8 
pounds per man, this is not 

972
00:52:51,400 --> 00:52:53,600
nothing but it is not the 
fortune. 

973
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:57,100
Everyone was hoping for several 
crew members are already talking

974
00:52:57,100 --> 00:52:59,200
about heading back to Nassau to 
spend their money. 

975
00:53:00,100 --> 00:53:03,600
You point out that Nassau is a 
weak away and going there means 

976
00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:07,400
burning supplies for no gain. 
William says, the crew does not 

977
00:53:07,408 --> 00:53:11,000
care about logistics, they have 
money and they want to spend it 

978
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:14,300
on drinking entertainment. 
You call a meeting the next 

979
00:53:14,300 --> 00:53:17,700
morning to discuss the national 
proposal, you present the 

980
00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:21,500
mathematics clearly Sailing to 
Nassau takes seven days. 

981
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:25,100
During those seven days, you 
will consume supplies but not 

982
00:53:25,100 --> 00:53:27,200
gain anything. 
Those supplies. 

983
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:31,000
Could, instead be used to hunt 
for more prizes, More prizes 

984
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:34,100
mean more money for everyone. 
Your argument convinces about 

985
00:53:34,100 --> 00:53:37,100
half the crew the other half 
wants immediate gratification. 

986
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:42,400
The vote comes down to a tie at 
18 to 18 with one man of 

987
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:45,400
staining because he is hung over
to understand the question. 

988
00:53:46,200 --> 00:53:48,700
You break the Tie by voting to 
continue hunting. 

989
00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:52,000
This is technically allowed 
under the code, but it creates 

990
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:54,600
resentment among the men who 
wanted to go to Nassau. 

991
00:53:55,300 --> 00:53:58,100
You can feel the cruise mood 
shifting slightly against you. 

992
00:53:58,100 --> 00:54:01,600
You're making practical 
decisions, but unpopular ones 

993
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:05,500
the next few days pass with 
outside, any promising targets, 

994
00:54:05,500 --> 00:54:09,700
you see several ships, they are 
either too well armed or too 

995
00:54:09,700 --> 00:54:13,000
fast or heading in Direction's 
that would require you to chase 

996
00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:15,900
them for days. 
Crew becomes increasingly 

997
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:18,500
restless and irritable Food 
Supplies. 

998
00:54:18,500 --> 00:54:22,500
Continue to dwindle your down to
about six days of food at 

999
00:54:22,500 --> 00:54:25,500
current ration levels. 
William suggests reducing 

1000
00:54:25,500 --> 00:54:27,600
rations to stretch supplies 
further. 

1001
00:54:28,300 --> 00:54:31,900
You suggest this to the crew and
they vote it down 29 to 8. 

1002
00:54:31,900 --> 00:54:35,500
No wants smaller portions, even 
when the alternative is running 

1003
00:54:35,500 --> 00:54:38,800
out of food entirely. 
This is the fundamental problem 

1004
00:54:38,800 --> 00:54:42,300
with Democratic piracy. 
The crew can vote for whatever 

1005
00:54:42,300 --> 00:54:44,500
they want but they cannot vote 
away. 

1006
00:54:44,500 --> 00:54:48,600
Mathematical reality, you can 
vote to keep eating full rations

1007
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:52,800
but you cannot vote food into 
existence, eventually the 

1008
00:54:52,800 --> 00:54:54,800
mathematics wins. 
No matter what. 

1009
00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:58,700
The popular opinion says you're 
learning that a significant part

1010
00:54:58,700 --> 00:55:01,900
of being a pirate Captain 
involves managing the gap 

1011
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:06,100
between what the crew wants. 
And what reality allows you 

1012
00:55:06,100 --> 00:55:08,600
cannot make prizes appear out of
a Mt ocean. 

1013
00:55:09,500 --> 00:55:12,900
You cannot make food last longer
through wishful thinking, you 

1014
00:55:12,900 --> 00:55:16,000
cannot make water costs, stop 
leaking through majority vote. 

1015
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:20,000
A week into your supply crisis. 
You finally spot a promising, 

1016
00:55:20,000 --> 00:55:24,200
Target, a large Merchant vessel 
sailing alone with substantial 

1017
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:28,300
cargo visible on Deck. 
The crew votes unanimously to 

1018
00:55:28,300 --> 00:55:31,300
attack even the men who are 
still annoyed about not going to

1019
00:55:31,300 --> 00:55:33,800
Nassau agree that this prize 
looks worth taking. 

1020
00:55:35,100 --> 00:55:38,500
The Chase Begins in late 
afternoon, the merchant ship is 

1021
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:41,800
slower than yours but it has a 
head start you pursue through 

1022
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:45,500
the evening and into the night, 
navigating By Moonlight and 

1023
00:55:45,500 --> 00:55:48,400
Hope. 
By Dawn, your close enough to 

1024
00:55:48,400 --> 00:55:50,700
fire a warning shot across their
bow. 

1025
00:55:51,900 --> 00:55:53,800
The merchant ship does not 
surrender. 

1026
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:58,400
Instead it returns fire. 
This is unexpected and 

1027
00:55:58,400 --> 00:56:01,300
unwelcome. 
Your crew scrambles to Battle 

1028
00:56:01,300 --> 00:56:04,000
Stations while Cannonball Splash
in the water around. 

1029
00:56:04,000 --> 00:56:07,900
You, you realize this Merchant 
vessel is better than you 

1030
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:10,100
thought. 
The battle lasts about 40 

1031
00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:13,700
minutes, your crew fires, the 
Cannons, as fast as they can. 

1032
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:18,300
Reload the merchant ship fires 
back, most shots on both sides, 

1033
00:56:18,300 --> 00:56:21,800
because aiming Cannon's from a 
moving ship at another moving 

1034
00:56:21,800 --> 00:56:25,500
ship is extremely difficult, but
enough shots can connect to 

1035
00:56:25,500 --> 00:56:26,400
damage. 
Both vessels. 

1036
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:30,300
Your ship takes a hit that 
Splinter's part of the railing 

1037
00:56:30,300 --> 00:56:33,700
and wounds to men. 
The merchant ship takes several 

1038
00:56:33,700 --> 00:56:37,200
hits that damaged their rigging.
Finally, they strike their 

1039
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:41,700
colors and surrender, you have 
one but at a cost the cost 

1040
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:43,400
becomes clear. 
When you board the merchant 

1041
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:46,800
vessel your two wounded men need
medical attention. 

1042
00:56:46,800 --> 00:56:51,100
The surgeon does what he can. 
But one man, loses three fingers

1043
00:56:51,100 --> 00:56:54,000
and the other has a nasty 
Splinter wound in his leg. 

1044
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:57,300
That might become infected. 
According to the pirate code, 

1045
00:56:57,300 --> 00:57:00,800
the man who lost his fingers, 
gets compensation of 300 Pieces 

1046
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:04,900
Of Eight because a missing 
finger is worth 100 pieces of 8.

1047
00:57:04,900 --> 00:57:07,300
Each the cargo makes the fight 
almost worth. 

1048
00:57:07,300 --> 00:57:11,800
While the merchant ship was 
carrying sugar rum and a 

1049
00:57:11,800 --> 00:57:15,600
surprising amount of cash. 
The total value is maybe 1800 

1050
00:57:15,600 --> 00:57:18,800
pounds. 
This is a real prize, this is 

1051
00:57:18,800 --> 00:57:21,700
what everyone was hoping for 
your crew spends. 

1052
00:57:21,700 --> 00:57:24,600
The next day transferring cargo 
to your ship and tending to the 

1053
00:57:24,600 --> 00:57:26,600
wounded. 
The man with the leg wound 

1054
00:57:26,600 --> 00:57:28,900
develops. 
A fever, the surgeon says it 

1055
00:57:28,900 --> 00:57:30,900
might be infectious. 
He applies. 

1056
00:57:30,900 --> 00:57:33,600
Hot tartar to the wound and 
gives the man rum for the pain. 

1057
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,300
There is nothing else to do 
except wait and Hope. 

1058
00:57:37,000 --> 00:57:39,300
You divide the prize according 
to the code. 

1059
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:43,700
After compensation, for the 
wounded men and your Captain's 

1060
00:57:43,700 --> 00:57:46,600
shares, and the quartermaster's 
shares and various other 

1061
00:57:46,600 --> 00:57:51,000
allocations each regular crew 
member receives about 32 pounds.

1062
00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:54,500
This is real money. 
This is enough to make the trip 

1063
00:57:54,500 --> 00:57:57,300
worthwhile. 
The cruise mood improves 

1064
00:57:57,300 --> 00:58:00,800
dramatically suddenly, everyone 
thinks you're a brilliant 

1065
00:58:00,800 --> 00:58:03,000
Captain, who makes excellent 
decisions. 

1066
00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:06,800
Same men who were grumbling 
about Supply management three 

1067
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:10,200
days ago are now talking about 
what a successful Voyage this 

1068
00:58:10,200 --> 00:58:12,800
has been. 
You know, this positive mood is 

1069
00:58:12,800 --> 00:58:14,600
temporary, the captured 
supplies. 

1070
00:58:14,600 --> 00:58:16,900
Extend your operating Time by 
maybe three weeks. 

1071
00:58:16,900 --> 00:58:20,700
The money will last until it 
gets spent, then you will be 

1072
00:58:20,700 --> 00:58:24,100
back to the same mathematical 
problems of keeping 37. 

1073
00:58:24,100 --> 00:58:27,800
Men fed and watered while 
searching for prizes in an ocean

1074
00:58:27,808 --> 00:58:31,300
full of Naval. 
Patrols the wounded man with the

1075
00:58:31,300 --> 00:58:34,100
leg infection dies, on the third
day after the battle. 

1076
00:58:34,100 --> 00:58:39,200
This reduces your crew to 36 men
and create a somber mood, aboard

1077
00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:42,200
ship Pirates. 
Directly from violence and 

1078
00:58:42,200 --> 00:58:45,000
disease and accidents. 
But each death reminds everyone 

1079
00:58:45,000 --> 00:58:47,100
that this lifestyle has serious 
consequences. 

1080
00:58:47,100 --> 00:58:50,500
You preside over a simple Burial
at Sea. 

1081
00:58:50,500 --> 00:58:53,700
The Dead Man's possessions are 
auctioned to the crew. 

1082
00:58:53,700 --> 00:58:57,000
According to the code, the money
goes to his Shah wife back in 

1083
00:58:57,000 --> 00:59:00,900
Port Royal, if anyone bothers to
deliver it which probably nobody

1084
00:59:00,900 --> 00:59:03,700
will. 
The mathematics of survival of 

1085
00:59:03,700 --> 00:59:07,200
shifted. 
Again, 36 men in 37. 

1086
00:59:08,000 --> 00:59:10,600
Slightly less water and food 
consumed per day. 

1087
00:59:10,600 --> 00:59:15,100
One fewer working, man, if you 
need to take another prize, you 

1088
00:59:15,100 --> 00:59:17,800
make notes in your log and 
adjust your calculations and 

1089
00:59:17,800 --> 00:59:20,600
continue trying to keep everyone
fed for another week. 

1090
00:59:21,500 --> 00:59:25,400
This is pirate captaincy, not 
Adventurer, or Freedom or 

1091
00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:28,800
treasure, but endless 
mathematical balancing acts 

1092
00:59:28,800 --> 00:59:32,000
between limited resources and 
unlimited human needs. 

1093
00:59:32,700 --> 00:59:36,800
You do arithmetic in your head 
constantly water consumption 

1094
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:42,900
food rations, gunpowder reserves
spare rope, medical supplies, 

1095
00:59:42,900 --> 00:59:47,800
every item tract and calculated 
and worried about You wonder if 

1096
00:59:47,800 --> 00:59:50,700
the Romantic stories about 
pirate captains ever. 

1097
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:54,500
Mentioned the mathematics. 
Probably not stories about 

1098
00:59:54,500 --> 00:59:57,500
Supply management, do not sell 
books, or inspired dreams of 

1099
00:59:57,500 --> 01:00:01,800
Adventure, but the mathematics 
determine success or failure. 

1100
01:00:01,800 --> 01:00:06,100
The mathematics is reality and 
reality does not care about 

1101
01:00:06,100 --> 01:00:08,800
adventure stories. 
You have been a pirate Captain 

1102
01:00:08,800 --> 01:00:12,000
for six weeks and you have spent
at least half that time, feeling

1103
01:00:12,000 --> 01:00:16,000
miserably sick. 
Not dramatically sick, not 

1104
01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:18,700
adventurous, story sick, where 
you collapse heroically and 

1105
01:00:18,700 --> 01:00:21,900
someone nurses, you back to 
health, just the grinding, 

1106
01:00:21,900 --> 01:00:25,900
constant undignified sick that 
comes from living on a wooden 

1107
01:00:25,900 --> 01:00:29,600
ship in tropical heat while 
eating food that is one day away

1108
01:00:29,600 --> 01:00:33,600
from being completely inedible. 
The problem with piracy is that 

1109
01:00:33,600 --> 01:00:36,900
nobody tells you about the 
seasickness you assumed, you 

1110
01:00:36,900 --> 01:00:38,600
would get used to it after a few
days. 

1111
01:00:39,500 --> 01:00:42,500
You are a merchant sailor for 
three months before becoming a 

1112
01:00:42,500 --> 01:00:45,300
pirate and you thought that 
counted as experience. 

1113
01:00:46,200 --> 01:00:49,500
It turns out three months of 
coastal sailing does not prepare

1114
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:52,700
you for weeks at Sea in a ship 
that rolls and pitches in ways 

1115
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:54,600
that make your stomach Revolt 
constantly. 

1116
01:00:55,500 --> 01:00:58,900
You have learned to function 
while nauseated you can navigate

1117
01:00:58,900 --> 01:01:01,900
and give orders and moderate 
crew debates while fighting the 

1118
01:01:01,900 --> 01:01:05,100
urge to vomit. 
This is not a skill, you want to

1119
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:08,600
develop, but it is the skill. 
That pirate captains, see is 

1120
01:01:08,600 --> 01:01:11,100
demanded. 
The crew does not suffer from C 

1121
01:01:11,100 --> 01:01:14,400
sickness the same way you do. 
Most of them have been sailing 

1122
01:01:14,400 --> 01:01:16,600
for years and their bodies 
adapted long ago. 

1123
01:01:17,500 --> 01:01:20,100
They watch you turn green during
rough weather and make 

1124
01:01:20,100 --> 01:01:23,400
sympathetic noises that sound. 
Suspiciously like suppressed 

1125
01:01:23,400 --> 01:01:25,900
laughter. 
William tells you, it will get 

1126
01:01:25,900 --> 01:01:29,300
better eventually. 
Eventually as not arriving fast 

1127
01:01:29,300 --> 01:01:31,900
enough. 
The sea sickness is just the 

1128
01:01:31,900 --> 01:01:34,700
beginning of the medical. 
Miseries last week. 

1129
01:01:34,700 --> 01:01:37,200
Three. 
Men came down with fever, not 

1130
01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:40,600
the dramatic kind of fever that 
end in death or miraculous 

1131
01:01:40,600 --> 01:01:44,900
recovery within days, the slow 
burning kind that makes men 

1132
01:01:44,900 --> 01:01:48,100
useless for work but not sick 
enough to justify using precious

1133
01:01:48,100 --> 01:01:51,200
medical supplies on them. 
Your surgeon is a man named 

1134
01:01:51,200 --> 01:01:54,800
Harris who learned Medicine by 
apprenticing to a barber in 

1135
01:01:54,800 --> 01:01:57,300
Bristol. 
His medical knowledge consists 

1136
01:01:57,300 --> 01:02:00,400
of bloodletting amputation, and 
hoping for the best. 

1137
01:02:01,400 --> 01:02:05,600
When the fever cases appeared, 
he recommended bloodletting, you

1138
01:02:05,600 --> 01:02:08,300
vetoed this because removing 
blood from men who are already 

1139
01:02:08,300 --> 01:02:09,800
weak. 
Seemed counterproductive. 

1140
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:13,400
Harris Shrugged and said they 
would probably get better on 

1141
01:02:13,400 --> 01:02:17,000
their own or they would not two 
of the men recovered after five 

1142
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:19,000
days of lying in their hammocks 
and moaning. 

1143
01:02:19,700 --> 01:02:23,600
The third man is still feverish 
and starting to develop a cough 

1144
01:02:23,600 --> 01:02:26,200
that sounds alarming. 
Harris says, it might be 

1145
01:02:26,200 --> 01:02:29,000
consumption or it might just be 
a bad cough. 

1146
01:02:29,000 --> 01:02:31,900
His diagnostic skills are not 
precise. 

1147
01:02:32,700 --> 01:02:35,400
The problem is that you cannot 
afford to lose men to illness 

1148
01:02:35,400 --> 01:02:38,400
your Crews already. 
Under staffed, for a ship, this 

1149
01:02:38,400 --> 01:02:41,900
size every man who cannot work 
means, more work for everyone 

1150
01:02:41,900 --> 01:02:44,300
else. 
This creates resentment among 

1151
01:02:44,300 --> 01:02:46,900
the healthy crew members, who 
have to cover extra watches and 

1152
01:02:46,908 --> 01:02:50,800
do extra maintenance. 
While the Sikh men recover, you 

1153
01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:53,500
call of vote on whether to 
reduce rationals for sick, men 

1154
01:02:53,500 --> 01:02:56,500
who cannot work. 
This seems reasonable Until you 

1155
01:02:56,500 --> 01:02:59,900
realize it means, sick men will 
take longer to recover because 

1156
01:02:59,900 --> 01:03:03,900
they are getting less food. 
The crew votes in favor of 

1157
01:03:03,900 --> 01:03:06,500
reduced rations. 
Anyway, because fairness matters

1158
01:03:06,500 --> 01:03:10,400
more than practicality in a 
democracy of hungry Pirates. 

1159
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:14,400
Food situation is its own 
special, kind of misery. 

1160
01:03:14,400 --> 01:03:17,900
You're currently eating salted 
pork that has been in barrels 

1161
01:03:17,900 --> 01:03:21,600
for approximately six months. 
The salt prevents the pork from 

1162
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:24,200
rotting but it does not make the
pork good. 

1163
01:03:24,200 --> 01:03:26,800
It just makes it not actively 
poisonous. 

1164
01:03:28,000 --> 01:03:31,100
The pork has a texture that can 
charitably be described as 

1165
01:03:31,100 --> 01:03:33,500
leathery. 
It has a taste that can 

1166
01:03:33,500 --> 01:03:35,800
charitably be described as salty
leather. 

1167
01:03:36,700 --> 01:03:39,500
You have to soak it in water 
before cooking to remove some of

1168
01:03:39,508 --> 01:03:41,800
the salt. 
But this leaves you with Bland 

1169
01:03:41,800 --> 01:03:45,100
leather, instead of salty 
leather, The crew complains 

1170
01:03:45,100 --> 01:03:48,600
constantly about the food, but 
the alternative is starvation. 

1171
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:53,500
So everyone keeps eating the 
terrible pork Ship's biscuits 

1172
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:57,200
are even worse. 
They started out hard months, at

1173
01:03:57,200 --> 01:03:59,900
Sea of made them harder and also
introduced weevils. 

1174
01:03:59,900 --> 01:04:02,700
You have learned to tap your 
biscuit against the table before

1175
01:04:02,700 --> 01:04:05,900
eating to dislodge the weevils. 
And sometimes this works, 

1176
01:04:05,900 --> 01:04:08,900
sometimes you end up eating 
weevils, any way because 

1177
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:11,000
removing all of them is 
impossible and protein is 

1178
01:04:11,000 --> 01:04:14,600
protein the fresh fruit. 
You gather at that Island two 

1179
01:04:14,600 --> 01:04:16,300
weeks ago, is gone. 
It lasted. 

1180
01:04:16,300 --> 01:04:19,400
Exactly five days before 
spoiling in the tropical heat 

1181
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:22,400
For those five days, you felt 
Almost Human. 

1182
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:26,000
Now, you're back to Salty, 
leather and Weevil biscuits, and

1183
01:04:26,008 --> 01:04:29,100
the constant vitamin deficiency,
that makes your gums hurt. 

1184
01:04:30,100 --> 01:04:33,000
William warns you, that scurvy 
is coming if you do not find 

1185
01:04:33,000 --> 01:04:38,000
fresh food soon. scurvy starts 
with sore gums and fatigue, it 

1186
01:04:38,000 --> 01:04:41,600
progresses to skin problems and 
loosening teeth and eventually 

1187
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:45,600
death if left untreated The only
cure is fresh fruits and 

1188
01:04:45,600 --> 01:04:48,200
vegetables. 
You do not have fresh fruits and

1189
01:04:48,200 --> 01:04:50,300
vegetables. 
This is a problem that 

1190
01:04:50,300 --> 01:04:54,000
mathematics cannot solve you. 
Make a note to stop at every 

1191
01:04:54,000 --> 01:04:57,400
island you pass to gather fruit,
this seems smart. 

1192
01:04:57,400 --> 01:05:00,700
And you realize that stopping at
Islands takes time and uses 

1193
01:05:00,700 --> 01:05:03,400
supplies and delays, your hunt 
for prizes. 

1194
01:05:03,400 --> 01:05:06,200
Everything is a trade-off. 
Fresh food. 

1195
01:05:06,200 --> 01:05:07,900
Now, means less time hunting 
later. 

1196
01:05:07,900 --> 01:05:10,400
More time hunting means less 
fresh food. 

1197
01:05:10,400 --> 01:05:13,500
The calculations never work out 
in your favor. 

1198
01:05:13,500 --> 01:05:17,900
The ship itself is falling apart
in small ways that compound into

1199
01:05:17,900 --> 01:05:21,000
large problems. 
Last week, the main Master 

1200
01:05:21,000 --> 01:05:25,100
developed a crack, not a 
dramatic splitting crack, that 

1201
01:05:25,100 --> 01:05:27,800
brings the mask down in a shower
of Splinter's. 

1202
01:05:28,600 --> 01:05:31,100
Just a small crack, that will 
probably get worse and 

1203
01:05:31,100 --> 01:05:33,500
eventually become a major 
structural failure. 

1204
01:05:34,200 --> 01:05:37,100
Your Carpenter examines the 
crack and says it needs to be 

1205
01:05:37,108 --> 01:05:40,400
reinforced. 
This requires materials, you do 

1206
01:05:40,400 --> 01:05:43,500
not have and time. 
You cannot spare, you end up 

1207
01:05:43,500 --> 01:05:46,500
wrapping rope around the crack 
and hoping this temporary 

1208
01:05:46,500 --> 01:05:49,000
solution lasts long enough. 
To get you to a port where you 

1209
01:05:49,000 --> 01:05:52,500
can make proper repairs. 
Three days after the mass 

1210
01:05:52,500 --> 01:05:55,500
situation, the water pump 
breaks, the pump is essential 

1211
01:05:55,500 --> 01:05:58,800
for removing water that leaks 
into the build throughs of tiny 

1212
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:01,900
gaps in the hole. 
Without the pump you need men 

1213
01:06:01,900 --> 01:06:04,100
manually bailing water around 
the clock. 

1214
01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:08,700
This is exhausting work that 
nobody wants to do and everyone 

1215
01:06:08,700 --> 01:06:12,000
has to do in rotation. 
You call a vote on whether to 

1216
01:06:12,000 --> 01:06:15,300
stop sailing and fix the pump 
immediately or continue to the 

1217
01:06:15,300 --> 01:06:18,900
next Port while manually. 
Behling. the vote splits along 

1218
01:06:18,900 --> 01:06:21,900
lines of men who are currently 
assigned to bailing Duty versus 

1219
01:06:21,900 --> 01:06:25,800
men, who are not the baling crew
wants to stop and fix it. 

1220
01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:28,100
Everyone else wants to keep 
sailing. 

1221
01:06:28,100 --> 01:06:31,300
You end up with a compromise 
where you reduce sailing speed 

1222
01:06:31,300 --> 01:06:33,500
to give the carpenter time to 
work on repairs. 

1223
01:06:33,500 --> 01:06:37,100
While also reducing the amount 
of water coming in the 

1224
01:06:37,100 --> 01:06:40,200
compromise, satisfies, nobody. 
But that seems to be the nature 

1225
01:06:40,200 --> 01:06:44,900
of pirate democracy a week into 
your captaincy, a storm arrives.

1226
01:06:45,600 --> 01:06:49,200
Not a hurricane. 
Just a normal Caribbean storm 

1227
01:06:49,200 --> 01:06:52,800
with high winds and heavy rain 
and waves that make your already

1228
01:06:52,800 --> 01:06:55,500
questionable. 
Stomach situation, much worse. 

1229
01:06:56,500 --> 01:07:00,400
Storm last 18 hours during that 
time, you cannot cook because 

1230
01:07:00,400 --> 01:07:02,500
lighting a fire in high wind is 
impossible. 

1231
01:07:03,300 --> 01:07:05,600
You cannot sleep because the 
ship pictures and roles. 

1232
01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:09,100
So violently that staying in 
your hammock requires constant 

1233
01:07:09,100 --> 01:07:12,400
effort, you cannot navigate 
because you cannot see anything 

1234
01:07:12,400 --> 01:07:15,300
through the rain. 
You just have to wait and hope 

1235
01:07:15,300 --> 01:07:18,300
the ship does not break apart or
run into something hard. 

1236
01:07:19,500 --> 01:07:22,300
Your crew handles the storm with
practice efficiency. 

1237
01:07:22,300 --> 01:07:24,900
They secure everything loose on 
Deck. 

1238
01:07:24,900 --> 01:07:28,600
They take in most of the sails 
to reduce strain on The Masks. 

1239
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:32,000
They rotate through watches. 
So nobody gets to exhausted. 

1240
01:07:32,000 --> 01:07:34,800
They do all of this without 
needing orders from you, which 

1241
01:07:34,800 --> 01:07:37,200
is fortunate because you spend 
most of the storm feeling too 

1242
01:07:37,200 --> 01:07:41,600
sick, to give coherent orders, 
the storm, finally passes, you 

1243
01:07:41,600 --> 01:07:45,300
emerge on Deck to assess, the 
damage to Sails are torn and 

1244
01:07:45,300 --> 01:07:48,700
need repair. 
Chicken Coop, washed overboard 

1245
01:07:48,700 --> 01:07:51,500
taking your own only source of 
fresh eggs with it. 

1246
01:07:52,200 --> 01:07:55,900
The forward railing is damaged. 
One of the water barrels broke 

1247
01:07:55,900 --> 01:07:58,600
loose during the storm and is 
now empty off after rolling 

1248
01:07:58,600 --> 01:08:00,700
around the deck and losing all 
its contents. 

1249
01:08:01,600 --> 01:08:05,100
This single storm just cost you 
approximately four days worth of

1250
01:08:05,108 --> 01:08:09,700
water and your egg supply and 
two sails that will take days to

1251
01:08:09,700 --> 01:08:12,900
repair properly. 
Your crew is exhausted and 

1252
01:08:12,900 --> 01:08:15,600
demoralized. 
Several men are injured from 

1253
01:08:15,600 --> 01:08:18,500
being thrown around during the 
storm and you still have not 

1254
01:08:18,500 --> 01:08:21,600
taken a prize. 
In 10 days, you call a meeting 

1255
01:08:21,600 --> 01:08:25,899
to discuss priorities, should 
you focus on repairs first or 

1256
01:08:25,899 --> 01:08:28,600
try to take a prize to restore 
morale and supplies? 

1257
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:32,800
The crew debates this for two 
hours, half want to repair 

1258
01:08:32,800 --> 01:08:36,200
everything before attempting. 
Any more captures half, want to 

1259
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:38,800
capture something immediately to
make the storm losses worth 

1260
01:08:38,800 --> 01:08:41,399
wild. 
You eventually call a vote that 

1261
01:08:41,408 --> 01:08:45,300
ends in a tie, which means you 
as Captain have to break the tie

1262
01:08:45,300 --> 01:08:48,600
and make someone unhappy you 
vote for repairs. 

1263
01:08:48,600 --> 01:08:53,100
First, this is practical but 
unpopular the crew grumbles 

1264
01:08:53,100 --> 01:08:55,100
about wasting time on 
maintenance when they could be 

1265
01:08:55,100 --> 01:08:58,000
making money. 
Try to explain that taking 

1266
01:08:58,000 --> 01:09:01,300
prizes with torn sails and 
damaged rigging his difficult. 

1267
01:09:02,300 --> 01:09:04,100
This argument convinces 
approximately. 

1268
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:07,399
Nobody the next three days are 
spent on repairs. 

1269
01:09:07,399 --> 01:09:11,000
Your Carpenter works on the 
railing and the pump, your 

1270
01:09:11,000 --> 01:09:14,500
sailmaker patches, the torn 
sails, your crew, complains 

1271
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:17,500
about hard work with no 
immediate payoff, you do 

1272
01:09:17,500 --> 01:09:20,500
paperwork and try to maintain 
the fiction that you are in 

1273
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:24,200
control of any of this. 
The sail-maker discovers that 

1274
01:09:24,200 --> 01:09:27,800
the spare sail cloth is starting
to rot from moisture and salt 

1275
01:09:27,800 --> 01:09:30,100
exposure. 
This means your emergency 

1276
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:33,300
supplies are degrading and will 
eventually become useless. 

1277
01:09:34,300 --> 01:09:37,100
You add new sail, cloth to the 
list of things, you need to buy 

1278
01:09:37,100 --> 01:09:42,000
the next Port right below. 
Fresh food, water barrels, rope 

1279
01:09:42,000 --> 01:09:47,600
tar, candles gunpowder and 
approximately 30 other items, 

1280
01:09:47,600 --> 01:09:52,300
your ship desperately needs. 
Pirate captaincy you are 

1281
01:09:52,300 --> 01:09:55,800
learning is less about Adventure
and more about managing an 

1282
01:09:55,800 --> 01:09:59,800
endless list of things that are 
broken breaking or about to 

1283
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:02,300
break. 
The cramped living conditions, 

1284
01:10:02,300 --> 01:10:06,600
make everything worse, your 
cabin is six feet by 8 feet. 

1285
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:09,900
This sounds like reasonable 
space Until you realize you all 

1286
01:10:09,900 --> 01:10:14,200
need to store charts logs 
navigational, equipment, spare 

1287
01:10:14,200 --> 01:10:16,400
clothes. 
The previous captains, 

1288
01:10:16,400 --> 01:10:19,500
possessions you have not gotten 
rid of yet and everything else. 

1289
01:10:19,500 --> 01:10:23,900
A caption theoretically needs. 
The result is a space so 

1290
01:10:23,900 --> 01:10:27,700
cluttered you can barely move. 
The crew has even less space. 

1291
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:31,200
They sleep in hammocks strong. 
So close together that men are 

1292
01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:32,700
basically touching while they 
sleep. 

1293
01:10:33,700 --> 01:10:37,300
Personal possessions are kept in
small chests, that serve double 

1294
01:10:37,300 --> 01:10:40,600
duty as seats. 
Privacy does not exist. 

1295
01:10:40,600 --> 01:10:43,600
Private conversations, do not 
exist. 

1296
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:48,800
Personal space does not exist. 
This crowd creates constant 

1297
01:10:48,800 --> 01:10:51,300
friction men get on each other's
nerves. 

1298
01:10:51,300 --> 01:10:54,000
Small, annoyances become major 
grievances. 

1299
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:56,900
Someone snoring keeps everyone 
awake. 

1300
01:10:56,900 --> 01:11:00,000
Someone's feet smell terrible in
the confined space. 

1301
01:11:00,000 --> 01:11:02,700
Someone takes more than their 
fair share of room. 

1302
01:11:03,500 --> 01:11:06,600
The complaints are endless and 
Petty and completely Justified 

1303
01:11:06,600 --> 01:11:09,700
because living in these 
conditions would make anyone 

1304
01:11:09,700 --> 01:11:12,200
irritable. 
You try to mediate disputes 

1305
01:11:12,200 --> 01:11:15,400
about how much spacing and 
personal hygiene, and who gets 

1306
01:11:15,400 --> 01:11:18,700
to sit where during meals, this 
is not leadership. 

1307
01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:22,300
This is being a referee for 
grown men who are slowly losing 

1308
01:11:22,300 --> 01:11:24,800
their minds from lack of 
personal space. 

1309
01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:29,500
The heat makes everything worse,
the Caribbean Sun turns the deck

1310
01:11:29,500 --> 01:11:31,700
into a surface hot enough to 
burn their feet. 

1311
01:11:32,600 --> 01:11:35,100
Below deck, the air is thick and
stifling. 

1312
01:11:35,100 --> 01:11:38,800
With poor circulation, men sweat
constantly. 

1313
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:42,800
Everything smells like, sweat 
and salt and the various stages 

1314
01:11:42,800 --> 01:11:45,000
of food Decay happening in the 
storage areas. 

1315
01:11:45,800 --> 01:11:48,500
You've learned that you can get 
used to the smell after a few 

1316
01:11:48,508 --> 01:11:51,600
weeks. 
This is not an improvement, it 

1317
01:11:51,600 --> 01:11:54,000
just means you have stopped 
noticing how terrible, 

1318
01:11:54,000 --> 01:11:58,100
everything smells When you go 
ashore and encounter normal, are

1319
01:11:58,100 --> 01:12:01,600
you realize how bad the ship 
actually smells and you have to 

1320
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:03,800
readjust all over again when you
return? 

1321
01:12:04,700 --> 01:12:07,500
The sleep deprivation adds, 
another layer of misery. 

1322
01:12:07,500 --> 01:12:12,600
Watch rotations mean nobody gets
uninterrupted sleep, your woken 

1323
01:12:12,600 --> 01:12:16,000
multiple times every night for 
decisions or emergencies or just

1324
01:12:16,000 --> 01:12:18,700
because someone thought you 
should know about something that

1325
01:12:18,700 --> 01:12:20,400
could probably avoided until 
more morning. 

1326
01:12:20,400 --> 01:12:24,500
Your constantly tired. 
Everyone is constantly tired 

1327
01:12:24,500 --> 01:12:26,500
exhausted men. 
Make mistakes. 

1328
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:29,000
Mistakes on ships, can be 
dangerous. 

1329
01:12:29,900 --> 01:12:33,400
You spending amounts of mental 
energy, trying to prevent tired 

1330
01:12:33,400 --> 01:12:36,700
men from doing something stupid,
that will create more problems. 

1331
01:12:38,200 --> 01:12:41,300
A week after the storm, one of 
your perpetually exhausted crew 

1332
01:12:41,300 --> 01:12:45,800
members falls asleep on what? 
nothing dramatic happened, no 

1333
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:51,100
ship's attack, no reefs appear 
suddenly but the man fell asleep

1334
01:12:51,100 --> 01:12:55,500
at his post, which violates the 
code now, you have to decide on 

1335
01:12:55,500 --> 01:12:58,800
punishment the code, specifies 
punishment for sleeping on 

1336
01:12:58,800 --> 01:13:02,300
watch, but does not specify how 
severe You have to navigate 

1337
01:13:02,300 --> 01:13:05,800
between being harsh enough to 
maintain discipline and lenient 

1338
01:13:05,800 --> 01:13:08,200
enough to not seem to radical 
for punishing, a man who was 

1339
01:13:08,208 --> 01:13:11,300
exhausted from covering extra 
watches because other men are 

1340
01:13:11,300 --> 01:13:13,700
sick. 
You settle on docking, the man's

1341
01:13:13,700 --> 01:13:16,300
rum ration for three days. 
This seems moderate. 

1342
01:13:16,300 --> 01:13:18,500
The crew thinks you're being too
soft. 

1343
01:13:18,500 --> 01:13:21,000
They're punished man. 
Thinks you're being too harsh. 

1344
01:13:21,000 --> 01:13:23,500
You have somehow managed to 
satisfy. 

1345
01:13:23,500 --> 01:13:26,200
Absolutely nobody with your 
compromise solution. 

1346
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:31,700
This is pirate leadership. 
Making decision after decision 

1347
01:13:31,700 --> 01:13:35,400
while feeling sick and tired and
knowing that every choice will 

1348
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:38,900
make someone angry. 
The isolation does not help. 

1349
01:13:39,800 --> 01:13:42,600
You cannot complain about 
feeling sick because captions 

1350
01:13:42,600 --> 01:13:46,400
are supposed to be strong. 
You cannot admit your exhausted 

1351
01:13:46,400 --> 01:13:48,300
because captains are supposed to
be capable. 

1352
01:13:48,300 --> 01:13:52,400
You cannot express, frustration 
about the constant problems. 

1353
01:13:52,400 --> 01:13:55,600
His captains are supposed to 
handle problems with without 

1354
01:13:55,600 --> 01:13:58,700
complaint. 
So you keep it all inside and 

1355
01:13:58,700 --> 01:14:01,700
maintain the performance of 
competent leadership while your 

1356
01:14:01,700 --> 01:14:04,900
body falls apart and your ship 
falls apart and everything feels

1357
01:14:04,900 --> 01:14:09,000
like it is held together with 
rope and hope and mathematical 

1358
01:14:09,000 --> 01:14:11,000
calculations that never quite 
add up. 

1359
01:14:11,900 --> 01:14:15,100
William notices, your 
deteriorating condition and 

1360
01:14:15,100 --> 01:14:16,400
pulls. 
You aside, one evening. 

1361
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:20,300
He says you look terrible, you 
say thank you. 

1362
01:14:20,300 --> 01:14:24,500
That is very kind. 
He says, seriously, you need to 

1363
01:14:24,500 --> 01:14:27,700
take better care of yourself or 
you will not last long enough to

1364
01:14:27,708 --> 01:14:30,400
fail at Captain C for actually 
important reasons. 

1365
01:14:31,100 --> 01:14:33,800
You ask him how you're supposed 
to take better care of yourself 

1366
01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:36,600
when you're constantly needed 
for decisions and there is no 

1367
01:14:36,600 --> 01:14:39,400
time for rest. 
And the food is terrible and you

1368
01:14:39,400 --> 01:14:43,400
still feel nauseated half the 
time, William says, all Captain 

1369
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:46,500
struggle with this, the job is 
designed to break you slowly. 

1370
01:14:47,300 --> 01:14:49,600
The ones who survive are the 
ones who learned to take care of

1371
01:14:49,608 --> 01:14:51,900
themselves. 
Even when it seems impossible, 

1372
01:14:51,900 --> 01:14:55,700
he recommends forcing yourself 
to eat even when nauseated 

1373
01:14:55,700 --> 01:14:58,000
because starvation is worse than
nausea. 

1374
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:02,200
He recommends dealing short naps
whenever possible because some 

1375
01:15:02,200 --> 01:15:05,900
sleep is better than no sleep. 
He recommends accepting that you

1376
01:15:05,900 --> 01:15:09,200
cannot solve every problem and 
some things just have to stay 

1377
01:15:09,200 --> 01:15:12,400
broken for a while. 
This advice is depressing but 

1378
01:15:12,400 --> 01:15:16,500
practical you try to follow it. 
You force down the terrible 

1379
01:15:16,500 --> 01:15:18,600
food. 
You take brief naps in your 

1380
01:15:18,608 --> 01:15:22,200
cabin between Christies. 
You accept that the water pump 

1381
01:15:22,200 --> 01:15:25,400
will remain partially broken and
the sail cloth will continue 

1382
01:15:25,400 --> 01:15:27,500
rotting. 
And The Mask crack will get 

1383
01:15:27,500 --> 01:15:30,000
gradually worse until you can 
afford to fix it properly. 

1384
01:15:30,900 --> 01:15:33,100
You learn that? 
Pirate captaincy is not about 

1385
01:15:33,100 --> 01:15:36,600
Perfect Solutions. 
It is about managing, slow 

1386
01:15:36,600 --> 01:15:38,900
Decay, and hoping, nothing fails
catastrophically. 

1387
01:15:38,900 --> 01:15:42,000
Before you can find the 
resources to make proper 

1388
01:15:42,000 --> 01:15:44,800
repairs. 
Two weeks after the storm. 

1389
01:15:44,800 --> 01:15:47,500
You finally spot, a merchant 
vessel worth pursuing. 

1390
01:15:47,500 --> 01:15:50,700
The crew is excited. 
You're excited. 

1391
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:54,500
Despite feeling exhausted, and 
slightly, feverish and generally

1392
01:15:54,500 --> 01:15:57,100
terrible. 
A successful prize means, 

1393
01:15:57,100 --> 01:16:01,000
supplies and money, and maybe a 
few days where you do not have 

1394
01:16:01,000 --> 01:16:02,900
to worry about everything 
falling apart. 

1395
01:16:03,800 --> 01:16:06,800
The chase goes well the merchant
ship surrendered without a 

1396
01:16:06,808 --> 01:16:08,900
fight. 
The cargo is decent. 

1397
01:16:08,900 --> 01:16:11,800
You take food supplies that are 
fresher than what you've been 

1398
01:16:11,800 --> 01:16:14,200
eating. 
Some basic materials for ship 

1399
01:16:14,200 --> 01:16:17,300
repairs and enough. 
Value in Goods to make everyone 

1400
01:16:17,300 --> 01:16:20,800
share as worthwhile. 
For approximately three days. 

1401
01:16:20,800 --> 01:16:23,400
Morale improves. 
The food is better. 

1402
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:25,600
The media repair needs, are 
addressed. 

1403
01:16:25,600 --> 01:16:28,200
People stop complaining quite as
much. 

1404
01:16:28,200 --> 01:16:32,400
You feel almost competent. 
Then the third man, with the Cog

1405
01:16:32,400 --> 01:16:34,400
dies. 
The fever turned into 

1406
01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:36,800
consumption and Harris's 
treatments did nothing. 

1407
01:16:36,800 --> 01:16:41,200
You preside over another Burial 
at Sea The crews improved mood. 

1408
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:45,100
Evaporates your back to managing
Decline and hoping you can find 

1409
01:16:45,100 --> 01:16:47,500
the next prize before the next 
Crisis, emerges. 

1410
01:16:48,300 --> 01:16:51,700
This is what being a pirate 
Captain actually means not 

1411
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:54,400
dramatic battles or treasure 
hunts or Adventure. 

1412
01:16:54,400 --> 01:16:58,200
Just endless maintenance of a 
deteriorating ship while trying 

1413
01:16:58,200 --> 01:17:00,200
to keep sick. 
Exhausted. 

1414
01:17:00,200 --> 01:17:03,700
Irritable men organized enough 
to capture the occasional 

1415
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:07,100
Merchant vessel You wonder how 
long you can maintain this 

1416
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:08,700
before something breaks 
permanently. 

1417
01:17:09,600 --> 01:17:11,900
You wonder if the previous 
Captain felt this way. 

1418
01:17:12,700 --> 01:17:15,600
You wonder if this grinding 
misery is just what leadership 

1419
01:17:15,600 --> 01:17:18,900
looks like when stripped of all 
the Romantic mythology. 

1420
01:17:20,100 --> 01:17:23,300
Ships sails on the pump. 
Still does not work properly. 

1421
01:17:23,300 --> 01:17:26,800
The Mask crack is still there. 
You still feel vaguely 

1422
01:17:26,800 --> 01:17:29,600
nauseated. 
Most of the time the food is 

1423
01:17:29,600 --> 01:17:32,900
still terrible. 
Everything still smells bad and 

1424
01:17:32,900 --> 01:17:34,900
you still have to pretend you 
have everything under control 

1425
01:17:34,900 --> 01:17:35,900
of. 
This is pirate. 

1426
01:17:35,900 --> 01:17:40,800
Captaincy not the myth, but the 
reality not Adventure, but 

1427
01:17:40,800 --> 01:17:45,000
attrition not freedom, but 
endless responsibility for 

1428
01:17:45,000 --> 01:17:46,800
things that are slowly falling 
apart. 

1429
01:17:46,800 --> 01:17:51,200
While you watch, Your standing 
in your cabin at midnight and 

1430
01:17:51,200 --> 01:17:54,300
you have not spoken to anyone 
except William in three days. 

1431
01:17:55,300 --> 01:17:58,400
This is not because you are 
avoiding the crew, this is 

1432
01:17:58,400 --> 01:18:01,600
because you have learned that 
anything you say can and will be

1433
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:03,700
used against you in the court of
crew opinion. 

1434
01:18:04,600 --> 01:18:07,300
The previous captains Journal 
has an entry from his third 

1435
01:18:07,300 --> 01:18:09,700
month in command. 
It says simply. 

1436
01:18:09,700 --> 01:18:13,000
You cannot trust anyone and 
everyone is watching. 

1437
01:18:13,000 --> 01:18:16,400
You did not understand that 
entry when you first read it, 

1438
01:18:16,400 --> 01:18:20,000
you understand it now, being a 
pirate Captain means being 

1439
01:18:20,000 --> 01:18:23,900
simultaneously responsible for 
everyone and unable to rely on 

1440
01:18:23,900 --> 01:18:26,300
anyone. 
The crew needs you to leave them

1441
01:18:26,300 --> 01:18:28,800
but they will vote you out. 
If they disagree with your 

1442
01:18:28,800 --> 01:18:32,000
leadership, they need you to 
make decisions, but they reserve

1443
01:18:32,000 --> 01:18:34,500
the right to overrule. 
Any decision through Democratic 

1444
01:18:34,500 --> 01:18:38,500
process, they need you to be 
strong, but they interpret any 

1445
01:18:38,500 --> 01:18:41,500
display of weakness, or doubt, 
as a reason to find a new 

1446
01:18:41,508 --> 01:18:44,200
captain. 
This creates a strange 

1447
01:18:44,200 --> 01:18:47,800
psychological isolation. 
You cannot show Fear because 

1448
01:18:47,800 --> 01:18:51,600
fear suggesting competence. 
You cannot admit on certainly 

1449
01:18:51,600 --> 01:18:54,900
because on certainly suggests, 
you do not know what you're 

1450
01:18:54,900 --> 01:18:57,100
doing. 
You cannot ask for help because 

1451
01:18:57,100 --> 01:18:58,900
asking for help suggests 
weakness. 

1452
01:18:58,900 --> 01:19:03,300
You have to project confidence 
constantly even when you have no

1453
01:19:03,300 --> 01:19:07,400
idea what is happening or what 
to do next The isolation is 

1454
01:19:07,400 --> 01:19:10,100
worse because you cannot form 
genuine friendships with your 

1455
01:19:10,100 --> 01:19:12,600
crew. 
Every man aboard is both your 

1456
01:19:12,600 --> 01:19:14,700
subordinate and your potential 
replacement. 

1457
01:19:15,700 --> 01:19:19,300
Every conversation is part. 
Negotiation part political 

1458
01:19:19,300 --> 01:19:22,700
maneuvering part, careful 
management of perception. 

1459
01:19:23,400 --> 01:19:25,900
You can never just relax and 
talk to someone without 

1460
01:19:25,900 --> 01:19:29,100
calculating how your words might
be interpreted or repeated. 

1461
01:19:30,200 --> 01:19:32,400
William is the closest thing you
have to a friend. 

1462
01:19:32,400 --> 01:19:36,100
But even that relationship is 
complicated, he is your 

1463
01:19:36,100 --> 01:19:40,000
quartermaster which means he 
represents the cruise interests 

1464
01:19:40,000 --> 01:19:43,700
and often disagrees with you. 
He could easily be elected 

1465
01:19:43,700 --> 01:19:47,600
Captain if you get voted out. 
He knows things about navigation

1466
01:19:47,600 --> 01:19:50,500
and crew management that you 
need, which gives him leverage 

1467
01:19:50,500 --> 01:19:53,300
over you. 
Your conversations are genuine 

1468
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:56,100
but never entirely without 
political subtext. 

1469
01:19:57,100 --> 01:19:59,900
You try to befriend a few 
regular crew members early in 

1470
01:19:59,900 --> 01:20:03,200
your captaincy. 
This did not work the menu. 

1471
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:06,500
Tried to befriend assumed you 
were playing favorites or trying

1472
01:20:06,500 --> 01:20:10,200
to build a voting Bloc the menu 
did not befriend assumed. 

1473
01:20:10,200 --> 01:20:13,600
You did not like them everyone 
in interpreted your social 

1474
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:16,000
attempts through a political 
lens because everything a 

1475
01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:20,100
captain does his political You 
stopped trying, you maintain 

1476
01:20:20,100 --> 01:20:23,200
professional relationships with 
their everyone your friendly but

1477
01:20:23,200 --> 01:20:26,400
not friend with anyone, you make
to decisions and give orders and

1478
01:20:26,400 --> 01:20:28,900
a 10 crew meeting's but you do 
not socialize. 

1479
01:20:28,900 --> 01:20:32,800
You spend evening's alone in 
your cabin writing in the log 

1480
01:20:32,800 --> 01:20:36,200
and reviewing charts and trying 
to convince yourself that this 

1481
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:39,800
isolation is necessary rather 
than just lonely. 

1482
01:20:40,700 --> 01:20:44,200
The historical record suggests 
that successful pirate captains 

1483
01:20:44,200 --> 01:20:48,300
either Embrace this isolation or
found ways to cope with it. 

1484
01:20:49,500 --> 01:20:53,000
Bartholomew Roberts, reportedly 
kept his own counsel and 

1485
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:55,400
maintained strict personal 
discipline. 

1486
01:20:56,200 --> 01:20:58,600
Edward. 
Teach cultivated a fearsome 

1487
01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:02,100
image that created distance 
between himself and his crew. 

1488
01:21:02,100 --> 01:21:05,300
Henry Avery. 
Supposedly had a small group of 

1489
01:21:05,300 --> 01:21:08,600
trusted officers, but remained 
emotionally separate from the 

1490
01:21:08,600 --> 01:21:10,800
regular crew. 
You have not figured out your 

1491
01:21:10,800 --> 01:21:14,300
coping strategy, yet. 
Mostly you just feel tired and 

1492
01:21:14,300 --> 01:21:16,700
alone and unsure if you're doing
anything correctly. 

1493
01:21:17,700 --> 01:21:20,700
The loneliness is compounded by 
the fact that you cannot show 

1494
01:21:20,700 --> 01:21:23,900
vulnerability. 
Two weeks ago, you nearly ran 

1495
01:21:23,900 --> 01:21:26,400
the ship onto a reef because you
misread the charts. 

1496
01:21:27,300 --> 01:21:29,900
You caught the arrow at the last
moment and adjusted course. 

1497
01:21:30,800 --> 01:21:32,400
But the clothes call shook you 
badly. 

1498
01:21:32,400 --> 01:21:34,900
You wanted to talk to someone 
about it. 

1499
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:38,500
You wanted to admit that you 
made a mistake and you are 

1500
01:21:38,500 --> 01:21:40,000
scared. 
You will make a bigger mistake 

1501
01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:42,800
next time. 
You could not say any of that. 

1502
01:21:43,800 --> 01:21:47,500
Instead, you acted like the near
Miss was intentional and you 

1503
01:21:47,508 --> 01:21:49,000
were just testing the cruise 
ready. 

1504
01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:53,300
Several crew members knew this 
was nonsense but nobody called 

1505
01:21:53,300 --> 01:21:56,300
you out on it. 
They understood that maintaining

1506
01:21:56,300 --> 01:22:01,800
the fiction of Captain. 
This performance exhausts you, 

1507
01:22:01,800 --> 01:22:05,500
you're constantly pretending to 
know more than you do and be 

1508
01:22:05,500 --> 01:22:08,500
more confident than you feel. 
You're always performing the 

1509
01:22:08,500 --> 01:22:11,600
role of Captain rather than 
actually being a person who 

1510
01:22:11,600 --> 01:22:15,100
happens to be captain. 
The isolation gets worse during 

1511
01:22:15,100 --> 01:22:17,400
difficult decisions. 
Three days ago. 

1512
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:20,100
You had to decide whether to 
attack a well-armed merchant 

1513
01:22:20,100 --> 01:22:23,000
vessel or bypass it and look for
easier prey. 

1514
01:22:24,000 --> 01:22:26,900
Potential reward was high but so
was the risk. 

1515
01:22:27,700 --> 01:22:30,000
You needed someone to talk 
through the decision with you 

1516
01:22:30,000 --> 01:22:32,900
but talking it through would 
Reveal Your uncertainty. 

1517
01:22:33,800 --> 01:22:36,500
You made the decision alone in 
your cabin after an hour of 

1518
01:22:36,500 --> 01:22:39,800
internal debate. 
Chose to bypass the vessel. 

1519
01:22:39,800 --> 01:22:43,100
This turned out to be smart 
because the merchant ship was 

1520
01:22:43,100 --> 01:22:46,100
apparently a disguised Naval 
vessel meant to trap Pirates. 

1521
01:22:46,100 --> 01:22:49,600
You only learned this later from
other captains in Port. 

1522
01:22:50,300 --> 01:22:53,100
Your cautions save the crew from
walking into a trap. 

1523
01:22:53,900 --> 01:22:56,400
But you could not tell anyone 
that you were being cautious 

1524
01:22:56,400 --> 01:22:59,200
rather than smart because that 
would reveal you were not 

1525
01:22:59,208 --> 01:23:02,300
certain of your decision. 
The crew thinks your brilliant 

1526
01:23:02,300 --> 01:23:05,300
for avoiding the Trap. 
You know, you were just scared 

1527
01:23:05,300 --> 01:23:08,200
and lucky. 
This gap between perception and 

1528
01:23:08,200 --> 01:23:10,600
reality creates another layer of
isolation. 

1529
01:23:11,800 --> 01:23:14,900
Everyone thinks they know you 
but nobody actually knows you. 

1530
01:23:14,900 --> 01:23:18,900
The paranoia does not help. 
Every conversation you over here

1531
01:23:18,900 --> 01:23:22,600
might be about replacing you. 
Every small group of crew 

1532
01:23:22,600 --> 01:23:25,100
members, talking quietly might 
be planning, a mutiny. 

1533
01:23:25,100 --> 01:23:28,700
Every disagreement might be the 
start of a campaign to vote you 

1534
01:23:28,700 --> 01:23:31,200
out. 
You're constantly scanning for 

1535
01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:34,600
threats to your position, which 
makes you more isolated and 

1536
01:23:34,600 --> 01:23:37,800
suspicious. 
This paranoia is not entirely 

1537
01:23:37,800 --> 01:23:41,300
irrational pirate, captains did 
get voted out regularly. 

1538
01:23:41,300 --> 01:23:44,700
Captain, Charles Vane was 
removed from command by his 

1539
01:23:44,700 --> 01:23:46,600
crew. 
For refusing to attack a French 

1540
01:23:46,600 --> 01:23:49,700
man of war. 
Captain, John Rackham took over 

1541
01:23:49,700 --> 01:23:53,000
a ship by convincing the crew to
Mutiny against their previous 

1542
01:23:53,000 --> 01:23:55,800
Captain. 
The Democratic process could 

1543
01:23:55,800 --> 01:23:58,900
turn on you at any moment, if 
enough crew members decided they

1544
01:23:58,900 --> 01:24:04,000
wanted someone else in charge 
William notices during isolation

1545
01:24:04,000 --> 01:24:07,600
and tries to address it. 
He sits down with you on evening

1546
01:24:07,600 --> 01:24:10,400
and suggest that you are 
overthinking the politics. 

1547
01:24:11,300 --> 01:24:14,300
He points out that the crew 
generally respects you and 

1548
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:17,000
appreciate that you have kept 
them alive and reasonably 

1549
01:24:17,000 --> 01:24:19,900
profitable. 
He says, you do not need to be 

1550
01:24:19,900 --> 01:24:23,200
perfect just competent enough 
and fair enough. 

1551
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:27,200
You want to believe him. 
But you know, that crew opinion 

1552
01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:31,900
can shift quickly one bad 
decision can undo weeks of good 

1553
01:24:31,900 --> 01:24:34,800
leadership. 
One perceived slight can turn 

1554
01:24:34,808 --> 01:24:38,500
allies into opponents, the 
margins are thin and the 

1555
01:24:38,500 --> 01:24:42,500
tolerance for error is low. 
The isolation creates strange 

1556
01:24:42,500 --> 01:24:45,800
psychological effects. 
You find yourself talking to 

1557
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:49,800
yourself in your cabin You have 
imaginary conversations with the

1558
01:24:49,800 --> 01:24:52,800
previous Captain, asking his 
ghost for advice. 

1559
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:55,700
You rehearse arguments, you 
might need to make at Future 

1560
01:24:55,700 --> 01:24:59,400
Crew meetings, you analyze past 
conversations, looking for 

1561
01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:01,100
hidden meanings or subtle 
threats. 

1562
01:25:01,900 --> 01:25:04,500
You wonder if you are becoming 
paranoid or if this level of 

1563
01:25:04,500 --> 01:25:06,500
vigilance is just what the job 
requires. 

1564
01:25:06,500 --> 01:25:10,800
You cannot tell the difference 
anymore, the loneliness is worth

1565
01:25:10,800 --> 01:25:13,700
at night. 
During the day, you have duties 

1566
01:25:13,700 --> 01:25:16,600
and decisions and the constant 
performance of captaincy. 

1567
01:25:16,600 --> 01:25:19,900
But at night you lie in, your 
Hammer can stare at the ceiling 

1568
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:22,900
and think about how no one 
aboard this ship actually cares 

1569
01:25:22,900 --> 01:25:26,500
about you as a person, the care 
about what you can do for them. 

1570
01:25:27,200 --> 01:25:29,600
The care about your leadership 
and your decisions and your 

1571
01:25:29,600 --> 01:25:31,900
ability to keep them fed and 
profitable. 

1572
01:25:33,100 --> 01:25:36,300
But you as a human being with 
fears and doubts and needs. 

1573
01:25:36,900 --> 01:25:38,700
That person does not exist to 
them. 

1574
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:42,900
You think about your life before
piracy you are a merchant sailor

1575
01:25:42,900 --> 01:25:45,900
with friends and simple duties 
and no responsibility Beyond 

1576
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:48,400
following orders. 
You are poor, but you are not 

1577
01:25:48,408 --> 01:25:50,600
isolated. 
You could talk to your watch 

1578
01:25:50,600 --> 01:25:53,400
mates during long evenings. 
You could share frustrations 

1579
01:25:53,400 --> 01:25:57,000
without worrying about political
consequences, you are part of a 

1580
01:25:57,000 --> 01:26:00,900
crew rather than separate. 
From one, you chose to become a 

1581
01:26:00,908 --> 01:26:03,200
pirate for the promise of 
freedom and wealth. 

1582
01:26:04,000 --> 01:26:06,800
You did not realize, that 
captaincy would mean trading one

1583
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:09,900
kind of poverty for another. 
Financial poverty. 

1584
01:26:09,900 --> 01:26:13,600
For emotional poverty, the 
wealth you might gain cannot 

1585
01:26:13,600 --> 01:26:15,400
compensate for the human 
connection. 

1586
01:26:15,400 --> 01:26:18,200
You have lost. 
William tells you that all 

1587
01:26:18,200 --> 01:26:19,800
captains feel this way of 
eventually. 

1588
01:26:20,600 --> 01:26:23,900
The job isolates you because the
job requires you to be a part 

1589
01:26:23,900 --> 01:26:27,000
from everyone else. 
You cannot lead from within the 

1590
01:26:27,000 --> 01:26:30,700
group, you have to lead from 
above it, and being above means 

1591
01:26:30,700 --> 01:26:34,200
being alone. 
You ask William If the previous 

1592
01:26:34,200 --> 01:26:37,700
Captain seemed lonely. 
William thinks about it and says

1593
01:26:37,700 --> 01:26:41,100
yes, but he hid it. 
Well, he maintained a facade of 

1594
01:26:41,108 --> 01:26:45,100
confidence and control until the
day he made a fatal mistake and 

1595
01:26:45,100 --> 01:26:48,300
got himself, killed. 
William does not know if the 

1596
01:26:48,300 --> 01:26:52,500
isolation contributed to that 
fatal mistake, but Suspects. 

1597
01:26:52,500 --> 01:26:55,400
It did lonely, people make 
different decisions than 

1598
01:26:55,400 --> 01:26:57,800
connected people. 
This does not comfort. 

1599
01:26:57,800 --> 01:27:02,100
You, you try to find meaning in 
the isolation, you tell yourself

1600
01:27:02,100 --> 01:27:04,300
that leadership requires 
sacrifice. 

1601
01:27:04,300 --> 01:27:07,800
And this loneliness is just the 
price of command. 

1602
01:27:07,800 --> 01:27:11,500
You tell yourself that you are 
serving the crew by bearing this

1603
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:14,400
burden alone. 
You tell yourself that someone 

1604
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:16,700
has to make hard decisions and 
that someone is you. 

1605
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:19,100
An isolation is just part of the
job. 

1606
01:27:19,100 --> 01:27:21,800
These rationalizations help 
slightly. 

1607
01:27:21,800 --> 01:27:25,000
They give you a framework for 
understanding while you feel so 

1608
01:27:25,000 --> 01:27:26,600
separate from everyone around 
you. 

1609
01:27:27,600 --> 01:27:29,500
But they do not make the 
loneliness go away. 

1610
01:27:29,500 --> 01:27:32,500
They just make it more bearable 
by giving it purpose. 

1611
01:27:33,500 --> 01:27:36,400
You wonder how long you can 
sustain this you want. 

1612
01:27:36,400 --> 01:27:40,000
If there is a time limit on how 
long someone can function in 

1613
01:27:40,000 --> 01:27:42,800
this state of isolation and 
performance and constant, 

1614
01:27:42,800 --> 01:27:46,300
vigilance you wonder if all 
pirate captains, eventually 

1615
01:27:46,300 --> 01:27:50,400
break under the cycle pressure 
or if some of them find ways to 

1616
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:54,100
genuinely cope, The historical 
record does not answer these 

1617
01:27:54,100 --> 01:27:58,600
questions, history, records, the
prizes taken and battles forth 

1618
01:27:58,600 --> 01:28:01,000
and eventual fates of famous 
pirates. 

1619
01:28:02,000 --> 01:28:05,300
History, does not record the 
internal struggles or the 

1620
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:07,700
loneliness or the mental toll of
command. 

1621
01:28:09,000 --> 01:28:12,300
Those experiences died with the 
captains who experience them, 

1622
01:28:12,300 --> 01:28:16,200
you write in your log, about the
latest prize and the crews 

1623
01:28:16,200 --> 01:28:19,800
status and the ships condition, 
you do not write about the 

1624
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:22,800
loneliness because that would be
admitting weakness even to 

1625
01:28:22,800 --> 01:28:25,800
yourself. 
The log is an official record. 

1626
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:29,700
It needs to show competence and 
control but sometimes late at 

1627
01:28:29,700 --> 01:28:31,600
night, you add small notes in 
the margins. 

1628
01:28:31,600 --> 01:28:34,100
One word entry is that 
acknowledge reality. 

1629
01:28:34,100 --> 01:28:39,700
Tired, uncertain alone. 
These margin notes are the only 

1630
01:28:39,700 --> 01:28:41,300
honest writing in the entire 
log. 

1631
01:28:41,300 --> 01:28:43,800
There you are your only 
admission that being a pirate 

1632
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:46,500
Captain is harder than you ever 
imagined and not in the ways. 

1633
01:28:46,500 --> 01:28:51,000
You expected, you blow out the 
candle and the hammock, the ship

1634
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:54,800
rocks gently. 
You can hear men talking on Deck

1635
01:28:54,800 --> 01:28:58,500
above you, their voices are 
distant, and muffled, they might

1636
01:28:58,508 --> 01:29:02,700
be talking about navigational, 
dice games, or who stole who's 

1637
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:04,900
tobacco. 
They are probably not talking 

1638
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:07,400
about you but you will never 
know for sure. 

1639
01:29:07,400 --> 01:29:12,800
This is your life Now command 
and isolation Authority and 

1640
01:29:12,800 --> 01:29:16,500
loneliness. 
Power without connection, your 

1641
01:29:16,500 --> 01:29:20,200
responsible for 36 men and you 
have never felt more alone. 

1642
01:29:20,200 --> 01:29:24,700
You've been a pirate Captain for
three months in stories. 

1643
01:29:24,700 --> 01:29:28,200
Three months of piracy would 
involve, dramatic sword, fights,

1644
01:29:28,200 --> 01:29:31,400
and treasure hunts, and 
Adventures that make you rich 

1645
01:29:31,400 --> 01:29:34,200
and famous. 
Your three months of involved, 

1646
01:29:34,200 --> 01:29:38,600
Supply management democratic 
debate about rations navigation,

1647
01:29:38,600 --> 01:29:41,800
anxiety, and constant 
calculations about whether you 

1648
01:29:41,800 --> 01:29:44,000
have enough water to make it to 
the next port. 

1649
01:29:44,900 --> 01:29:46,700
The myth of piracy is 
compelling. 

1650
01:29:46,700 --> 01:29:50,800
Freedom from Authority. 
Wealth from daring raids 

1651
01:29:50,800 --> 01:29:54,700
Adventure on the high seas 
Brotherhood among outcasts. 

1652
01:29:55,600 --> 01:29:58,000
The reality is that you spend 
most of your time doing 

1653
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:01,000
arithmetic and politics while 
trying to avoid disease and 

1654
01:30:01,000 --> 01:30:04,100
British Naval patrols. 
You think about this disconnect 

1655
01:30:04,100 --> 01:30:05,800
while sitting in a national 
Tavern. 

1656
01:30:05,800 --> 01:30:08,800
Around your other Pirates, 
telling stories that make their 

1657
01:30:08,800 --> 01:30:10,600
careers sound, exciting and 
romantic. 

1658
01:30:11,700 --> 01:30:15,900
Your Tales of narrow escapes and
massive prizes and beautiful 

1659
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:19,100
women in every port. 
You know, most of these stories 

1660
01:30:19,100 --> 01:30:22,800
are exaggerated or completely 
fabricated, but nobody cares 

1661
01:30:22,800 --> 01:30:25,100
because the myth is more 
interesting than reality. 

1662
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:28,800
Your own story is objectively 
terrible as entertainment. 

1663
01:30:28,800 --> 01:30:31,600
You became capped in through a 
lucky vote. 

1664
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:35,100
You have taken, perhaps a dozen 
prizes of moderate value. 

1665
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:38,300
You have avoided major 
disasters, through caution, and 

1666
01:30:38,308 --> 01:30:41,400
luck, rather than skill. 
You've spent more time worried 

1667
01:30:41,400 --> 01:30:43,500
about Food, Supplies than sword 
fighting. 

1668
01:30:44,300 --> 01:30:47,200
You have not personally, harmed.
Anyone in your biggest 

1669
01:30:47,200 --> 01:30:49,900
accomplishment is keeping your 
crew functioning for three 

1670
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:51,800
months without serious 
incidents. 

1671
01:30:52,800 --> 01:30:56,400
This would be a boring book. 
But it is your actual life. 

1672
01:30:57,300 --> 01:31:00,000
The myth says pirate. 
Captains are decisively leaders 

1673
01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:02,500
who Inspire loyalty through 
Charisma and courage. 

1674
01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:07,000
The reality is that you inspire 
loyalty by splitting prize 

1675
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:09,900
money, fairly and not getting 
people into trouble through 

1676
01:31:09,900 --> 01:31:13,600
incompetent navigation. 
Your crew follows you because 

1677
01:31:13,600 --> 01:31:17,200
you are moderately competent and
they have not thought of anyone 

1678
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:21,200
better to replace you yet. 
The myth, says pirate ship's. 

1679
01:31:21,200 --> 01:31:24,800
A tight-knit brotherhoods Bound 
by shared danger and mutual 

1680
01:31:24,800 --> 01:31:27,700
respect. 
The reality is that your crew is

1681
01:31:27,700 --> 01:31:30,800
a collection of stubborn. 
Men, who are you constantly and 

1682
01:31:30,800 --> 01:31:34,000
would probably fight constantly,
if the code did not forbid it 

1683
01:31:34,900 --> 01:31:37,900
The cooperate because 
cooperation increases survival 

1684
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:41,200
and profit, not because they 
particularly like each other. 

1685
01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:45,000
The myth says, pirate life is 
freedom from the restrictions of

1686
01:31:45,000 --> 01:31:48,700
normal society. 
The reality is that pirate 

1687
01:31:48,700 --> 01:31:52,300
Society has just as many rules 
as regular Society, just 

1688
01:31:52,300 --> 01:31:55,300
different rules. 
You have codes and voting 

1689
01:31:55,300 --> 01:31:58,100
procedures and Democratic 
processes and compensation 

1690
01:31:58,100 --> 01:32:01,300
schedules for various injuries. 
You have replaced. 

1691
01:32:01,300 --> 01:32:04,400
One set of restrictions with 
another set, that is arguably 

1692
01:32:04,400 --> 01:32:07,400
more complicated. 
The myth says Pirates are 

1693
01:32:07,400 --> 01:32:10,700
wealthy from their plunder. 
The reality is that most pirates

1694
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:13,400
end up broke. 
The money comes in a regular 

1695
01:32:13,400 --> 01:32:16,300
amounts and gets spent quickly 
on supplies and repairs and 

1696
01:32:16,300 --> 01:32:19,600
bribes to Colonial officials who
might otherwise arrest. 

1697
01:32:19,600 --> 01:32:24,000
You after three months, you have
taken prizes worth may be 3,000 

1698
01:32:24,000 --> 01:32:27,100
pounds. 
Total after dividing, that among

1699
01:32:27,100 --> 01:32:30,800
36 crew members and deducting, 
compensation for wounded. 

1700
01:32:30,800 --> 01:32:34,700
Men and accounting for supplies 
purchased, you personally have 

1701
01:32:34,700 --> 01:32:38,800
about 200 pounds, this is decent
money, but not the fortune you 

1702
01:32:38,800 --> 01:32:42,800
imagined, when you joined The 
myth says Pirates, choose this 

1703
01:32:42,800 --> 01:32:46,000
life for adventure. 
The reality is that most men 

1704
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:48,500
become Pirates, because there 
are alternative options are 

1705
01:32:48,500 --> 01:32:50,700
worse. 
British Naval service with 

1706
01:32:50,700 --> 01:32:55,100
brutal discipline, and no pay 
Merchants sailing with slightly 

1707
01:32:55,100 --> 01:32:57,400
less brutal, discipline and 
barely any pay. 

1708
01:32:58,100 --> 01:33:00,300
Poverty on land with no 
prospects. 

1709
01:33:01,000 --> 01:33:04,700
Piracy offers the possibility of
actual money and slightly more 

1710
01:33:04,700 --> 01:33:07,800
personal freedom. 
But it is still a choice made 

1711
01:33:07,800 --> 01:33:11,200
from limited options rather than
pure desire for adventure. 

1712
01:33:12,100 --> 01:33:15,100
You look around the tavern and 
recognize the same calculation 

1713
01:33:15,100 --> 01:33:18,200
in other men's eyes. 
Nobody, here is living a 

1714
01:33:18,200 --> 01:33:20,800
romantic adventure. 
Everyone is just trying to 

1715
01:33:20,808 --> 01:33:23,900
survive and maybe get rich 
enough to stop doing this. 

1716
01:33:23,900 --> 01:33:27,900
Extremely dangerous job. 
A young sailor, approaches your 

1717
01:33:27,900 --> 01:33:30,600
table. 
He recognizes you as a captain. 

1718
01:33:30,600 --> 01:33:34,200
And asks, if you're hired You 
look at his eager face and 

1719
01:33:34,200 --> 01:33:36,100
realize he believes the myth 
completely. 

1720
01:33:36,900 --> 01:33:40,100
He thinks joining a pirate crew 
will be exciting and profitable 

1721
01:33:40,100 --> 01:33:43,400
and glorious. 
He has no idea that mostly 

1722
01:33:43,400 --> 01:33:46,700
involves being hungry and scared
and bored in rotating intervals.

1723
01:33:46,700 --> 01:33:50,900
You tell him the truth. 
Piracy is hard work and constant

1724
01:33:50,900 --> 01:33:54,200
worry and you will probably end 
up poor and exhausted. 

1725
01:33:54,200 --> 01:33:58,000
The pay is a regular. 
The food is terrible, the 

1726
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:01,700
leadership is democratic, which 
means endless arguments about 

1727
01:34:01,700 --> 01:34:05,200
everything. 
Most of your time is spent on 

1728
01:34:05,208 --> 01:34:08,300
tedious ship maintenance rather 
than dramatic battles. 

1729
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:10,700
The young sailor looks 
disappointed. 

1730
01:34:10,700 --> 01:34:13,700
He thanks you and walks away to 
find a captain. 

