What Tudor Nights Really Felt Like | Boring History for Sleep

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Welcome to Tudor England, where 
the approach of Darkness meant 

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something entirely different 
than it does today. 

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Between 1485 and 16.03 when the 
sun set over thatched cottages 

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and manor, houses alike an 
entire ritual unfolded that 

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shaped how people rested dreamed
and greeted each new day. 

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To night will explore the 
intimate world of Tudor sleep 

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from the moment. 
Twilight descended to the first 

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stirrings of dawn discovering 
how your ancestors found, rest 

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in an era without electricity 
central heating or any of the 

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modern Comforts, we take for 
granted now. 

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Imagine if you will yourself 
standing in a Tudor Marketplace,

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on a September afternoon and the
light is already changing. 

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The sun, hangs low of the nude 
expect for 4:00 casting Long 

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Shadows across the cobblestones 
around. 

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You Merchants are packing up 
their stalls with increasing 

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urgency. 
And you realized this isn't just

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about closing shop, it's about 
getting home before the darkness

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arrives in Earnest in Tudor 
England, and Nightfall wasn't 

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simply an inconvenience to be 
conquered with a light, switch 

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it represented a fundamental 
shift in how life operated Your 

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body if you'd lived in this era 
would have been attuned to the 

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sun's movements in ways that 
modern humans have largely 

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forgotten. 
The pineal gland in your brain 

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responding to decreasing light 
would begin releasing melatonin 

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much earlier than it does today.
Sometimes, as early as 

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mid-afternoon in winter months, 
the phrase of Day held literal 

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weight shops, shuttered, their 
Windows families, gathered their

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children from Play. 
Even livestock seem to 

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understand the approaching 
transition making their way 

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toward Barnes with my prompting.
This wasn't fear, exactly, 

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though nighttime did carry 
legitimate concerns about safety

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and navigation. 
Rather it was acceptance of a 

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natural Rhythm that governed 
everything from work, scheduled 

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to meal times to social 
Gatherings, as you walk through 

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a two to town at dusk. 
You'd notice the sound's 

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changing The hammering from the 
blacksmith's Forge false silent.

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The calls of Street vendors Fade
Away in their place. 

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Comes a different acoustic 
landscape. 

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The settling of Timber frames as
building's. 

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Cool, the distant bleeding of 
sheep, being penned for the 

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night and the closest sounds of 
families moving inside their 

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homes. 
Someone nearby is bringing in 

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firewood. 
The logs clunking against each 

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other, with that particular 
Hollow sound. 

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That means they've been drying 
all summer the smell of cooking 

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fires intensifies. 
As you pass houses, where supper

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preparations are underway. 
Smoke curls from chimneys 

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relatively new feature in Tudor 
times, actually, as many older 

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buildings still relied on 
Central halves with holes in the

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roof. 
Aroma tells you what's for 

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dinner in a dozen homes pottage 
made with whatever vegetables 

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came from the garden. 
Perhaps some salted pork. 

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If it's a household with means 
and bread, baking on half stones

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for tomorrow's breakfast, your 
own household, assuming your 

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neither wealthy or destitute 
operates on a predictable 

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schedule. 
Supper happens while they're 

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still enough natural light to 
see your food, clearly not out 

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of preference, but necessity. 
Candles and rush like cost money

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and you'll need them for the 
essential tasks. 

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That must happen after dark. 
The tower rush like sputter and 

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smoke. 
Giving off a smell that visitors

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from our time would find 
unpleasant, but that Tudor knows

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his barely registered. 
These were decorative elements 

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but practical tools jealously 
guarded and carefully. 

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Rationed children are not 
already showing signs of 

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drowsiness much earlier than 
modern kids would Without the 

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stimulation of screens or Bright
Lights their circadian rhythms. 

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Follow ancient patterns. 
You might see a five-year-old 

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rubbing her eyes 6:00 ready for 
bed. 

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Long before the adults will 
retire. 

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This isn't considered unusual or
problematic. 

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It's simply how children are the
transition from day to night. 

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Carried a certain Comfort 
despite its challenges. 

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There was predictability in the 
routine. 

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A sense that you were doing what
countless Generations before you

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had done. 
As Darkness settled more 

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completely over the town, you'd 
begin moving through the rituals

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that prepare both house and body
for Sleep rituals that were as 

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much about psychological 
preparation as physical and 

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assess. 
Chapter 2, the bedchamber 

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itself. 
Let's step into a typical Tudor 

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bedroom, though. 
Typical covers a wide range 

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depending on social status. 
Will start with a middling 

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household prosperous enough to 
have separate sleeping quarters 

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but far from the elaborate 
Arrangements of nobility. 

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He climb a narrow. 
Wooden staircase, your hand 

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trailing along, a wall made of 
wattle and dog. 

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Woven sticks covered with a 
mixture of mud, clay and straw. 

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The texture onto your fingers is
rough, but solid cool to the 

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touch. 
At the top, you duck slightly 

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through a doorway built for 
people who averaged several 

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inches shorter than modern 
humans though not quite as short

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as myth would have it. 
The average Tudor man, stood 

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around 5 foot 7. 
The average woman about five 

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foot two, the bed chamber isn't 
large. 

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In fact, it strikes you as 
remarkably small by contemporary

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standards, perhaps 10 feet by 12
feet and it serves multiple 

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purposes Beyond sleeping. 
Against one wall stands, the bed

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itself, the rooms most valuable 
piece of furniture and quite 

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possibly the most expensive 
item. 

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The family owns. 
This isn't a mattress on a frame

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from a furniture store. 
This is a substantial wooden 

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structure built to last 
Generations. 

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That will be mentioned 
specifically in the owners. 

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Will the bed frame Rises higher 
off the floor than you'd expect 

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roughly three feet up. 
There's practical reasoning 

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here, elevation provides 
protection from floor drafts. 

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And from the various creatures 
that might wander across the 

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floorboards at night. 
The space underneath serves a 

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storage for chests boxes and 
sometimes even a trundle bed 

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that pulls out for children or 
servants. 

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What catches your attention? 
Most is the bed itself, 

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particularly the mattress 
situation which operates on a 

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principle of layering that would
make perfect sense to anyone who

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understands Insulation at the 
base. 

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It's a canvas sack stuffed with 
straw quite firmly packed. 

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This Foundation layer gets 
replaced seasonally. 

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Fresh straw and Autumn brought a
particular satisfaction like the

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feeling of new rushes on the 
floor or a newly thatched roof. 

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On top of this lies, a second 
mattress thinner, and stuffed 

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with wool, if the household can 
afford it or more straw mixed 

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with dried herbs, if they can't,
the term mattress itself comes 

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from the Arabic word, meaning to
throw referring to the cushions 

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thrown on the floor for 
sleeping. 

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But Tudor beds had evolved well 
beyond floor. 

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Cushions incorporating Knowledge
from Continental, Craftsman 

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about comfort and construction. 
A well-made bed represented a 

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significant investment. 
Perhaps three months of wages 

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for a laborer bed, curtains, 
hang from a wooden frame, and 

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these serve purposes that are 
modern heated bedrooms don't 

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require Heavy wool or linen. 
Curtains sometimes lined with 

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additional fabric for winter, 
create a room within a room. 

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When drawn, they trap body heat 
and provide genuine privacy, and

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homeware privacy was scarce. 
The curtains also block drafts 

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that slip through shuttered 
windows and gaps in walls, 

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making the enclosed space, 
several degrees warmer than the 

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outer room, the curtains aren't 
purely functional. 

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They carry social meaning to 
their quality, and decoration 

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and now status to anyone who 
enters the room, Wealthy 

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households might have curtains 
embroidered with family crests 

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or biblical scenes. 
Middle-income families, might 

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add simple, geometric patterns, 
or contrasting colored trim. 

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Even modest households try to 
manage something Beyond plain 

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undyed fabric. 
Perhaps adding bands of color at

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the edges or simple embroidered 
flowers, near the opening bed, 

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linens, tell another story about
Tudor life. if your fortunate 

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enough to have sheets, they made
of linen Hempel Flags woven into

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cloth that started out quite 
rough but softened with repeated

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washing Is exotic and expensive 
imported from great distances. 

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Silk is for the truly your 
sheets. 

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Assuming you have them rather 
than sleeping directly on the 

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wall mattress cover get washed 
perhaps once a month or every 

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six weeks depending on the 
season and available water, the 

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pillow under your head contains 
feathers, if you're prosperous 

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or wool or buckwheat hulls, if 
you're not Multiple pillows are 

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a luxury. 
Most people make do with one and

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it's not unusual for two people.
Sharing a bed to share a single 

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pillow as well. pillowcase 
called a pillow bear gets 

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washed, more frequently than 
sheets, because your face 

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touches it, nightly blankets and
coverlets complete, the bedding 

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and here again, we see that 
principle of layering A linen 

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sheet goes over the sleeper, 
then will blanket. 

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Its then perhaps a coverlet, a 
decorative woven or embroidered 

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covering that as much about 
display as warmth. 

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Even winter might have a 
first-row added to the pile 

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rabbit or lambskin. 
If your moderately prosperous or

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expensive, imported Furs, if 
your wealthy. 

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The room contains other 
Furniture though, not much by 

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modern standards. 
A chess sits at the foot of the 

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bed holding clothing and linens.
This chest probably traveled 

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here with the wife when she 
married as part of her Dowry and

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it might be the only piece of 
furniture. 

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She truly owns outright a small 
table near the bed, holds a 

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candle in a holder That's a 
couple of water or ale or maybe 

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a prayer book. 
If the household is literate and

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devout enough to own one pegs on
the wall, hold clothing. 

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The concept of a closet or 
wardrobe belongs mainly to the 

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very wealthy. 
Your few garments. 

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Hang on these wooden pegs and 
you're careful with them because

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cloth represents significant 
expense and labor. 

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That wool gown hanging by the 
door to shifted, zero of work. 

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A sheerer skill, a spinner as 
ours at the wheel, a Weaver's 

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time at the loom and a Taylor's 
expertise with needle and 

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thread. 
You don't treat it carelessly, 

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the floor might be wood planks 
or packed Earth depending on the

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House's age and the owners 
means, either way, it's covered 

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with Russia's long grasses 
strewn across the surface that 

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serve as a combination Floor 
Covering insulation and waste 

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absorption system. 
Fresh rushes smell green and 

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pleasant old rushes due for 
changing smell of all the things

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that have fallen into them over 
weeks or months. 

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You'd notice it immediately but 
Judah noses were acclimated to 

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organic smells that modern 
sensibilities. 

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Find challenging a window quite 
small by modern standards. 

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Its high in one wall, it has 
shutters but no glass. 

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Glass windows, remain expensive,
and mainly appear in the homes 

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of the wealthy or in churches. 
When shutters closed at night, 

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they block wind and rain but 
also all light and fresh air. 

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So there's a constant 
negotiation between warmth and 

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ventilation between security and
stuffiness. 

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The walls might have a religious
image or two would block prints 

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of Saints or affordable even for
modest households A crucifix 

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hangs near the bed placed where 
you'll see it lasting at night. 

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And first thing in the morning, 
a reminder of spiritual 

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protection during the vulnerable
hours of sleep. 

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This room represents safety 
privacy and rest in a world 

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where all three are precious 
commodities. 

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It's not merely a place to 
sleep, but a sanctuary from the 

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demand of daylight, the 
observation of neighbors, and 

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the requirements of work. 
Within these walls, with those 

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curtains drawn, you can be 
simply yourself free temporarily

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from the social roles and 
expectations that govern 

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behavior in the public sphere. 
Chapter 3, who sleeps, where the

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question of sleeping 
Arrangements in Tudor England, 

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reveals, much about social 
structure, family, Dynamics, and

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practical necessities. 
The modern assumption that each 

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person deserves their own bed. 
Let alone their own room would 

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strike tutor Minds as bizarre 
and rather wasteful in your 

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middling household. 
The sleeping Arrangements, 

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operate on a clear hierarchy. 
The master and Mistress of the 

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house, share the main bed 
chamber. 

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We've just explored this 
represents both privilege and 

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responsibility. 
Their bed is the good one. 

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Yes. 
But there are also expected to 

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manage household Affairs, which 
means they might be woken by 

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servants reporting problems at 
any our children sleeping 

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Arrangements, depend on age and 
gender. 

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Young children, regardless of 
sex, might share a bed in a 

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separate chamber. 
If the house has one or sleep in

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the same room as their parents 
and smaller homes. 

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00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:02,300
Trundle beds, slides under the 
main bed during the day and 

232
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:06,600
pulls out at night for children.
This works reasonably well until

233
00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:09,500
the children reach a certain age
at which point gender 

234
00:13:09,500 --> 00:13:12,600
segregation becomes important 
for modesty older. 

235
00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:15,400
Boys, might sleep in an attic 
space or in an outbuilding. 

236
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:18,500
While older girls typically 
remain in the house, proper 

237
00:13:18,500 --> 00:13:22,100
under closest supervision This 
isn't uniform across all 

238
00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:25,700
households practical 
considerations often override 

239
00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:28,800
ideal rangements. 
If you only have one chamber, 

240
00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:31,500
everyone sleeps there, in 
whatever configuration makes 

241
00:13:31,500 --> 00:13:34,500
sense, servants present. 
Another layer of sleeping 

242
00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:38,000
Logistics in larger households 
servants, might have their own 

243
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:42,300
quarters often, quite cramped 
Chambers in attics or over out 

244
00:13:42,300 --> 00:13:45,600
buildings. 
In smaller, establishments, a 

245
00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:46,900
serving girl might sleep in the 
Kitchen. 

246
00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:50,300
Near the dying fire or at the 
foot of her mistress's bed. 

247
00:13:50,300 --> 00:13:53,500
Or in the same room with the 
children, she helps tend. 

248
00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:59,000
Male servants might bed down in 
Stables, workshops or any 

249
00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:02,800
available space that offers some
shelter, the concept of servants

250
00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:05,900
sleeping in the same rooms as 
their employers strikes, modern 

251
00:14:05,900 --> 00:14:10,000
sensibilities as strange, but 
Tudor households operated more 

252
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:13,700
communally than ours. 
Privacy was less about physical 

253
00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:16,700
separation and more about social
understanding. 

254
00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:20,500
You pretended not to notice 
certain things and others 

255
00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:24,300
extended the same courtesy to. 
You bedsharing was utterly 

256
00:14:24,300 --> 00:14:27,900
normal across all social 
classes, two or three children, 

257
00:14:27,900 --> 00:14:31,400
commonly shared a bed and this 
Arrangement continued well into 

258
00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:33,100
adulthood for unmarried 
siblings. 

259
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:37,100
Adult guests might share beds 
with household members of the 

260
00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:39,900
same sex without anyone thinking
twice about it. 

261
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:44,900
When ins advertised beds, they 
often meant spaces in beds. 

262
00:14:44,900 --> 00:14:48,100
You might find yourself sharing 
with a stranger though, in 

263
00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:51,800
Keepers, try to pair people of 
similar, apparent status, this 

264
00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:54,800
proximity, didn't generally 
carry romantic implications, 

265
00:14:54,800 --> 00:15:00,200
bed, sharing was practical, beds
cost money bed, linens cost, 

266
00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:05,300
money heating, multiple rooms 
cost money and besides shared 

267
00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:06,800
body heat. 
Kept, everyone. 

268
00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:11,300
Warmer people slept in their 
undergarments not naked as many 

269
00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:15,100
modern people do, which provided
a basic layer of modesty. 

270
00:15:15,100 --> 00:15:18,300
The wealthy had more options but
didn't necessarily chose 

271
00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:21,200
solitude. 
A nobleman and his wife might 

272
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,200
have separate bed Chambers but 
this was often about creating 

273
00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:27,400
private spaces for entertaining,
guests of their own sex rather 

274
00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,900
than avoiding each other. 
The lady might receive female 

275
00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:32,600
friends in her chamber. 
During the day. 

276
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:35,600
While the gentleman used his for
business meetings, or 

277
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:38,900
entertaining other men, great 
households had elaborate 

278
00:15:38,900 --> 00:15:42,200
sleeping higher Keys, the Lord 
and Lady had their private 

279
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:43,500
Chambers. 
Yes. 

280
00:15:43,500 --> 00:15:47,100
But these rooms opened onto 
others, where personal servants,

281
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:49,800
slept ready to assist at a 
moment's notice. 

282
00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:54,200
A ladies maid might sleep in a 
small chamber joining her Mrs. 

283
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:56,900
Room literally on call 
throughout the night. 

284
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:02,100
The gentleman's valet had 
similar Arrangements apprentices

285
00:16:02,100 --> 00:16:05,100
in merchant or craft households 
presented their own sleeping 

286
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:07,300
puzzle. 
They were neither family nor 

287
00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:11,000
exactly servants occupying an 
ambiguous middle status. 

288
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:14,500
Typically they slept in the 
workshop itself or in the 

289
00:16:14,508 --> 00:16:18,200
chamber above it, the present 
serving partly, a security 

290
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:21,900
against theft, the relationship 
between master and Apprentice 

291
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:25,400
included and understanding that 
the master would provide bed and

292
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:27,900
board. 
So the apprentices sleeping 

293
00:16:27,900 --> 00:16:31,400
Arrangements were part of the 
contract babies and very young 

294
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:33,300
children. 
Often slept in cradles near 

295
00:16:33,300 --> 00:16:36,400
their parents bed, close enough,
that a mother could reach out 

296
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:38,100
and rock the cradle without 
getting up. 

297
00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:41,700
Some cradles were designed to 
hook onto the main bed frame, 

298
00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:44,400
keeping the infant literally 
within Arms Reach. 

299
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:48,500
Wet nurse is employed in 
wealthier families. 

300
00:16:48,500 --> 00:16:51,100
Might sleep with the infant in a
separate room. 

301
00:16:51,100 --> 00:16:54,400
Essentially, taking over 
nighttime parenting duties. 

302
00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:57,200
So the mother could rest 
undisturbed the danger of 

303
00:16:57,200 --> 00:16:59,500
overlaying, accidentally 
smothering. 

304
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:03,100
An infant while sleeping was 
well, recognized and genuinely 

305
00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:06,300
feared. 
Some parishes kept records of 

306
00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:09,400
these deaths and moralists 
preached against parents 

307
00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:11,700
bringing babies into their beds 
though. 

308
00:17:11,700 --> 00:17:14,700
Necessity often overload 
cautioning in cold weather or 

309
00:17:14,700 --> 00:17:18,000
when a child was sick as 
children, grew their sleeping 

310
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:20,700
locations, track their 
increasing Independence and 

311
00:17:20,700 --> 00:17:24,099
changing roles. 
A boy approaching apprenticeship

312
00:17:24,099 --> 00:17:27,599
age might move out of the family
sleeping quarters as preparation

313
00:17:27,599 --> 00:17:29,100
for his coming departure from 
home. 

314
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:33,000
A girl approaching marriageable 
age needed increased 

315
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:35,300
supervision. 
So her sleeping Arrangements 

316
00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:37,000
might actually become less 
independent. 

317
00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:41,100
Moving closer to parental 
oversight elderly, family 

318
00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:43,500
members presented yet. 
Another consideration. 

319
00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:46,900
Grandparents who could no longer
maintain their own households 

320
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:48,900
like move in with adult 
children. 

321
00:17:48,900 --> 00:17:52,000
Requiring adjustments to 
sleeping Arrangements. 

322
00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,900
A grandmother might share a bed 
with granddaughter's both 

323
00:17:55,900 --> 00:17:58,100
providing supervision and 
receiving care. 

324
00:17:59,100 --> 00:18:01,700
A grandfather might bet down 
near the fire on the ground 

325
00:18:01,700 --> 00:18:03,600
floor of climbing stairs became 
difficult. 

326
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:07,400
During play Gears or times of 
illness sleeping, Arrangement 

327
00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:11,000
shifted dramatically. 
The sick were isolated as much 

328
00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:14,400
as possible though, isolation in
a Tudor house meant something 

329
00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:17,300
different than it does. 
Now, perhaps sleeping alone in a

330
00:18:17,308 --> 00:18:20,900
chamber rather than sharing a 
bed with the door closed to 

331
00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:24,000
contain contagious Vapors, that 
medical Theory, blamed for 

332
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:27,500
spreading disease seasonal, 
variations affected sleeping 

333
00:18:27,500 --> 00:18:31,100
locations, too in summer, some 
people move their sleeping 

334
00:18:31,100 --> 00:18:34,500
pallets to cooler locations, 
perhaps a chamber on the north 

335
00:18:34,500 --> 00:18:38,000
side of the house or even into 
Guardians for the truly wealthy 

336
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:42,300
with secure properties. 
In Winter, everyone contracted 

337
00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:45,900
into the warmest rooms accepting
crowding and exchange for warmth

338
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:49,500
all these Arrangements operated 
under unspoken rules about 

339
00:18:49,500 --> 00:18:52,100
hierarchy modesty and mutual 
respect. 

340
00:18:53,100 --> 00:18:55,800
You knew where you ranked in the
household by where you slept 

341
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:59,100
what you slept on and whom you 
slept near. 

342
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:03,800
The social order that structured
Waking, Life continued into the 

343
00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:06,600
night reflected in, who got the 
good mattress. 

344
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:10,900
The wool blankets and the spot 
farthest from drafty Windows 

345
00:19:10,900 --> 00:19:15,400
chapter 4 preparing for Sleep. 
The transition from Waking Life 

346
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:18,400
to sleep in Tudor England 
involved rituals both practical 

347
00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:21,100
and spiritual. 
A series of actions that 

348
00:19:21,100 --> 00:19:24,200
prepared body home and soul for 
the vulnerable hours of 

349
00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,500
Darkness, your evening routine 
begins, while some light Still 

350
00:19:27,500 --> 00:19:30,500
Remains first, comes the task of
securing the house. 

351
00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,700
Checking that shutters are 
fastened doors, a barred. 

352
00:19:33,700 --> 00:19:35,600
And anything valuable is put 
away. 

353
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:40,500
This isn't paranoia but prudent 
caution without streetlights or 

354
00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:42,300
night watches in smaller 
communities. 

355
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:45,500
Darkness provides cover. 
For those with bad intentions. 

356
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:48,400
You check the fire. 
Making sure it's banked properly

357
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,600
for the night. 
Letting a fire go completely out

358
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:55,400
was a serious inconvenience. 
Requiring, you to either restart

359
00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:59,300
it from scratch using flint and 
steel, a time-consuming process 

360
00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:02,800
or send someone to a neighbor to
fetch live colds in the morning.

361
00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:06,100
Most households kept fires 
burning continuously. 

362
00:20:06,100 --> 00:20:11,200
Sometimes for years carefully 
maintained day and night banking

363
00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:13,100
a fire involves covering the 
burning. 

364
00:20:13,100 --> 00:20:16,500
Coals with ashes to slow 
combustion while keeping them 

365
00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:19,900
alive until morning. 
It's a skill that takes practice

366
00:20:19,900 --> 00:20:23,800
to get right too much Ash and 
you smother the fire completely 

367
00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:27,200
too little and you burn through 
your wood stores. 

368
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:31,300
Wastefully a well banked fire. 
Should still show red Embers 

369
00:20:31,300 --> 00:20:34,900
when uncovered at dawn ready to 
spring back to life with fresh 

370
00:20:34,900 --> 00:20:37,400
wood? 
And a bit of bellows work, water

371
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:40,700
gets hold inside for mornings. 
If your house doesn't have an 

372
00:20:40,700 --> 00:20:43,600
indoor, well or convenient, rain
barrel, In winter. 

373
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:46,600
This prevents you from having to
break ice to access water at 

374
00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:49,500
dawn. 
A bucket or pitcher sits ready 

375
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:52,100
near the fire where the 
remaining heat keeps it from 

376
00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:55,700
freezing solid in the coldest 
months prayers Foreman central 

377
00:20:55,700 --> 00:20:59,100
part of the bed time routine 
even in households that aren't 

378
00:20:59,100 --> 00:21:02,600
particularly devout during the 
day night time prayers, serve 

379
00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:06,200
important cycle functions. 
They Mark the transition from 

380
00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:10,600
active to resting States invoke 
protection during the vulnerable

381
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:13,700
hours of sleep and they 
reinforced, the moral framework 

382
00:21:13,700 --> 00:21:16,500
that governs daily life in 
Catholic homes. 

383
00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:20,000
Before the rest of the nation, 
the rosary might be recited as a

384
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:22,900
family. 
After England breaks from Rome, 

385
00:21:22,900 --> 00:21:26,700
Protestant prayers, replaced 
Catholic ones though, the basic 

386
00:21:26,700 --> 00:21:29,800
Rhythm remained, similar a 
formal acknowledgment of 

387
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:32,300
dependence on Divine protection,
through the night. 

388
00:21:33,100 --> 00:21:35,400
Children, learn prayers, 
specifically designed for 

389
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:38,800
bedtime asking angels to guard 
them while they sleep 

390
00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,200
requesting. 
They wake to see another day 

391
00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:44,700
personal hygiene before bed is 
less elaborate than modern 

392
00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:48,800
routines, but not non-existent 
You might rinse your face and 

393
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:52,600
hands with water from a basin, 
using a cloth to wipe away the 

394
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:54,700
days, accumulation of dirt and 
sweat. 

395
00:21:55,700 --> 00:21:58,900
Teeth cleaning when it happens, 
involves rubbing them with a 

396
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:03,500
cloth perhaps dipped in salt or 
a mixture of herbs, toothbrushes

397
00:22:03,500 --> 00:22:07,300
exist but aren't common. 
They're novel items expensive 

398
00:22:07,300 --> 00:22:11,500
and not yet considered essential
hair gets attention especially 

399
00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:14,500
for women. 
Long hair warned, by most 

400
00:22:14,500 --> 00:22:18,300
females, regardless of age needs
brushing or combing to remove 

401
00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:20,500
Tangles and debris accumulated 
during the day. 

402
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:25,200
This serves practical purposes, 
untangling is easier when done 

403
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:29,000
daily and aesthetic ones as 
women take pride in maintaining 

404
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,600
healthy hair, even though it 
remains covered in public 

405
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:34,000
nightclubs. 
And Tudor England aren't what 

406
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:36,700
you might imagine. 
There's no such thing as pajamas

407
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:39,500
in the modern sense. 
Instead you sleep in your 

408
00:22:39,508 --> 00:22:43,100
undergarments your shift if 
you're a woman, your shirt. 

409
00:22:43,108 --> 00:22:47,000
If you're a man, these linen 
garments worn under your outer 

410
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:50,500
clothes during the day become 
nightwear after you remove 

411
00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:53,100
everything else. 
They're washed more frequently 

412
00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:56,100
than they are now to garments 
because they absorb body oils 

413
00:22:56,100 --> 00:22:59,200
and sweat directly. 
The wealthy might own specific 

414
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:03,900
sleeping shifts made of finer 
linen but this is a luxury Most 

415
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:06,500
people make do with the same 
undergarments day and night 

416
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:09,100
perhaps changing them once or 
twice a week. 

417
00:23:09,100 --> 00:23:13,000
More often in summer less often 
in winter when washing and 

418
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:14,900
drying laundry. 
Becomes more challenging 

419
00:23:14,900 --> 00:23:18,500
nightcaps, serve important 
functions for women. 

420
00:23:18,500 --> 00:23:21,300
They keep hair contained and 
clean for men and women. 

421
00:23:21,300 --> 00:23:24,900
Both they provide warmth. 
Substantial heater escapes 

422
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:28,100
through your head and a good 
linen or Wool Cap helps retain 

423
00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:30,600
it. 
You'd know more sleep without a 

424
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:33,500
nightcap than you'd sleep 
without a blanket, except 

425
00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:36,200
perhaps during the hottest 
summer nights, checking on 

426
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:38,000
children becomes part of the 
evening. 

427
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:41,200
Routine, you make sure young 
ones have relieved themselves 

428
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:45,300
chamber pots, sit under beds, or
in corners for nighttime use 

429
00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:49,000
Because venturing outside the 
privy and darkness isn't 

430
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:52,100
appealing. 
You settle any last minute needs

431
00:23:52,100 --> 00:23:55,900
car, many fears about Darkness, 
or strange sounds and pull 

432
00:23:55,900 --> 00:23:58,800
blankets up around small, 
shoulders in larger households 

433
00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:00,800
servants. 
Perform, a final round of 

434
00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:03,300
Duties. 
The empty chamber pots from the 

435
00:24:03,300 --> 00:24:05,800
day, carry up pictures of water 
for morning. 

436
00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:09,200
Make sure Rush, lights are 
safely, extinguished, and check 

437
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,100
that the households dog is 
inside, or outside, depending on

438
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:15,200
its role guard, dog, stay 
outside and lap dogs. 

439
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,700
Come in somehow, sold engage in 
a practice called reading in 

440
00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:21,100
bed, though. 
This is limited to those who can

441
00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:23,300
read and can afford candles or 
oil lamps. 

442
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:28,600
Religious texts are most common 
Sons devotional works and lives 

443
00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:30,000
of saints before the 
Reformation. 

444
00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:34,500
Reading serves both spiritual 
edification and practical 

445
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:36,900
purposes. 
As the eye straining work of 

446
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:40,900
reading by Paul light naturally.
Induces sleepiness conversation 

447
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:43,500
happens too though. 
Not the late night discussions 

448
00:24:43,500 --> 00:24:47,600
in the age of electric lights. 
Married couples might review the

449
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,200
days of events plan, tomorrow's 
tasks and discuss children or 

450
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:54,400
household concerns. 
But these talks wind down 

451
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:58,100
relatively quickly, candles cost
money and tomorrow begins early.

452
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:02,400
Finally, you climb into bed, a 
process that requires a bit of 

453
00:25:02,408 --> 00:25:05,700
coordination. 
Given the beds height, Wooden 

454
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:09,100
steps or a small stool, might 
assist, or you simply clamber 

455
00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:11,600
up. 
The bed curtains closed ceiling 

456
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:14,600
you into your private domain. 
The remaining light gets 

457
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:17,900
extinguished a rush light, 
snuffed a candle blown out. 

458
00:25:17,900 --> 00:25:20,700
Darkness settling, completely 
the bed itself. 

459
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:23,700
Feels different from Modern 
mattresses, Firm. 

460
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:27,500
Not soft and it can forms to 
your body's weight rather than 

461
00:25:27,500 --> 00:25:30,900
cushioning you above it. 
The straw beneath Russells with 

462
00:25:30,900 --> 00:25:34,000
every movement? 
The wool or linen against your 

463
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:37,900
skin, carries the smell of the 
household would smoke cooking. 

464
00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:41,800
The herbs scattered amongst 
stored Linens and the general 

465
00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:46,600
organic Center of daily life you
lie on your side most likely or 

466
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:50,400
on your back with knees bent 
Sleeping positions recommended 

467
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:53,900
by medical authorities, who had 
opinions about, which positions 

468
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:57,300
promoted health and which 
encouraged bad dreams or 

469
00:25:57,300 --> 00:26:00,200
illness. 
Whether people actually followed

470
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:03,800
this advice is debatable, but 
the existence of such guidelines

471
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:08,000
shows that even sleep positions.
Carried cultural meaning chapter

472
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:11,000
5, the pattern of two sleeps, 
one of the most surprising 

473
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:15,100
aspects of Tudor sleep habits. 
At least a modern mine's is the 

474
00:26:15,100 --> 00:26:19,200
practice of segmented sleep. 
What historians call First, 

475
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,400
sleep and second sleep separated
by a quiet waking period, in the

476
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:26,100
middle of the night. 
You fall asleep shortly after 

477
00:26:26,100 --> 00:26:30,500
full, Darkness arrives exhausted
from a day of physical labor or 

478
00:26:30,500 --> 00:26:34,100
household management. 
That first sleep comes easily, 

479
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:38,800
your body surrendering to 
fatigue, melatonin flooding your

480
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:41,100
system, unchecked by artificial 
light. 

481
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:46,000
You sleep deeply dreamless, or 
with the vivid dreams that 

482
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,200
accompanied the first sleep 
cycle of the night. 

483
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,900
Then, somewhere around midnight,
or one in the morning, you wake 

484
00:26:51,900 --> 00:26:54,500
up. 
This isn't insomnia or a sleep 

485
00:26:54,500 --> 00:26:56,600
disorder. 
It's a natural pattern 

486
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:58,500
documented across Europe in this
period. 

487
00:26:59,300 --> 00:27:02,900
Your eyes open in the darkness 
and your mind, surfaces from 

488
00:27:02,900 --> 00:27:06,100
sleep into a peculiar state of 
calm wakefulness. 

489
00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:10,300
You're not anxious or Restless, 
You're simply awake. 

490
00:27:10,300 --> 00:27:14,500
This quiet hour or two between 
sleep served various purposes in

491
00:27:14,500 --> 00:27:17,400
Tudor life. 
Some people use it for prayer or

492
00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:21,000
meditation considering it a 
spiritually significant time 

493
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:24,300
when the barrier between Earthly
and divine, might be thinner. 

494
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:28,600
Prayers during the interval were
thought to carry special power 

495
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:31,200
and some religious manuals 
included. 

496
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:33,900
Prayer, specifically designated 
for the midnight. 

497
00:27:33,900 --> 00:27:37,100
Watch married, couples might use
this time for intimate 

498
00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:40,700
conversation or love making. 
With children and servant 

499
00:27:40,700 --> 00:27:43,100
sleeping with daily precious 
suspended. 

500
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:46,600
The interval between sleeps 
offered rare privacy. 

501
00:27:47,300 --> 00:27:50,700
Medical texts from the period 
suggests this timing for marital

502
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:53,900
relations claiming that 
conception was more likely when 

503
00:27:53,900 --> 00:27:56,300
the body was relaxed but not 
fully unconscious. 

504
00:27:56,300 --> 00:28:00,500
Others simply like quietly 
thinking through problems or 

505
00:28:00,500 --> 00:28:03,900
making mental plans. 
Without the distractions of 

506
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:08,000
daytime, no one calling your 
name, no tasks demanding 

507
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:10,700
attention, you could process 
thoughts more clearly. 

508
00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:14,000
Solutions to problems might 
emerge during these 

509
00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:17,500
contemplative hours. 
Decisions that seemed impossible

510
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:20,200
in daylight might resolve 
themselves in the calm of 

511
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:22,900
midnight waking. 
Some people got up during this 

512
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:25,400
interval, moving through the 
dark house for practical 

513
00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:27,800
reasons. 
You might need the chamber pot, 

514
00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:31,800
you might check on a sick child 
or elderly parent, you might 

515
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:34,800
tend the fire adding a log. 
If the night was particularly 

516
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,500
cold, banking at more 
thoroughly, if you'd wake to 

517
00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:40,700
find it burning too hot, the 
wealthy might light candle and 

518
00:28:40,700 --> 00:28:43,500
read or write Diaries from the 
period. 

519
00:28:43,500 --> 00:28:46,000
Sometimes mention thoughts 
recorded during the night. 

520
00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:50,900
Watch letters might be composed 
accounts reviewed and poems. 

521
00:28:50,900 --> 00:28:53,700
Drafted. 
Some of the errors literary 

522
00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:57,000
output probably originated in 
these quiet midnight hours. 

523
00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:00,500
When creative thoughts flowed 
freely you might simply lie. 

524
00:29:00,500 --> 00:29:03,500
There listening to the nighttime
soundscape of your house and 

525
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:07,300
neighborhood In Winter, you'd 
hear the wind testing shutters. 

526
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:11,000
The Creeks of Timber adjusting 
to temperature changes and 

527
00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:15,600
perhaps the scratch of mice in 
the walls, In summer, insects 

528
00:29:15,600 --> 00:29:18,100
chirped, outside and birds 
called occasionally. 

529
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:21,500
Some species are more active at 
night than daylight dwellers 

530
00:29:21,500 --> 00:29:24,400
realize. 
Practice of segmented, sleep 

531
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,400
aligned with natural human 
physiology in ways that modern 

532
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:29,600
Consolidated, sleep, often does 
not. 

533
00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:33,500
Without electric light to 
suppress melatonin production 

534
00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:37,000
and without the stimulation of 
screens and entertainment. 

535
00:29:37,800 --> 00:29:41,500
The body naturally settled into 
this Two-Face pattern, you 

536
00:29:41,500 --> 00:29:43,700
worked fighting your biology to 
maintain it. 

537
00:29:43,700 --> 00:29:46,800
You were simply following what 
your body did on its own. 

538
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:51,500
This interval rarely lasted more
than an hour or two gradually. 

539
00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:55,300
You'd feel sleep returning that 
gentle tug of drowsy that 

540
00:29:55,300 --> 00:29:56,900
signaled. 
Your body was ready for the 

541
00:29:56,900 --> 00:30:00,100
second phase of rest. 
You'd settle back into your 

542
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:02,900
straw mattress. 
Pull the wool, blankets closer 

543
00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:06,700
and slip into second sleep. 
Second sleep was different from 

544
00:30:06,700 --> 00:30:09,800
first sleep. 
Lighter more prone to dreams and

545
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,800
easier to wake from. 
You might shift positions, more 

546
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:17,200
surface, briefly without fully 
waking and experience the Vivid 

547
00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:20,100
narrative dreams that happen in 
the latest leap Cycles. 

548
00:30:20,100 --> 00:30:23,300
Medical authorities believed. 
Second sleep was when the body 

549
00:30:23,300 --> 00:30:26,900
completed its restorative work. 
Balancing the humours 

550
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:30,800
consolidating memories and 
preparing for Waking Life. 

551
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:34,600
The transition from second sleep
to morning happened gradually as

552
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:36,900
well. 
You didn't leap awake at an 

553
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:39,900
alarms insistence. 
Instead you drifted toward 

554
00:30:39,900 --> 00:30:43,600
Consciousness, perhaps hovering 
in that half awake state, where 

555
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:46,700
dreams and thoughts into mingle 
where you're aware of your 

556
00:30:46,700 --> 00:30:49,600
physical surroundings, but not 
yet ready to engage with them. 

557
00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:52,200
This sleep pattern. 
So foreign to Modern 

558
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:56,200
Consolidated eight hours, sleep 
was documented not just in 

559
00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:58,600
England but across Western 
Europe in this period. 

560
00:30:59,700 --> 00:31:03,200
References to first and second 
sleep appearing, legal 

561
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:06,400
depositions, medical techs 
literature and Diaries. 

562
00:31:07,300 --> 00:31:09,300
People scheduled activities 
around it. 

563
00:31:09,300 --> 00:31:12,700
A time to meet other might be 
set for after first sleep. 

564
00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:16,600
Implying everyone knew what that
meant, the practice began to 

565
00:31:16,600 --> 00:31:20,900
disappear in the 17th and 18th 
centuries, as artificial 

566
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:23,900
lighting, improved and nighttime
activities became more common. 

567
00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:28,100
Street Lighting in cities, 
better home, lighting, coffee, 

568
00:31:28,100 --> 00:31:31,500
houses, staying open late and 
theatrical performances, 

569
00:31:31,500 --> 00:31:35,500
extending into evening hours. 
All these gradually compressed 

570
00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:39,400
nighttime into a period for 
Consolidated, sleep rather than 

571
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:43,000
segmented, rest with a 
contemplative interval, modern 

572
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:46,400
sleep, researchers have studied 
this pattern, sometimes calling 

573
00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:50,300
it by phasic sleep or bimodal 
sleep. 

574
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:53,700
When subjects and sleep. 
Laboratories are deprived of 

575
00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:55,700
artificial light for extended 
periods. 

576
00:31:55,700 --> 00:32:00,000
Many naturally fall into this 
two sleep pattern with a quiet 

577
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:04,400
waking interval in between this 
suggests Tudor sleep habits 

578
00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:08,100
weren't cultural quirks but 
responses to natural human 

579
00:32:08,100 --> 00:32:12,000
biology operating with without 
artificial lights into fear and 

580
00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:14,000
understanding this pattern 
helps. 

581
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:16,300
Explain various aspects of Tudor
life. 

582
00:32:16,300 --> 00:32:17,700
That might otherwise seem 
puzzling. 

583
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:22,900
Why did people go to bed? 
So, early, even before full 

584
00:32:22,900 --> 00:32:26,700
Darkness fell, Partly because 
they'd wake in the middle of the

585
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:29,800
night anyway. 
So the total time in bed needed 

586
00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:31,500
to be longer than actual sleep 
time. 

587
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:36,100
Why do period sources describe 
midnight as a special 

588
00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:39,400
contemplative time? 
Because people regularly 

589
00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:41,900
experienced it in a unique State
of Consciousness. 

590
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:46,500
Neither fully asleep nor fully 
awake in the daytime sense for 

591
00:32:46,500 --> 00:32:50,400
you in your Tudor bed with 
curtains drawn around you, this 

592
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:54,500
pattern would feel entirely 
natural The transition from 

593
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:57,100
first to second sleep, wouldn't 
worry you. 

594
00:32:57,100 --> 00:33:01,500
It's just how Knight Works, how 
it's always worked and how 

595
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:07,600
everyone you know experiences it
The quiet hour in darkness alone

596
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:10,100
with your thoughts or quietly, 
talking with your spouse 

597
00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:15,100
represents, not disrupted sleep,
but integral part of how human 

598
00:33:15,100 --> 00:33:17,900
beings rest. 
When a line with natural 

599
00:33:17,900 --> 00:33:23,100
rhythms, chapter 6, staying warm
through winter nights, winter 

600
00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:26,100
nights in tutoring and presented
genuine challenges. 

601
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:29,200
Particularly in the brutal 
months between December and 

602
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:31,400
February. 
When temperatures regularly 

603
00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:36,200
dropped well below freezing and 
houses despite their fires and 

604
00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:39,600
inhabitants best efforts 
remained cold by modern 

605
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:43,200
standards your bed chamber in 
deep winter, might hover around 

606
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:47,300
45 degrees Fahrenheit and that's
with a fire burning somewhere in

607
00:33:47,300 --> 00:33:49,900
the house. 
Without central heating or 

608
00:33:49,900 --> 00:33:52,500
insulation beyond the straw in 
the walls and the rushes on the 

609
00:33:52,508 --> 00:33:55,200
floor. 
Keeping warm became a nightly 

610
00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:58,300
engineering project involving 
multiple strategies layered 

611
00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:00,200
together. 
The bed curtains, which we 

612
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:03,600
mentioned earlier, become 
crucial winter, time allies When

613
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:06,600
fully closed they create what is
essentially a tent within the 

614
00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:10,300
room. trapping the heat 
generated by your body or bodies

615
00:34:10,300 --> 00:34:14,199
and separating you from the 
colder air Beyond the 

616
00:34:14,199 --> 00:34:16,800
temperature difference between 
inside the curtained bed and the

617
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:20,900
outer chamber might be 10 or 15 
degrees Significant, when you're

618
00:34:20,900 --> 00:34:23,900
trying to sleep, that layering 
principle in the bedding. 

619
00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:25,900
Reaches its full expression in 
winter. 

620
00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:30,500
You start with the base straw 
mattress at the wall topper, the

621
00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:34,800
cover yourself with a linen 
sheet, wool blankets, possibly a

622
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:38,900
coverlet, perhaps a fur throw 
and in the coldest weather, your

623
00:34:38,900 --> 00:34:40,600
outdoor cloak on top of 
everything. 

624
00:34:41,500 --> 00:34:44,900
You're essentially building an 
insulating nest with your self 

625
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,500
as the heat source of the center
warming pans represented. 

626
00:34:48,500 --> 00:34:52,600
One of the era's great bedtime 
luxuries long-handled prayers or

627
00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:55,900
copper pans with perforated. 
Lids that held hot coals from 

628
00:34:55,900 --> 00:34:58,400
the fire. 
You'd run this device between 

629
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,700
the sheets, before, climbing 
into bed warming, the linen and 

630
00:35:01,700 --> 00:35:04,200
wool, and chasing away the bone,
deep chill. 

631
00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:08,800
For about half an hour after 
using a warming pan, your bed, 

632
00:35:08,800 --> 00:35:13,100
felt positively toasty. 
Small Miracle on a January night

633
00:35:13,100 --> 00:35:16,500
when your breath misted in the 
are not everyone owned warming 

634
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:17,700
pans. 
They were significant 

635
00:35:17,700 --> 00:35:21,500
Investments, poorer households. 
Improvised with heated Stones, 

636
00:35:21,500 --> 00:35:24,200
wrapped in cloth, achieving 
similar results though, 

637
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:26,300
requiring more care to avoid 
Burns. 

638
00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:30,700
A stone heated in the fire's 
Edge wrapped in several layers 

639
00:35:30,700 --> 00:35:32,600
of wool and tucked. 
At the foot of the bed. 

640
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,100
Could keep your toes. 
Warm for hours bed. 

641
00:35:35,100 --> 00:35:37,900
Socks existed. 
Though socks in general were 

642
00:35:37,900 --> 00:35:39,100
less common than you might 
expect. 

643
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:44,100
Stockings, what we might call 
long socks, or tights were 

644
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:47,400
standard way for both sexes. 
And you might keep these on 

645
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:49,800
under your sleeping shift, if 
the night was particularly 

646
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:53,600
brutal, the very cold, sensitive
might add a second layer of 

647
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:56,400
everything, though, this limits 
Mobility under the heavy 

648
00:35:56,400 --> 00:36:00,200
blankets, like caps as mentioned
before, were not optional in 

649
00:36:00,200 --> 00:36:04,200
Winter a substantial wall cap. 
Kept from escaping through your 

650
00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:06,500
head and protected your ears 
from the cold. 

651
00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:10,000
Some people also wraped cloths 
around their necks. 

652
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:13,100
Particularly if they were prone 
to throw tale elements, in cold 

653
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:16,600
weather, shared body heat became
increasingly valuable as 

654
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:20,200
temperatures dropped This is one
reason bed sharing was so. 

655
00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:24,400
Prevalent two people generate 
more warmth than one and three 

656
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:28,600
more than two children packed 
together in a bed weren't just 

657
00:36:28,608 --> 00:36:31,200
saving space. 
They were pooling thermal 

658
00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:34,200
resources. 
Married couples, had an obvious 

659
00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:36,900
Advantage here, though. 
Even, they might invite a young 

660
00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:39,900
child into their bed. 
On the coldest nights, despite 

661
00:36:39,900 --> 00:36:43,600
usual preferences for separate 
sleeping Arrangements, somehow 

662
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:46,600
sold brought small braziers or 
heated bricks into bed. 

663
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:50,100
Chambers before sleep warming. 
The air briefly though, these 

664
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:52,200
had to be removed before 
actually sleeping due to the 

665
00:36:52,208 --> 00:36:56,200
danger of fire and the fumes 
they produced Carbon monoxide 

666
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:59,200
poisoning wasn't understood in 
these terms, but people 

667
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:02,500
recognize that sleeping with 
burning coals in an enclosed 

668
00:37:02,500 --> 00:37:05,900
space, could kill you. 
Probably attributing it to bad 

669
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:10,000
Vapors, rather than the actual 
mechanism of asphyxiation rooms 

670
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:11,700
above. 
The kitchen or Bakehouse were 

671
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:14,900
prized in Winter, because he 
from below rows into them. 

672
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,900
If your family ran in or shot 
with others operating into the 

673
00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:22,800
evening, the chambers of stayed 
noticeably warmer than others. 

674
00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:26,700
Some people positioned beds 
directly above the first floor, 

675
00:37:26,700 --> 00:37:30,100
half for similar reasons, 
excepting the occasional bit of 

676
00:37:30,100 --> 00:37:32,800
smoke seeping through 
floorboards in exchange for 

677
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:35,000
extra warmth. 
Draft proofing, became a 

678
00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:36,900
household project as winter 
approached. 

679
00:37:37,500 --> 00:37:40,900
Gaps and shutters got stuffed 
with Rags or sealed with wax. 

680
00:37:40,900 --> 00:37:44,800
Floors received extra layers of 
rushes for insulation, 

681
00:37:44,800 --> 00:37:48,000
tapestries on walls, serve 
decorative purposes. 

682
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,700
Yes, but also created dead air 
space that reduced heat loss 

683
00:37:51,700 --> 00:37:55,100
through stone or Timber. 
Even a simple cloth hanging 

684
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:56,400
could make a measurable 
difference. 

685
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,600
Still, you'd be cold by modern 
standards. 

686
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:03,600
Your nose would be chilly. 
Your face exposed to the air 

687
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:07,400
outside, the blankets getting up
in the night to use the chamber 

688
00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:11,500
pot required, genuine courage, 
leaving the warm Nest, meant 

689
00:38:11,500 --> 00:38:15,600
exposing yourself to frigid air.
That made your muscles clench 

690
00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:18,600
and your skin prickle. 
You'd accomplished your business

691
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:22,400
quickly and dive back under the 
covers burrowing in and until 

692
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:25,100
your body heat warmed. 
Everything again, morning 

693
00:38:25,100 --> 00:38:29,000
presented the hardest moment 
that transition from warm bed to

694
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:31,700
cold room when your body 
protested vigorously against 

695
00:38:31,700 --> 00:38:35,800
moving, you'd procrastinate 
lingering under the blankets 

696
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:39,200
stealing yourself for the 
unpleasant but necessary task of

697
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:42,200
getting up and dressing. 
The first person up had the 

698
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,400
worst of it, they'd restart the 
fire and begin warming, the 

699
00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:48,800
house, making it easier. 
For those who followed children 

700
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:50,600
might. 
Wake to frost patterns on the 

701
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:54,300
inside of shutters, ice in the 
washing water and their breath 

702
00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:58,500
forming clouds in the air. 
This wasn't unusual or alarming,

703
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:00,900
it was simply how winter 
mornings felt. 

704
00:39:01,700 --> 00:39:05,600
You dressed quickly layering on 
garments moving, close to the 

705
00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:09,400
fire as soon as possible and 
beginning, the day's work partly

706
00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:11,600
to generate body heat through 
activity. 

707
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:15,200
Despite these challenges due to 
people didn't generally complain

708
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:19,300
about cold the way modern people
might, It was expected normal 

709
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:21,500
and part of the seasonal Rhythm 
of Life. 

710
00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:25,900
You prepared for it, accepted it
and worked with it rather than 

711
00:39:25,900 --> 00:39:29,100
fighting against it. 
The return of Spring's warmth, 

712
00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:33,100
when it finally came, felt like 
a genuine blessing, a relief. 

713
00:39:33,100 --> 00:39:37,000
So profound that people's moods,
lifted noticeably with the 

714
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:39,000
rising temperatures and 
lengthening days. 

715
00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:44,000
Chapter 7, the soundscape of 
knighting in your curtained bed 

716
00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:46,500
in a Tudor Knight. 
The Sound surrounding you. 

717
00:39:46,500 --> 00:39:49,400
Create an acoustic environment 
completely different from 

718
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:51,700
anything most modern people 
experience. 

719
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:55,100
Let's listen carefully to what 
you'd hear during those 

720
00:39:55,100 --> 00:39:58,500
nighttime hours, the house 
itself, provides a constant 

721
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:02,000
backdrop of sails. 
Timber frames expand and 

722
00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:06,400
contract with temperature 
changes producing creeks groans 

723
00:40:06,400 --> 00:40:09,500
and occasional, sharp cracks 
that might start you until you 

724
00:40:09,500 --> 00:40:11,000
learn to recognize them as 
normal. 

725
00:40:12,500 --> 00:40:15,600
The thatch on the roof Russells 
when wind passes over it. 

726
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:19,100
The sound like soft scratching 
or the movement of some large 

727
00:40:19,100 --> 00:40:21,800
animal though. 
It's just dried straw shifting 

728
00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:24,900
against itself in Winter, the 
wind becomes a dominant 

729
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:27,300
presence. 
It finds every Gap in the 

730
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:30,700
shutters producing whistles in 
different pitches, depending on 

731
00:40:30,708 --> 00:40:33,300
the size of the opening and the 
wind strength. 

732
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,800
Its the walls making the hole 
structure shutter slightly 

733
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:41,200
during the strongest gusts. 
You can hear it approaching a 

734
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:44,200
cross, the landscape. 
Rushing through bare trees 

735
00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:47,500
before hitting your house. 
Then moving away again into the 

736
00:40:47,500 --> 00:40:49,900
darkness rein on a thatched 
roof. 

737
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:52,600
Sounds different from rain on 
Modern shingles or tiles 

738
00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:57,300
software or muffled like someone
pouring dry sand, rather than 

739
00:40:57,300 --> 00:40:58,900
water. 
Heavy. 

740
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:01,800
Rain creates a steady rushing 
sound that some people find 

741
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:05,700
soothing a natural white noise 
that musk's other sounds and 

742
00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:08,400
helps LOL you back to Second 
sleep animals. 

743
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:11,700
Contribute, their voices 
throughout the night, my 

744
00:41:11,700 --> 00:41:14,400
scarring inside walls, their 
tiny claws. 

745
00:41:14,400 --> 00:41:19,100
Scratching on wood their squeaks
occasionally Audible You accept 

746
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:22,800
their presence as inevitable, 
keeping a house, completely 

747
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:24,600
mouse. 
Free is nearly impossible 

748
00:41:24,600 --> 00:41:26,700
though. 
You try to prevent them from 

749
00:41:26,700 --> 00:41:30,600
getting into food stores. 
sometimes you hear a thump and a

750
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:33,200
brief struggle as the house cat 
catches one, doing its job 

751
00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:37,500
outside, owls, call to each 
other, they're hooting carrying 

752
00:41:37,500 --> 00:41:40,800
clearly through the still night 
air Foxes produce. 

753
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:45,000
Surprisingly disturbing sounds 
screams that can sound Almost 

754
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,300
Human, particularly unsettling 
if you're not expecting them. 

755
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:52,200
Dogs bark in the distance. 
One setting off another, 

756
00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:55,200
creating a chain of canine 
communication across the 

757
00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:58,000
neighborhood livestock. 
Make nighttime noises too. 

758
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:01,200
If you're near a barn you might 
hear cattle shifting in their 

759
00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:03,800
stalls. 
Pigs grunting and horses 

760
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:05,900
stamping and blowing air through
their nostrils. 