1731
01:34:13,700 --> 01:34:15,100
Who will tell him what he wants 
to hear. 

1732
01:34:15,900 --> 01:34:18,600
Someone else will recruit him 
with Promises of Adventure and 

1733
01:34:18,600 --> 01:34:20,900
wealth. 
He will join a crew and learn 

1734
01:34:20,900 --> 01:34:25,300
the reality, the hard way. 
This is how the cycle continues.

1735
01:34:25,300 --> 01:34:29,100
William sits down with his drink
and asks why you told the kid, 

1736
01:34:29,100 --> 01:34:32,900
the truth you say because 
someone should William says the 

1737
01:34:32,900 --> 01:34:36,500
truth does not help anyone. 
The kid needs the myth to have 

1738
01:34:36,500 --> 01:34:39,900
courage to leave port reality 
will teach him soon. 

1739
01:34:39,900 --> 01:34:44,200
Enough taking away his dreams 
before he even starts his just 

1740
01:34:44,200 --> 01:34:46,100
cruelty. 
You suppose. 

1741
01:34:46,100 --> 01:34:49,000
William is right, the myth 
serves a purpose. 

1742
01:34:49,000 --> 01:34:53,000
It recruits new Pirates, it 
maintains morale during 

1743
01:34:53,000 --> 01:34:56,200
difficult times. 
It gives meaning to a hard and 

1744
01:34:56,200 --> 01:34:59,900
often short life. 
The myth is necessary, even if 

1745
01:34:59,900 --> 01:35:03,600
it is not true, but you cannot 
make yourself sell the myth to 

1746
01:35:03,608 --> 01:35:05,100
others when you know, the 
reality. 

1747
01:35:05,100 --> 01:35:09,200
So clearly You cannot Telly 
young men that piracy is 

1748
01:35:09,200 --> 01:35:12,100
glorious when you spend most of 
your time doing Supply, 

1749
01:35:12,100 --> 01:35:16,200
calculations and trying, not to 
run aground on reefs. you cannot

1750
01:35:16,208 --> 01:35:19,100
promise Adventure, when your 
biggest concern is, whether the 

1751
01:35:19,100 --> 01:35:24,000
water casks will last until the 
next port The gap between myth 

1752
01:35:24,000 --> 01:35:26,600
and reality creates a strange, 
double consciousness. 

1753
01:35:27,800 --> 01:35:30,700
You live in the reality while 
everyone around you discusses 

1754
01:35:30,700 --> 01:35:34,900
the myth. you know what piracy 
actually involves, but you have 

1755
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:38,900
to maintain the performance that
matches, what people expect You 

1756
01:35:38,900 --> 01:35:41,500
are simultaneously. 
The real person struggling with 

1757
01:35:41,500 --> 01:35:45,300
Logistics and the mythical 
figure making bold decisions and

1758
01:35:45,300 --> 01:35:48,700
living dramatically. 
This performance exhaust. 

1759
01:35:48,700 --> 01:35:52,500
You as much as the actual work 
you are constantly translating 

1760
01:35:52,500 --> 01:35:56,900
reality into mythical terms for 
crew consumption, that careful, 

1761
01:35:56,900 --> 01:36:01,000
navigation through unclear 
Waters becomes a dramatic Chase 

1762
01:36:01,000 --> 01:36:05,700
through dangerous, reefs in the 
retailing That democratic debate

1763
01:36:05,700 --> 01:36:08,800
about rationals becomes, you 
making a stirring speech about 

1764
01:36:08,800 --> 01:36:13,100
shared sacrifice. that time, you
got lost becomes a clever 

1765
01:36:13,100 --> 01:36:18,000
tactical maneuver to avoid Naval
Patrols Yuri shape your reality 

1766
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:21,600
to fit the myth because the myth
is what maintains crew morale 

1767
01:36:21,600 --> 01:36:25,200
and attracts new recruits and 
keeps Colonial Governors from 

1768
01:36:25,200 --> 01:36:29,800
hunting you to aggressively. 
The myth is propaganda, and you 

1769
01:36:29,800 --> 01:36:33,300
are both its creator and its 
prisoner three months ago. 

1770
01:36:33,300 --> 01:36:36,000
You thought becoming a pirate 
Captain would solve your 

1771
01:36:36,000 --> 01:36:39,300
problems. 
You were Poor and Powerless as a

1772
01:36:39,300 --> 01:36:42,200
merchant sailor. 
You thought captaincy would give

1773
01:36:42,200 --> 01:36:45,100
you wealth and authority and 
respect. 

1774
01:36:46,200 --> 01:36:49,300
Instead, it gave you different 
problems that are harder to 

1775
01:36:49,300 --> 01:36:53,500
solve and constant anxiety, 
about failing at everything 

1776
01:36:53,500 --> 01:36:57,000
simultaneously. 
You're not poor anymore, but 

1777
01:36:57,000 --> 01:37:01,400
you're not rich either you have 
authority, but it is contingent 

1778
01:37:01,400 --> 01:37:04,300
and Democratic and can be 
revoked at any time. 

1779
01:37:05,300 --> 01:37:09,100
You have respect but it is based
on performance and perception 

1780
01:37:09,100 --> 01:37:13,900
rather than genuine regard you 
traded one set of limitations 

1781
01:37:13,900 --> 01:37:17,200
for another set. 
That is arguably worse because 

1782
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:19,700
now the limitations come with 
responsibility. 

1783
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:23,400
If you could go back three 
months, and warn your younger 

1784
01:37:23,400 --> 01:37:26,400
self about what Captain she 
actually involves, what would 

1785
01:37:26,400 --> 01:37:28,800
you say? 
Would you tell yourself not to 

1786
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:31,200
accept the position? 
Would you explain all the 

1787
01:37:31,200 --> 01:37:33,300
difficulties and anxieties and 
isolation? 

1788
01:37:33,300 --> 01:37:38,300
Would that change anything? 
Probably not your younger self 

1789
01:37:38,300 --> 01:37:41,300
was desperate enough to try 
anything that seemed better than

1790
01:37:41,300 --> 01:37:44,600
Merchant sailing. 
The myth was compelling enough 

1791
01:37:44,600 --> 01:37:46,700
to overcome, any warnings about 
reality. 

1792
01:37:47,600 --> 01:37:50,300
You would have become Captain 
anyway because the alternative 

1793
01:37:50,300 --> 01:37:52,100
was staying in a position you 
hated. 

1794
01:37:52,800 --> 01:37:55,300
This is perhaps the real 
function of myths. 

1795
01:37:55,300 --> 01:37:57,800
They get people to do difficult 
things. 

1796
01:37:57,800 --> 01:38:00,900
That they would not do if they 
knew the full truth in advance. 

1797
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:05,700
The myth of piracy gets men to 
take enormous risks for small 

1798
01:38:05,700 --> 01:38:09,100
Rewards. 
The myth of captain gets people 

1799
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:11,700
to accept crushing 
responsibility for minimal 

1800
01:38:11,700 --> 01:38:14,900
Authority. 
The myths are necessary, lies 

1801
01:38:14,900 --> 01:38:16,700
that enable the reality to 
function. 

1802
01:38:17,600 --> 01:38:20,300
You finish your drink and 
prepare to return to your ship. 

1803
01:38:21,100 --> 01:38:24,900
Tomorrow you sail again more 
navigation, more Supply 

1804
01:38:24,900 --> 01:38:28,700
calculations more democratic 
debates, about minor issues, 

1805
01:38:28,700 --> 01:38:32,100
more trying to keep stubborn 
men, organized enough to capture

1806
01:38:32,100 --> 01:38:36,100
prizes without serious problems.
More performing the role of 

1807
01:38:36,100 --> 01:38:38,100
mythical. 
Pirate Captain, while living the

1808
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:41,900
reality of anxious bureaucrat? 
This is your life now. 

1809
01:38:41,900 --> 01:38:46,000
Not the adventure, you imagine. 
But the grinding daily struggle,

1810
01:38:46,000 --> 01:38:49,900
you actually experience not 
treasuring Glory, but survival 

1811
01:38:49,900 --> 01:38:53,900
and Supply management. 
Not freedom, but different 

1812
01:38:53,900 --> 01:38:55,700
constraints that come with 
higher Stakes. 

1813
01:38:56,400 --> 01:38:58,800
You walk through Nassau Streets,
back to all the harbor. 

1814
01:38:58,800 --> 01:39:01,400
The Sun is setting over the 
water. 

1815
01:39:01,400 --> 01:39:05,800
Your ships sits at anchor with 
36 men aboard waiting for their 

1816
01:39:05,800 --> 01:39:09,400
Captain to return and lead them 
somewhere that might have prizes

1817
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:13,100
and hopefully does not have 
Naval Patrols Your responsible 

1818
01:39:13,100 --> 01:39:16,700
for all of them, your isolated 
from all of them, your 

1819
01:39:16,700 --> 01:39:19,900
simultaneously in command and 
Powerless, authoritative and 

1820
01:39:19,900 --> 01:39:24,300
anxious, mythical and mundane. 
This is what it actually means 

1821
01:39:24,300 --> 01:39:27,800
to be a pirate Captain. 
Not the story people tell, but 

1822
01:39:27,800 --> 01:39:31,700
the life people live, not the 
legend, but the reality behind 

1823
01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:35,600
the legend, not the adventure 
but the work of making Adventure

1824
01:39:35,600 --> 01:39:38,700
look easy from the outside while
struggling constantly on the 

1825
01:39:38,700 --> 01:39:41,500
inside. 
Climb into the Long Boat that 

1826
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:45,200
will take you back to your ship.
The crew Rose through the harbor

1827
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:47,700
as the sun disappears behind the
Horizon. 

1828
01:39:47,700 --> 01:39:52,100
Another day of survived. 
Another night of sleep before 

1829
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:53,500
tomorrow's struggles begin 
again. 

1830
01:39:53,500 --> 01:39:57,000
Tomorrow you will perform the 
myth while living the reality. 

1831
01:39:57,000 --> 01:40:01,700
You will project confidence. 
While feeling uncertainly, you 

1832
01:40:01,700 --> 01:40:04,300
will make decisions that might 
be wrong and live with 

1833
01:40:04,308 --> 01:40:06,500
consequences. 
You cannot fully control. 

1834
01:40:06,500 --> 01:40:09,700
You will keep doing this for as 
long as you survive the 

1835
01:40:09,700 --> 01:40:14,300
mathematics and exhaustion and 
isolation and Democratic chaos 

1836
01:40:14,300 --> 01:40:16,700
that Define actual pirate 
captaincy. 

1837
01:40:18,000 --> 01:40:21,700
Stories will never capture this.
The myths will never acknowledge

1838
01:40:21,700 --> 01:40:24,600
it. 
But this is the truth that every

1839
01:40:24,600 --> 01:40:26,100
pirate Captain learns 
eventually. 

1840
01:40:26,100 --> 01:40:30,500
It sucked to be you because 
leadership is hard and piracy is

1841
01:40:30,508 --> 01:40:34,300
harder and combining them 
creates a job that tests every 

1842
01:40:34,300 --> 01:40:36,400
limit. 
You have while offering no 

1843
01:40:36,400 --> 01:40:40,100
guarantee of success or respect 
from the people, you're trying 

1844
01:40:40,108 --> 01:40:44,600
to lead So if you find yourself 
drifting off, now my tired 

1845
01:40:44,600 --> 01:40:49,400
ratatos maybe think about this. 
The next time someone makes 

1846
01:40:49,400 --> 01:40:53,100
piracy sound romantic or 
exciting or full of Adventure 

1847
01:40:53,100 --> 01:40:57,300
and freedom were met there. 
That real pirate Captain spent 

1848
01:40:57,300 --> 01:40:59,700
most of their time doing 
Logistics and politics. 

1849
01:40:59,700 --> 01:41:02,100
I'll try to avoid the numerous 
problems. 

1850
01:41:02,100 --> 01:41:03,900
That could ruin them on any 
given Tuesday. 

1851
01:41:04,900 --> 01:41:09,000
Remember that the myth exists to
hide the reality and the reality

1852
01:41:09,000 --> 01:41:12,300
involves much more mathematics 
and much less sword fighting 

1853
01:41:12,300 --> 01:41:17,000
than anyone wants to admit. 
The Golden Age of piracy ended 

1854
01:41:17,000 --> 01:41:20,000
not because the British Navy 
won, but because being a pirate 

1855
01:41:20,000 --> 01:41:25,000
Captain was so difficult and 
exhausting and unrewarding that 

1856
01:41:25,000 --> 01:41:27,300
eventually, not enough, people 
wanted to do it anymore. 

1857
01:41:27,300 --> 01:41:30,400
That might be the most honest, 
Epitaph of the entire era. 

1858
01:41:31,200 --> 01:41:33,300
Sleep. 
Well, at least you're not trying

1859
01:41:33,300 --> 01:41:36,000
to navigate through Caribbean 
reefs with a broken Compass 

1860
01:41:36,000 --> 01:41:39,400
while managing a democracy of 
stubborn Pirates who might vote 

1861
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:49,300
you out tomorrow. 
With this episode today you're 

1862
01:41:49,300 --> 01:41:52,300
going to visit seven structures 
that once commanded the ancient 

1863
01:41:52,300 --> 01:41:56,100
world with such magnificence 
that Travelers crossed deserts. 

1864
01:41:56,100 --> 01:41:59,800
And seas just to stand in their 
Shadows, most of vanish. 

1865
01:41:59,800 --> 01:42:02,800
So completely that 
archaeologists argue about where

1866
01:42:02,800 --> 01:42:06,900
they actually stood, only one 
remains whether than stripped, 

1867
01:42:06,900 --> 01:42:11,000
but still pointing Towards the 
Sky. this is the story of what 

1868
01:42:11,000 --> 01:42:14,200
happened to the mall, you stand 
at the edge of the Giza Plateau 

1869
01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:17,900
on a morning, when the are still
holds the coolness of night, The

1870
01:42:17,908 --> 01:42:21,200
Great Pyramid Rises before you 
in the pre-dawn light, it 

1871
01:42:21,200 --> 01:42:23,400
appears larger than any 
photographs suggested. 

1872
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:26,900
The Limestone blocks at its base
reach well above your head. 

1873
01:42:26,900 --> 01:42:30,300
Each one weighs as much as 
several elephants combined. 

1874
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:33,700
You place your palm against the 
surface and feel the roughness 

1875
01:42:33,700 --> 01:42:36,200
where the outer casing was 
Stripped Away centuries ago. 

1876
01:42:37,000 --> 01:42:39,300
The stone holds a faint Chill 
from the night. 

1877
01:42:39,300 --> 01:42:42,400
Your hand barely spans, the 
width of a single block. 

1878
01:42:42,400 --> 01:42:46,300
This pyramid is the tomb of 
pharaoh Khufu, workers began 

1879
01:42:46,308 --> 01:42:51,400
stacking, these blocks around 
2570 BCE the Greek historian. 

1880
01:42:51,400 --> 01:42:54,400
Herodotus visited, Egypt. 
Nearly 2000 years after the 

1881
01:42:54,400 --> 01:42:57,800
pyramids, completion. 
And claimed 100,000 men labored 

1882
01:42:57,800 --> 01:43:01,500
for 20 years to build it, he 
relied on what Egyptian priests 

1883
01:43:01,500 --> 01:43:04,500
told him. 
Modern archaeologists suggest a 

1884
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:08,300
smaller Workforce of 20,000. 
Skilled laborers who worked in 

1885
01:43:08,300 --> 01:43:11,300
rotating shifts during the 
annual flood season when 

1886
01:43:11,300 --> 01:43:12,900
agricultural work was 
impossible. 

1887
01:43:12,900 --> 01:43:17,300
The logistics required precise 
organization, administrators 

1888
01:43:17,300 --> 01:43:19,500
tracked, every worker, every 
tool. 

1889
01:43:19,500 --> 01:43:22,900
Every rational of food scribes 
recorded. 

1890
01:43:22,900 --> 01:43:26,700
Deliveries of copper chisels and
stone hammers overseas managed 

1891
01:43:26,700 --> 01:43:29,700
work gangs with names like 
friends of Khufu and drunkards 

1892
01:43:29,700 --> 01:43:32,500
of Mankato. 
These were not slaves driven by 

1893
01:43:32,500 --> 01:43:35,500
whips but skilled craftsmen who 
took pride in their work. 

1894
01:43:36,200 --> 01:43:39,800
The graffiti survives inside the
pyramids upper chambers, they 

1895
01:43:39,800 --> 01:43:43,600
left marks indicating which crew
placed which Stones the blocks 

1896
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:45,000
came from quarries. 
Miles away. 

1897
01:43:45,000 --> 01:43:48,000
Limestone for the core came from
nearby Giza quarries. 

1898
01:43:48,000 --> 01:43:51,400
White tour of limestone for the 
casing traveled from across the 

1899
01:43:51,400 --> 01:43:53,400
Nile. 
Pink Granite for the burial 

1900
01:43:53,400 --> 01:43:57,500
chamber made a 500 Mile Journey 
from Aswan in the South workers,

1901
01:43:57,500 --> 01:44:01,200
hold the stones using wooden 
sledges ropes and sheer human 

1902
01:44:01,200 --> 01:44:03,700
determination archaeological 
experiments. 

1903
01:44:03,700 --> 01:44:06,400
Have shown that wetting the sand
ahead of the sled reduced 

1904
01:44:06,400 --> 01:44:10,600
friction by half the crew of 50.
Men could move a two-ton block. 

1905
01:44:10,600 --> 01:44:12,600
This way. 
Getting the blocks up the 

1906
01:44:12,600 --> 01:44:15,900
pyramid as it, grew taller, 
required ramps, archaeologist 

1907
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:19,300
debate, what type a single 
straight ramp would need to be 

1908
01:44:19,300 --> 01:44:21,700
impossibly long to maintain a 
workable gradient. 

1909
01:44:22,500 --> 01:44:25,200
Spiral ramps around the outside 
would work but leave no 

1910
01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:27,900
archaeological. 
Trace interior ramps through the

1911
01:44:27,900 --> 01:44:31,800
structure, seemed most likely 
evidence suggests workers used a

1912
01:44:31,800 --> 01:44:34,600
combination of methods as they 
progressed higher, you walk 

1913
01:44:34,600 --> 01:44:38,500
along the northern face. 
A pyramid wants to stood 481. 

1914
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:41,100
Ft tall. 
It wore, a smooth white casing 

1915
01:44:41,100 --> 01:44:42,900
of polished. 
Limestone that reflected the 

1916
01:44:42,900 --> 01:44:45,800
Egyptian son, like a beacon 
visible for miles across the 

1917
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:49,600
desert. 
Arab scholar Abdel latiful 

1918
01:44:49,600 --> 01:44:53,400
baghdadi visited in the early 
1300s and described this casing 

1919
01:44:53,400 --> 01:44:56,200
as covered with inscriptions in 
ancient languages that he could 

1920
01:44:56,200 --> 01:44:58,700
not read. 
The writing covered every 

1921
01:44:58,700 --> 01:45:00,600
surface of the gleaming White 
Stone. 

1922
01:45:01,300 --> 01:45:05,100
Within Decades of his visit, a 
massive earthquake in 1301. 

1923
01:45:05,100 --> 01:45:08,300
Loosened many of these outer 
casing stones, Local. 

1924
01:45:08,300 --> 01:45:10,900
Builders quickly discovered that
the Fallen Blocks made, 

1925
01:45:10,900 --> 01:45:12,400
excellent, construction 
material. 

1926
01:45:12,400 --> 01:45:15,900
The Limestone was already cut to
size and finished smooth. 

1927
01:45:16,700 --> 01:45:20,200
Quarrying New Stone required 
labor and time here was high 

1928
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:22,700
quality material sitting on the 
ground ready to use. 

1929
01:45:23,700 --> 01:45:26,300
They hold the blocks away to 
build mosques and fortifications

1930
01:45:26,300 --> 01:45:28,900
in Cairo. 
The sultan Hassan mosque 

1931
01:45:28,900 --> 01:45:33,500
completed in 1362 Incorporated, 
thousands of casing stones from 

1932
01:45:33,500 --> 01:45:37,200
the pyramids. 
By the 1500s, most of the white 

1933
01:45:37,200 --> 01:45:39,800
Limestone had migrated into the 
growing City. 

1934
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:43,200
Pyramids stood revealed in its 
rough in a core. 

1935
01:45:44,000 --> 01:45:46,500
The interior passages remained 
dark and narrow. 

1936
01:45:46,500 --> 01:45:50,200
You would need to crouch to move
through most of them, the 

1937
01:45:50,200 --> 01:45:53,500
original entrance, sits 55 ft 
above ground level on the North 

1938
01:45:53,500 --> 01:45:56,800
Face. 
Medieval Arab explorers broken 

1939
01:45:56,800 --> 01:45:59,800
through a different route 
creating the entrance tourists 

1940
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:03,000
used today. 
The tunnel they carved into sex.

1941
01:46:03,000 --> 01:46:05,900
The ascending passage that leads
towards the burial chamber. 

1942
01:46:06,900 --> 01:46:10,800
The grand Gallery Rises at a 
steep 26 degree angle. 

1943
01:46:11,500 --> 01:46:14,200
Its core build ceiling 
demonstrates architectural 

1944
01:46:14,200 --> 01:46:17,500
sophistication, that still 
impresses Engineers today. 

1945
01:46:18,500 --> 01:46:21,400
The walls, lean inward 
progressively with each course 

1946
01:46:21,400 --> 01:46:24,200
of stone. 
The effect creates a volt 

1947
01:46:24,200 --> 01:46:28,500
without using arches, the 
ceiling reaches 28 feet high at 

1948
01:46:28,500 --> 01:46:31,700
its peak your footsteps echo in 
the enclosed space. 

1949
01:46:31,700 --> 01:46:35,100
The air smells of ancient stone 
and the breadth of millions of 

1950
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:37,500
previous visitors workers 
carved. 

1951
01:46:37,500 --> 01:46:40,500
These passages through solid 
Limestone with copper tools and 

1952
01:46:40,508 --> 01:46:43,200
stone. 
Hammers copper was the hardest 

1953
01:46:43,200 --> 01:46:46,400
metal of available to Old 
Kingdom Egyptians bronze, had 

1954
01:46:46,400 --> 01:46:50,200
not yet been invented iron 
remained unknown yet, copper 

1955
01:46:50,200 --> 01:46:53,700
chisels properly hardened and 
frequently resharp and could cut

1956
01:46:53,700 --> 01:46:56,100
lime Stone effectively. 
Workers. 

1957
01:46:56,100 --> 01:46:59,900
Pounded, the chisels with stone 
walls, made from dolerite the 

1958
01:46:59,900 --> 01:47:01,500
work proceeded slowly, but 
steadily. 

1959
01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:05,100
Skilled Masons could recognize 
good Stone by sound. 

1960
01:47:05,100 --> 01:47:07,500
They taped blocks and listened 
to the ring. 

1961
01:47:07,500 --> 01:47:11,000
Granite presented greater 
challenges, the burial chamber 

1962
01:47:11,000 --> 01:47:14,100
at the pyramids heart is lined 
entirely with granite blocks. 

1963
01:47:14,800 --> 01:47:16,500
Some of these blocks waste 60 
tons. 

1964
01:47:16,500 --> 01:47:21,100
They came from quarries, 500 
miles south at Aswan workers, 

1965
01:47:21,100 --> 01:47:24,400
their identified natural cracks 
in the granite and drove wooden 

1966
01:47:24,400 --> 01:47:26,100
wedges. 
In to them soaking. 

1967
01:47:26,100 --> 01:47:29,500
The wedges with water made. 
The would expand and the stone 

1968
01:47:29,500 --> 01:47:33,400
along predetermined lines. 
The resulting blocks were rough 

1969
01:47:33,400 --> 01:47:35,800
shaped at the Quarry to reduce 
transport weight. 

1970
01:47:36,700 --> 01:47:39,900
Getting 60, ton blocks onto 
boats, required, engineering 

1971
01:47:39,900 --> 01:47:43,300
ingenuity. 
Workers, probably waited for the

1972
01:47:43,300 --> 01:47:46,000
annual Nile flood to float. 
The stones on barges. 

1973
01:47:47,000 --> 01:47:50,800
The flooded River came close to 
the Giza Plateau, reducing the 

1974
01:47:50,800 --> 01:47:53,000
distance Stones had to be 
dragged Overland. 

1975
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:57,600
Timing was everything. 
The flood season lasted, only a 

1976
01:47:57,600 --> 01:48:00,700
few months each year, all the 
heavy Granite work, had to 

1977
01:48:00,700 --> 01:48:04,600
happen during that window. the 
burial chamber sits in the heart

1978
01:48:04,600 --> 01:48:09,200
of the structure, it holds a 
granite sarcophagus empty now 

1979
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:12,900
for millennia Tomb. 
Robbers, likely penetrated the 

1980
01:48:12,900 --> 01:48:15,600
pyramid within a few generations
of its completion. 

1981
01:48:17,400 --> 01:48:20,300
The treasure Khufu expected to 
accompany him into the Afterlife

1982
01:48:20,300 --> 01:48:24,000
disappeared, into the black 
markets of the ancient world. 

1983
01:48:25,400 --> 01:48:28,500
Only the architecture. 
Remained you emerge back into 

1984
01:48:28,500 --> 01:48:31,200
daylight and notice how the 
morning sun Paints, the rough 

1985
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:33,500
line, stone blocks and shades of
honey and cream. 

1986
01:48:34,400 --> 01:48:38,000
Three smaller pyramids, stand 
nearby, these belong to khufu's,

1987
01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:42,000
Queens, the whole complex once 
included, temples causeways and 

1988
01:48:42,000 --> 01:48:44,500
smaller tombs for Nobles. 
Who wanted to spend eternity 

1989
01:48:44,500 --> 01:48:47,500
near their pharaoh? 
Most of those structures exist. 

1990
01:48:47,500 --> 01:48:49,900
Now only as Foundation stones 
and archaeological. 

1991
01:48:49,900 --> 01:48:53,800
Diagrams Napoleon Bonaparte, 
scientists with him, when he 

1992
01:48:53,800 --> 01:48:58,000
invaded Egypt, in 1798, his 
military campaign failed, but 

1993
01:48:58,000 --> 01:49:01,400
the scholarly Expedition, 
succeeded brilliantly, the 

1994
01:49:01,400 --> 01:49:04,900
savants as the scientists were 
called measured, every dimension

1995
01:49:04,900 --> 01:49:06,700
of the pyramids, with meticulous
care. 

1996
01:49:06,700 --> 01:49:09,800
They documented hieroglyphs 
before they could be read. 

1997
01:49:09,800 --> 01:49:14,000
They created detailed drawings 
of temples and tombs their work 

1998
01:49:14,000 --> 01:49:15,500
appeared in the Monumental 
description. 

1999
01:49:15,500 --> 01:49:19,400
Delicious published between 1809
and 1829. 

2000
01:49:19,400 --> 01:49:23,000
This multi-volume encyclopedia 
helped to establish egyptology 

2001
01:49:23,000 --> 01:49:25,500
as a serious field of study, 
rather than treasure hunting. 

2002
01:49:26,300 --> 01:49:29,500
British engineer, Wayne man, 
dicks, and explored the pyramid 

2003
01:49:29,500 --> 01:49:33,100
in 1872. 
He discovered narrow shafts 

2004
01:49:33,100 --> 01:49:35,600
leading from the so-called 
Queen's chamber toward the outer

2005
01:49:35,600 --> 01:49:37,808
surface. 
These shafts would have been 

2006
01:49:37,816 --> 01:49:40,000
sealed and were invisible from 
inside the chamber. 

2007
01:49:40,000 --> 01:49:42,900
Dixon found them by noticing 
cracks in the wall. 

2008
01:49:42,900 --> 01:49:45,100
He suspected. 
They might be structural 

2009
01:49:45,100 --> 01:49:48,700
features or that some ritual 
purpose related to the deceased 

2010
01:49:48,700 --> 01:49:52,700
fairer Spirit, Journey to the 
Stars, Modern robot exploration 

2011
01:49:52,700 --> 01:49:56,100
of the shafts revealed. 
Tiny copper Hooks and a granite 

2012
01:49:56,100 --> 01:49:59,000
sphere at the ends. 
The hooks might have suspended 

2013
01:49:59,000 --> 01:50:01,400
something. 
The Spheres purpose remains 

2014
01:50:01,400 --> 01:50:04,400
mysterious Egyptologists, love a
good mystery. 

2015
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:08,600
The pyramid provides plenty. 
Later excavations revealed 

2016
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:10,200
workers Villages near the 
pyramids. 

2017
01:50:10,200 --> 01:50:14,700
These discoveries prove that 
skilled laborers, not slaves, 

2018
01:50:14,700 --> 01:50:17,800
built these monuments. 
The workers received payment in 

2019
01:50:17,800 --> 01:50:20,000
bread and beer. 
They lived in organized 

2020
01:50:20,000 --> 01:50:22,700
communities with their families 
bakeries produce. 

2021
01:50:22,700 --> 01:50:26,600
Thousands of loaves, daily to 
feed the workforce breweries. 

2022
01:50:26,600 --> 01:50:29,800
Turned out beer in equally 
impressive quantities, the 

2023
01:50:29,800 --> 01:50:32,900
ancient Egyptians considered 
beer, a staple food rather than 

2024
01:50:32,900 --> 01:50:36,100
just a beverage. 
Medical Care was available for 

2025
01:50:36,100 --> 01:50:39,000
Injured, Workers. 
Archaeologists found skeletal 

2026
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:42,000
remains showing healed fractures
that had been set properly. 

2027
01:50:42,700 --> 01:50:45,700
This indicates workers received 
treatment when hurt rather than 

2028
01:50:45,700 --> 01:50:49,800
being discarded as expendable. 
The work was dangerous but not a

2029
01:50:49,800 --> 01:50:52,500
death sentence. 
Men who survived to old age were

2030
01:50:52,500 --> 01:50:54,200
buried with Summer near The 
Monuments. 

2031
01:50:54,200 --> 01:50:57,700
They helped create graffiti 
inside the pyramid shows work 

2032
01:50:57,700 --> 01:51:01,100
gangs competed with each other. 
They left marks bragging about 

2033
01:51:01,100 --> 01:51:03,900
their Cruise accomplishments, 
one inscription translates 

2034
01:51:03,900 --> 01:51:06,800
roughly as the followers of the 
powerful white crown of Khufu. 

2035
01:51:06,800 --> 01:51:10,700
Another reads, the drunkards of 
men, Cal these names suggest 

2036
01:51:10,700 --> 01:51:13,700
camaraderie and pride the 
workers saw themselves as 

2037
01:51:13,700 --> 01:51:17,000
participants and something. 
Historically, significant, they 

2038
01:51:17,000 --> 01:51:20,100
were not wrong, the pyramids of 
Our Lives because of its massive

2039
01:51:20,100 --> 01:51:23,000
Simplicity. 
It is essentially a mountain of 

2040
01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:27,000
Stone Rain, rarely Falls in 
Egypt to erode it wind. 

2041
01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:30,800
Cannot top it earthquake, shake 
it, but cannot bring it down. 

2042
01:51:31,800 --> 01:51:34,500
the greatest threat came from 
human beings who needed building

2043
01:51:34,500 --> 01:51:37,700
material and did not care about 
ancient monuments, even that 

2044
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:41,000
plundering could not destroy it 
entirely too much Stone 

2045
01:51:41,000 --> 01:51:44,800
remained, the effort required to
dismantle it completely exceeded

2046
01:51:44,800 --> 01:51:48,400
any practical need You walk back
to the edge of the plateau, as 

2047
01:51:48,408 --> 01:51:51,300
the sun, climbs higher, the 
pyramids cast Long Shadows 

2048
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:54,400
across the sand. 
Tourist buses arrive in clouds 

2049
01:51:54,400 --> 01:51:56,500
of dust vendors set up their 
stalls. 

2050
01:51:56,500 --> 01:52:00,100
The ancient Monument has become 
a commodity photographed, 

2051
01:52:00,100 --> 01:52:04,600
millions of times visited by 
travelers from every nation, yet

2052
01:52:04,600 --> 01:52:08,000
somehow its presence still 
commands, respect, you cannot 

2053
01:52:08,000 --> 01:52:09,900
stand beside it without feeling 
small. 

2054
01:52:09,900 --> 01:52:13,500
This is the only one of the 
ancient world that survives in 

2055
01:52:13,500 --> 01:52:16,500
recognizable form. 
The other six exists. 

2056
01:52:16,500 --> 01:52:19,700
Now, only in fragments and 
written descriptions their 

2057
01:52:19,700 --> 01:52:22,000
stories involve earthquakes 
fires. 

2058
01:52:22,000 --> 01:52:25,300
Stone, robbers. 
And the simple passage of Time. 

2059
01:52:25,300 --> 01:52:29,000
Each one fell differently. 
None fell without consequence. 

2060
01:52:30,100 --> 01:52:32,600
You find yourself in ancient 
Babylon, on a summer afternoon 

2061
01:52:32,600 --> 01:52:35,000
when the heat presses down, like
a physical weight. 

2062
01:52:35,800 --> 01:52:38,900
The Euphrates river flows 
through the city center, mud 

2063
01:52:38,900 --> 01:52:42,100
brick building's rise. 
On both sides, some reach 

2064
01:52:42,100 --> 01:52:44,500
several stories. 
High the Hanging Garden. 

2065
01:52:44,500 --> 01:52:47,100
Supposedly grew somewhere in the
complex, though. 

2066
01:52:47,100 --> 01:52:49,900
We exactly where remains a 
mystery that vexes archeologist 

2067
01:52:49,900 --> 01:52:52,600
to this day. 
Greek and Roman writers 

2068
01:52:52,600 --> 01:52:54,800
described the gardens with 
elaborate detail. 

2069
01:52:54,800 --> 01:52:59,500
Diadora seculus writing in the 
first century BCE claimed, they 

2070
01:52:59,500 --> 01:53:01,800
Rose in Terrorist layers, 
stacked like a theater. 

2071
01:53:01,800 --> 01:53:05,200
Each level was planted with 
trees and flowering plants. 

2072
01:53:05,200 --> 01:53:08,400
The highest terrorist stood as 
tall as the city walls. 

2073
01:53:08,400 --> 01:53:11,400
Approximately 75 feet high 
strabo. 

2074
01:53:11,400 --> 01:53:14,300
Another Greek geographer wrote 
that the gardens resembled a 

2075
01:53:14,300 --> 01:53:17,600
theater with Rising tears. 
He described how workers lifted 

2076
01:53:17,600 --> 01:53:21,000
water from the Euphrates using a
chain pump system called a screw

2077
01:53:22,100 --> 01:53:24,700
The water flowed through 
channels to irrigate the plants 

2078
01:53:24,700 --> 01:53:28,100
on each level. 
Philo of bazan provided the most

2079
01:53:28,100 --> 01:53:31,500
details account. 
He described the guardian as 400

2080
01:53:31,500 --> 01:53:33,900
ft on each side and more than 80
feet tall. 

2081
01:53:34,700 --> 01:53:37,500
He claimed The Terraces were 
supported by Stone vaults and 

2082
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:40,100
columns. 
The Columns carried the weight 

2083
01:53:40,100 --> 01:53:42,400
of the Earth and trees about 
waterproof. 

2084
01:53:42,400 --> 01:53:45,000
Membranes prevented the soil 
moisture from rotting. 

2085
01:53:45,000 --> 01:53:48,300
The supporting structures, the 
irrigation system worked 

2086
01:53:48,300 --> 01:53:50,800
continuously to keep the plants 
alive in Babylons. 

2087
01:53:50,800 --> 01:53:53,900
Brutal Heat the most persistent 
Legend, credits King, 

2088
01:53:53,900 --> 01:53:57,200
Nebuchadnezzar, the second with 
building the gardens around 600 

2089
01:53:57,200 --> 01:54:00,400
BCE. 
The story claims he created them

2090
01:54:00,400 --> 01:54:03,400
for his wife and metis. 
A median princess who came from 

2091
01:54:03,400 --> 01:54:05,400
the Green Mountains Northeast of
Mesopotamia? 

2092
01:54:05,400 --> 01:54:09,000
She supposedly found the flat 
Mesopotamian plain depressing. 

2093
01:54:09,000 --> 01:54:13,000
After mountainous Homeland 
Nebuchadnezzar madly in love 

2094
01:54:13,000 --> 01:54:15,100
built her. 
A mountain covered in trees and 

2095
01:54:15,100 --> 01:54:16,700
flowers to eat her home 
sickness. 

2096
01:54:17,400 --> 01:54:21,000
The tail, satisfies our desire 
for Grand romantic gestures. 

2097
01:54:21,000 --> 01:54:23,400
It also might be completely 
false. 

2098
01:54:23,400 --> 01:54:26,000
No, Babylonian texts mentioned 
the gardens. 

2099
01:54:26,000 --> 01:54:29,900
This silence is deafening. 
The Babylonians were meticulous 

2100
01:54:29,900 --> 01:54:32,400
record Keepers. 
They documented everything in 

2101
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:36,000
cuneiform on clay tablets. 
Royal building projects received

2102
01:54:36,000 --> 01:54:39,000
a specially detailed 
documentation, Kings wanted 

2103
01:54:39,000 --> 01:54:42,400
their achievements remembered. 
Nebuchadnezzar's inscriptions 

2104
01:54:42,400 --> 01:54:45,200
describe his construction 
projects with obsessive 

2105
01:54:45,200 --> 01:54:47,800
thoroughness. 
They catalogue temples walls. 

2106
01:54:47,800 --> 01:54:52,900
Processional ways palaces and 
irrigation canals Not one word 

2107
01:54:52,900 --> 01:54:55,800
appears about elevated Gardens 
or complex water, lifting 

2108
01:54:55,800 --> 01:54:57,300
systems designed for a home 
sick. 

2109
01:54:57,300 --> 01:55:02,700
Queen Herodotus visited Babylon 
around 450 BCE he wrote 

2110
01:55:02,700 --> 01:55:04,500
extensively about the city in 
his history. 

2111
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:08,300
He described the massive walls, 
that surrounded the city, he 

2112
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:10,600
detailed the Ishtar gate with 
its glazed bricks. 

2113
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:14,200
He mentioned the temple Tower 
called a ziggurat, he never 

2114
01:55:14,200 --> 01:55:16,900
mentioned any Guardians. 
This seems impossible. 

2115
01:55:16,900 --> 01:55:20,000
If the garden's existed and were
as magnificent as later, writers

2116
01:55:20,000 --> 01:55:23,700
claimed Rod to just loved 
describing ones and unusual 

2117
01:55:23,700 --> 01:55:26,000
sights. 
He would not have omitted such a

2118
01:55:26,000 --> 01:55:28,400
spectacular feature. 
Some Scholars. 

2119
01:55:28,400 --> 01:55:32,900
Now, suspect the gardens existed
in Nineveh, not Babylon. the 

2120
01:55:32,900 --> 01:55:36,500
Assyrian Capital, sat 300 miles 
north of Babylon, on the Tigris 

2121
01:55:36,500 --> 01:55:40,100
River, the Assyrian Kings and 
nakura built an elaborate Palace

2122
01:55:40,100 --> 01:55:44,700
there around 700 BCE his 
inscriptions described Gardens 

2123
01:55:44,700 --> 01:55:47,800
watered by aqueducts, that 
brought water from mountains, 14

2124
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:50,800
miles away. 
He boasted about planting rare 

2125
01:55:50,800 --> 01:55:52,600
trees collected from across his 
Empire. 

2126
01:55:52,600 --> 01:55:55,200
He described creating artificial
mountains. 

2127
01:55:55,200 --> 01:55:58,200
In his Palace grounds even 
mentioned using a water. 

2128
01:55:58,200 --> 01:56:00,300
Raising screw to lift water to 
elevated. 

2129
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:04,200
Gardens British archaeologist. 
Stephanie dally has championed 

2130
01:56:04,200 --> 01:56:07,600
this Theory, she points out that
Seneca, ribs descriptions 

2131
01:56:07,600 --> 01:56:08,400
matched. 
The later. 

2132
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:11,400
Greek accounts of the Hanging 
Gardens more closely than 

2133
01:56:11,400 --> 01:56:15,100
anything from Babylon. 
He had the resources, the 

2134
01:56:15,100 --> 01:56:18,300
engineering knowledge and the 
documented ambition to create 

2135
01:56:18,300 --> 01:56:22,400
such a Wonder. 
Later Greek writers hundreds of 

2136
01:56:22,408 --> 01:56:26,300
years removed from the original 
events might have confused in of

2137
01:56:26,300 --> 01:56:27,900
her with the more famous 
Babylon. 

2138
01:56:28,700 --> 01:56:32,000
Ancient names and locations. 
Often got jumbled, a stories 

2139
01:56:32,000 --> 01:56:34,000
passed through translation and 
retelling. 

2140
01:56:34,900 --> 01:56:38,800
The cornea form evidence from 
Nineveh describes bronze screws 

2141
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:42,700
used for raising water. 
Our comedies usually gets credit

2142
01:56:42,700 --> 01:56:44,600
for inventing. 
The screw pumps, centuries 

2143
01:56:44,600 --> 01:56:47,300
later. 
Perhaps the Assyrians developed 

2144
01:56:47,300 --> 01:56:50,600
it first. 
Technology often gets invented 

2145
01:56:50,600 --> 01:56:54,100
multiple times independently or 
perhaps knowledge of the 

2146
01:56:54,100 --> 01:56:57,300
Assyrian screw reached Greece 
and influenced Archimedes. 

2147
01:56:57,300 --> 01:57:00,900
We may never know for certain 
you walk through the ruins that 

2148
01:57:00,900 --> 01:57:04,000
German archaeologist, Robert 
kaldawy, excavated beginning in 

2149
01:57:04,000 --> 01:57:08,400
1899, the Expedition lasted, 18 
years and transformed our 

2150
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:12,000
understanding of Babylon called 
away found massive walls, in the

2151
01:57:12,008 --> 01:57:15,800
foundations of palaces, his team
excavated, the Ishtar gate with 

2152
01:57:15,800 --> 01:57:19,000
its stunning blue, glazed 
bricks, and molded reliefs of 

2153
01:57:19,000 --> 01:57:22,300
dragons and Bulls. 
They ship These Bricks to Berlin

2154
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:24,300
where they were reassembled in 
the permanent Museum. 

2155
01:57:24,300 --> 01:57:27,900
The reconstructed gate Towers 
over Museum, visitors with the 

2156
01:57:27,900 --> 01:57:31,400
same power at once held in 
ancient Babylon, Caldwell 

2157
01:57:31,400 --> 01:57:34,000
searched obsessively for 
evidence of the Hanging Gardens.

2158
01:57:34,000 --> 01:57:37,800
He believed he had found them. 
He identified a structure near 

2159
01:57:37,800 --> 01:57:40,900
the southern palace with unusual
voltage rooms and thick walls. 

2160
01:57:41,700 --> 01:57:43,700
The chambers were arranged in an
odd pattern. 

2161
01:57:43,700 --> 01:57:46,700
They had arched ceilings that 
could bear tremendous weight 

2162
01:57:46,700 --> 01:57:49,800
cold Airways suggested, these 
Vault supported terrorists 

2163
01:57:49,800 --> 01:57:53,000
Gardens above the thick walls 
would have contain the pressure 

2164
01:57:53,000 --> 01:57:54,800
from tons of Earth and the 
weight of trees. 

2165
01:57:55,900 --> 01:57:57,900
Other archaeologists remain, 
skeptical. 

2166
01:57:57,900 --> 01:58:01,500
The supposed garden structure 
set far from the Euphrates 

2167
01:58:01,500 --> 01:58:04,100
River. 
Getting water there and 

2168
01:58:04,100 --> 01:58:05,600
sufficient quantities would have
been difficult. 

2169
01:58:06,600 --> 01:58:09,700
The volts colder way found might
have served as storage rooms or 

2170
01:58:09,708 --> 01:58:13,500
supported upper Palace floors. 
Nothing proved they actually 

2171
01:58:13,500 --> 01:58:16,800
held elaborate Gardens the 
identification remained 

2172
01:58:16,800 --> 01:58:20,400
speculative at best climate 
makes the whole concept 

2173
01:58:20,400 --> 01:58:23,300
questionable Babylon. 
Sits in a region where summer 

2174
01:58:23,300 --> 01:58:26,300
temperatures regularly exceed 
100 degrees Fahrenheit. 

2175
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:30,700
Maintaining living trees and 
Gardens in that heat would 

2176
01:58:30,700 --> 01:58:34,200
require constant irrigation. 
The engineering would need to be

2177
01:58:34,200 --> 01:58:36,500
exceptional. 
The resources required? 

2178
01:58:36,500 --> 01:58:38,200
Would strain any ancient 
economy? 

2179
01:58:39,100 --> 01:58:42,300
It could be done but why bother 
when simpler Gardens at ground 

2180
01:58:42,300 --> 01:58:46,300
level would serve just as well. 
Perhaps the truth matters less 

2181
01:58:46,300 --> 01:58:49,800
than the idea, the Hanging 
Gardens captured him to match a 

2182
01:58:49,800 --> 01:58:52,000
nation's because they 
represented human beings in 

2183
01:58:52,000 --> 01:58:54,000
Greenlife on a harsh 
environment. 

2184
01:58:54,900 --> 01:58:57,900
They symbolized victory over 
nature through engineering and 

2185
01:58:57,900 --> 01:59:01,200
determination. 
Whether they actually existed or

2186
01:59:01,200 --> 01:59:05,000
not the concept in jerd, the 
city of Babylon itself fed 

2187
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:08,500
poorly over the centuries, 
Alexander the Great planter make

2188
01:59:08,500 --> 01:59:10,800
it. 
His capital and ordered repairs 

2189
01:59:10,800 --> 01:59:13,800
to the Temple's. 
He died before implementing 

2190
01:59:13,800 --> 01:59:17,500
those plans, the city declined 
gradually, as the Euphrates 

2191
01:59:17,500 --> 01:59:22,100
shifted course, and trade routes
changed. by the medieval period 

2192
01:59:22,100 --> 01:59:24,700
locals quarried, the ancient 
bricks for their own 

2193
01:59:24,700 --> 01:59:29,200
construction, the Great Walls 
crumbled, the Palaces collapsed,

2194
01:59:29,200 --> 01:59:33,900
Wind and Rain wore down, what 
remained Modern Wars, damaged 

2195
01:59:33,900 --> 01:59:38,200
the site further, Saddam Hussein
built a palace on top of ancient

2196
01:59:38,200 --> 01:59:42,800
foundations in the 1980s. 
Coalition forces, established a 

2197
01:59:42,800 --> 01:59:45,600
military base there. 
During the Iraq War in 2003. 

2198
01:59:46,400 --> 01:59:49,400
Helicopters landing and heavy. 
Vehicles crushed, ancient 

2199
01:59:49,400 --> 01:59:52,500
Pavements soldiers filled 
sandbags with archaeological 

2200
01:59:52,500 --> 01:59:56,000
fragments the damage. 
Shocked Scholars worldwide, you 

2201
01:59:56,000 --> 01:59:59,400
stand in the ruins at Sunset. 
The Shadows grow long across 

2202
01:59:59,400 --> 02:00:03,100
Broken Walls and excavation 
trenches somewhere in the vast 

2203
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:06,000
field of mud brick and sand 
Garden's might have grown. 

2204
02:00:06,700 --> 02:00:09,600
Or perhaps, they never existed 
anywhere, except in the writings

2205
02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:12,100
of Greek Travelers, who heard 
stories and embellished them. 

2206
02:00:12,800 --> 02:00:15,800
The uncertainty feels 
appropriate somehow not all one 

2207
02:00:15,800 --> 02:00:19,300
wonders can be definitively 
proven or disproven some 

2208
02:00:19,300 --> 02:00:22,000
floating in that uncertain space
between history and Legend. 

2209
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:25,400
Real enough to inspire but to 
distance to fully verify. 

2210
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:29,900
You arrive in ancient Ephesus on
the western coast of what is now

2211
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:33,700
turkey. 
City buses with activity ships, 

2212
02:00:33,700 --> 02:00:37,900
fill the harbor Merchants. 
Shout in a dozen languages the 

2213
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:41,200
smell of fish and saltwater 
mixes with incense smoke 

2214
02:00:41,200 --> 02:00:44,800
drifting from nearby temples. 
You walk up the marble street, 

2215
02:00:44,800 --> 02:00:48,000
toward the Temple of Artemis, 
which rises above the city, like

2216
02:00:48,000 --> 02:00:51,300
a forest of stone columns. 
This is actually the Third 

2217
02:00:51,300 --> 02:00:54,900
Temple built on this site. 
First burned down around the 

2218
02:00:54,900 --> 02:00:58,000
seventh century BCE under 
mysterious circumstances, 

2219
02:00:58,000 --> 02:01:03,100
Ephesians rebuilt, it larger 
that second temple lasted until 

2220
02:01:03,100 --> 02:01:07,500
356 BCE. 
When a man named her Australis 

2221
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:11,700
deliberately set it on fire, He 
wanted his name remembered 

2222
02:01:11,700 --> 02:01:14,900
forever. 
Citizens of Ephesus, executed 

2223
02:01:14,900 --> 02:01:17,400
him and forbade. 
Anyone from speaking his name, 

2224
02:01:17,400 --> 02:01:22,100
the pompous the historian 
violated that prohibition and 

2225
02:01:22,100 --> 02:01:24,300
preserve the arsonist name for 
eternity. 

2226
02:01:25,100 --> 02:01:27,500
Hero straight is going exactly 
what he wanted. 

2227
02:01:27,500 --> 02:01:31,300
The Third Temple Rosie's, even 
grander than the ones before. 

2228
02:01:32,100 --> 02:01:35,400
Wealthy donors from across the 
Greek World, contributed funds, 

2229
02:01:35,400 --> 02:01:40,700
the architecture from designed 
as a double Colonnade. 127 

2230
02:01:40,700 --> 02:01:45,200
columns supported the roof, each
column stood, 60 feet tall and 

2231
02:01:45,200 --> 02:01:48,100
took years to Quarry transport 
and direct. 

2232
02:01:49,500 --> 02:01:55,800
Pliny the Elder described the 
temple as 425 feet long and 225 

2233
02:01:55,800 --> 02:01:58,300
feet wide. 
It ranked among the largest 

2234
02:01:58,300 --> 02:02:01,600
buildings in the ancient world 
you step inside the vast 

2235
02:02:01,600 --> 02:02:04,900
interior pretty smooth between 
the columns performing daily 

2236
02:02:04,900 --> 02:02:07,700
rituals, pilgrims leave 
offerings at the base of the 

2237
02:02:07,708 --> 02:02:10,900
cult statue. 
The goddess, Artemis appears 

2238
02:02:10,900 --> 02:02:13,400
quite different from the 
huntress familiar in other Greek

2239
02:02:13,400 --> 02:02:16,100
cities here. 
She wears a mural crown and her 

2240
02:02:16,100 --> 02:02:20,200
torso displays multiple rounded 
protrusions Scholars argue, 

2241
02:02:20,200 --> 02:02:23,200
whether these represent breasts 
bull testicles or egg shapes. 

2242
02:02:23,200 --> 02:02:27,300
The ambiguity seems intentional.
This Artemis, embodies fertility

2243
02:02:27,300 --> 02:02:30,600
and abundance in all their 
mysterious forms the temple 

2244
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:33,608
functions as more than a 
religious site, it serves as a 

2245
02:02:33,616 --> 02:02:36,000
bank where people deposit 
valuables for safety. 

2246
02:02:37,200 --> 02:02:40,000
The sanctuaries sacred status 
protects the deposits from 

2247
02:02:40,000 --> 02:02:43,500
thieves and political upheaval. 
The temple also houses a 

2248
02:02:43,500 --> 02:02:46,900
significant art collection 
practically is contributed 

2249
02:02:46,900 --> 02:02:49,800
sculptures. 
A pelles painted panels on the 

2250
02:02:49,800 --> 02:02:52,000
walls. 
The building becomes a museum 

2251
02:02:52,000 --> 02:02:53,800
and treasury as well as a place 
of worship. 

2252
02:02:53,800 --> 02:02:57,400
Merchants sell silver models of 
the temple in the marketplace. 

2253
02:02:57,400 --> 02:03:01,600
These Miniatures range from Tiny
charms that fit in your palm to 

2254
02:03:01,600 --> 02:03:05,500
elaborate models, a foot tall. 
Silversmiths hammer out sheets 

2255
02:03:05,500 --> 02:03:08,300
of silver and Solomon into 
three-dimensional 

2256
02:03:08,300 --> 02:03:12,400
representations of the Temple. 
The more expensive models 

2257
02:03:12,400 --> 02:03:16,000
include details like individual 
columns and Tiny cult statues. 

2258
02:03:17,000 --> 02:03:19,800
Pilgrims buy them a souvenirs 
and religious offerings. 

2259
02:03:19,800 --> 02:03:23,300
The trade becomes quite 
lucrative for the Craftsman's. 

2260
02:03:23,300 --> 02:03:27,200
Guild that controls it When the 
Apostle Paul arrives, in Ephesus

2261
02:03:27,200 --> 02:03:30,000
around, 54 CE preaching against 
pagan gods. 

2262
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:33,300
The silversmiths quickly 
realizes message threatens their

2263
02:03:33,300 --> 02:03:37,000
livelihood, If people stopped 
worshiping Artemis. 

2264
02:03:37,000 --> 02:03:40,800
They will stop buying silver 
temples. a Craftsman named 

2265
02:03:40,800 --> 02:03:44,900
Demetrius rallies, his fellow 
Guild members, he gives a speech

2266
02:03:44,900 --> 02:03:48,300
that the book of Acts records 
His argument is partly 

2267
02:03:48,300 --> 02:03:52,600
religious, but mostly economic, 
he warns that Paul's teaching, 

2268
02:03:52,600 --> 02:03:55,400
will ruin their trade and 
diminish, the goddesses on her. 

2269
02:03:55,400 --> 02:03:59,600
The silversmiths start a riot, a
flood into the city theater, 

2270
02:03:59,600 --> 02:04:02,900
dragging, some of Paul's 
companions with them, the crowd 

2271
02:04:02,900 --> 02:04:06,800
swells to thousands for two 
hours, they chant greatest. 

2272
02:04:06,800 --> 02:04:11,200
Artemis of the Ephesians over, 
and over the city, Clarke, 

2273
02:04:11,200 --> 02:04:13,200
finally, calms the down, by 
pointing out. 

2274
02:04:13,200 --> 02:04:16,700
The everyone knows Ephesus is 
the temple keeper of Artemis. 

2275
02:04:16,700 --> 02:04:19,200
No amount of preaching will 
change that. 

2276
02:04:19,200 --> 02:04:21,900
He warns them, they risk Roman 
attention. 

2277
02:04:21,900 --> 02:04:28,100
If they continue rioting without
cause The crowd disperses Paul 

2278
02:04:28,100 --> 02:04:31,900
leaves the city soon afterward 
the temple stands, unaffected 

2279
02:04:31,900 --> 02:04:34,800
the economic importance of the 
temple. 

2280
02:04:34,800 --> 02:04:39,100
Extended Beyond silver models, 
The sanctuary owned vast Estates

2281
02:04:39,100 --> 02:04:42,500
throughout Asia, Minor these 
properties generated income 

2282
02:04:42,500 --> 02:04:45,900
through farming and rents. 
The temple treasury held 

2283
02:04:45,900 --> 02:04:48,400
deposits from wealthy 
individuals and cities across 

2284
02:04:48,400 --> 02:04:51,900
the Greek world. 
The sacred status of the site 

2285
02:04:51,900 --> 02:04:56,200
protected, these deposits better
than any Fortress could thieves 

2286
02:04:56,200 --> 02:04:59,400
who violated Sanctuary could 
expect Divine punishment, and 

2287
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:02,400
human execution, the combination
deterred. 

2288
02:05:02,400 --> 02:05:06,000
Most theft attempts Banks did 
not exist in the modern sense. 

2289
02:05:06,000 --> 02:05:10,000
Temple served that function. 
They had permanent staff, Secure

2290
02:05:10,000 --> 02:05:13,000
Storage and reputations that 
spanned Generations. 

2291
02:05:14,300 --> 02:05:17,500
The Temple of Artemis functioned
as the Central Bank of Western 

2292
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:20,900
Asia Minor. 
Financial transactions flowed 

2293
02:05:20,900 --> 02:05:24,700
through its Treasury. 
Loans were arranged debts, was 

2294
02:05:24,700 --> 02:05:27,800
settled. 
Priests kept meticulous records 

2295
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:31,600
in Greek and later in Latin as 
Roman influence grew. 

2296
02:05:32,400 --> 02:05:35,500
The harbor gradually silts up 
over centuries. 

2297
02:05:36,300 --> 02:05:39,900
Rivers carrying sediment from 
the interior mountains, deposit 

2298
02:05:39,900 --> 02:05:43,800
their loads into the bay. 
The coastline moves Westward 

2299
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:45,800
year by year. 
What was once? 

2300
02:05:45,800 --> 02:05:50,100
Waterfront becomes dry land. 
Eventually the harbor mouth sits

2301
02:05:50,100 --> 02:05:53,700
miles from where it started. 
Ships can no longer reach 

2302
02:05:53,700 --> 02:05:56,700
Ephesus easily. 
Trade routes, shift to other 

2303
02:05:56,700 --> 02:06:00,500
ports, Merchants take their 
business elsewhere, the cities 

2304
02:06:00,500 --> 02:06:03,700
wealth declines. 
Steadily when Christianity 

2305
02:06:03,700 --> 02:06:06,600
becomes the official religion of
the Roman Empire in the 4th 

2306
02:06:06,600 --> 02:06:10,100
Century. 
CE, Pagan temples face closure 

2307
02:06:10,100 --> 02:06:14,600
by Imperial decree, The Temple 
of Artemis loses its sacred 

2308
02:06:14,600 --> 02:06:17,100
protection. 
Mobs of Christians elletts, 

2309
02:06:17,100 --> 02:06:19,100
attack Pagan shrines throughout 
the Empire. 

2310
02:06:19,100 --> 02:06:21,500
Some temples are converted to 
churches. 

2311
02:06:21,500 --> 02:06:25,700
Others are simply destroyed. 
The temple Ephesus like likely 

2312
02:06:25,700 --> 02:06:28,300
suffered both Fate's parts were 
demolished. 

2313
02:06:28,300 --> 02:06:32,600
Parts were repurposed the exact 
sequence of events remains 

2314
02:06:32,600 --> 02:06:36,600
unclear from surviving records. 
Stone robbers arrived to 

2315
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:39,700
dismantle what the mobs left. 
Standing the temple, become a 

2316
02:06:39,700 --> 02:06:44,000
quarry workers prior part. 
The massive columns to extract 

2317
02:06:44,000 --> 02:06:47,300
the metal pins, holding the 
drums together, these bronze and

2318
02:06:47,308 --> 02:06:49,600
iron pins, have value a scrap 
metal. 

2319
02:06:49,600 --> 02:06:53,300
Once the pins are removed, the 
column drums can be rolled or 

2320
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:56,100
toppled. 
They cart away, marble blocks to

2321
02:06:56,100 --> 02:06:59,500
build churches, fortifications, 
and Wealthy homes. 

2322
02:07:00,500 --> 02:07:02,500
Finest marble in the region sits
here. 

2323
02:07:02,500 --> 02:07:06,100
Already cut and finished. 
Why Quarry New Stone went 

2324
02:07:06,100 --> 02:07:07,900
Superior material. 
Waits to be taken. 

2325
02:07:08,500 --> 02:07:11,100
An earthquake toppled, some of 
the remaining columns in the 

2326
02:07:11,108 --> 02:07:14,300
early medieval period. 
Local Builders Salvage. 

2327
02:07:14,300 --> 02:07:17,700
What they can from the rubble. 
Stone that once formed Temple 

2328
02:07:17,700 --> 02:07:19,900
walls gets built into the church
of Saint. 

2329
02:07:19,900 --> 02:07:23,800
John on a nearby Hill. 
Marble Steps From the temple. 

2330
02:07:23,800 --> 02:07:27,400
Become thresholds in Byzantine 
houses column drums. 

2331
02:07:27,400 --> 02:07:31,800
Get cut into grindstones and 
well covers the temple disperses

2332
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:34,700
into a thousand fragments 
scattered across the landscape. 

2333
02:07:35,600 --> 02:07:38,100
By the medieval period, the 
temple is vanished. 

2334
02:07:38,100 --> 02:07:41,300
So completely that Travelers 
could not agree on where it 

2335
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:44,300
wants stood. 
The ground level Rose over the 

2336
02:07:44,300 --> 02:07:48,500
centuries as silt and debris 
accumulated, the case to River 

2337
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:52,700
changed course multiple times. 
The foundations laid buried 

2338
02:07:52,700 --> 02:07:56,700
under meters of soil and Rubble.
Crusaders marched through the 

2339
02:07:56,700 --> 02:07:59,700
region on their way to the Holy 
Land without realizing they 

2340
02:07:59,700 --> 02:08:03,400
walked over one of the Ancient 
Wonders British archaeologist, 

2341
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:07,100
John Turtle wood began searching
for the temple in 1863. 

2342
02:08:08,200 --> 02:08:11,100
The Turkish government granted 
him permission to excavate but 

2343
02:08:11,100 --> 02:08:13,900
offered little financial support
or logistical help. 

2344
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:17,700
Would funded the operation 
partially from his own pocket 

2345
02:08:17,700 --> 02:08:20,400
and partially. 
From the British museum, he 

2346
02:08:20,400 --> 02:08:23,600
hired local workers and bought 
land rights from suspicious 

2347
02:08:23,600 --> 02:08:26,300
farmers who thought he was 
searching for treasure. 

2348
02:08:27,100 --> 02:08:30,800
Would Doug for six years before 
finding anything significant, 

2349
02:08:30,800 --> 02:08:34,500
his excavations covered Acres of
Farmland. 

2350
02:08:34,500 --> 02:08:37,100
He followed every hint and 
rumor. 

2351
02:08:37,900 --> 02:08:41,300
Studied ancient texts looking 
for clues about the temples 

2352
02:08:41,300 --> 02:08:45,000
location. 
Ancient sources mentioned A 

2353
02:08:45,000 --> 02:08:47,700
procession route that led from 
the city to the temple. 

2354
02:08:48,500 --> 02:08:51,200
Would searched for this road, 
but the landscape had changed 

2355
02:08:51,200 --> 02:08:53,300
too much. 
Nothing matched. 

2356
02:08:53,300 --> 02:08:56,100
The ancient description. 
The Turkish government 

2357
02:08:56,100 --> 02:08:58,700
bureaucracy. 
Created endless obstacles. 

2358
02:08:59,700 --> 02:09:03,000
Fischels demanded bribes. 
They withheld permits. 

2359
02:09:03,000 --> 02:09:05,600
They questioned Woods motifs 
constantly. 

2360
02:09:05,600 --> 02:09:10,200
Local people sometimes hostile. 
They did not understand why an 

2361
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:12,100
Englishman wanted to dig up old 
Stones. 

2362
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:15,600
Some thought he must be 
searching for gold others. 

2363
02:09:15,600 --> 02:09:18,000
Worried, he might find something
that would bring more foreigners

2364
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:21,400
to the area. 
Would persevered through malaria

2365
02:09:21,400 --> 02:09:26,200
dysentery and depression. 
In 1869 his workers finally 

2366
02:09:26,200 --> 02:09:29,900
struck marble pavement, they had
found the Temple's floor. 

2367
02:09:30,600 --> 02:09:33,300
Would felt Vindicated after 
years of failure and 

2368
02:09:33,308 --> 02:09:36,500
frustration. 
He expanded the excavation 

2369
02:09:36,500 --> 02:09:39,700
systematically. 
The foundations emerged from the

2370
02:09:39,700 --> 02:09:44,600
earth column drums appeared. 
Fragments of sculpture surface 

2371
02:09:44,600 --> 02:09:48,600
in the debris, the Artemis 
statue was gone, the roof 

2372
02:09:48,600 --> 02:09:51,200
Timbers had burned or rotted 
away Millennia ago. 

2373
02:09:52,000 --> 02:09:53,800
The Columns laid toppled and 
broken. 

2374
02:09:53,800 --> 02:09:57,400
Yet the sheer scale of the 
foundations impressed everyone 

2375
02:09:57,400 --> 02:10:00,100
who saw them. 
The excavations revealed 

2376
02:10:00,100 --> 02:10:02,900
Foundation, Stones, column 
drums, and fragments of 

2377
02:10:02,908 --> 02:10:06,700
sculpture. 
The Artemis statue was gone, the

2378
02:10:06,700 --> 02:10:10,000
roof Timbers had burned, or 
rotted, away Millennia ago, the 

2379
02:10:10,000 --> 02:10:11,600
columns laid, toppled and 
broken. 

2380
02:10:11,600 --> 02:10:15,300
Yet the sheer scale of the 
foundation's impressed everyone 

2381
02:10:15,300 --> 02:10:17,900
who saw them. 
You could trace the outline of 

2382
02:10:17,900 --> 02:10:20,900
the massive structure in the 
excavated trenches and remaining

2383
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:24,900
Stones would ship many of the 
best fragments to the British 

2384
02:10:24,900 --> 02:10:27,900
museum. 
In London, later of excavations 

2385
02:10:27,900 --> 02:10:32,000
by David George Hogarth in 1896 
uncovered the foundation deposit

2386
02:10:32,800 --> 02:10:36,700
This included gold and ivory 
objects coins and amber beads 

2387
02:10:36,700 --> 02:10:40,000
placed in the ground when 
Builders laid the Temple's first

2388
02:10:40,000 --> 02:10:42,700
stone. 
These artifacts now. 

2389
02:10:42,700 --> 02:10:46,000
Rest in museum cases, thousands 
of miles from where they were 

2390
02:10:46,008 --> 02:10:48,600
buried. 
You stand at the site today and 

2391
02:10:48,600 --> 02:10:52,500
see a single reconstructed 
column rising from a marshy 

2392
02:10:52,500 --> 02:10:55,100
field. 
Wooden walkways crossed the 

2393
02:10:55,108 --> 02:10:58,300
Wetland information panels. 
Describe. 

2394
02:10:58,300 --> 02:10:59,200
What? 
Once stood here? 

2395
02:11:00,000 --> 02:11:02,100
Frogs croak in the standing 
water. 

2396
02:11:02,900 --> 02:11:05,700
Birds nest in the reconstructed 
columns capital. 

2397
02:11:06,600 --> 02:11:09,500
The modern town of seljuk sits, 
a short distance away. 

2398
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:12,300
Tourist. 
Visit the site, briefly before 

2399
02:11:12,300 --> 02:11:15,800
moving on to better preserved in
Ruins nearby three, separate 

2400
02:11:15,800 --> 02:11:18,300
temples rows here. 
Three separate disaster, 

2401
02:11:18,300 --> 02:11:21,400
destroyed them. 
Nothing remains now but 

2402
02:11:21,400 --> 02:11:24,900
foundations and one lonely 
column that serves mainly to 

2403
02:11:24,900 --> 02:11:26,900
help visitors. 
Imagine the scale of what 

2404
02:11:26,900 --> 02:11:31,000
vanished You enter the sanctuary
to limpiar in southern Greece. 

2405
02:11:31,000 --> 02:11:34,800
Tree shade. 
The sacred Precinct athletes 

2406
02:11:34,800 --> 02:11:38,100
train in nearby gymnasiums for 
the games held here, every four 

2407
02:11:38,100 --> 02:11:41,000
years. 
The smell of olive oil and wood.

2408
02:11:41,000 --> 02:11:44,500
Smoke fills the air. 
Priest tender's were offering 

2409
02:11:44,500 --> 02:11:48,100
day and night. 
At the heart of the sanctuary 

2410
02:11:48,100 --> 02:11:51,700
stands, the Temple of Zeus 
inside that Temple. 

2411
02:11:51,700 --> 02:11:54,700
Waits, the Chrysler Pantene 
statue, that video has created 

2412
02:11:56,100 --> 02:12:00,600
Sculptor phidias completed the 
statue around 435 BCE. 

2413
02:12:01,600 --> 02:12:04,600
He used a wooden framework 
overlaid with Ivory plates, for 

2414
02:12:04,608 --> 02:12:07,400
Zeus's, flesh, and gold sheets 
for his robes. 

2415
02:12:08,100 --> 02:12:11,900
The gods sat on an elaborate 
thrown in laid with ebony ivory 

2416
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:15,800
and precious stones. 
He held a figure of Nike, the 

2417
02:12:15,800 --> 02:12:18,900
goddess of victory. 
In his right hand, his left hand

2418
02:12:18,900 --> 02:12:22,600
gripped, a scepter topped with 
an eagle, the statue towered 

2419
02:12:22,600 --> 02:12:26,000
approximately 40 feet tall, it 
nearly touched the temple 

2420
02:12:26,000 --> 02:12:28,700
ceiling. 
You approached the statue with 

2421
02:12:28,700 --> 02:12:32,400
your head tilted back. the gods 
face looks down with an 

2422
02:12:32,400 --> 02:12:36,600
expression that blends power and
calm benevolence video has 

2423
02:12:36,600 --> 02:12:39,800
captured Divine Authority 
without making use of super cool

2424
02:12:39,800 --> 02:12:43,300
or distant. 
Draper, the geographer wrote 

2425
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:46,600
that anyone who saw the statue 
fell, their truffles diminish. 

2426
02:12:47,500 --> 02:12:50,400
Dio, chrysostom claimed phidias 
gave the Greeks their most 

2427
02:12:50,400 --> 02:12:54,800
perfect image of divinity. 
The statue required constant 

2428
02:12:54,800 --> 02:12:59,800
maintenance, Ivory cracks in dry
air and warps in wet conditions.

2429
02:13:00,700 --> 02:13:03,700
Gold sheets can loosen from 
their backing of temperature and

2430
02:13:03,700 --> 02:13:08,300
humidity fluctuate too much. 
Phidias designed a system to 

2431
02:13:08,300 --> 02:13:12,400
control these factors Temple 
attendance oil, the ivory 

2432
02:13:12,400 --> 02:13:14,100
regularly to prevent it from 
splitting. 

2433
02:13:14,100 --> 02:13:17,300
They use specially prepared 
olive oil, that they applied 

2434
02:13:17,300 --> 02:13:19,900
with soft cloths, in a process 
that took hours. 

2435
02:13:20,900 --> 02:13:24,600
The oil penetrated the ivory and
kept it Supple, they monitored 

2436
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:28,500
humidity levels carefully, a 
shallow pool of olive oil, sat 

2437
02:13:28,500 --> 02:13:30,800
in the floor directly in front 
of the statues base. 

2438
02:13:31,700 --> 02:13:35,100
The pool served multiple 
purposes, the oil surface 

2439
02:13:35,100 --> 02:13:37,400
reflected light upward toward 
the gods face. 

2440
02:13:38,300 --> 02:13:41,500
This created dramatic lighting 
effects that made Zeus appear to

2441
02:13:41,500 --> 02:13:44,000
glow from within. 
The pool all. 

2442
02:13:44,000 --> 02:13:46,200
So, helped maintain proper 
moisture in the air through 

2443
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:48,700
evaporation. 
Too much moisture. 

2444
02:13:48,700 --> 02:13:52,700
And the ivory would walk two 
little and it would crack The 

2445
02:13:52,700 --> 02:13:56,200
pool kept conditioned, stable, 
the throne itself was a 

2446
02:13:56,200 --> 02:14:00,800
masterpiece of craftsmanship. 
Porcina who visited Olympia in 

2447
02:14:00,800 --> 02:14:03,900
the second century CE described 
it in detail. 

2448
02:14:04,800 --> 02:14:08,500
The legs and cross pieces were 
made of ebony inlaid with Ivory 

2449
02:14:08,500 --> 02:14:11,200
and gold. 
Precious stones decorated the 

2450
02:14:11,208 --> 02:14:14,300
armrests. 
The back was carved with scenes 

2451
02:14:14,300 --> 02:14:18,500
of The Graces in Seasons painted
screens filled, the spaces 

2452
02:14:18,500 --> 02:14:21,800
between the throne legs showing 
mythological battles and 

2453
02:14:21,800 --> 02:14:25,000
stories. 
Every surface carried 

2454
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:27,000
decoration. 
Nothing was left. 

2455
02:14:27,000 --> 02:14:30,200
Plain. 
Videos included his own image in

2456
02:14:30,200 --> 02:14:32,800
the design. 
He painted himself, and his 

2457
02:14:32,800 --> 02:14:36,600
sponsor Pericles into the battle
scene on Zeus's Shield, enemies 

2458
02:14:36,600 --> 02:14:40,500
prosecuted him for impiety, how 
dare he include mortal? 

2459
02:14:40,500 --> 02:14:43,800
Portraits on the gods equipment,
the trial became politically 

2460
02:14:43,800 --> 02:14:47,100
charged. 
Vidius either went into Exile or

2461
02:14:47,100 --> 02:14:50,000
died in prison depending on 
which ancient source you 

2462
02:14:50,008 --> 02:14:53,000
believe. 
The statue remained untouched. 

2463
02:14:53,800 --> 02:14:56,500
It was two magnificent to 
destroy over a scandal. 

2464
02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:01,000
Olympia, functioned as a 
panhellenic sanctuary where 

2465
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:04,000
Greeks from all city states 
could gather regardless of 

2466
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:07,700
ongoing conflicts Wars. 
Pause during the Olympic 

2467
02:15:07,700 --> 02:15:10,900
Festival. 
A sacred truce called the echuca

2468
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:14,600
area went into affect one month 
before the game's and lasted one

2469
02:15:14,600 --> 02:15:18,500
month after athletes and 
Spectators traveled under the 

2470
02:15:18,500 --> 02:15:21,500
protection. 
Violating the truce brought 

2471
02:15:21,500 --> 02:15:26,800
severe consequences. 
Sparta was fine and 40000 for 

2472
02:15:26,800 --> 02:15:29,200
attacking a rival City during 
Olympic truce. 

2473
02:15:29,900 --> 02:15:33,200
They refused to pay and were 
banned from competing until they

2474
02:15:33,200 --> 02:15:35,800
did. 
The games brought wealth to the 

2475
02:15:35,800 --> 02:15:39,200
region, vendor sold food and 
wine. 

2476
02:15:40,000 --> 02:15:43,400
They set up temporary shops and 
stalls that turned the sanctuary

2477
02:15:43,400 --> 02:15:46,100
into a bustling Marketplace 
during Festival periods. 

2478
02:15:46,100 --> 02:15:50,300
Artists, displayed their work, 
hoping wealthy patrons might 

2479
02:15:50,300 --> 02:15:53,200
commissioned pieces, 
Philosophers gave public 

2480
02:15:53,200 --> 02:15:58,300
lectures poets, recited their 
latest compositions Herodotus 

2481
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:01,700
supposedly read portion of his 
histories at Olympia to an 

2482
02:16:01,700 --> 02:16:05,300
audience of thousands. 
The games combined athletic 

2483
02:16:05,300 --> 02:16:08,700
competition with cultural 
exchange on a massive scale. 

2484
02:16:09,600 --> 02:16:14,000
The statue witness centuries of 
games, it saw kingdoms rise and 

2485
02:16:14,000 --> 02:16:16,600
fall. 
When Rome conquered Greece, 

2486
02:16:16,600 --> 02:16:19,600
Roman emperors continued to 
supporting the sanctuary. 

2487
02:16:19,600 --> 02:16:22,900
They understood the symbolic 
importance of maintaining 

2488
02:16:22,900 --> 02:16:27,300
traditional, Greek institutions,
the game's persisted the temple 

2489
02:16:27,300 --> 02:16:31,900
received repairs when needed the
statue remained Christianity's 

2490
02:16:31,900 --> 02:16:36,700
rise changed everything, Empress
theodosius, the first band Pagan

2491
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:41,100
Worship in 391 CE. 
He ordered the closure of pagan 

2492
02:16:41,100 --> 02:16:44,600
temples throughout the Empire. 
The Olympic Games ended off 

2493
02:16:44,600 --> 02:16:46,299
after running for nearly 12th 
centuries. 

2494
02:16:46,299 --> 02:16:48,799
The sanctuary at Olympia felt 
silent. 

2495
02:16:48,799 --> 02:16:52,700
No more athletes competed. 
No more priests tended, the 

2496
02:16:52,708 --> 02:16:57,700
olders the temple stood empty, 
what happened to the Statue 

2497
02:16:57,700 --> 02:17:01,700
remains unclear some sources 
suggest Emperor theodosius the 

2498
02:17:01,700 --> 02:17:08,299
second ordered it removed a 
Constantinople around 426 CE A 

2499
02:17:08,299 --> 02:17:10,100
wealthy Greek collector named 
laosa. 

2500
02:17:10,100 --> 02:17:13,600
Supposedly displayed in his 
Palace, along with other famous 

2501
02:17:13,600 --> 02:17:18,200
statues from Pagan temples a 
fire destroyed laos's Palace Inn

2502
02:17:18,208 --> 02:17:22,700
475 CE if the statue was there 
it burned. 

2503
02:17:23,299 --> 02:17:26,000
Other Scholars argue, the statue
never left Olympia. 

2504
02:17:26,000 --> 02:17:30,100
They suggest it perished in one 
of several fires that damaged 

2505
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:31,700
the temple during the 5th 
Century. 

2506
02:17:32,700 --> 02:17:36,600
Or perhaps earthquakes that 
struck the region toppled it and

2507
02:17:36,600 --> 02:17:40,700
broke it Beyond repair. 
The ivory would have cracked and

2508
02:17:40,700 --> 02:17:43,200
warped. 
The gold sheets would have been 

2509
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:46,600
valuable enough to steal the 
wooden framework would have 

2510
02:17:46,600 --> 02:17:52,000
rotted or burned one way or 
another the statue to exist, the

2511
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:55,299
template itself. 
Gradually collapsed Earthquake's

2512
02:17:55,299 --> 02:17:58,700
knockdown columns the alphaeus 
River flooded periodically, 

2513
02:17:58,700 --> 02:18:01,799
depositing meters of sediment to
cross the site. 

2514
02:18:02,600 --> 02:18:06,100
Local people quarried stone from
the ruins to build houses and 

2515
02:18:06,100 --> 02:18:09,799
churches. 
By the medieval period, the 

2516
02:18:09,799 --> 02:18:12,799
sanctuary completely buried 
under Earth and vegetation. 

2517
02:18:13,900 --> 02:18:15,600
Travelers who mentioned Olympia 
in their. 

2518
02:18:15,600 --> 02:18:19,200
Writings did not realize they 
stood on top of ancient temples.

2519
02:18:20,000 --> 02:18:23,500
German archaeologists began. 
Excavating in 1875. 

2520
02:18:23,500 --> 02:18:26,700
They found the temple 
foundations and recovered 

2521
02:18:26,700 --> 02:18:30,000
fragments of the pediment. 
Sculptures, they discovered the 

2522
02:18:30,000 --> 02:18:32,200
workshop where phidias created 
the statue. 

2523
02:18:32,200 --> 02:18:36,700
They found tools molds for 
creating the gold drapery and 

2524
02:18:36,700 --> 02:18:39,299
even a cup inscribed with the 
sculptors name. 

2525
02:18:39,900 --> 02:18:42,100
But they found no trace of the 
statue itself. 

2526
02:18:42,100 --> 02:18:47,799
Every bit of Ivory and gold had 
vanished You stand in the ruins 

2527
02:18:47,799 --> 02:18:50,900
today and see toppled columns 
scattered across the ground. 

2528
02:18:50,900 --> 02:18:56,100
The temple floor, lies exposed 
to Sky trees grow where the roof

2529
02:18:56,100 --> 02:19:00,000
wants sheltered worshipers the 
spot where Zeus want sat 

2530
02:19:00,000 --> 02:19:05,299
remained, empty, not even the 
base of Vibes intact, Scriptions

2531
02:19:05,299 --> 02:19:08,200
and ancient coins provide. 
The only evidence of what the 

2532
02:19:08,200 --> 02:19:12,700
statue looked like. artists 
create reconstructions based on 

2533
02:19:12,700 --> 02:19:16,100
those sources the 
reconstructions impress, but 

2534
02:19:16,100 --> 02:19:20,200
cannot convey The Originals 
impact Cannot replicate the 

2535
02:19:20,200 --> 02:19:23,000
experience of standing before a 
40 foot tall. 

2536
02:19:23,000 --> 02:19:26,600
God, whose Ivory skin seemed to 
breathe in the Lamplight. 

2537
02:19:28,400 --> 02:19:31,200
Embodied an entire cultures 
conception of divinity. 

2538
02:19:32,000 --> 02:19:35,000
When it perished something 
Irreplaceable, vanished. 

2539
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:39,299
Not just an object but a direct 
link to how ancient people 

2540
02:19:39,299 --> 02:19:43,700
understood the sacred museums, 
preserve fragments of ancient 

2541
02:19:43,700 --> 02:19:46,000
art. 
They cannot preserve the moment 

2542
02:19:46,000 --> 02:19:49,700
of all that struck viewers when 
they first saw Zeus presiding 

2543
02:19:49,700 --> 02:19:53,200
over a sanctuary. 
You arrive in halika. 

2544
02:19:53,200 --> 02:19:57,300
Nasus on the South-Western coast
of Asia, Minor the city across 

2545
02:19:57,300 --> 02:19:59,400
hillsides overlooking a natural 
Harbor. 

2546
02:20:00,200 --> 02:20:04,100
White marble buildings gleam in 
the sunlight, the tomb of Mauser

2547
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:06,500
list. 
Dominates the landscape rising 

2548
02:20:06,500 --> 02:20:10,000
in multiple tiers above the 
surrounding structures Greeks. 

2549
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:15,000
Call it the Mesa Liam, the word 
will outlive the building served

2550
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:17,800
to satrap of Korea under the 
Persian Empire, during the 

2551
02:20:17,800 --> 02:20:22,500
fourth Century BCE He moved the 
capital from Inland by laser to 

2552
02:20:22,500 --> 02:20:28,600
Coastal Hali, nasus around 370 
BCE the new location offered 

2553
02:20:28,600 --> 02:20:30,600
better access to Maritime trade 
routes. 

2554
02:20:31,400 --> 02:20:34,100
Most or less undertook an 
ambitious building program to 

2555
02:20:34,100 --> 02:20:36,200
transform the city into a worthy
capital. 

2556
02:20:37,100 --> 02:20:41,100
He died around 3:53 BCE before 
completing his vision. 

2557
02:20:42,100 --> 02:20:45,400
His wife and sister Artemisia, 
the second, commissioned the 

2558
02:20:45,400 --> 02:20:47,900
tomb. 
The practice of sibling marriage

2559
02:20:47,900 --> 02:20:49,700
was common among carry and 
royalty. 

2560
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:53,900
Artemisia ruled carrier for two 
years after more solutions 

2561
02:20:53,900 --> 02:20:56,100
death. 
The poured resources into 

2562
02:20:56,100 --> 02:20:58,800
creating a monument worthy of 
her husband, and brother. 

2563
02:20:58,800 --> 02:21:02,200
She hired the finest Greek 
Architects and sculptors 

2564
02:21:02,200 --> 02:21:05,200
pythius, and satyrus designed 
the structure. 

2565
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:09,300
Scopus, braccus, Leo, Harris and
timotheus, created the 

2566
02:21:09,300 --> 02:21:13,000
sculptural decoration. 
Each sculptor worked on one side

2567
02:21:13,000 --> 02:21:15,900
of the building. 
The finished Monument combined. 

2568
02:21:15,900 --> 02:21:20,300
Greek architectural elements, in
an Innovative way, a high Podium

2569
02:21:20,300 --> 02:21:24,100
served as the base. 
Ionic columns, surrounded a 

2570
02:21:24,100 --> 02:21:27,100
chamber of the podium, a stepped
pyramid, Rose from The 

2571
02:21:27,108 --> 02:21:30,700
Colonnade. 
The quadriga a chariot pulled by

2572
02:21:30,700 --> 02:21:34,700
four horses topped, the pyramid.
Inside the burial chamber. 

2573
02:21:34,700 --> 02:21:37,000
A golden coffin, held mozilla's 
ashes. 

2574
02:21:37,900 --> 02:21:41,000
The total height reached, 
approximately 140 feet. 

2575
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:44,300
The monument dominated the city 
skyline. 

2576
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:47,800
Pliny the Elder described, the 
mausoleum, as one of the most 

2577
02:21:47,800 --> 02:21:49,400
magnificent structures in the 
world. 

2578
02:21:50,400 --> 02:21:53,300
He praised the quality of the 
marble work and the innovation 

2579
02:21:53,300 --> 02:21:55,700
of combining Greek and near 
Eastern Architectural 

2580
02:21:55,700 --> 02:21:59,000
Traditions. 
The building influenced tomb 

2581
02:21:59,000 --> 02:22:02,600
design for centuries afterward. 
Roman emperors built mausolea 

2582
02:22:02,600 --> 02:22:06,200
inspired by this prototype. 
The word itself became 

2583
02:22:06,200 --> 02:22:08,600
synonymous with the elaborate 
above-ground tombs. 

2584
02:22:08,600 --> 02:22:11,900
You walk around the perimeter, 
studying the sculptural, friezes

2585
02:22:11,900 --> 02:22:14,000
that decorated, the building at 
different levels. 

2586
02:22:15,100 --> 02:22:16,200
One freeze. 
Depicts. 

2587
02:22:16,200 --> 02:22:19,100
The battle between Greeks and 
Amazons in remarkable detail. 

2588
02:22:20,200 --> 02:22:23,900
Female warriors fight with 
Fierce determination one Amazon 

2589
02:22:23,900 --> 02:22:27,600
Falls from her rearing horse. 
Another swing is a battle axe. 

2590
02:22:27,600 --> 02:22:30,200
At a Greek Shield. 
The Greek Warrior's press 

2591
02:22:30,200 --> 02:22:35,000
forward with their Spears 
horse's rear and plunge every 

2592
02:22:35,000 --> 02:22:36,800
muscle appears tents with 
effort. 

2593
02:22:36,800 --> 02:22:40,700
The marble captures motion. 
So convincingly, you almost 

2594
02:22:40,700 --> 02:22:43,300
expect the figures to move. 
The Amazon. 

2595
02:22:43,300 --> 02:22:46,200
Warrior is where short tunics 
that leave their legs for 

2596
02:22:46,200 --> 02:22:48,600
running their hair flows behind 
them. 

2597
02:22:48,600 --> 02:22:51,800
In elaborate braids somewhere 
pointed caps. 

2598
02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:55,500
Others, have their heads bare, 
their faces showed determination

2599
02:22:55,500 --> 02:22:59,600
and anger. 
The sculptors individualized, 

2600
02:22:59,600 --> 02:23:01,900
each figure. 
No, two Amazons. 

2601
02:23:01,900 --> 02:23:04,300
Look identical. 
The same care. 

2602
02:23:04,300 --> 02:23:07,500
Went into the Greek warriors 
each has distinct features and 

2603
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:10,100
expressions. 
Another free shows a chariot 

2604
02:23:10,100 --> 02:23:13,700
race with four chariots 
competing The charioteers Lean 

2605
02:23:13,700 --> 02:23:15,800
Forward. 
Urging their horses to Greater 

2606
02:23:15,800 --> 02:23:20,200
speed, the horses, stretch out 
in full Gallop, their manes fly 

2607
02:23:20,200 --> 02:23:22,700
back, their mouth strain against
the bits. 

2608
02:23:22,700 --> 02:23:25,800
You can see the tension in the 
reins and the drivers arms. 

2609
02:23:25,800 --> 02:23:29,100
The chariot wheels appear ready 
to leave the ground as they take

2610
02:23:29,100 --> 02:23:32,500
a turn. 
The sculptor understood horses 

2611
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:34,700
and racing the anatomy is 
perfect. 

2612
02:23:34,700 --> 02:23:38,000
The action is completely 
convincing. 

2613
02:23:39,400 --> 02:23:42,100
Freestanding statues, stood 
between The Columns of the 

2614
02:23:42,100 --> 02:23:47,100
colonnade, these represented 
mozilla's Artemisia and probably

2615
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:50,500
ancestors or gods. 
Fragment suggest that the 

2616
02:23:50,500 --> 02:23:52,600
figures stood approximately 10 
feet tall. 

2617
02:23:52,600 --> 02:23:56,100
They wore elaborate robes carved
with my new detail. 

2618
02:23:56,100 --> 02:23:59,100
Every fold of fabric was 
rendered perfectly. 

2619
02:24:00,100 --> 02:24:02,900
The sculptors could make marble 
look like cloth. 

2620
02:24:03,600 --> 02:24:07,400
They made Stones seemed soft. 
The Monuments of survived. 

2621
02:24:07,400 --> 02:24:11,800
Alexander the Great's conquest 
of the region in 334 BCE, 

2622
02:24:11,800 --> 02:24:16,100
Alexander captured halakar. 
Nasus after a difficult Siege, 

2623
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:20,600
the city, resisted for months, 
Alexander Siege engines. 

2624
02:24:20,600 --> 02:24:24,700
Pounded, the walls, his soldiers
filled in defensive, ditches and

2625
02:24:24,700 --> 02:24:27,000
erected. 
Assault Towers The Defenders 

2626
02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:29,900
fought from the battlements and 
made sorties at night to burn 

2627
02:24:29,900 --> 02:24:33,600
The Siege equipment. 
Eventually the city fell but the

2628
02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:38,000
mausoleum remained undamaged. 
And Alexander's Army recognized.

2629
02:24:38,000 --> 02:24:41,300
It should be preserved. 
The Monuments of the wars 

2630
02:24:41,300 --> 02:24:45,700
between Alexander's successes, 
It survived pirate raids. 

2631
02:24:45,700 --> 02:24:51,200
It survived Roman Conquest. 
Stood intact for 16th centuries.

2632
02:24:51,200 --> 02:24:53,500
Bearing witness to the rise and 
fall of Kingdoms. 

2633
02:24:53,500 --> 02:24:56,000
The structure, seemed 
indestructible. 

2634
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:59,900
Then the Earth moved, 
Earthquake's, proved a more 

2635
02:24:59,900 --> 02:25:04,000
dangerous than any human enemy. 
Series of Tremors struck the 

2636
02:25:04,000 --> 02:25:08,400
region between the 10th and 
15th, century CE each Quake 

2637
02:25:08,400 --> 02:25:10,100
weakened the structure 
progressively. 

2638
02:25:11,200 --> 02:25:14,000
The first Tremors in the 10th 
Century cracked the stepped 

2639
02:25:14,000 --> 02:25:17,300
pyramid. 
Block shifted slightly nothing 

2640
02:25:17,300 --> 02:25:21,000
collapsed immediately but the 
damage accumulated Another 

2641
02:25:21,000 --> 02:25:24,100
earthquake in the 12th century 
caused more serious harm. 

2642
02:25:24,100 --> 02:25:27,800
The upper levels became 
unstable, the quadriga toppled 

2643
02:25:27,800 --> 02:25:29,900
from the summit and shattered on
the ground below. 

2644
02:25:31,000 --> 02:25:34,600
A major earthquake in the 13th 
century brought down, most of 

2645
02:25:34,600 --> 02:25:38,200
the pyramid levels. 
The massive blocks crashed to 

2646
02:25:38,200 --> 02:25:40,500
Earth in a thunder of breaking 
stone. 

2647
02:25:40,500 --> 02:25:43,900
The Colonnades survived but 
stood exposed and vulnerable. 

2648
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:48,100
The next Tremor, would likely 
bring it down to local people, 

2649
02:25:48,100 --> 02:25:50,600
fear the damaged building might 
collapse without warning. 

2650
02:25:51,500 --> 02:25:54,200
Falling column could crush 
anyone unlucky enough to be 

2651
02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:57,400
nearby, the ruins, became a 
hazard that needed to be 

2652
02:25:57,408 --> 02:26:00,300
cleared. 
Knights of Saint John of Rhodes 

2653
02:26:00,300 --> 02:26:04,200
occupied. 
Halle Onassis in 1402, they 

2654
02:26:04,200 --> 02:26:07,000
renamed it Bodrum and built a 
massive Castle to guard the 

2655
02:26:07,000 --> 02:26:09,100
harbor. 
They needed building material. 

2656
02:26:10,100 --> 02:26:12,700
The mausoleum provided 
high-quality marble blocks. 

2657
02:26:12,700 --> 02:26:15,700
Already quarried and finished. 
The knights demolished what 

2658
02:26:15,700 --> 02:26:18,600
remained of the ancient tomb and
Incorporated its stones into 

2659
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:21,500
their castle walls. 
They burned, some of the marble 

2660
02:26:21,500 --> 02:26:25,100
to produce lime for Mortar, they
smashed gulpers that depicted 

2661
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:28,500
pagan gods. 
A priest later recorded finding 

2662
02:26:28,500 --> 02:26:31,000
the burial chamber still intact 
during the demolition. 

2663
02:26:32,000 --> 02:26:34,200
Workers broke through into an 
underground room. 

2664
02:26:35,000 --> 02:26:36,700
They found a beautiful stone 
coffin. 

2665
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:40,600
Before anyone could stop them, 
local people rushed in and 

2666
02:26:40,600 --> 02:26:44,200
looted the grave Goods. 
The coffin itself disappeared. 

2667
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:47,200
By the next morning. 
Everything was gone. 

2668
02:26:48,100 --> 02:26:51,100
Priest expressed regret at the 
destruction, but did nothing to 

2669
02:26:51,100 --> 02:26:54,000
prevent it. 
British archaeologist, Charles 

2670
02:26:54,000 --> 02:26:57,200
Thomas, Newton, began 
excavations in 1856. 

2671
02:26:57,200 --> 02:27:00,600
The Turkish government, granted 
him permission to dig. 

2672
02:27:01,400 --> 02:27:04,400
Newton's team uncovered, the 
foundation and recovered 

2673
02:27:04,400 --> 02:27:08,100
numerous sculptural, fragments, 
they found pieces of the Amazon,

2674
02:27:08,100 --> 02:27:12,700
freeze fragments of portrait 
statues, and sections of horses.

2675
02:27:12,700 --> 02:27:15,900
From the quadriga. 
They located three sides of the 

2676
02:27:15,900 --> 02:27:19,400
original Foundation. 
The fourth side layer under a 

2677
02:27:19,400 --> 02:27:23,700
modern Turkish house that the 
owner refused to demolish Newton

2678
02:27:23,700 --> 02:27:25,600
shipped his fine. 
So the British museum, 

2679
02:27:26,700 --> 02:27:28,600
Sculptures fill an entire 
gallery. 

2680
02:27:29,600 --> 02:27:32,200
Fragments reveal The Monuments 
original splendor. 

2681
02:27:33,000 --> 02:27:35,800
Yet, they are only fragments. 
Please. 

2682
02:27:35,800 --> 02:27:38,300
Sculptural program can only be 
reconstructed. 

2683
02:27:38,300 --> 02:27:42,800
Partially Many pieces, remain 
missing, some were destroyed in 

2684
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:45,700
the lime kills, others were 
built into walls where they 

2685
02:27:45,700 --> 02:27:48,300
cannot be extracted without 
damaging the castle. 

2686
02:27:49,100 --> 02:27:52,600
You visit the site today and 
find an empty lot with excavated

2687
02:27:52,600 --> 02:27:56,100
foundations. 
Visible entrenches a few column 

2688
02:27:56,100 --> 02:28:00,000
drums like scattered about 
modern Bodrum spreads around the

2689
02:28:00,008 --> 02:28:03,000
ruins. 
The castle of Saint Peter Still 

2690
02:28:03,000 --> 02:28:06,400
guards, the harbor. 
If you examine its walled 

2691
02:28:06,400 --> 02:28:10,200
closely, you can spot ancient 
marble blocks among the latest 

2692
02:28:10,200 --> 02:28:15,900
stones Pieces of the mausoleum 
hide in, plain sight repurposed 

2693
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:18,800
and anonymous. 
The word survives while the 

2694
02:28:18,800 --> 02:28:22,500
building crumbled. 
Every elaborate tombs inherit 

2695
02:28:22,500 --> 02:28:24,300
something from mozilla's 
Monument. 

2696
02:28:25,300 --> 02:28:29,500
The concept, outlasted the stone
language's, absorbed the word, 

2697
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:33,300
it crossed cultures. 
And continents, the satrap who 

2698
02:28:33,300 --> 02:28:36,100
ruled a small corner of the 
Persian Empire achieved the 

2699
02:28:36,108 --> 02:28:40,300
immortality, he sought his name 
persists even though his actual 

2700
02:28:40,300 --> 02:28:43,500
tomb vanished. 
Centuries ago, sometimes ideas 

2701
02:28:43,500 --> 02:28:45,200
prove more durable than 
monuments. 

2702
02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:48,100
You stand on the island of 
Rhodes in the Eastern 

2703
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:51,300
Mediterranean, the year is 2008,
BC e. 

2704
02:28:51,300 --> 02:28:53,600
The Colossus has just been 
completed. 

2705
02:28:53,600 --> 02:28:57,500
After 12 years of construction, 
the bronze statue of the sun. 

2706
02:28:57,500 --> 02:29:02,100
God Helios Rises, approximately 
1008 feet tall at the entrance 

2707
02:29:02,100 --> 02:29:06,000
to mandraki Harbor. 
Ship sail passed, the Towering 

2708
02:29:06,000 --> 02:29:07,600
figure as they enter and leave 
port. 

2709
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:11,700
Sailors from distant lands. 
Carry home stories of the bronze

2710
02:29:11,700 --> 02:29:14,500
Giant. 
Rhodes prospered through trade, 

2711
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:17,800
the island, sat at the 
intersection of major shipping 

2712
02:29:17,800 --> 02:29:21,400
routes, Merchants from Egypt, 
Venetia Greece and Asia. 

2713
02:29:21,400 --> 02:29:24,300
Minor met here to exchange goods
and information. 

2714
02:29:24,300 --> 02:29:28,900
The city became wealthy from 
customs duties and banking that 

2715
02:29:28,900 --> 02:29:31,400
wealth attracted unwanted 
attention. 

2716
02:29:32,500 --> 02:29:38,200
In 305, BCE Demetrius, polio 
seats besieged, roads with the 

2717
02:29:38,200 --> 02:29:41,300
largest army in the most 
sophisticated, Siege equipment 

2718
02:29:41,300 --> 02:29:45,800
that Ireland had ever faced. 
His father and Togo's, the one 

2719
02:29:45,800 --> 02:29:48,800
eyed wanted to punish roads for 
refusing to support his war 

2720
02:29:48,800 --> 02:29:51,800
against Egypt. 
Roads maintained profitable 

2721
02:29:51,800 --> 02:29:55,600
trade relationships with Egypt. 
The rodians would not sacrifice 

2722
02:29:55,600 --> 02:30:00,400
those connections for political 
alignment with Demetrius earned 

2723
02:30:00,400 --> 02:30:04,600
his surname, polio CTS, which 
means City besieger through his 

2724
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:09,100
Innovative Siege Warfare, his 
Engineers built enormous sieged 

2725
02:30:09,100 --> 02:30:11,400
towers that rolled on Wheels 
toward City walls. 

2726
02:30:12,400 --> 02:30:15,900
The largest tower, stood 
multiple stories tall and 

2727
02:30:15,900 --> 02:30:18,600
bristles with catapults on every
level. 

2728
02:30:19,600 --> 02:30:22,800
Soldiers operated the weapons 
from protected platforms. 

2729
02:30:22,800 --> 02:30:27,400
The tower approached the walls 
slowly but relentlessly its 

2730
02:30:27,400 --> 02:30:31,800
armored exterior, resisted fire 
and arrows Defenders watched it 

2731
02:30:31,800 --> 02:30:36,200
Advance with growing dread the 
rodians defended their walls 

2732
02:30:36,200 --> 02:30:40,000
with desperate Ingenuity. 
They dug trenches to prevent The

2733
02:30:40,000 --> 02:30:43,500
Siege Towers from approaching 
they sallied out at night to 

2734
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:45,800
burn the wooden structures 
before they reach Striking 

2735
02:30:45,800 --> 02:30:49,700
Distance, they reigned down 
arrows and stones from their 

2736
02:30:49,700 --> 02:30:53,600
battlements they held out for a 
year through determination and 

2737
02:30:53,600 --> 02:30:57,500
strategic brilliance. 
The city's double walls, proved 

2738
02:30:57,500 --> 02:31:00,400
a difficult to breach. 
The harbor remained open 

2739
02:31:00,400 --> 02:31:03,300
allowing Supply ships from Egypt
to bring food and weapons. 

2740
02:31:04,400 --> 02:31:08,200
Eventually Ptolemy of Egypt. 
Negotiated a peace treaty to 

2741
02:31:08,200 --> 02:31:11,600
meet his agreed to withdraw if 
Rhodes remain neutral in the 

2742
02:31:11,600 --> 02:31:14,000
ongoing Wars between Alexander 
successes. 

2743
02:31:15,200 --> 02:31:19,500
The rodians accepted greatly to 
meet us, abandoned his Siege 

2744
02:31:19,500 --> 02:31:22,700
equipment, where it sat. 
Moving it would require more 

2745
02:31:22,700 --> 02:31:25,400
effort than it was worth. 
He took his army and left. 

2746
02:31:26,100 --> 02:31:28,800
The Grateful roads of the 
abandoned equipment with 

2747
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:32,100
satisfaction. 
The massive Siege Towers the 

2748
02:31:32,100 --> 02:31:36,000
catapults, the battering rams 
represented, a fortune in 

2749
02:31:36,000 --> 02:31:39,600
materials and craftsmanship, 
they dismantled everything and 

2750
02:31:39,600 --> 02:31:41,300
sold the components of scrap 
metal. 

2751
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:47,500
Bronze fittings iron Parts 
Timber beams all found buyers. 

2752
02:31:48,100 --> 02:31:50,900
The proceeds funded the most 
ambitious art project in the 

2753
02:31:50,900 --> 02:31:53,600
city's history. 
They would build a monument that

2754
02:31:53,600 --> 02:31:56,800
announced roads as power to 
every ship entering the harbor. 

2755
02:31:58,000 --> 02:32:02,200
The sculptor Sherry's of lindos 
received the commission around 

2756
02:32:02,200 --> 02:32:07,000
292 BC e. 
He came from the town of lindos 

2757
02:32:07,000 --> 02:32:08,500
on the southern end of Rhodes 
Island. 

2758
02:32:09,500 --> 02:32:12,800
He had trained under the zippers
who had sculpted portraits of 

2759
02:32:12,808 --> 02:32:16,000
Alexander, the Great Char is 
inherited. 

2760
02:32:16,000 --> 02:32:19,700
His master skill, in realistic, 
portraiture and added his own 

2761
02:32:19,700 --> 02:32:22,400
innovation in engineering 
large-scale works. 

2762
02:32:23,300 --> 02:32:26,300
Chairs designed a statue of 
Helios that would dominate The 

2763
02:32:26,300 --> 02:32:29,900
Harbor and serve as both. 
A religious monument and a 

2764
02:32:29,900 --> 02:32:32,400
navigational. 
Landmark bronze casting on this 

2765
02:32:32,400 --> 02:32:34,400
scale, required complete 
innovation. 

2766
02:32:34,400 --> 02:32:37,400
No one had a tempted, anything 
comparable. 

2767
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:41,500
Statue need to stand 
approximately 100 feet tall. 

2768
02:32:41,500 --> 02:32:45,200
Traditional bronze, casting 
methods, would not work at that 

2769
02:32:45,200 --> 02:32:47,700
size. 
Charizard invented new 

2770
02:32:47,700 --> 02:32:51,000
techniques. 
Workers built a massive stone 

2771
02:32:51,000 --> 02:32:55,100
foundation and raised iron bars 
to form an internal skeleton. 

2772
02:32:56,400 --> 02:33:00,100
The iron framework provided 
structural support that bronze 

2773
02:33:00,100 --> 02:33:02,900
skin alone could never achieve 
Framework. 

2774
02:33:02,900 --> 02:33:05,200
Had to be carefully. 
Engineered to distribute the 

2775
02:33:05,200 --> 02:33:08,400
weight properly. 
Too much stress on any single 

2776
02:33:08,400 --> 02:33:10,700
point would cause catastrophic 
failure. 

2777
02:33:11,400 --> 02:33:14,300
Chara's, probably consulted 
Architects and Engineers 

2778
02:33:14,300 --> 02:33:17,400
familiar with building 
construction rather than relying

2779
02:33:17,400 --> 02:33:21,100
solely on sculptural tradition. 
They shape the bronze skin in 

2780
02:33:21,100 --> 02:33:23,100
sections, using the Lost wax 
method. 

2781
02:33:23,100 --> 02:33:27,100
Each section was cast 
separately, Enclave, molds, the 

2782
02:33:27,100 --> 02:33:29,800
bronze work happened on site 
because transporting large 

2783
02:33:29,800 --> 02:33:33,800
bronze panels with damaged 
workers heated copper and tin in

2784
02:33:33,800 --> 02:33:36,000
furnaces. 
Hot enough to melt the metals, 

2785
02:33:36,000 --> 02:33:39,300
they pulled the molten bronze 
into molds and waited for it to 

2786
02:33:39,300 --> 02:33:41,500
cool. 
Then they carefully removed the 

2787
02:33:41,500 --> 02:33:45,300
casting and checked it for 
floors in perfect casting were 

2788
02:33:45,300 --> 02:33:49,100
melted down and recast. 
As each section was completed 

2789
02:33:49,100 --> 02:33:51,100
workers. 
Riveted it to the iron 

2790
02:33:51,100 --> 02:33:54,100
framework. 
They used bronze rivets to avoid

2791
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:56,800
corrosion issues that would 
arise from mixing Metals. 

2792
02:33:56,800 --> 02:34:00,100
The process resembled building 
construction more than 

2793
02:34:00,100 --> 02:34:04,000
traditional sculpture workers 
climbed scaffolding to attach 

2794
02:34:04,000 --> 02:34:07,000
higher sections. 
As the statue, grew taller, the 

2795
02:34:07,000 --> 02:34:10,600
scaffolding itself required 
engineering Innovation, it 

2796
02:34:10,600 --> 02:34:14,600
needed to support the weight of 
workers tools and bronze panels 

2797
02:34:14,600 --> 02:34:18,700
while rising over 100 feet high.
The interior was not left. 

2798
02:34:18,700 --> 02:34:21,900
Halo workers, filled it 
progressively with stone blocks 

2799
02:34:21,900 --> 02:34:26,300
to add weight and stability, the
stone counterbalance, the bronze

2800
02:34:26,300 --> 02:34:29,000
shell, and prevented strong. 
Winds from toppling. 

2801
02:34:29,000 --> 02:34:32,300
The statue the blocks were 
piled, carefully to distribute 

2802
02:34:32,300 --> 02:34:34,000
weight evenly through the 
structure. 

2803
02:34:34,900 --> 02:34:36,200
Too much weight in the wrong 
place. 

2804
02:34:36,200 --> 02:34:41,200
Would strain the iron framework.
The work took 12 years workers, 

2805
02:34:41,200 --> 02:34:44,800
labored through summer heat and 
winter storms, cherish 

2806
02:34:44,800 --> 02:34:48,600
supervised every detail. 
Personally, the statue consumed 

2807
02:34:48,600 --> 02:34:52,400
approximately 300 tons of bronze
according to ancient accounts, 

2808
02:34:53,300 --> 02:34:57,000
Modern Engineers calculate the 
number might be exaggerated but 

2809
02:34:57,000 --> 02:35:00,200
the statue certainly required, 
massive quantities of metal. 

2810
02:35:01,000 --> 02:35:03,800
Popular Legend claims, the 
Colossus straddled, the harbor 

2811
02:35:03,800 --> 02:35:05,900
entrance with ships sailing 
between its legs. 

2812
02:35:06,800 --> 02:35:10,800
This makes for dramatic imagery 
but engineering reality, argues 

2813
02:35:10,800 --> 02:35:13,700
against it. 
Chewing that pose would need 

2814
02:35:13,700 --> 02:35:16,200
impossibly thick legs to support
its weight. 

2815
02:35:17,100 --> 02:35:19,700
Ships with tall Masters, could 
not pass underneath. 

2816
02:35:21,000 --> 02:35:24,600
Statue almost certainly stood on
one side of the harbor with both

2817
02:35:24,600 --> 02:35:28,600
feet firmly planted on land. 
You look up at the finished 

2818
02:35:28,600 --> 02:35:33,500
Colossus Helios wears, a radiant
Crown, his right hand Shields, 

2819
02:35:33,500 --> 02:35:37,200
his eyes as he gazes toward the 
Rising Sun, the bronze skin 

2820
02:35:37,200 --> 02:35:41,300
gleams, the statue represents 
the God, who was rode as his 

2821
02:35:41,308 --> 02:35:45,500
Patron, deity and the source of 
the islands Prosperity it 

2822
02:35:45,500 --> 02:35:48,200
embodies civic pride, and 
religious devotion in equal 

2823
02:35:48,200 --> 02:35:51,200
measure. 
The Colossus stood for only 56 

2824
02:35:51,200 --> 02:35:57,700
years, an earthquake struck 
roads around 226 BCE the Tremors

2825
02:35:57,700 --> 02:36:00,700
snapped, the statue, at his 
weakest Point, its knees, 

2826
02:36:00,700 --> 02:36:04,200
buckled, the giant toppled 
forward and crashed to the 

2827
02:36:04,200 --> 02:36:07,500
ground. 
The full shattered, the bronze 

2828
02:36:07,500 --> 02:36:09,500
skin and twisted, the iron 
framework. 

2829
02:36:10,500 --> 02:36:13,300
Sound must have terrified 
everyone in the city. 

2830
02:36:14,300 --> 02:36:18,100
The rodians consulted, an oracle
about rebuilding, the Oracle 

2831
02:36:18,100 --> 02:36:22,100
supposedly warned, against 
re-electing the statue, Perhaps 

2832
02:36:22,100 --> 02:36:24,800
priests interpreted the 
earthquake as Divine disapproval

2833
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:26,900
craps. 
The city could not afford the 

2834
02:36:26,900 --> 02:36:30,500
expense. 
Regardless, the broken Colossus 

2835
02:36:30,500 --> 02:36:33,800
lay where it fell? 
Pliny, the Elder of visited 

2836
02:36:33,800 --> 02:36:36,400
roads, centuries later, and 
described the ruins. 

2837
02:36:36,400 --> 02:36:39,500
He wrote that few people could 
wrap their arms around the 

2838
02:36:39,500 --> 02:36:43,700
statues, thumb even lying broken
on the ground, the Colossus 

2839
02:36:43,700 --> 02:36:46,400
impressed. 
Visitors with its scale, it 

2840
02:36:46,400 --> 02:36:50,600
became a tourist attraction in 
his destroyed State Travelers, 

2841
02:36:50,600 --> 02:36:53,900
came to see the Fallen wonder 
and Marvel at human ambition, 

2842
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:59,000
brought Low by natural disaster.
The bronze remained on roads for

2843
02:36:59,000 --> 02:37:02,500
almost 900 years. 
Local authorities refused to 

2844
02:37:02,500 --> 02:37:06,200
allow anyone to remove or 
recycle it the metal held 

2845
02:37:06,200 --> 02:37:09,600
religious significance. 
It represented, the city's 

2846
02:37:09,600 --> 02:37:14,200
greatest artistic achievement. 
It stayed protected even in its 

2847
02:37:14,200 --> 02:37:18,700
ruined condition. 
Arab forces captured roads in 

2848
02:37:18,700 --> 02:37:23,400
654 CE. 
The new rulers had, no 

2849
02:37:23,400 --> 02:37:25,700
sentimental attachment to a 
pagan statue. 

2850
02:37:25,700 --> 02:37:29,500
They sold the bronze to a Jewish
Merchant from a desert. 

2851
02:37:30,600 --> 02:37:33,900
According to One account. 
The merchants needed. 900 camels

2852
02:37:33,900 --> 02:37:37,500
to transport all the metal. 
He presumably melted it down and

2853
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:41,400
sold it to scrap. 
The Colossus disappeared 

2854
02:37:41,400 --> 02:37:45,200
completely modern Scholars, 
questioned some details of these

2855
02:37:45,200 --> 02:37:49,400
stories, 900 camel loads seems 
excessive even for 100 foot 

2856
02:37:49,400 --> 02:37:52,600
bronze statue. 
The logistics of moving that 

2857
02:37:52,600 --> 02:37:55,400
much metal off an island and 
across Asia Minor string 

2858
02:37:55,400 --> 02:37:58,000
credibility. 
Perhaps the number got 

2859
02:37:58,000 --> 02:38:01,400
exaggerated in retailing, 
perhaps only some of the bronze 

2860
02:38:01,400 --> 02:38:04,700
of survived to be sold. 
Perhaps local people had already

2861
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:07,200
scavenge much of it. 
During the long centuries at 

2862
02:38:07,200 --> 02:38:10,500
Lake exposed. 
No, trace of the Colossus 

2863
02:38:10,500 --> 02:38:14,800
remains today archeologists have
searched for foundation stones 

2864
02:38:14,800 --> 02:38:17,300
or bronze fragments. 
They have found nothing 

2865
02:38:17,300 --> 02:38:21,900
definitive the exact location 
where it stood remains disputed.

2866
02:38:22,900 --> 02:38:26,700
Some Scholars favor mandraki, 
Harbor other suggest, the 

2867
02:38:26,700 --> 02:38:29,600
statue, stood near the Temple of
Helios on Higher Ground. 

2868
02:38:29,600 --> 02:38:33,000
Inland Without physical 
evidence, the arguments 

2869
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:35,400
continue. 
You walk through Modern roads 

2870
02:38:35,400 --> 02:38:38,000
town and see a marina where 
Yachts Bob at Anka. 

2871
02:38:38,700 --> 02:38:41,700
Tourists photograph the spot 
where the Colossus supposedly 

2872
02:38:41,700 --> 02:38:44,900
stood. 
Two, bronze deer statue stand on

2873
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,300
Collins at the harbor entrance. 
They Mark, the general area. 

2874
02:38:48,300 --> 02:38:52,900
Making no serious claim to 
accuracy, the medieval Walls by 

2875
02:38:52,900 --> 02:38:54,700
the Knights of Saint John 
dominate. 

2876
02:38:54,700 --> 02:38:58,300
The Old Town The ancient wonder 
exists only in written 

2877
02:38:58,300 --> 02:39:00,200
description and artistic 
imagination. 

2878
02:39:01,300 --> 02:39:04,300
Classes demonstrated, what 
bronze casting could achieve on 

2879
02:39:04,308 --> 02:39:07,700
a Monumental scale, it pushed 
the boundaries of ancient 

2880
02:39:07,700 --> 02:39:11,700
Metallurgy and Engineering, its 
full demonstrated, the limits of

2881
02:39:11,700 --> 02:39:14,700
human construction when 
confronted with geological 

2882
02:39:14,700 --> 02:39:20,700
forces, both lessons have value.
The statues brief existence, and

2883
02:39:20,700 --> 02:39:23,000
long disappearance. 
Remind us that even the most 

2884
02:39:23,000 --> 02:39:25,500
impressive. 
Achievements remain vulnerable 

2885
02:39:25,500 --> 02:39:29,400
to time and Circumstance. 
You stand on the island of 

2886
02:39:29,400 --> 02:39:34,500
Pharos in Alexandria's Harbor. 
The year is approximately 280 

2887
02:39:34,500 --> 02:39:37,900
BCE. 
The lighthouse Rises before you 

2888
02:39:37,900 --> 02:39:41,900
in three distinct tiers. 
Square base built from massive 

2889
02:39:41,900 --> 02:39:44,100
Limestone blocks supports the 
structure. 

2890
02:39:44,800 --> 02:39:47,900
And octagonal middle section 
rises from the square base. 

2891
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:51,400
A cylindrical, top tier holds 
the beacon chamber. 

2892
02:39:51,400 --> 02:39:55,300
The total height reaches 
approximately 380 feet. 

2893
02:39:56,000 --> 02:39:58,700
This makes it one of the tallest
structures in the ancient world.

2894
02:40:00,200 --> 02:40:02,900
Ptolemy the first commissioned 
the light house shortly after 

2895
02:40:02,900 --> 02:40:06,900
establishing himself as ruler of
Egypt following Alexander the 

2896
02:40:06,900 --> 02:40:10,400
Great's death. 
His son, Ptolemy the second 

2897
02:40:10,400 --> 02:40:15,000
completed. 
It around 270 BCE Alexandria had

2898
02:40:15,000 --> 02:40:18,700
become the capital of ptolemaic,
Egypt and the richest city in 

2899
02:40:18,700 --> 02:40:22,200
the Mediterranean. 
The city sat at the intersection

2900
02:40:22,200 --> 02:40:25,200
of trade routes connecting 
Europe, Africa, and Asia. 

2901
02:40:26,200 --> 02:40:29,400
Ships from every trading Nation 
called at its Harbour carrying 

2902
02:40:29,400 --> 02:40:34,900
grain, Papyrus spices silk and 
precious metals. 

2903
02:40:35,800 --> 02:40:38,400
The coastline near Alexandria 
offered few natural. 

2904
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:41,000
Landmarks to guide Sailors 
approaching from the sea. 

2905
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:45,100
Egypt's Coast sits low and flat.
From a distance. 

2906
02:40:45,100 --> 02:40:46,700
Nothing. 
Distinguished one. 

2907
02:40:46,700 --> 02:40:50,100
Stretch of Beach from another. 
Ships approaching at night, or 

2908
02:40:50,100 --> 02:40:53,900
in fog, risked running a ground 
on sandbars or shallow reefs. 

2909
02:40:54,600 --> 02:40:57,700
The Economic Consequences of 
ship losses added up quickly, 

2910
02:40:57,700 --> 02:41:01,800
every Merchant vessel that, 
founded represented a fortune in

2911
02:41:01,800 --> 02:41:05,400
lost cargo and trade Revenue. 
The Architects are straight of 

2912
02:41:05,400 --> 02:41:08,500
knidos designed the tower to 
solve this navigational problem,

2913
02:41:08,500 --> 02:41:11,800
while also serving as a monument
to tolerate power. 

2914
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:16,000
He built it withstand the force 
of waves crashing against its 

2915
02:41:16,000 --> 02:41:18,000
base. 
During the fierce Mediterranean 

2916
02:41:18,000 --> 02:41:20,400
storms, that struck the coast 
during winter months. 

2917
02:41:21,400 --> 02:41:25,200
The foundation, extended deep, 
into the seabed, workers drove, 

2918
02:41:25,200 --> 02:41:27,800
wooden pilings into the harbor 
bottom, and then build a 

2919
02:41:27,800 --> 02:41:30,000
platform of massive Stone on 
top. 

2920
02:41:30,800 --> 02:41:33,500
The platform measured 
approximately 100 feet square 

2921
02:41:33,500 --> 02:41:35,800
and Rose above the high tide 
mark. 

2922
02:41:36,800 --> 02:41:40,200
The lower courses of the tower 
used enormous blocks locked 

2923
02:41:40,200 --> 02:41:43,800
together with our mortar, each 
block was cut and fitted, so 

2924
02:41:43,800 --> 02:41:46,900
precisely that seawater could 
not penetrate the joints. 

2925
02:41:47,700 --> 02:41:51,100
The Masons tested the fit by 
placing the blocks together dry.

2926
02:41:51,900 --> 02:41:54,900
If any Gap appeared, they remove
the block and trimmed. 

2927
02:41:54,900 --> 02:41:58,700
It further only when the fit was
perfect if they set the Block in

2928
02:41:58,700 --> 02:42:01,500
place permanently. 
Some blocks weighed several 

2929
02:42:01,500 --> 02:42:05,100
tons, moving, and positioning 
them required teams of workers 

2930
02:42:05,100 --> 02:42:08,500
using wooden levers rollers and 
careful coordination. 

2931
02:42:09,800 --> 02:42:12,900
You climb the internal ramp that
spirals upward through the 

2932
02:42:12,900 --> 02:42:16,400
buildings, interior. 
The ramps gentle slope allows 

2933
02:42:16,400 --> 02:42:18,700
pack animals to reach the top 
easily. 

2934
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:20,900
Donkeys. 
Hold wood up. 

2935
02:42:20,900 --> 02:42:23,500
This ramp to feed the beacon, 
fire day and night. 

2936
02:42:24,300 --> 02:42:26,800
The ramp was wide enough for the
animals to pass each other on 

2937
02:42:26,800 --> 02:42:30,300
their way up and down. 
Workers leading the donkeys 

2938
02:42:30,300 --> 02:42:32,700
called out warnings. 
When approaching blind Corners 

2939
02:42:32,700 --> 02:42:36,700
to avoid Collision, Windows 
pierced the walls at regular 

2940
02:42:36,700 --> 02:42:40,100
intervals, along the ramp these 
openings, let in light during 

2941
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:42,900
the day and provided views of 
The Harbor at different heights.

2942
02:42:43,800 --> 02:42:46,900
You pause at one window and look
out over the busy Port below. 

2943
02:42:47,800 --> 02:42:52,700
Ships of all sizes, the harbor 
Merchant vessels unload cargo at

2944
02:42:52,700 --> 02:42:57,100
the Docks fishing boats, head 
out to sea, Egyptian grain ships

2945
02:42:57,100 --> 02:42:59,700
prepared to sail, to Rome 
carrying the wheat that feeds 

2946
02:42:59,700 --> 02:43:03,000
the Empire's capital. 
The beacon chamber at the summit

2947
02:43:03,000 --> 02:43:06,900
contains a large fire pit. 
Line with metal to reflect heat 

2948
02:43:06,900 --> 02:43:09,700
upward and protect the stone 
floor from cracking. 

2949
02:43:10,700 --> 02:43:14,100
Workers keep the fire burning 
continuously using dried wood. 

2950
02:43:14,100 --> 02:43:17,900
Brought up the ramp During 
daylight hours, smoke signals 

2951
02:43:17,900 --> 02:43:19,700
the harbor entrance from miles 
away. 

2952
02:43:20,700 --> 02:43:24,000
A tall column of dark smoke 
Rising into the clear Egyptian 

2953
02:43:24,000 --> 02:43:28,000
sky can be seen from remarkable 
distances across the flat 

2954
02:43:28,000 --> 02:43:32,300
Mediterranean. 
At night, Flames guide. 

2955
02:43:32,300 --> 02:43:36,200
Ships safely to Port a large 
bronze mirror stands behind the 

2956
02:43:36,200 --> 02:43:38,900
fire pit. 
The mirror is curved to focus 

2957
02:43:38,900 --> 02:43:42,500
and amplify the firelight 
ancient sources claim. 

2958
02:43:42,500 --> 02:43:45,000
The miracle could concentrate 
sunlight strongly enough to 

2959
02:43:45,000 --> 02:43:46,900
ignite enemy ships at a 
distance. 

2960
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:50,600
This likely represents either 
misunderstanding or 

2961
02:43:50,600 --> 02:43:53,700
exaggeration. 
The mirror is true. 

2962
02:43:53,708 --> 02:43:56,700
Purpose was making the beacon 
visible from greater distance. 

2963
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:59,500
Is at night. 
The curved surface gathered 

2964
02:43:59,500 --> 02:44:01,900
light from the fire and directed
it out to sea. 

2965
02:44:01,900 --> 02:44:05,500
In a concentrated beam rather 
than letting it scatter in all 

2966
02:44:05,500 --> 02:44:08,200
directions. 
Some accounts describe the 

2967
02:44:08,200 --> 02:44:12,300
mirror as using polished bronze 
sheets fitted together to form a

2968
02:44:12,300 --> 02:44:16,000
parabolic curve. 
Others mention glass lenses or 

2969
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:19,300
Crystal elements. 
The exact technology remains 

2970
02:44:19,300 --> 02:44:22,600
uncertain. 
What is certain is that the 

2971
02:44:22,600 --> 02:44:26,000
lighthouse beam could be seen 
from extraordinary distances? 

2972
02:44:26,800 --> 02:44:29,100
Ancient sources. 
Suggest the light was visible 

2973
02:44:29,100 --> 02:44:31,800
from up to 30 miles at Sea Under
good conditions. 

2974
02:44:32,800 --> 02:44:35,400
This would give approaching 
ships ample time to adjust their

2975
02:44:35,400 --> 02:44:37,900
course and avoid Coastal 
hazards. 

2976
02:44:38,900 --> 02:44:41,100
The lighthouse stood for over 16
centuries. 

2977
02:44:41,100 --> 02:44:44,300
Bearing witness to dramatic 
changes in the world around it. 

2978
02:44:45,300 --> 02:44:48,600
It saw the decline of ptolemaic 
Egypt and the rise of Roman 

2979
02:44:48,600 --> 02:44:51,200
rule. 
Julius Caesar fought, a naval 

2980
02:44:51,200 --> 02:44:54,700
battle in Alexandria's Harbor in
47 BCE. 

2981
02:44:55,800 --> 02:44:58,900
The light house guided both 
Roman and Egyptian ship during 

2982
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:01,600
the conflict. 
It survived changes in religion 

2983
02:45:01,600 --> 02:45:05,500
from Pagan Cults to Christianity
to Islam after the Arab Conquest

2984
02:45:05,500 --> 02:45:10,200
in 641 CE. 
Arab writers described the 

2985
02:45:10,200 --> 02:45:13,100
structure in remarkable detail 
during the medieval period. 

2986
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:16,500
They measured its dimensions and
counted its windows. 

2987
02:45:17,900 --> 02:45:21,000
The geographer Allied to receive
visited in the 12th century and 

2988
02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:23,000
provided careful, measurements 
of each tier. 

2989
02:45:24,000 --> 02:45:28,000
His account describes the square
base, as measuring 150 feet on 

2990
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:31,200
each side. 
Standing about 200 feet tall. 

2991
02:45:32,000 --> 02:45:34,100
The octagonal middle section, 
Rose. 

2992
02:45:34,100 --> 02:45:37,700
Another 75 feet. 
The cylindrical top reached the 

2993
02:45:37,708 --> 02:45:41,500
remaining height, he noted that 
the internal ramp was wide 

2994
02:45:41,500 --> 02:45:43,600
enough for two Horsemen to pass 
each other easily. 

2995
02:45:44,400 --> 02:45:48,600
The Traveler IBN jubayr climbed 
to the top in 1183 and counted 

2996
02:45:48,600 --> 02:45:53,000
exactly 140, Windows 
Illuminating the ramp as he 

2997
02:45:53,000 --> 02:45:55,500
ascended. 
He described the beacon chamber 

2998
02:45:55,500 --> 02:45:58,300
and mentioned that the mirror 
was still in place, though, he 

2999
02:45:58,300 --> 02:46:01,800
questioned, whether it's still 
functioned properly, he marveled

3000
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:04,500
at the engineering that allowed 
such a tall structure to stand 

3001
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:07,400
firm against storms, and 
earthquakes for over 1000 years.

3002
02:46:08,400 --> 02:46:11,300
His account provides some of the
most detailed descriptions of 

3003
02:46:11,300 --> 02:46:14,100
the lighthouse as appearance 
before its final destruction. 

3004
02:46:15,200 --> 02:46:17,700
Earthquake's began the 
destruction with increasing 

3005
02:46:17,700 --> 02:46:22,100
severity, a Tremor in 956 CE 
calls. 

3006
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:23,900
The first documented, major 
damage. 

3007
02:46:24,700 --> 02:46:28,600
The upper levels, cracked some 
Stones fell, the damage was 

3008
02:46:28,600 --> 02:46:30,500
repaired, but the structure was 
weakened. 

3009
02:46:31,500 --> 02:46:35,600
Another significant earthquake 
struck in 1173 CE. 

3010
02:46:36,600 --> 02:46:38,600
This one calls to more extensive
harm. 

3011
02:46:39,400 --> 02:46:41,800
The cylindrical top section 
partially collapsed. 

3012
02:46:42,500 --> 02:46:45,200
The beacon could no longer 
function at full effectiveness. 

3013
02:46:46,400 --> 02:46:50,500
The Arab writer Al andalusi. 
Visited in 1166 shortly before 

3014
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:54,100
this earthquake and described 
the lighthouse as still standing

3015
02:46:54,100 --> 02:46:58,100
and impressive, but showing 
signs of deterioration. cracks 

3016
02:46:58,100 --> 02:47:01,000
ran through the masonry on the 
upper levels, some of the 

3017
02:47:01,000 --> 02:47:04,700
decorative elements had fallen 
away, the massive earthquake of 

3018
02:47:04,700 --> 02:47:09,600
1303 CE proved catastrophic 
Tremor, brought down what 

3019
02:47:09,600 --> 02:47:11,300
remained of the top tier 
entirely. 

3020
02:47:12,000 --> 02:47:15,000
The octagonal middle section 
cracked along multiple stress 

3021
02:47:15,000 --> 02:47:17,600
lines and became dangerously 
unstable. 

3022
02:47:18,600 --> 02:47:21,000
Large sections of wall fell into
the harbor. 

3023
02:47:21,800 --> 02:47:24,800
The light house could no longer 
serve its navigational purpose. 

3024
02:47:25,600 --> 02:47:27,600
The beacon was permanently 
extinguished. 

3025
02:47:27,600 --> 02:47:32,200
After burning for roughly 1600 
years, Mariners approaching 

3026
02:47:32,200 --> 02:47:35,200
Alexandria now, relied on other 
methods to find the Harvest 

3027
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:38,300
safely. 
Sultan kite by built a defense 

3028
02:47:38,300 --> 02:47:43,000
of fort on the site in 1479. 
His Builders demolished what 

3029
02:47:43,000 --> 02:47:45,700
remained of the Ancient Light 
house and used the stone blocks 

3030
02:47:45,700 --> 02:47:47,900
to construct the fort walls and 
Towers. 

3031
02:47:49,000 --> 02:47:52,000
Massive Granite blocks and 
Limestone drums from the light 

3032
02:47:52,000 --> 02:47:53,600
house, went into the new 
building. 

3033
02:47:54,700 --> 02:47:58,600
Fought still stands today and 
incorporates stones that once 

3034
02:47:58,600 --> 02:48:02,400
formed, part of the ancient 
wonder French archaeologists 

3035
02:48:02,400 --> 02:48:04,400
have Aid, the Harbor Waters in 
1994. 

3036
02:48:04,400 --> 02:48:08,000
They found numerous large stone 
blocks, underwater near the 

3037
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:11,800
fort, some show, drill holes and
Tool marks consistent with 

3038
02:48:11,800 --> 02:48:15,100
ptolemaic Era, construction 
others, bore inscriptions. 

3039
02:48:15,100 --> 02:48:17,800
In Greek. 
These blocks likely came from 

3040
02:48:17,800 --> 02:48:21,400
the lighthouse and fell into the
harbor during earthquakes or 

3041
02:48:21,400 --> 02:48:23,100
dumped there during the fort's 
construction. 

3042
02:48:24,700 --> 02:48:27,700
More recent underwater, surveys 
of map, the debris field, 

3043
02:48:27,700 --> 02:48:32,100
archaeologists identified column
drums statue fragments and 

3044
02:48:32,108 --> 02:48:35,300
shapes stones. 
They found enough material to 

3045
02:48:35,300 --> 02:48:38,300
confirm the light House's 
location and basic dimensions. 

3046
02:48:39,400 --> 02:48:41,800
Some of the better preserve 
pieces were raised and placed. 

3047
02:48:41,800 --> 02:48:46,200
In museums most remained 
underwater where they fell you, 

3048
02:48:46,200 --> 02:48:49,300
visit the site today and see 
kite base Fort dominating. 

3049
02:48:49,300 --> 02:48:52,700
The harbor entrance, The 
medieval Fortress serves as 

3050
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:56,200
Naval Museum, you can climb to 
the ramparts and look out over 

3051
02:48:56,200 --> 02:48:58,700
the Mediterranean, the viewing 
compasses. 

3052
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:01,500
The modern city of Alexandria 
spreading along the coast. 

3053
02:49:02,300 --> 02:49:04,300
Container ship's pass through 
the Harbor. 

3054
02:49:04,300 --> 02:49:08,500
Fishing boats, head out to sea. 
No Light House beam guide, them.

3055
02:49:09,300 --> 02:49:11,800
Modern navigation equipment 
makes such AIDS. 

3056
02:49:11,800 --> 02:49:14,400
Unnecessary. 
Somewhere beneath the thoughts 

3057
02:49:14,400 --> 02:49:17,100
foundations and Scattered across
the Harbour floor. 

3058
02:49:17,100 --> 02:49:22,200
I fragments of Stratus creation.
The Beacon that burned for 16. 

3059
02:49:22,200 --> 02:49:25,400
Centuries is cold now. 
The mirror that reflected 

3060
02:49:25,400 --> 02:49:29,100
sunlight across the wave sits in
pieces or dissolve to Verdigris.

3061
02:49:29,900 --> 02:49:33,500
the donkeys that once climb the 
spiral ramp, a dust, the 

3062
02:49:33,500 --> 02:49:36,100
knowledge of how to build such a
structure on that scale, 

3063
02:49:36,100 --> 02:49:40,200
vanished with the craftsmen who 
possessed, it Yet the concept in

3064
02:49:40,200 --> 02:49:43,900
dues every light house built. 
Since those, something to the 

3065
02:49:43,900 --> 02:49:48,500
Pharaohs, the functional design 
established the pattern coastal 

3066
02:49:48,500 --> 02:49:50,300
towers equipped with powerful 
light. 

3067
02:49:50,300 --> 02:49:54,400
Still guide ships into Harbors 
worldwide, The technology has 

3068
02:49:54,400 --> 02:49:56,900
improved but the purpose remains
identical. 

3069
02:49:56,900 --> 02:50:00,500
So straight us would recognize 
the descendants of his creation 

3070
02:50:00,500 --> 02:50:02,500
even if the engineering details 
differ. 

3071
02:50:03,500 --> 02:50:06,600
The light house represented 
human Ingenuity applied to a 

3072
02:50:06,600 --> 02:50:09,700
practical problem. 
It did not celebrate a God or 

3073
02:50:09,700 --> 02:50:13,000
memorialize a ruler. 
It helped Sailors, find Safe 

3074
02:50:13,000 --> 02:50:15,800
Harbor. 
Its destruction represents a 

3075
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:19,400
loss of function as much as 
Beauty. the ancient world became

3076
02:50:19,400 --> 02:50:24,100
slightly darker when that Beacon
went out for the last time you 

3077
02:50:24,100 --> 02:50:28,500
stand once more Geezer in the 
present day, Pyramid still rises

3078
02:50:28,500 --> 02:50:33,000
against the sky tour buses, 
discharged visitors vendors, 

3079
02:50:33,000 --> 02:50:35,900
sell bottled water and souvenirs
cameras. 

3080
02:50:35,900 --> 02:50:39,500
Click continuously. 
The only surviving Wonder has 

3081
02:50:39,500 --> 02:50:42,600
become a tourist attraction 
managed by a modern bureaucracy 

3082
02:50:42,600 --> 02:50:46,200
entry tickets cost. 
Money guards. 

3083
02:50:46,200 --> 02:50:50,400
Enforced visiting hours wrote 
barriers Channel crowds along 

3084
02:50:50,400 --> 02:50:55,000
approved paths six wonders 
vanished, they fell to 

3085
02:50:55,000 --> 02:50:58,300
earthquakes fires Stone, 
robbers. 

3086
02:50:58,300 --> 02:51:03,000
And deliberate destruction. 
The Hanging Gardens might never 

3087
02:51:03,000 --> 02:51:06,700
have existed outside of Legend 
the Temple of Artemis burned 

3088
02:51:06,700 --> 02:51:09,200
three times before finally 
disappearing into the 

3089
02:51:09,208 --> 02:51:13,200
foundations of later buildings 
Zeus's statue, either burning 

3090
02:51:13,200 --> 02:51:16,700
Constantinople or decayed in a 
band and Olympia. 

3091
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:21,300
The mausoleum was demolished to 
build a crusader Castle, the 

3092
02:51:21,300 --> 02:51:24,200
Colossus slave broken for 
centuries before being sold as 

3093
02:51:24,200 --> 02:51:27,000
scrap metal. 
The lighthouse guided ships for 

3094
02:51:27,000 --> 02:51:29,800
1600 years before earthquake's 
brought it down. 

3095
02:51:29,800 --> 02:51:34,000
Museums preserve fragments the 
British museum displays 

3096
02:51:34,000 --> 02:51:36,600
sculptures from the mausoleum 
and the Temple of Artemis. 

3097
02:51:37,500 --> 02:51:41,400
The Louvre holds pieces from 
Olympia isolated blocks and 

3098
02:51:41,400 --> 02:51:44,000
column drums. 
Sit in storage rooms and display

3099
02:51:44,000 --> 02:51:47,100
cases worldwide. 
These fragments offer 

3100
02:51:47,100 --> 02:51:49,600
tantalizing glimpses of the 
original structures. 

3101
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:53,200
They cannot recreate the 
experience of encountering the 

3102
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:55,800
complete monuments in their 
original contexts. 

3103
02:51:56,500 --> 02:51:59,800
Written descriptions. 
Survive ancient authors 

3104
02:51:59,800 --> 02:52:02,600
documented the Wonders with 
varying degrees of accuracy. 

3105
02:52:02,600 --> 02:52:06,000
Their accounts contain 
measurements architectural 

3106
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:08,000
details and personal 
impressions. 

3107
02:52:08,800 --> 02:52:11,200
These texts allow modern 
Scholars to propose, 

3108
02:52:11,200 --> 02:52:15,400
reconstructions artists, create 
drawings and computer models 

3109
02:52:15,400 --> 02:52:18,900
based on the ancient sources, 
the reconstructions help us 

3110
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:22,500
imagine what was lost. 
They remain educated guesses 

3111
02:52:22,500 --> 02:52:26,800
rather than certain teas. 
The concept of one's persists 

3112
02:52:26,800 --> 02:52:31,700
every age, selects its own. 
Medieval Travelers compiled new 

3113
02:52:31,700 --> 02:52:34,200
lists, featuring Christian 
shrines and Islamic 

3114
02:52:34,200 --> 02:52:37,700
architecture. 
Modern organizations for 

3115
02:52:37,700 --> 02:52:40,600
contemporary wonders. 
The idea of identifying, the 

3116
02:52:40,600 --> 02:52:43,100
most remarkable human 
achievements continues to 

3117
02:52:43,108 --> 02:52:45,900
appeal. 
We want to know what merits or 

3118
02:52:45,900 --> 02:52:48,500
we want. 
Shared standards of magnificent.

3119
02:52:49,800 --> 02:52:52,800
The ancient wonders represented 
different aspects of human 

3120
02:52:52,800 --> 02:52:55,600
achievement. 
Pyramid, demonstrated 

3121
02:52:55,600 --> 02:52:59,700
engineering on a massive scale 
and organizational capacity to 

3122
02:52:59,700 --> 02:53:04,200
mobilize thousands of workers. 
The gardens if real showed 

3123
02:53:04,200 --> 02:53:06,900
environmental, engineering and 
agricultural Innovation. 

3124
02:53:06,900 --> 02:53:10,500
The Temple of Artemis embodied, 
religious devotion, and economic

3125
02:53:10,500 --> 02:53:14,300
power, Zeus's statue captured, 
artistic skill at the highest 

3126
02:53:14,300 --> 02:53:18,600
level, The more so Liam combined
Architectural Traditions to 

3127
02:53:18,600 --> 02:53:22,400
create something new, the 
Colossus pushed bronze casting 

3128
02:53:22,400 --> 02:53:24,700
to its limits. 
The lighthouse applied 

3129
02:53:24,700 --> 02:53:26,800
technology to solve a practical 
problem. 

3130
02:53:26,800 --> 02:53:32,000
All seven, shared one, quality, 
they made people stop and stare.

3131
02:53:32,000 --> 02:53:36,100
They commanded attention through
size beauty or innovation. 

3132
02:53:36,100 --> 02:53:40,000
They transcended their immediate
functions to become symbols of 

3133
02:53:40,000 --> 02:53:41,700
what human beings could 
accomplish. 

3134
02:53:42,700 --> 02:53:45,600
Their destruction did not erase 
that symbolic power. 

3135
02:53:45,600 --> 02:53:49,600
We still referenced them. 
We still wonder what it was like

3136
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:53,400
to see them intact. 
Pyramid survives because it is 

3137
02:53:53,400 --> 02:53:57,800
essentially indestructible, 2, 
million Limestone blocks piled 

3138
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:01,200
into a stable geometric form can
Outlast most challenges. 

3139
02:54:01,200 --> 02:54:04,700
The other one does fell because 
they contained elements that 

3140
02:54:04,700 --> 02:54:10,200
time or disaster could attack. 
Wood burned, bronze was valuable

3141
02:54:10,200 --> 02:54:12,900
enough to steal. 
Marble could be quarried for new

3142
02:54:12,900 --> 02:54:16,500
construction Ivory cracked and 
gold loosened. 

3143
02:54:16,500 --> 02:54:20,100
Each material had 
vulnerabilities each structure 

3144
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:23,700
had points of failure. 
Yet their disappearance does not

3145
02:54:23,708 --> 02:54:27,000
represent complete loss. 
The knowledge gained from 

3146
02:54:27,000 --> 02:54:29,200
building them spread throughout 
the ancient world. 

3147
02:54:30,400 --> 02:54:33,500
Roman architect studied, Greek 
temples and improved their 

3148
02:54:33,500 --> 02:54:36,600
techniques. 
Medieval Engineers learned from 

3149
02:54:36,600 --> 02:54:40,000
ancient texts. 
The Renaissance, rediscovered 

3150
02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:42,800
classical architecture, and 
Incorporated it into new 

3151
02:54:42,800 --> 02:54:45,600
designs. 
Each generation built on the 

3152
02:54:45,600 --> 02:54:48,700
achievements of previous ones, 
the physical structures 

3153
02:54:48,700 --> 02:54:50,600
vanished. 
But the knowledge persisted. 

3154
02:54:50,600 --> 02:54:53,200
You leave geyser as evening 
approaches. 

3155
02:54:54,200 --> 02:54:57,800
Pyramid turned orange in the 
Setting Sun Shadows. 

3156
02:54:57,800 --> 02:55:01,500
Fill the spaces between the 
blocks, the monument will stand 

3157
02:55:01,500 --> 02:55:04,900
here long after you leave it 
will probably Outlast the 

3158
02:55:04,900 --> 02:55:08,500
current civilization. 
It has already survived four and

3159
02:55:08,500 --> 02:55:12,100
a half thousand years. 
It might survive, another 4,000 

3160
02:55:12,100 --> 02:55:14,600
more. 
The other one is a gone but not 

3161
02:55:14,600 --> 02:55:19,300
forgotten their stories continue
to fasten 8 we mourn their loss 

3162
02:55:19,300 --> 02:55:21,300
while acknowledging. 
That losses inevitable. 

3163
02:55:22,200 --> 02:55:27,600
Stone, weathers, metal corrodes 
wood rots, earthquakes strike 

3164
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:30,700
fires, burn conquerors, 
demolish. 

3165
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:33,400
Every structure built by human 
hands. 

3166
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:36,700
Will eventually fail. 
What matters is that they 

3167
02:55:36,700 --> 02:55:40,300
existed at all? 
What matters is that we remember

3168
02:55:40,300 --> 02:55:44,300
them tonight, when you close 
your eyes, you might dream of 

3169
02:55:44,300 --> 02:55:46,800
terrorists. 
Gardens Rising above Babylon. 

3170
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:50,600
You might walk between The 
Columns of artemis's Temple. 

3171
02:55:51,400 --> 02:55:54,500
You might look up at Zeus and 
thrown in gold and Ivory. 

3172
02:55:55,200 --> 02:55:56,900
You might stand beside the 
shattered. 

3173
02:55:56,900 --> 02:56:01,000
Colossus you might watch the 
Pharaohs Beacon burn against the

3174
02:56:01,000 --> 02:56:03,600
night sky. 
These wonders live in 

3175
02:56:03,600 --> 02:56:06,600
imagination. 
Now that may be the most durable

3176
02:56:06,600 --> 02:56:10,600
form of existence dreams, and 
stories, cannot be toppled by 

3177
02:56:10,600 --> 02:56:14,500
earthquake or burned by fires. 
They persist as long as people 

3178
02:56:14,500 --> 02:56:18,400
remember that. 
And with that thought my tired 

3179
02:56:18,400 --> 02:56:22,800
dumplings consider subscribing, 
if this quieted your mind even 

3180
02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:26,400
slightly, you can find more 
historical deep Dives and 

3181
02:56:26,400 --> 02:56:29,800
bedtime history on the channel. 
Next time, we might wander 

3182
02:56:29,800 --> 02:56:33,700
through other vanished places or
explore forgotten stories until 

3183
02:56:33,700 --> 02:56:37,300
then sleep. 
Well, the Wonders Endura in 

3184
02:56:37,308 --> 02:56:49,000
their own way and so do you If I
pronounce any words wrong, 

3185
02:56:49,000 --> 02:56:51,000
please know that I'm trying my 
best. 