761
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:10,100
Chickens, sometimes startled 
awake and cluck nervously before

762
00:42:10,100 --> 00:42:13,200
settling back down. 
These sounds are reassuring in 

763
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:15,500
their way. 
They mean, your animals are safe

764
00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:19,200
still alive, and still you're 
well and sustenance human sounds

765
00:42:19,200 --> 00:42:22,700
punctuate the night as well. 
Someone in the house might 

766
00:42:22,700 --> 00:42:25,100
snore. 
The sound carrying from one 

767
00:42:25,100 --> 00:42:28,400
chamber to another through 
Timberwolves that provide less 

768
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:30,800
sound insulation than modern 
Construction. 

769
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:35,100
Babies cry and get soothed young
children. 

770
00:42:35,100 --> 00:42:38,100
Call out from dreams or knee 
middle of the night comfort. 

771
00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:41,200
You might hear your neighbors 
through shared walls. 

772
00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:44,700
If you live in attached 
townhouses, their coughs, their 

773
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:48,800
conversations, their movements 
across creaky floors, church, 

774
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:51,700
bells, Mark, the passage of 
nighttime hours in towns and 

775
00:42:51,708 --> 00:42:54,500
villages. 
Not every hour, gets run in 

776
00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:56,900
every place. 
But midnight, typically receives

777
00:42:56,900 --> 00:43:01,000
special notice and some Churches
ring bells Before Dawn services.

778
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:05,300
These bells serve practical 
purposes, they help people track

779
00:43:05,300 --> 00:43:08,200
time in the darkness. 
They call people to prayer at 

780
00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:11,800
appointed hours and they provide
reassurance that the communities

781
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:14,900
spiritual Guardians, remain 
watchful in cities, 

782
00:43:14,900 --> 00:43:18,400
nightwatchman call out the 
hours, walking their route and 

783
00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:20,000
announcing the time. 
Along with the weather 

784
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:23,900
conditions to a clock and all's 
well or three o'clock and cold 

785
00:43:23,900 --> 00:43:26,900
clear night. 
These calls serve multiple 

786
00:43:26,900 --> 00:43:30,700
purposes, they marked time, they
announced the watchman's 

787
00:43:30,700 --> 00:43:34,000
presence to deter criminals and 
they provide Comfort to those 

788
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,200
lying awake that someone is 
keeping guard, the fire. 

789
00:43:37,200 --> 00:43:40,500
If you can hear it from your 
chamber produces its own sounds 

790
00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:45,600
wood, pops and hisses a sap 
turns to steam, Kohl's shift and

791
00:43:45,600 --> 00:43:49,800
resettle in the half with soft 
crashes. on particularly quiet 

792
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:53,200
nights, you might even hear the 
whisper of flames consuming 

793
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:57,000
would Sounds so soft. 
It's barely perceptible, but 

794
00:43:57,000 --> 00:44:01,200
somehow audible in deep silence 
chamber pots get used throughout

795
00:44:01,200 --> 00:44:04,000
the night. 
Producing sounds that medieval 

796
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:08,000
modesty, simply acknowledged and
politely ignored Everyone 

797
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:10,200
performed. 
The same biological functions. 

798
00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:14,100
Everyone made the same sounds 
and everyone practiced. 

799
00:44:14,100 --> 00:44:17,500
The social fiction of not 
noticing what they heard from 

800
00:44:17,500 --> 00:44:20,700
behind bed curtains or from 
other Chambers seasonal, 

801
00:44:20,700 --> 00:44:24,800
variations affected the 
soundscape significantly summer 

802
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:28,400
nights brought insect choruses, 
crickets producing their 

803
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:31,700
rhythmic chirping. 
Moths batting against shutters 

804
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:33,700
drawn to whatever like seeped 
through cracks. 

805
00:44:34,700 --> 00:44:38,200
Frogs near ponds or streams 
added their croaking to the mix.

806
00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:42,400
Bats flying overhead produced 
sound too high for most human 

807
00:44:42,400 --> 00:44:46,200
ears, but occasionally audible 
as soft squeaking thunder in 

808
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:48,100
summer. 
Storms, could shake the entire 

809
00:44:48,100 --> 00:44:50,800
house. 
Each crash followed by the sound

810
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:54,300
of rain in tense of flying. 
You'd hear the initial large 

811
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:56,800
drops. 
Hit the thatch, then the steady 

812
00:44:56,800 --> 00:45:00,500
downpour perhaps the rushing of 
water through gutters, or off 

813
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:03,900
Eve's and the sound of the storm
passing over like a living 

814
00:45:03,900 --> 00:45:06,300
thing. 
Moving through the landscape in 

815
00:45:06,300 --> 00:45:09,300
the quiet periods between sounds
silence itself. 

816
00:45:09,300 --> 00:45:13,400
Had a quality different from 
Modern silence, no electric hum 

817
00:45:13,400 --> 00:45:15,500
of refrigerators or heating 
systems. 

818
00:45:15,500 --> 00:45:19,100
No distant traffic. 
Sounds No airplane. 

819
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:23,400
Overhead just genuine quiet. 
Broken only by the immediate 

820
00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:25,600
sounds of your household and 
natural environment. 

821
00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:29,500
He silent so complete that 
modern people who experience it 

822
00:45:29,500 --> 00:45:32,200
often. 
Find it unsettling at first. so 

823
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:36,000
accustomed to continuous 
background noise, your own body,

824
00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:39,900
produces sound, you might notice
in the Stillness, your heartbeat

825
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:42,100
becomes audible. 
When you press your ear against 

826
00:45:42,100 --> 00:45:46,100
the mattress, Your breathing, 
your stomach gurgling quietly, 

827
00:45:46,100 --> 00:45:49,300
the rustle of linen against your
skin, when you shift position. 

828
00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:53,100
All become part of the Sonic 
environment when everything else

829
00:45:53,100 --> 00:45:56,700
Falls still, some sounds 
inspired fear or Superstition. 

830
00:45:56,700 --> 00:46:00,900
Unexplained noises might be 
attributed to Spirits or demons 

831
00:46:00,900 --> 00:46:03,600
testing the households defenses,
though. 

832
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:06,700
Most people understood that most
mysterious sounds had natural 

833
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:12,200
explanations, once you learned 
to identify them, Still a sudden

834
00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:15,300
loud noise in the Deep night, 
its source. 

835
00:46:15,300 --> 00:46:19,700
Uncertain could set your heart 
racing and make you clutch your 

836
00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:22,900
religious medals or whisper 
protective prayers. 

837
00:46:22,900 --> 00:46:27,500
The return of mourning, sounds 
provided its own comfort The 

838
00:46:27,500 --> 00:46:31,100
first Birds Before Dawn roosters
crowing, they're not always 

839
00:46:31,100 --> 00:46:34,900
exactly at dawn despite folklore
signal the approaching End Of 

840
00:46:34,908 --> 00:46:37,800
Night. 
Other birds, joined gradually 

841
00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:41,600
building toward the dawn chorus.
You'd hear the household 

842
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:45,500
beginning to stir people, rising
fires being revived and the 

843
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:48,800
sounds of daily life returning 
to replace the nighttime, sound 

844
00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:52,700
skate, this acoustic World 
shaped how to people experience 

845
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:56,100
night. 
Without visual stimuli with 

846
00:46:56,100 --> 00:47:00,300
Darkness, complete Behind Closed
shutters and curtains, hearing 

847
00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:02,900
became the primary sense. 
Connecting you to the world 

848
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:06,200
beyond your bed. 
You learned to interpret sound 

849
00:47:06,200 --> 00:47:10,400
to distinguish normal from 
alarming to find comfort in 

850
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:14,000
expected noises and concern in 
unexpected ones. 

851
00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:20,100
The nighttime soundscape far 
from being empty, silence was 

852
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:23,800
richly textured with information
about whether animals, 

853
00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:29,700
neighbors, and the house itself 
A constant stream of Sonic data 

854
00:47:29,700 --> 00:47:32,300
that Tudor is processed 
instinctively throughout the 

855
00:47:32,300 --> 00:47:36,700
Night, chapter 8. 
Dawn and Rising the transition 

856
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:39,500
from night to day happened 
gradually in Tudor England. 

857
00:47:39,500 --> 00:47:43,600
A slow emergence from sleep and 
darkness that aligned with the 

858
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:46,700
body's natural rhythms far, more
than modern alarm clock 

859
00:47:46,700 --> 00:47:49,300
Awakenings. 
You'd become aware of increasing

860
00:47:49,300 --> 00:47:51,700
light first even before fully 
waking. 

861
00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:54,000
The Blackness behind your 
closed. 

862
00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:55,900
Eyelids. 
Shifts to a lighter shade. 

863
00:47:55,900 --> 00:47:59,400
As Dawn brightens the world, 
beyond your shuttered windows. 

864
00:48:00,300 --> 00:48:03,700
Thin strips of light appear at 
the edge of shutters and now 

865
00:48:03,700 --> 00:48:05,600
announcing that night's grip is 
loosening. 

866
00:48:05,600 --> 00:48:09,700
The household sounds change 
character. when night sound was 

867
00:48:09,700 --> 00:48:13,900
sporadic and muted morning, 
brings purposeful activity, the 

868
00:48:13,908 --> 00:48:17,900
first person out often a servant
or the housewife herself, moved 

869
00:48:17,900 --> 00:48:19,900
through the house on specific 
missions. 

870
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:23,900
You hear the scrape of 
Implements of the half working 

871
00:48:23,900 --> 00:48:27,600
to revive the banked fire, you 
hear the clunk of logs being 

872
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:31,300
added the Creeks of the Bellows 
and the first crackling as 

873
00:48:31,300 --> 00:48:33,800
flames. 
Catch holes, you might lie. 

874
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:36,700
Still for a few minutes, not 
quite ready to leave your warm 

875
00:48:36,700 --> 00:48:38,500
Nest. 
Listening to the house, wake 

876
00:48:38,500 --> 00:48:41,000
around you. 
Someone opens a shutter down. 

877
00:48:41,008 --> 00:48:44,800
Stairs, admitting light in the 
fresh morning air, you hear 

878
00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:49,100
water being poured feet on 
stairs and low voices of people 

879
00:48:49,100 --> 00:48:51,700
greeting each other and 
beginning their days tasks. 

880
00:48:52,300 --> 00:48:55,400
The quality of light seeping 
into your chamber changes as the

881
00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:59,000
sun rises. 
What started as pale gray 

882
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:01,500
brightens toward gold or silver,
depending on the weather. 

883
00:49:02,300 --> 00:49:05,400
On clear mornings. 
You might see actual shafts of 

884
00:49:05,408 --> 00:49:09,300
light, piercing through gaps, in
the shutters on cloudy days. 

885
00:49:09,300 --> 00:49:12,100
The illumination remains 
diffuse, but still increases to 

886
00:49:12,100 --> 00:49:14,300
the point where you can 
distinguish shapes in the room. 

887
00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:17,800
Rising requires a certain amount
of determination on cold 

888
00:49:17,800 --> 00:49:21,400
mornings, you have to leave your
warm cocoon, and expose yourself

889
00:49:21,400 --> 00:49:23,200
to are. 
That's cold enough to make your 

890
00:49:23,200 --> 00:49:27,400
skin prickly immediately. 
The process happens in stages. 

891
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:31,400
First, you sit up under the 
blanket preparing yourself. 

892
00:49:32,200 --> 00:49:34,800
Then you emerge, perhaps 
wrapping a blanket around your 

893
00:49:34,808 --> 00:49:37,500
shoulders, as you swing your 
legs, over the side of the bed, 

894
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:41,000
your feet Hit the Floor, cold 
even through any Floor Covering 

895
00:49:41,000 --> 00:49:43,900
or discarded clothing. 
You might step on you move 

896
00:49:43,900 --> 00:49:47,700
quickly now, motivated by 
discomfort reaching for your 

897
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:51,400
outer clothes that hang nearby. 
Dressing happens rapidly 

898
00:49:51,400 --> 00:49:55,000
layering on garments that have 
been sitting in the cold air all

899
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:57,400
night and feel clammy until your
body heat warms them. 

900
00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:00,700
If you're lucky, someone has 
brought warm water up for 

901
00:50:00,700 --> 00:50:03,200
washing. 
If not, you make do with 

902
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:04,500
whatever's in the chamber 
picture. 

903
00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:08,100
Probably cold enough to make you
gasp when you Splash it on your 

904
00:50:08,108 --> 00:50:10,400
face. 
This shock of cold water. 

905
00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:13,600
Does wake you effectively 
though, not need for coffee? 

906
00:50:13,600 --> 00:50:15,200
When ice cold water hits your 
skin. 

907
00:50:15,200 --> 00:50:17,500
Personal prayers might happen 
now. 

908
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:20,900
A quick devotional practice 
before the day's demands begin 

909
00:50:21,700 --> 00:50:24,700
Kneeling by the bed you'd run 
through familiar prayers, 

910
00:50:24,700 --> 00:50:28,400
perhaps adding specific requests
relevant to the day ahead. 

911
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:32,400
Safety for a journey. 
Success in business, dealings 

912
00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:36,300
health for a sick, family 
member, anything Weighing on 

913
00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:39,600
your mind as you face a new day,
emptying chamber pots 

914
00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:41,500
represents. 
One of the Less Pleasant morning

915
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:44,300
tasks, some one. 
Usually a servant. 

916
00:50:44,300 --> 00:50:47,200
If you have one or the 
housewife, if you don't carry 

917
00:50:47,200 --> 00:50:50,100
these down, stairs out to the 
privy, or to a spot where the 

918
00:50:50,100 --> 00:50:53,900
contents will be buried, or 
otherwise dispose of In cities, 

919
00:50:53,900 --> 00:50:56,100
chamber pots might be emptied 
into Street. 

920
00:50:56,100 --> 00:50:59,800
Gutters a practice that 
contributed to Urban sanitation 

921
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:03,200
problems and unpleasant smells 
hair gets attention, 

922
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:07,400
particularly for women. that 
nightcap comes off revealing 

923
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:10,000
hair that needs brushing or 
combing before being covered 

924
00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:17,700
again with a men might run their
fingers through shorter hair and

925
00:51:17,700 --> 00:51:20,700
call it done, though. 
Some attention to grooming 

926
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:23,200
happened. 
Even for males teeth received 

927
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:27,300
quick attention, a rinse of the 
mouth with water or ale, perhaps

928
00:51:27,300 --> 00:51:30,200
running a cloth over teeth to 
remove the furry feeling that 

929
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:33,400
builds overnight. 
More thorough cleaning might 

930
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:35,500
wait until later if guests are 
expected. 

931
00:51:35,500 --> 00:51:39,200
Or if you're preparing for a 
special occasion beds don't get 

932
00:51:39,200 --> 00:51:43,300
made in the modern sense. 
Instead they get aired blankets 

933
00:51:43,300 --> 00:51:47,400
thrown back covers folded over 
the foot of the bed allowing air

934
00:51:47,400 --> 00:51:48,800
to circulate through the 
bedding. 

935
00:51:49,700 --> 00:51:52,600
This prevents mustiness and 
gives moisture from night time 

936
00:51:52,600 --> 00:51:55,400
breathing and sweating a chance 
to evaporate. 

937
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:59,600
In good weather, you might hang 
blankets out a window or carry 

938
00:51:59,600 --> 00:52:03,000
them outside to are in the sun, 
which freshens the remarkably. 

939
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:05,700
Well breakfast. 
In Tudor, England wasn't the 

940
00:52:05,700 --> 00:52:09,600
substantial meal it became in 
later centuries. many people 

941
00:52:09,600 --> 00:52:13,400
especially those doing physical 
labor ate, something light, 

942
00:52:14,100 --> 00:52:17,600
Bread with butter or cheese or 
small beer. 

943
00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:20,800
Maybe pottage left from the 
previous evening supper and 

944
00:52:20,800 --> 00:52:25,200
reheated. truly might have more 
elaborate morning meals, but for

945
00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:30,600
most breaking fast meant exactly
that Breaking the overnight fast

946
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:33,700
with enough food to start the 
day, not filling yourself, 

947
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:36,500
completely children. 
Need waking and helping, 

948
00:52:36,500 --> 00:52:39,400
especially younger ones. 
They're not naturally early 

949
00:52:39,400 --> 00:52:42,600
Rises at this period, lacking 
the school schedules. 

950
00:52:42,600 --> 00:52:44,700
That would later structure 
childhood mornings. 

951
00:52:45,300 --> 00:52:48,300
You might need to coax a child 
from bed, help with dressing, 

952
00:52:48,300 --> 00:52:51,600
and make sure faces. 
Get washed and hair gets combed.

953
00:52:52,400 --> 00:52:55,400
The same parental tasks that 
cross all time periods. 

954
00:52:55,400 --> 00:52:58,800
As light increases, you can 
finally open the shutters fully 

955
00:52:58,800 --> 00:53:00,900
admitting the morning into the 
house. 

956
00:53:01,800 --> 00:53:04,200
The quality of light tells you 
much about the day ahead. 

957
00:53:04,200 --> 00:53:06,400
Clear? 
And bright means fair. 

958
00:53:06,400 --> 00:53:10,700
Weather is likely gray and flats
suggests rain and particular 

959
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:14,700
colors of the Dawn Sky, predict 
wind or storm, depending on folk

960
00:53:14,700 --> 00:53:16,700
wisdom accumulated over 
Generations. 

961
00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:20,300
The house begins to fill with 
the days activities, if there's 

962
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:22,800
a shop or Workshop its 
preparations begin. 

963
00:53:23,600 --> 00:53:26,700
If the household revolves around
farming people moved toward 

964
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:30,000
Barnes and Fields. 
If you're in a townhouse with a 

965
00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:34,700
trade to pursue tools, come out 
workspaces, get a range and The 

966
00:53:34,700 --> 00:53:36,900
Business of making a living 
begins in Earnest. 

967
00:53:36,900 --> 00:53:40,800
You take your place in this 
daily Rhythm moving from the 

968
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:43,800
private world of sleep and 
bedroom into the public world of

969
00:53:43,800 --> 00:53:47,400
work and community. 
The transition feels natural 

970
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:51,100
aligned with light and sound in 
the needs of your body. 

971
00:53:51,900 --> 00:53:55,100
There's no jarring alarm. 
No sense of being wrenched from 

972
00:53:55,100 --> 00:53:56,400
sleep before. 
You're ready. 

973
00:53:56,400 --> 00:54:01,900
Just a gradual emergence that 
respect biological rhythms, even

974
00:54:01,900 --> 00:54:05,800
as it responds to practical 
Necessities the morning routine 

975
00:54:05,800 --> 00:54:09,200
repeated day after day with 
minor variations for seasons and

976
00:54:09,200 --> 00:54:12,200
circumstances, provide structure
and comfort. 

977
00:54:12,200 --> 00:54:15,400
You know what comes next? 
Because it's what always comes 

978
00:54:15,400 --> 00:54:17,900
next. 
The predictability might seem 

979
00:54:17,900 --> 00:54:21,100
boring to Modern sensibilities. 
That value variety and Novelty. 

980
00:54:21,100 --> 00:54:26,100
But Tudor people generally found
security and repetition in doing

981
00:54:26,100 --> 00:54:29,100
what their parents did, what 
their grandparents did and what 

982
00:54:29,100 --> 00:54:33,500
everyone around them does by the
time for daylight arrives, your 

983
00:54:33,500 --> 00:54:38,100
dressed washed fed at least 
minimally and engaged in the 

984
00:54:38,100 --> 00:54:39,500
days. 
First tasks. 

985
00:54:40,500 --> 00:54:42,600
The night has fully released, 
its hold. 

986
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:47,200
Whatever dreams or thoughts 
occupied those dark hours Fade 

987
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:51,800
Into memory as a media concerns,
demand attention, the daily 

988
00:54:51,800 --> 00:54:54,400
cycle that will eventually lead.
You back to that same bed, 

989
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:58,900
begins, again as inevitable and 
natural as the sun's path across

990
00:54:58,900 --> 00:55:03,400
the sky chapter 9, the cultural 
meaning of sleep sleeping. 

991
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:07,000
Tudor England, carried, meanings
that extended far beyond the 

992
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:08,900
simple. 
Biological need for rest. 

993
00:55:09,900 --> 00:55:14,100
How you slept where you slept, 
what you wore and what 

994
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:17,400
surrounded you, while sleeping 
all these reflected and 

995
00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:21,400
reinforced the social order, 
spiritual beliefs and 

996
00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:24,900
philosophical understanding of 
human nature at the most basic 

997
00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:27,400
level sleep represented 
vulnerability. 

998
00:55:28,100 --> 00:55:30,800
While sleeping you couldn't 
defend yourself, couldn't 

999
00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:34,200
maintain social masks and 
couldn't control your behavior 

1000
00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:37,300
or appearance. 
This made the sleeping chamber, 

1001
00:55:37,300 --> 00:55:41,400
a space, requirement protection,
both physical and spiritual. 

1002
00:55:42,500 --> 00:55:44,700
Presence before bed were just 
empty ritual. 

1003
00:55:44,700 --> 00:55:48,100
They expressed genuine concern 
about the helpless hours ahead. 

1004
00:55:48,100 --> 00:55:53,400
The bed itself carried enormous 
symbolic weight, When you made a

1005
00:55:53,400 --> 00:55:56,900
will and most people of any 
means made Will's, you 

1006
00:55:56,900 --> 00:56:00,900
specifically between your bed 
name, it as a valuable asset to 

1007
00:56:00,900 --> 00:56:05,800
be passed to particular Aires. 
The bed represented, security, 

1008
00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:09,300
Domesticity and the private life
of the family. 

1009
00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:13,200
To inherit someone's bed met 
more than gaining, a physical 

1010
00:56:13,200 --> 00:56:15,600
object. 
It meant taking on a piece of 

1011
00:56:15,608 --> 00:56:18,900
their domestic Legacy marriage 
beds, held particular 

1012
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:21,500
significance. 
The marriage bed was blessed by 

1013
00:56:21,500 --> 00:56:24,100
the church and the act of being 
bedded. 

1014
00:56:24,100 --> 00:56:28,000
The ceremonial putting to bed of
the new bride and groom marked 

1015
00:56:28,000 --> 00:56:31,100
the transition to married life. 
Witnesses. 

1016
00:56:31,100 --> 00:56:33,500
Might actually accompany the 
couple to the bed chamber, 

1017
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:35,100
though. 
They'd leave before, 

1018
00:56:35,100 --> 00:56:39,000
consummation occurred the bed, 
thus, served as both symbol and 

1019
00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:42,700
Stage for one of life's most 
important transitions deaths, 

1020
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:46,300
occurred in the same beds. 
Most people died at home in 

1021
00:56:46,300 --> 00:56:48,300
their own beds, surrounded by 
family. 

1022
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:52,400
The bed witnessed your birth. 
If you were born at home your 

1023
00:56:52,400 --> 00:56:55,800
conception your wedding night, 
your children's births, and 

1024
00:56:55,800 --> 00:57:00,100
finally, your death Few pieces 
of furniture participated, so 

1025
00:57:00,100 --> 00:57:03,800
intimately in life's major 
passages, social hierarchy 

1026
00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:06,700
expressed itself in sleeping 
arrangements with remarkable 

1027
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:08,600
clarity. 
Servants. 

1028
00:57:08,600 --> 00:57:12,400
Slept on straw pallets on floors
are in attics middling. 

1029
00:57:12,400 --> 00:57:16,500
Folks, slept in proper beds with
decent mattresses. the wealthy 

1030
00:57:16,500 --> 00:57:19,900
slept, in massive, poster, beds 
with expensive hanging feather 

1031
00:57:19,900 --> 00:57:24,100
mattresses and finally, in where
you slept and what you slept on 

1032
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:26,400
announced, your status, as 
surely as your clothing did 

1033
00:57:26,400 --> 00:57:29,900
during waking hours dreams, held
significance, that modern 

1034
00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:34,200
psychology doesn't quite capture
Tudor people believed dreams 

1035
00:57:34,200 --> 00:57:38,200
could carry messages from God, 
from angels, from the 

1036
00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:41,600
subconscious mind, struggling 
with waking problems or 

1037
00:57:41,600 --> 00:57:46,100
sometimes from darker sources. 
Prophetic dreams, warning, 

1038
00:57:46,100 --> 00:57:50,200
dreams dreams that revealed 
Hidden Truths, all these 

1039
00:57:50,200 --> 00:57:51,900
appeared in literature and folk 
belief. 

1040
00:57:52,600 --> 00:57:55,400
You might consult an almanac or 
a priest about the meaning of a 

1041
00:57:55,400 --> 00:57:58,300
particularly Vivid, or 
disturbing dream, the 

1042
00:57:58,300 --> 00:58:01,000
vulnerability of sleep made 
people careful about who could 

1043
00:58:01,000 --> 00:58:04,800
observe them sleeping. 
Servants might see their masters

1044
00:58:04,800 --> 00:58:08,000
in night clothes, but this was 
part of the intimate household 

1045
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:11,200
relationship. 
Balance by mutual dependencies 

1046
00:58:11,200 --> 00:58:14,600
and understood boundaries. 
Strangers seeing you sleep 

1047
00:58:14,600 --> 00:58:19,400
though represented a kind of 
violation, your guard was down 

1048
00:58:19,400 --> 00:58:23,200
your face. 
Relaxed into its true form and 

1049
00:58:23,200 --> 00:58:25,600
your body positioned without the
careful control. 

1050
00:58:25,600 --> 00:58:28,800
You maintained while awake 
medical Theory can connected 

1051
00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:30,500
sleep to the body's human World 
Balance. 

1052
00:58:31,500 --> 00:58:35,200
Sleep allowed, the digestive 
system to process food, the body

1053
00:58:35,200 --> 00:58:38,900
to repair itself and the Brain 
to clear itself of vapors 

1054
00:58:38,900 --> 00:58:41,900
accumulated during waking hours,
too much. 

1055
00:58:41,908 --> 00:58:44,400
Sleep made you sluggish and 
flagged Matic. 

1056
00:58:45,200 --> 00:58:49,100
Two little sleep dried out the 
body's fluids leading, tolerate 

1057
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:52,700
irritability. 
The right amount of sleep, which

1058
00:58:52,700 --> 00:58:57,000
varied by age Constitution, and 
seasoned maintained equilibrium 

1059
00:58:57,000 --> 00:59:00,100
different phases of Life, 
required different amounts of 

1060
00:59:00,100 --> 00:59:02,300
sleep. 
Babies and young children 

1061
00:59:02,300 --> 00:59:04,200
needed. 
Much sleep for proper growth, 

1062
00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:08,200
adults in their Prime needed, 
moderates, sleep enough for 

1063
00:59:08,200 --> 00:59:11,000
health, but not so much at 
encouraged laziness. 