3186
02:56:52,300 --> 02:56:57,000
Now, picture Athens in the year 
360 BCE, when the city still 

3187
02:56:57,000 --> 02:56:59,500
carries the architectural 
Grandeur of its golden age. 

3188
02:56:59,500 --> 02:57:02,600
But the political confidence has
begun to fade like paint on 

3189
02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:05,800
Temple, walls exposed to too 
many Mediterranean Summers. 

3190
02:57:06,900 --> 02:57:08,800
The Parthenon stands on the 
Acropolis. 

3191
02:57:09,700 --> 02:57:12,800
It's Marble columns catching the
afternoon light in ways that 

3192
02:57:12,800 --> 02:57:14,700
make the stone seemed almost 
translucent. 

3193
02:57:14,700 --> 02:57:18,500
But the Empire that built it has
been humbled by Sparta and 

3194
02:57:18,500 --> 02:57:21,800
reduced to a shadow of its 
former reach in this diminished,

3195
02:57:21,800 --> 02:57:25,600
Athens lives and elderly, man 
named Plato around 70 years old.

3196
02:57:25,600 --> 02:57:30,300
Now, his beard gone completely 
white and His Hands marked by 

3197
02:57:30,308 --> 02:57:32,600
the kind of age spots that 
remind you of your own 

3198
02:57:32,600 --> 02:57:35,800
mortality. 
He walks slowly through the 

3199
02:57:35,800 --> 02:57:38,800
colonnade of his Academy. 
A philosophical school. 

3200
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:42,300
He founded decades earlier where
young men gather to debate 

3201
02:57:42,300 --> 02:57:46,100
questions about Justice Beauty. 
And the nature of reality 

3202
02:57:46,100 --> 02:57:49,800
itself, Plato has spent his life
thinking about perfect fiction, 

3203
02:57:49,800 --> 02:57:54,000
not The Superficial kind, not 
the perfect hair cut or the 

3204
02:57:54,000 --> 02:57:57,600
perfect dinner party, but the 
Deep structural Perfection of 

3205
02:57:57,600 --> 02:58:00,700
forms and ideas that exist 
somewhere beyond our messy 

3206
02:58:00,700 --> 02:58:04,700
physical world. 
He believes or at least argues 

3207
02:58:04,700 --> 02:58:08,300
that everything we experience is
merely a shadow of some ideal 

3208
02:58:08,300 --> 02:58:11,700
version that exists in a realm 
of pure thought. 

3209
02:58:12,900 --> 02:58:15,900
The chair you're sitting in is 
just an imperfect copy of the 

3210
02:58:15,900 --> 02:58:20,000
idea of chair itself. 
The Justice you see in 

3211
02:58:20,000 --> 02:58:23,300
courtrooms is a pale reflection 
of justice as it truly exists. 

3212
02:58:23,300 --> 02:58:27,200
This philosophical obsession 
with ideal forms, as led Plato, 

3213
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:32,100
to imagine ideal societies, 
ideal governments, an ideal ways

3214
02:58:32,100 --> 02:58:35,100
of organizing human life to 
achieve something approaching 

3215
02:58:35,100 --> 02:58:38,900
perfection. 
His earlier work, the Republic 

3216
02:58:38,900 --> 02:58:42,700
outlined a vision of a perfect 
city state, governed by 

3217
02:58:42,700 --> 02:58:46,200
philosopher Kings who would rule
with wisdom rather than an 

3218
02:58:46,200 --> 02:58:49,700
ambition where every citizen 
would be educated according to 

3219
02:58:49,700 --> 02:58:53,700
their abilities and positioned. 
According to their talents, but 

3220
02:58:53,700 --> 02:58:57,800
ideas, expressed as abstract. 
Philosophy can feel dry like 

3221
02:58:57,800 --> 02:58:59,900
reading an instruction manual 
for living. 

3222
02:59:00,600 --> 02:59:05,100
So Plato, who understands how 
human Minds actually work often 

3223
02:59:05,100 --> 02:59:09,400
wraps his philosophy in stories.
He creates myths and allegories 

3224
02:59:09,400 --> 02:59:12,100
that make his points more 
memorable than any logical 

3225
02:59:12,100 --> 02:59:15,000
argument could. 
He's already given us the 

3226
02:59:15,008 --> 02:59:18,400
allegory of the cave where 
prisoners mistake Shadows for 

3227
02:59:18,400 --> 02:59:22,100
reality. 
Now in his old age, he's about 

3228
02:59:22,100 --> 02:59:24,100
to give us something even more 
enduring. 

3229
02:59:24,100 --> 02:59:27,700
The specific occasion for 
Plato's story about Atlantis 

3230
02:59:27,700 --> 02:59:30,000
comes during a series of 
philosophical dialogues. 

3231
02:59:30,000 --> 02:59:31,400
He writes near the end of his 
life. 

3232
02:59:32,300 --> 02:59:36,000
These dialogues feature, his old
teacher, Socrates dead for 

3233
02:59:36,000 --> 02:59:39,900
decades now executed by Athens 
for corrupting the youth with 

3234
02:59:39,900 --> 02:59:42,700
too many uncomfortable 
questions, along with other 

3235
02:59:42,700 --> 02:59:46,100
historical figures engaging in 
the kind of sophisticated dinner

3236
02:59:46,100 --> 02:59:50,100
party conversation that ancient 
Greeks excelled at in these 

3237
02:59:50,100 --> 02:59:54,200
dialogues titled tamiris. 
And critias, Plato has one of 

3238
02:59:54,208 --> 02:59:57,100
his characters recount a story 
supposedly passed down through 

3239
02:59:57,100 --> 03:00:00,300
generations. 
Originally told to solo on the 

3240
03:00:00,300 --> 03:00:03,800
greater than law Giver by 
Egyptian priests during his 

3241
03:00:03,800 --> 03:00:07,300
travels to centuries earlier. 
Framing device. 

3242
03:00:07,300 --> 03:00:10,200
That gives the story, both 
ancient Authority and convenient

3243
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:13,900
distance, Plato isn't claiming 
to have witnessed any of this 

3244
03:00:13,900 --> 03:00:17,700
himself, merely preserving 
knowledge, supposedly handed 

3245
03:00:17,700 --> 03:00:20,800
down through time. 
The story emerges naturally, 

3246
03:00:20,800 --> 03:00:24,300
from a philosophical discussion,
about ideal States, and the 

3247
03:00:24,300 --> 03:00:28,100
nature of civilization. after 
outlining his vision of a 

3248
03:00:28,100 --> 03:00:33,200
perfect Society, Plato has his 
characters Wonder such a society

3249
03:00:33,200 --> 03:00:36,800
ever actually existed. 
Could the abstract ideals. 

3250
03:00:36,800 --> 03:00:39,700
He's been describing ever 
manifest in the physical world. 

3251
03:00:40,700 --> 03:00:43,900
And in answering this, 
hypothetical question, Plato 

3252
03:00:43,900 --> 03:00:46,700
created Atlantis. 
But before we dive into the 

3253
03:00:46,700 --> 03:00:49,400
story itself, it's worth 
considering what Athens must 

3254
03:00:49,400 --> 03:00:51,000
have felt like to an old 
philosopher. 

3255
03:00:51,000 --> 03:00:55,100
Watching his City struggle with 
its diminished status The 

3256
03:00:55,100 --> 03:00:56,500
Persian wars were ancient 
history. 

3257
03:00:56,500 --> 03:01:01,000
Now, the Glory Days of Pericles 
had faded into nostalgic memory 

3258
03:01:01,000 --> 03:01:04,500
and Athens had lost his 
devastating conflict with 

3259
03:01:04,500 --> 03:01:07,700
Sparta. 
The city that had once dominated

3260
03:01:07,700 --> 03:01:11,500
the agenda through a combination
of Naval power democratic 

3261
03:01:11,500 --> 03:01:15,000
ideals, and cultural 
sophistication was now just 

3262
03:01:15,000 --> 03:01:19,900
another Mediterranean city state
important, but no longer 

3263
03:01:19,900 --> 03:01:23,900
exceptional in this context. 
Plato's mind might naturally 

3264
03:01:23,900 --> 03:01:27,800
turn to question about rise and 
fall about whether greatness can

3265
03:01:27,800 --> 03:01:31,200
be sustained or whether it 
contains the seeds of its own 

3266
03:01:31,200 --> 03:01:34,600
destruction. 
These were abstract 

3267
03:01:34,600 --> 03:01:38,600
philosophical question for him, 
they were observations about his

3268
03:01:38,600 --> 03:01:42,300
own societies. 
Trajectory Athens had been great

3269
03:01:42,300 --> 03:01:46,000
and was now diminished what 
lessons could be drawn from the 

3270
03:01:46,000 --> 03:01:48,700
experience. 
The Mediterranean world that 

3271
03:01:48,700 --> 03:01:52,600
Plato inhabits is one where the 
sea connects rather than divide.

3272
03:01:53,500 --> 03:01:56,500
From his vantage point in 
Athens, you can see how Maritime

3273
03:01:56,500 --> 03:02:00,500
trade creates webs of connection
linking cities around the entire

3274
03:02:00,500 --> 03:02:04,600
Mediterranean basin. 
Ships carry, not just cargo but 

3275
03:02:04,600 --> 03:02:08,800
also ideas stories and news of 
distant places. 

3276
03:02:09,800 --> 03:02:13,300
Sailors returned from voyages 
with Tales of strange lands 

3277
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:17,600
unusual customs and cities that 
excel in different Arts than 

3278
03:02:17,600 --> 03:02:19,700
Athens. 
Does this Maritime 

3279
03:02:19,700 --> 03:02:22,400
Consciousness? 
This awareness of a world much 

3280
03:02:22,400 --> 03:02:26,200
larger than one's own City 
Permeates Greek thinking in ways

3281
03:02:26,200 --> 03:02:28,400
that might not be immediately 
obvious to us. 

3282
03:02:29,700 --> 03:02:32,700
When Plato imagines Atlantis, he
places it in the ocean, 

3283
03:02:32,700 --> 03:02:35,200
specifically beyond the pillars 
of Hercules. 

3284
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:38,700
What we now call the Strait of 
Gibraltar in the vast, Atlantic 

3285
03:02:38,700 --> 03:02:41,900
that Greeks regarded with a 
mixture of Fascination and 

3286
03:02:41,900 --> 03:02:46,500
trepidation The Mediterranean 
was their Pond yet. 

3287
03:02:46,500 --> 03:02:49,200
Atlantic was something more 
mysterious, a realm of 

3288
03:02:49,208 --> 03:02:52,100
possibility. 
Were anything might exist, Plato

3289
03:02:52,100 --> 03:02:54,200
himself. 
Probably never traveled far by 

3290
03:02:54,200 --> 03:02:58,300
sea his voyages to Sicily to 
advise the Tyrant of Syracuse 

3291
03:02:58,300 --> 03:03:00,200
were about, as adventurous as he
got. 

3292
03:03:00,200 --> 03:03:03,700
And those trips were motivated 
by his hope of implementing 

3293
03:03:03,700 --> 03:03:08,200
philosophical governance in a 
real city rather than any desire

3294
03:03:08,200 --> 03:03:12,400
for maritime Adventure. 
But like most educated Greeks, 

3295
03:03:12,400 --> 03:03:14,900
he would have absorbed. 
Countless stories from 

3296
03:03:14,900 --> 03:03:19,500
Travelers, Traders and returning
Sailors about distant lands and 

3297
03:03:19,500 --> 03:03:23,500
unusual people's the physical 
experience of being by the sea, 

3298
03:03:23,500 --> 03:03:26,400
in ancient Greece, would have 
been quite different from our 

3299
03:03:26,400 --> 03:03:30,600
modern Beach vacations. 
The Mediterranean isn't the 

3300
03:03:30,608 --> 03:03:32,900
gentle tourist friendly? 
Body of water. 

3301
03:03:32,900 --> 03:03:36,000
It often appears to be in 
contemporary photographs. 

3302
03:03:36,900 --> 03:03:40,800
It can turn violent with 
stunning speed transforming from

3303
03:03:40,800 --> 03:03:43,900
glassy. 
Calm to White capped Fury in the

3304
03:03:43,900 --> 03:03:45,600
time. 
It takes to finish a meal. 

3305
03:03:46,700 --> 03:03:48,600
Greek Sailors, respected, and 
feared. 

3306
03:03:48,600 --> 03:03:52,100
The sea in equal measure seeing 
it as a realm, where human 

3307
03:03:52,100 --> 03:03:55,000
control was always provisional a
Nature's power. 

3308
03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:58,000
Absolute this relationship with 
Maritime. 

3309
03:03:58,000 --> 03:04:00,600
Unpredictability would have 
influenced how Greeks thought 

3310
03:04:00,600 --> 03:04:04,600
about civilization itself. 
Cities could rise and fall as 

3311
03:04:04,600 --> 03:04:08,300
quickly as storms could appear. 
Trading networks, that seemed 

3312
03:04:08,300 --> 03:04:12,600
permanent could be disrupted by 
piracy war or shifts in 

3313
03:04:12,600 --> 03:04:16,800
political power. 
The sea connected people, but 

3314
03:04:16,800 --> 03:04:18,900
also reminded them of their 
vulnerability. 

3315
03:04:20,500 --> 03:04:23,900
An island civilization. 
However, powerful would always 

3316
03:04:23,900 --> 03:04:26,200
be subject to forces Beyond its 
control. 

3317
03:04:26,200 --> 03:04:30,200
Plato's decision to set his 
imaginary civilization on an 

3318
03:04:30,200 --> 03:04:34,400
island, then isn't arbitrary? 
Islands are naturally bounded, 

3319
03:04:34,400 --> 03:04:38,200
finite spaces, where social 
organization Can Be Imagined in 

3320
03:04:38,208 --> 03:04:41,200
its complete form. 
There are also inherently 

3321
03:04:41,200 --> 03:04:45,700
fragile dependent on Maritime 
connections for survival and 

3322
03:04:45,700 --> 03:04:48,400
vulnerable to Naval attack or 
natural disaster. 

3323
03:04:48,400 --> 03:04:51,000
An island. 
Civilization is a perfect 

3324
03:04:51,000 --> 03:04:54,100
setting for exploring questions 
about the sustainability of 

3325
03:04:54,100 --> 03:04:57,800
power and the relationship 
between human ambition and 

3326
03:04:57,800 --> 03:05:00,900
natural limits, as you drift 
deeper towards sleep. 

3327
03:05:00,900 --> 03:05:05,300
Imagine yourself in Plato's 
position an elderly thinker 

3328
03:05:05,300 --> 03:05:08,200
reflecting on your life's work 
on the society. 

3329
03:05:08,200 --> 03:05:12,000
That raised you and on the gap 
between ideal vision and actual 

3330
03:05:12,000 --> 03:05:15,600
human behavior. 
What story would you tell to 

3331
03:05:15,600 --> 03:05:17,400
capture everything? 
You've learned about how 

3332
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:22,000
civilization succeed and fail? 
What details would you include 

3333
03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:23,700
to make your philosophical 
points? 

3334
03:05:23,700 --> 03:05:28,200
Feel real lived and experienced 
rather than merely theorized. 

3335
03:05:28,200 --> 03:05:32,300
This is the mindset from which 
Atlantis emerges, not as 

3336
03:05:32,300 --> 03:05:35,700
historical reporting, but as 
philosophical teaching clothed 

3337
03:05:35,700 --> 03:05:40,100
in narrative, form designed to 
make abstract ideas concrete and

3338
03:05:40,100 --> 03:05:43,200
memorable. 
Plato's about to create a story.

3339
03:05:43,200 --> 03:05:47,600
So vivid so detailed. 
So convincing that people will 

3340
03:05:47,600 --> 03:05:51,200
still be looking for Atlantis 
more than two Millennia after he

3341
03:05:51,200 --> 03:05:54,700
writes it, Despite his never 
claiming it was anything more 

3342
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:58,000
than an illustrative Tale. 
The Atlantis that Plato 

3343
03:05:58,000 --> 03:06:01,900
describes emerges in layers, 
like a painting, being completed

3344
03:06:01,900 --> 03:06:06,000
detail by careful detail. 
Each brushstroke adding depth to

3345
03:06:06,000 --> 03:06:09,000
the overall vision. 
He doesn't simply announce that 

3346
03:06:09,000 --> 03:06:12,300
a great civilization once 
existed, he builds it before 

3347
03:06:12,300 --> 03:06:15,100
your mind's eye, with the kind 
of specificity that makes 

3348
03:06:15,100 --> 03:06:19,000
imagination feel like memory 
begin with the geography because

3349
03:06:19,000 --> 03:06:23,300
that's where Plato starts. 
Atlantis sits in the Atlantic 

3350
03:06:23,300 --> 03:06:26,700
Ocean, beyond the pillars of 
Hercules positioned when no 

3351
03:06:26,700 --> 03:06:28,900
Greek ship would venture in 
Plato's time. 

3352
03:06:29,700 --> 03:06:33,700
The island itself is larger than
Libya and Asia combined which in

3353
03:06:33,700 --> 03:06:35,600
Greek gear, graphical, 
understanding means it 

3354
03:06:35,600 --> 03:06:39,600
absolutely massive. 
A continental land mass rather 

3355
03:06:39,600 --> 03:06:43,700
than a mere Island. 
Already Plato is signaling that 

3356
03:06:43,700 --> 03:06:45,900
this is a story operating on a 
grand scale. 

3357
03:06:45,900 --> 03:06:49,600
Dealing with a civilization, 
whose physical size matches its 

3358
03:06:49,600 --> 03:06:53,300
cultural Ambitions, the islands 
landscape features, a large 

3359
03:06:53,300 --> 03:06:56,600
coastal, plain rectangular and 
shape, and surrounded by 

3360
03:06:56,608 --> 03:06:58,900
mountains that shelter at from 
northern winds. 

3361
03:06:59,700 --> 03:07:03,100
These mountains are Barren Rock 
faces, but a rich with forests, 

3362
03:07:03,100 --> 03:07:05,700
Villages, and streams that feed 
the plane below. 

3363
03:07:07,000 --> 03:07:12,900
The plane itself measures about 
330, by 220, Mi Plato gives 

3364
03:07:12,900 --> 03:07:16,300
precise measurements. 
The kind of specificity that 

3365
03:07:16,300 --> 03:07:19,500
lends credibility to the 
description and through this 

3366
03:07:19,500 --> 03:07:23,000
plane Engineers, have cut a 
channel, connecting the coast to

3367
03:07:23,000 --> 03:07:26,400
a circular series of waterways 
at the center of the island at 

3368
03:07:26,400 --> 03:07:29,200
the island. 
Heart sits the capital city, and

3369
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:32,500
here, Plato's description, to 
become almost architectural in 

3370
03:07:32,500 --> 03:07:36,100
its precision. 
Picture concentric circles of 

3371
03:07:36,108 --> 03:07:40,300
alternating water and land like 
a Target pattern, visible from 

3372
03:07:40,300 --> 03:07:43,200
above. 
Central island measures about 

3373
03:07:43,200 --> 03:07:46,600
five stadium in diameter. 
Roughly half a mile. 

3374
03:07:47,400 --> 03:07:51,500
And on this elevated Center sit 
the Royal Palace and the temples

3375
03:07:51,500 --> 03:07:54,200
of Poseidon and cleito the 
Divine. 

3376
03:07:54,200 --> 03:07:57,000
And mortar ancestors of the 
Atlantean, Royal Line 

3377
03:07:57,000 --> 03:08:00,600
surrounding the central island 
are alternating rings of water 

3378
03:08:00,600 --> 03:08:02,700
and land, each precisely 
measured. 

3379
03:08:03,400 --> 03:08:06,200
The rings of water serve as both
defensive moats, and 

3380
03:08:06,200 --> 03:08:09,700
transportation channels, 
connected by tunnels, large 

3381
03:08:09,700 --> 03:08:13,100
enough to allow ships to pass 
from the outer ocean through to 

3382
03:08:13,100 --> 03:08:16,400
the innermost Harbor. 
The rings of land feature. 

3383
03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:19,900
Walls covered in Precious 
Metals, brass on the outer wall,

3384
03:08:19,900 --> 03:08:23,800
tin on the middle wall and a 
mysterious metal called Oracle 

3385
03:08:23,800 --> 03:08:27,200
on the innermost wall, which 
glows with a ruddy light, like 

3386
03:08:27,200 --> 03:08:29,900
fire. 
This is the part where Plato's 

3387
03:08:29,900 --> 03:08:32,600
imagination for detail becomes 
almost overwhelming. 

3388
03:08:33,500 --> 03:08:37,100
He describes Bridges, connecting
the land, Rings underground, 

3389
03:08:37,100 --> 03:08:40,800
passages, allowing ships to move
between the circular harbors and

3390
03:08:40,800 --> 03:08:44,000
a sophisticated system of docks 
and Naval facilities. 

3391
03:08:44,000 --> 03:08:46,300
That would make. 
Even our modern Port planners 

3392
03:08:46,300 --> 03:08:49,100
envious. 
The engineering required to 

3393
03:08:49,100 --> 03:08:53,100
create such a city would be 
staggering Excavating millions 

3394
03:08:53,100 --> 03:08:56,200
of tons of Earth. 
Constructing, massive retaining 

3395
03:08:56,200 --> 03:08:59,900
walls, managing, water flow 
between the circular channels 

3396
03:08:59,900 --> 03:09:03,200
and maintaining the structural 
Integrity of an entire 

3397
03:09:03,200 --> 03:09:06,600
artificial landscape but Plato 
isn't finished with his 

3398
03:09:06,600 --> 03:09:10,200
architectural vision. he 
describes the Temple's in detail

3399
03:09:10,200 --> 03:09:13,600
as suggests his thought, deeply 
about what buildings in an ideal

3400
03:09:13,600 --> 03:09:17,400
civilization would look like The
Temple of Poseidon features a 

3401
03:09:17,408 --> 03:09:21,700
roof adorned with Ivory walls, 
plated with Silva and a golden 

3402
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:25,200
statue of the Sea, Gods standing
in a chariot pulled by winged 

3403
03:09:25,200 --> 03:09:28,000
horses. 
So tall it touches the temple. 

3404
03:09:28,000 --> 03:09:32,500
Sealing Around the temple, a 
golden statues of the original 

3405
03:09:32,500 --> 03:09:36,100
10 Kings of Atlantis and their 
wives along with many other 

3406
03:09:36,100 --> 03:09:39,000
offerings that speak to the 
wealth and pirate of Atlanta and

3407
03:09:39,000 --> 03:09:41,600
Society. 
The city includes Hot and Cold 

3408
03:09:41,600 --> 03:09:44,500
Springs. 
Convenient for bathing which 

3409
03:09:44,500 --> 03:09:48,400
Greeks considered essential to 
civilize Life, along with a 

3410
03:09:48,400 --> 03:09:51,100
labyrinth bathhouses for common 
citizens, and separate 

3411
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:54,800
facilities for royalty. 
There are gymnasia for athletic 

3412
03:09:54,800 --> 03:09:58,300
training racecourses for horses 
and Gardens. 

3413
03:09:58,300 --> 03:10:01,300
That suggests atlanteans 
appreciated Beauty as much as 

3414
03:10:01,300 --> 03:10:04,700
functionality. 
The attention to public. 

3415
03:10:04,700 --> 03:10:07,900
Amenities indicates a 
civilization, that valued its 

3416
03:10:07,900 --> 03:10:11,300
citizens, well-being, and 
understood, that great societies

3417
03:10:11,300 --> 03:10:14,700
require more than military. 
Might moving beyond the Central 

3418
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:17,100
City. 
Plato describes the broad island

3419
03:10:17,100 --> 03:10:21,500
with equal attention to detail. 
The rectangular plane is divided

3420
03:10:21,500 --> 03:10:26,000
into 60,000 sections, each 
measuring about 10, stadia 

3421
03:10:26,000 --> 03:10:28,300
square. 
And each section is responsible 

3422
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:32,100
for providing one military unit 
to the Kingdom's Defense Forces,

3423
03:10:32,100 --> 03:10:36,300
this level of administrative 
organization, keeping track of 

3424
03:10:36,300 --> 03:10:39,900
thousands of districts managing 
their contributions 

3425
03:10:39,900 --> 03:10:42,000
coordinating. 
Their military obligations 

3426
03:10:42,000 --> 03:10:46,300
suggests, a bureaucratic 
sophistication that Rivals. 

3427
03:10:46,300 --> 03:10:49,800
Any ancient empire. 
The planes fertility is 

3428
03:10:49,800 --> 03:10:54,000
legendary and Plato's telling it
produces two Harvest annually, 

3429
03:10:54,000 --> 03:10:57,300
watered by winter rains. 
And summer irrigation from 

3430
03:10:57,300 --> 03:10:59,600
streams flowing down from the 
mountains. 

3431
03:11:00,400 --> 03:11:04,200
The irrigation system itself is 
a Marvel of engineering, a 

3432
03:11:04,200 --> 03:11:06,200
network of channels cutting 
across the plane. 

3433
03:11:06,200 --> 03:11:09,800
At regular intervals, allowing 
water to be distributed wherever

3434
03:11:09,800 --> 03:11:13,300
crops needed any farmer reading.
Plato's description would 

3435
03:11:13,300 --> 03:11:16,300
recognize the kind of 
coordinated labor and long-term 

3436
03:11:16,300 --> 03:11:19,400
planning such as system would 
require Beyond agriculture. 

3437
03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:23,400
Atlantis excels in every form of
production and crafts. 

3438
03:11:24,300 --> 03:11:27,800
The mountains provide timber for
shipbuilding, not just ordinary 

3439
03:11:27,800 --> 03:11:31,800
wood, but varieties suited to 
different purposes chosen by 

3440
03:11:31,800 --> 03:11:34,400
skilled Foresters who understand
their materials. 

3441
03:11:35,900 --> 03:11:40,400
Mine is yield precious metals in
such abundance that orichalcum 

3442
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:43,400
which Plato describes a second, 
only to gold in value. 

3443
03:11:44,000 --> 03:11:47,300
Can be used as decorative 
plating on walls and buildings. 

3444
03:11:48,100 --> 03:11:50,600
Craftsman. 
Work in every medium, Stone 

3445
03:11:50,600 --> 03:11:55,300
metal wood textiles producing 
Goods that blend utility with 

3446
03:11:55,300 --> 03:11:57,700
beauty. 
The islands fauna includes 

3447
03:11:57,700 --> 03:12:01,200
everything from domestic animals
to elephants, which Plato 

3448
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:03,800
specifically mentioned to 
emphasize the islands, 

3449
03:12:03,800 --> 03:12:05,900
extraordinary, diversity and 
richness. 

3450
03:12:07,400 --> 03:12:10,200
This detail always strikes 
readers as either charmingly 

3451
03:12:10,200 --> 03:12:14,100
naive or brilliantly strategic, 
depending on whether they think,

3452
03:12:14,100 --> 03:12:16,800
Plato believed elephants 
actually lived in the Atlantic 

3453
03:12:16,800 --> 03:12:21,300
or was intentionally including 
an exotic detail to underscore 

3454
03:12:21,300 --> 03:12:24,400
how different this civilization 
was from anything in the Greek 

3455
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:26,800
World. 
Plato also describes the 

3456
03:12:26,800 --> 03:12:29,500
Atlantean diet with the kind of 
attention that suggests. 

3457
03:12:29,500 --> 03:12:32,000
He thought about what an ideal 
society would eat. 

3458
03:12:32,800 --> 03:12:37,000
They have fruits and Grains 
roots and herbs wine and oils 

3459
03:12:37,000 --> 03:12:40,600
everything necessary. 
Not just for survival, but for 

3460
03:12:40,600 --> 03:12:43,600
the kind of sophisticated 
Cuisine that Greeks associated 

3461
03:12:43,600 --> 03:12:47,600
with civilized living, The 
mention of specific agricultural

3462
03:12:47,600 --> 03:12:51,900
products grounds, the story and 
physical reality, making 

3463
03:12:51,900 --> 03:12:56,000
Atlantis feel like a place where
actual people lived actual lives

3464
03:12:56,000 --> 03:13:00,300
rather than an abstract 
philosophical construct, the 

3465
03:13:00,300 --> 03:13:03,100
political organization of 
Atlantis reflects Plato's 

3466
03:13:03,100 --> 03:13:06,300
philosophical interests, while 
avoiding the kind of rigid 

3467
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:08,000
structure. 
He proposed in the Republic. 

3468
03:13:09,100 --> 03:13:13,200
Ten Kings rule, the island each 
descended from one of Poseidon's

3469
03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:16,700
Sons by the Mortal woman. 
Clayto, These Kings govern their

3470
03:13:16,700 --> 03:13:19,300
own territories but meet 
regularly to make decisions 

3471
03:13:19,300 --> 03:13:21,200
affecting the entire 
civilization. 

3472
03:13:22,400 --> 03:13:25,600
Their laws are inscribed on a 
pillar of Oracle in the temple 

3473
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:29,700
of Poseidon and before making 
any significant decision, the 

3474
03:13:29,700 --> 03:13:33,100
king's performance, elaborate 
ritual involving the sacrifice 

3475
03:13:33,100 --> 03:13:37,200
of a bull chosen without weapons
implying, some sort of 

3476
03:13:37,200 --> 03:13:40,900
consensual selection that hints 
at the king's Divine connection.

3477
03:13:40,900 --> 03:13:44,300
This political structure is 
interesting because it combines 

3478
03:13:44,300 --> 03:13:47,100
monarchy with something like 
federalism. 

3479
03:13:47,100 --> 03:13:50,500
Recognizing that large 
territories, might be better 

3480
03:13:50,500 --> 03:13:53,800
governed by distributed 
Authority than by a single 

3481
03:13:53,800 --> 03:13:58,000
centralized power. 
The regular meetings of the king

3482
03:13:58,000 --> 03:14:00,500
suggest Plato imagines Atlantis 
as having developed 

3483
03:14:00,500 --> 03:14:04,500
sophisticated protocols for 
collective decision, making ways

3484
03:14:04,500 --> 03:14:07,400
of balancing different Regional 
interests while maintaining 

3485
03:14:07,400 --> 03:14:11,600
overall Unity, the military 
organization receives detailed 

3486
03:14:11,600 --> 03:14:15,100
attention as well. 
Each of the 60,000 districts on 

3487
03:14:15,100 --> 03:14:17,300
the plane provides specific 
military. 

3488
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:23,200
Resources infantry Cavalry 
chariots Sailors, creating an 

3489
03:14:23,200 --> 03:14:26,600
Army and Navy of enormous size. 
Plato. 

3490
03:14:26,600 --> 03:14:29,900
Calculates, the total military 
strength with mathematical 

3491
03:14:29,900 --> 03:14:33,600
Precision, giving exact numbers 
for different types of units. 

3492
03:14:34,400 --> 03:14:36,800
The Navy alone requires one to 
200 ships. 

3493
03:14:36,800 --> 03:14:41,000
Each crewed by train Sailors. 
Suggesting both the maritime 

3494
03:14:41,000 --> 03:14:45,100
focus of Atlantean civilization 
and the logistical complexity of

3495
03:14:45,100 --> 03:14:48,600
maintaining such a force but 
perhaps most revealing as what 

3496
03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:51,400
Plato says about Atlantean 
culture and values. 

3497
03:14:52,400 --> 03:14:55,500
For many generations. 
He tells us the atlanteans 

3498
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:59,500
remain true to their Divine 
ancestry, valuing wisdom over 

3499
03:14:59,500 --> 03:15:02,600
wealth and treating their 
prosperity as a trust to be 

3500
03:15:02,608 --> 03:15:05,000
managed rather than a resource 
to be exploited. 

3501
03:15:06,100 --> 03:15:09,100
They lived according to laws 
that prioritized Justice and 

3502
03:15:09,100 --> 03:15:11,500
Collective well-being, over 
individual gain. 

3503
03:15:12,400 --> 03:15:15,700
This golden age of Atlantean 
civilization represented, the 

3504
03:15:15,708 --> 03:15:19,300
ideal Society made manifest. 
Not perfect. 

3505
03:15:20,700 --> 03:15:24,500
Fiction doesn't exist in the 
physical world but as close to 

3506
03:15:24,500 --> 03:15:27,800
the ideal forms, as human 
civilization, might actually 

3507
03:15:27,800 --> 03:15:31,800
achieve the physical details 
play to provide the precise 

3508
03:15:31,800 --> 03:15:35,400
measurements, the specific 
materials, the calculated 

3509
03:15:35,400 --> 03:15:38,900
military strengths all serve a 
philosophical purpose. 

3510
03:15:39,700 --> 03:15:42,200
They make Atlantis feel real 
enough to believe in while 

3511
03:15:42,200 --> 03:15:45,300
demonstrating what a 
civilization organized around. 

3512
03:15:45,300 --> 03:15:46,900
Right. 
Principles might actually 

3513
03:15:46,900 --> 03:15:50,100
accomplish the engineering 
Marvels show what becomes 

3514
03:15:50,100 --> 03:15:53,700
possible when human intelligence
is directed toward Collective, 

3515
03:15:53,700 --> 03:15:56,900
flourishing rather than 
individual or grand eyes when 

3516
03:15:57,800 --> 03:16:00,300
The administrative 
sophistication demonstrates. 

3517
03:16:00,300 --> 03:16:02,900
What Justice looks like when 
implemented through practical 

3518
03:16:02,900 --> 03:16:05,100
governance, rather than abstract
theorizing. 

3519
03:16:05,100 --> 03:16:08,800
As you let these images settle 
into your mind like sediment 

3520
03:16:08,800 --> 03:16:12,200
drifting down through water. 
Notice how Plato's Atlantis 

3521
03:16:12,200 --> 03:16:14,900
combines Grandeur with human 
scale. 

3522
03:16:15,700 --> 03:16:20,400
Yes, the city is massive and the
civilization is powerful, but 

3523
03:16:20,400 --> 03:16:24,300
it's also a place where people 
bathe in public bars in 

3524
03:16:24,300 --> 03:16:27,600
gymnasia, grow crops and 
Gathering temples. 

3525
03:16:28,500 --> 03:16:32,200
It's not an alien world but a 
human one, just organized. 

3526
03:16:32,200 --> 03:16:34,200
According to better principles 
than the Greeks. 

3527
03:16:34,200 --> 03:16:38,300
Managed in their actual cities. 
This is the world Plato imagined

3528
03:16:38,300 --> 03:16:41,900
wealthy, but not decadent 
powerful, but not tyrannical 

3529
03:16:41,900 --> 03:16:46,000
sophisticated, but not corrupt, 
at least not yet. 

3530
03:16:47,100 --> 03:16:50,600
Because the story of Atlantis 
isn't ultimately about sustained

3531
03:16:50,600 --> 03:16:53,700
Perfection but about the 
impossibility of maintaining it,

3532
03:16:53,700 --> 03:16:57,500
the transformation of Atlantis 
from ideal civilization to 

3533
03:16:57,500 --> 03:17:00,500
cautionary, tale happens. 
Gradually in Plato's telling 

3534
03:17:00,500 --> 03:17:04,700
like watching fruit ripen and 
then spoil in slow motion. 

3535
03:17:05,900 --> 03:17:08,600
This isn't a dramatic collapse 
triggered by a single 

3536
03:17:08,600 --> 03:17:11,700
catastrophic event at least not 
initially. 

3537
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:16,000
Instead, it's a quiet 
deterioration of character that 

3538
03:17:16,000 --> 03:17:19,200
eventually calls down disaster 
as its natural consequence, 

3539
03:17:19,200 --> 03:17:22,600
Plato describes. 
How over many generations, the 

3540
03:17:22,600 --> 03:17:26,700
Divine element in Atlanta in 
nature became diluted Mixed 

3541
03:17:26,700 --> 03:17:29,200
repeatedly with Mortal 
characteristics, through 

3542
03:17:29,200 --> 03:17:33,000
generations of reproduction. 
The Divine spark that had made 

3543
03:17:33,000 --> 03:17:36,100
the original atlanteans wise and
temperate, grew faint and 

3544
03:17:36,100 --> 03:17:40,000
fainted, like a signal degrading
as it travels further from its 

3545
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:43,000
source. 
This isn't about genetics in the

3546
03:17:43,008 --> 03:17:45,900
modern sense, but about 
spiritual and moral inheritance.

3547
03:17:46,700 --> 03:17:49,300
The idea that Excellence of 
character must be actively 

3548
03:17:49,300 --> 03:17:53,200
maintained or inevitably 
declines, the visible symptoms 

3549
03:17:53,200 --> 03:17:56,100
of this moral deterioration. 
Appear. 

3550
03:17:56,100 --> 03:17:59,300
First, in changing attitude, 
toward wealth and power. 

3551
03:18:00,500 --> 03:18:03,200
Where earlier generations of 
atlanteans are viewed their 

3552
03:18:03,200 --> 03:18:07,700
prosperity as a sacred trust 
later generations began treating

3553
03:18:07,700 --> 03:18:10,000
it, as personal property to be 
enjoyed. 

3554
03:18:11,700 --> 03:18:16,100
Disbanded. the metals that once 
plated walls as offering to Gods

3555
03:18:16,100 --> 03:18:20,100
became symbols of personal 
status, The agricultural 

3556
03:18:20,100 --> 03:18:23,600
abundance that had fed everyone,
well became a means of 

3557
03:18:23,608 --> 03:18:27,100
accumulating Surplus wealth. 
That could be converted into 

3558
03:18:27,100 --> 03:18:29,700
political influence. 
You can imagine how this 

3559
03:18:29,700 --> 03:18:32,400
transformation might have felt 
to an observant atlante and 

3560
03:18:32,408 --> 03:18:35,000
living through it. 
Like watching your neighborhood 

3561
03:18:35,000 --> 03:18:38,200
slowly change character as 
different priorities. 

3562
03:18:38,200 --> 03:18:42,400
Take hold The old family who 
remembered the Traditional 

3563
03:18:42,400 --> 03:18:43,900
Values would notice. 
First? 

3564
03:18:43,900 --> 03:18:47,500
Younger Generations, seemed less
interested in maintaining the 

3565
03:18:47,500 --> 03:18:51,300
temples and more focused on 
expanding their personal estate.

3566
03:18:52,300 --> 03:18:55,500
Conversations at public bath, 
gradually shifted from 

3567
03:18:55,500 --> 03:18:59,100
philosophical discussions to 
comparisons of wealth and 

3568
03:18:59,100 --> 03:19:02,900
achievement. 
The gymnasia once places where 

3569
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:06,000
citizens developed their bodies,
as temples of divine Spirit 

3570
03:19:06,000 --> 03:19:09,800
became venues for competitive 
display military. 

3571
03:19:09,800 --> 03:19:13,700
Ambition provides another 
symptom of Atlantean decline the

3572
03:19:13,700 --> 03:19:16,100
Navy and army that had been 
maintained for defensive 

3573
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:19,100
purposes and to ensure Justice 
within their sphere of 

3574
03:19:19,108 --> 03:19:22,800
influence, began to be seen as 
tools for expansion and 

3575
03:19:22,800 --> 03:19:25,000
Conquest. 
Plato. 

3576
03:19:25,000 --> 03:19:28,500
Describes how atlanteans began 
subjugating other people's 

3577
03:19:28,500 --> 03:19:31,900
extending their control beyond 
their Island to Coastal 

3578
03:19:31,900 --> 03:19:33,500
territories around the 
Mediterranean. 

3579
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:38,700
A Concord Libya as far as Egypt 
and Europe as far as taurine. 

3580
03:19:39,600 --> 03:19:42,400
Essentially dominating the 
entire Western Mediterranean 

3581
03:19:42,400 --> 03:19:46,700
Basin, this Imperial expansion 
represents more than just 

3582
03:19:46,700 --> 03:19:50,200
territorial ambition. 
And it signals a fundamental 

3583
03:19:50,200 --> 03:19:53,800
shift in Atlanta and 
self-understanding. instead of 

3584
03:19:53,808 --> 03:19:57,500
seeing themselves as stewards of
an ideal society that might 

3585
03:19:57,500 --> 03:20:01,200
Inspire others, through its 
example, they began viewing this

3586
03:20:01,200 --> 03:20:04,900
civilization as Superior in ways
that justified dominating 

3587
03:20:04,900 --> 03:20:08,600
inferior people's The 
philosophical commitment to 

3588
03:20:08,600 --> 03:20:12,300
Justice, became subordinated, to
the Practical exercise of power.

3589
03:20:13,300 --> 03:20:15,900
Might began to make right in 
ways that would have horrified 

3590
03:20:15,900 --> 03:20:18,300
earlier generations of Atlantean
thinkers. 

3591
03:20:19,200 --> 03:20:21,700
The Civic trigger for Atlantis 
is Ultimate Destruction. 

3592
03:20:21,700 --> 03:20:25,800
Comes when they decide to attack
Athens or rather an ancient 

3593
03:20:25,800 --> 03:20:30,600
Athens that existed 9,000 years 
before Plato's time back, when 

3594
03:20:30,600 --> 03:20:33,400
the Mediterranean world was 
supposedly very different from 

3595
03:20:33,400 --> 03:20:37,500
the one he inhabits This detail 
is important because it connects

3596
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:40,100
Plato's Atlantis, story to 
Athenian Glory. 

3597
03:20:40,100 --> 03:20:43,700
Making Athens the city that 
stood against Atlantean 

3598
03:20:43,700 --> 03:20:47,300
imperialism and won Plato's 
account of this conflict is 

3599
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:50,700
brief and what frustrating for 
anyone hoping for detailed 

3600
03:20:50,700 --> 03:20:54,900
battle description. 
He tells us that Athens despite 

3601
03:20:54,900 --> 03:20:58,800
being smaller and less wealthy 
than Atlantis successfully, 

3602
03:20:58,800 --> 03:21:02,100
resisted the Atlantean Invasion 
through a combination of 

3603
03:21:02,100 --> 03:21:06,100
Courage, Superior political 
organization and commitment to 

3604
03:21:06,100 --> 03:21:09,000
Justice. 
The Athenians embodied the 

3605
03:21:09,000 --> 03:21:12,200
virtues that atlanteans had lost
they fought. 

3606
03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:17,700
Not for Conquest but for Freedom
not to dominate but to preserve 

3607
03:21:17,700 --> 03:21:20,700
their way of life. 
This reversal is philosophically

3608
03:21:20,700 --> 03:21:24,400
significant it demonstrates that
moral Excellence provides 

3609
03:21:24,400 --> 03:21:28,900
advantages, that material power 
cannot overcome that adjust City

3610
03:21:28,900 --> 03:21:31,600
organized around right 
principles can defeat a 

3611
03:21:31,600 --> 03:21:34,800
wealthier larger more 
technologically advanced 

3612
03:21:34,800 --> 03:21:37,800
opponent if that opponent has 
lost touch with the virtues that

3613
03:21:37,800 --> 03:21:41,500
originally made it great. 
Its Plato's way of suggesting 

3614
03:21:41,500 --> 03:21:45,300
that Athens in his own time, 
might yet recover greatness, if 

3615
03:21:45,300 --> 03:21:48,300
it returns to the values that 
made it exceptional during its 

3616
03:21:48,300 --> 03:21:51,300
golden age, but the military 
defeat isn't the end of 

3617
03:21:51,308 --> 03:21:56,000
Atlanta's that comes from nature
itself from forces so much more 

3618
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:58,800
powerful than human armies. 
That military might become 

3619
03:21:58,800 --> 03:22:01,800
irrelevant. 
After the conflict with Athens, 

3620
03:22:01,800 --> 03:22:05,400
Plato tells us, they came a 
single day and night of violent,

3621
03:22:05,400 --> 03:22:09,500
earthquake, and floods. 
The entire civilization 

3622
03:22:09,500 --> 03:22:13,400
disappeared beneath the waves 
swallowed by the ocean that had 

3623
03:22:13,408 --> 03:22:17,600
once been its Highway for trade 
and Conquest, the destruction is

3624
03:22:17,600 --> 03:22:20,900
complete and total. 
The circular Harbors that had 

3625
03:22:20,900 --> 03:22:24,800
taken generations to construct 
fill with seawater and sediment.

3626
03:22:25,900 --> 03:22:29,500
Palace walls plated with 
precious metals sink Beyond 

3627
03:22:29,500 --> 03:22:33,500
human reach the temples where 
Bulls had been sacrificed and 

3628
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:37,500
laws solemnly proclaimed 
collapse under waves, that 

3629
03:22:37,500 --> 03:22:42,700
recognize no human authority. 
The agricultural plain with its 

3630
03:22:42,700 --> 03:22:46,100
sophisticated irrigation 
channels, becomes an underwater 

3631
03:22:46,100 --> 03:22:48,500
landscape. 
Where fish swim over? 

3632
03:22:48,500 --> 03:22:52,300
What were once fields of grain, 
Plato emphasizes that after 

3633
03:22:52,300 --> 03:22:56,100
Atlantis sank, the ocean in that
region, became unnavigable full 

3634
03:22:56,100 --> 03:22:58,900
of mud and shallow Waters, that 
made passage impossible. 

3635
03:22:59,700 --> 03:23:01,800
This detail serves multiple 
purposes. 

3636
03:23:01,800 --> 03:23:03,300
It explains. 
Why? 

3637
03:23:03,300 --> 03:23:06,600
No one in Plato's time can find 
physical evidence of a Atlantis.

3638
03:23:06,600 --> 03:23:11,000
It's buried under Oceanic silt 
in an area ship's cannot reach. 

3639
03:23:12,100 --> 03:23:14,700
It also suggests that some 
transgressions against Natural 

3640
03:23:14,700 --> 03:23:17,800
order, leave permanent scars on 
the landscape itself. 

3641
03:23:18,900 --> 03:23:21,900
That the destruction of Atlantis
wasnt just punishment, but a 

3642
03:23:21,900 --> 03:23:24,600
kind of cosmic editing that 
removed the civilization. 

3643
03:23:24,600 --> 03:23:29,100
So completely it left only 
traces to faint to follow the 

3644
03:23:29,100 --> 03:23:33,500
gentle, almost quiet way, Plato 
describes this catastrophe, make

3645
03:23:33,500 --> 03:23:35,700
it more rather than less 
unsettling. 

3646
03:23:36,800 --> 03:23:38,600
There's no dramatic. 
Final battle. 

3647
03:23:38,600 --> 03:23:43,100
No heroic Last Stand and no 
opportunity for Redemption 

3648
03:23:43,100 --> 03:23:47,000
through courageous resistance. 
The earthquakes and floods 

3649
03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:51,000
simply come in different to 
Atlantean achievements, wealth 

3650
03:23:51,000 --> 03:23:54,800
or power. 
Nature reasserts its Primacy 

3651
03:23:54,800 --> 03:23:58,800
over human, pretensions with a 
finality that leaves no room for

3652
03:23:58,800 --> 03:24:01,900
appeals or second chances. 
What makes this ending 

3653
03:24:01,900 --> 03:24:05,000
particularly poignant, is that 
it comes just when Atlantis has 

3654
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:09,800
reached Peak power, The Empire 
is at its largest extent, its 

3655
03:24:09,800 --> 03:24:14,100
military at maximum strength. 
Its wealth seemingly Unlimited 

3656
03:24:15,200 --> 03:24:17,100
From a purely material 
standpoint. 

3657
03:24:17,100 --> 03:24:19,700
Atlantis is never been more 
successful. 

3658
03:24:21,000 --> 03:24:26,100
Success measured in conventional
terms territory, wealth power. 

3659
03:24:26,900 --> 03:24:29,800
Has become decoupled from the 
virtues that originally 

3660
03:24:29,800 --> 03:24:33,400
Justified and sustained that 
success the catastrophe 

3661
03:24:33,400 --> 03:24:37,200
functions in Plato's story as 
what we might Now call a systems

3662
03:24:37,200 --> 03:24:41,300
correction. when civilizations 
grow powerful enough to dominate

3663
03:24:41,300 --> 03:24:45,000
their Regional environment, they
sometimes forget, they remain 

3664
03:24:45,000 --> 03:24:48,400
embedded in larger natural 
systems that don't care about 

3665
03:24:48,400 --> 03:24:52,800
human hierarchies or ambitions, 
Atlantis is disappearance, 

3666
03:24:52,800 --> 03:24:56,700
beneath the waves is Plato's way
of saying that, no civilization,

3667
03:24:56,700 --> 03:25:01,100
however, Advanced or powerful 
can indefinitely, violate the 

3668
03:25:01,108 --> 03:25:04,000
principles that make flourishing
possible without eventually 

3669
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:07,900
facing consequences. 
As you let this image, settle an

3670
03:25:07,900 --> 03:25:10,900
entire civilization slipping 
beneath dark Waters. 

3671
03:25:10,900 --> 03:25:14,400
Its rings of Harbors filling 
with the ocean that once brought

3672
03:25:14,400 --> 03:25:18,300
it wealth, its temples and 
palaces becoming homes for fish 

3673
03:25:18,300 --> 03:25:21,700
and seaweed. 
Notice how Plato is transformed.

3674
03:25:21,700 --> 03:25:24,400
A philosophical argument into 
something visceral and 

3675
03:25:24,400 --> 03:25:27,500
memorable. 
Points about the relationship 

3676
03:25:27,500 --> 03:25:31,000
between virtue and 
sustainability, become the story

3677
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:34,000
of an island Empire that 
literally sinks under the weight

3678
03:25:34,000 --> 03:25:37,700
of its own moral failure. 
The Fall of Atlantis happens, 

3679
03:25:37,700 --> 03:25:41,400
both suddenly and slowly. 
Suddenly, in the sense that the 

3680
03:25:41,400 --> 03:25:45,800
final destruction comes in a day
and night, slowly in the moral 

3681
03:25:45,800 --> 03:25:47,800
deterioration. 
That makes destruction 

3682
03:25:47,800 --> 03:25:49,900
inevitable, unfolds across 
Generations. 

3683
03:25:50,800 --> 03:25:53,800
This double temporality. 
Reflects, how civilizational 

3684
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:58,000
collapse actually works the 
underlying cause is accumulate 

3685
03:25:58,000 --> 03:26:02,300
gradually often invisibly until 
some triggering event, reveals 

3686
03:26:02,300 --> 03:26:05,400
how fragile, the whole structure
is become Plato. 

3687
03:26:05,400 --> 03:26:09,000
Never explicitly Morales is 
about atlantis's destruction. 

3688
03:26:09,000 --> 03:26:13,600
He doesn't need to The story 
itself carries the philosophical

3689
03:26:13,600 --> 03:26:17,800
weight, demonstrating how 
Prosperity without wisdom power 

3690
03:26:17,800 --> 03:26:22,500
without Justice, an expansion 
Without Limits eventually called

3691
03:26:22,500 --> 03:26:25,800
down disaster. 
The sinking of Atlantis into the

3692
03:26:25,808 --> 03:26:29,300
ocean becomes a physical 
metaphor for what happens when 

3693
03:26:29,300 --> 03:26:34,100
civilizations sink into moral 
confusion, It disappear beneath 

3694
03:26:34,100 --> 03:26:35,500
forces. 
They once thought they 

3695
03:26:35,500 --> 03:26:39,700
controlled leaving only stories 
to Mark, where they stood now 

3696
03:26:39,700 --> 03:26:43,100
that the story has been told the
rise imagined and the full 

3697
03:26:43,100 --> 03:26:47,100
described we can step back and 
consider what Plato was actually

3698
03:26:47,100 --> 03:26:51,500
doing when he created Atlantis. 
Because this was never meant to 

3699
03:26:51,500 --> 03:26:53,800
be history, in the sense, we 
usually understand it. 

3700
03:26:53,800 --> 03:26:58,200
It was philosophy, dressed in 
narrative clothing, ideas, give 

3701
03:26:58,200 --> 03:27:00,900
him form through fictional 
geography and a Machinery 

3702
03:27:00,900 --> 03:27:03,800
catastrophe. 
The first thing to understand is

3703
03:27:03,800 --> 03:27:06,200
that Plato's audience would have
approached the story very 

3704
03:27:06,200 --> 03:27:09,300
differently than we do. 
Modern readers and counter 

3705
03:27:09,300 --> 03:27:12,000
Atlantis as an ancient mystery 
wandering. 

3706
03:27:12,000 --> 03:27:14,500
Whether such a place ever 
existed and searching for 

3707
03:27:14,500 --> 03:27:17,700
archaeological evidence, that 
might confirm or disprove the 

3708
03:27:17,700 --> 03:27:21,400
account, Ancient Greeks would 
have recognized immediately. 

3709
03:27:21,400 --> 03:27:23,200
The Plato was doing what he 
always did. 

3710
03:27:24,000 --> 03:27:26,700
Using story to make 
philosophical, arguments more 

3711
03:27:26,700 --> 03:27:29,800
Vivid, and memorable than 
abstract, reasoning alone. 

3712
03:27:29,800 --> 03:27:33,300
Could achieve think about how 
Plato typically argues in his 

3713
03:27:33,308 --> 03:27:35,900
dialogues. 
He rarely makes straightforward 

3714
03:27:35,900 --> 03:27:37,900
statements about truth or 
virtue. 

3715
03:27:37,900 --> 03:27:42,200
Instead he constructs elaborate 
thought experiments. 

3716
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:46,600
Extended analogies and 
hypothetical scenarios that let 

3717
03:27:46,600 --> 03:27:49,900
readers discover principles for 
themselves through imaginative 

3718
03:27:49,900 --> 03:27:53,100
engagement. 
The allegory of the cave doesn't

3719
03:27:53,100 --> 03:27:55,700
work because prisoners were 
actually chained in a cave 

3720
03:27:55,700 --> 03:27:59,900
watching Shadows, it works 
because the scenario illuminates

3721
03:27:59,900 --> 03:28:03,300
something true about knowledge 
and perception, Atlantis 

3722
03:28:03,300 --> 03:28:07,100
operates the same way the 
philosophical content embedded 

3723
03:28:07,100 --> 03:28:09,800
in the Atlantis story. 
Concerns, several of Plato's 

3724
03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:14,500
most persistent preoccupations 
First, there's the question of 

3725
03:28:14,500 --> 03:28:18,400
whether ideal Society can exist 
in the physical world or whether

3726
03:28:18,400 --> 03:28:21,800
Perfection remains eternally 
limited to the realm of forms. 

3727
03:28:22,900 --> 03:28:27,000
By creating Atlantis as a nearly
ideal society that existed. 

3728
03:28:27,000 --> 03:28:31,300
But didn't last Plato suggests 
that Excellence is achievable, 

3729
03:28:31,300 --> 03:28:35,600
but not sustainable. 
Human civilizations can approach

3730
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:38,400
the ideal but cannot permanently
embody it. 

3731
03:28:38,400 --> 03:28:42,300
This connects to a deeper 
pessimism of material, existence

3732
03:28:42,300 --> 03:28:45,300
that runs throughout Plato's 
mature philosophy. 

3733
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:50,300
The physical world in his view 
is always corrupted, by change 

3734
03:28:50,300 --> 03:28:53,400
Decay and the contamination of 
matter. 

3735
03:28:54,300 --> 03:28:58,700
Pure ideas exist, eternally and 
unchanging in some Transcendent 

3736
03:28:58,700 --> 03:29:02,500
realm, but when those ideas take
physical form, they become 

3737
03:29:02,500 --> 03:29:05,000
subject to time and 
deterioration. 

3738
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:10,000
Atlantis, embodies this 
principle even Divine wisdom 

3739
03:29:10,000 --> 03:29:13,700
dilutes across Generations. 
As the physical aspect of human 

3740
03:29:13,700 --> 03:29:17,900
nature dominate, the spiritual 
ones second, the Atlantis story 

3741
03:29:17,900 --> 03:29:20,800
illustrates the relationship 
between virtue and political 

3742
03:29:20,800 --> 03:29:23,500
success. 
Plato has been arguing 

3743
03:29:23,500 --> 03:29:26,200
throughout his career that 
Justice isn't just ethically, 

3744
03:29:26,200 --> 03:29:29,300
right? 
But practically effective that 

3745
03:29:29,300 --> 03:29:32,600
cities, organized around wisdom 
and Justice will flourish while 

3746
03:29:32,600 --> 03:29:35,100
those governed by ambition and 
Corruption will fail. 

3747
03:29:36,300 --> 03:29:39,700
Atlantis provides a case study 
demonstrating, this principle of

3748
03:29:39,700 --> 03:29:43,600
multiple Generations, showing 
both how virtue creates 

3749
03:29:43,600 --> 03:29:46,500
flourishing and how Vice leads 
to destruction. 

3750
03:29:46,500 --> 03:29:49,800
The timing of Atlanta's fall is 
significant here. 

3751
03:29:49,800 --> 03:29:53,200
They're destroyed not well, we 
can corrupt, but at the peak of 

3752
03:29:53,200 --> 03:29:56,500
their Imperial power, just after
conquering, much of the 

3753
03:29:56,500 --> 03:30:01,300
Mediterranean This suggests that
visible success measured in 

3754
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:05,300
conventional terms like wealth 
territory and military strength 

3755
03:30:05,300 --> 03:30:08,000
can mask. 
Underlying moral bankruptcy. 

3756
03:30:09,400 --> 03:30:12,800
Civilization can appear strong 
precisely when its most 

3757
03:30:12,800 --> 03:30:15,700
vulnerable. 
Because the very strength, it 

3758
03:30:15,700 --> 03:30:18,400
displays comes from having 
abandoned the principles that 

3759
03:30:18,400 --> 03:30:22,100
would make that strength. 
Sustainable third, Plato uses 

3760
03:30:22,100 --> 03:30:24,900
Atlantis, to explore, the 
relationship between human 

3761
03:30:24,900 --> 03:30:28,500
ambition and natural limits. 
The engineering marvels of 

3762
03:30:28,500 --> 03:30:32,600
Atlantean civilization, the 
circular Harbors irrigation 

3763
03:30:32,600 --> 03:30:35,000
systems, the massive 
architectural Works. 

3764
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:39,200
Demonstrate human capacity to 
reshape the physical world, 

3765
03:30:39,200 --> 03:30:43,200
according to rational plans, but
the final destruction by 

3766
03:30:43,200 --> 03:30:46,400
earthquake and flood reminds us.
That human power remains 

3767
03:30:46,400 --> 03:30:48,500
limited. 
That nature, ultimately 

3768
03:30:48,500 --> 03:30:51,500
constrains, what civilizations 
can achieve, no matter how 

3769
03:30:51,500 --> 03:30:54,600
sophisticated their technology 
becomes, this isn't 

3770
03:30:54,600 --> 03:30:57,800
anti-technology, or 
anti-progress in some simple 

3771
03:30:57,800 --> 03:31:01,500
scents Plato, clearly admires 
atlante and engineering and 

3772
03:31:01,500 --> 03:31:04,600
seized the practical application
of geometric and mathematical 

3773
03:31:04,600 --> 03:31:08,900
knowledge as properly human. 
But he's also insisting that 

3774
03:31:08,900 --> 03:31:12,500
technical capacity must be 
balanced by wisdom about 

3775
03:31:12,500 --> 03:31:16,000
appropriate ends and moral 
constraints on how power should 

3776
03:31:16,000 --> 03:31:20,000
be used. 
Technology without wisdom leads 

3777
03:31:20,000 --> 03:31:23,000
to the kind of Imperial 
overreach that cools down 

3778
03:31:23,000 --> 03:31:26,100
disaster. 
The comparison between Atlantis.

3779
03:31:26,100 --> 03:31:28,900
Ancient Athens serves additional
philosophical purposes. 

3780
03:31:28,900 --> 03:31:33,400
Athens in Plato's story is 
smaller, less wealthy, and 

3781
03:31:33,400 --> 03:31:37,300
technologically less advanced 
than Atlantis yet it 

3782
03:31:37,300 --> 03:31:40,800
successfully defends itself and 
represents the more genuinely 

3783
03:31:40,800 --> 03:31:44,400
just Society. 
This reverse is the usual 

3784
03:31:44,400 --> 03:31:47,900
assumption, that bigger and 
richer means better suggesting 

3785
03:31:47,900 --> 03:31:50,600
that quality of political 
organization and moral 

3786
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:54,500
character, Mata more than 
quantity of resources for 

3787
03:31:54,500 --> 03:31:57,500
Plato's contemporary audience 
and fourth Century Athens. 

3788
03:31:57,500 --> 03:32:00,600
This comparison would have 
carried particular resonance 

3789
03:32:00,600 --> 03:32:06,200
Athens had lost its Empire. 
Been humiliated by Sparta and 

3790
03:32:06,200 --> 03:32:08,500
seemed to be declining from its 
golden age. 

3791
03:32:09,400 --> 03:32:13,000
Plato's story offers both, 
consolation and challenge. 

3792
03:32:14,100 --> 03:32:18,100
Consolation in suggesting that 
Athens once embodied the virtues

3793
03:32:18,100 --> 03:32:21,700
that defeated a more powerful 
Foe and challenge in asking 

3794
03:32:21,700 --> 03:32:25,600
whether contemporary Athens 
still maintains those virtues or

3795
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:29,000
has become more like Atlantis. 
In its decline, the warning 

3796
03:32:29,000 --> 03:32:33,000
embedded in the Atlantis story 
is subtle but clear Imperial 

3797
03:32:33,000 --> 03:32:36,400
success can corrupt the virtues 
that made success possible in 

3798
03:32:36,408 --> 03:32:39,500
the first place. 
Athens had built an Empire based

3799
03:32:39,500 --> 03:32:42,600
on Naval. 
Power cultural achievement and 

3800
03:32:42,600 --> 03:32:46,000
democratic ideals but 
maintaining their empire 

3801
03:32:46,000 --> 03:32:48,400
required increasingly aggressive
tactics. 

3802
03:32:49,100 --> 03:32:52,200
Extraction of wealth from 
subject cities and political 

3803
03:32:52,200 --> 03:32:54,800
maneuvering that compromise 
those original ideals. 

3804
03:32:55,900 --> 03:33:00,100
Was Athens becoming Atlantis. 
Would prosperity and power lead 

3805
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:02,500
to moral Decay and eventual 
catastrophe. 

3806
03:33:02,500 --> 03:33:04,500
Plato. 
Never makes this parallel 

3807
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:08,100
explicit, but he didn't need to 
his readers would have 

3808
03:33:08,100 --> 03:33:11,900
recognized the pattern. 
The Atlantis story functions as 

3809
03:33:11,900 --> 03:33:15,000
a mirror in which Athenians 
might recognize uncomfortable 

3810
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:18,200
truths about their own 
civilizations trajectory. 

3811
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:22,500
The luxury to see this miracle 
clearly to consider whether 

3812
03:33:22,500 --> 03:33:24,200
wealth and power were 
corrupting. 

3813
03:33:24,200 --> 03:33:28,900
Civic virtue was itself Possible
only because Athens had lost 

3814
03:33:28,900 --> 03:33:33,700
enough power to force reflection
on what had been lost and Why 

3815
03:33:33,700 --> 03:33:38,100
the choice to set Atlantis in 
the distant past 9,000 years 

3816
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:42,000
before Plato's time, rather than
presenting it as a contemporary 

3817
03:33:42,000 --> 03:33:44,400
civilization creates useful 
distance. 

3818
03:33:45,500 --> 03:33:49,500
By pushing the story back into 
mythical time before recorded 

3819
03:33:49,500 --> 03:33:53,000
history, Plato, frees himself 
from the constraints of 

3820
03:33:53,000 --> 03:33:56,800
historical accuracy, while also 
suggesting that the patterns, 

3821
03:33:56,800 --> 03:34:01,100
he's describing a timeless. 
Civilizations have always faced 

3822
03:34:01,100 --> 03:34:04,600
the same tensions between virtue
and Corruption, wisdom, and 

3823
03:34:04,600 --> 03:34:07,900
ambition, and sustainable, 
flourishing and overreaching 

3824
03:34:07,900 --> 03:34:11,600
destruction the detail about it.
Atlantis is location beyond the 

3825
03:34:11,600 --> 03:34:13,800
pillars of Hercules serve. 
Similar purposes. 

3826
03:34:14,900 --> 03:34:18,400
Placing the Lost Civilization in
the vast Atlantic rather than 

3827
03:34:18,400 --> 03:34:21,200
the familiar Mediterranean 
locate it in a realm of 

3828
03:34:21,200 --> 03:34:23,500
possibility rather than 
historical fact. 

3829
03:34:24,400 --> 03:34:28,000
The Atlantic represented, the 
unknown, the area where mythical

3830
03:34:28,000 --> 03:34:30,400
geography blended into pure 
speculation. 

3831
03:34:31,600 --> 03:34:34,900
Putting Atlantis their signals. 
That this is a story operating 

3832
03:34:34,900 --> 03:34:39,300
in symbolic, rather than literal
geography using physical space 

3833
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:41,300
to represent philosophical 
Concepts. 

3834
03:34:41,300 --> 03:34:44,700
Finally, there's something to 
notice about what Plato doesn't 

3835
03:34:44,700 --> 03:34:47,300
say. 
He never claims to have visited 

3836
03:34:47,300 --> 03:34:49,400
Atlantis or spoken with 
survivors. 

3837
03:34:49,400 --> 03:34:52,800
He attributes the story to 
ancient traditional pass 

3838
03:34:52,800 --> 03:34:56,400
through, multiple generations of
retellings, with each layer of 

3839
03:34:56,400 --> 03:34:58,700
transmission. 
Providing plausible deniability 

3840
03:34:59,800 --> 03:35:02,500
This framing allows him to 
present detailed descriptions 

3841
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:04,400
without claiming historical 
Authority. 

3842
03:35:05,100 --> 03:35:08,400
To create Vivid World building, 
while maintaining these merely 

3843
03:35:08,400 --> 03:35:11,400
preserving an old tale. 
This narrative strategy, 

3844
03:35:11,400 --> 03:35:13,000
accomplishes two things 
simultaneously. 

3845
03:35:13,000 --> 03:35:16,600
It makes the story more 
believable by giving it the 

3846
03:35:16,600 --> 03:35:20,400
patina of ancient tradition 
while also protecting Plato from

3847
03:35:20,400 --> 03:35:23,500
being called a liar. 
If anyone questions the accounts

3848
03:35:23,500 --> 03:35:26,200
historicity He can always 
Retreat to. 

3849
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:30,100
This is what I was told. 
These are the Traditions, I'm 

3850
03:35:30,100 --> 03:35:32,000
preserving. 
Stories. 

3851
03:35:32,000 --> 03:35:35,600
Truth value lies in its 
philosophical insights, rather 

3852
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:39,500
than its historical accuracy a 
distinction that ancient 

3853
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:43,200
audiences, understood better 
than many modern readers do as 

3854
03:35:43,200 --> 03:35:44,900
you rest with these layers of 
meaning. 

3855
03:35:44,900 --> 03:35:49,200
Notice how a story that seems 
simple on the surface, a great 

3856
03:35:49,200 --> 03:35:53,600
civilization exists becomes 
corrupt and gets destroyed 

3857
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:57,500
actually carries philosophical 
arguments about knowledge 

3858
03:35:57,500 --> 03:36:02,600
virtue, power sustainability, 
and the relationship between 

3859
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:04,900
human and ambition and natural 
limits. 

3860
03:36:05,900 --> 03:36:10,000
Plato has created something 
rare, a myth that functions, 

3861
03:36:10,000 --> 03:36:13,200
simultaneously, as 
entertainment, moral 

3862
03:36:13,200 --> 03:36:17,500
instruction, political warning 
and metaphysical speculation, 

3863
03:36:17,500 --> 03:36:21,100
the meaning behind, The Myth 
isn't singular, but multiple 

3864
03:36:21,100 --> 03:36:24,400
shifting, depending on which 
aspects, you focus on and what 

3865
03:36:24,400 --> 03:36:26,000
questions you bring to the 
story. 

3866
03:36:26,700 --> 03:36:31,000
This richness of interpretation 
isn't a bug but a feature it's 

3867
03:36:31,000 --> 03:36:34,000
why Atlantis has remained 
compelling across cultures and 

3868
03:36:34,000 --> 03:36:36,900
centuries. 
By each generation finds 

3869
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:39,500
something relevant in the tale 
of the island Empire. 

3870
03:36:39,500 --> 03:36:43,200
That sank beneath the waves, the
moment Plato finished writing 

3871
03:36:43,200 --> 03:36:46,800
about Atlantis or perhaps even 
before he completed the account.

3872
03:36:47,700 --> 03:36:50,200
People began wondering whether 
the story was true. 

3873
03:36:51,300 --> 03:36:52,900
Not true in the philosophical 
sense. 

3874
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:56,300
Everyone recognized Plato was 
making our governments about 

3875
03:36:56,300 --> 03:37:00,100
ideal society and moral Decay, 
but true in the historical 

3876
03:37:00,100 --> 03:37:03,300
sense. 
Such as civilization actually 

3877
03:37:03,300 --> 03:37:06,400
existed. 
This question is generated an 

3878
03:37:06,400 --> 03:37:10,400
industry of speculation? 
Exploration and occasionally 

3879
03:37:10,400 --> 03:37:13,700
outright fantasy that spans more
than two millennia. 

3880
03:37:14,900 --> 03:37:17,800
The search for Atlantis says, as
much about the Searchers and 

3881
03:37:17,800 --> 03:37:20,800
their historical moments. 
As it does about Plato's 

3882
03:37:20,800 --> 03:37:24,400
original story. 
Each era has looked for Atlantis

3883
03:37:24,400 --> 03:37:28,600
in ways that reflect its own 
preoccupations Technologies and 

3884
03:37:28,600 --> 03:37:31,000
assumptions about what lost 
civilizations. 

3885
03:37:31,000 --> 03:37:34,400
Might teach us, Plato's 
immediate successors approached 

3886
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:38,200
the story with appropriate 
skepticism, Aristotle. 

3887
03:37:38,200 --> 03:37:41,900
Plato's most famous student, 
apparently thought his teacher 

3888
03:37:41,900 --> 03:37:46,000
had invented, Atlantis entirely 
creating it, merely to serve 

3889
03:37:46,000 --> 03:37:48,700
philosophical purposes, and then
destroying it. 

3890
03:37:48,700 --> 03:37:53,400
Just as conveniently, This 
reading suggests that educated 

3891
03:37:53,400 --> 03:37:55,300
Greeks in the generation after 
Plato. 

3892
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:58,900
Understood his methodology using
fictional scenarios to 

3893
03:37:58,900 --> 03:38:01,900
illustrate philosophical 
principles, wasn't considered 

3894
03:38:01,900 --> 03:38:04,200
dishonest, but pedagogically 
effective. 

3895
03:38:04,200 --> 03:38:08,100
However, other ancient writers 
took the account more literally 

3896
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:12,100
some tried to rationalize 
elements of the story suggesting

3897
03:38:12,100 --> 03:38:15,900
that Plato had exaggerated 
details, but preserved memories 

3898
03:38:15,900 --> 03:38:19,500
of some actual Bronze Age 
civilization that had been 

3899
03:38:19,500 --> 03:38:23,900
destroyed by natural disasters, 
Others attempted to identify 

3900
03:38:23,900 --> 03:38:28,000
Atlantis with known places. 
Perhaps it was Crete, which had 

3901
03:38:28,000 --> 03:38:30,700
been devastated by volcanic, 
eruption and tsunami. 

3902
03:38:30,700 --> 03:38:36,400
When Sarah exploded around 1600 
BCE destroying the Minoans 

3903
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:40,200
civilization, the Crete Theory 
emerged because ancient writers 

3904
03:38:40,200 --> 03:38:43,800
recognized patterns in Plato's 
description that matched what 

3905
03:38:43,800 --> 03:38:48,300
they knew about and culture. 
The emphasis on Naval power, the

3906
03:38:48,300 --> 03:38:52,000
sophisticated architecture, and 
the central role of bull 

3907
03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:54,300
worship. 
All these elements, characterize

3908
03:38:54,300 --> 03:38:58,600
minoan civilization as Greeks, 
understood it from ruins and 

3909
03:38:58,600 --> 03:39:03,800
lingering, cultural memories. 
Perhaps Plato or his sources, 

3910
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:08,200
had preserved garbled accounts 
of minoan glory and it sudden 

3911
03:39:08,200 --> 03:39:11,600
destruction with details 
becoming exaggerated through 

3912
03:39:11,600 --> 03:39:15,200
centuries of retelling but the 
chronology presented problems. 

3913
03:39:15,200 --> 03:39:20,400
Plato specifically placed 
Atlantis 9,000 years before ones

3914
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:25,900
time which would be roughly 
9,600 BCE if we take the numbers

3915
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:30,400
literally This predates, any 
known civilization with the kind

3916
03:39:30,400 --> 03:39:32,700
of architectural and Engineering
sophistication. 

3917
03:39:32,700 --> 03:39:36,700
Plato describes Some ancient 
interpreters suggested that 

3918
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:41,000
Plato or is Egyptian sources had
confused years with months or 

3919
03:39:41,000 --> 03:39:45,000
use some alternative system, but
this requires assuming 

3920
03:39:45,000 --> 03:39:48,200
fundamental numerical errors in 
a story that otherwise 

3921
03:39:48,200 --> 03:39:51,700
remarkably precise about 
measurements and quantities as 

3922
03:39:51,700 --> 03:39:54,600
classical civilization, 
transitioned into late antique 

3923
03:39:54,600 --> 03:39:58,700
equity and then the medieval 
period interest in Atlantis 

3924
03:39:58,700 --> 03:40:01,400
Wayne's. 
Christian Scholars, who 

3925
03:40:01,400 --> 03:40:04,500
inherited Greek learning were 
more interested in reconciling 

3926
03:40:04,500 --> 03:40:08,900
Pagan philosophy with Biblical 
truth and in pursuing stories 

3927
03:40:08,900 --> 03:40:12,700
about sunken Islands. 
If Atlantis appeared in medieval

3928
03:40:12,700 --> 03:40:16,900
texts at all, it was usually as 
a minor curiosity, or as an 

3929
03:40:16,908 --> 03:40:18,700
allegory that could be 
reinterpreted. 

3930
03:40:18,700 --> 03:40:21,900
In Christian terms, the 
Renaissance brought renewed 

3931
03:40:21,900 --> 03:40:25,000
fascination with classical texts
in the world Beyond Europe. 

3932
03:40:25,800 --> 03:40:29,400
As explorers discovered the 
Americas, some theorists 

3933
03:40:29,400 --> 03:40:32,400
suggested that these continents 
might be remnants of Atlantis, 

3934
03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:36,400
or that atlantium survivors had 
established civilizations in the

3935
03:40:36,400 --> 03:40:39,900
New World. 
This speculation mixed genuine 

3936
03:40:39,900 --> 03:40:43,600
puzzlement about how complex 
society is like the Aztecs and 

3937
03:40:43,600 --> 03:40:47,700
Incas developed with racist 
assumptions that indigenous 

3938
03:40:47,700 --> 03:40:51,200
people's couldn't have achieved 
such sophistication without 

3939
03:40:51,200 --> 03:40:54,300
outside influence. 
France is Bacon's new Atlantis. 

3940
03:40:54,300 --> 03:40:59,600
Published in 1627 reimagine 
Plato's story is utopian Vision 

3941
03:40:59,600 --> 03:41:01,400
located somewhere in the 
Pacific. 

3942
03:41:01,400 --> 03:41:05,400
Bacon, wasn't claiming 
historical accuracy, but rather 

3943
03:41:05,400 --> 03:41:08,400
using Atlantis, as a framework 
for describing, an ideal 

3944
03:41:08,400 --> 03:41:12,500
scientific Society, much as 
Plato had used it to explore 

3945
03:41:12,500 --> 03:41:14,600
questions, about virtue and 
governments. 

3946
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:18,900
The name had become a kind of 
shorthand for Imagined. 

3947
03:41:18,900 --> 03:41:23,200
Perfect Society, its specifics 
less important than its function

3948
03:41:23,200 --> 03:41:26,400
as a thought experiment. 
The 19th century brought more 

3949
03:41:26,400 --> 03:41:30,500
systematic attempts to locate, 
Atlantis, geographically, This 

3950
03:41:30,500 --> 03:41:34,200
reflected the era's confidence 
in the scientific method and its

3951
03:41:34,200 --> 03:41:37,000
belief that Mysteries could be 
sold through careful 

3952
03:41:37,000 --> 03:41:38,700
investigation and rational 
analysis. 

3953
03:41:39,900 --> 03:41:42,800
Ignacious Donnelly and American 
politician. 

3954
03:41:42,800 --> 03:41:46,500
And amateur archaeologist 
published Atlantis, the 

3955
03:41:46,500 --> 03:41:52,000
antediluvian World in 1882. 
arguing that Atlantis had really

3956
03:41:52,000 --> 03:41:55,900
existed in the Atlantic and that
it explained various cultural 

3957
03:41:55,900 --> 03:42:00,100
similarities between old and new
world civilizations Donnelly's 

3958
03:42:00,100 --> 03:42:03,300
book was enormously popular, 
going through dozens of 

3959
03:42:03,300 --> 03:42:06,400
printings and establishing many 
tropes that still dominate, 

3960
03:42:06,400 --> 03:42:10,900
popular, Atlantis theories, He 
argued that Atlantean refugees 

3961
03:42:10,900 --> 03:42:13,900
had to both sides of the 
Atlantic after their Homeland 

3962
03:42:13,900 --> 03:42:16,400
sank. 
Bringing Advanced knowledge that

3963
03:42:16,400 --> 03:42:20,300
jumps started Egyptian, 
Mesopotamia and Central American

3964
03:42:20,300 --> 03:42:24,700
civilizations. 
Every pyramid, every flood myth 

3965
03:42:24,700 --> 03:42:29,400
and every seemingly inexplicable
technological achievement Became

3966
03:42:29,400 --> 03:42:31,600
potential evidence of Atlantean 
influence. 

3967
03:42:31,600 --> 03:42:34,800
The theory was creative, but 
required ignoring actual 

3968
03:42:34,800 --> 03:42:36,600
chronology and archaeological 
evidence. 

3969
03:42:37,500 --> 03:42:41,100
Egyptian civilization developed 
gradually over Millennia with 

3970
03:42:41,100 --> 03:42:43,600
each Advanced building on 
previous work in ways, that 

3971
03:42:43,600 --> 03:42:46,700
archaeologists can trace through
physical remains. 

3972
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:50,900
The same goes for Mesopotamian, 
Chinese Indus Valley and 

3973
03:42:50,900 --> 03:42:55,100
Mesoamerican civilizations. 
The old show clear developmental

3974
03:42:55,100 --> 03:42:58,000
sequences rather than sudden 
acquisition of advanced 

3975
03:42:58,000 --> 03:43:00,800
Knowledge from outside. 
But Donnelly's imaginative 

3976
03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:03,500
approach to evidence established
a pattern, that subsequent 

3977
03:43:03,500 --> 03:43:07,100
Atlantis Hunters would follow. 
Start with Plato's account, 

3978
03:43:07,100 --> 03:43:10,400
selectively incorporate details,
that fit your preferred 

3979
03:43:10,400 --> 03:43:14,700
location, ignore contractions, 
and interpret any ancient 

3980
03:43:14,700 --> 03:43:16,500
achievement. 
That seems impressive as 

3981
03:43:16,500 --> 03:43:20,500
possible Atlantean influence. 
This methodology produces 

3982
03:43:20,500 --> 03:43:22,900
exciting narratives but terrible
history. 

3983
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:25,900
The 20th century brought even 
more exotic. 

3984
03:43:25,900 --> 03:43:29,400
Atlantis theories, often 
disconnected from Plato's 

3985
03:43:29,400 --> 03:43:32,300
original account. 
Some esoteric movements 

3986
03:43:32,300 --> 03:43:35,400
positioned Atlantis as the 
homeland of ancient spiritual 

3987
03:43:35,400 --> 03:43:38,200
wisdom. 
Scribing it as having possessed,

3988
03:43:38,200 --> 03:43:41,100
technology and Consciousness 
that modern humans have lost. 

3989
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:44,700
Helena blavatsky is theosophical
society. 

3990
03:43:44,700 --> 03:43:49,100
Gave Atlantis a central role in 
its elaborate mythology about 

3991
03:43:49,100 --> 03:43:53,200
human spiritual Evolution 
describing multiple Atlantean 

3992
03:43:53,200 --> 03:43:56,200
races and civilizations spanning
millions of years. 

3993
03:43:56,200 --> 03:44:00,300
These mystical interpretations, 
transformed Atlantis from a 

3994
03:44:00,300 --> 03:44:03,500
philosophical thought experiment
into something like a religious 

3995
03:44:03,500 --> 03:44:08,200
Revelation positioning it as the
source of all ancient wisdom and

3996
03:44:08,200 --> 03:44:10,100
the key to human spiritual 
advancement. 

3997
03:44:11,100 --> 03:44:13,800
Plato would probably have been 
bemused by this development. 

3998
03:44:14,800 --> 03:44:17,600
Story was meant to illustrate 
how civilizations fall. 

3999
03:44:17,600 --> 03:44:21,100
When they abandoned wisdom, not 
to suggest that some Lost 

4000
03:44:21,100 --> 03:44:24,600
Civilization possessed secret 
knowledge, we should recover the

4001
03:44:24,600 --> 03:44:27,000
development of modern 
archaeology and oceanography 

4002
03:44:27,000 --> 03:44:29,900
should have settled questions 
about atlantis's historical 

4003
03:44:29,900 --> 03:44:34,200
existence but instead it just 
spawned new theories. 

4004
03:44:34,200 --> 03:44:38,300
When scientists discovered the 
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, some 

4005
03:44:38,300 --> 03:44:41,300
enthusiasts suggested, this 
underwater mountain range, might

4006
03:44:41,300 --> 03:44:43,200
be the remnant of a sunken 
continent. 

4007
03:44:44,300 --> 03:44:47,900
Fact that the geology doesn't 
support this interpretation, the

4008
03:44:47,900 --> 03:44:52,800
richest part not syncing and has
been underwater for millions of 

4009
03:44:52,800 --> 03:44:56,900
years, did little to discourage 
speculation each new 

4010
03:44:56,900 --> 03:45:00,400
archaeological, Discovery in the
Mediterranean region sparked 

4011
03:45:00,400 --> 03:45:02,900
fresh claims. 
That the real Atlantis had been 

4012
03:45:02,900 --> 03:45:07,700
found The island of Santorini 
with its spectacular, volcanic 

4013
03:45:07,700 --> 03:45:11,800
caldera and evidence of Bronze 
Age civilization buried under 

4014
03:45:11,800 --> 03:45:14,400
volcanic, ash became a favorite 
candidate. 

4015
03:45:15,200 --> 03:45:18,600
The minoan settlement of 
accurate preserved, like Pompeii

4016
03:45:18,600 --> 03:45:21,900
under layers of pumice, showed 
sophisticated architecture, 

4017
03:45:21,900 --> 03:45:25,100
vibrant frescoes and an advanced
Urban culture. 

4018
03:45:25,100 --> 03:45:29,200
Everything one might expect from
a civilization like Atlantis. 

4019
03:45:29,200 --> 03:45:33,400
The Santorini theory has several
advantages, the volcanic 

4020
03:45:33,400 --> 03:45:37,600
eruption, and subsequent 
tsunamis around. 1600 BCE did 

4021
03:45:37,600 --> 03:45:39,800
destroy a powerful Maritime 
civilization. 

4022
03:45:41,000 --> 03:45:44,000
The Minoans were in decali 
advanced and influential 

4023
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:47,900
throughout the Egyptian. 
The geographical details, an 

4024
03:45:47,900 --> 03:45:50,500
island with a wealthy city, 
destroyed by volcanic 

4025
03:45:50,500 --> 03:45:53,900
catastrophe match, key elements 
of Plato's account. 

4026
03:45:54,900 --> 03:45:57,900
You can visit the ruins today 
and see what that Lantus like 

4027
03:45:57,900 --> 03:46:01,500
Civilization actually looked. 
Like the main problem, of course

4028
03:46:01,500 --> 03:46:04,800
is the Santorini is in the wrong
ocean at the wrong time and on 

4029
03:46:04,800 --> 03:46:08,000
the wrong scale. 
Plato specified the Atlantic 

4030
03:46:08,000 --> 03:46:10,200
Beyond Gibraltar not the 
Egyptian. 

4031
03:46:10,900 --> 03:46:15,900
He dated Atlantis to 9600 BCE 
not 1600 BCE. 

4032
03:46:15,900 --> 03:46:20,800
He described an island larger 
than Libya and Asia combined not

4033
03:46:20,800 --> 03:46:25,000
a modest Mediterranean island. 
Identifying Santorini as 

4034
03:46:25,000 --> 03:46:28,800
Atlantis requires dismissing. 
Most of Plato's specific details

4035
03:46:28,800 --> 03:46:31,800
as errors or exaggerations other
proposed. 

4036
03:46:31,800 --> 03:46:34,500
Atlantis locations, include off 
the coast of Spain. 

4037
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:39,400
Near the Strait of Gibraltar The
Black Sea before post Ice Age, 

4038
03:46:39,400 --> 03:46:43,500
sea level, rise flooded that 
region in Antarctica based on 

4039
03:46:43,508 --> 03:46:46,600
Fringe theories about ancient 
maps, showing ice-free, 

4040
03:46:46,600 --> 03:46:49,800
coastlines. 
And even in the Bahamas were 

4041
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:52,800
underwater rock formation 
sometimes create patterns, that 

4042
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:57,100
enthusiastic interpreters read 
as evidence of ancient roads or 

4043
03:46:57,100 --> 03:46:59,900
buildings each Theory follows 
similar logic. 

4044
03:47:00,800 --> 03:47:04,100
Identify some archaeological 
site or geographical feature 

4045
03:47:04,100 --> 03:47:06,700
that vaguely matches. 
Some element of Plato's 

4046
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:10,100
description, interpret. 
Everything supporting the 

4047
03:47:10,100 --> 03:47:13,900
identification as evidence 
dismissed contradictions as 

4048
03:47:13,900 --> 03:47:17,500
copyist errors, or exaggeration 
and present the result as 

4049
03:47:17,500 --> 03:47:19,800
finally solving the Atlantis 
mystery. 

4050
03:47:20,600 --> 03:47:23,900
Peters needed whenever a new 
underwater formation or ancient.

4051
03:47:23,900 --> 03:47:27,300
Ruin is discovered the 
Persistence of Atlantis hunting,

4052
03:47:27,300 --> 03:47:30,700
despite the complete lack of 
confirming evidence tells us 

4053
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:32,800
something important about human 
psychology. 

4054
03:47:33,900 --> 03:47:37,700
We want to believe in Lost 
Golden Ages in ancient wisdom 

4055
03:47:37,700 --> 03:47:41,200
that modern civilization has 
forgotten and in Mysteries that 

4056
03:47:41,200 --> 03:47:43,500
might still be solved if we just
look in the right place. 

4057
03:47:44,200 --> 03:47:47,500
Atlantis serves these emotional 
needs regardless of, whether it 

4058
03:47:47,500 --> 03:47:50,600
ever existed, historically, 
modern, Scholars, generally, 

4059
03:47:50,600 --> 03:47:53,800
agree, that Plato invented 
Atlantis as a philosophical 

4060
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:57,600
device and that searching for 
historical Atlantis, makes no 

4061
03:47:57,600 --> 03:48:01,300
more sense than searching for 
the actual cave in his allegory 

4062
03:48:01,300 --> 03:48:04,200
of the Cave. 
The stories power comes from its

4063
03:48:04,200 --> 03:48:07,800
symbolic and philosophical 
content, not from historical 

4064
03:48:07,800 --> 03:48:11,700
accuracy but this scholarly 
consensus has done little to 

4065
03:48:11,700 --> 03:48:14,900
dampen popular fascination with 
finding the lost continent. 

4066
03:48:14,900 --> 03:48:18,300
The search for Atlantis is 
generated, countless books, 

4067
03:48:18,300 --> 03:48:21,700
documentaries, Expeditions and 
debates. 

4068
03:48:21,700 --> 03:48:24,500
It has inspired serious 
archaeological. 

4069
03:48:24,500 --> 03:48:28,700
Work researchers investigating 
whether memories of Bronze Age, 

4070
03:48:28,700 --> 03:48:32,200
catastrophes might have 
influenced Greek mythology and 

4071
03:48:32,200 --> 03:48:36,300
complete nonsense, theories, 
involving aliens, crystals and 

4072
03:48:36,300 --> 03:48:39,500
psychic powers. 
The line between legitimate 

4073
03:48:39,500 --> 03:48:43,400
historical inquiry and 
imaginative speculation becomes 

4074
03:48:43,400 --> 03:48:45,800
blurry when dealing with 
something that probably never 

4075
03:48:45,800 --> 03:48:48,300
existed. 
What's interesting is how the 

4076
03:48:48,300 --> 03:48:52,100
search itself has changed over 
time, reflecting developments in

4077
03:48:52,100 --> 03:48:56,600
technology and methodology. 
Early searches relied on textual

4078
03:48:56,600 --> 03:49:00,600
analysis and geographical 
speculation 19th century. 

4079
03:49:00,600 --> 03:49:03,600
Investigators added 
archaeological comparisons and 

4080
03:49:03,600 --> 03:49:07,600
geological theories Modern 
Hunters, use sonar mapping 

4081
03:49:07,600 --> 03:49:12,100
satellite imagery and computer 
analysis of ancient texts. 

4082
03:49:12,800 --> 03:49:16,300
Each era, brings its most 
advanced tools to the search. 

4083
03:49:17,000 --> 03:49:19,900
Finding an Atlantis, whatever 
those tools are capable of 

4084
03:49:19,900 --> 03:49:22,900
revealing perhaps, the most 
honest assessment is that 

4085
03:49:22,900 --> 03:49:27,500
Atlantis exists precisely, where
Plato put it in a philosophical 

4086
03:49:27,500 --> 03:49:29,600
dialogue. 
Designed to make arguments about

4087
03:49:29,600 --> 03:49:33,500
virtue power and civilizational 
sustainability. 

4088
03:49:35,000 --> 03:49:38,200
The geographical Atlantis beyond
the pillars of Hercules was 

4089
03:49:38,200 --> 03:49:42,600
always metaphorical a location 
in possibility space rather than

4090
03:49:42,600 --> 03:49:46,400
physical geography. 
Looking for it with sonar and 

4091
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:50,300
submarines make sense only, if 
we fundamentally misunderstood, 

4092
03:49:50,300 --> 03:49:53,400
what kind of story Plato was 
telling as you drift deeper 

4093
03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:55,800
towards sleep? 
Consider that sometimes the most

4094
03:49:55,800 --> 03:49:59,500
important truths are found not 
by discovering new facts, but by

4095
03:49:59,500 --> 03:50:04,000
understanding more deeply what 
we already know The search for 

4096
03:50:04,000 --> 03:50:08,300
Atlantis across ocean floors. 
And ancient ruins might be less 

4097
03:50:08,300 --> 03:50:11,700
productive than reflecting on 
what Plato's story teaches about

4098
03:50:11,700 --> 03:50:14,200
the relationship between virtue 
and sustainability. 

4099
03:50:15,100 --> 03:50:19,000
Between wisdom and power and 
between human ambition and 

4100
03:50:19,000 --> 03:50:22,600
natural limits. 
These lessons don't require 

4101
03:50:22,600 --> 03:50:26,300
archaeological confirmation. 
They require only thoughtful 

4102
03:50:26,300 --> 03:50:28,500
attention to the world. 
We actually inhabit. 

4103
03:50:28,500 --> 03:50:31,600
The physical search for Atlantis
has produced mostly 

4104
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:36,000
disappointment, but the mental 
Atlantis, the one that exists in

4105
03:50:36,000 --> 03:50:40,500
imagination art, and cultural 
mythology has proven remarkably 

4106
03:50:40,500 --> 03:50:44,700
fertile and enduring. 
This imaginary Atlantis tells us

4107
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:48,700
less about ancient history, that
about how different eras have 

4108
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:53,000
understood Perfection loss, and 
the relationship between past 

4109
03:50:53,000 --> 03:50:56,900
and present in literature 
Atlantis, inspired countless 

4110
03:50:56,900 --> 03:51:00,800
retellings, each adapting 
Plato's basic framework to 

4111
03:51:00,800 --> 03:51:06,000
explore contemporary concerns. 
Jules Verne sent Captain Nemo to

4112
03:51:06,000 --> 03:51:09,500
explore underwater. 
Atlantean ruins in 20,000 

4113
03:51:09,500 --> 03:51:12,900
Leagues, Under the Sea, using 
the Lost Civilization as a 

4114
03:51:12,908 --> 03:51:15,900
symbol of Humanity's 
accumulated, knowledge lying 

4115
03:51:15,900 --> 03:51:17,700
just beyond reach and beneath 
the ways. 

4116
03:51:18,700 --> 03:51:22,400
His Atlantis represented, the 
19th century fascination with 

4117
03:51:22,400 --> 03:51:26,600
archaeological Discovery and the
technological capacity to reach 

4118
03:51:26,600 --> 03:51:30,000
previously, inaccessible places,
science fiction. 

4119
03:51:30,000 --> 03:51:34,100
Writers have been particularly 
drawn to Atlantis reimagining it

4120
03:51:34,100 --> 03:51:37,800
as an advanced technological 
Society, whose achievements were

4121
03:51:37,800 --> 03:51:42,400
only now beginning to match or 
surpass, These stories often 

4122
03:51:42,400 --> 03:51:45,000
position, Atlantis, as a 
civilization that developed 

4123
03:51:45,000 --> 03:51:48,200
differently from ours. 
Perhaps emphasizing different 

4124
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:50,900
Technologies or organizing 
society around different 

4125
03:51:50,900 --> 03:51:54,000
principles. 
And ask what we might learn from

4126
03:51:54,000 --> 03:51:57,500
studying, an alternative path of
development fantasy. 

4127
03:51:57,500 --> 03:52:00,100
Literature tends to treat 
Atlantis more mystically. 

4128
03:52:00,100 --> 03:52:04,400
As a civilization, that mastered
magic or spiritual practices, 

4129
03:52:04,400 --> 03:52:06,100
that modern Humanity has 
forgotten. 

4130
03:52:07,100 --> 03:52:11,100
These versions often suggest 
that material progresses come at

4131
03:52:11,100 --> 03:52:14,300
the cost of spiritual wisdom. 
That something important was 

4132
03:52:14,300 --> 03:52:15,900
lost. 
When rational scientific 

4133
03:52:15,900 --> 03:52:19,900
thinking displaced older, more 
intuitive ways of understanding 

4134
03:52:19,900 --> 03:52:24,600
the world Atlantis becomes a 
symbol of this hypothetical lost

4135
03:52:24,600 --> 03:52:28,000
knowledge representing. 
What we gave up to gain, what we

4136
03:52:28,000 --> 03:52:31,300
have the tension in these 
imaginative treatments as 

4137
03:52:31,300 --> 03:52:33,700
always, between two competing 
visions of the past. 

4138
03:52:34,500 --> 03:52:38,400
One sees history as progress. 
We're better off now than people

4139
03:52:38,400 --> 03:52:42,100
were there, then with more 
knowledge, better technology and

4140
03:52:42,100 --> 03:52:45,400
more Humane values. 
The other Seas history as a 

4141
03:52:45,408 --> 03:52:48,400
declined from an early wise age.
When people understood things 

4142
03:52:48,400 --> 03:52:51,800
we've forgotten Atlantis can 
represent either Vision 

4143
03:52:51,800 --> 03:52:53,500
depending on how the story is 
framed. 

4144
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:56,200
Children's. 
Media has particularly embraced 

4145
03:52:56,200 --> 03:52:59,800
Atlantis, as a setting for 
adventure and wonder animated 

4146
03:52:59,800 --> 03:53:03,300
films depicted as a colorful 
underwater Kingdom full of 

4147
03:53:03,308 --> 03:53:05,800
exotic architecture and strange 
technology. 

4148
03:53:06,700 --> 03:53:10,200
A place where anything seems 
possible because it's freed from

4149
03:53:10,200 --> 03:53:14,300
mundane historical constraints. 
These versions rarely engage 

4150
03:53:14,300 --> 03:53:17,100
with Plato's philosophical 
concerns about virtue and 

4151
03:53:17,108 --> 03:53:21,000
Corruption focusing instead on 
the sheer imaginative, pleasure 

4152
03:53:21,000 --> 03:53:24,200
of a lost world waiting to be 
discovered the Disney animated 

4153
03:53:24,200 --> 03:53:27,400
film Atlantis, the Lost Empire 
offers. 

4154
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:29,700
A good example of how modern 
retellings work. 

4155
03:53:30,300 --> 03:53:34,100
It keeps Plato's basic premise, 
ancient Advanced civilization, 

4156
03:53:34,100 --> 03:53:39,300
circular architecture, powerful 
technology while adding elements

4157
03:53:39,300 --> 03:53:41,700
from latest speculation and 
wholesale invention. 

4158
03:53:42,700 --> 03:53:46,200
The result is visually 
spectacular, a narratively 

4159
03:53:46,200 --> 03:53:49,300
engaging while having almost 
nothing to do with Plato's 

4160
03:53:49,300 --> 03:53:52,600
actual story. 
This is Atlantis as pure 

4161
03:53:52,600 --> 03:53:55,700
creative inspiration, rather 
than historical philosophical 

4162
03:53:55,700 --> 03:53:59,100
inquiry video games have found, 
Atlantis useful. 

4163
03:53:59,100 --> 03:54:01,100
As a setting that requires no 
explanation. 

4164
03:54:02,300 --> 03:54:05,200
Players except that such a place
might have existed because it's 

4165
03:54:05,200 --> 03:54:09,000
so culturally familiar allowing 
game designers to create 

4166
03:54:09,000 --> 03:54:12,900
elaborate underwater or ancient 
civilizations without extensive 

4167
03:54:12,900 --> 03:54:15,900
exposition. 
Atlantis in gaming. 

4168
03:54:15,900 --> 03:54:20,300
Becomes what ever, the gameplay 
requires a dungeon to explore a 

4169
03:54:20,300 --> 03:54:23,200
civilization to manage a mystery
to solve? 

4170
03:54:24,200 --> 03:54:28,100
Freed entirely from historical 
constraints, even academic 

4171
03:54:28,100 --> 03:54:30,100
philosophy. 
Continues to find Value in 

4172
03:54:30,108 --> 03:54:31,800
Atlantis as a thought 
experiment. 

4173
03:54:32,900 --> 03:54:36,100
Political theorists, use it to 
explore questions, about ideal 

4174
03:54:36,100 --> 03:54:40,200
governance, sustainability, and 
the relationship between power 

4175
03:54:40,200 --> 03:54:43,700
and virtue. 
Environmental Scholars, cite 

4176
03:54:43,700 --> 03:54:45,600
Atlantis. 
As an early example of 

4177
03:54:45,600 --> 03:54:49,400
ecological thinking a 
recognition that civilizations 

4178
03:54:49,400 --> 03:54:53,200
exist within natural systems. 
They cannot control and will be 

4179
03:54:53,200 --> 03:54:56,400
destroyed if they exceed those 
systems carrying capacity. 

4180
03:54:56,400 --> 03:54:59,900
The environmental reading of 
Atlantis has become increasingly

4181
03:54:59,900 --> 03:55:03,800
prominent as climate change and 
ecological crisis have moved to 

4182
03:55:03,800 --> 03:55:05,400
the center of public 
consciousness. 

4183
03:55:06,500 --> 03:55:10,200
In this interpretation Atlantis 
serves as a warning about what 

4184
03:55:10,200 --> 03:55:13,800
happens when civilizations 
ignore natural limits in pursuit

4185
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:18,700
of endless growth and expansion.
Sinking beneath the waves become

4186
03:55:18,700 --> 03:55:22,800
a metaphor for ecological 
collapse, not Divine punishment,

4187
03:55:22,800 --> 03:55:25,200
but a natural consequence of 
treating. 

4188
03:55:25,200 --> 03:55:27,000
The Earth as an unlimited 
resource. 

4189
03:55:27,000 --> 03:55:30,300
This environmental Atlantis 
resonates differently than 

4190
03:55:30,300 --> 03:55:32,600
traditional religious, or 
mystical interpretations. 

4191
03:55:33,500 --> 03:55:36,200
It doesn't require believe in 
Lost, spiritual wisdom, or 

4192
03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:40,300
ancient super technology. 
It simply asks us to notice that

4193
03:55:40,300 --> 03:55:43,500
Plato's story describes a 
civilization that grew to 

4194
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:47,500
powerful expanded to 
aggressively and ultimately 

4195
03:55:47,500 --> 03:55:49,900
faced destruction from natural 
forces. 

4196
03:55:49,900 --> 03:55:53,700
It couldn't control. 
The parallel to Modern 

4197
03:55:53,700 --> 03:55:56,800
industrial, civilization is 
uncomfortable, and obvious 

4198
03:55:56,800 --> 03:55:59,900
psychologists have been 
interested in Wyatt Atlantis 

4199
03:55:59,900 --> 03:56:02,600
exercises, such a hold over 
human imagination. 

4200
03:56:03,500 --> 03:56:05,900
Carl Jung and his followers, saw
it as an archetype. 

4201
03:56:06,800 --> 03:56:10,600
Fundamental pattern in human 
consciousness that recurs across

4202
03:56:10,600 --> 03:56:14,600
cultures because it addresses 
Universal psychological needs. 

4203
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:19,700
In this reading, Atlantis 
represents the ideal sell for 

4204
03:56:19,700 --> 03:56:23,600
society that we imagine but 
cannot quite achieve forever 

4205
03:56:23,600 --> 03:56:26,300
just Out Of Reach. 
Beneath the wave of time and 

4206
03:56:26,300 --> 03:56:30,000
forgetfulness the Golden Age 
thinking that Atlantis embodies 

4207
03:56:30,000 --> 03:56:34,300
appears in virtually every 
culture most humans societies 

4208
03:56:34,300 --> 03:56:36,800
have myths about a better time 
in the past when people lived 

4209
03:56:36,800 --> 03:56:40,700
longer a wiser and existed in 
harmony with nature and each 

4210
03:56:40,700 --> 03:56:44,500
other, These Golden Ages ended 
through some kind of Falls 

4211
03:56:44,500 --> 03:56:50,200
humans, sinned Divine punishment
or simply the inevitable decay 

4212
03:56:50,200 --> 03:56:53,700
of all things. 
Atlantis fits this pattern 

4213
03:56:53,700 --> 03:56:57,600
perfectly giving Greek Golden 
Age, thinking a specific 

4214
03:56:57,600 --> 03:57:01,200
geographical and historical form
is persistent. 

4215
03:57:01,200 --> 03:57:04,100
Nostalgia for Imagined better 
times raises interesting 

4216
03:57:04,100 --> 03:57:07,200
questions. 
Why do people so often assume 

4217
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:09,000
the past was superior to the 
present? 

4218
03:57:09,000 --> 03:57:14,000
Is it genuine historical memory 
distorted by time until only the

4219
03:57:14,000 --> 03:57:18,400
positive aspects remain Is it 
psychological compensation for 

4220
03:57:18,400 --> 03:57:22,000
present difficulties creating an
imaginary past? 

4221
03:57:22,000 --> 03:57:23,600
That provides comfort and 
Escape? 

4222
03:57:24,600 --> 03:57:27,300
Or is it something more 
fundamental about how human 

4223
03:57:27,300 --> 03:57:31,000
consciousness relates to time? 
All always projecting Perfection

4224
03:57:31,000 --> 03:57:34,700
into an inaccessible past or 
future rather than finding it in

4225
03:57:34,700 --> 03:57:37,800
the experience to present 
artists of have been drawn to 

4226
03:57:37,800 --> 03:57:41,400
Atlantis for obvious reasons. 
It combines visual spectacle 

4227
03:57:41,400 --> 03:57:44,500
with philosophical depth, 
allowing for both stunning 

4228
03:57:44,500 --> 03:57:48,600
imagery and meaningful content. 
Painting of Atlantis. 

4229
03:57:48,600 --> 03:57:52,200
Often show the moment of 
Destruction with massive waves, 

4230
03:57:52,200 --> 03:57:54,400
overwhelming. 
Elaborate architecture while 

4231
03:57:54,400 --> 03:57:59,000
tiny figures fully hopelessly. 
These images capture both the 

4232
03:57:59,000 --> 03:58:01,900
Grandeur of human achievement 
and its ultimate fragility. 

4233
03:58:02,900 --> 03:58:05,900
material Splendor, rendered 
temporary by natural forces, 

4234
03:58:05,900 --> 03:58:09,900
beyond control contemporary 
interest in Atlantis, often 

4235
03:58:09,900 --> 03:58:12,200
focuses on what the story might 
teach about our own 

4236
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:17,300
civilizations trajectory Are we 
the new Atlantis, wealthy, 

4237
03:58:17,300 --> 03:58:20,100
powerful and technologically 
sophisticated? 

4238
03:58:21,300 --> 03:58:24,300
But losing touch with the values
that would make us access 

4239
03:58:24,300 --> 03:58:27,900
sustainable. 
Parallel seems obvious enough 

4240
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:30,500
that political commentators 
across the Spectrum invoke 

4241
03:58:30,500 --> 03:58:33,200
Atlantis, when warning about 
various threats to Modern 

4242
03:58:33,200 --> 03:58:36,000
civilization. 
Whether those threats come from 

4243
03:58:36,000 --> 03:58:39,000
environmental degradation 
political corruption, social 

4244
03:58:39,000 --> 03:58:41,300
Decay or technological 
overreach. 

4245
03:58:42,200 --> 03:58:45,700
That Atlantis can be invoked to 
support contradictory political 

4246
03:58:45,700 --> 03:58:49,600
positions as both a warning 
about government overreach and 

4247
03:58:49,600 --> 03:58:51,300
about insufficient Collective 
action. 

4248
03:58:51,300 --> 03:58:55,200
As both, an example of cultural 
decadence and of Imperial 

4249
03:58:55,200 --> 03:58:58,800
ambition demonstrates its 
flexibility as a symbol. 

4250
03:58:59,600 --> 03:59:04,100
Like any sufficiently Rich myth.
It contains enough complexity to

4251
03:59:04,100 --> 03:59:07,400
be interpreted multiple ways 
depending on which elements you 

4252
03:59:07,400 --> 03:59:10,500
emphasize and which you 
background in popular culture, 

4253
03:59:10,500 --> 03:59:14,600
Atlantis has become short-hand 
for lost Advanced civilization 

4254
03:59:14,600 --> 03:59:18,100
in general. 
When someone refers to something

4255
03:59:18,100 --> 03:59:22,200
as the Atlantis of a particular 
Regional period, they mean an 

4256
03:59:22,200 --> 03:59:24,700
impressive civilization that 
mysteriously disappeared. 

4257
03:59:25,700 --> 03:59:29,400
This usage treats Atlantis as a 
category, rather than a specific

4258
03:59:29,400 --> 03:59:32,100
Place. 
Anything sufficiently ancient 

4259
03:59:32,100 --> 03:59:34,600
impressive. 
And vanished can be an Atlantis,

4260
03:59:34,600 --> 03:59:39,100
the mental life of Atlantis, its
existence in imagination and 

4261
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:42,700
culture, rather than geography 
has proven far more vigorous 

4262
03:59:42,700 --> 03:59:44,800
than any attempt to locate it 
physically. 

4263
03:59:45,600 --> 03:59:48,300
This shouldn't surprise us. 
Given how Plato created the 

4264
03:59:48,300 --> 03:59:52,000
story in the first place? 
He invented a Lantus as an idea,

4265
03:59:52,000 --> 03:59:56,000
a philosophical proposal about 
what happens when civilization's

4266
03:59:56,000 --> 04:00:00,400
prioritize, power over wisdom, 
The ideas proven durable 

4267
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:03,300
precisely because it addresses 
something real about human 

4268
04:00:03,300 --> 04:00:07,000
social organization, even if the
specific civilization was 

4269
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:09,600
fictional as you settle more 
deeply into rest. 

4270
04:00:09,600 --> 04:00:13,000
Notice how a story that began as
a philosophical. 

4271
04:00:13,000 --> 04:00:16,400
Thought experiment in ancient 
Athens has become a cultural 

4272
04:00:16,400 --> 04:00:19,800
Touchstone that each generation 
reinvents according to its own 

4273
04:00:19,800 --> 04:00:24,300
needs and concerns. the 
Atlantis, in our minds changes 

4274
04:00:24,300 --> 04:00:28,900
shape like water flowing into 
whatever conceptual space is our

4275
04:00:28,900 --> 04:00:32,800
particular historical moment 
provides Always maintaining its 

4276
04:00:32,800 --> 04:00:36,100
basic form while adapting its 
details to new contexts. 

4277
04:00:36,100 --> 04:00:40,900
This mental, Atlantis 
infinitely, flexible, endlessly 

4278
04:00:40,900 --> 04:00:44,600
reinterpret, never quite pinned 
down, might be the 

4279
04:00:44,600 --> 04:00:47,200
civilizations, most remarkable 
achievement. 

4280
04:00:48,300 --> 04:00:50,300
By not existing in physical 
space. 

4281
04:00:50,300 --> 04:00:54,600
It can exist everywhere in 
imaginative space available to 

4282
04:00:54,600 --> 04:00:57,200
whoever needs a symbol for lost 
perfection. 

4283
04:00:57,900 --> 04:01:01,300
Vanished wisdom or 
civilizational fragility. 

4284
04:01:02,200 --> 04:01:05,900
Plato, created something more 
lasting than any actual City 

4285
04:01:05,900 --> 04:01:09,600
could have been. 
An idea that survives precisely 

4286
04:01:09,600 --> 04:01:12,500
because it was never limited by 
the constraints of historical 

4287
04:01:12,500 --> 04:01:15,000
fact. 
Has we come to rest at the end 

4288
04:01:15,000 --> 04:01:18,400
of our journey through Atlantis,
the imagined, the search for, 

4289
04:01:18,400 --> 04:01:22,700
and the endlessly reinterpreted?
It's worth spending these final 

4290
04:01:22,700 --> 04:01:25,700
moments reflecting on what this 
story has meant across the 

4291
04:01:25,700 --> 04:01:29,000
centuries and what it might 
still offer to anyone willing to

4292
04:01:29,000 --> 04:01:31,800
think quietly about its 
implications pitch. 

4293
04:01:31,800 --> 04:01:34,700
Yourself floating just beneath 
the surface of a calm. 

4294
04:01:34,700 --> 04:01:38,900
Sea Pats near where Plato 
imagined, Atlantis wants stood, 

4295
04:01:39,800 --> 04:01:42,900
The water is clear enough. 
That sunlight penetrates down to

4296
04:01:42,900 --> 04:01:46,400
where you drift creating those 
moving patterns of light and 

4297
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:50,000
Shadow on the sand below that 
shift with each passing wave of 

4298
04:01:51,200 --> 04:01:54,700
The pressure of the water 
provides gentle even resistance 

4299
04:01:54,700 --> 04:01:58,100
to any movement that sensation 
of being supported and 

4300
04:01:58,100 --> 04:01:59,600
surrounded. 
That makes floating. 

4301
04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:03,400
So restful in this imagined 
underwater space, you can see 

4302
04:02:03,400 --> 04:02:05,800
the outlines of what might want 
to be buildings. 

4303
04:02:05,800 --> 04:02:11,100
Geometric forms worn Smooth by 
centuries of current Colonize 

4304
04:02:11,100 --> 04:02:14,500
Now by corals and seaweed that 
soften all the hard edges. 

4305
04:02:15,500 --> 04:02:18,200
Small fish move through spaces 
that might once have been 

4306
04:02:18,208 --> 04:02:22,000
windows or doorways, indifferent
or whatever human purposes, 

4307
04:02:22,000 --> 04:02:23,500
these structures originally 
served. 

4308
04:02:23,500 --> 04:02:26,400
Everything that was sharp has 
been rounded. 

4309
04:02:26,400 --> 04:02:29,800
Everything that was solid has 
been infiltrated by growing 

4310
04:02:29,800 --> 04:02:32,300
things. 
And everything that was dry has 

4311
04:02:32,300 --> 04:02:36,100
been saturated with saltwater. 
This Is What Becomes of human 

4312
04:02:36,100 --> 04:02:39,500
Ambitions give an enough time. 
Not destroyed. 

4313
04:02:39,500 --> 04:02:43,600
Exactly but transformed into 
something no longer recognizable

4314
04:02:43,600 --> 04:02:48,000
for its original purpose is The 
stone remains, but serves as a 

4315
04:02:48,008 --> 04:02:51,700
habitat now. 
The careful geometric planning 

4316
04:02:51,700 --> 04:02:55,600
is still visible but reads as a 
natural formation to anyone who 

4317
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:59,700
doesn't know its history. 
What was made becomes unmade, 

4318
04:02:59,700 --> 04:03:04,500
gradually, he patiently through 
processes that care nothing for 

4319
04:03:04,500 --> 04:03:05,800
preserving. 
Human meaning. 

4320
04:03:05,800 --> 04:03:09,100
There's something deeply restful
about this vision. 

4321
04:03:10,000 --> 04:03:12,900
Not the catastrophic, 
destruction, Plato described 

4322
04:03:12,900 --> 04:03:16,900
earthquakes, and floods 
consuming a civilization in a 

4323
04:03:16,900 --> 04:03:19,700
day and night. 
But the slow transformation that

4324
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:23,000
comes after. 
When natural processes reclaim 

4325
04:03:23,000 --> 04:03:26,300
human constructions and 
incorporate them into new 

4326
04:03:26,300 --> 04:03:30,000
patterns of life. 
The coral growing on Atlantean 

4327
04:03:30,000 --> 04:03:31,800
walls, doesn't mourn. 
The civilization. 

4328
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:34,900
That fell Fish swimming through 
the palace. 

4329
04:03:34,900 --> 04:03:37,900
Make no judgments about whether 
the Kings who once ruled there 

4330
04:03:37,900 --> 04:03:41,400
were wise or corrupt. 
Everything simply continues in 

4331
04:03:41,400 --> 04:03:43,800
new forms. 
This longer view offers 

4332
04:03:43,800 --> 04:03:46,600
perspective on all human 
achievement and failure. 

4333
04:03:47,400 --> 04:03:51,000
The things we build physical 
structures, social institutions,

4334
04:03:51,000 --> 04:03:55,000
cultural Traditions, all seems 
so solid and permanent while 

4335
04:03:55,000 --> 04:03:57,900
we're building them. 
We imagine their last forever 

4336
04:03:57,900 --> 04:04:01,400
that were creating something 
that will stand against time and

4337
04:04:01,400 --> 04:04:04,900
sometimes are constructions. 
Do last a remarkably long time 

4338
04:04:04,900 --> 04:04:09,300
but eventually everything we 
make becomes raw material for 

4339
04:04:09,300 --> 04:04:12,800
whatever comes next, Plato. 
Understood this at some level. 

4340
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:16,900
That's why he set Atlantis in 
the distant past rather than the

4341
04:04:16,900 --> 04:04:20,700
present and why he had it 
destroyed rather than evolving 

4342
04:04:20,700 --> 04:04:24,900
into something. 
New Story needed the finality of

4343
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:28,700
total Destruction to make its 
philosophical point about the 

4344
04:04:28,700 --> 04:04:31,100
relationship between virtue and 
sustainability. 

4345
04:04:32,300 --> 04:04:35,300
But the actual process of 
civilizational change is usually

4346
04:04:35,300 --> 04:04:40,000
less dramatic more like erosion 
than earthquake more, like fish 

4347
04:04:40,000 --> 04:04:43,200
moving into abandoned buildings 
than waves overwhelming 

4348
04:04:43,200 --> 04:04:45,200
inhabited ones. 
The lesson. 

4349
04:04:45,200 --> 04:04:47,500
Isn't that nothing matters? 
Because everything eventually 

4350
04:04:47,500 --> 04:04:51,500
changes form, rather, it's that 
what matters isn't permanent but

4351
04:04:51,500 --> 04:04:54,800
how we inhabit. 
The time we have the atlanteans 

4352
04:04:54,800 --> 04:04:57,600
lived. 
Meaningful lives raised families

4353
04:04:57,600 --> 04:05:02,900
created Art, built buildings, 
governed cities, even though 

4354
04:05:02,900 --> 04:05:07,000
their civilization was temporary
Fact that it ended doesn't 

4355
04:05:07,000 --> 04:05:09,600
retroactively render their 
existence meaningless. 

4356
04:05:10,500 --> 04:05:13,000
They lived as fully as they 
could give him what they need 

4357
04:05:13,000 --> 04:05:17,300
and the circumstances they face 
this applies to our own lives 

4358
04:05:17,300 --> 04:05:20,300
and civilizations as well. 
We build knowing that what we 

4359
04:05:20,300 --> 04:05:23,500
build won't last forever, but we
build anyway because the 

4360
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:28,200
building itself has value 
independent of its durability We

4361
04:05:28,200 --> 04:05:30,900
create societies knowing they'll
eventually transformed into 

4362
04:05:30,900 --> 04:05:35,100
something we wouldn't recognize 
but we try to make them just and

4363
04:05:35,100 --> 04:05:38,400
flourishing anyway because 
Justice and flourishing matter 

4364
04:05:38,400 --> 04:05:41,600
in the present, regardless of 
future obsolescence, the 

4365
04:05:41,600 --> 04:05:44,200
underwater Atlantis of 
imagination offers another kind 

4366
04:05:44,200 --> 04:05:46,000
of lesson about depth and 
surface. 

4367
04:05:46,000 --> 04:05:49,600
The visible world. 
The one we usually attend to is 

4368
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:53,500
like the surface of the ocean 
agitated by wind and current 

4369
04:05:53,500 --> 04:05:58,200
constantly changing. 
Never quite stable below the 

4370
04:05:58,200 --> 04:06:01,600
surface like deeper patterns and
structures the underlying 

4371
04:06:01,600 --> 04:06:04,500
reality that supports surface 
phenomena without being 

4372
04:06:04,500 --> 04:06:07,000
immediately visible. 
Plato's philosophy. 

4373
04:06:07,000 --> 04:06:09,800
Always insisted on this 
distinction between surface 

4374
04:06:09,800 --> 04:06:13,600
appearance and underlying 
reality His theory of forms, 

4375
04:06:13,600 --> 04:06:17,500
suggested that true reality 
exists in an eternal realm of 

4376
04:06:17,500 --> 04:06:21,100
perfect ideas. 
While physical existence offers 

4377
04:06:21,100 --> 04:06:23,100
only imperfect copies and 
shadows. 

4378
04:06:23,900 --> 04:06:26,300
Atlantis functions. 
As a story about this 

4379
04:06:26,300 --> 04:06:30,100
distinction, the beautiful 
surface civilization built on 

4380
04:06:30,100 --> 04:06:32,400
foundations. 
That were slowly weakening. 

4381
04:06:32,400 --> 04:06:35,700
The visible success masking 
invisible. 

4382
04:06:35,700 --> 04:06:39,600
Moral Decay for us, this might 
translate into paying attention 

4383
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:43,400
to foundations asking whether 
our visible achievements, rest 

4384
04:06:43,400 --> 04:06:47,700
on sustainable bases where the 
surface success masks deeper 

4385
04:06:47,700 --> 04:06:52,000
problems were ignoring It's the 
kind of reflection that doesn't 

4386
04:06:52,000 --> 04:06:54,700
come naturally, when things seem
to be going well, but becomes 

4387
04:06:54,700 --> 04:06:56,900
urgent. 
When we notice cracks and 

4388
04:06:56,900 --> 04:06:59,800
structures, we thought were 
solid, the gentle consistent 

4389
04:06:59,800 --> 04:07:03,100
pressure of water on the 
imagined Atlantean ruins offers 

4390
04:07:03,100 --> 04:07:06,700
a final metaphor worth 
considering Time and natural 

4391
04:07:06,700 --> 04:07:08,400
processes. 
Don't attack human 

4392
04:07:08,400 --> 04:07:11,400
constructions. 
Violently they simply persist 

4393
04:07:11,400 --> 04:07:15,100
applying steady pressure in ways
that eventually wear down any 

4394
04:07:15,100 --> 04:07:18,300
resistance. 
What seems solid proves to be 

4395
04:07:18,300 --> 04:07:20,900
temporary when subjected to 
forces that operate on 

4396
04:07:20,900 --> 04:07:24,100
geological rather than human 
time scales? 

4397
04:07:24,100 --> 04:07:26,700
This isn't depressing. 
If you think about it properly, 

4398
04:07:26,700 --> 04:07:30,600
it's actually freeing. 
The pressure to make everything 

4399
04:07:30,600 --> 04:07:34,700
permanent to create achievements
that will last forever to ensure

4400
04:07:34,700 --> 04:07:37,100
your significance Echoes through
eternity. 

4401
04:07:38,100 --> 04:07:41,500
These pressures dissolve when 
you recognize that nothing lasts

4402
04:07:41,500 --> 04:07:45,400
forever in physical Forum, you 
can relax into creating things 

4403
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:49,000
that matter now, serving 
purposes in the present without 

4404
04:07:49,000 --> 04:07:51,100
needing to guarantee Eternal 
relevance. 

4405
04:07:52,000 --> 04:07:54,200
The fish don't care, whether 
they're swimming through the 

4406
04:07:54,200 --> 04:07:58,000
ruins of a great civilization or
natural rock formation. 

4407
04:07:58,000 --> 04:08:02,200
They're just living, their fish,
lives eating, smaller fish, 

4408
04:08:02,200 --> 04:08:05,300
avoiding, larger fish and 
reproducing. 

4409
04:08:05,300 --> 04:08:09,100
When conditions permit There's 
something admirable about this 

4410
04:08:09,100 --> 04:08:12,200
pragmatic, indifference to human
hierarchies of meaning. 

4411
04:08:13,100 --> 04:08:16,400
The ocean doesn't distinguish 
between Grand palaces and simple

4412
04:08:16,400 --> 04:08:19,100
homes. 
Once both have been underwater 

4413
04:08:19,100 --> 04:08:22,700
long enough, this might be the 
deepest teaching of Atlantis. 

4414
04:08:23,400 --> 04:08:26,400
That all our status 
distinctions, all our 

4415
04:08:26,400 --> 04:08:30,400
categorizations of important and
trivial, great and ordinary will

4416
04:08:30,400 --> 04:08:33,200
eventually be leveled by time 
and natural processes. 

4417
04:08:34,000 --> 04:08:36,700
Not because nothing matters but 
because everything matters 

4418
04:08:36,700 --> 04:08:38,400
equally in its own time and 
place. 

4419
04:08:39,300 --> 04:08:42,300
Coral doesn't prefer growing on 
Palace walls over growing on 

4420
04:08:42,300 --> 04:08:45,800
humble homes. 
The sand fills all structures 

4421
04:08:45,800 --> 04:08:47,300
with the same patient 
efficiency. 

4422
04:08:47,300 --> 04:08:52,100
If Atlantis did exist and did 
sink beneath the waves, this is 

4423
04:08:52,100 --> 04:08:55,600
what would have become of it by 
now, not a treasure Trove of 

4424
04:08:55,600 --> 04:08:58,900
ancient wisdom, waiting to be 
recovered, but a series of 

4425
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:02,400
formations where marine life 
goes about its business, where 

4426
04:09:02,400 --> 04:09:06,300
sediment accumulates and where 
natural processes have long. 

4427
04:09:06,300 --> 04:09:10,200
Since erased, most traces of 
human intention, And that's 

4428
04:09:10,200 --> 04:09:13,300
fine. 
That's how the world Works human

4429
04:09:13,300 --> 04:09:17,600
civilizations. 
Arise flourish declined and are 

4430
04:09:17,600 --> 04:09:20,100
Incorporated back into the 
natural systems from which they 

4431
04:09:20,100 --> 04:09:22,800
emerged. 
As you drift now towards sleep, 

4432
04:09:22,800 --> 04:09:25,500
you might carry with you this 
image of underwater Rue and 

4433
04:09:25,500 --> 04:09:28,700
where fish swim through empty 
windows and coral decorates 

4434
04:09:28,700 --> 04:09:32,600
forgotten walls. not as 
something sad, but as something 

4435
04:09:32,600 --> 04:09:36,400
peaceful, a reminder that all 
our striving eventually, finds 

4436
04:09:36,400 --> 04:09:40,000
rest That the pressure to 
achieve and build and leave 

4437
04:09:40,000 --> 04:09:43,200
permanent marks can be released 
into the patient processes that 

4438
04:09:43,200 --> 04:09:48,500
transform everything over time. 
The water supports you Gentle 

4439
04:09:48,500 --> 04:09:52,500
movement of the current rocks. 
You slowly rhythmically like a 

4440
04:09:52,500 --> 04:09:54,500
parent rocking a child towards 
sleep. 

4441
04:09:55,400 --> 04:09:57,600
Below. 
You the sand holds, whatever 

4442
04:09:57,600 --> 04:10:00,600
remains of things that mattered 
intensely to people now long 

4443
04:10:00,600 --> 04:10:02,300
gone. 
Above you. 

4444
04:10:02,300 --> 04:10:05,700
The surface catches sunlight and
transforms it into moving 

4445
04:10:05,700 --> 04:10:09,000
patterns, that dance across 
every underwater surface. 

4446
04:10:10,300 --> 04:10:14,600
Float between the two suspended 
in the present moment supported 

4447
04:10:14,600 --> 04:10:18,100
by water that has been cycling 
through Ocean's for millions of 

4448
04:10:18,100 --> 04:10:20,300
years. 
This is what Plato's Atlantis 

4449
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:23,900
offers us. 
Finally, not historical mystery 

4450
04:10:23,900 --> 04:10:27,800
to solve or a technological 
achievement to recover, but a 

4451
04:10:27,800 --> 04:10:31,100
contemplative space where we can
reflect on achievement and lost 

4452
04:10:31,100 --> 04:10:34,900
building and Decay and the 
difference between surface 

4453
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:39,500
success and deep sustainability.
The story creates room for 

4454
04:10:39,500 --> 04:10:43,100
thinking about how we live what 
we build and what we leave 

4455
04:10:43,100 --> 04:10:46,100
behind when time and nature 
eventually reclaim everything. 

4456
04:10:46,100 --> 04:10:49,700
The remarkable thing about 
Atlantis is that it exists. 

4457
04:10:49,700 --> 04:10:53,000
Now, more vigorously than it 
ever did in Plato's imagination.

4458
04:10:54,500 --> 04:10:59,100
The story has been retold so 
many times adapted to so many 

4459
04:10:59,100 --> 04:11:02,900
purposes that it's become a 
permanent part of human cultural

4460
04:11:02,900 --> 04:11:04,900
inheritance. 
Story. 

4461
04:11:04,900 --> 04:11:08,200
We Tell ourselves about 
ourselves about our capacity for

4462
04:11:08,200 --> 04:11:12,100
achievement and our tendency 
towards self-destruction, Plato,

4463
04:11:12,100 --> 04:11:15,300
wrote, perhaps 15 pages about 
Atlantis in his dialogues. 

4464
04:11:16,100 --> 04:11:19,900
Those 15 pages of generated, 
millions of pages of speculation

4465
04:11:19,900 --> 04:11:23,500
interpretation and imaginative 
elaboration. 

4466
04:11:24,400 --> 04:11:26,700
The return on investment is 
extraordinary. 

4467
04:11:27,600 --> 04:11:30,500
Few authors of created 
something, so durable from such 

4468
04:11:30,500 --> 04:11:32,300
an economical initial 
description. 

4469
04:11:33,400 --> 04:11:37,300
The sparse specificity of 
Plato's account detailed enough 

4470
04:11:37,300 --> 04:11:41,700
to seem real vague enough to 
invite interpretation, created 

4471
04:11:41,700 --> 04:11:44,300
space for everyone who came 
after to project, their own 

4472
04:11:44,300 --> 04:11:48,900
ideas about lost perfection in 
this way, Atlantis has become a 

4473
04:11:48,900 --> 04:11:52,200
truly collaborative creation, 
built not by one author, but by 

4474
04:11:52,200 --> 04:11:55,800
thousands of people across 
dozens of centuries, each adding

4475
04:11:55,800 --> 04:11:58,800
their interpretation while the 
core story remains recognizable.

4476
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:01,800
It's like a ship that's been at 
Sea. 

4477
04:12:01,800 --> 04:12:04,300
So long, that every plank has 
been replaced multiple times 

4478
04:12:04,300 --> 04:12:09,000
yet, it still somehow the same 
ship, the continuity exists in 

4479
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:13,500
pattern and function rather than
material substance for a bedtime

4480
04:12:13,500 --> 04:12:15,300
story. 
Atlantis Works beautifully 

4481
04:12:15,300 --> 04:12:17,400
because it operates on the 
border between knowledge and 

4482
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:21,100
dream, it specific enough that 
you can visualize it clearly, 

4483
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:25,200
those circular Harbors, those 
walls plated with mysterious 

4484
04:12:25,200 --> 04:12:29,600
Metals those fountains and 
Gardens and temples but 

4485
04:12:29,600 --> 04:12:32,800
dreamlike enough that the images
can shift and flow as 

4486
04:12:32,800 --> 04:12:34,700
Consciousness moves towards 
sleep. 

4487
04:12:35,900 --> 04:12:39,400
Story provides structure without
rigid boundaries and guidance 

4488
04:12:39,400 --> 04:12:41,600
without constraint as 
Consciousness. 

4489
04:12:41,600 --> 04:12:44,000
Releases his grip on waking 
concerns. 

4490
04:12:44,000 --> 04:12:47,900
The Mind often drifted into a 
liminal space where metaphor and

4491
04:12:47,900 --> 04:12:51,300
reality blur together. 
Where the distinction between 

4492
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:54,100
historical, fact and 
philosophical truth, becomes 

4493
04:12:54,100 --> 04:12:57,400
less important. 
This is the space where Atlantis

4494
04:12:57,400 --> 04:13:00,400
has always existed. 
Most vividly not in any 

4495
04:13:00,400 --> 04:13:03,200
particular ocean depth or 
geographical coordinates. 

4496
04:13:03,200 --> 04:13:06,200
But in the Twilight region where
we think about human 

4497
04:13:06,200 --> 04:13:11,300
possibility, achievement, 
limitation and loss tomorrow. 

4498
04:13:11,300 --> 04:13:13,900
You'll wake to whatever 
challenges and opportunities 

4499
04:13:13,900 --> 04:13:17,500
your particular moment in 
history provides You'll navigate

4500
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:20,800
social structures and natural 
environments that are neither as

4501
04:13:20,800 --> 04:13:24,700
perfect as Atlantis in its 
golden age nor as doomed as 

4502
04:13:24,700 --> 04:13:28,600
Atlantis and its decline. 
Like most Human Experience, your

4503
04:13:28,600 --> 04:13:31,600
actual life will be mixed 
containing elements of 

4504
04:13:31,600 --> 04:13:36,000
achievement, and failure, wisdom
and Folly sustainable practices 

4505
04:13:36,000 --> 04:13:39,900
and unsustainable pressures. 
But you'll carry with you that 

4506
04:13:39,900 --> 04:13:43,900
unconsciously the patterns and 
questions that Atlantis raises. 

4507
04:13:44,900 --> 04:13:47,400
When you see visible success 
built on questionable 

4508
04:13:47,400 --> 04:13:50,400
foundations, you might remember 
the civilization. 

4509
04:13:50,400 --> 04:13:53,000
That seemed most powerful just 
before it sank. 

4510
04:13:54,300 --> 04:13:57,300
When you notice how difficult it
is to maintain standards and 

4511
04:13:57,308 --> 04:14:01,200
values across Generations, you 
might recall how Divine wisdom 

4512
04:14:01,200 --> 04:14:04,500
was gradually diluted in 
Atlantean bloodline lines. 

4513
04:14:05,400 --> 04:14:08,100
When you recognize the gap 
between ideal vision and 

4514
04:14:08,100 --> 04:14:11,500
practical realities, your 
engaging with exactly the 

4515
04:14:11,500 --> 04:14:14,700
tensions Plato explored through 
his imaginary civilization, 

4516
04:14:14,700 --> 04:14:18,800
these aren't ancient questions 
their human question's as 

4517
04:14:18,800 --> 04:14:20,500
relevant. 
Now, as they were in fourth 

4518
04:14:20,500 --> 04:14:24,100
Century, Athens as urgent in 
every era that has ever grappled

4519
04:14:24,100 --> 04:14:27,600
with how to build. 
Sustainable, just flourishing 

4520
04:14:27,600 --> 04:14:31,800
Society is Atlantis endures 
because it addresses something 

4521
04:14:31,800 --> 04:14:35,800
permanent in Human Experience, 
the desire for Perfection. 

4522
04:14:35,800 --> 04:14:40,500
The tendency toward corruption 
the relationship between virtue 

4523
04:14:40,500 --> 04:14:43,400
and Fortune and the 
inevitability of change and 

4524
04:14:43,400 --> 04:14:45,500
loss. 
The ocean that swallowed, 

4525
04:14:45,500 --> 04:14:49,600
Atlantis continues to move in 
its rhythmic patterns waves 

4526
04:14:49,600 --> 04:14:52,000
rising and falling as they've 
risen and fallen. 

4527
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:55,300
And for millions of years, 
before human civilizations, 

4528
04:14:55,300 --> 04:14:58,900
existed and will continue rising
and falling long. 

4529
04:14:58,900 --> 04:15:03,100
After our particular moment, 
passes into history, this 

4530
04:15:03,100 --> 04:15:06,000
continuity provides context for 
human striving. 

4531
04:15:06,900 --> 04:15:10,000
Were participating in something 
much larger and longer than 

4532
04:15:10,000 --> 04:15:11,900
individual lives or even 
civilizations. 

4533
04:15:11,900 --> 04:15:16,200
Part of natural processes that 
operate on scales. 

4534
04:15:16,200 --> 04:15:19,900
We can barely comprehend rest. 
Now in this knowledge. 

4535
04:15:21,200 --> 04:15:24,800
Whatever your building, whatever
concerns occupy your waking 

4536
04:15:24,800 --> 04:15:27,400
hours, whatever achievements or 
failures. 

4537
04:15:27,400 --> 04:15:31,500
Mark your day, all of it takes 
place within this larger pattern

4538
04:15:31,500 --> 04:15:36,700
of arising flourishing declining
and transforming into something 

4539
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:39,400
new. 
You're held in the same way. 

4540
04:15:39,400 --> 04:15:43,000
The imagined underwater ruins 
are held by the ocean, not 

4541
04:15:43,000 --> 04:15:46,900
gripped tightly. 
But supported gently allowed to 

4542
04:15:46,900 --> 04:15:50,400
be exactly what you are in this 
moment while time and nature do 

4543
04:15:50,400 --> 04:15:53,400
their patient work of 
transformation, the philosopher,

4544
04:15:53,400 --> 04:15:55,900
Plato long dead. 
Now his body returned to the 

4545
04:15:55,900 --> 04:15:59,200
elements that composed it 
nevertheless continued speaking 

4546
04:15:59,200 --> 04:16:02,300
to anyone willing to listen to 
his story about Atlantis. 

4547
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:06,000
Not because he discovered some 
secret history or preserved, 

4548
04:16:06,000 --> 04:16:09,600
some ancient wisdom but because 
he understood something true 

4549
04:16:09,600 --> 04:16:13,900
about how human civilizations 
work and found a way to express 

4550
04:16:13,900 --> 04:16:17,100
that understanding through 
memorable narrative, his 

4551
04:16:17,100 --> 04:16:20,100
greatest achievement wasn't the 
philosophical system, he built 

4552
04:16:20,100 --> 04:16:23,900
or the political theories, he 
proposed it was creating stories

4553
04:16:23,900 --> 04:16:26,900
that would Outlast Stone. 
Stories that exist. 

4554
04:16:26,900 --> 04:16:30,900
Now, in millions of Minds across
the world changing slightly with

4555
04:16:30,900 --> 04:16:33,500
each retelling while maintaining
their essential character. 

4556
04:16:34,500 --> 04:16:38,300
Stories that help us think about
who we are how we live and what 

4557
04:16:38,300 --> 04:16:40,700
we might become, if we pay 
attention to the patterns 

4558
04:16:40,700 --> 04:16:43,200
repeating throughout human 
history, sleep. 

4559
04:16:43,200 --> 04:16:46,400
Well, knowing that your part of 
this ongoing conversation about 

4560
04:16:46,400 --> 04:16:49,900
human possibility and limitation
that stretches back through 

4561
04:16:49,900 --> 04:16:52,800
centuries and forward into an 
uncertain future. 

4562
04:16:54,100 --> 04:16:58,200
The questions Plato raised 
through Atlantis about virtue 

4563
04:16:58,200 --> 04:17:00,500
and power, wisdom and 
Corruption. 

4564
04:17:01,400 --> 04:17:04,600
Sustainability and collapse are 
your questions. 

4565
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:08,500
Now, to be answered through how 
you live and what you choose to 

4566
04:17:08,500 --> 04:17:12,300
build, or preserve or transform 
and perhaps in your dreams, 

4567
04:17:12,300 --> 04:17:15,700
you'll swim through underwater 
ruins where sunlight filters 

4568
04:17:15,700 --> 04:17:20,100
down through Clearwater and 
small fish, move unconcerned 

4569
04:17:20,100 --> 04:17:24,000
through spaces, that once held 
human hopes and ambitions You'll

4570
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:27,600
see how time and nature of the 
ultimate artists, taking 

4571
04:17:27,600 --> 04:17:31,100
everything we make and slowly 
patiently transforming it into 

4572
04:17:31,100 --> 04:17:33,700
something beautiful, in entirely
new ways. 

4573
04:17:34,700 --> 04:17:37,900
You'll understand that this 
transformation isn't lost but 

4574
04:17:37,900 --> 04:17:41,200
continuation not ending but a 
change of form. 

4575
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:46,100
The story of Atlantis ends where
it begins in imagination. 

4576
04:17:46,100 --> 04:17:49,500
In the space, where we reflect 
on what it means to be human. 

4577
04:17:49,500 --> 04:17:53,400
And to build civilizations that 
are always temporary, always 

4578
04:17:53,400 --> 04:17:56,200
imperfect. 
And yet, always meaningful for 

4579
04:17:56,200 --> 04:18:00,500
those who inhabit them. 
May this reflection carry you 

4580
04:18:00,500 --> 04:18:05,500
gently into sleep into dreams 
into the rest that allows 

4581
04:18:05,500 --> 04:18:07,200
tomorrow's building to begin a 
game. 

4582
04:18:14,200 --> 04:18:17,800
Welcome to Tudor England, where 
the approach of Darkness meant 

4583
04:18:17,800 --> 04:18:20,000
something entirely different 
than it does today. 

4584
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:26,200
Between 1485 and 1603. 
When the sun set over thatched 

4585
04:18:26,200 --> 04:18:30,900
cottages and manor, houses alike
and entire ritual, unfolded, 

4586
04:18:30,900 --> 04:18:34,100
that shaped how people rested 
dreamed and greeted. 

4587
04:18:34,100 --> 04:18:37,800
Each new day to night. 
Will explore the intimate world 

4588
04:18:37,800 --> 04:18:41,800
of Tudor sleep from the moment. 
Twilight descended to the first 

4589
04:18:41,800 --> 04:18:46,300
during of dawn discovering, how 
your ancestors found, rest in an

4590
04:18:46,300 --> 04:18:50,300
era without electricity central 
heating or any of the modern 

4591
04:18:50,300 --> 04:18:53,500
Comforts, we take for granted 
now, imagine if you will 

4592
04:18:53,500 --> 04:18:56,400
yourself standing in a Tudor 
Marketplace, on a September 

4593
04:18:56,400 --> 04:18:58,900
afternoon and the light is 
already changing. 

4594
04:18:59,800 --> 04:19:01,400
The sun hangs lower than you'd 
expect. 

4595
04:19:01,400 --> 04:19:05,500
For 4:00 casting Long Shadows 
across the cobblestones. 

4596
04:19:06,200 --> 04:19:08,300
Around you. 
Merchants are packing up their 

4597
04:19:08,300 --> 04:19:12,100
stalls with increasing urgency. 
And you realize this isn't just 

4598
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,700
about closing shop, it's about 
getting home before the darkness

4599
04:19:15,700 --> 04:19:18,500
arrives in Earnest. 
In Tudor England knightfall 

4600
04:19:18,500 --> 04:19:21,100
wasn't simply an inconvenience 
to be conquered with a light, 

4601
04:19:21,100 --> 04:19:24,800
switch it represented a 
fundamental shift in how life 

4602
04:19:24,800 --> 04:19:29,000
operated Your body if you'd 
lived in this era would have 

4603
04:19:29,000 --> 04:19:31,600
been attuned to the sun's 
movements in ways that modern 

4604
04:19:31,600 --> 04:19:36,400
humans have largely forgotten. 
The pineal gland in your brain 

4605
04:19:36,400 --> 04:19:40,500
responding to decreasing light 
would begin releasing melatonin 

4606
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:44,000
much earlier than it does today.
Sometimes as early as 

4607
04:19:44,000 --> 04:19:48,200
mid-afternoon, in winter months,
The phrase of Day held literal 

4608
04:19:48,200 --> 04:19:52,000
weight shops, shuttered, their 
Windows families, gathered their

4609
04:19:52,000 --> 04:19:55,000
children from Play. 
Even livestock seem to 

4610
04:19:55,000 --> 04:19:58,000
understand the approaching 
transition making their way 

4611
04:19:58,000 --> 04:19:59,600
towards bonds without much 
prompting. 

4612
04:20:01,100 --> 04:20:04,500
This wasn't fear, exactly, 
though nighttime did carry 

4613
04:20:04,500 --> 04:20:06,800
legitimate concerns about safety
and navigation. 

4614
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:10,900
Rather it was acceptance of a 
natural Rhythm that. 

4615
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:15,000
Governed, everything from work 
schedule to meal times to social

4616
04:20:15,000 --> 04:20:18,300
Gatherings, as you walk through 
a two to town at dusk. 

4617
04:20:18,300 --> 04:20:21,600
You'd notice the sound changing 
The hammering from the 

4618
04:20:21,600 --> 04:20:25,800
blacksmith's Forge false silent 
the calls of Street vendors Fade

4619
04:20:25,800 --> 04:20:28,500
Away in their place. 
Comes a different acoustic 

4620
04:20:28,500 --> 04:20:32,000
landscape, the settling of 
Timber frames as building's. 

4621
04:20:32,000 --> 04:20:35,400
Cool, the distant bleeding of 
sheep, being penned for the 

4622
04:20:35,400 --> 04:20:38,500
night and the closest sounds of 
families moving inside their 

4623
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:41,500
homes. 
Someone nearby is bringing in 

4624
04:20:41,500 --> 04:20:44,100
firewood. 
The logs clunking against each 

4625
04:20:44,100 --> 04:20:45,900
other, with that particular 
Hollow sound. 

4626
04:20:45,900 --> 04:20:49,000
That means they've been drying 
all summer the smell of cooking 

4627
04:20:49,000 --> 04:20:52,600
fires intensifies. 
As you pass houses, where supper

4628
04:20:52,600 --> 04:20:56,100
preparations are underway. 
Smoke curls from chimneys. 

4629
04:20:56,100 --> 04:20:58,800
Relatively new feature in Tudor 
times. 

4630
04:20:58,800 --> 04:21:01,600
Actually, there's many older 
buildings still relied on 

4631
04:21:01,608 --> 04:21:03,500
Central halves with holes in the
roof. 

4632
04:21:04,800 --> 04:21:08,600
The aroma tells you what's for 
dinner in a dozen homes pottage 

4633
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:10,800
made with whatever vegetables 
came from the garden. 

4634
04:21:10,800 --> 04:21:14,300
Perhaps some salted pork. 
If it's a household with means 

4635
04:21:14,300 --> 04:21:18,200
and bread, baking on half stones
for tomorrow's breakfast, your 

4636
04:21:18,200 --> 04:21:21,300
own household, assuming your 
neither wealthy or destitute 

4637
04:21:21,300 --> 04:21:23,400
operates on a predictable 
schedule. 