1064
00:59:11,900 --> 00:59:15,400
Elderly people naturally 
required less their bodies 

1065
00:59:15,400 --> 00:59:19,700
winding down toward life's end. 
These patterns seemed obvious 

1066
00:59:19,700 --> 00:59:23,600
through observation and folk 
wisdom, aligned reasonably well 

1067
00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:27,200
with what modern sleep science 
has since confirmed seasonal 

1068
00:59:27,200 --> 00:59:30,600
sleep patterns, reflected the 
agricultural calendar, winter 

1069
00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:33,500
allowed slightly longer sleep 
periods, since less daylight 

1070
00:59:33,500 --> 00:59:37,400
meant fewer workouts. 
Some are demanded earlier rising

1071
00:59:37,400 --> 00:59:40,700
to make use of long days though.
After noon rests might 

1072
00:59:40,700 --> 00:59:45,600
compensate the wealthy less tied
to agricultural rhythms could 

1073
00:59:45,600 --> 00:59:48,400
maintain more consistent 
schedules though. 

1074
00:59:48,400 --> 00:59:50,900
Even they adjusted somewhat to 
seize and light changes 

1075
00:59:50,900 --> 00:59:54,100
religious, observance. 
Intersected with sleep in 

1076
00:59:54,100 --> 00:59:57,800
multiple ways. 
Monks and nuns Rose for night 

1077
00:59:57,800 --> 01:00:00,500
prayers. 
The night officers that divided 

1078
01:00:00,500 --> 01:00:03,800
sleep into segments different 
from the late pattern of first 

1079
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:07,500
and second sleep. 
Devoutly people might rise at 

1080
01:00:07,500 --> 01:00:11,300
midnight for private prayers, 
imitating, monastic practice. 

1081
01:00:12,200 --> 01:00:16,100
Religious holidays might involve
night vigils or Dawn procession 

1082
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:18,300
that disrupted normal. 
Sleep patterns. 

1083
01:00:18,300 --> 01:00:21,000
The language people used about 
sleep carried. 

1084
01:00:21,000 --> 01:00:23,800
Moral overtones to be a slug of 
bed. 

1085
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:27,600
Someone who stayed too long in 
bed implied, moral failure, 

1086
01:00:27,600 --> 01:00:32,400
laziness and lack of virtue. 
The early riser, demonstrated 

1087
01:00:32,400 --> 01:00:35,700
industry godliness and proper 
household management. 

1088
01:00:36,700 --> 01:00:40,100
Early to bed and early to rise 
makes a man healthy wealthy and 

1089
01:00:40,100 --> 01:00:43,100
wise capture this attitude 
though, that specific 

1090
01:00:43,100 --> 01:00:46,900
formulation came slightly later 
than the Tudor period sleep. 

1091
01:00:46,900 --> 01:00:48,700
Made you equal to everyone else 
in a way. 

1092
01:00:49,400 --> 01:00:51,700
The nobleman, and the peasant, 
both needed sleep. 

1093
01:00:51,700 --> 01:00:55,100
Both experienced dreams and both
lay helpless in the dark. 

1094
01:00:55,900 --> 01:00:59,100
This temporary equality perhaps 
made sleep slightly troubling to

1095
01:00:59,100 --> 01:01:02,600
social hierarchies, it suggested
that beneath the elaborate 

1096
01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:06,000
social structures, All Humans 
shared basic needs and 

1097
01:01:06,000 --> 01:01:09,900
experiences that no amount of 
wealth or status could eliminate

1098
01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:13,500
literature of the period use 
sleep as a metaphor and plot 

1099
01:01:13,500 --> 01:01:17,000
device extensively. 
Shakespeare writing at the tail 

1100
01:01:17,000 --> 01:01:20,200
end of this era, filled his 
place with sleep imagery. 

1101
01:01:20,200 --> 01:01:24,900
The innocent sleep that knits up
the raveled sleave of care, the 

1102
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:27,900
sleep of death. 
And the prophetic dreams that 

1103
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:31,900
advanced plots or reveal 
characters in a state's His 

1104
01:01:31,900 --> 01:01:34,200
audience is understood these 
references in immediately 

1105
01:01:34,200 --> 01:01:36,300
because sleep held such cultural
weight. 

1106
01:01:36,300 --> 01:01:39,800
The position you slept in 
supposedly revealed character 

1107
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:42,800
traits. 
Sleeping on your back indicated.

1108
01:01:42,800 --> 01:01:45,600
An open honest nature. 
Side. 

1109
01:01:45,600 --> 01:01:47,500
Sleeping showed balance and 
moderation. 

1110
01:01:48,500 --> 01:01:51,700
Sleeping on your stomach 
suggested, secretiveness or 

1111
01:01:51,700 --> 01:01:55,300
devious Tendencies. 
Whether anyone actually believe 

1112
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:59,100
this or just found it amusing as
hard to say, but the existence 

1113
01:01:59,100 --> 01:02:01,900
of such folklore shows that even
unconsciously sleeping 

1114
01:02:01,900 --> 01:02:05,400
positions, carried meaning, 
nightmares, required spiritual 

1115
01:02:05,400 --> 01:02:10,000
explanation, The term itself 
comes from Nightmare a demon or 

1116
01:02:10,008 --> 01:02:13,600
evil spirit that sat on your 
chest, while you slept, causing 

1117
01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:15,500
bad dreams and difficulty 
breathing. 

1118
01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:20,200
Other cultures had similar 
Concepts the succubus and 

1119
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:24,700
Incubus of medieval belief. 
Spiritual Beings that visited 

1120
01:02:24,700 --> 01:02:26,500
sleepers with various 
intentions. 

1121
01:02:27,700 --> 01:02:30,700
Whether people literally 
believed in these entities, or 

1122
01:02:30,700 --> 01:02:33,500
use them as explanations for 
Sleep phenomenal, like, sleep, 

1123
01:02:33,500 --> 01:02:37,500
paralysis varied among 
individuals and regions the 

1124
01:02:37,500 --> 01:02:41,100
continuity between sleep and 
death, the resemblance of the 

1125
01:02:41,100 --> 01:02:45,200
sleeping body to a quartz made 
sleep, both natural and slightly

1126
01:02:45,200 --> 01:02:47,800
uncanny. 
You surrendered Consciousness, 

1127
01:02:47,800 --> 01:02:52,400
trusted that you'd wake again, 
couldn't guarantee it every 

1128
01:02:52,400 --> 01:02:55,300
night involved a small Act of 
Faith that this sleep wouldn't 

1129
01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:58,900
become permanently. 
Morning prayers often included. 

1130
01:02:58,900 --> 01:03:02,200
Thanks for being allowed to wait
and acknowledgment that survival

1131
01:03:02,200 --> 01:03:03,900
through the night wasn't 
automatic. 

1132
01:03:03,900 --> 01:03:07,000
This Rich web of meaning 
surrounding sleep. 

1133
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:11,000
Made it far more than a 
biological necessity Sleep, 

1134
01:03:11,000 --> 01:03:15,200
represented, spiritual States 
Social positions, moral 

1135
01:03:15,200 --> 01:03:18,100
qualities, and existential 
concerns. 

1136
01:03:19,000 --> 01:03:22,700
The rituals surrounding sleep, 
the prayers, the careful 

1137
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:25,200
preparations. 
The symbolic objects. 

1138
01:03:25,200 --> 01:03:27,600
Like blessed medallions. 
Hung near beds. 

1139
01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:32,100
Addressed, these multiple layers
of meaning acknowledging that 

1140
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:35,400
when you close your eyes, each 
night, you entered a realm where

1141
01:03:35,400 --> 01:03:38,200
the normal rules were suspended.
And something else, something 

1142
01:03:38,200 --> 01:03:40,900
both dangerous and necessary to 
go over until dawn. 

1143
01:03:40,900 --> 01:03:44,100
And so we come to the end of our
nighttime journey through 

1144
01:03:44,100 --> 01:03:47,100
tutoring England. 
You've experienced the full 

1145
01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:51,300
cycle from dust for Shadows 
through the depth of night, to 

1146
01:03:51,300 --> 01:03:55,000
mornings, gradual return. 
You felt the weight of wool 

1147
01:03:55,000 --> 01:03:59,600
blankets on a cold night. 
Heard the sound of darkness and 

1148
01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:01,400
understood The rhythms of 
segmented. 

1149
01:04:01,400 --> 01:04:04,800
Sleep in the cultural meaning as
woven through every aspect of 

1150
01:04:04,800 --> 01:04:07,200
rest. 
The modern world has gained much

1151
01:04:07,200 --> 01:04:10,300
in comfort and convenience, but 
it has lost something too. 

1152
01:04:11,200 --> 01:04:15,000
That deeper alignment with 
natural rhythms that acceptance 

1153
01:04:15,000 --> 01:04:17,500
of darkness and its own 
particular gifts. 

1154
01:04:18,200 --> 01:04:21,300
That sense of sleep as something
more than mere unconsciousness 

1155
01:04:21,300 --> 01:04:23,500
between productive waking 
periods. 

1156
01:04:24,200 --> 01:04:27,000
Tudor people, for all their 
discomforts and challenges. 

1157
01:04:27,000 --> 01:04:29,500
Knew how to rest in ways we've 
largely forgotten. 

1158
01:04:30,300 --> 01:04:33,000
Perhaps there's wisdom in their 
practices that we might recover 

1159
01:04:33,000 --> 01:04:37,200
not by returning to straw 
mattresses and chamber pots but 

1160
01:04:37,200 --> 01:04:40,900
by remembering that sleep 
deserves respect that Darkness 

1161
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:43,700
has value. 
And that rest is not idleness 

1162
01:04:43,700 --> 01:04:48,800
but renewal as you drift towards
sleep in your own time, in your 

1163
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:51,600
own bed. 
Perhaps you can carry a bit of 

1164
01:04:51,600 --> 01:04:54,800
Tudor wisdom with you. 
The acceptance of natural 

1165
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:59,200
rhythms, the appreciation for 
simple Comforts and the 

1166
01:04:59,200 --> 01:05:02,100
understanding that a good 
night's rest is not a luxury, 

1167
01:05:02,100 --> 01:05:06,700
but a fundamental human need on 
it by Generations who slept 

1168
01:05:06,700 --> 01:05:10,500
before you and those who will 
sleep after your gone sleep well

1169
01:05:10,500 --> 01:05:12,500
whenever and wherever you find 
your rest. 

1170
01:05:18,200 --> 01:05:20,600
Julius Caesar was an always the 
Towering figure. 

1171
01:05:20,600 --> 01:05:23,700
We picked picture draped in a 
bright red cloak, and commanding

1172
01:05:23,700 --> 01:05:28,100
the world's greatest Empire, 
Before he was that Legend, he 

1173
01:05:28,100 --> 01:05:30,800
was simply guessed. 
Julius born into a patrician, 

1174
01:05:30,800 --> 01:05:34,300
family with fading clout, in a 
Rome that seemed to change every

1175
01:05:34,300 --> 01:05:37,000
week. 
In those early days, the city 

1176
01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:39,400
itself wasn't the polished 
marble Wonder of later, 

1177
01:05:39,400 --> 01:05:42,100
centuries. 
With curving streets that spread

1178
01:05:42,100 --> 01:05:43,700
gossip more quickly than 
chariots. 

1179
01:05:43,700 --> 01:05:47,500
It was a noisy crowded Center of
ambition and politics people. 

1180
01:05:47,500 --> 01:05:50,400
Lived on top of each other in 
shabby Apartments, while 

1181
01:05:50,400 --> 01:05:53,400
Aristocrats planned lavish 
feasts in their Villa Courtyards

1182
01:05:53,400 --> 01:05:55,700
hoping to lure allies for the 
next election. 

1183
01:05:56,700 --> 01:06:00,100
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 
all the noise of Street vendors,

1184
01:06:00,100 --> 01:06:03,400
Hawking figs, and fish the 
heated oratory in the Forum and 

1185
01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:05,200
The Whispers behind every 
statues. 

1186
01:06:05,200 --> 01:06:08,800
Column Even as a child sees, had
a curiosity that led him to 

1187
01:06:08,800 --> 01:06:11,900
corners of Romeo's, avoided 
dimly lit taverns. 

1188
01:06:11,900 --> 01:06:14,800
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 
River and rows of cramped 

1189
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:17,800
bookshops, where scribes copied 
Scrolls for hours on end? 

1190
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:21,400
These experiences, see him with 
a knowledge of everyday life 

1191
01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:25,300
that most upper-class Romans 
rarely bothered with He'd watch 

1192
01:06:25,300 --> 01:06:28,400
workers at the Docks fascinated 
by the different languages from 

1193
01:06:28,400 --> 01:06:31,600
Traders coming in from the East.
Gave him an early taste for the 

1194
01:06:31,600 --> 01:06:35,300
diversity, that existed Beyond 
Rome's walls, and no matter how 

1195
01:06:35,300 --> 01:06:38,100
chaotic it got, he never seemed 
overwhelmed. 

1196
01:06:39,000 --> 01:06:42,100
Instead he carefully absorb how 
each piece of society, 

1197
01:06:42,100 --> 01:06:45,800
functioned and filed the 
information away in his early 

1198
01:06:45,800 --> 01:06:47,800
teen's. 
While many aristocratic boys 

1199
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:51,300
took lessons in rhetoric under 
Fame tutors season did too, but 

1200
01:06:51,300 --> 01:06:53,700
he did more than rehearse 
speeches from ancient Greek 

1201
01:06:53,700 --> 01:06:55,600
texts. 
Peppered. 

1202
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:58,200
His teachers with questions 
about how words could shift 

1203
01:06:58,200 --> 01:07:00,400
emotions he realizes that to 
command. 

1204
01:07:00,400 --> 01:07:04,200
Respect in Rome, you needed to 
shape minds and hearts not just 

1205
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:07,900
bodies on a Battlefield. 
This Julius, Caesar wasn't 

1206
01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:11,100
always the Towering figure. 
We picture draped in a bright 

1207
01:07:11,100 --> 01:07:13,600
red cloak and commanding the 
world's greatest Empire. 

1208
01:07:14,400 --> 01:07:17,700
Before he was that Legend, he 
was simply Gaius. 

1209
01:07:17,700 --> 01:07:21,600
Julius born into a patrician, 
family with fading clout, in a 

1210
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:23,000
Rome that seemed to change every
week. 

1211
01:07:23,800 --> 01:07:26,600
In those early days, the city 
itself wasn't the polished 

1212
01:07:26,600 --> 01:07:28,300
marble Wonder of later, 
centuries. 

1213
01:07:29,100 --> 01:07:31,600
With curving streets that spread
gossip more quickly than 

1214
01:07:31,600 --> 01:07:34,100
chariots. 
It was a noisy crowded Center of

1215
01:07:34,100 --> 01:07:37,200
ambition and politics people 
lived on top of each other in 

1216
01:07:37,200 --> 01:07:40,300
shabby Apartments, while 
Aristocrats planted lavish 

1217
01:07:40,300 --> 01:07:43,600
feasts in their Villa Courtyards
hoping to lure allies for the 

1218
01:07:43,608 --> 01:07:46,800
next election. 
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 

1219
01:07:46,800 --> 01:07:50,100
all the noise of Street vendors,
Hawking figs, and fish the 

1220
01:07:50,100 --> 01:07:53,000
heated oratory in the Forum and 
The Whispers behind every 

1221
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:56,100
statues. 
Column Even as a child sees had 

1222
01:07:56,100 --> 01:07:57,900
a curiosity that led him to 
corners of row. 

1223
01:07:57,900 --> 01:08:00,400
Mothers of avoided dimly lit 
taverns. 

1224
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,400
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 
River and rows of cramped 

1225
01:08:03,400 --> 01:08:06,300
bookshops were scribes copied 
Scrolls for hours on end. 

1226
01:08:06,300 --> 01:08:09,600
These experience is seasoned him
with a knowledge of every day. 

1227
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:13,900
Life that most upper-class 
Romans rarely bothered with He'd

1228
01:08:13,900 --> 01:08:16,300
watch workers at the Docks 
fascinated by the different 

1229
01:08:16,300 --> 01:08:18,500
languages from Traders coming in
from the East. 

1230
01:08:18,500 --> 01:08:21,200
It gave him an early taste for 
the diversity, that existed, 

1231
01:08:21,200 --> 01:08:25,500
Beyond Rome's walls, and no 
matter how chaotic it got, he 

1232
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:30,000
never seemed overwhelmed. 
Instead he absorb how each piece

1233
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:34,100
of society, functioned and filed
the information away in his 

1234
01:08:34,100 --> 01:08:36,800
early teens, while many 
aristocratic boys took lessons 

1235
01:08:36,800 --> 01:08:40,399
in rhetoric under Fame, tutors 
Caesar did too but he did more 

1236
01:08:40,399 --> 01:08:42,700
than rehearse speeches. 
From ancient Greek texts. 

1237
01:08:42,700 --> 01:08:45,300
He peppered. 
Eventually sees a return to Rome

1238
01:08:45,300 --> 01:08:48,000
after solar's death. 
But he'd learned that when power

1239
01:08:48,000 --> 01:08:50,700
is on the table, trust is a 
fragile commodity. 

1240
01:08:51,399 --> 01:08:54,600
He had seen men switch loyalties
for a promise of gold or turn in

1241
01:08:54,600 --> 01:08:58,700
a friend to keep their own head 
that lesson never left him upon 

1242
01:08:58,700 --> 01:09:00,800
coming home. 
He immediately set about 

1243
01:09:00,800 --> 01:09:04,100
re-establishing, his social ties
attending, Banquets and forging 

1244
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:06,899
friendships with men who had 
once I'd him with suspicion. 

1245
01:09:07,700 --> 01:09:11,200
Yes, Caesar was a depth at 
reading faces, if he caught even

1246
01:09:11,200 --> 01:09:14,300
a flicker of duplicity, he 
dodged that Bond elegantly, 

1247
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:17,399
perhaps with an extravagant 
greeting, followed by a subtle 

1248
01:09:17,399 --> 01:09:20,000
distancing. 
One could never be too. 

1249
01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:21,899
Careful in Rome, swirling 
politics. 

1250
01:09:21,899 --> 01:09:25,500
A remarkable moment came when he
took on the role of priests to 

1251
01:09:25,500 --> 01:09:30,100
Jupiter only to lose it during 
solar's purges, it was a blow 

1252
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:33,000
public piety. 
After all was a stepping stone 

1253
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:36,600
for an aspiring politician. 
Caesar's resilience was already 

1254
01:09:36,600 --> 01:09:41,100
in full bloom, he picked himself
up Found A New Path and ventured

1255
01:09:41,100 --> 01:09:42,899
into the world of politics from 
a different angle. 

1256
01:09:42,899 --> 01:09:45,899
Securing lesser offices, that 
would eventually open bigger 

1257
01:09:45,899 --> 01:09:48,200
doors. 
He began building a personal 

1258
01:09:48,200 --> 01:09:51,100
brand of generosity soon. 
People whispered about the, 

1259
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:54,000
Banquets he held in the funds. 
He provided for Public Works 

1260
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:57,100
Senators, wondered how he 
managed to gather such a Deep 

1261
01:09:57,108 --> 01:09:59,700
Pockets. 
It wasn't old, family, wealth 

1262
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:02,800
alone, Caesar had a network of 
supporters and many believed in 

1263
01:10:02,800 --> 01:10:05,300
him precisely, because of his 
willingness to think outside the

1264
01:10:05,300 --> 01:10:07,800
conventional lines of patronage 
and nepotism. 

1265
01:10:07,800 --> 01:10:11,700
By his mid-20s Caesar had 
cultivated a reputation for 

1266
01:10:11,700 --> 01:10:15,500
being both bold and adaptable. 
He hadn't yet reshaped Rome, but

1267
01:10:15,500 --> 01:10:18,200
the seeds were there. 
His path wasn't about simple 

1268
01:10:18,200 --> 01:10:21,200
heroics or the typical childhood
prophecy that he was destined 

1269
01:10:21,200 --> 01:10:24,000
for greatness. 
Rather it was a quieter 

1270
01:10:24,000 --> 01:10:26,500
accumulation of experiences that
prepared him for the challenge 

1271
01:10:26,500 --> 01:10:29,500
is ahead. 
Each piece, his exposure, to 

1272
01:10:29,500 --> 01:10:32,600
Everyday, Roman's his brush, 
with danger, during solar's 

1273
01:10:32,600 --> 01:10:35,200
regime. 
His love of rhetoric lined up 

1274
01:10:35,208 --> 01:10:38,100
perfectly to form a foundation 
Rome. 

1275
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:40,900
Full of swirling rivalries and 
unspoken rules. 

1276
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:44,800
Had no idea that this relatively
unremarkable, young man with a 

1277
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:47,500
quick tongue and quick mind was 
about to upend everything. 

1278
01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:50,800
Before he was a seasoned 
Commander or the Colossus 

1279
01:10:50,800 --> 01:10:54,000
striding across the Rubicon. 
Caesar had an Escapade that 

1280
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:55,700
shaped his perspective on the 
power. 

1281
01:10:55,700 --> 01:10:57,500
More than any lecture in the 
Senate ever. 

1282
01:10:57,500 --> 01:11:00,700
Could his abduction by solution 
pirates in the Aegean Sea. 

1283
01:11:00,700 --> 01:11:04,900
It's a tail rarely told in the 
mainstream but it offers a raw 

1284
01:11:04,900 --> 01:11:07,600
glimpse into his character. 
Caesar was traveling to 

1285
01:11:07,600 --> 01:11:10,500
strengthen his oratory skills, 
under a, renowned teacher on the

1286
01:11:10,508 --> 01:11:13,500
island, roads, something 
Aristocrats often did. 

1287
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:17,400
But the Seas teamed with Pirates
Who thrived on Rants and it 

1288
01:11:17,400 --> 01:11:20,300
wasn't long before his ship was 
seized the Pirates. 

1289
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:22,800
Who captured him expected a 
frightened Roman Aristocrat. 

1290
01:11:22,800 --> 01:11:26,100
Instead they encountered a man, 
whose boldness made them 

1291
01:11:26,100 --> 01:11:29,100
question, who truly been 
captured when they demanded a 

1292
01:11:29,100 --> 01:11:33,100
ransom of 20 talents of silver? 
Caesar reportedly scoffed that 

1293
01:11:33,100 --> 01:11:36,400
they were under selling him. 
He insisted they asked for 50 

1294
01:11:36,400 --> 01:11:38,800
the Pirates. 
Bemused yet. 

1295
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:42,700
Intrigued took his suggestion 
for several weeks season, lived 

1296
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:45,800
among them, waiting for friends 
to gather the Sun, during that 

1297
01:11:45,800 --> 01:11:49,400
time, he treated them as if he 
were the one in charge, ordering

1298
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:52,900
them to keep quiet when he slept
even reciting poems and speeches

1299
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:56,300
and telling them to appreciate 
the Artistry or else to the 

1300
01:11:56,308 --> 01:11:58,600
Pirates credit they indulged 
him. 

1301
01:11:58,600 --> 01:12:01,500
Perhaps wondering if they had 
accidentally kidnapped a 

1302
01:12:01,500 --> 01:12:04,000
lunatic, he wasn't simply being 
arrogant. 

1303
01:12:04,000 --> 01:12:06,300
He was displaying confidence and
unpredictability. 

1304
01:12:06,300 --> 01:12:10,500
In a precarious situation, fear 
can be an exploitable weakness 

1305
01:12:10,500 --> 01:12:13,300
by acting as if he were the 
authority figure. 

1306
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:17,400
Sees a force, the Pirates to 
respect him or at least treat 

1307
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:20,600
him carefully. 
When the ransom finally arrived 

1308
01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:24,000
and Caesar was freed, he 
quickly, organized a naval Force

1309
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:26,400
hunted. 
Those same Pirates down and had 

1310
01:12:26,400 --> 01:12:28,600
them crucified. 
It was an act of lethal 

1311
01:12:28,600 --> 01:12:31,400
retribution laced with the 
cunning, that would characterize

1312
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:34,300
his later campaigns. 
The memory of that Ransom 

1313
01:12:34,300 --> 01:12:37,600
demanded and of Caesar's 
outlandish performance on the 

1314
01:12:37,600 --> 01:12:41,000
Pirates Island helped shape his 
entire approach to dealing with 

1315
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:44,700
adversaries, dramatic strategic,
and always with an eye to the 

1316
01:12:44,700 --> 01:12:48,200
outcome. 
Back in row, Caesar resumed, his

1317
01:12:48,200 --> 01:12:50,600
climb, Yeti carried a certain 
Swagger. 

1318
01:12:50,600 --> 01:12:53,800
Now a sense that his life was 
fated for something. 

1319
01:12:53,800 --> 01:12:58,100
Extraordinary after all, how 
many young Roman Nobles had 

1320
01:12:58,100 --> 01:13:00,200
stared down, Pirates and lived 
to spin the tail. 

1321
01:13:00,200 --> 01:13:03,900
A political gathering's, people 
whispered behind their cups of 

1322
01:13:03,900 --> 01:13:07,600
wine speculating on whether that
story was just seizes brand of 

1323
01:13:07,608 --> 01:13:11,100
theatrics or pure truth. 
But it was undeniable that he 

1324
01:13:11,100 --> 01:13:13,500
managed to secure enough 
influence to become a military 

1325
01:13:13,500 --> 01:13:17,400
Tribune and soon he was off to 
gain experience in the provinces

1326
01:13:17,400 --> 01:13:19,700
which gave him intimate 
knowledge of the armies. 

1327
01:13:19,700 --> 01:13:22,100
Who would one day command? 
The politics? 

1328
01:13:22,100 --> 01:13:23,900
He left in Rome were no less 
complicated. 

1329
01:13:24,900 --> 01:13:28,600
He forged a delicate packed with
Pompey and don't Crassus later 

1330
01:13:28,600 --> 01:13:32,100
known as the first triumvirate. 
This was not a formal 

1331
01:13:32,100 --> 01:13:35,200
institution, but rather a 
private handshake that United 

1332
01:13:35,200 --> 01:13:38,200
three men with distinct 
strengths, pompey's, military 

1333
01:13:38,200 --> 01:13:42,000
Prestige, Caesars wealth, and 
Caesar's political cunning. 

1334
01:13:42,900 --> 01:13:44,900
People often assume these are 
just lucked into that 

1335
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:48,000
Arrangement, but it was actually
the culmination of countless 

1336
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:50,500
dinners private agreements and 
carefully. 

1337
01:13:50,500 --> 01:13:53,300
Batted favors. 
Season knew that if he wanted to

1338
01:13:53,300 --> 01:13:56,500
climb higher, he needed to bring
Rome's big players into his 

1339
01:13:56,500 --> 01:14:00,300
corner at least temporarily. 
If that meant moderating his own

1340
01:14:00,300 --> 01:14:03,808
Ambitions in the short run to 
secure pompy's trust, he'd do it

1341
01:14:03,816 --> 01:14:07,700
without blinking with their 
support Caesar aimed for a new 

1342
01:14:07,708 --> 01:14:09,800
goal. 
A position that would not only 

1343
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:12,800
confirm Prestige but also 
provide him with the chance to 

1344
01:14:12,800 --> 01:14:14,800
broaden his Network and bolster 
his army. 

1345
01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:17,900
With devoted Soldiers, the 
governorship of hispania 

1346
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:21,400
ulterior or Gaul where fortunes 
could be made and reputation. 