4638
04:21:24,400 --> 04:21:26,800
Supper happens while they're 
still enough natural light to 

4639
04:21:26,800 --> 04:21:30,100
see your food, clearly not out 
of preference, but necessity. 

4640
04:21:31,000 --> 04:21:34,300
Candles and Rush, Lights cost 
money, and you'll need them for 

4641
04:21:34,300 --> 04:21:37,800
the essential tasks. 
That must happen after dark the 

4642
04:21:37,800 --> 04:21:39,700
tower rush like sputter and 
smoke. 

4643
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:43,500
Giving off a smell that visitors
from our time would find 

4644
04:21:43,500 --> 04:21:46,800
unpleasant, but that Tudor knows
his barely registered. 

4645
04:21:47,700 --> 04:21:51,300
These were decorative elements 
but practical tools jealously 

4646
04:21:51,300 --> 04:21:54,500
guarded and carefully. 
Rationed children are already 

4647
04:21:54,500 --> 04:21:57,900
showing signs of drowsiness much
earlier than modern kids would 

4648
04:21:58,700 --> 04:22:02,400
Without the stimulation of 
screens or Bright Lights their 

4649
04:22:02,400 --> 04:22:04,500
circadian rhythms. 
Follow ancient patterns. 

4650
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:08,700
You might see a five-year-old 
rubbing her eyes 6:00 ready for 

4651
04:22:08,708 --> 04:22:10,300
bed. 
Long before the adults will 

4652
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:13,400
retire. 
This isn't considered unusual or

4653
04:22:13,400 --> 04:22:16,700
problematic. 
It's simply how children are the

4654
04:22:16,700 --> 04:22:19,400
transition from day to night. 
Carried a certain Comfort 

4655
04:22:19,400 --> 04:22:22,500
despite its challenges. 
There was predictability in the 

4656
04:22:22,500 --> 04:22:24,900
routine. 
A sense that you were doing what

4657
04:22:24,900 --> 04:22:26,900
countless Generations before you
had done. 

4658
04:22:27,700 --> 04:22:30,600
As Darkness settled more 
completely over the town, you'd 

4659
04:22:30,600 --> 04:22:33,600
begin moving through the rituals
that prepare both house and body

4660
04:22:33,600 --> 04:22:36,400
for sleep. 
Rituals that were as much about 

4661
04:22:36,400 --> 04:22:39,100
psychological preparation as 
physical assess. 

4662
04:22:39,800 --> 04:22:41,800
Chapter 2, the bed chamber 
itself. 

4663
04:22:41,800 --> 04:22:45,000
Let's step into a typical Tudor 
bedroom, though. 

4664
04:22:45,000 --> 04:22:48,300
Typical covers a wide range 
depending on social status. 

4665
04:22:49,400 --> 04:22:52,300
We'll start with a middling 
household prosperous enough to 

4666
04:22:52,300 --> 04:22:55,400
have separate sleeping quarters 
but far from the elaborate 

4667
04:22:55,400 --> 04:22:59,100
Arrangements of nobility. 
Climb a narrow wooden staircase.

4668
04:22:59,100 --> 04:23:03,200
Your hand trailing along, a wall
made of wattle and orb. 

4669
04:23:04,000 --> 04:23:08,500
Woven sticks covered with a 
mixture of mud, clay and straw. 

4670
04:23:09,700 --> 04:23:13,800
The texture onto your fingers is
rough, but solid cool to the 

4671
04:23:13,808 --> 04:23:18,000
touch at the top. 
You duck slightly through a 

4672
04:23:18,000 --> 04:23:20,500
doorway built for people who 
averaged several inches shorter 

4673
04:23:20,500 --> 04:23:23,400
than modern humans. 
They're not quite as short as 

4674
04:23:23,400 --> 04:23:26,400
myth would have it. 
The average Tudor man, stood 

4675
04:23:26,400 --> 04:23:30,000
around 5 foot 7. 
The average woman about five 

4676
04:23:30,000 --> 04:23:32,500
foot two, the bed chamber isn't 
large. 

4677
04:23:32,500 --> 04:23:35,800
In fact, it strikes you as 
remarkably small by contemporary

4678
04:23:35,800 --> 04:23:40,700
standards, 10 feet by 12 feet, 
and it serves multiple purposes 

4679
04:23:40,700 --> 04:23:44,200
Beyond sleeping. 
Against one wall stands, the bed

4680
04:23:44,200 --> 04:23:48,600
itself, the rooms most valuable 
piece of furniture and quite 

4681
04:23:48,600 --> 04:23:50,900
possibly the most expensive 
item. 

4682
04:23:50,900 --> 04:23:54,500
The family owns. 
This isn't a mattress on a frame

4683
04:23:54,500 --> 04:23:58,100
from a furniture store. 
This is a substantial wooden 

4684
04:23:58,100 --> 04:24:00,100
structure built to last 
Generations. 

4685
04:24:00,100 --> 04:24:02,600
That will be mentioned 
specifically in the owners. 

4686
04:24:02,600 --> 04:24:06,000
Will the bed frame Rises higher 
off the floor than you'd expect 

4687
04:24:06,000 --> 04:24:09,300
roughly three feet up. 
This practical reasoning here, 

4688
04:24:09,300 --> 04:24:13,400
elevation provides protection 
from floor drafts and from the 

4689
04:24:13,400 --> 04:24:16,100
various creatures that might 
wander across the floorboards at

4690
04:24:16,100 --> 04:24:19,200
night. 
The space underneath serves a 

4691
04:24:19,200 --> 04:24:22,700
storage for chests boxes and 
sometimes even a trundle bed 

4692
04:24:22,700 --> 04:24:24,600
that pulls out for children or 
servants. 

4693
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:27,600
What catches your attention? 
Most is the bed itself. 

4694
04:24:28,400 --> 04:24:31,600
Particularly the mattress 
situation which operates on a 

4695
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:34,400
principle of layering that would
make perfect sense to anyone who

4696
04:24:34,400 --> 04:24:37,100
understands Insulation at the 
base. 

4697
04:24:37,100 --> 04:24:40,600
It's a canvas sack stuffed with 
straw quite firmly packed. 

4698
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:45,000
This Foundation layer gets 
replaced, seasonally, fresh 

4699
04:24:45,000 --> 04:24:48,300
straw, and Autumn brought a 
particular satisfaction, like 

4700
04:24:48,300 --> 04:24:51,700
the feeling of new rushes on the
floor or a newly thatched roof. 

4701
04:24:52,500 --> 04:24:56,400
On top of this lies, a second 
mattress thinner, and stuffed 

4702
04:24:56,400 --> 04:25:00,200
with wool, if the household can 
afford it or more straw mixed 

4703
04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:04,500
with dried herbs, if they can't,
the term mattress itself comes 

4704
04:25:04,500 --> 04:25:08,500
from the Arabic word, meaning to
throw referring to the cushions 

4705
04:25:08,500 --> 04:25:10,000
thrown on the floor for 
sleeping. 

4706
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:13,700
But Tudor beds had evolved well 
beyond floor. 

4707
04:25:13,700 --> 04:25:17,500
Cushions incorporating Knowledge
from Continental, Craftsman 

4708
04:25:17,500 --> 04:25:21,900
about comfort and construction. 
A well-made bed represented a 

4709
04:25:21,900 --> 04:25:26,200
significant investment. 
Perhaps three months of wages 

4710
04:25:26,200 --> 04:25:29,900
for a laborer bed, curtains, 
hang from a wooden frame, and 

4711
04:25:29,900 --> 04:25:32,800
these serve purposes that are 
modern heated bedrooms don't 

4712
04:25:32,800 --> 04:25:37,000
require Heavy wool or linen. 
Curtains sometimes lined with 

4713
04:25:37,000 --> 04:25:40,400
additional fabric for winter, 
create a room within a room. 

4714
04:25:41,400 --> 04:25:46,000
When drawn, they trap body heat 
and provide genuine privacy, and

4715
04:25:46,000 --> 04:25:49,900
homeware privacy was scarce. 
The curtains also block drafts 

4716
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:52,600
that slip through shuttered 
windows and gaps in walls, 

4717
04:25:52,600 --> 04:25:55,800
making the enclosed space, 
several degrees warmer than the 

4718
04:25:55,800 --> 04:25:58,600
outer room, the curtains aren't 
purely functional. 

4719
04:25:58,600 --> 04:26:02,500
They carry social meaning to 
their quality, and decoration 

4720
04:26:02,500 --> 04:26:06,100
and now status to anyone who 
enters the room, Wealthy 

4721
04:26:06,100 --> 04:26:09,300
households might have curtains, 
embroidered with family crests 

4722
04:26:09,300 --> 04:26:12,600
or biblical scenes. 
Middling families, might add 

4723
04:26:12,600 --> 04:26:15,800
simple, geometric patterns or 
contrasting colored trim. 

4724
04:26:16,700 --> 04:26:20,100
Even modest households try to 
manage something Beyond plain 

4725
04:26:20,100 --> 04:26:24,100
undyed fabric. 
Perhaps adding bands of color at

4726
04:26:24,100 --> 04:26:28,300
the edges or simple embroidered 
flowers, near the opening bed, 

4727
04:26:28,300 --> 04:26:30,700
linens, tell another story about
Tudor life. 

4728
04:26:31,500 --> 04:26:35,800
If your fortunate enough to have
sheets, they made of Flags over 

4729
04:26:35,800 --> 04:26:38,100
into cloth that started out 
quite rough. 

4730
04:26:38,100 --> 04:26:41,900
But softened with repeated 
washing Cotton is exotic and 

4731
04:26:41,900 --> 04:26:44,900
expensive, imported from great 
distances. 

4732
04:26:46,200 --> 04:26:49,100
Silk is for the truly your 
sheets. 

4733
04:26:49,100 --> 04:26:52,100
Assuming you have them rather 
than sleeping directly on the 

4734
04:26:52,100 --> 04:26:55,900
wall mattress cover get wash 
perhaps once a month or every 

4735
04:26:55,900 --> 04:26:59,700
six weeks depending on the 
season and available water, the 

4736
04:26:59,700 --> 04:27:02,400
pillow under your head contains 
feathers, if you're prosperous 

4737
04:27:02,400 --> 04:27:06,800
or wool or buckwheat hulls, if 
you're not Multiple pillows are 

4738
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:09,900
a luxury. 
Most people make do with one and

4739
04:27:09,900 --> 04:27:12,900
it's not unusual for two people.
Sharing a bed to share a single 

4740
04:27:12,908 --> 04:27:17,100
pillow as well. pillowcase 
called a pillow bear gets 

4741
04:27:17,100 --> 04:27:19,700
washed, more frequently than 
sheets, because your face 

4742
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:23,200
touches it, nightly blankets and
coverlets complete, the bedding 

4743
04:27:23,200 --> 04:27:27,800
and here again, we see that 
principle of layering a linen 

4744
04:27:27,800 --> 04:27:31,200
sheet, goes over the sleeper, 
then on wool blanket, its then, 

4745
04:27:31,200 --> 04:27:35,300
perhaps a coverlet, a decorative
woven or embroidered covering 

4746
04:27:35,300 --> 04:27:37,400
that as much about display as 
warmth. 

4747
04:27:38,200 --> 04:27:41,200
In Winter, you might have a 
first-row added to the pile 

4748
04:27:41,200 --> 04:27:44,100
rabbit or lambskin. 
If you're moderately prosperous 

4749
04:27:44,100 --> 04:27:48,500
or expensive, imported Furs, if 
your wealthy, the room contains 

4750
04:27:48,500 --> 04:27:51,000
other Furniture though, not much
by modern standards. 

4751
04:27:52,100 --> 04:27:55,300
A chess at the foot of the bed 
holding clothing and linens. 

4752
04:27:56,400 --> 04:27:59,000
This chest probably traveled 
here with the wife when she 

4753
04:27:59,000 --> 04:28:02,200
married as part of her Dowry and
it might be the only piece of 

4754
04:28:02,200 --> 04:28:05,100
furniture. 
She truly owns outright a small 

4755
04:28:05,108 --> 04:28:08,800
table near the bed, holds a 
candle in a holder A cup of 

4756
04:28:08,808 --> 04:28:12,000
water or ale or maybe a prayer 
book if the household is 

4757
04:28:12,000 --> 04:28:15,400
literate and devout enough to 
own one pegs on the wall, hold 

4758
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:17,900
clothing. 
The concept of a closet or 

4759
04:28:17,900 --> 04:28:20,100
wardrobe belongs mainly to the 
very wealthy. 

4760
04:28:20,100 --> 04:28:23,400
Your few garments. 
Hang on these wooden pegs and 

4761
04:28:23,400 --> 04:28:26,400
you're careful with them because
cloth represents significant 

4762
04:28:26,400 --> 04:28:29,800
expense and labor. 
That wool gown hanging by the 

4763
04:28:29,800 --> 04:28:31,500
door, took a shepherd's year of 
work. 

4764
04:28:31,500 --> 04:28:35,600
A sheerer skill a Spinner's 
hours at the wheel, a Weaver's 

4765
04:28:35,600 --> 04:28:39,000
time at the loom and a Tailor's,
expertise with needle and 

4766
04:28:39,000 --> 04:28:41,400
thread. 
You don't treat it carelessly, 

4767
04:28:41,400 --> 04:28:45,500
the floor might be wood planks 
or packed Earth depending on the

4768
04:28:45,500 --> 04:28:48,900
House's age and the owners means
either way, it's covered with 

4769
04:28:48,908 --> 04:28:51,500
Russia's long grasses. 
Through cross. 

4770
04:28:51,500 --> 04:28:54,500
The surface that serves as a 
combination Floor, Covering 

4771
04:28:54,500 --> 04:28:59,400
insulation and waste absorption 
system, Fresh rushes smelled. 

4772
04:28:59,400 --> 04:29:04,200
Green and pleasant, old rushes 
due for changing smell of all 

4773
04:29:04,200 --> 04:29:06,800
the things that have fallen into
the mobile weeks or months. 

4774
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:11,300
You'd notice it immediately but 
Judah noses were acclimated to 

4775
04:29:11,300 --> 04:29:13,700
organic smells that modern 
sensibilities. 

4776
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:17,300
Find challenging a window quite 
small by modern standards. 

4777
04:29:17,300 --> 04:29:20,700
Its high in one wall, it has 
shutters but no glass. 

4778
04:29:20,700 --> 04:29:24,400
Glass windows, remain expensive,
and mainly appear in the homes 

4779
04:29:24,400 --> 04:29:27,900
of the wealthy or in churches. 
When shutters closed at night, 

4780
04:29:27,900 --> 04:29:31,100
they block wind and rain but 
also all light and fresh air. 

4781
04:29:31,800 --> 04:29:34,500
So there's a constant 
negotiation between warmth and 

4782
04:29:34,500 --> 04:29:37,700
ventilation between security and
stuffiness. 

4783
04:29:37,700 --> 04:29:41,700
The walls might have a religious
image or two would block prints 

4784
04:29:41,700 --> 04:29:45,900
of Saints or affordable even for
modest households The crucifix 

4785
04:29:45,900 --> 04:29:49,400
hangs near the bed placed where 
you'll see it lasting at night. 

4786
04:29:49,400 --> 04:29:52,300
And first thing in the morning, 
a reminder of spiritual 

4787
04:29:52,300 --> 04:29:54,800
protection during the vulnerable
hours of sleep. 

4788
04:29:54,800 --> 04:29:58,900
This room represents safety, 
privacy and rest in a world 

4789
04:29:58,900 --> 04:30:00,700
where all three are precious 
Commodities. 

4790
04:30:00,700 --> 04:30:04,600
It's not merely a place to 
sleep, but a sanctuary from the 

4791
04:30:04,600 --> 04:30:08,000
demand of daylight, the 
observation of neighbors, and 

4792
04:30:08,000 --> 04:30:11,900
the requirements of work. 
Within these walls, with those 

4793
04:30:11,900 --> 04:30:16,600
curtains drawn, you can be 
simply yourself free temporarily

4794
04:30:16,600 --> 04:30:19,300
from the social roles and 
expectations that govern 

4795
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:23,300
behavior in the public sphere. 
Chapter 3, who sleeps, where the

4796
04:30:23,300 --> 04:30:25,400
question of sleeping 
Arrangements in Tudor England, 

4797
04:30:25,400 --> 04:30:28,800
reveals, much about social 
structure, family, Dynamics, and

4798
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:32,300
practical necessities. 
The modern assumption that each 

4799
04:30:32,300 --> 04:30:36,500
person deserves their own bed. 
Let alone their own room would 

4800
04:30:36,500 --> 04:30:40,100
strike tutor Minds as bizarre 
and rather wasteful in your 

4801
04:30:40,100 --> 04:30:42,100
middling household. 
The sleeping Arrangements, 

4802
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:45,700
operate on a clear hierarchy. 
The master and Mistress of the 

4803
04:30:45,700 --> 04:30:47,600
house, share the main bed 
chamber. 

4804
04:30:47,600 --> 04:30:50,700
We've just explored this 
represents both privilege and 

4805
04:30:50,700 --> 04:30:53,300
responsibility their bed is the 
good one. 

4806
04:30:53,300 --> 04:30:57,200
Yes, there are also expected to 
manage household Affairs, which 

4807
04:30:57,200 --> 04:31:00,300
means they might be woken by 
servants reporting problems at 

4808
04:31:00,300 --> 04:31:03,600
any, our children sleeping 
Arrangements, depend on age and 

4809
04:31:03,600 --> 04:31:06,100
gender. 
Young children, regardless of 

4810
04:31:06,100 --> 04:31:08,200
sex, might share a bed in a 
separate chamber. 

4811
04:31:08,200 --> 04:31:11,800
If the house has one or sleep in
the same room as their parents 

4812
04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:15,300
and smaller homes. 
Trundle beds, slides under the 

4813
04:31:15,300 --> 04:31:18,100
main bed during the day and 
pulls out at night for children.

4814
04:31:19,100 --> 04:31:22,400
This works reasonably well until
the children reach a certain age

4815
04:31:22,400 --> 04:31:25,300
at which point gender 
segregation becomes important 

4816
04:31:25,300 --> 04:31:28,400
for modesty older. 
Boys, might sleep in an attic 

4817
04:31:28,400 --> 04:31:31,600
space or in an outbuilding. 
While older girls typically 

4818
04:31:31,600 --> 04:31:35,100
remain in the house, proper 
under closest supervision This 

4819
04:31:35,100 --> 04:31:38,200
isn't uniform across all 
households practical 

4820
04:31:38,200 --> 04:31:41,000
considerations often override 
ideal Arrangements. 

4821
04:31:41,000 --> 04:31:44,600
If you only have one chamber, 
everyone sleeps there and 

4822
04:31:44,600 --> 04:31:47,600
whatever configuration makes 
sense, servants present. 

4823
04:31:47,600 --> 04:31:50,800
Another layer of sleeping 
Logistics in larger households 

4824
04:31:50,800 --> 04:31:54,400
servants, might have their own 
quarters often quite cramped 

4825
04:31:54,400 --> 04:31:56,900
Chambers in attic or 
outbuildings. 

4826
04:31:57,700 --> 04:32:00,900
In smaller, establishments, the 
serving girl might sleep in the 

4827
04:32:00,900 --> 04:32:03,300
Kitchen. 
Near the dying fire or at the 

4828
04:32:03,300 --> 04:32:06,300
foot of her mistress's bed. 
Or in the same room with the 

4829
04:32:06,300 --> 04:32:11,000
children, she helps tend. 
Male servants might bed down in 

4830
04:32:11,000 --> 04:32:14,200
Stables. 
Workshops or any available space

4831
04:32:14,200 --> 04:32:17,700
that offers some shelter, the 
concept of servants, sleeping in

4832
04:32:17,700 --> 04:32:20,100
the same rooms as their 
employers strikes. 

4833
04:32:20,100 --> 04:32:24,300
Modern sensibilities as strange.
Tudor households operated more 

4834
04:32:24,300 --> 04:32:28,000
communally than ours. 
Privacy was less about physical 

4835
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:31,000
separation and more about social
understanding. 

4836
04:32:31,800 --> 04:32:34,800
You pretended not to notice 
certain things and others 

4837
04:32:34,800 --> 04:32:37,800
extended the same courtesy to 
you bed. 

4838
04:32:37,800 --> 04:32:41,600
Sharing was utterly normal 
across all social classes, two 

4839
04:32:41,600 --> 04:32:44,100
or three children. 
Commonly shared a bed and this 

4840
04:32:44,100 --> 04:32:46,800
Arrangement continued well into 
adult hood for unmarried 

4841
04:32:46,800 --> 04:32:50,100
siblings. 
Adult guests might share beds 

4842
04:32:50,100 --> 04:32:53,200
with household members of the 
same sex without anyone thinking

4843
04:32:53,200 --> 04:32:57,000
twice about it. 
When Innes advertised beds? 

4844
04:32:57,000 --> 04:33:00,900
They often meant spaces in beds.
You might find yourself sharing 

4845
04:33:00,900 --> 04:33:03,800
with a stranger though. 
In Keepers tried to pair people 

4846
04:33:03,800 --> 04:33:07,599
of similar, apparent status, 
this proximity, didn't generally

4847
04:33:07,599 --> 04:33:12,599
carry romantic implications, 
bed, sharing was practical, beds

4848
04:33:12,599 --> 04:33:16,800
cost money bed, linens cost, 
money heating, multiple rooms 

4849
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:20,099
cost money and besides shared 
body heat. 

4850
04:33:20,099 --> 04:33:23,200
Kept, everyone. 
Warmer people slept in their 

4851
04:33:23,200 --> 04:33:27,900
undergarments not naked as many 
modern people do, which provided

4852
04:33:27,900 --> 04:33:31,500
a basic layer of modesty. 
The wealthy had more options but

4853
04:33:31,500 --> 04:33:33,099
didn't necessarily chose 
solitude. 

4854
04:33:34,000 --> 04:33:37,300
A nobleman and his wife might 
have separate bed Chambers but 

4855
04:33:37,300 --> 04:33:40,099
this was often about creating 
private spaces for entertaining,

4856
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:42,700
guests of their own sex rather 
than avoiding each other. 

4857
04:33:43,800 --> 04:33:46,300
The lady might receive female 
friends in her chamber. 

4858
04:33:46,300 --> 04:33:48,900
During the day. 
While the gentleman used his for

4859
04:33:48,900 --> 04:33:51,900
business meetings, or 
entertaining other men, great 

4860
04:33:51,900 --> 04:33:55,200
households had elaborate 
sleeping hierarchies, the Lord 

4861
04:33:55,200 --> 04:33:57,000
and Lady had their private 
Chambers. 

4862
04:33:57,000 --> 04:34:01,500
Yes, but these rooms opened onto
others, were personal servants, 

4863
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:04,000
slept ready to assist at a 
moment's notice. 

4864
04:34:05,099 --> 04:34:08,500
A ladies maid might sleep in a 
small chamber joining her Mrs. 

4865
04:34:08,500 --> 04:34:11,200
Room literally on call 
throughout the night. 

4866
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:16,400
The gentleman's valet had 
similar Arrangements apprentices

4867
04:34:16,400 --> 04:34:19,400
in merchant or craft households 
presented their own sleeping 

4868
04:34:19,400 --> 04:34:21,700
puzzle. 
They were neither family nor 

4869
04:34:21,700 --> 04:34:25,300
exactly servants occupying an 
ambiguous middle status. 

4870
04:34:26,200 --> 04:34:28,800
typically they slept in the 
workshop itself or in the 

4871
04:34:28,808 --> 04:34:32,500
chamber above it, their presence
serving partly a security 

4872
04:34:32,500 --> 04:34:36,300
against theft, the relationship 
between master and Apprentice 

4873
04:34:36,300 --> 04:34:39,700
included and understanding that 
the master would provide bed and

4874
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:42,200
board. 
So the apprentices sleeping 

4875
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:45,700
Arrangements were part of the 
contract babies and very young 

4876
04:34:45,700 --> 04:34:47,599
children. 
Often slept in cradles near 

4877
04:34:47,599 --> 04:34:50,700
their parents bed, close enough,
that a mother could reach out 

4878
04:34:50,700 --> 04:34:52,500
and rock the cradle without 
getting up. 

4879
04:34:53,300 --> 04:34:56,000
Some cradles were designed to 
hook onto the main bed frame, 

4880
04:34:56,000 --> 04:34:58,700
keeping the infant literally 
within Arms Reach. 

4881
04:35:00,000 --> 04:35:02,800
Wet nurse is employed in 
wealthier families. 

4882
04:35:02,800 --> 04:35:05,500
Might sleep with the infant in a
separate room. 

4883
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:08,700
Essentially, taking overnight 
time parenting duties. 

4884
04:35:08,700 --> 04:35:11,500
So the mother could rest and 
understood the danger of 

4885
04:35:11,500 --> 04:35:13,800
overlaying. 
Accidentally smothering. 

4886
04:35:13,800 --> 04:35:17,400
An infant while sleeping was 
well, recognized and genuinely 

4887
04:35:17,400 --> 04:35:20,599
feared. 
Some parishes kept records of 

4888
04:35:20,599 --> 04:35:23,700
these deaths and moralists 
preached against parents 

4889
04:35:23,700 --> 04:35:26,000
bringing babies into their beds 
though. 

4890
04:35:26,000 --> 04:35:28,700
Necessity often, overload 
cautioning, cold weather. 

4891
04:35:28,700 --> 04:35:32,300
Or when a child was sick as 
children, grew their sleeping 

4892
04:35:32,300 --> 04:35:35,000
locations tracked, their 
increasing Independence and 

4893
04:35:35,000 --> 04:35:38,400
changing roles. 
A boy approaching apprenticeship

4894
04:35:38,400 --> 04:35:41,900
age might move out of the family
sleeping quarters as preparation

4895
04:35:41,900 --> 04:35:43,400
for his coming departure from 
home. 

4896
04:35:44,400 --> 04:35:47,300
A girl approaching marriageable 
age needed increased 

4897
04:35:47,300 --> 04:35:49,599
supervision. 
So her sleeping Arrangements 

4898
04:35:49,599 --> 04:35:51,300
might actually become less 
independent. 

4899
04:35:52,099 --> 04:35:55,400
Moving closer to parental 
oversight elderly, family 

4900
04:35:55,400 --> 04:35:57,800
members presented yet. 
Another consideration. 

4901
04:35:58,500 --> 04:36:01,200
Grandparents who could no longer
maintain their own households 

4902
04:36:01,200 --> 04:36:03,200
like move in with adult 
children. 

4903
04:36:03,200 --> 04:36:06,300
Requiring adjustments to 
sleeping Arrangements. 

4904
04:36:06,300 --> 04:36:10,200
A grandmother might share a bed 
with granddaughter's both 

4905
04:36:10,200 --> 04:36:12,400
providing supervision and 
receiving care. 

4906
04:36:13,400 --> 04:36:15,900
A grandfather might bet down 
near the fire on the ground 

4907
04:36:15,900 --> 04:36:17,599
floor. 
If climbing stairs became 

4908
04:36:17,599 --> 04:36:21,300
difficult during play Gears or 
times of illness sleeping, 

4909
04:36:21,300 --> 04:36:24,300
Arrangement shifted 
dramatically, the sick were 

4910
04:36:24,300 --> 04:36:28,099
isolated as much as possible 
though, isolation in a Tudor 

4911
04:36:28,099 --> 04:36:29,599
house meant something different 
than it does. 

4912
04:36:29,599 --> 04:36:33,300
Now that sleeping alone in a 
chamber rather than sharing a 

4913
04:36:33,300 --> 04:36:36,900
bed with the door closed to 
contain contagious Vapors, that 

4914
04:36:36,900 --> 04:36:40,200
medical Theory, blamed for 
spreading disease seasonal, 

4915
04:36:40,200 --> 04:36:44,099
variations affected sleeping 
locations, too in summer, some 

4916
04:36:44,099 --> 04:36:47,099
people move their sleeping 
pallets to cooler locations, 

4917
04:36:47,099 --> 04:36:50,900
perhaps a chamber on the north 
side of the house or even into 

4918
04:36:50,900 --> 04:36:53,700
Guardians for the truly wealthy 
with secure properties. 

4919
04:36:54,800 --> 04:36:58,500
In Winter, everyone contracted 
into the warmest rooms accepting

4920
04:36:58,500 --> 04:37:02,300
crowding and exchange for warmth
all these Arrangements operated 

4921
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:06,000
under unspoken rules about 
hierarchy modesty and mutual 

4922
04:37:06,000 --> 04:37:08,800
respect. 
You knew where you ranked in the

4923
04:37:08,808 --> 04:37:12,700
household by where you slept 
what you slept on and whom you 

4924
04:37:12,707 --> 04:37:16,300
slept near. 
The social order that structured

4925
04:37:16,300 --> 04:37:20,300
Waking, Life continued into the 
night reflected in, who got the 

4926
04:37:20,300 --> 04:37:24,900
good mattress, the wool blankets
and the spot fathers from drafty

4927
04:37:24,900 --> 04:37:27,700
Windows chapter 4, preparing for
Sleep. 

4928
04:37:27,700 --> 04:37:31,000
The transition from Waking Life 
to sleep in tutoring England 

4929
04:37:31,000 --> 04:37:33,400
involved rituals both practical 
and spiritual. 

4930
04:37:34,300 --> 04:37:37,599
Series of actions that prepared 
body home and soul for the 

4931
04:37:37,599 --> 04:37:40,700
vulnerable hours of Darkness. 
Your evening routine begins, 

4932
04:37:40,700 --> 04:37:44,000
while some light Still Remains 
first, comes the task of 

4933
04:37:44,000 --> 04:37:47,400
securing the house checking that
shutters are fastened doors 

4934
04:37:47,400 --> 04:37:49,800
barred and anything valuable is 
put away. 

4935
04:37:50,700 --> 04:37:54,599
This isn't paranoia but prudent 
caution without streetlights on 

4936
04:37:54,608 --> 04:37:56,599
night-watches in smaller 
communities. 

4937
04:37:56,599 --> 04:37:59,800
Darkness provides cover. 
For those with bad intentions. 

4938
04:37:59,800 --> 04:38:02,700
You check the fire. 
Making sure it's banked properly

4939
04:38:02,700 --> 04:38:06,000
for the night. 
Letting a fire go completely out

4940
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:09,700
was a serious inconvenience. 
Requiring, you to either restart

4941
04:38:09,700 --> 04:38:13,700
it from scratch using flint and 
steel, a time-consuming process 

4942
04:38:13,700 --> 04:38:17,000
or send someone to a neighbor to
fetch live colds in the morning.

4943
04:38:17,900 --> 04:38:20,400
Most households kept fires 
burning continuously. 

4944
04:38:20,400 --> 04:38:25,500
Sometimes for years carefully 
maintained day and night banking

4945
04:38:25,500 --> 04:38:27,400
a fire involves covering the 
burning. 

4946
04:38:27,400 --> 04:38:30,800
Coals with ashes to slow 
combustion while keeping them 

4947
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:34,200
alive until morning. 
It's a skill that takes practice

4948
04:38:34,200 --> 04:38:38,099
to get right too much Ash and 
you smother the fire completely 

4949
04:38:38,099 --> 04:38:41,500
too little and you burn through 
your wood stores. 

4950
04:38:41,500 --> 04:38:45,599
Wastefully a well banked fire. 
Should still show red Embers 

4951
04:38:45,599 --> 04:38:49,200
when uncovered at dawn ready to 
spring back to life with fresh 

4952
04:38:49,200 --> 04:38:51,800
wood? 
And a bit of bellows work water 

4953
04:38:51,800 --> 04:38:54,800
gets hold inside for morning 
needs if your house doesn't have

4954
04:38:54,800 --> 04:38:58,300
an indoor, well or convenient, 
rain barrel, In Winters, this 

4955
04:38:58,300 --> 04:39:00,900
prevents you from having to 
break ice to access water at 

4956
04:39:00,900 --> 04:39:03,800
dawn. 
A bucket or pitcher sits ready 

4957
04:39:03,800 --> 04:39:06,400
near the fire where the 
remaining heat keeps it from 

4958
04:39:06,400 --> 04:39:10,000
freezing solid in the coldest 
months prayers, in essential 

4959
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:13,500
part of the bed time routine, 
even in households that aren't 

4960
04:39:13,500 --> 04:39:16,400
particularly devout during the 
day night time prayers. 

4961
04:39:16,400 --> 04:39:18,599
Serve important psychological 
functions. 

4962
04:39:18,599 --> 04:39:23,500
They Mark the transition from 
active to resting States invoke 

4963
04:39:23,500 --> 04:39:26,000
protection during the vulnerable
hours of sleep and they 

4964
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:30,000
reinforced the moral framework 
that governs daily life in 

4965
04:39:30,000 --> 04:39:32,700
Catholic homes. 
Before the rest of nation, the 

4966
04:39:32,700 --> 04:39:34,599
rosary might be recited as a 
family. 

4967
04:39:35,500 --> 04:39:39,000
After England breaks from Rome, 
Protestant prayers, replaced 

4968
04:39:39,000 --> 04:39:43,200
Catholic ones though, the basic 
Rhythm remained, similar a 

4969
04:39:43,200 --> 04:39:45,700
formal acknowledgment of 
dependence on Divine protection,

4970
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:48,500
through the night. 
Children, learn prayers 

4971
04:39:48,500 --> 04:39:52,300
specifically designed for bed 
time, asking angels to guard 

4972
04:39:52,300 --> 04:39:54,100
them. 
While they sleep requesting. 

4973
04:39:54,100 --> 04:39:57,800
They wake to see another day 
personal hygiene before bed is 

4974
04:39:57,800 --> 04:40:00,700
less elaborate than modern 
routines, but not non-existent 

4975
04:40:01,700 --> 04:40:05,000
You might rinse your face and 
hands with water from a basin, 

4976
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:08,500
using a cloth to wipe away the 
days, accumulation of dirt and 

4977
04:40:08,500 --> 04:40:11,600
sweat. 
Cleaning when it happens, 

4978
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:16,000
involves rubbing them with a 
cloth patch dipped in salt or a 

4979
04:40:16,000 --> 04:40:19,300
mixture of herbs, toothbrushes 
exist, but aren't common. 

4980
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:23,300
They're novel items expensive 
and not yet considered essential

4981
04:40:23,300 --> 04:40:26,200
hair gets attention especially 
for women. 

4982
04:40:27,100 --> 04:40:31,300
Long hair worn by most females, 
regardless of age needs brushing

4983
04:40:31,300 --> 04:40:34,700
or combing to remove Tangles and
debris accumulated during the 

4984
04:40:34,700 --> 04:40:37,400
day. 
This serves practical purposes, 

4985
04:40:37,400 --> 04:40:42,000
untangling is easier when done 
daily, an aesthetic ones as 

4986
04:40:42,000 --> 04:40:44,700
women take pride in maintaining 
healthy hair, even though it 

4987
04:40:44,700 --> 04:40:47,300
remains covered in public 
nightclubs. 

4988
04:40:47,300 --> 04:40:48,900
And Tudor England aren't what 
you might imagine. 

4989
04:40:48,900 --> 04:40:51,900
There's no such thing as pajamas
in the modern sense. 

4990
04:40:51,900 --> 04:40:55,700
Instead you sleep in your 
undergarments your shift if 

4991
04:40:55,700 --> 04:40:59,600
you're a woman, your shirt. 
If you're a man, these linen 

4992
04:40:59,600 --> 04:41:03,400
garments worn under your outer 
clothes during the day become 

4993
04:41:03,400 --> 04:41:05,300
nightwear after you remove 
everything else. 

4994
04:41:06,200 --> 04:41:09,200
They're washed more frequently 
than outer garments because they

4995
04:41:09,200 --> 04:41:11,500
absorb body oils and sweat 
directly. 

4996
04:41:11,500 --> 04:41:15,400
The wealthy might own specific 
sleeping shifts made of finer in

4997
04:41:15,408 --> 04:41:19,100
but this is a luxury. 
Most people make do with the 

4998
04:41:19,100 --> 04:41:22,700
same undergarments day and night
perhaps changing them once or 

4999
04:41:22,700 --> 04:41:26,100
twice a week. 
More often in summer less often 

5000
04:41:26,100 --> 04:41:28,100
in winter when washing and 
drying laundry. 

5001
04:41:28,100 --> 04:41:31,400
Becomes more challenging 
nightcaps, serve important 

5002
04:41:31,400 --> 04:41:34,100
functions for women. 
They keep hair contained and 

5003
04:41:34,100 --> 04:41:37,000
clean for men and women. 
Both they provide warmth. 

5004
04:41:37,700 --> 04:41:39,800
Substantial. 
He to escape through your head 

5005
04:41:39,800 --> 04:41:42,600
and a good linen or Wool Cap 
helps retain it. 

5006
04:41:43,400 --> 04:41:46,000
You'd know more sleep without a 
nightcap than you'd sleep 

5007
04:41:46,008 --> 04:41:48,800
without a blanket, except 
perhaps during the hottest 

5008
04:41:48,800 --> 04:41:52,000
summer nights, checking on 
children becomes part of the 

5009
04:41:52,000 --> 04:41:54,300
evening. 
Routine, you make sure young 

5010
04:41:54,300 --> 04:41:58,100
ones have relieved themselves 
chamber pots, sit under beds, or

5011
04:41:58,100 --> 04:42:02,000
in corners for nighttime use 
Because venturing outside the 

5012
04:42:02,000 --> 04:42:03,800
Pryor and darkness isn't 
appealing. 

5013
04:42:03,800 --> 04:42:08,200
You settle any last minute needs
car, many fears about Darkness, 

5014
04:42:08,200 --> 04:42:11,300
or strange sounds and pull 
blankets up around small, 

5015
04:42:11,300 --> 04:42:14,000
shoulders in larger households 
servants. 

5016
04:42:14,000 --> 04:42:15,600
Perform, a final round of 
Duties. 

5017
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:19,600
The empty chamber pots from the 
day, carry up pictures of water 

5018
04:42:19,600 --> 04:42:21,900
for morning. 
Make sure Rush, lights are 

5019
04:42:21,900 --> 04:42:24,600
safely, extinguished, and check 
that the households dog is 

5020
04:42:24,608 --> 04:42:28,200
inside, or outside, depending on
its role guard, dog, stay 

5021
04:42:28,200 --> 04:42:31,700
outside and lap dogs. 
Come in some households, engage 

5022
04:42:31,700 --> 04:42:34,100
in a practice called reading in 
bed, though. 

5023
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:37,100
This is limited to those who can
read and can afford candles or 

5024
04:42:37,100 --> 04:42:40,300
oil lamps. 
Religious texts are most common.

5025
04:42:40,300 --> 04:42:43,900
Psalms devotional works and 
lives of saints before the 

5026
04:42:43,900 --> 04:42:47,400
Reformation. 
Reading serves both spiritual 

5027
04:42:47,400 --> 04:42:50,700
edification and practical 
purposes as the ice training 

5028
04:42:50,700 --> 04:42:54,000
work of reading by Paul light 
naturally, induces sleepiness 

5029
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:57,800
conversation happens too though.
Not the late night discussion's 

5030
04:42:57,800 --> 04:42:59,500
common in the age of electric 
lights. 

5031
04:43:00,500 --> 04:43:03,700
Married couples might review the
days of events plan, tomorrow's 

5032
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:06,600
tasks and discuss children or 
household concerns. 

5033
04:43:06,600 --> 04:43:11,000
But these talks wind down 
relatively quickly, candles cost

5034
04:43:11,000 --> 04:43:15,500
money and tomorrow begins early.
Finally, you climb into bed, a 

5035
04:43:15,500 --> 04:43:17,300
process that requires a bit of 
coordination. 

5036
04:43:17,300 --> 04:43:21,300
Given the beds height, Wooden 
steps or a small stool, might 

5037
04:43:21,300 --> 04:43:25,500
assist, or you simply clamber up
the bed, curtains, closed 

5038
04:43:25,500 --> 04:43:27,100
ceiling you into your private 
domain. 

5039
04:43:27,100 --> 04:43:30,600
The remaining light gets 
extinguished a rush light, 

5040
04:43:30,600 --> 04:43:33,800
snuffed a candle blown out. 
Darkness settling, completely 

5041
04:43:33,800 --> 04:43:36,100
the bed itself. 
Feels different from Modern 

5042
04:43:36,100 --> 04:43:40,900
mattresses, His firm, not soft 
and it can forms to your body's 

5043
04:43:40,900 --> 04:43:42,900
weight rather than cushioning 
you above it. 

5044
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:46,000
The straw beneath Russells with 
every movement? 

5045
04:43:46,900 --> 04:43:49,900
The wool or linen against your 
skin, carries the smell of the 

5046
04:43:49,900 --> 04:43:54,200
household would smoke cooking. 
The herbs scattered amongst 

5047
04:43:54,200 --> 04:43:58,600
stored Linens and the general 
organic Center of daily life you

5048
04:43:58,600 --> 04:44:02,300
lie on your side most likely or 
on your back with knees bent 

5049
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:06,600
Sleeping positions recommended 
by medical authorities, who had 

5050
04:44:06,600 --> 04:44:10,000
opinions about, which positions 
promoted health and which 

5051
04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:12,000
encouraged bad dreams or 
illness. 

5052
04:44:13,100 --> 04:44:16,500
Whether people actually followed
this advice is debatable, but 

5053
04:44:16,500 --> 04:44:20,200
the existence of such guidelines
shows that even sleep positions.

5054
04:44:20,200 --> 04:44:24,000
Carried cultural meaning chapter
5, the pattern of two sleeps, 

5055
04:44:24,000 --> 04:44:27,100
one of the most surprising 
aspects of Tudor sleep habits. 

5056
04:44:27,100 --> 04:44:31,200
At least a modern mine's is the 
practice of segmented sleep. 

5057
04:44:31,900 --> 04:44:34,700
What historians call First, 
sleep and second sleep. 

5058
04:44:35,400 --> 04:44:38,100
Separated by a quiet waking 
period, in the middle of the 

5059
04:44:38,100 --> 04:44:40,400
night. 
You fall asleep shortly after 

5060
04:44:40,400 --> 04:44:44,800
full, Darkness arrives exhausted
from a day of physical labor or 

5061
04:44:44,800 --> 04:44:48,400
household management. 
That first sleep comes easily, 

5062
04:44:48,400 --> 04:44:53,200
your body surrendering to 
fatigue, melatonin flooding your

5063
04:44:53,200 --> 04:44:55,400
system, unchecked by artificial 
light. 

5064
04:44:56,200 --> 04:45:00,300
You sleep deeply dreamless or 
with the vivid dreams that 

5065
04:45:00,308 --> 04:45:02,500
accompanied the first sleep 
cycles of the night. 

5066
04:45:02,500 --> 04:45:06,300
Then somewhere around midnight 
or one in the morning you wake 

5067
04:45:06,300 --> 04:45:09,300
up this isn't insomnia or a 
sleep disorder. 

5068
04:45:09,300 --> 04:45:12,500
It's a natural pattern 
documented across Europe in this

5069
04:45:12,500 --> 04:45:15,200
period. 
Your eyes open in the darkness 

5070
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:19,400
and your mind, surfaces from 
sleep into a peculiar state of 

5071
04:45:19,400 --> 04:45:22,900
calm wakefulness. 
You're not anxious or Restless, 

5072
04:45:22,900 --> 04:45:26,700
you'll simply awake. 
This quiet hour or two between 

5073
04:45:26,700 --> 04:45:29,500
sleep served various purposes in
Tudor life. 

5074
04:45:29,500 --> 04:45:34,000
Some people use it for prayer or
meditation considering it a 

5075
04:45:34,000 --> 04:45:37,400
spiritually significant time 
when the barrier between Earthly

5076
04:45:37,400 --> 04:45:41,400
and divine, might be thinner. 
Prayers during the interval with

5077
04:45:41,400 --> 04:45:45,100
thought to carry special power 
and some religious manuals 

5078
04:45:45,100 --> 04:45:48,200
included prayers specifically 
designated for the midnight. 

5079
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:50,600
What? 
Married couples might use this 

5080
04:45:50,600 --> 04:45:52,700
time for intimate conversation 
or love making. 

5081
04:45:53,600 --> 04:45:56,700
With children and servant 
sleeping with daily pressures 

5082
04:45:56,700 --> 04:46:00,900
suspended, the interval between 
sleeps offered rare privacy. 

5083
04:46:01,700 --> 04:46:05,000
Medical texts from the period 
suggests this timing for marital

5084
04:46:05,000 --> 04:46:08,200
relations claiming that 
conception was more likely when 

5085
04:46:08,200 --> 04:46:10,600
the body was relaxed but not 
fully unconscious. 

5086
04:46:10,600 --> 04:46:14,800
Others simply like quietly 
thinking through problems or 

5087
04:46:14,800 --> 04:46:18,200
making mental plans. 
Without the distractions of 

5088
04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:20,500
daytime, no one calling your 
name. 

5089
04:46:20,500 --> 04:46:24,600
No tasks demanding attention, 
you could process the thoughts, 

5090
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:28,200
more clearly Solutions to 
problems might emerge during 

5091
04:46:28,200 --> 04:46:31,800
these contemplative hours. 
Decisions that seemed impossible

5092
04:46:31,800 --> 04:46:34,500
in daylight might resolve 
themselves in the calm of 

5093
04:46:34,500 --> 04:46:37,200
midnight waking. 
Some people got up during this 

5094
04:46:37,200 --> 04:46:39,800
interval, moving through the 
dark house for practical 

5095
04:46:39,800 --> 04:46:42,100
reasons. 
You might need the chamber pot, 

5096
04:46:42,100 --> 04:46:46,100
you might check on a sick child 
or elderly parent, you might 

5097
04:46:46,100 --> 04:46:49,400
tend the fire adding a log of 
the night was particularly cold.

5098
04:46:49,400 --> 04:46:52,400
Banking, it more thoroughly if 
you'd wake to find it burning 

5099
04:46:52,400 --> 04:46:54,900
too hot. 
The wealthy might like to candle

5100
04:46:54,900 --> 04:46:57,800
and read or write Diaries from 
the period. 

5101
04:46:57,800 --> 04:47:00,800
Sometimes mention thoughts 
recorded during the night, watch

5102
04:47:00,800 --> 04:47:05,200
letters might be composed 
accounts reviewed and poems. 

5103
04:47:05,200 --> 04:47:08,000
Drafted. 
Some of the errors literary 

5104
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:11,400
output probably originated in 
these quiet midnight hours. 

5105
04:47:11,400 --> 04:47:14,800
When creative thoughts flowed 
freely you might simply lie. 

5106
04:47:14,800 --> 04:47:17,900
There listening to the nighttime
soundscape of your house and 

5107
04:47:17,900 --> 04:47:21,600
neighborhood In Winter, you'd 
hear the wind testing shutters. 

5108
04:47:21,600 --> 04:47:25,300
The Creeks of Timber adjusting 
to temperature changes and 

5109
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:30,000
perhaps the scratch of mice in 
the walls, in summer, insects 

5110
04:47:30,000 --> 04:47:33,300
chirped, outside and birds 
called occasionally, some 

5111
04:47:33,300 --> 04:47:36,400
species are more active at night
than daylight dwellers realize 

5112
04:47:36,400 --> 04:47:39,700
the practice of segmented, 
sleep, aligned with natural 

5113
04:47:39,700 --> 04:47:43,500
human physiology in ways that 
modern Consolidated sleep often 

5114
04:47:43,500 --> 04:47:47,900
doesn't Without electric light 
to suppress melatonin production

5115
04:47:47,900 --> 04:47:51,800
and without the stimulation of 
screens and entertainment, the 

5116
04:47:51,800 --> 04:47:56,200
body naturally settled into this
two phase pattern, you weren't 

5117
04:47:56,200 --> 04:47:58,000
fighting your biology to 
maintain it. 

5118
04:47:58,000 --> 04:48:01,100
You were simply following what 
your body did on its own. 

5119
04:48:01,100 --> 04:48:04,500
This interval rarely lasted more
than an hour or two. 

5120
04:48:05,300 --> 04:48:08,700
Gradually you'd feel sleep 
returning that gentle tug of 

5121
04:48:08,700 --> 04:48:11,600
drowsiness that signaled, your 
body was ready for the second 

5122
04:48:11,600 --> 04:48:14,400
phase of rest. 
You'd settle back into your 

5123
04:48:14,400 --> 04:48:17,200
straw mattress. 
Pull the wool, blankets closer 

5124
04:48:17,200 --> 04:48:21,000
and slip into second sleep. 
Second sleep was different from 

5125
04:48:21,000 --> 04:48:24,100
first sleep. 
Lighter more prone to dreams and

5126
04:48:24,100 --> 04:48:27,100
easier to wake from. 
You might shift positions, more 

5127
04:48:27,100 --> 04:48:31,500
surface, briefly without fully 
waking and experience the Vivid 

5128
04:48:31,500 --> 04:48:34,400
narrative dreams that happen in 
the latest leap Cycles. 

5129
04:48:34,400 --> 04:48:37,700
Medical authorities believed. 
Second sleep was when the body 

5130
04:48:37,700 --> 04:48:41,200
completed its restorative work. 
Balancing the humours 

5131
04:48:41,200 --> 04:48:45,100
consolidating memories and 
preparing for Waking Life. 

5132
04:48:45,900 --> 04:48:48,900
The transition from second sleep
to morning happened gradually as

5133
04:48:48,900 --> 04:48:51,300
well. 
You didn't leap awake at an 

5134
04:48:51,300 --> 04:48:54,200
alarms insistence. 
Instead you drifted toward 

5135
04:48:54,200 --> 04:48:57,900
Consciousness, perhaps hovering 
in that half awake state, where 

5136
04:48:57,900 --> 04:49:01,000
dreams and thoughts into mingle 
where you're aware of your 

5137
04:49:01,000 --> 04:49:03,900
physical surroundings, but not 
yet ready to engage with them. 

5138
04:49:03,900 --> 04:49:08,000
This sleep patterns, so foreign 
to Modern Consolidated 8 hours 

5139
04:49:08,000 --> 04:49:11,800
sleep, Was documented not just 
in England, but across Western 

5140
04:49:11,800 --> 04:49:15,800
Europe in this period. 
References to first and second 

5141
04:49:15,800 --> 04:49:19,400
sleep appearing, legal 
depositions, medical texts 

5142
04:49:19,400 --> 04:49:23,000
literature and Diaries. 
People scheduled activities 

5143
04:49:23,000 --> 04:49:25,200
around it. 
A time to meet a lover. 

5144
04:49:25,200 --> 04:49:27,100
Might be set for after first 
sleep. 

5145
04:49:27,100 --> 04:49:30,900
Implying everyone knew what that
meant, the practice began to 

5146
04:49:30,900 --> 04:49:35,200
disappear in the 17th and 18th 
centuries, as artificial 

5147
04:49:35,200 --> 04:49:38,200
lighting, improved and nighttime
activities became more common. 

5148
04:49:39,100 --> 04:49:42,400
Street Lighting in cities, 
better home, lighting coffee, 

5149
04:49:42,400 --> 04:49:45,800
houses, staying open late and 
theatrical performances, 

5150
04:49:45,800 --> 04:49:49,800
extending into evening hours. 
All these gradually compressed 

5151
04:49:49,800 --> 04:49:53,700
nighttime into a period for 
Consolidated, sleep, rather than

5152
04:49:53,700 --> 04:49:57,300
segmented, rest with a 
contemplative interval, modern 

5153
04:49:57,300 --> 04:50:00,700
sleep, researchers have studied 
this pattern, sometimes calling 

5154
04:50:00,700 --> 04:50:04,700
it by phasic sleep or bimodal 
sleep. 

5155
04:50:05,600 --> 04:50:08,000
When subjects in sleep 
Laboratories are deprived of 

5156
04:50:08,008 --> 04:50:10,100
artificial light for extended 
periods. 

5157
04:50:10,100 --> 04:50:14,300
Many naturally fall into this 
two sleep pattern with a quiet 

5158
04:50:14,300 --> 04:50:18,600
waking interval in between this 
suggests Tudor sleep habits 

5159
04:50:18,600 --> 04:50:22,400
weren't cultural quirks but 
responses to natural human 

5160
04:50:22,400 --> 04:50:26,200
biology operating without 
artificial lights into fear and 

5161
04:50:26,200 --> 04:50:28,400
understanding this pattern 
helps. 

5162
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:30,600
Explain various aspects of Tudor
life. 

5163
04:50:30,608 --> 04:50:32,000
That might otherwise seem 
puzzling. 

5164
04:50:33,600 --> 04:50:37,300
Why did people go to bed? 
So, early, even before full 

5165
04:50:37,300 --> 04:50:41,000
Darkness fell, Partly because 
they'd wake in the middle of the

5166
04:50:41,000 --> 04:50:44,100
night anyway. 
So the total time in bed needed 

5167
04:50:44,100 --> 04:50:45,900
to be longer than actual sleep 
time. 

5168
04:50:46,600 --> 04:50:50,300
Why do period sources describe 
midnight as a special 

5169
04:50:50,300 --> 04:50:53,600
contemplative time? 
Because people regularly 

5170
04:50:53,600 --> 04:50:56,200
experienced it in a unique State
of Consciousness. 

5171
04:50:56,200 --> 04:51:00,800
Neither fully asleep nor fully 
awake in the daytime sense for 

5172
04:51:00,800 --> 04:51:04,200
you lying in your Tudor bed with
curtains drawn around you. 

5173
04:51:04,200 --> 04:51:08,800
This pattern would feel entirely
natural The transition from 

5174
04:51:08,800 --> 04:51:11,400
first to second sleep, wouldn't 
worry you. 

5175
04:51:11,400 --> 04:51:15,800
It's just how Knight Works, how 
it's always worked and how 

5176
04:51:15,800 --> 04:51:22,000
everyone you know experiences it
The quiet hour in darkness alone

5177
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:24,200
with your thoughts or quite 
quietly, talking with your 

5178
04:51:24,200 --> 04:51:28,900
spouse represents, not disrupted
sleep, but an integral part of 

5179
04:51:28,900 --> 04:51:32,200
how human beings rest. 
When aligned with natural 

5180
04:51:32,200 --> 04:51:37,400
rhythms, chapter 6, staying warm
through winter nights, winter 

5181
04:51:37,400 --> 04:51:40,400
nights in Tudor England, 
presented genuine challenges. 

5182
04:51:40,400 --> 04:51:43,500
Particularly in the brutal 
months between December and 

5183
04:51:43,500 --> 04:51:45,700
February. 
When temperatures regularly 

5184
04:51:45,700 --> 04:51:50,500
dropped well below freezing and 
houses despite their fires and 

5185
04:51:50,500 --> 04:51:53,900
inhabitants best efforts 
remained cold by modern 

5186
04:51:53,900 --> 04:51:57,600
standards your bed chamber in 
deep winter, might hover around 

5187
04:51:57,600 --> 04:52:01,500
45 degrees Fahrenheit and that's
where the fire burning somewhere

5188
04:52:01,500 --> 04:52:04,200
in the house. 
Without central heating or 

5189
04:52:04,200 --> 04:52:06,900
insulation beyond the straw in 
the walls and the rushes on the 

5190
04:52:06,900 --> 04:52:09,300
floor. 
Keeping warm became a nightly 

5191
04:52:09,300 --> 04:52:12,600
engineering project involving 
multiple strategies layered 

5192
04:52:12,600 --> 04:52:15,500
together, the bed curtains which
we mentioned earlier, become 

5193
04:52:15,500 --> 04:52:19,400
crucial wintertime allies When 
fully closed, they create what's

5194
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,500
essentially a tent within the 
room. trapping the heat 

5195
04:52:22,500 --> 04:52:26,600
generated by your body or bodies
and separating you from the cold

5196
04:52:26,600 --> 04:52:30,200
air Beyond The temperature 
difference between inside the 

5197
04:52:30,200 --> 04:52:32,900
curtained bed and the outer 
chamber might be 10 or 15 

5198
04:52:32,900 --> 04:52:36,000
degrees significant. 
When you're trying to sleep, 

5199
04:52:36,000 --> 04:52:38,300
that layering principle in the 
bedding. 

5200
04:52:38,300 --> 04:52:40,100
Reaches its full expression in 
winter. 

5201
04:52:41,100 --> 04:52:44,300
You start with the base straw 
mattress at the wall topper. 

5202
04:52:44,300 --> 04:52:48,000
Then cover yourself with a linen
sheet, wool blankets. 

5203
04:52:48,000 --> 04:52:51,000
Possibly a coverlet, perhaps a 
Furrow. 

5204
04:52:51,000 --> 04:52:54,400
And in the coldest weather, your
outdoor cloak on top of 

5205
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:57,200
everything. 
You're essentially building an 

5206
04:52:57,200 --> 04:53:00,700
insulating nest with your self 
as the heat source of the center

5207
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:04,300
warming pans represented. 
One of the era's great bedtime 

5208
04:53:04,300 --> 04:53:08,600
luxuries long-handled prayers or
copper pans with perforated. 

5209
04:53:08,600 --> 04:53:10,700
Lids that held hot coals from 
the fire. 

5210
04:53:11,600 --> 04:53:14,100
You'd run this device between 
the sheets, before, climbing 

5211
04:53:14,100 --> 04:53:17,900
into bed warming, the linen and 
wool, and chasing away the bone,

5212
04:53:17,900 --> 04:53:21,200
deep chill. 
For about half an hour after 

5213
04:53:21,200 --> 04:53:24,700
using a warming pan, your bed, 
felt positively toasty. 

5214
04:53:25,500 --> 04:53:28,700
Small Miracle on a January night
when your breath misted in the 

5215
04:53:28,708 --> 04:53:31,100
are not everyone owned warming 
pans. 

5216
04:53:31,100 --> 04:53:33,900
They were significant 
Investments, poorer households. 

5217
04:53:33,900 --> 04:53:37,500
Improvised with heated Stones, 
wrapped in cloth, achieving 

5218
04:53:37,500 --> 04:53:40,000
similar results though, 
requiring more care to avoid 

5219
04:53:40,000 --> 04:53:43,200
Burns. 
A stone heated in the fire's 

5220
04:53:43,200 --> 04:53:46,100
Edge wrapped in several layers 
of wool and tucked. 

5221
04:53:46,100 --> 04:53:47,900
At the foot of the bed. 
Could keep your toes. 

5222
04:53:47,900 --> 04:53:50,300
Warm for hours bed. 
Socks existed. 

5223
04:53:50,300 --> 04:53:53,000
Though socks in general were 
less common than you might 

5224
04:53:53,008 --> 04:53:54,900
expect. 
Stockings. 

5225
04:53:54,900 --> 04:53:59,300
What we might call long socks or
tights were standard day wear 

5226
04:53:59,300 --> 04:54:01,700
for both sexes. 
And you might keep these on 

5227
04:54:01,700 --> 04:54:04,100
under your sleeping shift, if 
the night was particularly 

5228
04:54:04,100 --> 04:54:07,800
brutal, the very cold, sensitive
might add a second layer of 

5229
04:54:07,800 --> 04:54:10,500
everything. 
Those limits Mobility under the 

5230
04:54:10,500 --> 04:54:13,500
heavy blankets. 
Nightcaps as mentioned before, 

5231
04:54:13,500 --> 04:54:17,400
were not optional in Winter a 
substantial wall cap kept heat 

5232
04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:20,600
from escaping through your head 
and protected your ears from the

5233
04:54:20,600 --> 04:54:23,500
cold. 
Some people also wraped cloths 

5234
04:54:23,500 --> 04:54:26,100
around their necks. 
Particularly if they were prone 

5235
04:54:26,100 --> 04:54:29,500
to throw ailments in cold 
weather, shared body heat became

5236
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:33,200
increasingly valuable as 
temperatures dropped This is one

5237
04:54:33,200 --> 04:54:36,800
reason bed sharing was so. 
Prevalent two people generate 

5238
04:54:36,800 --> 04:54:41,600
more warmth than one and three 
more than two children packed 

5239
04:54:41,600 --> 04:54:43,800
together in a bed weren't just 
saving space. 

5240
04:54:43,800 --> 04:54:45,900
They were pooling thermal 
resources. 

5241
04:54:47,100 --> 04:54:49,900
Married couples, had an obvious 
Advantage here, though. 

5242
04:54:49,900 --> 04:54:52,200
Even, they might invite a young 
child into their bed. 

5243
04:54:52,200 --> 04:54:56,100
On the coldest nights, despite 
usual preferences for separate 

5244
04:54:56,100 --> 04:54:59,600
sleeping Arrangements, somehow 
sold brought small braziers or 

5245
04:54:59,600 --> 04:55:02,600
heated bricks into bed. 
Chambers before sleep warming. 

5246
04:55:02,600 --> 04:55:05,400
The air briefly though, these 
had to be removed before 

5247
04:55:05,400 --> 04:55:08,300
actually sleeping due to the 
danger of fire and the fumes, 

5248
04:55:08,300 --> 04:55:12,100
they produced carbon monoxide 
poisoning wasn't understood in 

5249
04:55:12,100 --> 04:55:14,500
these terms. 
But people recognize that 

5250
04:55:14,500 --> 04:55:17,600
sleeping with burning coals in 
an enclosed space, could kill 

5251
04:55:17,600 --> 04:55:20,200
you. 
Probably attributing it to bad 

5252
04:55:20,200 --> 04:55:24,300
Vapors, rather than the actual 
mechanism of asphyxiation rooms 

5253
04:55:24,300 --> 04:55:27,900
of the kitchen or Bakehouse were
prized in Winter because he, 

5254
04:55:27,900 --> 04:55:31,900
from below rows, into them if 
your family ran in or shop with 

5255
04:55:31,900 --> 04:55:35,200
others operating into the 
evening, the chambers above 

5256
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:37,100
stayed, noticeably warmer than 
others. 

5257
04:55:38,200 --> 04:55:41,100
Some people positioned beds 
directly above the first floor. 

5258
04:55:41,100 --> 04:55:44,400
Half for similar reasons. 
Accepting the occasional bit of 

5259
04:55:44,408 --> 04:55:47,100
smoke seeping through 
floorboards in exchange for 

5260
04:55:47,100 --> 04:55:49,700
extra warmth. 
Dropping became a household 

5261
04:55:49,700 --> 04:55:52,800
project as winter approached 
gaps in shutters. 

5262
04:55:52,800 --> 04:55:55,200
Got stuffed with Rags or sealed 
with wax. 

5263
04:55:55,200 --> 04:55:59,100
Floors received extra layers of 
rushes for insulation, 

5264
04:55:59,100 --> 04:56:02,300
tapestries on walls, serve 
decorative purposes. 

5265
04:56:02,300 --> 04:56:06,000
Yes, but also created dead air 
space that reduced heat loss 

5266
04:56:06,000 --> 04:56:09,700
through stone or Timber, even a 
simple cloth hanging could make 

5267
04:56:09,708 --> 04:56:13,400
a measurable difference. 
Still, you'd be cold by modern 

5268
04:56:13,400 --> 04:56:18,000
standards, your nose would be 
chilly Face exposed to the air 

5269
04:56:18,000 --> 04:56:21,700
outside, the blankets getting up
in the night to use the chamber 

5270
04:56:21,700 --> 04:56:25,800
pot required, genuine courage, 
leaving the warm Nest, meant 

5271
04:56:25,800 --> 04:56:30,100
exposing yourself to frigid air,
made your muscles clench and 

5272
04:56:30,100 --> 04:56:32,900
your skin prickle. 
You to accomplish your business 

5273
04:56:32,900 --> 04:56:36,700
quickly and dive back under the 
covers burrowing in and until 

5274
04:56:36,700 --> 04:56:39,400
your body heat warmed. 
Everything again, morning 

5275
04:56:39,400 --> 04:56:43,300
presented the hardest moment 
that transition from warm bed to

5276
04:56:43,300 --> 04:56:46,100
cold room when your body 
protested vigorously against 

5277
04:56:46,100 --> 04:56:49,900
moving, You'd procrastinate 
lingering under the blanket, 

5278
04:56:49,900 --> 04:56:53,300
stealing yourself for the 
unpleasant, but necessary task 

5279
04:56:53,300 --> 04:56:56,500
of getting up and dressing. 
The first person up had the 

5280
04:56:56,508 --> 04:56:59,000
worst of it. 
They'd restart the fire and 

5281
04:56:59,000 --> 04:57:01,300
begin warming, the house, making
it easier. 

5282
04:57:01,300 --> 04:57:03,300
For those who followed children 
might. 

5283
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:06,800
Wake to frost patterns on the 
inside of shutters, ice in the 

5284
04:57:06,808 --> 04:57:10,000
washing water and their breath 
forming clouds in the air. 

5285
04:57:10,900 --> 04:57:14,400
This wasn't unusual or alarming,
it was simply how winter 

5286
04:57:14,400 --> 04:57:18,000
mornings felt. 
You dressed quickly layering on 

5287
04:57:18,000 --> 04:57:22,000
garments moving, close to the 
fire as soon as possible and 

5288
04:57:22,000 --> 04:57:25,200
beginning, the day's work partly
to generate body heat through 

5289
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:28,200
activity. 
Despite these challenges Tudor, 

5290
04:57:28,200 --> 04:57:30,800
people didn't generally complain
about cold the way modern people

5291
04:57:30,800 --> 04:57:35,500
might It was expected normal and
part of the seasonal Rhythm of 

5292
04:57:35,500 --> 04:57:38,600
Life. 
You prepared for it, accepted it

5293
04:57:38,600 --> 04:57:41,200
and worked with it rather than 
fighting against it. 

5294
04:57:42,000 --> 04:57:45,100
The return of Springs warmth 
when it finally came, felt like 

5295
04:57:45,100 --> 04:57:49,500
a genuine blessing, a relief. 
So profound that people's moods,

5296
04:57:49,500 --> 04:57:53,400
lifted noticeably with the 
rising temperatures and days 

5297
04:57:53,400 --> 04:57:58,300
chapter 7, the soundscape of 
Knight in your curtained bed. 

5298
04:57:58,300 --> 04:58:00,900
In a Tudor night, the sound 
surrounding you. 

5299
04:58:00,900 --> 04:58:03,700
Create an acoustic environment 
completely different from 

5300
04:58:03,700 --> 04:58:06,100
anything most modern people 
experience. 

5301
04:58:08,100 --> 04:58:11,200
Lee to what you'd hear during 
those nighttime hours, the house

5302
04:58:11,208 --> 04:58:13,700
itself, provides a constant 
backdrop of sound. 

5303
04:58:14,700 --> 04:58:17,600
Timber frames expand and 
contract with temperature 

5304
04:58:17,600 --> 04:58:22,400
changes producing creeks groans 
and occasional, sharp cracks 

5305
04:58:22,400 --> 04:58:24,900
that might start you until you 
learn to recognize them as 

5306
04:58:24,908 --> 04:58:28,600
normal. 
The thatch on the roof Russells.

5307
04:58:28,600 --> 04:58:32,300
When wind passes over it, the 
sound like soft scratching or 

5308
04:58:32,300 --> 04:58:34,400
the movement of some large 
animal though. 

5309
04:58:34,400 --> 04:58:38,300
It's just dried straw shifting 
against itself in Winter, the 

5310
04:58:38,300 --> 04:58:39,700
wind becomes a dominant 
presence. 

5311
04:58:39,700 --> 04:58:43,700
It finds every Gap in the 
shutters producing whistles in 

5312
04:58:43,700 --> 04:58:46,700
different pitches, depending on 
the size of the opening and the 

5313
04:58:46,700 --> 04:58:51,100
wind strength, it Buffs the 
walls, making the whole 

5314
04:58:51,100 --> 04:58:53,500
structure shutter slightly 
during the strongest gusts. 

5315
04:58:53,500 --> 04:58:57,400
You can hear it approaching a 
cross, the landscape, rushing, 

5316
04:58:57,400 --> 04:58:59,600
through bare trees before 
hitting your house. 

5317
04:58:59,600 --> 04:59:04,000
Then moving away again into the 
darkness rein on a thatched 

5318
04:59:04,000 --> 04:59:05,500
roof. 
Sounds different from rain on 

5319
04:59:05,500 --> 04:59:08,600
Modern, shingles or tiles 
softer, more. 

5320
04:59:08,600 --> 04:59:12,000
Muffled like someone pouring dry
sand, rather than water. 

5321
04:59:13,000 --> 04:59:14,900
Heavy. 
Rain creates a steady rushing 

5322
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:18,500
sound that some people find 
soothing a natural white noise 

5323
04:59:18,500 --> 04:59:21,500
that musk's other sounds and 
helps LOL you back to Second 

5324
04:59:21,500 --> 04:59:23,800
sleep animals. 
Contribute, their voices, 

5325
04:59:23,800 --> 04:59:28,800
throughout the night, mice, Gary
inside walls, their tiny claws, 

5326
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:33,500
scratching on wood their squeaks
occasionally Audible You accept 

5327
04:59:33,500 --> 04:59:37,100
their presence as inevitable, 
keeping a house, completely 

5328
04:59:37,100 --> 04:59:38,900
mouse. 
Free is nearly impossible 

5329
04:59:38,900 --> 04:59:41,000
though. 
You try to prevent them from 

5330
04:59:41,000 --> 04:59:44,900
getting into food stores. 
sometimes you hear a thump and a

5331
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:47,500
brief struggle as the house cat 
catches one, doing its job 

5332
04:59:47,500 --> 04:59:51,800
outside, owls, call to each 
other, they're hooting carrying 

5333
04:59:51,800 --> 04:59:55,000
clearly through the still night 
air Foxes produce. 

5334
04:59:55,000 --> 04:59:59,200
Surprisingly disturbing sounds 
screams that can sound Almost 

5335
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:02,600
Human, particularly unsettling 
if you're not expecting them. 

5336
05:00:03,300 --> 05:00:06,400
Dogs bark in the distance. 
One setting off another, 

5337
05:00:06,400 --> 05:00:09,500
creating a chain of canine 
communication across the 

5338
05:00:09,500 --> 05:00:12,400
neighborhood livestock. 
Make nighttime noises too. 

5339
05:00:12,400 --> 05:00:15,500
If you're near a barn you might 
hear cattle shifting in their 

5340
05:00:15,500 --> 05:00:18,100
stalls. 
Pigs grunting and horses 

5341
05:00:18,100 --> 05:00:20,200
stamping and blowing air through
their nostrils. 

5342
05:00:21,200 --> 05:00:24,300
Chickens, sometimes startled 
awake and cluck nervously before

5343
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:27,600
settling back down. 
These sounds are reassuring in 

5344
05:00:27,600 --> 05:00:29,800
their way. 
They mean, your animals are safe

5345
05:00:29,800 --> 05:00:33,600
still alive, and still you're 
well and sustenance human sounds

5346
05:00:33,600 --> 05:00:37,000
punctuate the night as well. 
Someone in the house might 

5347
05:00:37,000 --> 05:00:39,500
snore. 
The sound carrying from one 

5348
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:42,700
chamber to another through 
Timberwolves that provide less 

5349
05:00:42,700 --> 05:00:45,100
sound insulation than modern 
Construction. 

5350
05:00:46,100 --> 05:00:49,400
Babies cry and get soothed young
children. 

5351
05:00:49,400 --> 05:00:52,300
Call out from dreams or knee 
middle of the night comfort. 

5352
05:00:53,200 --> 05:00:55,700
You might hear your neighbor's 
through shared walls, if you 

5353
05:00:55,700 --> 05:00:59,200
live in attached townhouses, 
their coughs, their 

5354
05:00:59,200 --> 05:01:03,100
conversations, their movements 
across creaky floors, church, 

5355
05:01:03,100 --> 05:01:06,100
bells, Mark, the passage of 
nighttime hours in towns and 

5356
05:01:06,100 --> 05:01:08,800
villages. 
Not every hour, gets run in 

5357
05:01:08,800 --> 05:01:11,300
every place. 
But midnight, typically receive 

5358
05:01:11,300 --> 05:01:15,300
special notice and some Churches
ring bells Before Dawn services.

5359
05:01:16,100 --> 05:01:19,700
These bells serve practical 
purposes, they help people track

5360
05:01:19,700 --> 05:01:22,800
time in the darkness. 
They call people to prayer at a 

5361
05:01:22,800 --> 05:01:25,900
pointed hours and they provide 
reassurance that the community 

5362
05:01:25,900 --> 05:01:29,900
spiritual Guardians remain 
watchful in cities night 

5363
05:01:29,900 --> 05:01:32,000
Watchman. 
Call out the hours, walking 

5364
05:01:32,000 --> 05:01:33,600
their roots and announcing the 
time. 