1347
01:14:21,400 --> 01:14:25,500
Cemented seemed ideal Not only 
would it allow him to command 

1348
01:14:25,500 --> 01:14:27,900
armies? 
It would offer a stage to 

1349
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:30,600
Showcase his genius in both 
Administration and warfare. 

1350
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:34,200
In time, he secured the 
proconsul ship of Gaul. 

1351
01:14:35,200 --> 01:14:39,600
Goal was vast populated by 
diverse tribes each with its own

1352
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:41,700
Traditions alliances and 
grudges. 

1353
01:14:41,700 --> 01:14:44,700
Where lesser men might see only 
a frontier to exploit. 

1354
01:14:45,400 --> 01:14:47,900
Caesar saw a chessboard with 
dozens of moving pieces. 

1355
01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:51,400
He relished the challenge. 
This was after all the man, who 

1356
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:54,500
once calmly dined with 
kidnappers Gathering Legions 

1357
01:14:54,500 --> 01:14:55,800
known for their discipline and 
grit. 

1358
01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:59,200
He departed North determined to 
do more than just play. 

1359
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:02,700
Caretaker, he wanted to knit, 
those tribes into Rome sphere of

1360
01:15:02,700 --> 01:15:06,300
influence, forging, New Roads 
and alliances while showcasing 

1361
01:15:06,300 --> 01:15:09,600
Roman Supremacy. 
Before he launched significant 

1362
01:15:09,600 --> 01:15:12,900
campaigns, Caesar did his 
homework, he arranged meetings 

1363
01:15:12,900 --> 01:15:16,000
with tribal Chiefs, listening, 
carefully to their rivalries, 

1364
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:17,800
and hearing their pleas for 
Roman protection. 

1365
01:15:18,600 --> 01:15:20,500
Was it genuine concern or 
applied? 

1366
01:15:21,300 --> 01:15:24,400
Caesar would wage statement 
reading not just the words, but 

1367
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:28,700
the shifts in tone and I contact
If he sensed an opportunity like

1368
01:15:28,700 --> 01:15:31,600
a tribe longing for revenge on 
his neighbor, he'd promised 

1369
01:15:31,600 --> 01:15:35,300
support extracting pledges of 
loyalty in many ways. 

1370
01:15:35,300 --> 01:15:38,400
His tactics mirrored, the hush 
hush, political dealings, he'd 

1371
01:15:38,400 --> 01:15:41,400
owned back in Rome only. 
Now the stakes were measured in 

1372
01:15:41,400 --> 01:15:43,600
thousands of soldiers and entire
territories. 

1373
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:47,200
Yet throughout these Maneuvers 
season. 

1374
01:15:47,200 --> 01:15:51,000
Never lost sight of the Persona 
he'd cultivated he was no mere 

1375
01:15:51,000 --> 01:15:53,700
bureaucrat, he was that daring 
Aristocrat. 

1376
01:15:53,700 --> 01:15:56,700
Who'd outwitted Pirates. 
The dynamic orator who 

1377
01:15:56,708 --> 01:16:00,000
electrified the courts and the 
cunning negotiator who found 

1378
01:16:00,000 --> 01:16:03,500
common ground with Pompey and 
Caesar each success. 

1379
01:16:03,500 --> 01:16:06,800
In Gaul was reported back to 
Rome via Sensational dispatches,

1380
01:16:06,800 --> 01:16:10,100
komentaryo so written with 
Clarity and Flair. 

1381
01:16:10,900 --> 01:16:13,200
People in the city devoured 
them, as if they were tabloid 

1382
01:16:13,200 --> 01:16:16,400
headlines, he dramatized his 
victories, just enough to 

1383
01:16:16,400 --> 01:16:19,700
capture the Public's 
imagination, the Senate, reading

1384
01:16:19,700 --> 01:16:22,400
the official versions found 
himself, both him pressed, and 

1385
01:16:22,400 --> 01:16:26,400
where he Caesar was quickly, 
becoming too big to ignore these

1386
01:16:26,400 --> 01:16:29,400
initial steps and Gaul some 
alliance's, struck some small 

1387
01:16:29,400 --> 01:16:33,200
skirmishes one in boldend him. 
He sensed that if he could bring

1388
01:16:33,200 --> 01:16:36,100
all of Gaul under Roman control,
he'd move from being just 

1389
01:16:36,100 --> 01:16:40,000
another ambitious politician to 
a legendary conqueror, that 

1390
01:16:40,000 --> 01:16:42,900
knowledge spurred him on Cesar 
might have left Behind The 

1391
01:16:42,900 --> 01:16:46,100
Pirates Who Wants threatened him
but the memory of that captivity

1392
01:16:46,100 --> 01:16:48,200
fueled his hunger for absolute 
control. 

1393
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:52,100
If he had his way, no one be 
their tribal Chief or a Roman 

1394
01:16:52,100 --> 01:16:55,200
Senator would ever have the 
power to hold him captive again.

1395
01:16:56,000 --> 01:16:59,000
The gallic wars, the Caesars 
campaigns would come to be 

1396
01:16:59,000 --> 01:17:01,800
called weren't just about 
marching Legions, across fields 

1397
01:17:01,800 --> 01:17:03,200
and building. 
Wooden Palisades. 

1398
01:17:03,200 --> 01:17:07,200
They were about psychological 
warfare diplomacy and the 

1399
01:17:07,200 --> 01:17:11,000
cunning exploitation of 
inter-tribal rivalries Rome's 

1400
01:17:11,000 --> 01:17:14,000
dominance always hung on its 
ability to divide and conquer. 

1401
01:17:14,700 --> 01:17:18,500
With Caesar at the helm that 
strategy took on Fresh Nuance in

1402
01:17:18,500 --> 01:17:21,700
the early phases Caesar 
Consolidated, Roman gains by 

1403
01:17:21,700 --> 01:17:23,900
constructing a network of roads 
and fortifications. 

1404
01:17:23,900 --> 01:17:28,100
This was hardly glamorous labor,
Roman soldiers would spend weeks

1405
01:17:28,100 --> 01:17:31,700
hacking through forests and bogs
to erect outposts sometimes 

1406
01:17:31,700 --> 01:17:35,200
under the threat of ambush. 
Yet each New Roman style fought 

1407
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:38,100
complete with straight lines and
carefully measured in totals. 

1408
01:17:38,100 --> 01:17:41,700
Sent a message of permanents. 
These were just makeshift 

1409
01:17:41,700 --> 01:17:44,700
Garrison's, they were statements
that Rome had come to stay. 

1410
01:17:45,600 --> 01:17:48,100
People often remember sees, as 
brilliant on the battlefield. 

1411
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:51,600
But his true strength lay in 
methodical organization. 

1412
01:17:52,400 --> 01:17:56,200
He considered Logistics as vital
as sword and shield, the various

1413
01:17:56,200 --> 01:18:00,000
garlic tribes, watched uneasily,
some rushing to see his side 

1414
01:18:00,000 --> 01:18:02,500
others forming alliances against
him. 

1415
01:18:03,300 --> 01:18:06,000
Caesar capitalized on the 
smallest of division. 

1416
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:10,000
If one tribe feuded with 
another, he derives a piece 

1417
01:18:10,000 --> 01:18:12,800
broker offering Roman friendship
and military aid against 

1418
01:18:12,800 --> 01:18:15,500
arrival. 
Soon enough this tribe would 

1419
01:18:15,500 --> 01:18:18,800
find itself bound to Caesar by 
Mutual benefit and Shackled by 

1420
01:18:18,800 --> 01:18:22,000
Roman expectations. 
The Brilliance lay in making it 

1421
01:18:22,000 --> 01:18:24,300
seem as if the tribe had chosen 
this path freely. 

1422
01:18:24,300 --> 01:18:28,400
Not that Caesars campaign was 
devoid of Bloodshed certain 

1423
01:18:28,400 --> 01:18:32,000
tribes, resisted fiercely, 
resentful of foreign occupation.

1424
01:18:32,700 --> 01:18:35,600
The Belgian in the north, for 
instance, marshaled. 

1425
01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:39,100
Huge forces that tested Roman 
discipline Caesar never 

1426
01:18:39,100 --> 01:18:42,700
squeamish deployed tactics to 
crush resistance, decisively 

1427
01:18:42,700 --> 01:18:46,400
destroying crops, capturing 
strategic points and sometimes 

1428
01:18:46,400 --> 01:18:48,900
resorting to brutal reprisals 
that sent a chill through 

1429
01:18:48,900 --> 01:18:52,200
neighboring tribes, he didn't 
reveling cruelty for its own 

1430
01:18:52,200 --> 01:18:55,300
sake but he understood the Roman
tradition of deterrents. 

1431
01:18:55,900 --> 01:18:58,800
Ferocious display could prevent 
a drawn out Rebellion. 

1432
01:18:58,800 --> 01:19:02,400
This approach while effective 
all so laid the seeds for future

1433
01:19:02,400 --> 01:19:05,900
animosity, especially among 
Fierce Defenders of gallic 

1434
01:19:05,900 --> 01:19:09,600
Independence, like the singer 
tricks versus Northern in 

1435
01:19:09,600 --> 01:19:12,900
Chieftain who recognized that 
the gallic tribes needed Unity 

1436
01:19:12,900 --> 01:19:15,800
more than ever. 
He wasn't some hot headed Bandit

1437
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:19,100
chief, he was methodical 
charismatic and had a strategic 

1438
01:19:19,100 --> 01:19:22,800
mind that could rival seasons. 
While Caesar was off campaigning

1439
01:19:22,800 --> 01:19:25,200
on another front. 
The Cinco tricks rally. 

1440
01:19:25,200 --> 01:19:28,300
Disparate tribes under the 
banner of gallic Pride when 

1441
01:19:28,300 --> 01:19:30,900
Caesar got wind of this 
resistance, he recognized at 

1442
01:19:30,908 --> 01:19:33,400
once that the king tricks was no
ordinary adversary. 

1443
01:19:34,200 --> 01:19:37,500
The typical trick of exploiting 
old rivalries might not work 

1444
01:19:37,500 --> 01:19:40,100
here. 
The confrontation between Caesar

1445
01:19:40,100 --> 01:19:43,100
and the singer torex escalated. 
Into one of the defining 

1446
01:19:43,100 --> 01:19:45,600
struggles of the gallic wars 
versing. 

1447
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:47,300
Get her ex adopted, a 
scorched-earth policy 

1448
01:19:47,300 --> 01:19:51,200
instructing villages to destroy 
their own supplies and towns to 

1449
01:19:51,200 --> 01:19:52,700
starve. 
The Roman Legions of resources, 

1450
01:19:52,700 --> 01:19:56,400
there was a grim strategy 
burning fields and uprooting 

1451
01:19:56,400 --> 01:20:00,000
harvests but it slowed Caesar's 
Advanced creating logistical 

1452
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:03,000
nightmares for Roman soldiers 
accustomed to living off the 

1453
01:20:03,008 --> 01:20:06,100
land for a man who prided 
himself on controlling every 

1454
01:20:06,100 --> 01:20:09,000
variable, Caesar found himself 
confronting the unpredictable 

1455
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:11,300
Factor. 
The charismatic, local leader, 

1456
01:20:11,300 --> 01:20:14,900
who matched him in cunning still
Caesar was a master of 

1457
01:20:14,900 --> 01:20:18,600
adaptation, recognizing the 
challenge he can, solidated his 

1458
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:22,100
troops and chose to proceed key.
Galaxy strongholds, most 

1459
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:23,400
famously. 
He surrounded. 

1460
01:20:23,400 --> 01:20:26,700
The Fortress town of Alesia, 
whoever tinga Torx had taken 

1461
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:28,800
Refuge with tens of thousands of
Warriors. 

1462
01:20:28,800 --> 01:20:32,600
The Siege of Eliza would become 
a testament to see his ability 

1463
01:20:32,600 --> 01:20:35,200
to think in layers. 
He constructed a ring of 

1464
01:20:35,200 --> 01:20:39,500
fortifications around the city 
to starve out versus forces and 

1465
01:20:39,500 --> 01:20:41,800
anticipating a gallic relief 
Army. 

1466
01:20:41,800 --> 01:20:45,600
He built another ring facing 
outwards to protect his Legions,

1467
01:20:45,600 --> 01:20:49,100
from an attack from outside. 
This double fortification was 

1468
01:20:49,100 --> 01:20:53,200
audacious engineering project 
involving miles of ditches, 

1469
01:20:53,200 --> 01:20:57,600
ramparts and watchtowers enough 
to give any modern city planner 

1470
01:20:57,600 --> 01:21:01,200
pause. 
The days wore on under a 

1471
01:21:01,200 --> 01:21:04,900
Relentless Sun, the besieged 
goals inside Alicia ran short of

1472
01:21:04,908 --> 01:21:08,100
food women and children were 
turned out of the Fortress. 

1473
01:21:08,100 --> 01:21:11,700
Hoping, for Mercy, only to be 
left stranded between the city 

1474
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:16,000
walls and the Roman lines. 
Meanwhile, a massive relief, 

1475
01:21:16,000 --> 01:21:19,600
force of various gallic tribes 
arrived, attempting to break 

1476
01:21:19,600 --> 01:21:24,200
Seasons, outer defenses during 
one critical night, seemed Rome 

1477
01:21:24,200 --> 01:21:26,100
might collapse under the weight 
of the onslaught. 

1478
01:21:26,800 --> 01:21:29,500
Caesar himself, rallied. 
His men darting from post to 

1479
01:21:29,500 --> 01:21:32,500
post. 
New was released, Gaul could 

1480
01:21:32,508 --> 01:21:34,900
unite behind verse and get 
Heroes and Seasons. 

1481
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:38,600
Entire campaign might unravel 
against formidable, odds, the 

1482
01:21:38,600 --> 01:21:42,900
Roman lines held exhausted from 
repeated attacks and lacking a 

1483
01:21:42,900 --> 01:21:45,600
coherent strategy. 
The relief Force finally broke 

1484
01:21:45,600 --> 01:21:49,300
inside Elysia with Supply's gone
in morale. 

1485
01:21:49,300 --> 01:21:53,000
Shuttered, the secrets 
surrendered, the site of this 

1486
01:21:53,000 --> 01:21:55,400
defiant, gallic Chieftain 
handing over his weapons 

1487
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:59,300
underscore the Turning Point 
Rome had asserted, its dominance

1488
01:21:59,300 --> 01:22:03,300
and Caesar stood at the Pinnacle
of Victory yet, for all the 

1489
01:22:03,300 --> 01:22:06,300
glory, the end of The Siege left
many goals in bittered. 

1490
01:22:06,300 --> 01:22:09,800
Caesar might have pacified the 
region but a smoldering 

1491
01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:12,400
resentment would eventually lurk
beneath the official, peace 

1492
01:22:12,400 --> 01:22:15,400
treaties. 
When Caesar returned to Rome, he

1493
01:22:15,400 --> 01:22:18,500
was hailed as a hero, his 
campaigns and Gaul had 

1494
01:22:18,500 --> 01:22:21,100
quadrupled, roams domain and 
filled the Republic's coffers 

1495
01:22:21,100 --> 01:22:23,000
with wealth from newly conquered
territories. 

1496
01:22:24,000 --> 01:22:27,100
The Senate awarded. 
Him Grand triumphs parades were 

1497
01:22:27,100 --> 01:22:29,100
caged. 
Prisoners Walked In Chains and 

1498
01:22:29,100 --> 01:22:33,300
the crowd roared with delight. 
in these processions, Caesar's 

1499
01:22:33,300 --> 01:22:36,000
name became synonymous with 
military genius and Roman might 

1500
01:22:36,800 --> 01:22:39,800
Yet the very success that 
elevated him threatened to 

1501
01:22:39,800 --> 01:22:43,500
unbalance the precarious 
political framework in Rome men 

1502
01:22:43,500 --> 01:22:47,300
like Pompey and Crassus. 
Once his allies couldn't help 

1503
01:22:47,300 --> 01:22:50,800
but feel overshadowed by the 
sheer magnitude of Seasons Chief

1504
01:22:50,800 --> 01:22:53,100
movements. 
The Old Guard in the Senate, 

1505
01:22:53,100 --> 01:22:56,400
grew uneasy, they murdered that 
sees as ambition was too large 

1506
01:22:56,400 --> 01:22:58,800
for the Republic even allies 
wondered. 

1507
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:01,100
If they could remain relevant 
while season soaked up the 

1508
01:23:01,100 --> 01:23:04,800
glory, Caesar for his part 
believed he had only just begun 

1509
01:23:04,800 --> 01:23:07,300
his vision extended Beyond The 
Spoils of Gaul. 

1510
01:23:07,300 --> 01:23:12,500
He wanted to transform itself to
carve out a position where no 

1511
01:23:12,500 --> 01:23:14,700
single factional rival could 
stifle him again. 

1512
01:23:15,700 --> 01:23:17,700
Set the stage for an inevitable 
Clash. 

1513
01:23:18,500 --> 01:23:21,600
Caesar's Maneuvers and Gaul 
while triumphant it also sown 

1514
01:23:21,600 --> 01:23:25,300
suspicion and envy and suspicion
and Envy in Rome often led to 

1515
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:28,200
Civil War assassinations and 
chaos. 

1516
01:23:28,200 --> 01:23:32,200
But if Caesar was worried he 
hardly showed it, Fresh from the

1517
01:23:32,208 --> 01:23:34,700
greatest victory of his career. 
He was welcomed like a 

1518
01:23:34,700 --> 01:23:37,200
Conquering Hero. 
He stepped onto the marble 

1519
01:23:37,200 --> 01:23:39,008
streets of Rome with a 
confidence forged in The 

1520
01:23:39,016 --> 01:23:43,300
Crucible of countless battles. 
The final The uneasy Alliance of

1521
01:23:43,300 --> 01:23:46,900
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar often
called. 

1522
01:23:46,900 --> 01:23:50,100
The first triumvirate had always
been a marriage of convenience, 

1523
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:55,000
each man saw it as a tool to 
secure power, but once Caesar's 

1524
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:57,300
gallic conquests made him, the 
darling of the masses. 

1525
01:23:57,300 --> 01:24:01,100
Resentment began to simmer 
Pompeii Rome's. 

1526
01:24:01,100 --> 01:24:03,800
Previous Superstar, General, 
noticed public attention, 

1527
01:24:03,800 --> 01:24:06,600
drifting from him to Caesar 
Crassus. 

1528
01:24:06,600 --> 01:24:09,900
Meanwhile, meta tragic end in an
ill-advised campaign against the

1529
01:24:09,900 --> 01:24:12,700
parthians leaving. 
Caesar and Pompey, is the two 

1530
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:14,400
principal contenders for the 
heart of Rome. 

1531
01:24:15,500 --> 01:24:17,900
And under current of tension. 
Now, pulse through the city 

1532
01:24:17,900 --> 01:24:22,400
Senators whispered in corridors 
choosing side's Pompey, cozy up 

1533
01:24:22,400 --> 01:24:25,100
to conservative fashions in the 
Senate, who viewed Caesar as a 

1534
01:24:25,100 --> 01:24:28,700
threat to the old Republican 
system, Caesar still away in 

1535
01:24:28,700 --> 01:24:31,100
Gaul understood. 
He would need to solidify his 

1536
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:34,400
position back home soon. 
The term of his governorship was

1537
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:37,100
drawing to a close and if he 
returned to Rome merely as a 

1538
01:24:37,108 --> 01:24:40,000
private citizen, his enemies 
could bring him to trial for 

1539
01:24:40,000 --> 01:24:43,300
various alleged misdeeds and 
effectively ended his political 

1540
01:24:43,300 --> 01:24:45,200
career. 
His solution. 

1541
01:24:45,200 --> 01:24:47,800
He demanded to run for Consul in
absentia. 

1542
01:24:47,800 --> 01:24:51,100
Seeking an extension of the 
immunity and power he held as 

1543
01:24:51,100 --> 01:24:55,200
proconsul the Senate refused 
with Pompey supporting that 

1544
01:24:55,200 --> 01:24:57,700
refusal. 
This was the point of no return.

1545
01:24:58,400 --> 01:25:01,700
Caesar stood at the banks of the
Rubicon river, the boundary 

1546
01:25:01,700 --> 01:25:05,700
Beyond which laterally proper 
Roman law was crystal clear. 

1547
01:25:06,600 --> 01:25:09,100
No, General was allowed to bring
his army into Italy. 

1548
01:25:09,800 --> 01:25:11,800
To do. 
So amounted, to a declaration of

1549
01:25:11,800 --> 01:25:16,200
war on a Winter's Night. 
In 49, BCE sees a made his 

1550
01:25:16,200 --> 01:25:19,700
choice marched across the 
Rubicon, uttering the phrase, 

1551
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:24,100
Aaliyah yacta SST. 
The die is cast if the anecdotes

1552
01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:28,200
hold any truth Overnight Rome 
system of alliance's shattered. 

1553
01:25:28,200 --> 01:25:31,800
The Civil War had begun Pompey 
and many senators. 

1554
01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:35,000
Fled Rome to gather forces in 
the East confident, they'd must 

1555
01:25:35,000 --> 01:25:37,700
armies far greater than Caesars.
They had the backing of 

1556
01:25:37,700 --> 01:25:41,700
traditional Elites wealthy 
province's, and they believed 

1557
01:25:41,700 --> 01:25:45,000
time on their side, Caesar, 
however, wasn't known for 

1558
01:25:45,008 --> 01:25:49,000
cautious delay. he pressed 
forward at Breakneck speed towns

1559
01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:51,800
and cities along the way, open 
their Gates, some out of 

1560
01:25:51,808 --> 01:25:56,000
admiration, for Caesar others, 
out of fear, The Unstoppable 

1561
01:25:56,000 --> 01:25:58,900
momentum. 
Took Pompey by surprise, forcing

1562
01:25:58,900 --> 01:26:00,500
him to evacuate Italy 
altogether. 

1563
01:26:01,200 --> 01:26:04,600
Caesar entered Rome unopposed, 
but taking Rome was just the 

1564
01:26:04,600 --> 01:26:06,600
beginning. 
The real challenge was 

1565
01:26:06,600 --> 01:26:09,900
confronting pompey's Legions, 
which were regrouping in Greece,

1566
01:26:09,900 --> 01:26:13,500
Caesar leaving a minimal 
Garrison behind sailed across 

1567
01:26:13,508 --> 01:26:15,300
the Adriatic to chase, down his 
rival. 

1568
01:26:15,300 --> 01:26:19,000
It was a frantic race. 
Both men vying for resources and

1569
01:26:19,000 --> 01:26:22,300
key strategic points. 
Caesar's forces were often 

1570
01:26:22,300 --> 01:26:24,700
outnumbered pompei's alliances 
spanned. 

1571
01:26:24,700 --> 01:26:27,200
Vast portions of the Republic 
yet. 

1572
01:26:27,200 --> 01:26:29,500
Caesar, leveraged speed, 
surprise. 

1573
01:26:29,500 --> 01:26:32,500
And the Loyalty he turned from 
Legions, who fought alongside 

1574
01:26:32,500 --> 01:26:36,900
him in Gaul battles erupted 
across multiple theaters, Spain,

1575
01:26:36,900 --> 01:26:38,800
Africa. 
And ultimately The Plains of 

1576
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:43,800
fossils in Greece, The Battle of
fastest in 48, BCE became a 

1577
01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:47,000
defining moment, Pompey, 
confident, in his Superior 

1578
01:26:47,000 --> 01:26:50,700
numbers, formed, a traditional 
line and anticipating a swift 

1579
01:26:50,700 --> 01:26:54,600
victory. 
Caesar outmanned, a reserve line

1580
01:26:54,600 --> 01:26:58,200
of cohorts behind his Cavalry on
the right flank and anticipating

1581
01:26:58,200 --> 01:27:00,000
pompeys. 
Horsemen would try to envelop 

1582
01:27:00,000 --> 01:27:02,400
him. 
When the Cavalry Clash began 

1583
01:27:02,400 --> 01:27:06,400
sees as hidden cohort surged 
forward, routing pompey's 

1584
01:27:06,400 --> 01:27:10,400
Cavalry, this triggered a domino
effect pompei's infantry wants. 

1585
01:27:10,400 --> 01:27:14,300
They saw the Cavalry in Flight 
lost cohesion Caesar's Legion. 

1586
01:27:14,300 --> 01:27:17,900
Hardened by years of Frontier 
Warfare exploited every Gap. 

1587
01:27:17,900 --> 01:27:22,000
It was a massacre escaped, but 
the psychological damage was 

1588
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:24,500
done. 
Men who had once sworn loyalty 

1589
01:27:24,500 --> 01:27:27,000
to Pompey. 
Began to slip away or switch 

1590
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:29,600
sides. 
Sensing the tides of fated 

1591
01:27:29,600 --> 01:27:33,100
turned Pompey, fled to Egypt, 
hoping to regroup. 

1592
01:27:33,100 --> 01:27:38,300
But the ptolemaic officials came
to a pcsa betrayed him On his 

1593
01:27:38,300 --> 01:27:42,300
arrival Pompey, was assassinated
his head presented as a Caesar 

1594
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:45,700
as a perverse gift. 
Caesar was horrified despite 

1595
01:27:45,700 --> 01:27:48,700
their rivalry Pompey. 
Had once been his son-in-law 

1596
01:27:48,700 --> 01:27:50,800
Caesar's daughter. 
Julia had been married to 

1597
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:53,300
Pompey. 
Caesar publicly wept at the 

1598
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:56,500
sight of Pompey, severed head, 
then ordered the execution of 

1599
01:27:56,500 --> 01:27:58,100
the men responsible for the 
Betrayal. 

1600
01:27:58,900 --> 01:28:02,500
This act, conveyed a message 
Caesar might be ruthless, but he

1601
01:28:02,500 --> 01:28:04,200
upheld the Dignity of Roman 
nobility. 

1602
01:28:04,200 --> 01:28:08,000
And to tested dishonor Egypt, 
however, offered its own 

1603
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:11,600
elaborate of politics Cleopatra,
and her brother Ptolemy were 

1604
01:28:11,600 --> 01:28:14,900
locked in a power struggle. 
Caesar now the most influential 

1605
01:28:14,900 --> 01:28:17,400
Roman under the region, found 
himself arbitrating their 

1606
01:28:17,400 --> 01:28:20,200
dispute Cleopatra saw an 
opportunity. 

1607
01:28:21,300 --> 01:28:24,700
She smuggled herself in to seize
his presence in a carpet. 

1608
01:28:24,700 --> 01:28:28,300
So the story goes and Charmed 
him with her intellect wit and 

1609
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:31,800
Grand Vision for each Egypt, 
Caesar Neville want to resist or

1610
01:28:31,800 --> 01:28:34,500
dasy or intelligent cited with 
Cleopatra. 

1611
01:28:35,700 --> 01:28:39,600
The pair Consolidated, power in 
Alexandria, defeating ptolemies 

1612
01:28:39,600 --> 01:28:41,800
forces and installing Cleopatra 
as Queen. 

1613
01:28:42,800 --> 01:28:44,400
Their liaison was more than 
romantic. 

1614
01:28:44,400 --> 01:28:47,700
It was a strategic Alliance that
gave Caesar access to Egypt's 

1615
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:49,200
wealth. 
While securing Cleopatra's 

1616
01:28:49,200 --> 01:28:51,900
throne. 
Rome watched these events with 

1617
01:28:51,900 --> 01:28:55,400
Fascination and growing anxiety.
Caesar was off, forging 

1618
01:28:55,400 --> 01:28:58,000
alliances and fathering a child 
with a foreign Queen. 

1619
01:28:58,000 --> 01:29:01,300
Caesarean while Italy braced for
whatever came next. 

1620
01:29:02,300 --> 01:29:05,300
Though, Pompey was dead segments
of the Roman Republic. 

1621
01:29:05,300 --> 01:29:09,000
Still resisted Caesars rule. 
Caesar marched on quelling 

1622
01:29:09,000 --> 01:29:12,100
resistance in Asia Minor with 
such speed that he famously 

1623
01:29:12,100 --> 01:29:14,500
declared Veni. 
Vidi Viki. 

1624
01:29:14,500 --> 01:29:19,700
I came I saw I conquered Then he
headed to Africa clashing with 

1625
01:29:19,700 --> 01:29:22,700
remaining Pompeii and forces and
eventually subduing them. 

1626
01:29:23,700 --> 01:29:27,900
By 45 BC e, Cesar, stood 
unchallenged as Rome's, 

1627
01:29:27,900 --> 01:29:30,900
Paramount leader. 
Senate, most of whose members 

1628
01:29:30,900 --> 01:29:34,300
owed him, their lives or careers
filled his hands with powers 

1629
01:29:34,300 --> 01:29:36,500
that stretch the limits of 
Rome's traditions. 

1630
01:29:37,200 --> 01:29:40,500
He was named dictator for 10 
years eventually dictator for 

1631
01:29:40,500 --> 01:29:42,600
life. 
Some called it a tyranny. 

1632
01:29:43,300 --> 01:29:46,000
Caesar for his part claimed. 
He was trying to restore order 

1633
01:29:46,000 --> 01:29:49,000
enacted. 
Sweeping reforms revising. 

1634
01:29:49,000 --> 01:29:52,400
The calendar in the Julian 
model, restructuring debts. 

1635
01:29:53,100 --> 01:29:57,000
Expanding the Senate granting 
citizenship to Loyal allies and 

1636
01:29:57,000 --> 01:29:59,900
distant provinces and planning, 
massive building projects that 

1637
01:29:59,900 --> 01:30:03,100
aim to beautify the city. 
He also introduced social 

1638
01:30:03,100 --> 01:30:07,200
measures like Distributing land 
to veterans in these moves, 

1639
01:30:07,200 --> 01:30:10,600
Caesar walked to tightrope. 
Consolidating, power while 

1640
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:13,500
giving just enough to the masses
and send it to keep them largely

1641
01:30:13,500 --> 01:30:15,900
compliant. 
But something in the Roman 

1642
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:19,800
psyche, at one man rule. 
Rome prided itself on hating 

1643
01:30:19,800 --> 01:30:24,100
Kings, their entire identity was
built around a republic even if 

1644
01:30:24,100 --> 01:30:26,600
that Republic was often 
manipulated by the powerful, 

1645
01:30:27,400 --> 01:30:30,500
Caesar's acceptance of lavish 
honors and his centralization of

1646
01:30:30,500 --> 01:30:33,400
power made some worry that he 
sought to Crown himself. 

1647
01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:37,200
Others found him dangerously 
modern someone who might change 

1648
01:30:37,200 --> 01:30:40,700
roam beyond recognition and 
behind Caesar's Unstoppable. 

1649
01:30:40,700 --> 01:30:43,500
Force layer. 
Silent question was the Republic

1650
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:46,700
just to Stage for one man's 
ambition or could it endure? 

1651
01:30:47,500 --> 01:30:50,300
When Caesar finally returned to 
Roman Triumph, the city was a 

1652
01:30:50,300 --> 01:30:52,500
buzz with rumors and festivals 
though. 

1653
01:30:52,500 --> 01:30:55,000
War still simmered in the 
distant corners of the Republic,

1654
01:30:55,000 --> 01:30:58,500
sees his personal magnetism, and
the promise of stability 

1655
01:30:58,500 --> 01:31:02,400
temporarily silenced. 
Most discontent The orchestrated

1656
01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:05,500
spectacular public games and 
feasts showering. 

1657
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:08,900
The populace with free grain 
statues and monuments sprang up 

1658
01:31:08,900 --> 01:31:11,600
in his honor. 
Yet beneath the gleaming facade,

1659
01:31:11,600 --> 01:31:14,600
the core of Roman tradition. 
Those Unwritten rules guarding 

1660
01:31:14,600 --> 01:31:17,600
through Republic from monarchy 
felt under siege. 

1661
01:31:17,600 --> 01:31:20,300
One example of Caesar's Larger 
than Life. 

1662
01:31:20,300 --> 01:31:23,600
Persona was his attempt to 
reshape the calendar, which was 

1663
01:31:23,600 --> 01:31:26,400
no small matter. 
In Rome, the old lunar calendar 

1664
01:31:26,400 --> 01:31:29,800
had become hopelessly misaligned
with the seasons, creating 

1665
01:31:29,800 --> 01:31:31,800
confusion in festivals and Civic
life. 

1666
01:31:32,500 --> 01:31:35,700
Caesar advised by astronomers 
including sausage of Alexandria.

1667
01:31:35,700 --> 01:31:40,100
Introduced the Julian calendar, 
a solar base system with a leap 

1668
01:31:40,100 --> 01:31:42,600
year cycle. 
This was a major administrative 

1669
01:31:42,600 --> 01:31:44,600
reform that didn't just tidy 
update. 

1670
01:31:44,600 --> 01:31:48,000
It demonstrated Caesar's 
willingness to override 

1671
01:31:48,000 --> 01:31:50,100
centuries of practice. 
If he believed he had a better 

1672
01:31:50,100 --> 01:31:52,800
way. 
People marveled at the clarity 

1673
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:55,900
of the new calendar offered, but
they also sent that if Caesar 

1674
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:59,100
could reorder time itself, what 
else might he feel entitled to 

1675
01:31:59,100 --> 01:32:01,100
reorder? 
He poured money into 

1676
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:04,600
construction under sees his 
Direction, new buildings, 

1677
01:32:04,600 --> 01:32:08,800
temples and public spaces. 
Sprouted symbolizing a Rome 

1678
01:32:08,800 --> 01:32:12,600
reborn. 
The Forum more magnificent, he 

1679
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:15,000
commissioned Grand projects. 
That not only beautified the 

1680
01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:18,600
city, but gave work to thousands
of laborers, elevating Seasons 

1681
01:32:18,600 --> 01:32:21,600
popularity among the common folk
at the same time. 

1682
01:32:21,600 --> 01:32:25,500
Expanded the Senate from roughly
600 to as many as 900 members, 

1683
01:32:26,300 --> 01:32:29,600
Adding allies from the provinces
and diluting the power of the 

1684
01:32:29,600 --> 01:32:33,400
older aristocratic families. 
Some saw this as an inclusive 

1685
01:32:33,400 --> 01:32:37,200
move, broadening representation 
within the Roman State, others 

1686
01:32:37,200 --> 01:32:40,900
viewed it as an egregious, power
play away for Caesar to stack. 

1687
01:32:40,900 --> 01:32:43,600
The Senate with loyalists who 
owed their positions, to him 

1688
01:32:43,608 --> 01:32:46,000
alone. 
All these changes stirred. 

1689
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:48,900
The question was Caesar still 
just a leading citizen? 

1690
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:51,400
Or was he inching toward 
kingship? 

1691
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:54,500
Rome had a cultural aversion to 
the very word. 

1692
01:32:54,500 --> 01:32:58,300
Rex King Generations. 
Were taught that their ancestors

1693
01:32:58,300 --> 01:33:01,600
had exiled the last, Roman King,
and vowed, never to Neil before 

1694
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:05,000
another so when statues of 
Caesar began appearing in public

1695
01:33:05,000 --> 01:33:08,800
places, crowned, with diadems 
some citizens felt a chill 

1696
01:33:09,600 --> 01:33:11,400
Caesar claimed. 
These were tokens of respect 

1697
01:33:11,400 --> 01:33:15,000
from admirers, not Declaration 
of monarchy butts. 

1698
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:18,700
Lingard at a public Festival, 
Marcus Antonius, a favored left 

1699
01:33:18,700 --> 01:33:23,200
to place a diet on season's 
head, Caesar dramatically 

1700
01:33:23,200 --> 01:33:26,800
refused stating, only Jupiter is
King of the Romans. 

1701
01:33:27,800 --> 01:33:29,500
But the crowds reaction was 
mixed. 

1702
01:33:30,400 --> 01:33:34,000
Some cheered, his refusal, 
others suspected, a theatrical 

1703
01:33:34,000 --> 01:33:36,800
performance designed to test 
public opinion on a monarchy. 

1704
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:40,100
The dissonance grew sharper a 
certain took on the title 

1705
01:33:40,100 --> 01:33:45,200
dictator for life. 
In theory a dictator in Roman 

1706
01:33:45,208 --> 01:33:48,300
history, was an emergency 
measure appointed for six months

1707
01:33:48,300 --> 01:33:51,900
in times of dire threat and then
required to relinquish power. 

1708
01:33:52,800 --> 01:33:56,300
By extending this temporary 
position indefinitely, Caesar 

1709
01:33:56,300 --> 01:33:58,000
strained. 
The very definitions of Roman 

1710
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:00,900
governance. 
His supporters insisted Roman 

1711
01:34:00,900 --> 01:34:04,400
needed, strong leadership, given
all the unrest, But his critics 

1712
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:07,000
argued, that Caesar was snuffing
out, the Republican Flame. 

1713
01:34:08,000 --> 01:34:11,700
Seeds of conspiracy began to 
sprout Senators, who longed for 

1714
01:34:11,700 --> 01:34:15,200
a return, to the old order. 
Such as gas, Cassius, longinus, 

1715
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:19,100
and Marcus Junius Brutus, 
started meeting discreetly. 

1716
01:34:20,000 --> 01:34:23,800
Brutus stood out, he dissented 
from Lucius Junius, Brutus the 

1717
01:34:23,800 --> 01:34:26,800
fabled founder of the Republic 
who drove out the ancient Kings.

1718
01:34:27,500 --> 01:34:31,000
Caesar had shown Brutus 
remarkable favor, even rumored 

1719
01:34:31,000 --> 01:34:32,600
to have paternal affection for 
him. 

1720
01:34:33,500 --> 01:34:36,700
Yet this complicated bond in, 
stifle brutus's conviction. 

1721
01:34:36,700 --> 01:34:39,800
That sees his power threatened, 
the Republic's core values. 

1722
01:34:40,500 --> 01:34:44,300
Cassius a cunning figure with a 
far darker Edge, found the 

1723
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:48,500
Flames, reminding Brutus of his 
ancestors Legacy and the sacred 

1724
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:50,600
duty to protect Rome from a 
tyrant. 

1725
01:34:51,400 --> 01:34:54,700
Meanwhile, sees us seemed to 
sense an undercurrent of danger.

1726
01:34:54,700 --> 01:34:58,600
He went about with guards, but 
he also believed that living in 

1727
01:34:58,600 --> 01:35:02,500
constant fear would diminish his
stature, On the surface, he 

1728
01:35:02,500 --> 01:35:04,900
continued orchestrating 
elaborate plans. 

1729
01:35:04,900 --> 01:35:07,900
He was preparing a massive 
campaign against pathri in the 

1730
01:35:07,908 --> 01:35:11,400
Eastern tending to surpass. 
Even pompey's conquests 

1731
01:35:11,400 --> 01:35:15,000
returning to Rome from that 
Victory, Caesar likely 

1732
01:35:15,000 --> 01:35:18,700
envisioned a final consolidation
of power and unassailable. 

1733
01:35:18,700 --> 01:35:22,800
Legacy his mind overflowed with 
new ideas for governance, law 

1734
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:24,700
codes and expansion of citizens 
rights. 

1735
01:35:25,600 --> 01:35:28,200
He can fight it in close allies 
that his rule would transform 

1736
01:35:28,200 --> 01:35:31,200
roam into a cohesive Empire, 
rather than a loose 

1737
01:35:31,200 --> 01:35:34,800
Confederation of territories. 
Yet those grand Visions. 

1738
01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:37,300
Collided, with the simmering 
resentment of the senatorial 

1739
01:35:37,300 --> 01:35:40,200
class, many of them. 
Had gone along with Caesar out 

1740
01:35:40,200 --> 01:35:43,200
of pragmatism, biding. 
Their time waiting for a chance 

1741
01:35:43,200 --> 01:35:46,200
to assert the old ways. 
They resented house Seasons 

1742
01:35:46,200 --> 01:35:47,800
reforms, undermined their 
Prestige. 

1743
01:35:47,800 --> 01:35:50,900
How is populist measures made 
the people less reliant on 

1744
01:35:50,900 --> 01:35:53,900
senatorial patrons. 
Some conspirators. 

1745
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:56,500
Hope to reinstate a pure 
Republic with limited terms, of 

1746
01:35:56,508 --> 01:35:58,400
office and briefly balanced 
Powers. 

1747
01:35:58,400 --> 01:36:02,600
Others simply wanted Caesar gone
viewing him as an existential 

1748
01:36:02,600 --> 01:36:04,100
threat to their personal 
standing. 

1749
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:08,300
So, a sees a walk, the marble 
floors of the curia, conferring 

1750
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:11,200
with Senators, not all who 
greeted him warmly were true 

1751
01:36:11,200 --> 01:36:13,500
allies. 
The facade of unity was just 

1752
01:36:13,500 --> 01:36:17,300
that facade. 
Whispers circulated about the 

1753
01:36:17,300 --> 01:36:20,400
Ides of March, a date. 
The conspirators had marked as 

1754
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:23,900
pivotal Caesar distracted by 
preparations for upcoming 

1755
01:36:23,900 --> 01:36:27,700
campaigns, either dismissed or 
downplayed the signs of looming 

1756
01:36:27,700 --> 01:36:30,200
treachery. 
He was after all Julius. 

1757
01:36:30,200 --> 01:36:34,500
Caesar the man who escaped 
Pirates conquered, Gaul and 

1758
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:36,700
overcame Pompey. 
To him. 

1759
01:36:36,700 --> 01:36:40,400
Fear was a cage, he refused to 
live in to the conspirators. 

1760
01:36:40,400 --> 01:36:43,400
His confidence was both an 
insult and an opportunity. 

1761
01:36:43,400 --> 01:36:46,800
The stage was set and all of 
Rome felt the tension in the 

1762
01:36:46,800 --> 01:36:49,100
air. 
The days, leading up to the Ides

1763
01:36:49,100 --> 01:36:50,900
of March had a strange energy in
Rome. 

1764
01:36:51,600 --> 01:36:53,900
Senators bustled about with 
Force Smiles. 

1765
01:36:53,900 --> 01:36:57,400
While scribes noted a flurry of 
edicts and proposals sees aim to

1766
01:36:57,408 --> 01:37:01,100
finalize before, departing on 
campaign Craftsman, labored on 

1767
01:37:01,100 --> 01:37:04,600
newly commissioned statues and 
inscription as achievements. 

1768
01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:08,200
Meanwhile, anxious Whispers 
seeped through the city, 

1769
01:37:08,200 --> 01:37:11,500
swirling in the Smoky corners of
taverns and the hush of 

1770
01:37:11,500 --> 01:37:15,100
aristocratic dinner parties. 
Caesar himself oscillated 

1771
01:37:15,100 --> 01:37:17,800
between excitement for his pathy
and Expedition and vague 

1772
01:37:17,800 --> 01:37:20,300
apprehension. 
Omens were a big deal in Roman 

1773
01:37:20,300 --> 01:37:23,600
society and several other 
currencies had stoked. 

1774
01:37:23,600 --> 01:37:27,900
Superstitions reports of strange
lights in the sky or a 

1775
01:37:27,900 --> 01:37:31,200
soothsayer who warns Caesar to 
where the Ides of March. 

1776
01:37:32,100 --> 01:37:35,300
Caesar rational yet not entirely
dismissive of command orgies 

1777
01:37:35,300 --> 01:37:38,100
seemed torn between curiosity 
and disbelief. 

1778
01:37:38,100 --> 01:37:41,800
Joked about the warnings telling
Friends, The Ides of March had 

1779
01:37:41,800 --> 01:37:43,300
arrived and nothing had happened
yet. 

1780
01:37:43,300 --> 01:37:47,500
But behind the levity hints of 
caution surfaced, he was known 

1781
01:37:47,500 --> 01:37:51,700
to have shared concerns with 
Calpurnia, his wife who begged 

1782
01:37:51,700 --> 01:37:54,400
him on to be vigilant, the 
conspiracy gained. 

1783
01:37:54,400 --> 01:37:59,000
Momentum, Cassius worked 
tirelessly approaching Senators,

1784
01:37:59,000 --> 01:38:01,900
who felt displaced by Caesar's 
sweeping reforms, or who bought 

1785
01:38:01,900 --> 01:38:04,900
personal grudges persuading 
Brutus had been the linchpin, 

1786
01:38:04,900 --> 01:38:08,800
brutus's moral standing, and 
family Legacy offered a veneer 

1787
01:38:08,800 --> 01:38:11,300
of honor to what might otherwise
look like a power. 

1788
01:38:11,300 --> 01:38:15,000
Grab With Brutus on board 
recruiting others became easier.

1789
01:38:15,000 --> 01:38:18,900
Each conspirator had different 
reasons some to fight for the 

1790
01:38:18,900 --> 01:38:22,100
Republic's Freedom, others, 
sought personal gain or Revenge 

1791
01:38:22,100 --> 01:38:26,100
yet the United under, a single 
dramatic resolution Caesar must 

1792
01:38:26,100 --> 01:38:28,600
be removed. 
One version of their plan 

1793
01:38:28,600 --> 01:38:31,500
involved attacking season during
a senate session when he would 

1794
01:38:31,500 --> 01:38:34,500
be relatively. 
Unguarded in theory, the 

1795
01:38:34,500 --> 01:38:37,100
presence of so many senators. 
Served as a public Shield, 

1796
01:38:37,100 --> 01:38:40,400
Caesar wouldn't expect a mass 
attack in the heart of Roman 

1797
01:38:40,400 --> 01:38:42,900
governance. 
The conspirators believe that. 

1798
01:38:42,900 --> 01:38:45,100
Once the deed was done, they 
could Proclaim themselves 

1799
01:38:45,100 --> 01:38:48,700
Defenders of Liberty summoning 
the people to restore Republican

1800
01:38:48,700 --> 01:38:51,800
ideals despite the risk. 
None could deny the plans or 

1801
01:38:51,800 --> 01:38:54,400
dacious. 
Implicitly the Senate meeting on

1802
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:56,700
the Ides of March, beckoned like
a Grimmer appointment. 

1803
01:38:57,800 --> 01:39:01,900
The morning of the Ides, arrived
Calpurnia shaken, by nightmares 

1804
01:39:01,900 --> 01:39:05,700
implored season, not to go, some
historians claim. 

1805
01:39:05,700 --> 01:39:09,000
She dreamed of a statue of 
Caesar spouting blood or of him 

1806
01:39:09,008 --> 01:39:13,400
lying slain in her arms. 
Moved by her distress sees her 

1807
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:16,900
initially decided to stay home. 
Possibly rescheduling the Senate

1808
01:39:16,900 --> 01:39:18,900
session. 
That alone could have altered 

1809
01:39:18,900 --> 01:39:21,200
history but the conspirators 
panicked. 

1810
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:24,200
When the Vietnam had sees a 
might not come they dispatched 

1811
01:39:24,200 --> 01:39:27,100
Decimus Brutus. 
No relation to Marcus Brutus but

1812
01:39:27,100 --> 01:39:31,200
another close Ally to persuade, 
Caesar Decimus faint concerned. 

1813
01:39:31,200 --> 01:39:33,200
That Caesar would insult the 
Senate by his absence 

1814
01:39:33,200 --> 01:39:36,400
diminishing his standing right 
before his Grand campaign. 

1815
01:39:37,200 --> 01:39:41,300
So despite calpurnia's, please 
Caesar relented. 

1816
01:39:41,300 --> 01:39:44,700
He daunt his ceremonial toga and
left for the curia. 

1817
01:39:45,300 --> 01:39:47,800
Inside the Senate meeting. 
The atmosphere was thick with 

1818
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:50,200
tension, though. 
It started off with formalities.

1819
01:39:51,100 --> 01:39:54,100
Caesar took his seat a group of 
conspirators approached 

1820
01:39:54,100 --> 01:39:57,400
pretending to ask a favor on 
behalf of a political exile. 

1821
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:00,500
They surrounded him as if to 
press their case more 

1822
01:40:00,500 --> 01:40:03,300
passionately. 
Then as The Story Goes at a 

1823
01:40:03,300 --> 01:40:07,000
signal daggers appeared, the 
first strike came from casca and

1824
01:40:07,000 --> 01:40:09,500
others. 
Joined accounts vary some says 

1825
01:40:09,500 --> 01:40:11,800
he tried to defend himself 
others that he was too 

1826
01:40:11,800 --> 01:40:14,300
overwhelmed. 
He was stabbed multiple times 

1827
01:40:14,300 --> 01:40:18,600
the final Blow from Brutus 
prompting Caesars legendary and 

1828
01:40:18,600 --> 01:40:22,200
possibly apocryphal utterance at
two Groot. 

1829
01:40:23,100 --> 01:40:26,500
In moments, it was over. 
Cesar laid at the foot of 

1830
01:40:26,508 --> 01:40:29,100
Pompey, statue. 
A cruel twist of fate. 

1831
01:40:29,100 --> 01:40:33,000
For the man who had once wept 
for pompey's demise The Senators

1832
01:40:33,000 --> 01:40:36,400
spattered with blood proclaimed,
they had liberated Rome from 

1833
01:40:36,400 --> 01:40:39,400
tyranny, expected. 
The city that agreed them as 

1834
01:40:39,400 --> 01:40:42,500
Heroes yet the immediate 
reaction was shock, not 

1835
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:46,900
Jubilation citizens fled. 
The Courier unsure where the 

1836
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:50,000
more violence would follow. 
The conspirators had planned for

1837
01:40:50,008 --> 01:40:53,000
Caesar's death but they hadn't 
planned for the emotional 

1838
01:40:53,000 --> 01:40:54,700
vacuum. 
It would create among the Roman 

1839
01:40:54,700 --> 01:40:57,700
populace. 
The question remained have, they

1840
01:40:57,700 --> 01:41:00,600
truly saved the republic or just
Unleashed chaos. 

1841
01:41:01,400 --> 01:41:04,100
Brutus and Cassius tried to calm
the city with speeches, 

1842
01:41:04,100 --> 01:41:08,100
invoking, the memory of their 
ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, 

1843
01:41:08,100 --> 01:41:12,400
who banished, Rome's Last Kings 
centuries before they insisted, 

1844
01:41:12,400 --> 01:41:15,300
they had restored the Republic 
but the people had witnessed 

1845
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:19,300
seizes generosity his banquet's 
land, distributions public 

1846
01:41:19,300 --> 01:41:22,900
games, many commoners, revered 
him, anger, and sorrow. 

1847
01:41:22,900 --> 01:41:26,500
Brewed, in the streets word of 
the Savage Butchery in the 

1848
01:41:26,500 --> 01:41:29,300
Senate, far from celebrating the
conspirators. 

1849
01:41:29,300 --> 01:41:31,400
Many citizens demanded 
vengeance. 

1850
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:35,400
Mark Antony, who had not 
participated in the conspiracy 

1851
01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:39,300
seized, this public sentiment. 
He delivered a funeral oration 

1852
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:40,900
for Caesar that became 
legendary. 

1853
01:41:40,900 --> 01:41:45,300
Anthony spoke with passion 
displaying Caesar's bloodstain, 

1854
01:41:45,300 --> 01:41:49,100
toga stirring the crowd into a 
frenzy against the conspirators.

1855
01:41:49,100 --> 01:41:52,400
Some historians say, Caesar's 
body was burned in the form 

1856
01:41:52,400 --> 01:41:55,400
itself with the Flames fed by 
citizens, who tossed in 

1857
01:41:55,408 --> 01:41:57,300
furniture and items as 
offerings. 

1858
01:41:57,300 --> 01:42:01,300
The conspirators realizing the 
tidied turned fled. 

1859
01:42:01,300 --> 01:42:05,800
The city outraged Sword and the 
once proud Senate found Itself, 

1860
01:42:05,800 --> 01:42:08,700
overshadowed by the populist 
Fury that sees her. 

1861
01:42:08,700 --> 01:42:12,600
So skillfully harnessed in life.
Thus, the killing that was 

1862
01:42:12,600 --> 01:42:15,100
intended to save the Republic. 
Actually accelerated. 

1863
01:42:15,100 --> 01:42:17,100
Its declined. 
Power soon. 

1864
01:42:17,100 --> 01:42:20,100
Consolidated, not around a 
restored, Senate, but around 

1865
01:42:20,100 --> 01:42:25,100
new, strongman, Mark, Antony 
Octavian sees, as young are and 

1866
01:42:25,100 --> 01:42:28,700
adopted son and others who were 
jockey for Kaman in the 

1867
01:42:28,708 --> 01:42:30,700
following years. 
In death. 

1868
01:42:31,500 --> 01:42:33,900
Caesar had transcended mortality
to become an icon? 

1869
01:42:33,900 --> 01:42:36,500
Some would say a martyr, while 
the vision of renewed Republic, 

1870
01:42:36,500 --> 01:42:40,400
ironically slipped further away,
the aftermath of Caesar's 

1871
01:42:40,400 --> 01:42:43,600
assassination was as turbulent 
as any period Rome had ever seen

1872
01:42:43,600 --> 01:42:48,000
the city already tense from 
years of civil conflict. 

1873
01:42:48,700 --> 01:42:51,000
Discovered that removing one 
towering figure didn't 

1874
01:42:51,000 --> 01:42:54,900
automatically restore the Old 
Republic instead a new power 

1875
01:42:54,900 --> 01:42:58,300
vacuum emerged quickly filled by
those with the ambition and 

1876
01:42:58,300 --> 01:43:02,000
resources to claim it. 
Mark, Antony sees as closest, 

1877
01:43:02,000 --> 01:43:05,600
Lieutenant was first, on the 
scene, leveraging his connection

1878
01:43:05,600 --> 01:43:09,200
to the slain dictator to Rally 
the masses, but Caesar had named

1879
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:12,800
a surprise are in his will gas. 
Octavius, better known as 

1880
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:16,300
Octavian. 
His Grand nephew only 19 years. 

1881
01:43:16,300 --> 01:43:19,400
Old Octavian, carried Caesar's 
name, and soon enough. 

1882
01:43:19,400 --> 01:43:23,100
Caesar's Legions would rally 
around him too Brutus and 

1883
01:43:23,100 --> 01:43:25,600
Cassius fled, Rome hoping to 
raise armies. 