5365
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:37,100
Along with the weather 
conditions to a clocks, well or 

5366
05:01:37,100 --> 05:01:41,200
three o'clock and cold clear 
night These calls serve multiple

5367
05:01:41,200 --> 05:01:45,000
purposes, they Mark time. 
They announced the watchman's 

5368
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:48,300
presence to deter criminals and 
they provide Comfort to those 

5369
05:01:48,300 --> 05:01:51,600
lying awake that someone is 
keeping guard, the fire. 

5370
05:01:51,600 --> 05:01:54,800
If you can hear it from your 
chamber produces, its own sounds

5371
05:01:54,800 --> 05:01:59,300
would pops and hisses. 
A sap turns to steam, Cole's 

5372
05:01:59,300 --> 05:02:03,200
shift, and resettle in the half 
with soft crashes. on 

5373
05:02:03,200 --> 05:02:06,400
particularly quiet nights, you 
might even hear the whisper of 

5374
05:02:06,408 --> 05:02:09,900
flames consuming would Sounds so
soft. 

5375
05:02:09,900 --> 05:02:13,500
It's barely perceptible, but 
somehow audible in deep silence 

5376
05:02:13,500 --> 05:02:15,900
chamber pots get used throughout
the night. 

5377
05:02:15,900 --> 05:02:20,100
Producing sounds that medieval 
modesty, simply acknowledged and

5378
05:02:20,100 --> 05:02:22,800
politely ignored Everyone 
performed. 

5379
05:02:22,800 --> 05:02:26,900
The same biological functions. 
Everyone made the same sounds 

5380
05:02:26,900 --> 05:02:30,200
and everyone practiced. 
The social fiction of not 

5381
05:02:30,200 --> 05:02:33,300
noticing what they heard from 
behind bed, curtains or from 

5382
05:02:33,300 --> 05:02:36,400
other Chambers seasonal, 
variations, affected the 

5383
05:02:36,400 --> 05:02:40,200
soundscape significantly. 
Summer nights brought insect 

5384
05:02:40,200 --> 05:02:43,700
choruses crickets producing 
their rhythmic chirping. 

5385
05:02:43,700 --> 05:02:47,500
Moths batting against shutters 
drawn to what ever like seep 

5386
05:02:47,500 --> 05:02:50,600
through cracks. 
Frogs near ponds or streams 

5387
05:02:50,600 --> 05:02:55,200
added their croaking to the mix.
Bats, flying overhead produced 

5388
05:02:55,200 --> 05:02:58,400
sounds too high for most human 
ears, but occasionally audible 

5389
05:02:58,400 --> 05:03:01,100
as soft, squeaking Thunder and 
summer. 

5390
05:03:01,100 --> 05:03:02,800
Storms, could shake the entire 
house. 

5391
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:06,500
Each crash followed by the sound
of rain, intense of fighting, 

5392
05:03:06,500 --> 05:03:10,600
you'd hear the initial large 
drops, hitting the thatch, then 

5393
05:03:10,600 --> 05:03:13,800
the steady downpour patch the 
rushing of water, through 

5394
05:03:13,800 --> 05:03:17,900
gutters, or off, Eve's the sound
of the storm passing over like a

5395
05:03:17,908 --> 05:03:20,600
living thing. 
Moving through the landscape in 

5396
05:03:20,600 --> 05:03:23,600
the quiet periods between sounds
silence itself. 

5397
05:03:23,600 --> 05:03:27,700
Had a quality different from 
Modern silence, No electric hum 

5398
05:03:27,700 --> 05:03:29,800
of refrigerators or heating 
systems. 

5399
05:03:29,800 --> 05:03:33,400
No distant traffic. 
Sounds No airplane. 

5400
05:03:33,400 --> 05:03:37,900
Overhead just genuine quiet. 
Broken only by the immediate 

5401
05:03:37,900 --> 05:03:39,800
sounds of your household and 
natural environment. 

5402
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:42,900
A silent. 
So complete that modern people 

5403
05:03:42,900 --> 05:03:46,500
who experience it often. 
Find it unsettling at first. so 

5404
05:03:46,500 --> 05:03:50,300
accustomed, a Wii to continuous 
background noise, your own body,

5405
05:03:50,300 --> 05:03:54,300
produces sound, you might notice
in the Stillness, your heartbeat

5406
05:03:54,300 --> 05:03:56,400
becomes audible. 
When you press your rear against

5407
05:03:56,400 --> 05:04:00,400
the mattress, You're breathing 
your stomach gurgling quietly, 

5408
05:04:00,400 --> 05:04:02,700
the rustle of linen against your
skin. 

5409
05:04:02,700 --> 05:04:06,100
When you shift position all 
become part of the Sonic 

5410
05:04:06,100 --> 05:04:07,800
environment. 
When everything else Falls 

5411
05:04:07,800 --> 05:04:11,000
still, some sounds inspired fear
or Superstition. 

5412
05:04:11,000 --> 05:04:15,200
Unexplained noises might be 
attributed to Spirits or demons 

5413
05:04:15,200 --> 05:04:17,900
testing the households defenses,
though. 

5414
05:04:17,900 --> 05:04:21,100
Most people understood that most
mysterious sounds had natural 

5415
05:04:21,100 --> 05:04:26,400
explanations, once you learned 
to identify them, Still a sudden

5416
05:04:26,400 --> 05:04:29,500
loud noise in the Deep night, 
its source. 

5417
05:04:29,500 --> 05:04:34,000
Uncertain could set your heart 
racing and make you clutch your 

5418
05:04:34,000 --> 05:04:37,100
religious medals or whisper 
protective prayers. 

5419
05:04:37,100 --> 05:04:41,800
The return of mourning, sounds 
provided its own comfort The 

5420
05:04:41,800 --> 05:04:45,500
first Birds Before Dawn roosters
crowing, they're not always 

5421
05:04:45,500 --> 05:04:49,200
exactly at dawn despite folklore
signal the approaching End Of 

5422
05:04:49,208 --> 05:04:52,200
Night. 
Other birds, joined gradually 

5423
05:04:52,200 --> 05:04:55,900
building toward the dawn chorus.
You'd hear the household 

5424
05:04:55,900 --> 05:05:00,100
beginning to stir people, rising
fires being revived and the 

5425
05:05:00,100 --> 05:05:02,800
sounds of daily life returning 
to replace the nighttime. 

5426
05:05:02,800 --> 05:05:05,700
Soundscape. 
This acoustic World shaped how 

5427
05:05:05,708 --> 05:05:10,400
Tudor people experience night, 
Without visual stimuli with 

5428
05:05:10,400 --> 05:05:14,600
Darkness, complete Behind Closed
shutters and curtains, hearing 

5429
05:05:14,600 --> 05:05:17,200
became the primary sense. 
Connecting you to the world 

5430
05:05:17,200 --> 05:05:20,500
beyond your bed. 
You learned to interpret sound 

5431
05:05:20,500 --> 05:05:24,800
to distinguish normal from 
alarming to find comfort in 

5432
05:05:24,800 --> 05:05:28,300
expected noises and concern in 
unexpected ones. 

5433
05:05:29,900 --> 05:05:34,400
The nighttime soundscape far 
from being empty silence was 

5434
05:05:34,400 --> 05:05:36,900
richly textured within for 
information about whether 

5435
05:05:36,900 --> 05:05:42,800
animals neighbors and the house 
itself A constant stream of 

5436
05:05:42,800 --> 05:05:46,200
Sonic data that Tudor is 
processed instinctively 

5437
05:05:46,200 --> 05:05:51,000
throughout the Night, chapter 8,
Dawn and rise in the transition 

5438
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:54,700
from night to day happened 
gradually in Tudor England, a 

5439
05:05:54,700 --> 05:05:57,700
slow emergence from sleep and 
darkness that aligned with the 

5440
05:05:57,700 --> 05:06:01,000
body's natural rhythms far, more
than modern alarm clock 

5441
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:03,600
Awakenings. 
You'd become aware of increasing

5442
05:06:03,600 --> 05:06:07,900
like first even before fully 
waking The Blackness behind your

5443
05:06:07,900 --> 05:06:10,100
closed. 
Eyelids shifts to a lighter 

5444
05:06:10,100 --> 05:06:12,300
shade. 
As Dawn brightens the world 

5445
05:06:12,300 --> 05:06:13,800
beyond your shattered. 
Windows. 

5446
05:06:14,600 --> 05:06:17,300
Thin strips of light appear at 
the edges of shutters. 

5447
05:06:17,300 --> 05:06:20,000
Announcing that night grip is 
loosening. 

5448
05:06:20,000 --> 05:06:22,400
The household sounds change 
character. 

5449
05:06:23,100 --> 05:06:25,800
Where night sounds were sporadic
and muted morning, brings 

5450
05:06:25,800 --> 05:06:30,200
purposeful activity. 
The first person up often a 

5451
05:06:30,200 --> 05:06:32,900
servant or the housewife 
herself, move through the house 

5452
05:06:32,900 --> 05:06:36,000
on specific missions. 
You hear the scrape of 

5453
05:06:36,008 --> 05:06:40,600
implements at the half working 
to revive the banked fire, you 

5454
05:06:40,600 --> 05:06:44,000
hear the clunk of logs being 
added, the Creak of the Bellows 

5455
05:06:44,000 --> 05:06:46,400
and the first crackling as 
flames. 

5456
05:06:46,400 --> 05:06:49,700
Catch holes, you might lie. 
Still for a few minutes, not 

5457
05:06:49,700 --> 05:06:51,500
quite ready to leave your warm 
Nest. 

5458
05:06:51,500 --> 05:06:53,200
Listening to the house, wake 
around you. 

5459
05:06:54,000 --> 05:06:57,300
Someone opens a shutter down, 
stairs, admitting light to the 

5460
05:06:57,300 --> 05:07:00,900
fresh morning air. 
You hear water being poured feet

5461
05:07:00,900 --> 05:07:04,500
on stairs and low voices of 
people greeting each other and 

5462
05:07:04,500 --> 05:07:08,100
beginning their days tasks. 
Quality of light seeping into 

5463
05:07:08,100 --> 05:07:10,400
your chamber changes as the sun 
rises. 

5464
05:07:11,500 --> 05:07:14,800
What started as pale gray 
brightens toward gold or silver,

5465
05:07:14,800 --> 05:07:17,700
depending on the weather. 
On clear mornings. 

5466
05:07:17,700 --> 05:07:21,400
You might see actual shafts of 
light, piercing through gaps, in

5467
05:07:21,400 --> 05:07:24,700
the shutters on cloudy days. 
The illumination remains 

5468
05:07:24,700 --> 05:07:27,200
diffuse, but still increases to 
the point where you can 

5469
05:07:27,200 --> 05:07:30,800
distinguish shapes in the room. 
Rising requires a certain amount

5470
05:07:30,800 --> 05:07:33,900
of determination on cold 
mornings, you have to leave your

5471
05:07:33,900 --> 05:07:36,300
warm cocoon, and expose yourself
to are. 

5472
05:07:36,300 --> 05:07:38,400
That's cold enough to make your 
skin prickly. 

5473
05:07:40,100 --> 05:07:44,000
Process happens in stages. 
First, you sit up under the 

5474
05:07:44,000 --> 05:07:48,000
blankets preparing yourself. 
Then you emerge, perhaps 

5475
05:07:48,000 --> 05:07:50,400
wrapping a blanket around your 
shoulders, as you swing your 

5476
05:07:50,400 --> 05:07:53,900
legs, over the side of the bed, 
your feet Hit the Floor, cold 

5477
05:07:53,900 --> 05:07:56,400
even through any Floor Covering 
or discarded clothing. 

5478
05:07:56,400 --> 05:08:00,000
You might step on you move 
quickly now, motivated by 

5479
05:08:00,000 --> 05:08:03,500
discomfort reaching for your 
outer clothes that hang nearby. 

5480
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:07,700
Dressing happens rapidly 
layering on garments that have 

5481
05:08:07,700 --> 05:08:10,600
been sitting in the cold air all
night and feel clammy until your

5482
05:08:10,600 --> 05:08:13,700
body heat warms them. 
If you're lucky, someone has 

5483
05:08:13,700 --> 05:08:15,300
brought warm water up for 
washing. 

5484
05:08:15,300 --> 05:08:18,500
If not you make do with whatever
is in the chamber. 

5485
05:08:18,500 --> 05:08:22,300
Pitcher, probably cold enough to
make you gasp when you flash it 

5486
05:08:22,300 --> 05:08:24,900
on your face. 
This shock of cold Waters? 

5487
05:08:24,900 --> 05:08:26,500
Does wake. 
You affectively though? 

5488
05:08:26,500 --> 05:08:29,100
No need for coffee. 
When ice cold, water, hits your 

5489
05:08:29,100 --> 05:08:31,300
skin. 
Personal prayers might happen 

5490
05:08:31,300 --> 05:08:33,600
now. 
A quick devotional practice 

5491
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:37,700
before the day's demands begin 
Kneeling by the bed you'd run 

5492
05:08:37,700 --> 05:08:41,300
through familiar prayers, 
perhaps adding specific requests

5493
05:08:41,300 --> 05:08:44,800
relevant to the day ahead. 
Safety for a journey. 

5494
05:08:44,800 --> 05:08:48,700
Success in business, dealings 
health for a sick, family 

5495
05:08:48,700 --> 05:08:52,400
member, anything Weighing on 
your mind as you face a new day,

5496
05:08:52,400 --> 05:08:55,800
emptying chamber pots represents
one of the Less Pleasant morning

5497
05:08:55,800 --> 05:08:58,800
tasks. 
Someone usually a servant if you

5498
05:08:58,800 --> 05:09:02,000
have one or the housewife, if 
you don't carries these down 

5499
05:09:02,000 --> 05:09:04,900
stairs and out to the privy or 
to a spot where the contents 

5500
05:09:04,900 --> 05:09:06,800
will be buried or otherwise 
disposed of. 

5501
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:10,400
In cities, chamber pots might be
emptied into Street. 

5502
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:14,100
Gutters a practice that 
contributed to Urban sanitation 

5503
05:09:14,100 --> 05:09:17,400
problems and unpleasant smells 
hair gets attention, 

5504
05:09:17,400 --> 05:09:20,700
particularly for women. 
That nightcap comes off 

5505
05:09:20,700 --> 05:09:24,000
revealing hair that needs 
brushing or combing before being

5506
05:09:24,000 --> 05:09:27,100
covered again with a koeth or 
other head covering appropriate 

5507
05:09:27,100 --> 05:09:30,600
for the day's activities. 
Men might run their fingers 

5508
05:09:30,600 --> 05:09:33,900
through shorter hair and call it
done, though. 

5509
05:09:33,900 --> 05:09:35,300
Some attention to grooming 
happened. 

5510
05:09:35,300 --> 05:09:39,300
Even for males teeth. 
Receive quick attention, a rinse

5511
05:09:39,300 --> 05:09:42,500
of the mouth with water or ale 
perhaps running a cloth over 

5512
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:45,400
teeth to remove the furry 
feeling that builds overnight. 

5513
05:09:46,500 --> 05:09:49,400
More thorough cleaning might 
wait until later if guests are 

5514
05:09:49,408 --> 05:09:52,000
expected. 
Or if you're preparing for a 

5515
05:09:52,000 --> 05:09:54,700
special occasion beds don't get 
made in the modern sense. 

5516
05:09:54,700 --> 05:09:59,800
Instead they get aired blankets 
thrown back covers folded over 

5517
05:09:59,800 --> 05:10:02,800
the foot of the bed allowing air
to circulate through the 

5518
05:10:02,800 --> 05:10:05,500
bedding. 
This prevents mustiness and 

5519
05:10:05,508 --> 05:10:09,000
gives moisture from Nighttime 
breathing and sweating a chance 

5520
05:10:09,000 --> 05:10:12,300
to evaporate. 
In good weather, you might hang 

5521
05:10:12,300 --> 05:10:15,300
blankets out a window or carry 
them outside to are in the sun, 

5522
05:10:15,300 --> 05:10:19,300
which freshens them remarkably. 
Well breakfast, in Tudor, 

5523
05:10:19,300 --> 05:10:22,100
England wasn't the substantial 
meal it became in later 

5524
05:10:22,100 --> 05:10:25,400
centuries. 
Many people, those doing 

5525
05:10:25,400 --> 05:10:29,300
physical labor, ate something 
light bread with butter or 

5526
05:10:29,300 --> 05:10:31,900
cheese, perhaps ale or small 
beer. 

5527
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:35,200
Maybe pottage left from the 
previous evening supper and 

5528
05:10:35,200 --> 05:10:38,000
reheated. 
The truly might have more 

5529
05:10:38,000 --> 05:10:41,900
elaborate morning meals, but for
most breaking fasting meant 

5530
05:10:41,900 --> 05:10:45,600
exactly that Breaking the 
overnight fast with enough food 

5531
05:10:45,600 --> 05:10:48,000
to start the day not feeling 
yourself. 

5532
05:10:48,000 --> 05:10:50,800
Completely children. 
Need waking and helping, 

5533
05:10:50,800 --> 05:10:53,600
especially younger ones. 
They're not naturally early 

5534
05:10:53,600 --> 05:10:56,600
Rises at the period, lacking the
school schedule. 

5535
05:10:56,600 --> 05:10:59,000
That would later structure 
childhood mornings. 

5536
05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:02,600
You might need to coats a child 
from bed, help with dressing, 

5537
05:11:02,600 --> 05:11:05,900
and make sure faces. 
Get washed and hair gets combed.

5538
05:11:06,600 --> 05:11:09,800
The same parental tasks that 
cross all time, periods. 

5539
05:11:09,800 --> 05:11:13,200
As light increases, you can 
finally open the shutters fully 

5540
05:11:13,200 --> 05:11:15,300
admitting the morning into the 
house. 

5541
05:11:15,300 --> 05:11:18,600
The quality of light tells you 
much about the day ahead. 

5542
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:20,900
Clear? 
And bright means fair. 

5543
05:11:20,900 --> 05:11:25,100
Weather is likely gray and flats
suggests rain and particular 

5544
05:11:25,100 --> 05:11:29,100
colors of the Dawn Sky, predict 
wind or storm, depending on folk

5545
05:11:29,100 --> 05:11:31,000
wisdom accumulated over 
Generations. 

5546
05:11:31,000 --> 05:11:34,700
The house begins to fill with 
the days activities, if there's 

5547
05:11:34,700 --> 05:11:37,100
a shop or Workshop its 
preparations begin. 

5548
05:11:38,000 --> 05:11:41,000
If the household revolves around
farming, people move toward 

5549
05:11:41,000 --> 05:11:44,200
Barnes and Fields. 
If you're in a townhouse with a 

5550
05:11:44,200 --> 05:11:49,000
trade to pursue tools, come out 
workspaces, get a range and The 

5551
05:11:49,000 --> 05:11:51,200
Business of making a living 
begins in Earnest. 

5552
05:11:51,200 --> 05:11:55,200
You take your place in this 
daily Rhythm moving from the 

5553
05:11:55,200 --> 05:11:58,100
private world of sleep and 
bedroom into the public world of

5554
05:11:58,100 --> 05:12:01,700
work and community. 
The transition feels natural 

5555
05:12:01,700 --> 05:12:05,400
aligned with light and sound in 
the needs of your body. 

5556
05:12:06,200 --> 05:12:09,300
There's no jarring a alarm. 
No sense of being rented from 

5557
05:12:09,300 --> 05:12:13,400
sleep before you're ready. 
Just a gradual emergence, that 

5558
05:12:13,400 --> 05:12:17,700
respect, biological rhythms, 
even as it responds to practical

5559
05:12:17,700 --> 05:12:21,600
Necessities the morning routine 
repeated day after day with 

5560
05:12:21,600 --> 05:12:25,900
minor variations for seasons and
circumstances, provide structure

5561
05:12:25,900 --> 05:12:28,300
and comfort. 
You know what comes next? 

5562
05:12:28,300 --> 05:12:30,000
Because it's what always comes 
next. 

5563
05:12:30,900 --> 05:12:33,500
The predictability might seem 
boring to Modern sensibilities. 

5564
05:12:33,500 --> 05:12:38,000
That value variety and Novelty. 
But Tudor people generally found

5565
05:12:38,000 --> 05:12:41,800
security and repetition in doing
what their parents did, what 

5566
05:12:41,800 --> 05:12:45,500
their grandparents did and what 
everyone around them does, by 

5567
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:50,200
the time full daylight arrives, 
your dressed washed fed, at 

5568
05:12:50,200 --> 05:12:52,800
least minimally and engaged in 
the days. 

5569
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:56,400
First tasks. 
The night has fully released, 

5570
05:12:56,400 --> 05:12:59,300
its hold. 
Whatever dreams or thoughts 

5571
05:12:59,300 --> 05:13:03,300
occupied those dark hours Fade 
Into memory, as immediate 

5572
05:13:03,300 --> 05:13:07,300
concerns, demand attention, the 
daily cycle that will eventually

5573
05:13:07,300 --> 05:13:09,200
lead. 
You back to that same bed begins

5574
05:13:09,200 --> 05:13:12,100
again. 
As inevitable and natural as the

5575
05:13:12,100 --> 05:13:16,400
sun's path across the sky 
chapter 9, the cultural meaning 

5576
05:13:16,400 --> 05:13:19,500
of sleep sleeping. 
Tudor England, carried, meanings

5577
05:13:19,500 --> 05:13:21,700
that extended far beyond the 
simple. 

5578
05:13:21,700 --> 05:13:26,200
Biological need for rest. 
How you slept where you slept, 

5579
05:13:26,200 --> 05:13:29,700
what you wore and what 
surrounded you, while sleeping 

5580
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:33,500
all these reflected and 
reinforced the social order, 

5581
05:13:33,500 --> 05:13:37,300
spiritual beliefs and 
philosophical understanding of 

5582
05:13:37,300 --> 05:13:40,900
human nature at the most basic 
level sleep represented 

5583
05:13:40,900 --> 05:13:43,500
vulnerability. 
While sleeping you couldn't 

5584
05:13:43,500 --> 05:13:47,400
defend yourself, couldn't 
maintain social masks and 

5585
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:49,200
couldn't control your behavior 
or appearance. 

5586
05:13:50,300 --> 05:13:53,100
This made the sleeping chamber, 
a space, requiring protection, 

5587
05:13:53,100 --> 05:13:58,300
both physical and spiritual. 
Prayers before bed weren't just 

5588
05:13:58,300 --> 05:14:01,500
empty ritual, they expressed 
genuine concern about the 

5589
05:14:01,500 --> 05:14:05,000
helpless hours ahead. 
The bed itself carried enormous 

5590
05:14:05,000 --> 05:14:09,200
symbolic weight, When you made a
will and most people of any 

5591
05:14:09,200 --> 05:14:12,900
means made Wills, you 
specifically, bequeath your bed,

5592
05:14:12,900 --> 05:14:16,300
naming it, as a valuable asset 
to be passed to particular 

5593
05:14:16,300 --> 05:14:20,100
Aires. 
The bed represented, security, 

5594
05:14:20,100 --> 05:14:23,600
Domesticity and the private life
of the family. 

5595
05:14:24,700 --> 05:14:27,500
To inherit someone's bed met 
more than gaining, a physical 

5596
05:14:27,500 --> 05:14:29,900
object. 
It meant taking on a piece of 

5597
05:14:29,908 --> 05:14:33,200
their domestic Legacy marriage 
beds, held particular 

5598
05:14:33,200 --> 05:14:35,900
significant. 
The marriage bed was blessed by 

5599
05:14:35,900 --> 05:14:38,400
the church and the act of being 
bedded. 

5600
05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:42,400
The ceremonial putting to bed of
the new bride and groom marked 

5601
05:14:42,400 --> 05:14:45,400
the transition to married life. 
Witnesses. 

5602
05:14:45,400 --> 05:14:47,800
Might actually accompany the 
couple to the bed chamber, 

5603
05:14:47,800 --> 05:14:50,100
though. 
They'd leave before consummation

5604
05:14:50,100 --> 05:14:52,600
occurred. 
The bed thus served as both 

5605
05:14:52,600 --> 05:14:55,200
symbol and Stage for one of 
life's most important 

5606
05:14:55,200 --> 05:14:57,900
transitions. 
That's occurred in the same 

5607
05:14:57,900 --> 05:15:00,700
beds. 
Most people died at home in 

5608
05:15:00,700 --> 05:15:02,600
their own beds, surrounded by 
family. 

5609
05:15:03,300 --> 05:15:06,800
The bed witnessed your birth. 
If you were born at home your 

5610
05:15:06,800 --> 05:15:10,700
conception your wedding night, 
your children's births, Finally,

5611
05:15:10,700 --> 05:15:13,300
your death. 
Views is a Furniture 

5612
05:15:13,300 --> 05:15:17,300
participated, so intimately and 
life's major passages social 

5613
05:15:17,300 --> 05:15:20,300
hierarchy expressed itself in 
sleeping arrangements with 

5614
05:15:20,300 --> 05:15:24,400
remarkable clarity. 
Servants, slept on straw pallets

5615
05:15:24,400 --> 05:15:28,500
on Floors or an attics middling.
Folks slept in proper beds with 

5616
05:15:28,500 --> 05:15:31,800
decent mattresses. 
The wealthy slept, in massive 

5617
05:15:31,800 --> 05:15:34,800
poster, beds with expensive 
hangings, feather mattresses, 

5618
05:15:34,800 --> 05:15:38,700
and finally in Where you slept 
and what you slept on announced,

5619
05:15:38,700 --> 05:15:41,600
your status, as surely as your 
clothing did during waking hours

5620
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:45,500
dreams, held significant that 
modern psychology doesn't quite 

5621
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:48,500
capture. 
Tudor people believed dreams 

5622
05:15:48,500 --> 05:15:52,400
could carry messages from God, 
from angels, from the 

5623
05:15:52,408 --> 05:15:55,900
subconscious mind, struggling 
with waking problems or 

5624
05:15:55,900 --> 05:16:01,100
sometimes from darker sources. 
Prophetic dreams warning, dreams

5625
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:05,000
dreams that revealed Hidden 
Truths, all these appeared in 

5626
05:16:05,000 --> 05:16:08,400
literature and folk belief. 
You might consult an almanac or 

5627
05:16:08,408 --> 05:16:11,000
a priest about the meaning of a 
particularly Vivid, or 

5628
05:16:11,000 --> 05:16:14,000
disturbing dream, the 
vulnerability of sleep made 

5629
05:16:14,000 --> 05:16:16,300
people careful about who could 
observe them sleeping. 

5630
05:16:17,300 --> 05:16:21,000
Servants might see their masters
in night clothes, but this was 

5631
05:16:21,000 --> 05:16:22,900
part of the intimate household 
relationship. 

5632
05:16:22,900 --> 05:16:26,700
Balance by mutual dependencies 
and understood boundaries. 

5633
05:16:27,800 --> 05:16:31,100
Strangers seeing you sleep 
though represented a kind of 

5634
05:16:31,100 --> 05:16:34,900
violation, your guard was down 
your face. 

5635
05:16:34,900 --> 05:16:38,900
Relaxed into its true form and 
your body positioned without the

5636
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:41,400
careful control. 
You maintained while awake 

5637
05:16:41,400 --> 05:16:45,100
medical Theory connected sleep 
to the body's humeral balance 

5638
05:16:45,800 --> 05:16:49,500
Sleep allowed, the digestive 
system to process food, the body

5639
05:16:49,500 --> 05:16:53,200
to repair itself and the Brain 
to clear itself of vapors 

5640
05:16:53,200 --> 05:16:57,300
accumulated during waking hours,
too much sleep made, you 

5641
05:16:57,300 --> 05:17:00,300
sluggish and phlegmatic. 
Too little sleep. 

5642
05:17:00,300 --> 05:17:02,700
Dried out the body's fluids 
leading. 

5643
05:17:02,700 --> 05:17:06,900
Tolerate irritability. 
The right amount of sleep, which

5644
05:17:06,900 --> 05:17:11,200
varied by age Constitution, and 
seasoned maintained equilibrium 

5645
05:17:11,200 --> 05:17:14,400
different phases of Life, 
required different amounts of 

5646
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:16,600
sleep. 
Babies and young children 

5647
05:17:16,600 --> 05:17:18,500
needed. 
Much sleep for proper growth, 

5648
05:17:18,500 --> 05:17:22,500
adults in their Prime needed, 
moderates, sleep enough for 

5649
05:17:22,500 --> 05:17:24,800
health. 
But not so much at encouraged 

5650
05:17:24,800 --> 05:17:27,600
laziness. 
Elderly people naturally 

5651
05:17:27,600 --> 05:17:31,500
required less their body's 
winding down toward life's end. 

5652
05:17:32,700 --> 05:17:36,200
These patterns seemed obvious 
through observation and folk 

5653
05:17:36,200 --> 05:17:39,300
wisdom, aligned reasonably well 
with what modern sleep science 

5654
05:17:39,300 --> 05:17:42,700
has since confirmed seasonal 
sleep patterns, reflected the 

5655
05:17:42,700 --> 05:17:46,300
agricultural calendar, winter 
allowed slightly longer sleep 

5656
05:17:46,300 --> 05:17:48,900
periods, since less daylight 
meant fewer workouts. 

5657
05:17:49,900 --> 05:17:53,800
Some are demanded earlier rising
to make use of long days though 

5658
05:17:53,800 --> 05:17:55,600
after noon rests might 
compensate. 

5659
05:17:56,400 --> 05:18:00,000
The wealthy less tied to 
agricultural rhythms could 

5660
05:18:00,000 --> 05:18:02,700
maintain more consistent 
schedules though. 

5661
05:18:02,700 --> 05:18:06,200
Even they adjusted somewhat to 
seasonal light changes religious

5662
05:18:06,200 --> 05:18:09,200
observance intersected with 
sleep in multiple ways. 

5663
05:18:10,200 --> 05:18:12,500
Monks and nuns Rose for night 
prayers. 

5664
05:18:12,500 --> 05:18:16,600
The night officers that divided 
sleep into segments different 

5665
05:18:16,600 --> 05:18:19,100
from the late pattern of first 
and second sleep. 

5666
05:18:20,000 --> 05:18:23,200
Devoutly people might rise at 
midnight for private prayers, 

5667
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:28,100
imitating, monastic practice. 
Religious holidays might involve

5668
05:18:28,100 --> 05:18:31,900
night vigils or Dawn procession 
that disrupted normal. 

5669
05:18:31,900 --> 05:18:34,500
Sleep patterns. 
The language people use about 

5670
05:18:34,500 --> 05:18:37,800
sleep carried. 
Moral overtones to be a slug of 

5671
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:39,700
bed. 
Someone who stayed too long in 

5672
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:44,500
bed implied, moral failure, 
laziness and lack of virtue. 

5673
05:18:44,500 --> 05:18:49,100
The early rise of demonstrated 
industry godliness and proper 

5674
05:18:49,100 --> 05:18:52,800
household management. 
Early to bed and early to rise 

5675
05:18:52,800 --> 05:18:54,900
makes a man. 
Healthy wealthy and wise 

5676
05:18:54,900 --> 05:18:56,800
captured. 
This attitude though that 

5677
05:18:56,800 --> 05:19:00,200
specific formulation came 
slightly later than the Tudor 

5678
05:19:00,200 --> 05:19:03,000
period sleep made you equal to 
everyone else in a way. 

5679
05:19:03,700 --> 05:19:06,000
The nobleman, and the peasant, 
both needed sleep. 

5680
05:19:06,000 --> 05:19:09,400
Both experienced dreams and both
lay helpless in the dark. 

5681
05:19:10,300 --> 05:19:13,500
This temporary equality perhaps 
made sleep slightly troubling to

5682
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:16,900
social hierarchies, it suggested
that beneath the elaborate 

5683
05:19:16,900 --> 05:19:20,300
social structures, All Humans 
shared basic needs and 

5684
05:19:20,300 --> 05:19:24,200
experiences that no amount of 
wealth or status could eliminate

5685
05:19:24,200 --> 05:19:27,900
literature of the period use 
sleep as a metaphor and plot 

5686
05:19:27,900 --> 05:19:31,400
device extensively. 
Shakespeare writing at the tail 

5687
05:19:31,400 --> 05:19:34,500
end of this era, filled his 
plays, with sleep imagery 

5688
05:19:34,500 --> 05:19:39,100
innocent sleep, that knits up 
the raveled sleave of care, the 

5689
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:42,300
sleep of death. 
And the prophetic dreams that 

5690
05:19:42,300 --> 05:19:46,200
advanced plots or reveal 
characters in a state's His 

5691
05:19:46,200 --> 05:19:48,500
audience is understood these 
references in immediately 

5692
05:19:48,500 --> 05:19:50,700
because sleep held such cultural
weight. 

5693
05:19:50,700 --> 05:19:54,100
The position you slept in 
supposedly revealed character 

5694
05:19:54,100 --> 05:19:57,100
traits. 
Sleeping on your back indicated.

5695
05:19:57,100 --> 05:19:59,900
An open honest nature. 
Side. 

5696
05:19:59,900 --> 05:20:01,800
Sleeping showed balance and 
moderation. 

5697
05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:06,000
Sleeping on your stomach 
suggested secretiveness or 

5698
05:20:06,000 --> 05:20:10,100
devious Tendencies were there. 
Anyone actually believe this or 

5699
05:20:10,100 --> 05:20:13,700
just found it amusing as hard to
say, but the existence of such 

5700
05:20:13,700 --> 05:20:16,200
folklore shows that even 
unconsciously sleeping 

5701
05:20:16,200 --> 05:20:19,700
positions, carried meaning, 
nightmares, required spiritual 

5702
05:20:19,700 --> 05:20:24,300
explanation, The term itself 
comes from Nightmare a demon or 

5703
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:27,900
evil spirit that sat on your 
chest, while you slept, causing 

5704
05:20:27,900 --> 05:20:29,800
bad dreams and difficulty 
breathing. 

5705
05:20:31,200 --> 05:20:34,500
Other cultures had similar 
Concepts the succubus and 

5706
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:39,000
Incubus of medieval belief. 
Spiritual Beings that visited 

5707
05:20:39,000 --> 05:20:40,700
sleepers with various 
intentions. 

5708
05:20:42,000 --> 05:20:45,000
Whether people literally 
believed in these entities, or 

5709
05:20:45,000 --> 05:20:47,900
use them as explanation for 
Sleep phenomena, like sleep 

5710
05:20:47,900 --> 05:20:51,900
paralysis varied among 
individuals and regions the 

5711
05:20:51,900 --> 05:20:53,900
continuity between sleep and 
death. 

5712
05:20:53,900 --> 05:20:58,100
The resemblance of the sleeping 
body to quartz made sleep, both 

5713
05:20:58,100 --> 05:21:02,200
natural and slightly uncanny. 
You surrendered Consciousness, 

5714
05:21:02,200 --> 05:21:06,700
trusted that you'd wake, again, 
could not guarantee it every 

5715
05:21:06,700 --> 05:21:09,600
night involved a small Act of 
Faith that this sleep wouldn't 

5716
05:21:09,600 --> 05:21:13,200
become permanently. 
Morning prayers often included. 

5717
05:21:13,200 --> 05:21:16,600
Thanks for being allowed to wait
and acknowledgment that survival

5718
05:21:16,600 --> 05:21:18,200
through the night wasn't 
automatic. 

5719
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:21,400
This Rich web of meaning 
surrounding sleep. 

5720
05:21:21,400 --> 05:21:25,300
Made it far more than a 
biological necessity Sleep, 

5721
05:21:25,300 --> 05:21:29,500
represented, spiritual States 
Social positions, moral 

5722
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:32,500
qualities, and existential 
concerns. 

5723
05:21:33,300 --> 05:21:36,900
The rituals surrounding sleep, 
the prayers, the careful 

5724
05:21:36,900 --> 05:21:39,500
preparations. 
The symbolic objects. 

5725
05:21:39,500 --> 05:21:41,900
Like blessed medallions. 
Hung near beds. 

5726
05:21:42,600 --> 05:21:46,300
Addressed, these multiple layers
of meaning acknowledging that 

5727
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:49,700
when you close your eyes, each 
night, you entered a realm where

5728
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:52,500
the normal rules were suspended 
and something else, something 

5729
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:55,200
both dangerous and necessary 
took over until dawn. 

5730
05:21:55,200 --> 05:21:59,000
And so we come to the end of our
nighttime journey through Tudor 

5731
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:01,500
England. 
You've experienced the full 

5732
05:22:01,500 --> 05:22:05,600
cycle from dust for Shadows 
through the depth of night, to 

5733
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:09,300
mornings, gradual return. 
You felt the weight of wool 

5734
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:13,900
blankets on a cold night. 
Heard the sound of darkness and 

5735
05:22:13,900 --> 05:22:16,100
understood The rhythms of 
segmented sleep. 

5736
05:22:16,100 --> 05:22:19,100
And the cultural meaning was 
woven through every aspect of 

5737
05:22:19,100 --> 05:22:21,500
rest. 
The modern world has gained much

5738
05:22:21,500 --> 05:22:24,600
in comfort and convenience, but 
it has lost something too. 

5739
05:22:24,600 --> 05:22:29,400
That deeper alignment with 
natural rhythms, that acceptance

5740
05:22:29,400 --> 05:22:31,800
of darkness and its own 
particular gifts. 

5741
05:22:32,500 --> 05:22:35,600
That sense of sleep as something
more than mere unconsciousness 

5742
05:22:35,600 --> 05:22:37,800
between productive waking 
periods. 

5743
05:22:38,500 --> 05:22:41,300
Tudor people for all their 
discomforts and challenges. 

5744
05:22:41,300 --> 05:22:44,800
Knew how to rest in ways. 
We've largely forgotten, perhaps

5745
05:22:44,800 --> 05:22:47,400
there's wisdom in their 
practices that we might recover 

5746
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:51,500
not by returning to straw 
mattresses and chamber pots but 

5747
05:22:51,500 --> 05:22:55,200
by remembering that sleep 
deserves respect that Darkness 

5748
05:22:55,200 --> 05:22:58,000
has value. 
And that rest is not idleness 

5749
05:22:58,000 --> 05:23:03,100
but renewal As you drift towards
sleep in your own time, in your 

5750
05:23:03,100 --> 05:23:05,900
own bed. 
Perhaps you can carry a bit of 

5751
05:23:05,900 --> 05:23:09,200
Tudor wisdom with you. 
The acceptance of natural 

5752
05:23:09,200 --> 05:23:13,500
rhythms, the appreciation for 
simple Comforts and the 

5753
05:23:13,500 --> 05:23:16,400
understanding that a good 
night's rest is not a luxury, 

5754
05:23:16,400 --> 05:23:21,400
but a fundamental human need by 
Generations who slept before you

5755
05:23:21,400 --> 05:23:25,300
and those who will sleep after 
your gone sleep well, whenever 

5756
05:23:25,300 --> 05:23:38,000
and wherever you find your rest.
In the midwest, in 1911, before 

5757
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:41,100
the world knew about world wars 
or television, or the atomic 

5758
05:23:41,100 --> 05:23:43,900
age. 
The air in Dixon Illinois 

5759
05:23:43,900 --> 05:23:47,500
smelled like fresh bread from 
the bakery down stairs. 

5760
05:23:47,500 --> 05:23:52,400
An honest dirt from farms that 
stretched to every Horizon This 

5761
05:23:52,400 --> 05:23:55,000
was a town where people knew 
their neighbor's business, not 

5762
05:23:55,000 --> 05:23:57,800
from social media. 
But from actually, talking over 

5763
05:23:57,800 --> 05:24:01,400
backyard fences where the 
biggest entertainment might be a

5764
05:24:01,400 --> 05:24:05,000
traveling salesman stories or a 
Saturday picture, show into 

5765
05:24:05,000 --> 05:24:07,100
this. 
World came Ronald Wilson, Reagan

5766
05:24:07,100 --> 05:24:11,800
on February, 6th 1911 in a small
apartment where Winter draft 

5767
05:24:11,800 --> 05:24:13,900
snuck through window frames and 
summer. 

5768
05:24:13,900 --> 05:24:17,800
Heat, made sleep difficult. 
His mother Nell called him, her 

5769
05:24:17,800 --> 05:24:21,800
little Dutchman, because of his 
chubby face and the way his dark

5770
05:24:21,800 --> 05:24:25,900
hair stood up in the morning. 
The nickname stuck. 

5771
05:24:26,800 --> 05:24:28,900
Short and eventually to just 
Dutch. 

5772
05:24:29,600 --> 05:24:32,100
A name that would follow him 
through childhood, through 

5773
05:24:32,100 --> 05:24:36,500
lifeguard Summers and into his 
early career Duchess father, 

5774
05:24:36,500 --> 05:24:40,400
Jack was an Irish Catholic shoe 
salesman with dreams, that 

5775
05:24:40,400 --> 05:24:44,100
always seemed just slightly Out 
Of Reach like trying to catch 

5776
05:24:44,100 --> 05:24:48,200
dandelion seeds on the Wind. 
Jack had the gift of 

5777
05:24:48,200 --> 05:24:52,800
Storytelling that particularly 
Irish ability to make even fails

5778
05:24:52,800 --> 05:24:56,900
called, sound like an adventure.
But he also had a weakness for 

5779
05:24:56,900 --> 05:24:59,500
whiskey, that would shape young 
Duchess, understanding of both 

5780
05:24:59,500 --> 05:25:02,500
compassion and disappointment. 
You have to picture Dutch as a 

5781
05:25:02,508 --> 05:25:06,400
boy, maybe nine or ten years old
coming home from school on a 

5782
05:25:06,408 --> 05:25:08,800
February afternoon. 
When the Illinois cold could 

5783
05:25:08,800 --> 05:25:10,900
freeze your breath into visible 
clouds. 

5784
05:25:12,200 --> 05:25:15,400
He found his father passed out 
on the front porch, smelling of 

5785
05:25:15,408 --> 05:25:18,800
alcohol and failure. 
Most children might have run for

5786
05:25:18,808 --> 05:25:22,900
help or broken down crying. 
Dutch grabbed his father under 

5787
05:25:22,900 --> 05:25:25,600
the arms and dragged him inside 
away from the neighbor's eyes 

5788
05:25:25,600 --> 05:25:29,200
and the killing cold that 
moment, choosing dignity over 

5789
05:25:29,200 --> 05:25:32,800
shame action over despair would 
become a pattern. 

5790
05:25:34,400 --> 05:25:37,000
Dutchland early that you could 
love someone despite their 

5791
05:25:37,000 --> 05:25:40,600
failings that kindness didn't 
require approval. 

5792
05:25:40,600 --> 05:25:44,300
That some situations demanded 
quiet competence rather than 

5793
05:25:44,300 --> 05:25:48,400
dramatic gestures his mother. 
Nell provided the counterbalance

5794
05:25:48,400 --> 05:25:52,600
to Jack's unreliability She was 
a woman of fierce Protestant 

5795
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:55,300
Faith, who saw goodness, as 
something you practice daily 

5796
05:25:55,300 --> 05:26:00,300
like scales on a piano. 
Now volunteered at hospitals, 

5797
05:26:00,300 --> 05:26:03,600
visited prisoners and somehow 
stretched Jackson regular 

5798
05:26:03,600 --> 05:26:07,200
paychecks to feed her family 
while occasionally helping even 

5799
05:26:07,200 --> 05:26:10,300
poorer Neighbors. 
She also loved amateur theater 

5800
05:26:10,300 --> 05:26:12,800
with the passion that some 
people reserved for religion. 

5801
05:26:12,800 --> 05:26:16,100
Nell would take Dutch to church 
performance is and Community 

5802
05:26:16,100 --> 05:26:18,900
Theater Productions in. 
Venues that smelled of old wood 

5803
05:26:18,900 --> 05:26:22,300
and Dusty velvet curtains. 
She taught him to memorize 

5804
05:26:22,300 --> 05:26:25,800
passages from the Bible and 
poems by heart training, his 

5805
05:26:25,800 --> 05:26:27,600
memory, the way athletes, train 
muscles. 

5806
05:26:28,600 --> 05:26:31,600
Without knowing it, she was 
preparing him for a life where 

5807
05:26:31,608 --> 05:26:34,600
words in their delivery would 
become his greatest tools. 

5808
05:26:34,600 --> 05:26:39,000
Duchess eyesight was terrible. 
He was profoundly nearsighted in

5809
05:26:39,000 --> 05:26:41,800
an era before vision problems 
were routinely tested in 

5810
05:26:41,800 --> 05:26:45,300
children. 
The world Beyond a few feet was 

5811
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:48,200
a colorful blur. 
Which meant he learned to 

5812
05:26:48,200 --> 05:26:51,200
navigate Life by reading 
people's tones and Body Language

5813
05:26:51,200 --> 05:26:52,800
rather than their facial 
expressions. 

5814
05:26:53,600 --> 05:26:57,200
When he finally got glasses at 
13, the sharp Clarity of the 

5815
05:26:57,200 --> 05:27:00,500
world startled him. 
Trees had individual leaves 

5816
05:27:00,500 --> 05:27:04,900
building her texture. 
People had details faces, this 

5817
05:27:04,900 --> 05:27:07,400
experience of seeing the world 
transformed from an 

5818
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:12,100
impressionistic blur to Sharp 
detail created A peculiar way of

5819
05:27:12,100 --> 05:27:15,900
perceiving reality. 
Dutchland that sometimes the big

5820
05:27:15,900 --> 05:27:20,300
picture the shapes and movements
and general Impressions mattered

5821
05:27:20,300 --> 05:27:22,600
more than obsessive focus on 
small details. 

5822
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:24,900
It was a mindset that would 
serve him. 

5823
05:27:24,900 --> 05:27:28,100
Well, as an executive though, it
would frustrate those who wanted

5824
05:27:28,100 --> 05:27:31,400
him to dive into policy. 
Minutiae the Rock River ran 

5825
05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:33,100
through dicks and like a liquid 
promise. 

5826
05:27:33,100 --> 05:27:36,100
It's current Swift enough to 
make swimming a genuine 

5827
05:27:36,100 --> 05:27:39,200
challenge. 
Dutch spent seven Summers 

5828
05:27:39,200 --> 05:27:43,200
working as a lifeguard at Lowell
Park stationed on a high wooden 

5829
05:27:43,200 --> 05:27:45,500
chair that gave him a view of 
the beach and the swimmers. 

5830
05:27:45,500 --> 05:27:51,500
He kept a log of every rescue. 
77 people over seven years, each

5831
05:27:51,500 --> 05:27:55,100
one marked with a notch carved 
into a fallen log picture. 

5832
05:27:55,100 --> 05:27:58,800
Those long summer days, the sun 
heating, the wooden platform 

5833
05:27:58,800 --> 05:28:02,100
beneath his feet. 
Smell of suntan, lotion and 

5834
05:28:02,108 --> 05:28:05,500
river water, and the constant 
scanning of the swimming area 

5835
05:28:05,500 --> 05:28:09,300
for signs of distress. 
Being a lifeguard taught Dutch 

5836
05:28:09,300 --> 05:28:12,600
to watch for trouble before. 
It became a crisis to project 

5837
05:28:12,600 --> 05:28:16,000
caramel Authority, even when 
your heart was racing and to 

5838
05:28:16,000 --> 05:28:18,700
understand that preventing 
disaster was better than 

5839
05:28:18,700 --> 05:28:21,900
heroically responding to it. 
The workers also taught him, 

5840
05:28:21,900 --> 05:28:25,500
something about recognition and 
gratitude, Some people, he 

5841
05:28:25,500 --> 05:28:29,200
rescued thanked him profusely. 
Others seemed almost resentful 

5842
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:32,500
that, they needed help. 
Most forgot about him within 

5843
05:28:32,500 --> 05:28:34,800
days. 
It was an early lesson that 

5844
05:28:34,800 --> 05:28:37,900
doing the right thing, didn't 
guarantee appreciation and that 

5845
05:28:37,900 --> 05:28:41,100
you had to find satisfaction in 
their action itself rather than 

5846
05:28:41,100 --> 05:28:44,500
in other people's responses, 
Dickson was small enough that 

5847
05:28:44,500 --> 05:28:47,100
everyone knew everyone but 
diverse enough to teach Dutch 

5848
05:28:47,100 --> 05:28:50,200
that America wasn't a single 
story but a collection of them. 

5849
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:53,400
There were immigrant families, 
who spoke with accidents? 

5850
05:28:53,400 --> 05:28:55,600
Black families, who face 
discrimination. 

5851
05:28:55,600 --> 05:28:57,000
That troubled. 
Dutch. 

5852
05:28:57,000 --> 05:29:00,500
Even as a boy working-class 
laborers and prosperous 

5853
05:29:00,500 --> 05:29:03,100
Merchants devout church, goers 
and Skeptics. 

5854
05:29:04,000 --> 05:29:08,000
This small town contained 
multitudes and Dutch absorbed 

5855
05:29:08,000 --> 05:29:09,900
them all. 
You know, that moment, when you 

5856
05:29:09,900 --> 05:29:12,800
discover the thing, you're 
genuinely good at not just 

5857
05:29:12,800 --> 05:29:16,300
competent, but naturally, gifted
in a way that makes difficult 

5858
05:29:16,300 --> 05:29:19,500
tasks, feel effortless for Dutch
Reagan. 

5859
05:29:19,500 --> 05:29:22,700
That moment came in front of a 
microphone at a small radio 

5860
05:29:22,700 --> 05:29:26,300
station in Iowa, after 
graduating from Eureka College, 

5861
05:29:26,300 --> 05:29:29,100
a tiny school, where he played 
football, with more enthusiasm 

5862
05:29:29,100 --> 05:29:32,300
and skill and performed in 
school, plays with growing 

5863
05:29:32,300 --> 05:29:35,600
confidence. 
She needed a job in the depths 

5864
05:29:35,600 --> 05:29:39,300
of the Great Depression. 
Work was a scarce as compassion 

5865
05:29:39,300 --> 05:29:42,100
in a collection agency, but 
Dutch had an idea. 

5866
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:47,100
Radio was exploding Across 
America bringing voices into 

5867
05:29:47,100 --> 05:29:50,500
living rooms from farms to 
cities and Dutch believed. 

5868
05:29:50,500 --> 05:29:54,000
He could be one of those voices.
His first break came at Wok in 

5869
05:29:54,000 --> 05:29:57,300
Davenport Iowa, where a station 
manager, gave him a test. 

5870
05:29:58,100 --> 05:30:01,500
Recreate a football game from 
memory, making it exciting 

5871
05:30:01,500 --> 05:30:03,100
enough to hold listeners 
attention. 

5872
05:30:04,300 --> 05:30:06,900
Dutch closed his eyes and 
described a game. 

5873
05:30:06,908 --> 05:30:10,500
He'd watched at Eureka, his 
voice rising and falling with 

5874
05:30:10,500 --> 05:30:14,200
the action, painting pictures 
with nothing, but words and 

5875
05:30:14,200 --> 05:30:18,100
enthusiasm. the manager hired 
him on the spot, from their 

5876
05:30:18,100 --> 05:30:22,600
Dutch moved to who in Des 
Moines, a larger station with a 

5877
05:30:22,600 --> 05:30:26,400
stronger signal, that reached 
across the Midwest His specialty

5878
05:30:26,400 --> 05:30:29,500
became broadcasting. 
Chicago Cubs, baseball games. 

5879
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:33,200
But here's the thing, that makes
you smile, he usually wasn't at 

5880
05:30:33,200 --> 05:30:36,300
the games. 
Instead he sat in a studio. 

5881
05:30:36,300 --> 05:30:39,700
While in a sister and received 
telegraphed updates of plays as 

5882
05:30:39,700 --> 05:30:42,400
they happened. 
Dutch would take those Bare 

5883
05:30:42,400 --> 05:30:46,600
Bones, facts, ground ball to 
shore out of first and turn them

5884
05:30:46,600 --> 05:30:49,900
into Vivid narrative. 
Imagine sitting in that studio 

5885
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:52,700
with him. 
The telegraph machine clicks 

5886
05:30:52,700 --> 05:30:55,100
out. 
At spare information, Dutch 

5887
05:30:55,100 --> 05:30:58,400
leans into the microphone, his 
voice warm and confident 

5888
05:30:58,400 --> 05:31:02,800
describing the crack of the bat,
the trajectory of the ball, the 

5889
05:31:02,800 --> 05:31:06,900
Short Stops athletic dive and 
the desperate to first base that

5890
05:31:06,900 --> 05:31:11,500
beats the runner by half a step.
He's making up the details but 

5891
05:31:11,500 --> 05:31:14,000
they are the details that make 
the game come alive in listeners

5892
05:31:14,000 --> 05:31:17,500
imaginations fonts, the 
telegraph line went dead during 

5893
05:31:17,500 --> 05:31:21,100
a critical at bat. 
Without missing a beat Dutch. 

5894
05:31:21,100 --> 05:31:23,900
Had the batter foul Off Pitch, 
off the pitch off the pitch. 

5895
05:31:23,900 --> 05:31:28,200
Describing each one with 
creative variation stalling for 

5896
05:31:28,200 --> 05:31:30,900
what must have felt like forever
until the line came back. 

5897
05:31:31,800 --> 05:31:34,800
When it did he learned The 
Battered popped out on the first

5898
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:38,000
pitch, but his listeners never 
knew about the technical 

5899
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:40,800
difficulty. 
They just remembered an exciting

5900
05:31:40,800 --> 05:31:43,600
at that. 
This wasn't dishonesty, exactly.

5901
05:31:43,600 --> 05:31:47,500
It was storytelling. 
Dutch was learning that the 

5902
05:31:47,500 --> 05:31:50,400
emotional truth of a story 
sometimes mattered, more than 

5903
05:31:50,400 --> 05:31:51,900
its granular. 
Accuracy. 

5904
05:31:51,900 --> 05:31:55,300
He was discovering that 
communication was about creating

5905
05:31:55,300 --> 05:31:59,400
shared understanding and feeling
not just transmitting data. 

5906
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:03,100
These were lessons that would 
shape his entire approach to 

5907
05:32:03,100 --> 05:32:06,000
public speaking. 
The radio years taught Dutch to 

5908
05:32:06,000 --> 05:32:07,500
use his voice like an 
instrument. 

5909
05:32:07,500 --> 05:32:11,600
He learned which words had 
weight and which ones needed to 

5910
05:32:11,600 --> 05:32:14,800
be touched lightly. 
He discovered that Paul's could 

5911
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:18,500
be more powerful than speech 
that enthusiasm was contagious 

5912
05:32:18,500 --> 05:32:21,500
through Airwaves and that you 
could make people see things 

5913
05:32:21,500 --> 05:32:23,200
they weren't looking at and feel
things. 

5914
05:32:23,200 --> 05:32:27,100
They were experiencing working 
in radio or gave Dutch A 

5915
05:32:27,100 --> 05:32:30,800
peculiar relationship with Fame.
People across the Midwest. 

5916
05:32:30,800 --> 05:32:34,100
Knew his voice intimately. 
Came into their homes, 

5917
05:32:34,100 --> 05:32:38,200
accompanied their meals and 
provided company during lonely 

5918
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:40,900
evenings. 
But they didn't know his face. 

5919
05:32:41,700 --> 05:32:44,800
He could walk down streets and 
towns were thousands, knew him 

5920
05:32:44,800 --> 05:32:48,900
and nobody would recognize him. 
He was a kind of Fame that felt 

5921
05:32:48,900 --> 05:32:52,700
both real and Phantom there's 
mine in those days was a city of

5922
05:32:52,700 --> 05:32:56,500
tree-lined streets and a slower 
pace of life than the coasts. 

5923
05:32:57,200 --> 05:32:58,900
Dutch would walk to work in the 
mornings. 

5924
05:32:58,900 --> 05:33:02,000
Watching the city wake up and 
walk home in the evening. 

5925
05:33:02,000 --> 05:33:05,400
So street lights flickered on. 
He was successful enough to 

5926
05:33:05,400 --> 05:33:07,400
afford a nice apartment and a 
car. 

5927
05:33:07,400 --> 05:33:10,300
Solid middle class achievements 
during the Depression. 

5928
05:33:10,300 --> 05:33:13,600
When many people were struggling
to survive, but Dutch had 

5929
05:33:13,600 --> 05:33:16,300
Hollywood dreams, scratching at 
the back of his mind, like a 

5930
05:33:16,308 --> 05:33:19,300
persistent itch. 
He'd grown up watching movies 

5931
05:33:19,300 --> 05:33:22,200
and that Dixon theater. 
And later at Eureka he 

5932
05:33:22,200 --> 05:33:25,500
discovered, he enjoyed 
performing Radio had taught him 

5933
05:33:25,508 --> 05:33:28,700
about voice and timing, but he 
wanted to see if he could 

5934
05:33:28,700 --> 05:33:30,300
translate those skills to the 
screen. 

5935
05:33:31,200 --> 05:33:34,500
The Cubs is spring training in 
California, gave him the excuse,

5936
05:33:34,500 --> 05:33:37,500
he needed picture Los Angeles in
1937. 

5937
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:40,400
Tea of palm trees and 
possibility. 

5938
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:44,600
Where swimming pools, reflected,
impossibly, blue skies, and the 

5939
05:33:44,608 --> 05:33:49,500
dream of stardom was as common 
as Smaug Dutch arrived in, 

5940
05:33:49,500 --> 05:33:52,300
Southern California with the 
Cubs for spring training and 

5941
05:33:52,300 --> 05:33:54,400
decided to take his shot at the 
movies. 

5942
05:33:55,200 --> 05:33:58,200
Through a contact from his radio
days, he got a screen test at 

5943
05:33:58,200 --> 05:34:01,700
Warner Bros the studio system 
back then was like a Dream 

5944
05:34:01,700 --> 05:34:05,700
Factory designed by accountants.
Warner Brothers had hundreds of 

5945
05:34:05,708 --> 05:34:09,500
actors under Contracting out 
movies with the efficiency of an

5946
05:34:09,500 --> 05:34:13,000
automobile assembly line. 
Most contract players would 

5947
05:34:13,000 --> 05:34:15,900
appear in dozens of films 
without ever becoming Stars. 

5948
05:34:15,900 --> 05:34:20,000
They'd be the second detective, 
a friend of the lead or the 

5949
05:34:20,000 --> 05:34:23,800
handsome background figuring 
crowd scenes, Duchess screen 

5950
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:25,600
test went well enough. 
That Warner Brothers, offered 

5951
05:34:25,600 --> 05:34:29,800
him a contract, though, they 
insisted on one chain, Dutch 

5952
05:34:29,800 --> 05:34:31,600
Reagan, didn't sound like a 
movie star. 

5953
05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:35,300
He'd need to use his actual 
first name, Ronald. 

5954
05:34:36,400 --> 05:34:41,200
And so, Ronald Reagan was born 
as a public identity though, 

5955
05:34:41,200 --> 05:34:43,800
friends and family would 
continue calling him Dutch for 

5956
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:46,100
decades. 
His early movies were what 

5957
05:34:46,100 --> 05:34:49,600
Hollywood called be pictures, 
low budget Productions, that 

5958
05:34:49,600 --> 05:34:51,700
filled out the bottom half of 
double features. 

5959
05:34:51,700 --> 05:34:54,700
Ronald would film, multiple 
movies in quick. 

5960
05:34:54,700 --> 05:34:57,900
Succession learning his craft 
the way apprentices. 

5961
05:34:57,900 --> 05:35:01,300
Once learned trades by doing the
work over and over until 

5962
05:35:01,300 --> 05:35:05,500
competence became instinct. 
He played reporters soldiers, 

5963
05:35:05,500 --> 05:35:09,900
Small Town Heroes, occasionally 
a villain and once even 

5964
05:35:09,900 --> 05:35:13,700
portrayed George gipp the 
legendary Notre Dame football 

5965
05:35:13,700 --> 05:35:16,800
player in a scene with Pat 
O'Brien that would follow him. 

5966
05:35:16,800 --> 05:35:20,500
The rest of his life. 
The Gipper seen where Reagan's 

5967
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:24,000
character gives a dying pep. 
Talk asking his team to win. 

5968
05:35:24,000 --> 05:35:26,300
One for the Gipper became the 
role. 

5969
05:35:26,300 --> 05:35:28,400
Most associated with his 
Hollywood career. 

5970
05:35:29,700 --> 05:35:32,700
It's ironic that this brief 
scene in a modestly, successful 

5971
05:35:32,700 --> 05:35:36,100
film would become more famous 
than anything else, he did 

5972
05:35:36,100 --> 05:35:39,000
movies. 
Reagan himself would later use 

5973
05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:41,000
the Gipper reference in 
political speeches. 

5974
05:35:41,000 --> 05:35:44,800
Fully aware of its emotional 
resonance, even as he gently 

5975
05:35:44,800 --> 05:35:47,900
mocked his own mythmaking, 
Hollywood, Life had its own 

5976
05:35:47,900 --> 05:35:50,500
rhythm. 
Reagan would wake Before Dawn 

5977
05:35:50,500 --> 05:35:53,200
drive to the studio. 
While the city was still quiet, 

5978
05:35:53,200 --> 05:35:57,000
spend hours in makeup and 
wardrobe film scenes. 

5979
05:35:57,000 --> 05:36:00,700
That might last second on screen
and then repeat the process day 

5980
05:36:00,700 --> 05:36:03,900
after day. 
It was less glamorous than 

5981
05:36:03,900 --> 05:36:06,800
audience's. 
Imagined more like factory work 

5982
05:36:06,800 --> 05:36:09,500
with better lighting but there 
were compensation. 

5983
05:36:09,500 --> 05:36:13,400
Reagan earned, good money 
enough, to support his parents 

5984
05:36:13,400 --> 05:36:16,600
and save for the future. 
He met interesting people from 

5985
05:36:16,600 --> 05:36:18,800
around the world who had been 
drawn to Hollywood's 

5986
05:36:18,800 --> 05:36:21,700
gravitational pull. 
He learned about lighting and 

5987
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:25,200
camera angles discovering how 
the lens could make someone 

5988
05:36:25,200 --> 05:36:29,600
appear heroic or vulnerable 
confident or uncertain simply 

5989
05:36:29,600 --> 05:36:31,300
through positioning an 
illumination. 

5990
05:36:31,300 --> 05:36:34,700
He also met Jane Wyman, an 
actress with talent and 

5991
05:36:34,708 --> 05:36:38,000
ambition, who was determined to 
become a serious dramatic 

5992
05:36:38,000 --> 05:36:40,000
performer. 
Their marriage. 

5993
05:36:40,000 --> 05:36:44,200
In 1940 seemed like the natural 
progression of two young people 

5994
05:36:44,200 --> 05:36:46,100
building careers in the same 
industry. 

5995
05:36:47,000 --> 05:36:50,300
They had a daughter, Maureen, 
and adopted a son. 

5996
05:36:50,308 --> 05:36:53,700
Michael creating, what looked 
from outside like a picture? 

5997
05:36:53,700 --> 05:36:56,300
Perfect Hollywood, family World 
War 2. 

5998
05:36:56,300 --> 05:36:58,200
Interrupted Reagan's Hollywood 
Ascent. 

5999
05:36:58,200 --> 05:37:02,300
His terrible eyesight. 
Kept him from combat duty but he

6000
05:37:02,300 --> 05:37:05,100
spent the War years making 
training films for the Army Air 

6001
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:08,600
corps, remaining, stationed in 
California, but wearing a 

6002
05:37:08,600 --> 05:37:11,300
uniform and contributing to the 
war effort through his 

6003
05:37:11,300 --> 05:37:14,700
particular skills. 
It was a strange kind of service

6004
05:37:14,700 --> 05:37:18,900
playing soldier while real 
soldiers, fought overseas, but 

6005
05:37:18,900 --> 05:37:22,200
the training films, he helped 
create served genuine purposes 

6006
05:37:22,200 --> 05:37:24,100
in preparing are cruise for 
combat. 

6007
05:37:24,100 --> 05:37:27,300
Those War years showed in 
something important about the 

6008
05:37:27,300 --> 05:37:31,100
power of film as communication. 
A well-made training film. 

6009
05:37:31,100 --> 05:37:34,300
Could teach complex procedures 
more effectively than manuals. 

6010
05:37:34,300 --> 05:37:37,500
It could prepare men for the 
psychological challenges of 

6011
05:37:37,500 --> 05:37:40,400
combat. 
It could save lives by helping 

6012
05:37:40,400 --> 05:37:43,600
people visualize dangerous 
situations before encountering 

6013
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:46,100
them film wasn't just 
entertainment. 

6014
05:37:46,100 --> 05:37:49,200
It was a tool for education and 
persuasion. 

6015
05:37:49,200 --> 05:37:53,900
After the war Reagan returned to
making movies that Hollywood was

6016
05:37:53,900 --> 05:37:57,000
changing. 
Studio system was beginning to 

6017
05:37:57,000 --> 05:37:59,700
crack. 
Television was starting to eat 

6018
05:37:59,700 --> 05:38:02,900
away at movie audiences. 
Reagan found himself 

6019
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:05,600
increasingly interested in the 
business side of the industry 

6020
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:08,000
serving as president of the 
Screen. 

6021
05:38:08,000 --> 05:38:11,300
Actors Guild and negotiating 
with Studios over contracts and 

6022
05:38:11,300 --> 05:38:14,800
working conditions. 
The SAG president introduced 

6023
05:38:14,800 --> 05:38:18,100
Reagan to a different kind of 
performance, labor negotiations.

6024
05:38:18,100 --> 05:38:21,200
Political maneuvering and 
building coalitions, among 

6025
05:38:21,200 --> 05:38:25,100
people with competing interests.
He discovered he was good at it.

6026
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:29,300
Same skills that made him 
effective on camera, translated,

6027
05:38:29,300 --> 05:38:31,900
surprisingly well to conference 
rooms and negotiating. 

6028
05:38:31,900 --> 05:38:35,700
Session's his marriage to Jane 
Wyman ended during this period, 

6029
05:38:35,700 --> 05:38:39,900
not with dramatic confrontation,
but with the slow dissolution of

6030
05:38:39,900 --> 05:38:41,900
two people growing in different 
directions. 

6031
05:38:43,000 --> 05:38:46,600
She wanted to focus on serious, 
dramatic, roles and resented. 

6032
05:38:46,600 --> 05:38:48,600
The time Reagan, spent on Guild 
business. 

6033
05:38:49,700 --> 05:38:52,900
He was increasingly engaged with
politics and Industry issues, 

6034
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:56,300
that didn't interest her. 
The divorce was civilized but 

6035
05:38:56,300 --> 05:38:59,900
painful leaving Reagan with 
another experience of failure 

6036
05:38:59,900 --> 05:39:02,800
that he handled with the same 
quiet dignity. 

6037
05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:06,400
He'd shown dragging his father 
inside years before sometimes 

6038
05:39:06,400 --> 05:39:08,000
the right person arrives. 
Exactly. 

6039
05:39:08,000 --> 05:39:11,200
When you need the most though, 
you might not recognize it 

6040
05:39:11,200 --> 05:39:15,300
immediately. 
For Ronald Reagan, that person 

6041
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:19,100
was Nancy Davis, a young 
actress, who came to him with a 

6042
05:39:19,100 --> 05:39:21,300
problem. 
Her name was appearing on 

6043
05:39:21,308 --> 05:39:23,300
communist. 
Sympathizing petition, she'd 

6044
05:39:23,300 --> 05:39:26,500
never signed threatening her 
career in an era when such 

6045
05:39:26,500 --> 05:39:28,200
accusations could be 
professionally. 

6046
05:39:28,200 --> 05:39:32,400
Fatal Reagan still serving as a 
sea President helped sort out 

6047
05:39:32,400 --> 05:39:35,100
the confusion. 
It was a different Nancy Davis 

6048
05:39:35,100 --> 05:39:39,500
and suggested dinner to explain 
the situation that dinner led to

6049
05:39:39,500 --> 05:39:42,000
another. 
And then another and what began 

6050
05:39:42,000 --> 05:39:44,400
as professional courtesy 
transformed into something 

6051
05:39:44,400 --> 05:39:47,500
deeper. 
Nancy saw in Reagan, something 

6052
05:39:47,500 --> 05:39:51,700
many people missed beneath the 
easy charm and ready, smile was 

6053
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:54,400
a man of genuine, kindness and 
surprising depth. 

6054
05:39:54,400 --> 05:39:59,300
They married in 1952 in a small 
ceremony solo key. 

6055
05:39:59,300 --> 05:40:02,100
That Reagan's best man had to be
pulled from the restaurant where

6056
05:40:02,100 --> 05:40:03,500
they plan to have their wedding 
lunch. 

6057
05:40:04,600 --> 05:40:08,200
Nancy brought to the marriage of
Fierce protectiveness and a 

6058
05:40:08,200 --> 05:40:10,900
clarity about What mattered. 
She wasn't interested in 

6059
05:40:10,900 --> 05:40:14,300
Reagan's continuing acting 
career, or his Guild activities.

6060
05:40:14,300 --> 05:40:18,000
She was interested in him in 
building a life together. 

6061
05:40:18,000 --> 05:40:21,200
And in creating the home that 
had always felt slightly 

6062
05:40:21,200 --> 05:40:24,100
provisional in his first 
marriage picture their life. 

6063
05:40:24,100 --> 05:40:27,700
In Pacific Palisades a ranch 
style house with a view. 

6064
05:40:27,700 --> 05:40:34,000
Two children Patty born in 1952 
and Ron born in 1958 and the 

6065
05:40:34,000 --> 05:40:36,900
comfortable routines of 
successful upper middle class 

6066
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:40,400
life in 1950s. 
California Reagan was making 

6067
05:40:40,400 --> 05:40:44,000
decent money hosting General 
Electric Theater on television. 

6068
05:40:44,800 --> 05:40:48,100
A job that paid better than most
of his movie roles and required 

6069
05:40:48,100 --> 05:40:51,800
far less time on set. 
The GE job came with an unusual.

6070
05:40:51,800 --> 05:40:55,800
Requirement Reagan would tour 
gee Factory and Facilities 

6071
05:40:55,800 --> 05:40:58,900
around the country giving talks 
to employees about free. 

6072
05:40:58,900 --> 05:41:02,100
Enterprise the dangers of 
excessive government regulation 

6073
05:41:02,100 --> 05:41:04,700
and the virtues of American 
individualism. 

6074
05:41:06,200 --> 05:41:09,200
It was ostensibly, corporate 
cheerleading, but it became 

6075
05:41:09,200 --> 05:41:11,600
Reagan's political education by 
immersion. 

6076
05:41:11,600 --> 05:41:16,400
Imagine walking through Factory 
floors, the smell of machine oil

6077
05:41:16,400 --> 05:41:19,400
and hot metal. 
The noise of production lines 

6078
05:41:19,400 --> 05:41:23,200
and the faces of workers taking 
their lunch breaks to hear some 

6079
05:41:23,200 --> 05:41:28,200
TV personality, talk about 
economic philosophy, He gave 

6080
05:41:28,200 --> 05:41:32,100
these talks hundreds of times 
refining, his message with each 

6081
05:41:32,100 --> 05:41:36,300
repetition learning, what 
resonated and what fell flat and

6082
05:41:36,300 --> 05:41:38,900
discovering that he could 
connect with audiences through 

6083
05:41:38,900 --> 05:41:42,000
humor and storytelling. 
Rather than abstract Theory, 

6084
05:41:42,000 --> 05:41:45,300
those Factory talks, transformed
Reagan's, understanding of 

6085
05:41:45,300 --> 05:41:48,200
politics. 
He'd been a Democrat his entire 

6086
05:41:48,200 --> 05:41:51,600
life, a supporter of Franklin 
Roosevelt, and the New Deal. 

6087
05:41:52,600 --> 05:41:55,100
But repeated, exposure to 
workers who complained about 

6088
05:41:55,100 --> 05:41:59,700
taxes regulations and government
inefficiency began shifting his 

6089
05:41:59,700 --> 05:42:02,900
perspective. 
He was learning conservatism not

6090
05:42:02,900 --> 05:42:06,200
from books, but from 
conversations absorbing it 

6091
05:42:06,200 --> 05:42:10,000
through experience, rather than 
ideology, his political 

6092
05:42:10,000 --> 05:42:14,200
Evolution was like a photograph 
developing in solution, gradual 

6093
05:42:14,200 --> 05:42:17,400
irreversible and eventually 
undeniable. 