1884
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:28,600
In the Eastern, provinces they 
published, declaration's 

1885
01:43:28,600 --> 01:43:32,500
defending, the assassination as 
an act of patriotic duty but the

1886
01:43:32,500 --> 01:43:34,100
events in Rome worked against 
them. 

1887
01:43:34,100 --> 01:43:37,800
The funeral oration by Anthony 
had painted them as traitors to 

1888
01:43:37,800 --> 01:43:41,600
see her and by extension enemies
of the Roman people. 

1889
01:43:42,400 --> 01:43:44,200
Legions. 
Loyal to Caesar scorned the 

1890
01:43:44,200 --> 01:43:48,100
conspirators lines. 
Hardened, another round of Civil

1891
01:43:48,100 --> 01:43:51,800
Wars seemed inevitable as one 
man's ambition had morphed into 

1892
01:43:51,800 --> 01:43:54,100
a generational crisis of 
identity for Rome. 

1893
01:43:54,800 --> 01:43:57,200
Though, Anthony and Octavian, 
initially each other with 

1894
01:43:57,200 --> 01:44:00,100
suspicion, they realized they 
stood a better chance against 

1895
01:44:00,100 --> 01:44:01,700
the conspirators if they 
cooperated. 

1896
01:44:02,400 --> 01:44:06,000
Along with Marcus lepidus a 
trusted Commander they formed 

1897
01:44:06,000 --> 01:44:09,400
the second triumvirate unlike 
Caesar's in formal Arrangement 

1898
01:44:09,400 --> 01:44:13,000
this Triumph rate was legally 
sanctioned granting the three 

1899
01:44:13,000 --> 01:44:16,300
men near absolute power to 
reorganize the state and 

1900
01:44:16,300 --> 01:44:17,600
reorganize it. 
They did. 

1901
01:44:18,400 --> 01:44:22,300
Prescriptions lists of enemies 
of the state were published men 

1902
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:24,200
of wealth and influence found 
themselves. 

1903
01:44:24,200 --> 01:44:27,600
Outlawed the Triumph for at 
seized property and executed 

1904
01:44:27,600 --> 01:44:31,700
opponents, echoing the Grim days
of solar's dictatorship, the 

1905
01:44:31,700 --> 01:44:36,100
conspirators, meanwhile, mustard
forces in the East culminating 

1906
01:44:36,100 --> 01:44:40,300
in the climb magnetic Battle of 
Philippi in 42 BC e Brutus and 

1907
01:44:40,300 --> 01:44:43,300
Cassius were defeated and they 
chose suicide over capture. 

1908
01:44:44,200 --> 01:44:46,900
If Caesar's murderers hoped for 
a Renaissance of Republican 

1909
01:44:46,900 --> 01:44:49,300
ideals, they had Gravely 
miscalculated. 

1910
01:44:50,100 --> 01:44:53,200
Rome was now torn between 
competing strong men after 

1911
01:44:53,200 --> 01:44:57,300
Philippi tensions, Rose between 
Antony and Octavian, Anthony 

1912
01:44:57,300 --> 01:45:00,200
headed east forming an alliance 
and famously. 

1913
01:45:00,200 --> 01:45:04,400
A romance with Cleopatra in 
Egypt, Octavian, solidified, his

1914
01:45:04,400 --> 01:45:07,800
base in Rome ensuring the Senate
recognized him as the principal 

1915
01:45:07,800 --> 01:45:13,000
are to seize his legacy by 31 
BCE the Rivalry exploded in to 

1916
01:45:13,000 --> 01:45:16,200
another civil war culminating in
the naval battle of actium. 

1917
01:45:17,000 --> 01:45:21,000
Octavian prevailed, Anthony and 
Cleopatra fled and later took 

1918
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:24,200
their own lives and the stage 
was set for Octavian to become 

1919
01:45:24,200 --> 01:45:27,000
Augustus. 
The first Roman Emperor, the 

1920
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:29,100
Republic in its old form was 
gone. 

1921
01:45:29,100 --> 01:45:33,800
And what have seizures Legacy, 
his name Caesar would become 

1922
01:45:33,800 --> 01:45:38,900
synonymous with rulership itself
from Kaiser in German to tesar 

1923
01:45:38,900 --> 01:45:41,200
in Russian leaders in distant 
lands. 

1924
01:45:41,200 --> 01:45:44,600
Would adopt the moniker as a 
badge of Imperial, might his 

1925
01:45:44,600 --> 01:45:47,200
reforms, especially the Julian 
calendar. 

1926
01:45:47,200 --> 01:45:51,200
Lived him by centuries, 
influencing how millions of 

1927
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:54,200
people marked time. 
His writings particularly the 

1928
01:45:54,200 --> 01:45:57,200
commentaries on the gallic and 
Civil Wars, remained essential 

1929
01:45:57,200 --> 01:46:01,000
reading for generations of 
statement, and Generals admired 

1930
01:46:01,000 --> 01:46:03,500
for their Clarity and rhetorical
brilliantes. 

1931
01:46:04,700 --> 01:46:08,100
In a strange twist. 
The Senate that once feared him 

1932
01:46:08,100 --> 01:46:12,400
voted to die, seas are after his
death, proclaiming him Divas, 

1933
01:46:12,400 --> 01:46:16,100
Julius shrines, and temples to 
the Divine Julius, sprang up 

1934
01:46:16,100 --> 01:46:17,900
turning him into a figure of 
worship. 

1935
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:22,000
This posture must deification 
gave Octavian an added Aura of 

1936
01:46:22,008 --> 01:46:25,600
legitimacy. 
He was now Divi Filius, the son 

1937
01:46:25,600 --> 01:46:29,800
of a god, One might argue, it 
was the final irony, the same 

1938
01:46:29,800 --> 01:46:31,900
institution that bristled at his
ambition. 

1939
01:46:31,900 --> 01:46:36,100
Now raised him to Divine status,
this transformation reflected 

1940
01:46:36,100 --> 01:46:39,500
the contradictory nature of 
Roman politics, practical to the

1941
01:46:39,500 --> 01:46:43,600
core yet steeped in Superstition
and reverence for signs and 

1942
01:46:43,600 --> 01:46:46,600
wonders public memory of Caesar 
remained divided. 

1943
01:46:46,600 --> 01:46:49,400
Many admired him for 
championing, the lower classes 

1944
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:52,900
taking decisive action to end 
Rome's, internal strife and 

1945
01:46:52,900 --> 01:46:54,500
extending Roman influence 
abroad. 

1946
01:46:54,500 --> 01:46:58,300
Others condemned him as the man 
who shattered the Republic's 

1947
01:46:58,300 --> 01:47:02,300
checks and balances making a 
single man, inevitable over time

1948
01:47:02,300 --> 01:47:05,700
historians playwrights and 
orators distilled his story and 

1949
01:47:05,700 --> 01:47:09,100
to dramatic beats the brilliant 
General, the cunning politician,

1950
01:47:09,100 --> 01:47:12,100
the Betrayed friend. 
Those wanting a moral lesson, 

1951
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:15,100
found ample material some used 
him as a warning against 

1952
01:47:15,100 --> 01:47:18,200
unchecked ambition others. 
As an example of visionary 

1953
01:47:18,200 --> 01:47:22,500
leadership, undone by a petty 
jealousy Yet there's a deeper 

1954
01:47:22,500 --> 01:47:25,600
layer to seize his life, one 
less recounted in popular law, 

1955
01:47:25,600 --> 01:47:29,100
he was profoundly curious about 
the world about languages, 

1956
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:31,500
cultures, and the mechanics of 
governance. 

1957
01:47:33,000 --> 01:47:35,500
From his youth, in the streets 
of Rome to his kidnapping by 

1958
01:47:35,500 --> 01:47:38,200
Pirates From the Muddy 
battlefields of gauld, the 

1959
01:47:38,200 --> 01:47:41,600
marble corridors of the curia. 
He sought to understand and 

1960
01:47:41,600 --> 01:47:46,000
master every environment he 
touched He wasn't content to 

1961
01:47:46,000 --> 01:47:49,900
play by the rules, he rewrote 
them not all admired his methods

1962
01:47:49,900 --> 01:47:53,800
but few could deny his results 
for those living in Rome after 

1963
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:57,200
Caesar's demise daily life. 
Eventually stabilized under 

1964
01:47:57,200 --> 01:48:00,100
augustus's reign. 
The city grew Grandeur, the 

1965
01:48:00,100 --> 01:48:03,400
Empire expanded, and a new 
system, the principal took 

1966
01:48:03,400 --> 01:48:06,100
shape, but an undercurrent of 
nostalgia. 

1967
01:48:06,100 --> 01:48:09,000
Persisted among some Senators 
who recalled a republic where 

1968
01:48:09,000 --> 01:48:12,100
men like Cicero and Cato wants 
debated, the future of Rome. 

1969
01:48:12,800 --> 01:48:16,700
They wondered if in slaying, 
Caesar they had severed the last

1970
01:48:16,700 --> 01:48:20,300
chance to preserve Republican 
dignity or if Caesar's very 

1971
01:48:20,300 --> 01:48:23,100
presence had doomed. 
It from the start and so the 

1972
01:48:23,100 --> 01:48:26,300
figure of Julius Caesar stands 
in Roman history, not simply as 

1973
01:48:26,300 --> 01:48:30,300
a conqueror or a dictator, but 
as a turning point he harnessed 

1974
01:48:30,300 --> 01:48:34,200
ambition popular piece support 
and raw military skill to 

1975
01:48:34,200 --> 01:48:37,800
reshape the world's greatest 
Republic and in doing so he 

1976
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:39,500
cleared a path for Imperial 
rule. 

1977
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:42,700
Some see him as a hero 
Visionary, who expanded Rome's 

1978
01:48:42,700 --> 01:48:47,100
Horizons, others view him as the
ultimate user betraying, the 

1979
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:50,000
collective governance that had 
once defined the city's spirit. 

1980
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:54,700
Perhaps both are true in the 
end, Julius Caesar's story 

1981
01:48:54,708 --> 01:48:58,400
reminds us that history rarely 
lends itself to neat labels, the

1982
01:48:58,400 --> 01:49:01,600
arcs of power. 
Destiny and personal will often 

1983
01:49:01,600 --> 01:49:04,600
weave together in ways that defy
easy, categorization. 

1984
01:49:04,600 --> 01:49:08,000
And if there's one lesson that 
resonates across the centuries, 

1985
01:49:08,000 --> 01:49:11,700
it might be this when a single 
individual grows too large for 

1986
01:49:11,700 --> 01:49:13,900
the existing order 
transformation. 

1987
01:49:13,900 --> 01:49:17,000
However, exhilarating or 
destructive becomes inevitable 

1988
01:49:23,200 --> 01:49:26,300
Imagine being in a very old 
Japanese Forest the kind that 

1989
01:49:26,300 --> 01:49:28,900
used to cover these islands long
before anyone thought to build 

1990
01:49:28,900 --> 01:49:31,100
anything. 
These trees are different from 

1991
01:49:31,100 --> 01:49:32,500
the ones. 
You might see in your area. 

1992
01:49:32,500 --> 01:49:36,700
These trees are crypto mariya 
and hinoki site, press, they can

1993
01:49:36,708 --> 01:49:38,700
live for a thousand years and 
grow straight and Tall. 

1994
01:49:38,700 --> 01:49:42,000
They would smells a little like 
lemon and his resistant to rot 

1995
01:49:42,000 --> 01:49:45,800
like Nature's Own preservative. 
Japanese architecture doesn't 

1996
01:49:45,800 --> 01:49:47,600
start in quarries or brick 
kills. 

1997
01:49:47,600 --> 01:49:50,800
It starts in these old forests 
where there was a lot of wood 

1998
01:49:50,800 --> 01:49:53,100
that was easy to work with and 
seemed to last forever. 

1999
01:49:54,300 --> 01:49:57,200
Building with stone makes things
last, whether you want them to 

2000
01:49:57,200 --> 01:50:00,700
or not. 
Stone says, I will be here long 

2001
01:50:00,700 --> 01:50:03,600
after your gone unchanged and 
unmoved. 

2002
01:50:04,500 --> 01:50:08,600
Would on the other hand, says, 
something else would says, I 

2003
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:11,800
used to be alive and in a way I 
still am. 

2004
01:50:13,100 --> 01:50:15,600
The first people who lived in 
Japan, knew that the islands 

2005
01:50:15,600 --> 01:50:18,500
they lived on were always moving
and this would affect how they 

2006
01:50:18,500 --> 01:50:20,000
built things for thousands of 
years. 

2007
01:50:20,000 --> 01:50:24,100
Earthquake, struck the ground 
too often making buildings made 

2008
01:50:24,100 --> 01:50:27,800
of solid Stone into death traps.
It seemed like the Earth itself,

2009
01:50:27,800 --> 01:50:31,100
like movement over Stillness and
flexibility over rigidity. 

2010
01:50:31,800 --> 01:50:34,500
So the Japanese learned how to 
build buildings that could Sway 

2011
01:50:34,500 --> 01:50:37,500
With the Earth instead of 
fighting it, these buildings 

2012
01:50:37,500 --> 01:50:40,000
danced with disaster instead of 
standing against it. 

2013
01:50:40,000 --> 01:50:43,100
But before we talk about real 
buildings, we should talk about 

2014
01:50:43,100 --> 01:50:45,500
Shinto. 
The native religion of Japan 

2015
01:50:45,500 --> 01:50:47,300
that seized divine presence in 
nature. 

2016
01:50:47,300 --> 01:50:51,300
Shinto, says that commie or 
Spirits or gods live in 

2017
01:50:51,308 --> 01:50:55,800
everything from huge mountains 
to Tiny streams from old trees 

2018
01:50:55,800 --> 01:50:58,600
to interesting rocks. 
This wasn't just a religious 

2019
01:50:58,600 --> 01:51:00,700
belief. 
It was a basic way to think 

2020
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:02,100
about how you fit into the 
landscape. 

2021
01:51:03,200 --> 01:51:05,300
Your approach to building 
changes completely. 

2022
01:51:05,300 --> 01:51:08,600
When you think that nature is 
sacred, you don't take over the 

2023
01:51:08,600 --> 01:51:12,000
land, you work with it. 
You don't cut down all the trees

2024
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:14,800
in a forest. 
Instead, you cut down certain 

2025
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:16,500
trees with thanks and Sarah 
money. 

2026
01:51:16,500 --> 01:51:19,400
The first Shinto shrines were 
really building's. 

2027
01:51:19,400 --> 01:51:23,200
They were just areas that were 
set aside as sacred maybe with a

2028
01:51:23,200 --> 01:51:26,100
special tree or rock in them. 
And simple fence is made of 

2029
01:51:26,100 --> 01:51:30,000
branches and rope around the The
grand shrine at ease is one of 

2030
01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:33,200
Japan's most sacred places, it 
shows how people in Japan 

2031
01:51:33,200 --> 01:51:35,800
interact with nature in a way 
that might seem strange to 

2032
01:51:35,800 --> 01:51:38,100
people from the West every 20 
years. 

2033
01:51:38,100 --> 01:51:41,200
The whole Shrine complex is 
rebuilt from the ground up with 

2034
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:43,000
new Cyprus would and traditional
methods. 

2035
01:51:43,000 --> 01:51:46,600
The old buildings are carefully 
taken apart and Nuance that look

2036
01:51:46,600 --> 01:51:48,600
just like the old ones. 
Go up in their place. 

2037
01:51:49,400 --> 01:51:52,400
This has been going on for more 
than 1,000 years which makes 

2038
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:57,400
East both old and always knew. 
Consider this for a second, a 

2039
01:51:57,400 --> 01:52:01,500
building that is both 1,300 
years old and only 20 years old.

2040
01:52:02,300 --> 01:52:05,100
It's like the ship of Theseus, 
Paradox in architecture. 

2041
01:52:05,100 --> 01:52:08,600
This is a philosophical question
about whether something stays 

2042
01:52:08,600 --> 01:52:12,000
the same after all of its parts 
of being replaced, the Japanese 

2043
01:52:12,000 --> 01:52:15,200
knew right away that the shrines
Essence wasn't in the materials 

2044
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:18,800
it was made of, but in its 
shape, its traditions and its 

2045
01:52:18,800 --> 01:52:22,400
spiritual continuity because of 
this tradition of rebuilding 

2046
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:25,400
people, had to learn about 
architecture by teaching each 

2047
01:52:25,400 --> 01:52:28,200
other instead of just looking at
Old buildings. 

2048
01:52:29,000 --> 01:52:32,400
For decades Master Carpenters, 
taught apprentices everything 

2049
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:35,200
they needed to know about how 
buildings, worked, how they 

2050
01:52:35,208 --> 01:52:38,200
breathed and how they stood up 
to win an earthquake's. 

2051
01:52:38,200 --> 01:52:41,300
They didn't just teach them how 
to cut joints or chose would 

2052
01:52:42,000 --> 01:52:44,400
Japanese people used to treat 
wood with a lot of respect. 

2053
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:47,000
Carpenters, learn to read the 
grain of wood. 

2054
01:52:47,000 --> 01:52:50,000
Like you would read someone's 
face getting to know its 

2055
01:52:50,000 --> 01:52:51,700
personality strengths and 
Oddities. 

2056
01:52:51,700 --> 01:52:54,900
They knew that would from the 
north side of a tree was thicker

2057
01:52:54,900 --> 01:52:56,900
and should be used in a 
different way than wood from the

2058
01:52:56,908 --> 01:52:59,500
South Side. 
They knew that the way a tree 

2059
01:52:59,500 --> 01:53:02,100
grew determined how to cut and 
put its wood in a building. 

2060
01:53:02,900 --> 01:53:05,200
People cared for the tools and 
treated them with respect. 

2061
01:53:05,200 --> 01:53:08,900
It was important to take care of
an eventually pass down a master

2062
01:53:08,900 --> 01:53:11,700
Carpenters. 
Saw Japanese saws cut on the 

2063
01:53:11,708 --> 01:53:14,100
pull stroke instead of the push 
stroke, which gives the 

2064
01:53:14,100 --> 01:53:16,200
carpenter more control and makes
cleaner Cuts. 

2065
01:53:16,200 --> 01:53:19,300
It's one of those little things 
that shows a whole new way of 

2066
01:53:19,300 --> 01:53:22,600
doing things working with the 
tools nature, instead of forcing

2067
01:53:22,600 --> 01:53:25,500
it to do what you want. 
The joinery techniques that 

2068
01:53:25,500 --> 01:53:28,100
developed in Japan are still 
amazing and how clever they are 

2069
01:53:28,100 --> 01:53:30,500
Master. 
Carpenters, made connections 

2070
01:53:30,500 --> 01:53:33,000
between wooden parts that were 
stronger than the wood itself. 

2071
01:53:33,000 --> 01:53:35,900
Like, interlocking joints that 
got tighter when they were 

2072
01:53:35,900 --> 01:53:40,000
loaded, Corners, that could Bend
without breaking and connections

2073
01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:43,100
that let buildings absorb 
seismic energy instead of 

2074
01:53:43,108 --> 01:53:46,800
breaking under it. 
Imagine a master Carpenter in 

2075
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:49,100
ancient Japan. 
Picking a tree to cut down as 

2076
01:53:49,100 --> 01:53:52,200
you drift off to sleep. 
He puts his hand on the bark and

2077
01:53:52,200 --> 01:53:55,700
maybe says a short prayer to the
army of the forest thanking them

2078
01:53:55,700 --> 01:53:57,300
for the life. 
He's about to take and the 

2079
01:53:57,300 --> 01:54:00,400
purpose, it will serve. 
The tree will fall but it will 

2080
01:54:00,400 --> 01:54:02,900
also rise. 
Again it will become pillars and

2081
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:06,400
beams and it will continue to 
exist in a new form protecting 

2082
01:54:06,400 --> 01:54:10,200
people as it once protected, 
birds and insects The basis of 

2083
01:54:10,208 --> 01:54:12,900
Japanese architecture is a deep 
respect for materials. 

2084
01:54:12,900 --> 01:54:16,000
The idea that buildings are not 
separate from nature, but part 

2085
01:54:16,000 --> 01:54:19,300
of its ongoing cycle and the 
willingness to accept change 

2086
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:23,300
instead of fighting it. 
The Palaces temples castles and 

2087
01:54:23,300 --> 01:54:26,600
teahouses that come after this 
all come from these roots just 

2088
01:54:26,600 --> 01:54:28,600
like the Cyprus trees grow from 
the ground. 

2089
01:54:29,400 --> 01:54:32,400
Japanese architecture changed in
a big way around the sixth 

2090
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:35,900
Century CE Buddhism came from 
China and Korea and it brought 

2091
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:39,200
with it, not only new spiritual 
ideas, but also a whole new way 

2092
01:54:39,200 --> 01:54:41,500
of building. 
It was like someone suddenly 

2093
01:54:41,500 --> 01:54:43,900
giving you a whole new way to 
say things you only sort of 

2094
01:54:43,900 --> 01:54:46,800
understood before. 
In many ways, Chinese 

2095
01:54:46,800 --> 01:54:50,200
architecture was the opposite of
what Japan had made Japanese 

2096
01:54:50,200 --> 01:54:53,300
buildings, were low to the 
ground while Chinese buildings 

2097
01:54:53,300 --> 01:54:55,900
had many stories and fancy Ruth 
lines that went up. 

2098
01:54:55,900 --> 01:54:59,600
Japanese design used natural 
materials in their raw form. 

2099
01:54:59,600 --> 01:55:03,200
While Chinese architecture used 
bright colors, intricate 

2100
01:55:03,200 --> 01:55:05,200
decorations, and complicated 
symbols. 

2101
01:55:06,000 --> 01:55:08,900
Japanese architecture was about 
blending in with the landscape. 

2102
01:55:08,900 --> 01:55:12,300
While Chinese architecture was 
about imposing geometric order 

2103
01:55:12,300 --> 01:55:15,500
and Cosmic meaning. 
The Japanese reaction to this 

2104
01:55:15,500 --> 01:55:18,100
cultural exchange show, 
something important about their 

2105
01:55:18,100 --> 01:55:20,500
character. 
They didn't just copy Chinese 

2106
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:22,900
models. 
They didn't completely reject 

2107
01:55:22,900 --> 01:55:25,400
the mother. 
Instead, they did what you could

2108
01:55:25,400 --> 01:55:29,400
call architectural translation, 
which means taking Chinese ideas

2109
01:55:29,400 --> 01:55:31,300
and slowly and carefully 
adapting them. 

2110
01:55:31,300 --> 01:55:35,200
To Japanese tastes and needs. 
Japanese architecture, didn't 

2111
01:55:35,200 --> 01:55:37,900
really need large interior 
spaces for congregational 

2112
01:55:37,900 --> 01:55:40,400
worship before. 
Buddhist temples did. 

2113
01:55:41,000 --> 01:55:44,200
Shinto ceremonies took place 
outside or in small private 

2114
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:47,500
places but Buddhism needed. 
Big rooms where monks could meet

2115
01:55:47,500 --> 01:55:49,900
chance sutras and do complicated
rituals. 

2116
01:55:50,600 --> 01:55:52,900
This meant learning how to build
on a scale that Japanese 

2117
01:55:52,900 --> 01:55:56,300
architecture hadn't done before 
the Pagoda, which is unique 

2118
01:55:56,300 --> 01:55:59,000
multi-tiered Tower. 
Found in Buddhist temples, is 

2119
01:55:59,000 --> 01:56:01,900
actually a brilliant piece of 
earthquake engineering that the 

2120
01:56:01,908 --> 01:56:04,900
Japanese perspective through 
trial and error and careful 

2121
01:56:04,900 --> 01:56:08,000
observation. 
Bashiri a huge Central. 

2122
01:56:08,000 --> 01:56:11,000
Pillow runs through the middle 
of a traditional Japanese pagoda

2123
01:56:11,900 --> 01:56:14,400
It is held up from the top and 
barely touches the ground. 

2124
01:56:14,400 --> 01:56:18,000
The building shakes when an 
earthquake hits but the central 

2125
01:56:18,000 --> 01:56:20,400
pillar keeps the whole thing 
stable by acting as a 

2126
01:56:20,400 --> 01:56:23,800
counterweight and dampener 
modernized managers who studied 

2127
01:56:23,800 --> 01:56:25,500
ancient pagodas found something 
amazing. 

2128
01:56:26,300 --> 01:56:29,100
This design, which was developed
through years of observation, 

2129
01:56:29,100 --> 01:56:32,100
predicts principles that 
Structural Engineers didn't 

2130
01:56:32,100 --> 01:56:36,000
understand mathematically until 
the 20th century Some pagodas 

2131
01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:39,700
have been around for more than 
1,400 years and have withstood 

2132
01:56:39,700 --> 01:56:42,000
many earthquakes that have 
destroyed newer buildings 

2133
01:56:42,000 --> 01:56:45,000
nearby. 
Old-time Carpenters didn't need 

2134
01:56:45,000 --> 01:56:47,600
computer models. 
They had patients, careful 

2135
01:56:47,600 --> 01:56:51,100
observation and years of 
experience, the hori ji Temple 

2136
01:56:51,100 --> 01:56:54,100
which was built in the early 7th
Century has the oldest wooden 

2137
01:56:54,100 --> 01:56:56,900
buildings in the world that are 
still standing It's like 

2138
01:56:56,908 --> 01:56:59,400
stepping into a time machine 
when you walk around its grounds

2139
01:56:59,400 --> 01:57:03,000
but you're not really there. 
You're in bed and what it would 

2140
01:57:03,000 --> 01:57:06,700
be like the wood is dark and 
over time to a deep Brown that 

2141
01:57:06,700 --> 01:57:08,100
looks like it. 
Absorbs light. 

2142
01:57:08,900 --> 01:57:11,800
The pillars have a slight curve 
called emphasis that comes from 

2143
01:57:11,800 --> 01:57:14,000
Greek architecture through 
Chinese middlemen. 

2144
01:57:14,600 --> 01:57:17,400
This makes them look more like 
living things than rigid shapes.

2145
01:57:17,400 --> 01:57:20,700
It's interesting how quickly 
these early Buddhist temples 

2146
01:57:20,700 --> 01:57:22,400
began to look more Japanese than
Chinese. 

2147
01:57:22,400 --> 01:57:25,500
The roof lines, got less fancy 
but more elegant. 

2148
01:57:26,300 --> 01:57:28,800
The colors changed from the 
bright, Reds and greens of 

2149
01:57:28,800 --> 01:57:31,300
Chinese temples to softer more 
natural tones. 