6094
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:22,500
By the early 1960s Reagan had 
re-registered as a republican, 

6095
05:42:22,500 --> 05:42:24,300
though. 
Many of his old Hollywood 

6096
05:42:24,300 --> 05:42:28,700
friends viewed this as either 
betrayal or delusion How could 

6097
05:42:28,700 --> 05:42:30,400
someone who'd grown up in the 
depression? 

6098
05:42:30,400 --> 05:42:34,300
You'd seen poverty, first-hand, 
and who'd been a union pressed 

6099
05:42:34,300 --> 05:42:37,300
and embrace conservative 
politics Reagan's. 

6100
05:42:37,300 --> 05:42:42,200
Answer would have been that he 
hadn't changed the world had The

6101
05:42:42,200 --> 05:42:44,600
liberalism of Roosevelt had been
about helping the struggling 

6102
05:42:44,600 --> 05:42:48,200
middle class. 
Modern liberalism in Reagan's 

6103
05:42:48,200 --> 05:42:51,300
view had become about expanding 
government for its own sake, 

6104
05:42:51,300 --> 05:42:54,800
creating dependency, rather than
opportunity. 

6105
05:42:55,900 --> 05:42:59,500
Whether this analysis was 
accurate is debatable but Reagan

6106
05:42:59,500 --> 05:43:03,500
believed its sincerely. 
In 1964 Reagan, gave a televised

6107
05:43:03,500 --> 05:43:06,300
speech in support of Barry 
goldwater's presidential 

6108
05:43:06,300 --> 05:43:09,900
campaign, the speech, which 
Reagan had been polishing during

6109
05:43:09,900 --> 05:43:14,800
his gears laid out of vision of 
limited, government, individual,

6110
05:43:14,800 --> 05:43:17,200
freedom, and American 
exceptionalism. 

6111
05:43:17,200 --> 05:43:21,400
That electrified conservative 
audiences Goldwater, lost the 

6112
05:43:21,400 --> 05:43:25,100
election badly, but Reagan 
speech raised over 8 million 

6113
05:43:25,100 --> 05:43:28,400
dollars, and made him instantly 
visible to Republican 

6114
05:43:28,400 --> 05:43:32,400
powerbrokers within months. 
California Republicans were 

6115
05:43:32,400 --> 05:43:34,200
asking Reagan to consider 
running for governor. 

6116
05:43:35,100 --> 05:43:39,200
The state was facing budget 
problems campus, protests, and a

6117
05:43:39,200 --> 05:43:42,800
sense that things were spinning 
out of control Reagan. 

6118
05:43:42,800 --> 05:43:46,400
They thought could bring the 
same car authority projected on 

6119
05:43:46,400 --> 05:43:50,100
screen to the governor's. 
Office Reagan, was 54 years old 

6120
05:43:50,100 --> 05:43:53,000
late to begin a political 
career, but young enough to 

6121
05:43:53,000 --> 05:43:56,700
sustain the energy it would 
require Nancy was skeptical 

6122
05:43:56,700 --> 05:43:59,900
worried about trading their 
comfortable life for the 

6123
05:43:59,900 --> 05:44:04,000
scrutiny and stress of politics.
But Reagan was intrigued by the 

6124
05:44:04,000 --> 05:44:07,700
challenge by the possibility of 
translating his ideas into 

6125
05:44:07,700 --> 05:44:10,500
actual governance. 
The ranch Reagan bought in the 

6126
05:44:10,508 --> 05:44:13,100
mountains. 
North of Santa Barbara, became 

6127
05:44:13,100 --> 05:44:15,800
his Retreat, during the 
campaign, and throughout his 

6128
05:44:15,800 --> 05:44:20,200
political career. 
It was 688 Acres of California 

6129
05:44:20,200 --> 05:44:25,000
landscape where he could ride 
horses, clear brush and rebuild,

6130
05:44:25,000 --> 05:44:29,300
Stone fences with his own hands.
The physical labor grounded, him

6131
05:44:29,300 --> 05:44:32,900
provided escape from the 
artificial world of politics and

6132
05:44:32,900 --> 05:44:36,000
performance, and reminded him 
that he'd come from people who 

6133
05:44:36,000 --> 05:44:39,900
worked with their hands picture 
Reagan on that ranch wearing 

6134
05:44:39,900 --> 05:44:43,800
jeans and a work shirt faded 
from Sun and washing sweat on 

6135
05:44:43,800 --> 05:44:46,500
his forehead building a fence 
post by post. 

6136
05:44:47,600 --> 05:44:51,800
This wasn't Recreation, he 
genuinely enjoyed the work, the 

6137
05:44:51,800 --> 05:44:54,300
way some people enjoy crossword,
puzzles or woodworking. 

6138
05:44:55,300 --> 05:44:58,200
Nancy would watch from the 
porch, shaking her head at her 

6139
05:44:58,200 --> 05:45:01,900
60 year old, husband, hauling 
rocks, like a ranch hand Reagan.

6140
05:45:01,900 --> 05:45:05,300
Won the California governorship 
in 1966 by nearly a million 

6141
05:45:05,300 --> 05:45:06,800
votes. 
Riding. 

6142
05:45:06,800 --> 05:45:09,400
A wave of middle class 
frustration with campus, 

6143
05:45:09,400 --> 05:45:14,000
protests, Rising taxes, and a 
sense that Traditional Values 

6144
05:45:14,000 --> 05:45:17,200
were under assault He's an 
inauguration took place shortly 

6145
05:45:17,200 --> 05:45:19,900
after midnight on January 2nd 
1967. 

6146
05:45:20,800 --> 05:45:23,800
Because astrologers had advised 
Nancy that this was the most 

6147
05:45:23,800 --> 05:45:26,700
auspicious moment. 
The detail that would have 

6148
05:45:26,700 --> 05:45:29,700
seemed quaint if it hadn't 
foreshadowed announces Reliance 

6149
05:45:29,700 --> 05:45:32,700
on astrological advice, 
throughout Reagan's political 

6150
05:45:32,700 --> 05:45:36,100
career, governing California 
turned out to be considerably 

6151
05:45:36,100 --> 05:45:39,500
more complex than hosting a 
television show on negotiating 

6152
05:45:39,500 --> 05:45:43,800
act to contracts. 
The state was massive diverse 

6153
05:45:43,800 --> 05:45:48,600
and fractious with problems. 
That resisted Simple Solutions 

6154
05:45:48,600 --> 05:45:52,600
Reagan, approached the job with 
the same practical pragmatism. 

6155
05:45:52,600 --> 05:45:57,100
He'd learned as a lifeguard. 
Identify the problem, take 

6156
05:45:57,100 --> 05:46:00,600
action and don't obsess over 
Perfect Solutions. 

6157
05:46:00,600 --> 05:46:03,500
His early governorship was 
marked by learning mistakes 

6158
05:46:03,500 --> 05:46:07,400
Reagan had campaigned on cutting
taxes and reducing government 

6159
05:46:07,400 --> 05:46:11,000
but he quickly discovered that 
California's budget problems 

6160
05:46:11,000 --> 05:46:16,000
required tax increases not cuts.
He proposed the largest tax 

6161
05:46:16,000 --> 05:46:19,200
increase in State history, 
explaining to frustrated 

6162
05:46:19,200 --> 05:46:22,100
supporters that sometimes you 
have to make choices based on 

6163
05:46:22,100 --> 05:46:26,900
reality rather than preference 
this pragmatic conservatism the 

6164
05:46:26,900 --> 05:46:30,000
willingness to compromise when 
necessary while maintaining core

6165
05:46:30,000 --> 05:46:33,100
prints of polls would 
characterize Reagan's entire 

6166
05:46:33,100 --> 05:46:36,700
political career. 
His critics called it hypocrisy 

6167
05:46:36,700 --> 05:46:39,400
or flexibility, depending on 
their perspective. 

6168
05:46:40,200 --> 05:46:43,300
Reagan simply saw it as 
governing rather than posturing 

6169
05:46:43,300 --> 05:46:46,400
the issue that most tested 
Reagan as governor was the 

6170
05:46:46,400 --> 05:46:49,400
conflict at California 
universities, particularly 

6171
05:46:49,400 --> 05:46:53,800
Berkeley Student protests 
against the Vietnam War racial 

6172
05:46:53,800 --> 05:46:57,500
discrimination, and traditional 
Authority were transforming 

6173
05:46:57,500 --> 05:47:00,100
campuses into sights of 
Confrontation. 

6174
05:47:01,100 --> 05:47:04,400
Reagan had campaigned promising 
to clean up the mess at Berkeley

6175
05:47:04,400 --> 05:47:07,900
and many supporters expected him
to crack down hard. 

6176
05:47:07,900 --> 05:47:10,200
What actually happened was more 
nuanced. 

6177
05:47:10,200 --> 05:47:14,500
Reagan did support using Force 
when protests turned violent but

6178
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:18,300
he also met with student leaders
toured campuses and tried to 

6179
05:47:18,308 --> 05:47:20,700
understand the sources of 
discontent beneath the 

6180
05:47:20,708 --> 05:47:24,100
theatrical protests. 
He realized that while he 

6181
05:47:24,100 --> 05:47:26,800
disagreed with protesters 
tactics, many of their 

6182
05:47:26,800 --> 05:47:30,000
conclusions, some of their 
concerns about discrimination 

6183
05:47:30,000 --> 05:47:34,100
and access will legitimate this 
ability to separate methods from

6184
05:47:34,100 --> 05:47:37,600
grievances to oppose someone's 
tactics while acknowledging 

6185
05:47:37,600 --> 05:47:41,500
their underlying concerns became
characteristic of Reagan's 

6186
05:47:41,500 --> 05:47:43,800
approach. 
He could be friendly with 

6187
05:47:43,800 --> 05:47:45,600
people. 
He disagreed with politically 

6188
05:47:45,600 --> 05:47:49,700
could find Common Ground while 
maintaining different cities and

6189
05:47:49,700 --> 05:47:52,800
could negotiate without feeling 
like compromise and surrender 

6190
05:47:52,800 --> 05:47:56,100
Reagan's daily routine as 
governor of his personality. 

6191
05:47:56,100 --> 05:48:00,600
He arrived at the office around 
9:00 late by political standards

6192
05:48:00,600 --> 05:48:05,100
and left by six, almost never 
taking work home. he preferred 

6193
05:48:05,100 --> 05:48:09,300
concise memos to lengthy 
briefings wanted policy options 

6194
05:48:09,300 --> 05:48:13,500
presented as stories rather than
data and made decisions based on

6195
05:48:13,500 --> 05:48:17,100
what felt right rather than an 
elaborate analysis, this 

6196
05:48:17,100 --> 05:48:21,300
approach drove policy experts to
distraction They'd prepared 

6197
05:48:21,300 --> 05:48:24,200
detailed briefings only to have 
Reagan asked for a one-page 

6198
05:48:24,200 --> 05:48:26,400
summary. 
They'd present complex 

6199
05:48:26,400 --> 05:48:30,100
statistical, analyzes and Reagan
would want to know how it 

6200
05:48:30,100 --> 05:48:33,900
affected specific individuals. 
His aides learned to translate 

6201
05:48:33,900 --> 05:48:36,400
policy into narrative to present
information. 

6202
05:48:36,400 --> 05:48:40,100
The way Reagan, processed it 
through stories and examples 

6203
05:48:40,100 --> 05:48:44,300
rather than abstractions critics
called this intellectual 

6204
05:48:44,300 --> 05:48:47,400
laziness. 
Reagan's Defenders, argued. 

6205
05:48:47,400 --> 05:48:48,900
It was a different kind of 
intelligence. 

6206
05:48:48,900 --> 05:48:52,500
The ability to see patterns and 
principles, rather than getting 

6207
05:48:52,500 --> 05:48:56,200
lost in details. 
The truth was probably somewhere

6208
05:48:56,200 --> 05:49:00,200
in between Reagan wasn't detail 
oriented, but he was genuinely 

6209
05:49:00,200 --> 05:49:03,300
thoughtful about big questions. 
Even if his thinking didn't look

6210
05:49:03,300 --> 05:49:06,000
academic, his working 
relationship with the 

6211
05:49:06,000 --> 05:49:09,100
legislature required him to 
negotiate with Democrats who 

6212
05:49:09,100 --> 05:49:12,800
controlled both houses. 
Reagan discovered, he enjoyed 

6213
05:49:12,800 --> 05:49:16,100
this aspect of governing the 
deal-making the trading of 

6214
05:49:16,108 --> 05:49:19,700
priorities and the conversations
over drinks were political 

6215
05:49:19,700 --> 05:49:21,800
enemies, could become temporary 
allies. 

6216
05:49:22,800 --> 05:49:26,400
Treated politics less as Warfare
than as a competitive game. 

6217
05:49:26,400 --> 05:49:29,400
Where opponents today might be 
partners tomorrow, one of 

6218
05:49:29,408 --> 05:49:32,400
Reagan's, more successful 
initiatives was welfare reform 

6219
05:49:32,400 --> 05:49:36,300
where he worked with Democratic 
legislators to create a program 

6220
05:49:36,300 --> 05:49:39,800
that reduced case loads, while 
increasing benefits for those 

6221
05:49:39,800 --> 05:49:43,700
who genuinely needed help. 
It was exactly the kind of 

6222
05:49:43,700 --> 05:49:47,100
practical accomplishment, that 
validated Reagan's approach 

6223
05:49:47,100 --> 05:49:52,000
focus on outcomes rather than 
ideology compromise where 

6224
05:49:52,000 --> 05:49:55,300
necessary and take credit for 
Success while sharing. 

6225
05:49:55,300 --> 05:49:58,800
Blame for failure, the ranch 
remained, his Escape throughout 

6226
05:49:58,800 --> 05:50:02,500
8 years, as governor Every 
chance he could Reagan would fly

6227
05:50:02,500 --> 05:50:06,600
to Santa Barbara and drive up in
the mountains leaving behind the

6228
05:50:06,600 --> 05:50:08,200
political pressures of 
Sacramento. 

6229
05:50:09,200 --> 05:50:12,700
He dried his horse's along 
trails in by heart cut firewood 

6230
05:50:12,700 --> 05:50:16,300
with a chainsaw and work on 
projects that had nothing to do 

6231
05:50:16,300 --> 05:50:19,800
with polling or legislation 
after two terms as California. 

6232
05:50:19,800 --> 05:50:22,900
Governor Reagan was 
constitutionally barred from 

6233
05:50:22,900 --> 05:50:26,800
seeking a third, which was 
probably fine with Nancy who'd 

6234
05:50:26,800 --> 05:50:31,600
never loved political life. 
Regen was 64 years old, an age, 

6235
05:50:31,600 --> 05:50:34,000
when most men would have been 
contemplating retirement, 

6236
05:50:34,000 --> 05:50:37,300
instead Reagan was thinking 
about the president sea. 

6237
05:50:37,300 --> 05:50:42,200
His first serious attempt came 
in. 1976 challenging incumbent, 

6238
05:50:42,200 --> 05:50:44,500
President Gerald, Ford for the 
Republican nomination. 

6239
05:50:45,500 --> 05:50:49,000
It was an audacious move 
challenging a sitting president 

6240
05:50:49,000 --> 05:50:51,700
from your own party and it 
nearly worked. 

6241
05:50:52,500 --> 05:50:55,600
Reagan won several key primaries
and went to the convention with 

6242
05:50:55,600 --> 05:50:59,300
enough delegates to force a 
fight, ultimately losing by the 

6243
05:50:59,300 --> 05:51:03,200
narrowest of margins. 
The loss was disappointing but 

6244
05:51:03,200 --> 05:51:06,300
it also proves something 
important Reagan's appeal, 

6245
05:51:06,300 --> 05:51:10,400
extended far, beyond California.
He'd connected with voters 

6246
05:51:10,400 --> 05:51:13,700
across the country, particularly
in the South and West, who 

6247
05:51:13,700 --> 05:51:16,800
responded to his message of 
limited government strong 

6248
05:51:16,800 --> 05:51:21,400
defense and Traditional Values. 
The defeat in 76 set up the 

6249
05:51:21,400 --> 05:51:25,200
victory in 80 before years 
between those campaigns saw in. 

6250
05:51:25,200 --> 05:51:29,400
Consolidating, his support 
giving speeches writing radio 

6251
05:51:29,400 --> 05:51:32,400
commentaries and building 
relationships with party 

6252
05:51:32,400 --> 05:51:35,200
actor's. 
He was essentially running for 

6253
05:51:35,200 --> 05:51:37,800
president for four years 
straight though. 

6254
05:51:37,800 --> 05:51:40,400
In the low-key manner that 
characterized his approach. 

6255
05:51:40,400 --> 05:51:43,300
There were no dramatic 
announcements or revolutionary 

6256
05:51:43,300 --> 05:51:47,300
strategies just steady 
persistent effort to build 

6257
05:51:47,300 --> 05:51:51,400
support, the 1980 campaign began
with Reagan as the front runner,

6258
05:51:51,400 --> 05:51:56,200
which brought his own precious 
George HW, Bush emerged as his 

6259
05:51:56,200 --> 05:52:00,200
strongest Challenger, winning 
the Iowa caucuses and creating 

6260
05:52:00,200 --> 05:52:04,700
doubt about inevitability, but 
Reagan's campaign learned from 

6261
05:52:04,700 --> 05:52:08,200
the setback and by the time they
reach New Hampshire, he'd 

6262
05:52:08,200 --> 05:52:11,400
regained momentum, there was a 
debate moment in Nashua that 

6263
05:52:11,400 --> 05:52:14,800
captured Reagan's ability to 
seize unexpected opportunities, 

6264
05:52:15,800 --> 05:52:19,100
When the moderator tried to shut
off Reagan's microphone during a

6265
05:52:19,100 --> 05:52:21,400
dispute. 
Over debate, rules Reagan, 

6266
05:52:21,400 --> 05:52:23,000
grabbed the microphone and 
declared. 

6267
05:52:23,000 --> 05:52:27,700
I am paying for this microphone.
Mr. Green The moderators name 

6268
05:52:27,700 --> 05:52:30,700
was actually green, but nobody 
cared about the era. 

6269
05:52:31,500 --> 05:52:34,700
Reagan's forceful assertion of 
his right to speak became the 

6270
05:52:34,700 --> 05:52:37,000
moment. 
Everyone remembered he only 

6271
05:52:37,000 --> 05:52:40,400
Hampshire decisively and never 
really looked back, securing the

6272
05:52:40,400 --> 05:52:42,600
nomination and choosing Bush's 
running mate. 

6273
05:52:42,600 --> 05:52:46,800
A practical decision that 
unified the party even though 

6274
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:48,600
the two men were particularly 
close. 

6275
05:52:49,600 --> 05:52:53,200
In their face President Jimmy 
Carter who was struggling with a

6276
05:52:53,208 --> 05:52:56,100
hostage crisis in Iran, High 
inflation. 

6277
05:52:56,100 --> 05:53:00,200
And a general sense of national 
malays, the campaign between 

6278
05:53:00,200 --> 05:53:03,300
Reagan and Carter was less about
policy details and about 

6279
05:53:03,300 --> 05:53:07,800
contrasting visions of America. 
Carter spoke of limits of 

6280
05:53:07,800 --> 05:53:10,500
difficult choices and of 
managing decline. 

6281
05:53:11,400 --> 05:53:15,900
Reagan spoke of possibility of 
renewal of America's best days, 

6282
05:53:15,900 --> 05:53:20,100
being ahead, rather than behind,
it wasn't that Reagan ignored 

6283
05:53:20,100 --> 05:53:23,000
problems. 
He simply insisted that American

6284
05:53:23,000 --> 05:53:26,400
Ingenuity and freedom could 
solve them their single debate 

6285
05:53:26,400 --> 05:53:29,800
held a week before the election,
became a masterclass in 

6286
05:53:29,800 --> 05:53:33,800
Reagan's, political skills. 
When Carter tried to attack 

6287
05:53:33,800 --> 05:53:36,900
Reagan's record, Reagan, 
responded with a gentle. 

6288
05:53:36,900 --> 05:53:41,100
There you go, again, dismissing.
The criticism with humor, rather

6289
05:53:41,100 --> 05:53:44,000
than anger. 
When Carter brought up his 

6290
05:53:44,000 --> 05:53:47,700
daughter Amy's concerns about 
nuclear weapons, Reagan asked 

6291
05:53:47,700 --> 05:53:51,200
viewers a simple question. 
Are you better off than you were

6292
05:53:51,200 --> 05:53:54,900
four years ago? 
That question, simple, direct 

6293
05:53:54,900 --> 05:53:58,600
personal cut through all the 
policy debates and economic 

6294
05:53:58,600 --> 05:54:00,600
statistics to something 
fundamental. 

6295
05:54:01,600 --> 05:54:04,600
Most Americans felt worse off 
than they had for years earlier 

6296
05:54:04,600 --> 05:54:07,500
and Reagan's question. 
Gave them permission to vote 

6297
05:54:07,500 --> 05:54:09,500
based on that. 
Feeling rather than Party 

6298
05:54:09,500 --> 05:54:13,400
Loyalty or policy analysis 
Reagan won, decisively caring, 

6299
05:54:13,400 --> 05:54:17,100
44 States and beginning, a 
political realignment that would

6300
05:54:17,100 --> 05:54:19,400
reshape American politics for a 
generation. 

6301
05:54:20,700 --> 05:54:24,400
On Inauguration Day, January, 
20th, 1981. 

6302
05:54:24,400 --> 05:54:28,100
As Reagan, took the oath of 
office, Iran released the 

6303
05:54:28,100 --> 05:54:32,400
American hostages. 
It had held for 444 days whether

6304
05:54:32,400 --> 05:54:35,700
as a final insult to or a 
gesture of respect for rake and 

6305
05:54:35,700 --> 05:54:39,400
remains debated, picker, the 
Oval Office on a typical morning

6306
05:54:39,400 --> 05:54:42,700
during the Reagan. 
Presidente sunlight streaming 

6307
05:54:42,700 --> 05:54:46,300
through the tall Windows, the 
presidential seal woven into the

6308
05:54:46,300 --> 05:54:49,600
carpet and Reagan sitting at the
desk, reviewing his schedule. 

6309
05:54:50,600 --> 05:54:53,300
He joked that he was the only 
person who had to get permission

6310
05:54:53,300 --> 05:54:56,900
from his wife to stay late at 
work and it was only partly a 

6311
05:54:56,900 --> 05:54:59,600
joke Reagan brought to the 
presidency, the same approach 

6312
05:54:59,600 --> 05:55:03,300
he'd used as Governor arrived 
around 9 work through a 

6313
05:55:03,300 --> 05:55:05,200
structured schedule and leave by
6. 

6314
05:55:06,100 --> 05:55:09,100
His aides learned to accommodate
this routine condensing 

6315
05:55:09,100 --> 05:55:11,500
briefings and scheduling 
important meetings during his 

6316
05:55:11,500 --> 05:55:15,300
most alert hours. 
Critics saw this as evidence of 

6317
05:55:15,300 --> 05:55:19,500
laziness or lack of Engagement. 
Reagan saw it as maintaining the

6318
05:55:19,500 --> 05:55:23,000
energy and focus necessary for a
job that could easily consume 

6319
05:55:23,000 --> 05:55:25,900
you the early months of his 
presidency focused on two 

6320
05:55:25,900 --> 05:55:29,400
priorities. 
Cutting taxes and increasing 

6321
05:55:29,400 --> 05:55:32,300
defense spending. 
The combination seemed to 

6322
05:55:32,300 --> 05:55:35,600
mathematically impossible. 
How do you cut Revenue while 

6323
05:55:35,600 --> 05:55:38,300
increasing expenses without 
exploding the deficit? 

6324
05:55:39,400 --> 05:55:41,600
Reagan's answer? 
Was that economic growth from 

6325
05:55:41,600 --> 05:55:44,200
tax cuts were generated enough 
Revenue to cover the spending 

6326
05:55:44,200 --> 05:55:47,300
increases. 
Whether this Theory, worked 

6327
05:55:47,300 --> 05:55:50,700
remains debated among 
economists, but Reagan sold it 

6328
05:55:50,708 --> 05:55:53,500
with such conviction that 
Congress passed his program. 

6329
05:55:53,500 --> 05:55:56,300
His communication skills proved 
invaluable. 

6330
05:55:57,100 --> 05:55:58,800
Reagan didn't just present 
policies. 

6331
05:55:58,800 --> 05:56:01,500
He told stories about people 
affected by them. 

6332
05:56:01,500 --> 05:56:04,200
He didn't cite statistics about 
poverty. 

6333
05:56:04,200 --> 05:56:09,100
He talked about welfare Queens, 
driving Cadillacs, Stories were 

6334
05:56:09,100 --> 05:56:11,500
sometimes exaggerated or even 
fabricated? 

6335
05:56:12,300 --> 05:56:15,500
But they conveyed emotional 
truths that resonated with 

6336
05:56:15,500 --> 05:56:18,300
audiences who'd stopped 
listening to policy once years 

6337
05:56:18,300 --> 05:56:24,400
ago then came March 30th 1981. 
Reagan was walking to his 

6338
05:56:24,400 --> 05:56:26,400
limousine outside of Washington 
hotel. 

6339
05:56:26,400 --> 05:56:28,600
When John Hinckley Jr, opened 
fire. 

6340
05:56:29,600 --> 05:56:32,300
The secret service agent pushed 
Reagan into the car and 

6341
05:56:32,300 --> 05:56:34,200
initially thought the president 
hadn't been hit. 

6342
05:56:35,100 --> 05:56:38,500
But Reagan was coughing blood. 
A bullet had ricocheted off the 

6343
05:56:38,500 --> 05:56:41,600
limousine and struck him. 
Under his left arm puncturing 

6344
05:56:41,600 --> 05:56:44,000
along and stopping less than an 
inch from his heart. 

6345
05:56:44,000 --> 05:56:47,200
Reagan's behavior during the 
assassination attempt in its 

6346
05:56:47,200 --> 05:56:51,000
aftermath became legendary. 
As he was wheeled into surgery, 

6347
05:56:51,000 --> 05:56:54,800
he reportedly told the doctors. 
I hope you're all Republicans. 

6348
05:56:56,200 --> 05:56:58,800
When Nancy arrived at the 
hospital terrified. 

6349
05:56:59,500 --> 05:57:05,100
He quoted an old WC Fields line.
Honey, I forgot to duck. 

6350
05:57:05,100 --> 05:57:08,400
Even seriously. 
Wounded Reagan was performing, 

6351
05:57:08,400 --> 05:57:11,700
not out of dishonesty but 
because humor was how he 

6352
05:57:11,700 --> 05:57:15,200
processed fear and pain. 
The assassination attempt 

6353
05:57:15,200 --> 05:57:17,500
transformed Reagan's president 
see in subtle ways. 

6354
05:57:18,500 --> 05:57:21,000
Surviving a bullet that nearly 
killed him created. 

6355
05:57:21,000 --> 05:57:24,800
A sense that Reagan was somehow 
protected that he had a destiny 

6356
05:57:24,800 --> 05:57:28,600
to fulfill it also showed 
Americans a more human side of 

6357
05:57:28,608 --> 05:57:31,700
their president, the man who 
joked with doctors while his 

6358
05:57:31,700 --> 05:57:34,800
life hung in the balance. 
Who recovered with remarkable 

6359
05:57:34,800 --> 05:57:38,500
speed for a 70 year old and who 
seemed genuinely gracious, 

6360
05:57:38,500 --> 05:57:41,800
rather than bitter, toward his 
attacker recovery took longer 

6361
05:57:41,800 --> 05:57:45,400
than Reagan initially admitted. 
For weeks, after returning to 

6362
05:57:45,400 --> 05:57:47,500
work. 
He tired easily and struggled to

6363
05:57:47,500 --> 05:57:50,300
maintain his schedule. 
But he was determined not to 

6364
05:57:50,300 --> 05:57:53,400
appear weak, so he pushed 
through fatigue with the same 

6365
05:57:53,400 --> 05:57:56,400
discipline, he'd showed as a 
lifeguarding, the water for 

6366
05:57:56,400 --> 05:57:59,600
hours, the image, most people 
have of the Reagan presidents. 

6367
05:57:59,600 --> 05:58:04,100
He involves Grand speeches and 
dramatic gestures Mr. Gorbachev 

6368
05:58:04,100 --> 05:58:07,600
tear down this wall but the 
reality of governing was mostly 

6369
05:58:07,600 --> 05:58:11,400
quieter moments in smaller 
rooms, where decisions were made

6370
05:58:11,400 --> 05:58:14,700
over coffee and complex problems
were reduced to choices between 

6371
05:58:14,700 --> 05:58:18,300
imperfect options Reagan's 
relationship with his staff. 

6372
05:58:18,300 --> 05:58:20,400
Revealed a lot about his 
management style. 

6373
05:58:20,400 --> 05:58:24,800
He hired competent people gave 
them broad Authority and trusted

6374
05:58:24,800 --> 05:58:27,200
them to handle details. 
This. 

6375
05:58:27,200 --> 05:58:30,100
Delegation, sometimes led to 
problems the Iran. 

6376
05:58:30,100 --> 05:58:31,900
Contra Scandal. 
Emerged partly? 

6377
05:58:31,900 --> 05:58:33,600
Because Reagan's hands off 
approach. 

6378
05:58:33,600 --> 05:58:35,500
Allowed to borders to pursue 
policies. 

6379
05:58:35,500 --> 05:58:37,100
He might not have fully 
approved. 

6380
05:58:37,900 --> 05:58:40,600
But it also allowed Reagan to 
focus on what he did best. 

6381
05:58:41,500 --> 05:58:45,600
Setting Direction communicating 
vision and making final 

6382
05:58:45,600 --> 05:58:49,700
decisions on major questions, 
his cabinet meetings, followed a

6383
05:58:49,700 --> 05:58:51,500
pattern. 
Reagan would listen to 

6384
05:58:51,500 --> 05:58:55,000
presentations, ask occasional 
questions and then make 

6385
05:58:55,000 --> 05:58:58,900
decisions that often surprised 
experts by being sure that his 

6386
05:58:58,900 --> 05:59:02,700
relaxed demeanor suggested. 
He didn't pretend to know more 

6387
05:59:02,700 --> 05:59:05,900
than specialists. 
He trusted his instincts about 

6388
05:59:05,900 --> 05:59:09,600
people and politics in ways that
formal expertise couldn't match 

6389
05:59:09,600 --> 05:59:12,900
the economic challenges of his 
first term was significant. 

6390
05:59:14,000 --> 05:59:16,800
The Federal Reserves efforts to 
control inflation by raising 

6391
05:59:16,800 --> 05:59:19,200
interest rates plunged. 
The country into recession 

6392
05:59:19,200 --> 05:59:24,300
unemployment, hit double digits 
Family Farms failed across the 

6393
05:59:24,308 --> 05:59:27,000
Midwest. 
Reagan's approval rating, 

6394
05:59:27,000 --> 05:59:30,200
dropped below, 40% and 
Republican's worried. 

6395
05:59:30,200 --> 05:59:33,300
He might be a one-term, 
President Reagan's response was 

6396
05:59:33,300 --> 05:59:37,100
to stick with his program and 
bet the economic recovery would 

6397
05:59:37,100 --> 05:59:40,400
eventually vindicate, his 
approach it was either confident

6398
05:59:40,400 --> 05:59:44,900
or stubbornness depending on 
your perspective by late 1983. 

6399
05:59:44,900 --> 05:59:49,400
The economy was growing again, 
inflation was dropping and 

6400
05:59:49,400 --> 05:59:53,700
Reagan's approval, ratings were 
climbing Whether this Vindicated

6401
05:59:53,700 --> 05:59:57,300
Reagan's policies or simply 
prove that economies eventually 

6402
05:59:57,300 --> 06:00:01,600
recover from recessions remains 
disputed, his greatest foreign 

6403
06:00:01,600 --> 06:00:04,200
policy challenge was managing 
the cold war with the Soviet 

6404
06:00:04,200 --> 06:00:07,000
Union. 
Reagan had spent decades 

6405
06:00:07,000 --> 06:00:12,000
criticizing Soviet communism 
calling the USSR and evil empire

6406
06:00:12,000 --> 06:00:15,300
and predicting that freedom 
would ultimately triumph over 

6407
06:00:15,300 --> 06:00:18,900
tyranny. 
But when Mikhail Gorbachev 

6408
06:00:18,900 --> 06:00:22,100
emerged, a Soviet leader Reagan 
recognized, someone he could 

6409
06:00:22,108 --> 06:00:25,800
work with their relationship 
developed slowly through 

6410
06:00:25,800 --> 06:00:28,900
multiple Summits and cities like
Geneva and rekovic. 

6411
06:00:29,700 --> 06:00:33,000
Picture these two men Reagan 
with his Sunny optimism and 

6412
06:00:33,000 --> 06:00:36,600
genial Manor Gorbachev with his 
intellectual intensity and 

6413
06:00:36,600 --> 06:00:40,600
reformers energy walking 
together sitting by fireplaces. 

6414
06:00:40,600 --> 06:00:43,700
Negotiating arms are reductions 
while their aides scrambled to 

6415
06:00:43,700 --> 06:00:47,400
keep up Reagan's approached to 
Gorbachev combined ideological 

6416
06:00:47,400 --> 06:00:51,200
firmness with personal warmth. 
He never pretended to accept 

6417
06:00:51,200 --> 06:00:54,400
communism but he treated 
Gorbachev as someone who might 

6418
06:00:54,400 --> 06:00:56,800
genuinely want to reform the 
Soviet system. 

6419
06:00:57,800 --> 06:01:01,300
This combination of principal 
and flexibility allowed 

6420
06:01:01,300 --> 06:01:03,900
negotiations that more Doctrine 
are leaders, might have 

6421
06:01:03,900 --> 06:01:08,000
torpedoed, the Strategic Defense
Initiative, which critics called

6422
06:01:08,000 --> 06:01:11,700
Star Wars perfectly captured 
Reagan's approach to cold war 

6423
06:01:11,700 --> 06:01:14,400
strategy. 
The idea was to develop 

6424
06:01:14,400 --> 06:01:17,700
space-based weapons, that could 
intercept, Soviet missiles 

6425
06:01:17,700 --> 06:01:21,900
making nuclear weapons obsolete.
Scientists argued. 

6426
06:01:21,900 --> 06:01:25,000
It was technologically 
impossible, critics called it 

6427
06:01:25,000 --> 06:01:28,900
destabilizing an expensive. 
Reagan thought it was worth 

6428
06:01:28,900 --> 06:01:32,000
pursuing partly because he 
genuinely believed in the 

6429
06:01:32,000 --> 06:01:35,500
possibility and partly because 
Soviet attempts to match 

6430
06:01:35,500 --> 06:01:38,300
American Technology were 
bankrupting their economy, 

6431
06:01:38,300 --> 06:01:41,800
whether SDI was a brilliant 
strategy, or an expensive 

6432
06:01:41,800 --> 06:01:43,400
boondoggle depends on who you 
are. 

6433
06:01:44,700 --> 06:01:47,100
What's undeniable is that the 
threat of an American 

6434
06:01:47,100 --> 06:01:50,000
technological. 
Leap Forward, worried Soviet 

6435
06:01:50,000 --> 06:01:53,500
leaders enough to bring them to 
the negotiating table leading to

6436
06:01:53,500 --> 06:01:56,600
Arms reduction, treaties that 
would have seemed impossible a 

6437
06:01:56,600 --> 06:01:59,700
few years earlier to understand 
Ronald Reagan's Presidente. 

6438
06:01:59,700 --> 06:02:03,200
You have to understand Nancy's 
role which was far more 

6439
06:02:03,200 --> 06:02:06,000
significant than traditional 
First Lady activities. 

6440
06:02:07,000 --> 06:02:08,600
She wasn't just the president's 
wife. 

6441
06:02:09,300 --> 06:02:13,700
She was his closest adviser his 
protector and the person most 

6442
06:02:13,700 --> 06:02:17,000
willing to tell him difficult 
truths, that others fear to 

6443
06:02:17,000 --> 06:02:20,300
mention Nancy's, influence 
operated mostly behind the 

6444
06:02:20,300 --> 06:02:23,800
scenes in private conversations 
that nobody else witnessed. 

6445
06:02:24,800 --> 06:02:27,800
She'd call staff members to 
share concerns about Reagan's 

6446
06:02:27,800 --> 06:02:29,200
schedule or the people around 
him. 

6447
06:02:30,000 --> 06:02:33,500
She'd suggests Personnel changes
pushing out advisors she thought

6448
06:02:33,500 --> 06:02:35,100
were damaging Reagan's 
interests. 

6449
06:02:35,800 --> 06:02:39,400
She'd plan his daily schedule to
maximizes energy and minimize 

6450
06:02:39,400 --> 06:02:41,600
stress. 
This influenced sometimes 

6451
06:02:41,600 --> 06:02:45,200
created resentment among Reagan 
staff who found themselves 

6452
06:02:45,200 --> 06:02:49,400
dealing with both the president 
and his protective wife Nancy's,

6453
06:02:49,400 --> 06:02:52,600
interventions, could be subtle 
or blunt depending on 

6454
06:02:52,600 --> 06:02:56,200
circumstances. 
She once got a chief of staff 

6455
06:02:56,200 --> 06:03:00,200
fired essentially by making his 
position untenable through a 

6456
06:03:00,208 --> 06:03:03,400
campaign of whispered criticisms
and pointed questions. 

6457
06:03:03,400 --> 06:03:07,500
Her Reliance on astrological 
advice from Joan Quigley, struck

6458
06:03:07,500 --> 06:03:10,400
many observers as bizarre even 
dangerous. 

6459
06:03:11,500 --> 06:03:14,300
Now, Nancy would consult quickly
about timing for important 

6460
06:03:14,300 --> 06:03:17,900
events, avoiding certain dates, 
that astrology deemed 

6461
06:03:17,900 --> 06:03:21,500
unfavorable Well, this didn't 
determine policy. 

6462
06:03:21,500 --> 06:03:24,600
It did affect scheduling in ways
that occasionally created 

6463
06:03:24,600 --> 06:03:28,100
logistical challenges, but 
Nancy's protectiveness came from

6464
06:03:28,100 --> 06:03:30,600
genuine love and fear for 
Reagan's safety. 

6465
06:03:31,400 --> 06:03:34,600
Specially after the 
assassination, attempt she'd 

6466
06:03:34,600 --> 06:03:37,400
nearly lost him and she was 
determined to keep him safe. 

6467
06:03:37,400 --> 06:03:41,400
Even if it meant being seen as 
controlling or paranoid, her 

6468
06:03:41,400 --> 06:03:45,400
just say no anti-drug campaign 
gave her her own policy Focus. 

6469
06:03:45,400 --> 06:03:49,000
Though, it was criticized to 
simplistic and infective as 

6470
06:03:49,000 --> 06:03:50,700
dressing. 
The complexity of drug 

6471
06:03:50,700 --> 06:03:53,900
addiction, The Quiet Moments 
between Ronald and Nancy 

6472
06:03:53,900 --> 06:03:57,400
breakfast together. 
Most mornings holding hands, 

6473
06:03:57,400 --> 06:04:00,200
when they thought nobody was 
watching the notes, he'd write 

6474
06:04:00,200 --> 06:04:02,200
her. 
Even after Decades of marriage. 

6475
06:04:03,000 --> 06:04:05,900
these revealed a relationship 
that was genuinely loving, 

6476
06:04:05,900 --> 06:04:09,100
rather than political 
convenience, Whatever you 

6477
06:04:09,100 --> 06:04:11,900
thought of their Politics, the 
affection between them was real 

6478
06:04:11,900 --> 06:04:14,500
Reagan's. 
Second term brought both Triumph

6479
06:04:14,500 --> 06:04:18,200
and trouble. the economy, 
continued growing, his 

6480
06:04:18,200 --> 06:04:21,100
relationship with Gorbachev 
produced, historic arms, 

6481
06:04:21,100 --> 06:04:24,700
reduction agreements, and his 
approval ratings remained solid 

6482
06:04:25,600 --> 06:04:28,600
But the Iran-Contra scandal 
revealed that subordinates had 

6483
06:04:28,600 --> 06:04:32,200
been selling weapons to Iran and
using the proceeds to fund 

6484
06:04:32,200 --> 06:04:35,700
Nicaraguan rebels in direct 
violation of congressional, 

6485
06:04:35,700 --> 06:04:38,700
prohibitions Reagan's response 
to Iran. 

6486
06:04:39,500 --> 06:04:42,600
Contra showed both his strengths
and weaknesses as president. 

6487
06:04:43,300 --> 06:04:47,000
He took formal responsibility 
while genuinely seeming unclear 

6488
06:04:47,000 --> 06:04:51,100
about exactly what had happened.
His hands-off management style, 

6489
06:04:51,100 --> 06:04:54,400
which usually worked, well, had 
allowed subordinates to pursue 

6490
06:04:54,400 --> 06:04:56,200
policies that damaged his 
presidency. 

6491
06:04:57,100 --> 06:05:00,100
Critics accused him of either 
lying or being dangerously 

6492
06:05:00,100 --> 06:05:03,300
disengaged. 
Supporters argued that taking 

6493
06:05:03,300 --> 06:05:06,600
responsibility for subordinates.
Mistakes was the mark of true 

6494
06:05:06,600 --> 06:05:09,000
leadership. 
The televised hearings were 

6495
06:05:09,000 --> 06:05:11,000
Oliver. 
North testified in his Marine 

6496
06:05:11,000 --> 06:05:14,600
uniform defending his actions 
with patriotic further. 

6497
06:05:15,600 --> 06:05:18,500
Became a spectacle that 
overshadowed the Constitutional 

6498
06:05:18,500 --> 06:05:20,800
question about circumventing 
Congress. 

6499
06:05:22,200 --> 06:05:25,400
Reagan, survived the scandal 
with his personal popularity. 

6500
06:05:25,400 --> 06:05:29,000
Largely intact, though, is 
political Capital was 

6501
06:05:29,000 --> 06:05:31,500
diminished. 
It was a reminder that even the 

6502
06:05:31,500 --> 06:05:33,900
great communicator. 
Couldn't spin his way out of 

6503
06:05:33,900 --> 06:05:39,000
every Problem by 1988 Reagan was
77 years old and 

6504
06:05:39,000 --> 06:05:41,600
constitutionally barred from 
seeking another term. 

6505
06:05:42,400 --> 06:05:44,700
His Vice President, George HW 
Bush. 

6506
06:05:44,700 --> 06:05:48,800
Won the election to succeed him.
Promising to continue Reagan's 

6507
06:05:48,800 --> 06:05:52,500
policies, while adding his own 
Kinder gentler approach. 

6508
06:05:53,500 --> 06:05:58,200
Reagan left office with a proof 
ratings near 60% remarkably high

6509
06:05:58,200 --> 06:06:01,500
for a president after eight 
years in office, the Farewell 

6510
06:06:01,500 --> 06:06:05,400
Address Reagan gave in January 
1989, captured his essential 

6511
06:06:05,400 --> 06:06:08,500
message. 
He spoke of America as a shining

6512
06:06:08,500 --> 06:06:11,900
City on a Hill, a place of 
possibility and freedom that 

6513
06:06:11,900 --> 06:06:15,400
remained a beacon for the world.
It was vintage Reagan, 

6514
06:06:15,400 --> 06:06:19,200
optimistic aspirational and 
deliberately vague enough that 

6515
06:06:19,200 --> 06:06:21,400
people could project their own 
meaning onto his words. 

6516
06:06:21,400 --> 06:06:25,600
Retirement brought in back to 
California to a new home in Bel 

6517
06:06:25,600 --> 06:06:28,200
Air, and regular trips to the 
ranch He wrote his 

6518
06:06:28,200 --> 06:06:32,400
autobiography, gave occasional 
speeches and enjoyed a quieter 

6519
06:06:32,400 --> 06:06:33,900
life than he'd known for 
decades. 

6520
06:06:34,900 --> 06:06:38,400
Nancy remained protective 
carefully, controlling access to

6521
06:06:38,400 --> 06:06:40,600
rake, and managing his public 
appearances. 

6522
06:06:40,600 --> 06:06:44,900
But something was changing 
Reagan, began forgetting things,

6523
06:06:44,900 --> 06:06:49,400
not the normal forgetfulness of 
Aging, but something deeper and 

6524
06:06:49,400 --> 06:06:51,800
more troubling. 
He'd repeat stories. 

6525
06:06:51,800 --> 06:06:55,200
He told moments before, he'd 
forget names of people, he'd 

6526
06:06:55,200 --> 06:06:57,300
known for years. 
He'd lose track of 

6527
06:06:57,300 --> 06:07:01,500
conversations. 
Mid-sentence in 1994 Reagan, 

6528
06:07:01,500 --> 06:07:03,900
wrote a letter to the American 
people, announcing that he'd 

6529
06:07:03,900 --> 06:07:05,600
been diagnosed with Alzheimer's 
disease. 

6530
06:07:06,500 --> 06:07:08,500
The letter was 
characteristically gracious. 

6531
06:07:09,400 --> 06:07:12,300
Expressing gratitude for the 
opportunity to serve and 

6532
06:07:12,300 --> 06:07:14,700
optimism. 
That is openness might increase 

6533
06:07:14,700 --> 06:07:18,600
awareness of the disease. 
He was entering, he wrote The 

6534
06:07:18,600 --> 06:07:22,300
Journey that will lead me into 
the sunset of my life, the 

6535
06:07:22,300 --> 06:07:25,500
letters publication was a final 
Act of Public Service. 

6536
06:07:26,200 --> 06:07:29,900
Using his diagnosis to educate 
Americans about a disease that 

6537
06:07:29,900 --> 06:07:33,700
affected millions of families 
but remained poorly understood 

6538
06:07:33,700 --> 06:07:37,700
and stigmatized. 
Reagan was giving a face to 

6539
06:07:37,700 --> 06:07:40,900
alzheimer's, making it something
that could affect even 

6540
06:07:40,900 --> 06:07:43,700
presidents. 
Removing some of the shame that 

6541
06:07:43,700 --> 06:07:47,000
prevented families from seeking 
help the decade that followed 

6542
06:07:47,000 --> 06:07:50,200
was a longer Buy. 
Reagan's conditioned 

6543
06:07:50,200 --> 06:07:54,000
deteriorated slowly but 
inexorably, he eventually 

6544
06:07:54,000 --> 06:07:56,500
stopped recognizing even Nancy 
though. 

6545
06:07:56,500 --> 06:07:59,700
She visited him daily. 
The man who had made his career 

6546
06:07:59,700 --> 06:08:02,700
through communication lost the 
ability to speak coherently. 

6547
06:08:03,900 --> 06:08:06,700
The president who had survived 
and Assassin's bullet was 

6548
06:08:06,700 --> 06:08:10,200
defeated by Tangled proteins. 
In his brain Reagan. 

6549
06:08:10,200 --> 06:08:16,200
Died on June 5th, 2004 at age, 
903. his State funeral, Drew 

6550
06:08:16,200 --> 06:08:19,300
former presidents, foreign 
leaders and thousands of 

6551
06:08:19,300 --> 06:08:21,700
ordinary Americans who felt 
they'd lost someone they knew 

6552
06:08:21,700 --> 06:08:25,600
personally even if they'd never 
met him, The procession through 

6553
06:08:25,600 --> 06:08:28,700
Washington, and the final Burial
at his Presidential Library, in 

6554
06:08:28,700 --> 06:08:32,200
California, became a week-long, 
national commemoration of not 

6555
06:08:32,200 --> 06:08:35,100
just regen, but of the era, he'd
embodied. 

6556
06:08:35,100 --> 06:08:39,300
Understanding Reagan's Legacy 
requires separating the man from

6557
06:08:39,300 --> 06:08:41,100
the mythology. 
That's grown around him. 

6558
06:08:41,800 --> 06:08:45,700
To conservatives Reagan is 
nearly a secular Saint the 

6559
06:08:45,700 --> 06:08:49,600
president who restored American 
confidence defeated, the Soviet 

6560
06:08:49,600 --> 06:08:52,800
Union and proved that limited 
government and Traditional 

6561
06:08:52,800 --> 06:08:54,900
Values. 
Could triumph over liberal 

6562
06:08:54,900 --> 06:08:58,100
welfare states. 
To liberals Reagan, is the 

6563
06:08:58,108 --> 06:09:02,300
president who exploded Federal 
deficits ignored the AIDS crisis

6564
06:09:02,300 --> 06:09:04,800
and began the concentration of 
wealth. 

6565
06:09:04,800 --> 06:09:09,000
Among the already wealthy both 
versions contain truth but both 

6566
06:09:09,000 --> 06:09:13,100
missed the more complex reality.
Reagan's economic policies did 

6567
06:09:13,100 --> 06:09:16,700
coincide with the recovery from 
stagflation and significant 

6568
06:09:16,700 --> 06:09:20,100
economic growth. 
They also coincided with growing

6569
06:09:20,100 --> 06:09:23,600
inequality and the beginning of 
Dean industrialization in the 

6570
06:09:23,600 --> 06:09:26,100
Midwest. 
Whether these outcomes were 

6571
06:09:26,100 --> 06:09:28,800
caused by Reagan's policies or 
simply occur during his 

6572
06:09:28,800 --> 06:09:32,900
presidency, remains debated his 
role in ending the cold war is 

6573
06:09:32,900 --> 06:09:36,300
similarly complex. 
Reagan's military buildup and 

6574
06:09:36,300 --> 06:09:38,600
rhetorical confrontation with 
the Soviet Union. 

6575
06:09:38,600 --> 06:09:41,900
Certainly pressured A system 
that was already economically 

6576
06:09:41,900 --> 06:09:45,300
failing. 
But Soviet reform was driven 

6577
06:09:45,300 --> 06:09:48,700
more by internal contradictions 
and Gorbachev's courage them by 

6578
06:09:48,700 --> 06:09:52,400
American policy. 
Reagan deserves credit for 

6579
06:09:52,400 --> 06:09:56,200
recognizing opportunities. 
When they appeared claiming he 

6580
06:09:56,200 --> 06:10:00,000
single-handedly defeated 
communism ignores, the agency of

6581
06:10:00,000 --> 06:10:02,600
people in Eastern Europe and the
Soviet Union who actually 

6582
06:10:02,600 --> 06:10:05,800
overthrew their governments. 
The political realignment Reagan

6583
06:10:05,800 --> 06:10:09,000
represented proved more durable 
than specific policies. 

6584
06:10:09,000 --> 06:10:12,500
He transformed the Republican 
party from the party of business

6585
06:10:12,500 --> 06:10:15,400
and foreign policy. 
Elites into a coalition of 

6586
06:10:15,400 --> 06:10:19,300
business interests, social 
conservatives, and working class

6587
06:10:19,300 --> 06:10:21,900
white, who felt left behind by 
cultural changes. 

6588
06:10:23,300 --> 06:10:26,500
This Coalition dominated 
American politics for a 

6589
06:10:26,500 --> 06:10:29,200
generation though. 
It's now fragmenting into new 

6590
06:10:29,200 --> 06:10:32,700
alignments, that Reagan wouldn't
recognize Reagan's communication

6591
06:10:32,700 --> 06:10:36,500
style, the use of simple 
Stories, the optimistic tone, 

6592
06:10:36,500 --> 06:10:40,100
and the ability to connect with 
audiences through emotions 

6593
06:10:40,100 --> 06:10:43,500
rather than argument. 
Became the template for modern 

6594
06:10:43,500 --> 06:10:47,700
political communication. 
Every president since Reagan has

6595
06:10:47,700 --> 06:10:51,200
been compared to him in terms of
communication skills usually 

6596
06:10:51,200 --> 06:10:54,200
unfavorably. 
Political Consultants still 

6597
06:10:54,200 --> 06:10:57,000
study Reagan speeches looking 
for techniques. 

6598
06:10:57,000 --> 06:11:00,500
They can adapt to new contexts, 
but Reagan style also 

6599
06:11:00,500 --> 06:11:04,600
contributed to a coarsening of 
political discourse is use of 

6600
06:11:04,608 --> 06:11:07,900
anecdotes that were sometimes 
false, but emotionally resonant,

6601
06:11:07,900 --> 06:11:11,100
The Welfare. 
Queen story claims about social 

6602
06:11:11,100 --> 06:11:14,400
securities. 
Fiscal, soundness set precedence

6603
06:11:14,400 --> 06:11:16,900
for prioritizing narrative over 
accuracy. 

6604
06:11:18,000 --> 06:11:21,800
Reagan didn't invent political 
lying but he demonstrated that 

6605
06:11:21,800 --> 06:11:24,500
you could get away with 
significant factual errors. 

6606
06:11:24,500 --> 06:11:28,300
As long as your overall story 
felt true to audience is the 

6607
06:11:28,300 --> 06:11:30,600
personal Reagan. 
The man is friends and family 

6608
06:11:30,600 --> 06:11:34,300
knew was apparently, as 
genuinely kind and gracious as 

6609
06:11:34,300 --> 06:11:37,900
his public Persona suggested. 
People who worked with him, 

6610
06:11:37,900 --> 06:11:42,100
consistently describe, someone 
who was thoughtful courteous and

6611
06:11:42,100 --> 06:11:45,900
surprisingly humble, despite 
enormous accomplishments. 

6612
06:11:45,900 --> 06:11:50,000
He didn't nurse, grudges, didn't
humiliate subordinates and 

6613
06:11:50,000 --> 06:11:53,000
treated everyone from foreign 
leaders to White House. 

6614
06:11:53,000 --> 06:11:58,000
Janitors, with the same basic 
respect this same man could be 

6615
06:11:58,008 --> 06:12:01,300
curiously detached from people 
even family members. 

6616
06:12:01,300 --> 06:12:05,400
His children sometimes felt they
never really knew him that is 

6617
06:12:05,400 --> 06:12:09,600
warmth was real but somehow 
impersonal directed at them but 

6618
06:12:09,600 --> 06:12:13,800
not specifically for them. 
It was as if Reagan had learned 

6619
06:12:13,800 --> 06:12:16,600
to perform kindness. 
So well that it became 

6620
06:12:16,600 --> 06:12:20,000
indistinguishable from genuine 
connection leaving. 

6621
06:12:20,000 --> 06:12:23,100
Even those closest to him unsure
which they were receiving. 

6622
06:12:23,100 --> 06:12:27,000
His relationship with Nancy was 
the exception, the one 

6623
06:12:27,000 --> 06:12:30,100
relationship where Regan seemed 
fully present and emotionally 

6624
06:12:30,100 --> 06:12:34,300
available their dependence on 
each other in the later years. 

6625
06:12:34,300 --> 06:12:38,400
Suggested that Nancy provided 
something essential that Reagan,

6626
06:12:38,400 --> 06:12:42,000
couldn't get from anyone else 
unconditional acceptance of who 

6627
06:12:42,000 --> 06:12:45,500
he actually was rather than who 
he appeared to be as you settle 

6628
06:12:45,500 --> 06:12:47,100
deeper into your comfortable 
spot. 

6629
06:12:47,100 --> 06:12:51,000
Perhaps noticing how the rumors 
grown quieter around you let 

6630
06:12:51,000 --> 06:12:52,800
spend off final moments 
together. 

6631
06:12:52,800 --> 06:12:54,800
Thinking about what Ronald 
Reagan's? 

6632
06:12:54,800 --> 06:12:58,500
Improbable Journey from Dixon, 
Illinois to the White House 

6633
06:12:58,500 --> 06:13:02,500
tells us about America about 
leadership and about the 

6634
06:13:02,500 --> 06:13:04,900
strange. 
Alchemy that transforms Ordinary

6635
06:13:04,900 --> 06:13:08,400
People into historical figures 
Reagan's life span. 

6636
06:13:08,400 --> 06:13:12,400
Most of the 20th century from 
horse drawn carriages to space 

6637
06:13:12,408 --> 06:13:15,400
shuttles from Radio to 
television to the beginning of 

6638
06:13:15,400 --> 06:13:19,000
the internet age. 
He witnessed and participated in

6639
06:13:19,000 --> 06:13:22,100
Transformations, that would have
seemed impossible to his parents

6640
06:13:22,100 --> 06:13:26,000
generation. 
Yet in fundamental ways Reagan 

6641
06:13:26,000 --> 06:13:28,600
remained rooted in the values 
and assumptions of the small 

6642
06:13:28,600 --> 06:13:30,900
town Midwest. 
Where he'd grown up this 

6643
06:13:30,900 --> 06:13:33,500
combination, living through 
massive change. 

6644
06:13:33,500 --> 06:13:37,500
While maintaining connection to 
Traditional Values made Reagan 

6645
06:13:37,500 --> 06:13:41,100
particularly effective at 
communicating with Americans who

6646
06:13:41,100 --> 06:13:43,500
felt disoriented by the pace of 
social transformation. 

6647
06:13:44,900 --> 06:13:47,600
He offered them reassurance that
changed didn't require 

6648
06:13:47,600 --> 06:13:51,300
abandoning what they valued that
America could modernize while 

6649
06:13:51,300 --> 06:13:55,000
remaining recognizably American 
whether this reassurance was 

6650
06:13:55,000 --> 06:13:58,200
genuine or illusory. 
Depends partly on your political

6651
06:13:58,200 --> 06:14:02,000
perspective and partly on which 
aspects of American life you 

6652
06:14:02,000 --> 06:14:04,700
value most. 
Reagan's America was more 

6653
06:14:04,700 --> 06:14:07,700
prosperous for some and more 
precarious for others. 

6654
06:14:07,700 --> 06:14:11,200
It was more confident in 
international, but more divided 

6655
06:14:11,200 --> 06:14:14,900
domestically, it celebrated 
individual success, while 

6656
06:14:14,900 --> 06:14:18,000
weakening Collective support 
systems, The Ranch in the 

6657
06:14:18,000 --> 06:14:20,700
mountains remained Reagan's true
home throughout his political 

6658
06:14:20,700 --> 06:14:24,500
career in into retirement. 
Those hours spent clearing 

6659
06:14:24,500 --> 06:14:27,500
brush, mending fence's and 
riding horses. 

6660
06:14:27,500 --> 06:14:31,200
Weren't just Recreation, they 
were how Reagan maintained 

6661
06:14:31,200 --> 06:14:34,600
connection to physical reality 
in a career, built on images and

6662
06:14:34,600 --> 06:14:39,000
words The ranch represented, 
something authentic in a life 

6663
06:14:39,008 --> 06:14:42,400
that was otherwise performed. 
Even if the performance was 

6664
06:14:42,400 --> 06:14:46,400
sincere, picture Reagan in his 
final years at the ranch before,

6665
06:14:46,400 --> 06:14:48,400
Alzheimer's made such visits 
impossible. 

6666
06:14:48,400 --> 06:14:52,600
An old man on a horse, moving 
slowly along familiar Trails, 

6667
06:14:52,600 --> 06:14:56,100
perhaps not entirely certain 
where he was, but comfortable in

6668
06:14:56,100 --> 06:15:00,400
the movement and the landscape. 
Nancy watching from the house 

6669
06:15:00,400 --> 06:15:04,100
worried about him falling, but 
understanding that these rides 

6670
06:15:04,100 --> 06:15:07,600
provided something necessary, 
those images of Reagan on 

6671
06:15:07,600 --> 06:15:11,000
Horseback became iconic used in 
campaign, materials, and 

6672
06:15:11,000 --> 06:15:14,800
presidential portraits. 
But the real significance wasn't

6673
06:15:14,800 --> 06:15:19,700
political it was personal. 
The ranch represented Reagan's, 

6674
06:15:19,700 --> 06:15:22,900
understanding that no matter how
high you climbed or how much you

6675
06:15:22,900 --> 06:15:25,600
accomplished, you needed 
something that kept you 

6676
06:15:25,600 --> 06:15:28,600
grounded, something that 
reminded you of who you were 

6677
06:15:28,600 --> 06:15:31,700
before, you became who everyone 
thought you were Reagan's 

6678
06:15:31,700 --> 06:15:34,800
ability to maintain optimism 
through personal setbacks 

6679
06:15:34,800 --> 06:15:39,600
political defeats and eventual. 
Cognitive decline says something

6680
06:15:39,600 --> 06:15:42,900
about either the depth of his 
faith, or the effectiveness of 

6681
06:15:42,900 --> 06:15:47,200
his self-protective mechanisms. 
Even as Alzheimer's eroded, his 

6682
06:15:47,200 --> 06:15:50,300
memory and personality, the 
essential cheerfulness 

6683
06:15:50,300 --> 06:15:54,400
reportedly remained longer than 
most other traits, It was as if 

6684
06:15:54,400 --> 06:15:58,100
optimism was so fundamental to 
Reagan's character that it 

6685
06:15:58,100 --> 06:16:01,700
persisted, even as other aspects
of Personality dissolved. 

6686
06:16:01,700 --> 06:16:03,700
The letter announcing his 
Alzheimer's. 

6687
06:16:03,700 --> 06:16:07,000
Diagnosis contained a line that 
captured Reagan's essential 

6688
06:16:07,000 --> 06:16:10,200
approach to life. 
I now begin the journey that 

6689
06:16:10,200 --> 06:16:12,100
will lead me into the sunset of 
my life. 

6690
06:16:12,800 --> 06:16:16,400
I know that for America, there 
will always be a bright Dawn 

6691
06:16:16,400 --> 06:16:19,600
ahead. 
Even facing the cruelest of 

6692
06:16:19,600 --> 06:16:21,900
diseases Reagan was framing his 
experience. 

6693
06:16:21,900 --> 06:16:25,100
As part of America's larger 
story maintaining, the 

6694
06:16:25,100 --> 06:16:28,300
optimistic narrative that had 
characterized his entire public 

6695
06:16:28,300 --> 06:16:31,900
career, whether you find this 
inspiring or maddening, probably

6696
06:16:31,900 --> 06:16:35,700
depends on your own temperament.
And politics critics might argue

6697
06:16:35,700 --> 06:16:37,600
that Reagan's Relentless 
optimism. 

6698
06:16:37,600 --> 06:16:41,700
Blinded him to genuine problems.
That required more than positive

6699
06:16:41,700 --> 06:16:44,300
thinking. 
Admirers would counter. 

6700
06:16:44,300 --> 06:16:47,800
The optimism itself, was a form 
of leadership that belief in 

6701
06:16:47,800 --> 06:16:49,600
positive outcomes, helped create
them. 

6702
06:16:49,600 --> 06:16:53,200
The truth, as usual is probably 
more nuanced. 

6703
06:16:54,100 --> 06:16:57,700
Reagan's optimism was partly, 
genuine disposition, partly 

6704
06:16:57,700 --> 06:17:01,200
calculated, political strategy, 
and partly a protective 

6705
06:17:01,200 --> 06:17:03,400
mechanism against 
disappointments and fears. 

6706
06:17:04,200 --> 06:17:07,200
It worked for him personally and
professionally, helping him 

6707
06:17:07,200 --> 06:17:10,300
accomplish things that more 
cynical or analytical leaders, 

6708
06:17:10,300 --> 06:17:12,500
might not have attempted in the 
years. 

6709
06:17:12,500 --> 06:17:15,800
Since Reagan's death, his 
influence has grown in some ways

6710
06:17:15,800 --> 06:17:19,600
and diminished in others. 
Republican politicians, still 

6711
06:17:19,600 --> 06:17:23,600
invoke his name like a 
protective Charming his legacy. 

6712
06:17:23,600 --> 06:17:26,700
Even when pursuing policies he'd
never have recognized. 

6713
06:17:27,500 --> 06:17:30,900
Democrats have mostly made peace
with Reagan acknowledging. 

6714
06:17:30,900 --> 06:17:33,500
His political skills while 
critiquing his policies. 

6715
06:17:34,200 --> 06:17:36,400
A remarkable shift from the 
fierce opposition. 

6716
06:17:36,400 --> 06:17:40,100
He faced during his presidency. 
The Reagan Presidential Library 

6717
06:17:40,100 --> 06:17:43,700
in Simi Valley, California 
Contains the usual artifacts of 

6718
06:17:43,708 --> 06:17:48,000
presidential history, documents 
and photographs gifts from 

6719
06:17:48,000 --> 06:17:50,600
foreign leaders and a piece of 
the Berlin Wall. 

6720
06:17:51,700 --> 06:17:53,900
But it also contains Reagan's 
Air Force One. 

6721
06:17:53,900 --> 06:17:56,500
The actual airplane that carried
him around the world. 

6722
06:17:56,500 --> 06:17:59,200
Now, permanently grounded and 
open for tours. 

6723
06:17:59,200 --> 06:18:02,000
There's something poignant about
that plane. 

6724
06:18:02,000 --> 06:18:05,800
This machine that wants 
represented ultimate power and 

6725
06:18:05,800 --> 06:18:09,800
Mobility. 
Now, static and nostalgic an 

6726
06:18:09,800 --> 06:18:14,000
artifact from a time that seems 
both recent and impossibly 

6727
06:18:14,000 --> 06:18:17,200
distant. 
Visitors walk through it. 

6728
06:18:18,000 --> 06:18:21,600
Seeing the presidential office 
and bedroom imagining Reagan 

6729
06:18:21,600 --> 06:18:24,600
working, and sleeping 30,000 
feet above the Earth. 

6730
06:18:25,200 --> 06:18:26,900
Temporarily free from the 
gravity. 

6731
06:18:26,900 --> 06:18:30,100
That eventually pulls every one 
down the view from the library 

6732
06:18:30,100 --> 06:18:32,800
overlooks, mountains and valleys
that Reagan would have 

6733
06:18:32,800 --> 06:18:36,600
recognized A landscape that 
changes with Seasons, but 

6734
06:18:36,600 --> 06:18:41,000
remains essentially itself. 
It's a fitting location for 

6735
06:18:41,000 --> 06:18:44,600
commemorating, someone whose 
entire career was built on the 

6736
06:18:44,600 --> 06:18:48,700
idea that America despite its 
changes remained essentially 

6737
06:18:48,700 --> 06:18:51,700
itself. 
A place of possibility, freedom 

6738
06:18:51,700 --> 06:18:55,900
and renewal Reagan's grave site.
A simple marker next to Nancy's.

6739
06:18:55,900 --> 06:19:00,400
She died in 2616 faces. 
West toward the Pacific Ocean, 

6740
06:19:00,400 --> 06:19:03,600
and the sunset. 
He'd referenced in his all-time 

6741
06:19:03,600 --> 06:19:06,700
as letter. 
The symbolism is obvious, but 

6742
06:19:06,700 --> 06:19:09,700
effective. 
The Westwood orientation, the 

6743
06:19:09,700 --> 06:19:12,100
connection to American 
expansion, and California 

6744
06:19:12,100 --> 06:19:16,000
Dreams, and the journey into the
sunset that every life of 

6745
06:19:16,000 --> 06:19:19,800
eventually takes visitors to. 
The grave site are often struck 

6746
06:19:19,800 --> 06:19:22,800
by its implicitly. 
For someone who lived such a 

6747
06:19:22,800 --> 06:19:25,600
public life and who commanded 
such power and attention, 

6748
06:19:25,600 --> 06:19:29,900
Reagan's final, resting place 
is, remarkably unpretentious, 

6749
06:19:29,900 --> 06:19:35,400
just names dates and a view. 
Nothing that insists on his 

6750
06:19:35,400 --> 06:19:39,200
importance or achievements. 
It's as if Reagan trusted that 

6751
06:19:39,200 --> 06:19:42,600
history would remember What 
mattered and saw no need for 

6752
06:19:42,600 --> 06:19:45,600
elaborate declarations, as you 
prepare for Sleep. 

6753
06:19:45,600 --> 06:19:48,500
Carrying with you, the story of 
this small town boy who became 

6754
06:19:48,500 --> 06:19:52,200
president, Consider what 
Reagan's life tells us about 

6755
06:19:52,200 --> 06:19:54,500
American possibility and 
limitation. 

6756
06:19:55,400 --> 06:19:58,700
He proved that someone from 
Modest circumstances could reach

6757
06:19:58,700 --> 06:20:02,200
the highest office through 
Talent persistence and fortunate

6758
06:20:02,200 --> 06:20:05,000
timing. 
But he also demonstrated that 

6759
06:20:05,000 --> 06:20:06,900
even presidents are ultimately 
human. 

6760
06:20:07,800 --> 06:20:11,400
Subject to illness aging and the
same final Journey. 

6761
06:20:11,400 --> 06:20:15,000
We all must take Reagan's 
optimism, whether you shared it 

6762
06:20:15,000 --> 06:20:16,900
or not contained, a kind of 
Grace. 

6763
06:20:17,900 --> 06:20:21,100
The ability to look at difficult
circumstances and believe that 

6764
06:20:21,100 --> 06:20:24,300
Improvement was possible that 
tomorrow might be better than 

6765
06:20:24,300 --> 06:20:27,000
today. 
And that the American experiment

6766
06:20:27,000 --> 06:20:30,900
hadn't exhausted its potential. 
In an age of cynicism and 

6767
06:20:30,900 --> 06:20:34,700
declining faith in institutions 
that optimism, seems almost 

6768
06:20:34,700 --> 06:20:38,300
quaint A Relic from a simpler 
time yet. 

6769
06:20:38,300 --> 06:20:40,900
Maybe every time needs people, 
who believe in tomorrow, who 

6770
06:20:40,900 --> 06:20:44,100
insist that problems have 
Solutions and who refused to 

6771
06:20:44,108 --> 06:20:45,500
accept that decline is 
inevitable. 

6772
06:20:46,800 --> 06:20:49,000
Reagan. 
Was that kind of person for 

6773
06:20:49,000 --> 06:20:52,500
better and worse in ways that 
helped millions and harmed 

6774
06:20:52,500 --> 06:20:55,500
others with a sincerity that was
sometimes naive. 

6775
06:20:55,500 --> 06:20:57,900
And sometimes profound the 
lights. 

6776
06:20:57,900 --> 06:21:00,700
In your room have probably grown
dimmer as you've read or perhaps

6777
06:21:00,700 --> 06:21:03,600
you've adjusted them yourself to
create the perfect atmosphere 

6778
06:21:03,600 --> 06:21:06,200
for sleep. 
Outside your window. 

6779
06:21:06,200 --> 06:21:10,200
The world continues, its 
rotations and Revolutions in 

6780
06:21:10,200 --> 06:21:13,700
different to individual stories.
Yet somehow made meaningful by 

6781
06:21:13,700 --> 06:21:16,000
them. 
Ronald Reagan is gone now. 

6782
06:21:16,800 --> 06:21:21,500
His voice silenced his optimism 
extinguished, and his body 

6783
06:21:21,500 --> 06:21:23,900
returned to the California 
Earth, he loved. 

6784
06:21:25,000 --> 06:21:28,700
But the question's, his life 
raises about leadership and 

6785
06:21:28,700 --> 06:21:33,200
character about optimism and 
denial about the relationship 

6786
06:21:33,200 --> 06:21:36,500
between individual talent and 
historical circumstance. 

6787
06:21:36,500 --> 06:21:39,900
These remain as alive as ever 
sleep. 

6788
06:21:39,900 --> 06:21:42,900
Well, knowing that history is 
not just the grand sweep of 

6789
06:21:42,900 --> 06:21:46,800
events but the accumulated 
choice of ordinary people who 

6790
06:21:46,800 --> 06:21:51,300
sometimes accomplish 
extraordinary things, Reagan was

6791
06:21:51,300 --> 06:21:55,800
one of those people remarkable 
not because he was perfect, but 

6792
06:21:55,800 --> 06:21:59,300
because he demonstrated what was
possible when Talent timing and 

6793
06:21:59,308 --> 06:22:02,600
temperament aligned tomorrow, 
brings its own challenges and 

6794
06:22:02,600 --> 06:22:05,000
opportunities. 
It's only need for whatever 

6795
06:22:05,000 --> 06:22:08,600
combination of optimism and 
realism confidence and humility 

6796
06:22:08,600 --> 06:22:12,000
and vision and pragmatism that 
circumstances. 

6797
06:22:12,000 --> 06:22:17,100
Require Reagan story is over but
yours continues and that 

6798
06:22:17,100 --> 06:22:20,000
ultimately is the most American 
thing of all rest. 

6799
06:22:20,000 --> 06:22:22,900
Now the ranchers, quiet, the 
horses are sleeping and even 

6800
06:22:22,900 --> 06:22:24,200
presidents need their sleep.