2150
01:57:32,200 --> 01:57:34,300
The connection with the garden 
around, it became more 

2151
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:37,800
integrated, less about symbols 
and more about real sensory 

2152
01:57:37,800 --> 01:57:41,600
experience, but it architectural
brought new, skilled workers to 

2153
01:57:41,600 --> 01:57:44,000
Japan. 
Tilemakers who could make the 

2154
01:57:44,000 --> 01:57:47,900
unique curved roof tiles. 
That directed Rainwater Metal 

2155
01:57:47,900 --> 01:57:50,800
workers who could make the 
beautiful bronze decorations 

2156
01:57:50,800 --> 01:57:54,500
that went on doorways and rude's
sculptors and Painters who made 

2157
01:57:54,500 --> 01:57:56,900
statues of Buddhas. 
And bodhisattvas, that filled 

2158
01:57:56,900 --> 01:58:00,000
temples there were different 
traditions and techniques for 

2159
01:58:00,000 --> 01:58:02,000
each craft. 
That had to be changed to work 

2160
01:58:02,000 --> 01:58:05,300
with Japanese materials and 
whether the changes in Temple 

2161
01:58:05,300 --> 01:58:08,000
architecture, over the next few 
hundred years show, a slow 

2162
01:58:08,000 --> 01:58:11,700
process of creative digestion. 
Each generation of Builders 

2163
01:58:11,700 --> 01:58:14,600
learned from the ones before 
them, but they also tried new 

2164
01:58:14,600 --> 01:58:17,800
things changed things. 
And sometimes came up with new 

2165
01:58:17,800 --> 01:58:19,700
ideas that were less like 
Chinese models. 

2166
01:58:21,000 --> 01:58:24,200
By the hand period which lasted 
from the 9th to the 12th 

2167
01:58:24,200 --> 01:58:26,700
centuries. 
Japanese Buddhist architecture 

2168
01:58:26,700 --> 01:58:29,700
had developed its own unique 
style, it was clearly based on 

2169
01:58:29,700 --> 01:58:32,700
Chinese models but it was 
clearly Japanese and how it was 

2170
01:58:32,700 --> 01:58:36,200
built. 
The covered Corridor or Roker is

2171
01:58:36,200 --> 01:58:39,900
one new idea that stands out. 
In Japan where it rains a lot, 

2172
01:58:39,908 --> 01:58:43,100
these wooden walkways connected 
different buildings in a temple 

2173
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:45,800
or Palace complex. 
They made sure that people could

2174
01:58:45,800 --> 01:58:49,200
move between buildings without 
getting wet, the corridors were 

2175
01:58:49,200 --> 01:58:51,700
not just useful, they made a 
rhythm of walking through 

2176
01:58:51,700 --> 01:58:54,600
covered and Open Spaces, 
switching between light and 

2177
01:58:54,600 --> 01:58:56,800
shade. 
The sound of rain on wooden 

2178
01:58:56,800 --> 01:59:01,200
roofs and the sight of Garden's 
glistening with water As you get

2179
01:59:01,200 --> 01:59:03,700
more comfortable in your 
blankets, picture yourself, 

2180
01:59:03,700 --> 01:59:06,100
walking down, one of these 
hallways on a rainy day. 

2181
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:10,000
The wooden floor is smooth under
your feet because it has been 

2182
01:59:10,000 --> 01:59:13,800
used for hundreds of years. 
Rain is falling in sheets, 

2183
01:59:13,800 --> 01:59:16,200
outside, making a curtain 
between you and the garden. 

2184
01:59:16,200 --> 01:59:21,000
The sound is everywhere. 
Rain on the roof tiles, rain on 

2185
01:59:21,000 --> 01:59:25,700
the stone paths and Rain filling
the stone baseman's, your dry 

2186
01:59:25,700 --> 01:59:27,600
and moving through this 
protected space. 

2187
01:59:27,600 --> 01:59:29,600
That connects you to the life of
the building's. 

2188
01:59:29,600 --> 01:59:31,300
I'll keep you safe from the 
weather. 

2189
01:59:32,100 --> 01:59:34,300
The hallway is not completely 
inside or outside. 

2190
01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:38,000
It's a space in between a 
threshold and Japanese 

2191
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:40,800
architecture would come to love 
these unclear areas very much. 

2192
01:59:40,800 --> 01:59:44,000
The aristocratic architecture of
the Haynes period. 

2193
01:59:44,000 --> 01:59:47,600
Japan from the 9th to the 12th. 
Centuries is one of the most 

2194
01:59:47,608 --> 01:59:50,200
refined domestic traditions in 
human history. 

2195
01:59:51,100 --> 01:59:53,100
This was the time of the tale of
Genji. 

2196
01:59:53,100 --> 01:59:56,100
A great work of world 
literature, that shows us how 

2197
01:59:56,100 --> 01:59:59,000
the nobility lived loved. 
And thought about the places 

2198
01:59:59,000 --> 02:00:01,900
where they lived. 
The shinden security style that 

2199
02:00:01,900 --> 02:00:03,600
was popular in aristocratic 
Homes. 

2200
02:00:03,600 --> 02:00:06,000
At this time, was based on a 
simple idea. 

2201
02:00:06,000 --> 02:00:09,000
Build rectangular buildings, 
around a central Courtyard 

2202
02:00:09,000 --> 02:00:12,900
garden, connect them with 
hallways and let the spaces flow

2203
02:00:12,900 --> 02:00:16,600
into each other with his few 
barriers as possible. it sounds 

2204
02:00:16,600 --> 02:00:19,400
simple but when you compare it 
to European or middle eastern 

2205
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:23,500
palaces from the same time, you 
can see how radical this idea 

2206
02:00:23,500 --> 02:00:27,900
was Picture a mansion for a 
nobleman from above the main 

2207
02:00:27,900 --> 02:00:30,800
hall, or Chinden always faces 
South because of Chinese 

2208
02:00:30,800 --> 02:00:34,400
geomantic ideas about good 
direction's to the Eastern, West

2209
02:00:34,400 --> 02:00:37,500
smaller, building told family 
members, and other household 

2210
02:00:37,500 --> 02:00:41,800
tasks, covered hallways, connect
everything making a safe way for

2211
02:00:41,800 --> 02:00:45,100
people to get around and in the 
middle the courtyard Garden 

2212
02:00:45,100 --> 02:00:47,000
which is more than just a 
decoration. 

2213
02:00:47,000 --> 02:00:48,800
It's the heart of the whole 
thing. 

2214
02:00:48,800 --> 02:00:52,200
There are almost no walls inside
which is what makes this so 

2215
02:00:52,200 --> 02:00:55,200
different from say a medieval 
European Manor. 

2216
02:00:56,000 --> 02:00:59,100
The buildings are basically 
roofed platforms with screens 

2217
02:00:59,100 --> 02:01:02,900
and curtains that can be moved 
around, not solid walls but how 

2218
02:01:02,900 --> 02:01:05,500
you arrange your furniture and 
fabric gives you privacy? 

2219
02:01:05,500 --> 02:01:08,100
You don't define space by 
closing it off. 

2220
02:01:08,100 --> 02:01:12,000
Instead you do it by carefully. 
Placing screens, blinds and 

2221
02:01:12,000 --> 02:01:15,900
hanging textiles to suggest 
boundaries this meant that homes

2222
02:01:15,900 --> 02:01:19,100
of the rich were very adaptable.
During the day, the rooms could 

2223
02:01:19,100 --> 02:01:22,600
be open and bright screens and 
curtains made private rooms at 

2224
02:01:22,600 --> 02:01:25,600
night. 
When you had guests over rooms, 

2225
02:01:25,600 --> 02:01:27,300
could easily become bigger 
spaces. 

2226
02:01:27,300 --> 02:01:30,800
The house could change 
completely with the seasons in 

2227
02:01:30,800 --> 02:01:32,600
the summer. 
It was very open to letting 

2228
02:01:32,600 --> 02:01:36,500
breezes and in the winter it had
screens placed just right to 

2229
02:01:36,500 --> 02:01:39,500
keep warmth from braziers. 
The floors of these buildings 

2230
02:01:39,500 --> 02:01:43,000
were made of famous hinoki. 
Cypress Wood platforms that were

2231
02:01:43,000 --> 02:01:46,100
about two feet off the ground. 
It wasn't just about height. 

2232
02:01:46,100 --> 02:01:48,900
It was also about making a 
separate space from the ground 

2233
02:01:48,908 --> 02:01:51,000
below. 
You took off your shoes before 

2234
02:01:51,000 --> 02:01:52,300
stepping up onto these 
platforms. 

2235
02:01:53,300 --> 02:01:56,000
This was a sign that you are 
moving from the outside world to

2236
02:01:56,000 --> 02:01:57,500
the more refined space of the 
home. 

2237
02:01:58,500 --> 02:02:01,400
Space under the floor, also let 
air flow which is important in 

2238
02:02:01,400 --> 02:02:04,600
Japan's, humid, climate kept 
moisture from the ground from 

2239
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:08,000
rotting wooden buildings. 
During the hand period to Tommy 

2240
02:02:08,000 --> 02:02:10,600
mats, which are rectangular 
floor, mats covered in Russia's 

2241
02:02:10,600 --> 02:02:14,000
but not yet, common, they were 
expensive things that were only 

2242
02:02:14,000 --> 02:02:17,400
put where people sat, eventually
they grew so big that they 

2243
02:02:17,400 --> 02:02:20,700
covered whole floors and their 
standard size became a way to 

2244
02:02:20,700 --> 02:02:23,900
measure things rooms were 
described by how many tatami 

2245
02:02:23,900 --> 02:02:26,800
they had. 
People still use the terms 6, 

2246
02:02:26,800 --> 02:02:30,800
matte rooms and eight matte 
rooms to describe Japanese 

2247
02:02:30,800 --> 02:02:33,300
Apartments today. 
This is a tradition that goes 

2248
02:02:33,300 --> 02:02:36,400
back, hundreds of years. 
If you're used to walls being 

2249
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:40,200
walls and doors staying closed. 
The way the inside and outside 

2250
02:02:40,200 --> 02:02:43,400
of these palaces work together 
might make you feel uneasy. 

2251
02:02:44,000 --> 02:02:46,800
On nice days, the wooden 
shutters that surrounded, the 

2252
02:02:46,800 --> 02:02:49,700
buildings could be lifted and 
stored, which meant that an 

2253
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:52,300
entire wall could be taken down,
and the rooms could be opened 

2254
02:02:52,300 --> 02:02:55,700
directly to the garden. 
The aristocrats didn't just look

2255
02:02:55,700 --> 02:02:58,400
at their Garden's, they were 
always able to see and hear 

2256
02:02:58,400 --> 02:03:00,200
them. 
You might not expect this 

2257
02:03:00,200 --> 02:03:02,500
openness to mean, a different 
way of thinking about privacy, 

2258
02:03:02,500 --> 02:03:06,400
because anyone could see into 
rooms privacy was kept by using 

2259
02:03:06,400 --> 02:03:08,400
layers of semi-transparent 
fabrics. 

2260
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:12,000
Cultural rules about where you 
could look and the careful 

2261
02:03:12,000 --> 02:03:13,800
placement of screens and 
Furniture. 

2262
02:03:13,800 --> 02:03:18,000
The privacy of the architecture 
was not physical, but social and

2263
02:03:18,000 --> 02:03:20,100
it was enforced by manners and 
of locks. 

2264
02:03:20,800 --> 02:03:22,400
You should meditate on the 
gardens. 

2265
02:03:22,400 --> 02:03:25,300
You can see from these palaces, 
they weren't Botanical 

2266
02:03:25,300 --> 02:03:27,000
collections or vegetable 
gardens. 

2267
02:03:27,000 --> 02:03:29,900
They were carefully planned 
Landscapes that brought Nature 

2268
02:03:29,900 --> 02:03:32,500
close to people. 
You could change the course of a

2269
02:03:32,500 --> 02:03:35,500
stream so that it flows through 
the garden with carefully. 

2270
02:03:35,500 --> 02:03:39,500
Chosen Stones lining the way. 
People picked trees based on how

2271
02:03:39,500 --> 02:03:42,400
they looked in different 
seasons, like cherry blossoms in

2272
02:03:42,400 --> 02:03:44,500
the spring and Maples in the 
fall. 

2273
02:03:45,100 --> 02:03:48,700
Island in fake, ponds stood, for
Cosmic ideas, or famous places 

2274
02:03:48,700 --> 02:03:51,400
from Chinese. 
Poetry walking through these 

2275
02:03:51,400 --> 02:03:54,300
Gardens meant reading between 
the lines and finding hidden 

2276
02:03:54,300 --> 02:03:56,600
meanings that arrangement of 
rocks. 

2277
02:03:56,600 --> 02:04:00,000
Could be a reference to a famous
Chinese landscape that tree 

2278
02:04:00,000 --> 02:04:01,900
might remind people of a poem, 
they all knew. 

2279
02:04:02,600 --> 02:04:04,700
The gardens were like, 
three-dimensional books that 

2280
02:04:04,700 --> 02:04:06,700
only educated people could fully
enjoy. 

2281
02:04:06,700 --> 02:04:10,700
You could enjoy them centrally, 
which you could do, but you are 

2282
02:04:10,700 --> 02:04:12,900
also supposed to understand 
their cultural and philosophical

2283
02:04:12,900 --> 02:04:15,900
meanings. 
The idea of March which is often

2284
02:04:15,900 --> 02:04:20,200
translated as negative space or 
interval was very important to 

2285
02:04:20,200 --> 02:04:22,000
how these buildings and Gardens 
worked. 

2286
02:04:22,800 --> 02:04:26,200
Mario isn't just empty space, 
it's space, that gets meaning 

2287
02:04:26,200 --> 02:04:29,300
from the things around it. 
The empty space between the 

2288
02:04:29,300 --> 02:04:32,700
buildings wasn't wasted space 
who was the organizing principle

2289
02:04:32,700 --> 02:04:34,100
that made the building's work 
together? 

2290
02:04:34,900 --> 02:04:37,200
The space between stones on a 
Garden Path. 

2291
02:04:37,200 --> 02:04:40,700
Wasn't empty. 
It was full of Hope as you drift

2292
02:04:40,700 --> 02:04:42,800
off to sleep. 
Imagine yourself as a hair 

2293
02:04:42,800 --> 02:04:45,800
nobleman or woman relaxing on 
the raised, wooden floor of your

2294
02:04:45,808 --> 02:04:47,900
home. 
The wooden shutters are gone. 

2295
02:04:47,908 --> 02:04:50,800
Now that it's spring and your 
room is completely open to the 

2296
02:04:50,800 --> 02:04:53,300
Garden. 
The cherry blossoms are falling 

2297
02:04:53,300 --> 02:04:56,800
like snow in the light Breeze 
like high and Nobles did all the

2298
02:04:56,800 --> 02:04:59,000
time. 
You're writing poetry to try to 

2299
02:04:59,000 --> 02:05:02,400
capture the Bittersweet beauty 
of these flowers, that blue and 

2300
02:05:02,400 --> 02:05:05,900
die in just a few days. 
The architecture around, you 

2301
02:05:05,900 --> 02:05:07,400
isn't separate from the natural 
world. 

2302
02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:10,700
It's a carefully framed stage 
for seeing how nature changes 

2303
02:05:10,700 --> 02:05:13,700
all the time. 
Japanese history, took a violent

2304
02:05:13,700 --> 02:05:16,500
turn after 100s of years of 
living in elegant palaces. 

2305
02:05:17,300 --> 02:05:20,500
Feudal Lords fought all the time
in the Middle Ages and suddenly 

2306
02:05:20,500 --> 02:05:23,400
architecture had to deal with a 
problem in never had to deal 

2307
02:05:23,400 --> 02:05:25,800
with before. 
How to build beautiful 

2308
02:05:25,800 --> 02:05:28,100
buildings, that could also 
survive a military attack. 

2309
02:05:29,000 --> 02:05:31,600
The Japanese Castle is an 
interesting, mix of useful 

2310
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:33,600
military, engineering and 
artistic ambition. 

2311
02:05:34,400 --> 02:05:36,600
These weren't just rough. 
Fortifications meant to keep 

2312
02:05:36,600 --> 02:05:39,000
people out. 
There were also signs of power 

2313
02:05:39,000 --> 02:05:42,300
displays of wealth and 
Architectural Feats that just 

2314
02:05:42,300 --> 02:05:43,800
happened to be good places to 
defend. 

2315
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:48,200
Let's begin with the most 
important rule, hike, Japanese 

2316
02:05:48,200 --> 02:05:51,100
castles made good, use of the 
land by building them on Hills 

2317
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:52,400
or mountains whenever they 
could. 

2318
02:05:53,400 --> 02:05:56,700
The main tower or Tenchu would 
rise from the highest point, 

2319
02:05:56,700 --> 02:05:59,600
making a layered defense, that 
attackers would have to fight 

2320
02:05:59,600 --> 02:06:01,400
through multiple fortified 
zones. 

2321
02:06:01,400 --> 02:06:05,100
Going up before they could reach
the keep It's like playing chess

2322
02:06:05,100 --> 02:06:07,600
in three dimensions. 
For the board is tilted, to The 

2323
02:06:07,600 --> 02:06:11,100
Defenders Advantage, the stone 
bases of these castles are 

2324
02:06:11,100 --> 02:06:13,600
examples of engineering that 
still impress people today. 

2325
02:06:14,400 --> 02:06:19,000
Without mortar huge Stones, Some
of which weighed tons were put 

2326
02:06:19,000 --> 02:06:22,800
together to make walls that were
30 to 40 feet high and curved 

2327
02:06:22,800 --> 02:06:24,900
slightly outward so that they 
couldn't be climbed. 

2328
02:06:25,700 --> 02:06:27,800
These walls were not only strong
but they were all. 

2329
02:06:27,800 --> 02:06:30,000
So beautiful. 
The different colors and 

2330
02:06:30,000 --> 02:06:33,400
textures of the stone made 
abstract patterns that changed 

2331
02:06:33,400 --> 02:06:36,900
with the weather and Light. 
When using rough natural stones,

2332
02:06:36,900 --> 02:06:40,100
the method for making these 
Stone bases, is called nasura 

2333
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:42,300
tzumi. 
When using more processed 

2334
02:06:42,300 --> 02:06:44,700
Stones, it is called uchikomi 
Hardy. 

2335
02:06:45,400 --> 02:06:47,900
The best Castle's used a method 
in which each Stone was 

2336
02:06:47,900 --> 02:06:51,000
carefully chose and shaped to 
fit perfectly with the ones next

2337
02:06:51,000 --> 02:06:53,500
to it. 
The walls were so well fitted 

2338
02:06:53,500 --> 02:06:55,500
that you couldn't slip a knife 
blade between the stones. 

2339
02:06:55,500 --> 02:06:58,600
It was like high level 
craftsmanship in architecture 

2340
02:06:58,600 --> 02:07:01,800
where practical needs turned 
into chances for virtuoso 

2341
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:04,500
display. 
The wooden Castle buildings 

2342
02:07:04,500 --> 02:07:08,100
themselves like Towers Gates, 
living quarters, and storehouses

2343
02:07:08,100 --> 02:07:10,500
Rose above the stone 
foundations. 

2344
02:07:10,500 --> 02:07:14,100
This is where the unique style 
of Japanese Castle architecture.

2345
02:07:14,100 --> 02:07:17,400
Really Shone through Japanese 
castles were mostly wooden 

2346
02:07:17,400 --> 02:07:20,400
buildings with stone pedestals, 
underneath while European 

2347
02:07:20,400 --> 02:07:22,500
castles were made of solid Stone
throughout. 

2348
02:07:23,300 --> 02:07:28,200
The towers could be four five or
even seven stories tall with 

2349
02:07:28,200 --> 02:07:30,400
each story being a little 
smaller than the one below it. 

2350
02:07:31,000 --> 02:07:33,800
This made The Towers look like 
wedding cakes with the tapered 

2351
02:07:33,800 --> 02:07:35,700
profile. 
But here's where it gets 

2352
02:07:35,700 --> 02:07:37,800
interesting. 
The floors inside. 

2353
02:07:37,800 --> 02:07:39,900
Don't match the stories. 
You see from the outside. 

2354
02:07:40,900 --> 02:07:44,600
A five-story tower might really 
have seven floors inside or a 

2355
02:07:44,600 --> 02:07:46,500
three-story building. 
Might look like it has five 

2356
02:07:46,500 --> 02:07:49,200
floors inside. 
This wasn't just to confuse 

2357
02:07:49,200 --> 02:07:51,400
enemies. 
It was smart engineering that 

2358
02:07:51,400 --> 02:07:54,200
led the defensive floors have 
lower ceilings while still 

2359
02:07:54,200 --> 02:07:57,800
looking great from the outside. 
The beautiful white plastered 

2360
02:07:57,800 --> 02:08:00,900
walls of him Agy Castle. 
Also known as the white Heron 

2361
02:08:00,900 --> 02:08:03,800
Castle, making it, the best 
example of Japanese Castle 

2362
02:08:03,800 --> 02:08:06,300
architecture. 
It feels like you're in a 

2363
02:08:06,300 --> 02:08:08,700
three-dimensional maze with 
defensive passages that were 

2364
02:08:08,700 --> 02:08:10,500
made by someone. 
Who really didn't want you to 

2365
02:08:10,500 --> 02:08:13,800
get to the center paths. 
Make turns at strange angles, 

2366
02:08:13,800 --> 02:08:16,700
doorways are set up. 
So that attackers have to put 

2367
02:08:16,700 --> 02:08:19,800
themselves in dangerous 
situations, there are traps on 

2368
02:08:19,800 --> 02:08:22,200
the floors. 
Every choice made in our texture

2369
02:08:22,200 --> 02:08:27,200
has two purposes to look good 
and to kill Defensive features 

2370
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:31,600
of castles are very clever. 
Sama or small windows were put 

2371
02:08:31,600 --> 02:08:34,100
in place so that Defenders could
shoot arrows or guns without 

2372
02:08:34,100 --> 02:08:36,900
being shot back. 
Defenders on the upper floors 

2373
02:08:36,900 --> 02:08:39,700
could attack anyone who got past
the lower defenses through 

2374
02:08:39,700 --> 02:08:41,400
drop-down hatches in the 
ceilings. 

2375
02:08:42,100 --> 02:08:44,800
People could pour boiling oil or
water, on attackers, through 

2376
02:08:44,800 --> 02:08:47,600
holes in the walls. 
The decorative curved roof 

2377
02:08:47,600 --> 02:08:48,600
lines. 
Also had a purpose. 

2378
02:08:48,600 --> 02:08:51,500
They made it harder to judge 
distances and aim. 

2379
02:08:51,500 --> 02:08:53,900
Accurately Japanese castles 
always looked good. 

2380
02:08:54,400 --> 02:08:56,800
Even though they were very 
useful for military purposes, 

2381
02:08:56,800 --> 02:09:00,500
the white plaster walls did more
than just reflect heat and keep 

2382
02:09:00,500 --> 02:09:03,400
fire from spreading. 
They also made a striking 

2383
02:09:03,400 --> 02:09:05,700
contrast with the dark wood and 
Grace Stone. 

2384
02:09:05,700 --> 02:09:09,500
Making Castle's visible from 
miles away and turning them into

2385
02:09:09,500 --> 02:09:13,100
landmarks that stood out in the 
landscape, the ornate roof 

2386
02:09:13,100 --> 02:09:17,100
decoration, which usually had 
Fierce animal designs protected,

2387
02:09:17,100 --> 02:09:19,400
the building from lightning and 
showed the Lord's power. 

2388
02:09:20,400 --> 02:09:23,000
The inside of the Castle's. 
Living quarters showed that even

2389
02:09:23,000 --> 02:09:26,400
Warlords cared about how things 
looked There were painted 

2390
02:09:26,400 --> 02:09:30,400
screens by famous artists in the
rooms alcoves for displaying 

2391
02:09:30,400 --> 02:09:34,600
valuable items and windows that 
looked out on Garden's, the 

2392
02:09:34,600 --> 02:09:36,800
strongest Lords hired, the best 
painters. 

2393
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:40,200
Carpenters, and gardeners to 
make places that were good for 

2394
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:42,200
both Siege Warfare and poetry 
parties. 

2395
02:09:43,200 --> 02:09:46,500
During the time of castles, 
there was one new thing hidden 

2396
02:09:46,500 --> 02:09:49,700
rooms and passages there were 
often rooms in castles. 

2397
02:09:49,700 --> 02:09:51,700
That could only be reached 
through hidden doors. 

2398
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:55,600
These rooms were used to store 
Treasures or for guards to hide 

2399
02:09:55,600 --> 02:09:59,000
in to keep the Lord safe. 
Some castles had whole networks 

2400
02:09:59,000 --> 02:10:00,400
of hidden corridors in their 
walls. 

2401
02:10:00,400 --> 02:10:03,500
That led Defenders move between 
floors without being seen. 

2402
02:10:04,300 --> 02:10:06,900
Sometimes during restoration 
work hundreds of years later, 

2403
02:10:06,900 --> 02:10:10,900
people found these hidden spaces
which still had old equipment or

2404
02:10:10,900 --> 02:10:13,900
forgotten supplies in them. 
During the Edo period, the shift

2405
02:10:13,900 --> 02:10:17,100
from water piece, turned 
Castle's from military bases in 

2406
02:10:17,108 --> 02:10:19,200
to government buildings and 
symbols of power. 

2407
02:10:19,900 --> 02:10:22,500
Lord still owned them but they 
were more like government 

2408
02:10:22,500 --> 02:10:25,200
buildings than fortresses, they 
added more details. 

2409
02:10:25,200 --> 02:10:29,600
The reception rooms got bigger, 
the Marshall Parts stayed, but 

2410
02:10:29,600 --> 02:10:31,200
they became more decorative than
useful. 

2411
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:35,200
As you sink deeper into your 
pillow, picture yourself, 

2412
02:10:35,200 --> 02:10:39,100
standing on the top floor of a 
castle tower at dusk, you can 

2413
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:41,500
see the countryside around the 
castle through the small 

2414
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:43,900
Windows. 
The town is built around the 

2415
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:46,900
base of the castle. 
The fields are beyond that and 

2416
02:10:46,900 --> 02:10:48,100
the mountains are in the 
distance. 

2417
02:10:49,300 --> 02:10:52,700
Castle's many defensive Rings go
down in layers of stone and wood

2418
02:10:52,700 --> 02:10:55,900
below you. the wind Whispers 
through the intricate wooden 

2419
02:10:55,900 --> 02:10:59,900
structure, giving the whole 
building a life of its own The 

2420
02:10:59,900 --> 02:11:02,800
castle is calm and watchful 
tonight, a mountain of human 

2421
02:11:02,800 --> 02:11:04,900
intention rising. 
From the natural landscape. 

2422
02:11:04,900 --> 02:11:09,600
Tomorrow may bring battle. 
Japan entered, the Edo period in

2423
02:11:09,600 --> 02:11:13,400
the early, 1600s under the 
Tokugawa, shogunate after 

2424
02:11:13,400 --> 02:11:16,400
centuries of War, all that 
military architecture became 

2425
02:11:16,400 --> 02:11:19,400
mostly useless. 
Japan didn't need castles or 

2426
02:11:19,400 --> 02:11:23,100
fortifications right now. 
It needed cities neighborhoods 

2427
02:11:23,100 --> 02:11:26,900
and daily life. 
And out of this long piece, came

2428
02:11:26,900 --> 02:11:30,100
City buildings that changed the 
way millions of people lived. 

2429
02:11:30,900 --> 02:11:35,200
In just a few decades Edo, which
would later become Tokyo Grew 

2430
02:11:35,200 --> 02:11:37,900
From A Small Castle town to one 
of the biggest cities in the 

2431
02:11:37,900 --> 02:11:41,200
world. 
By the early 1700s, it was home 

2432
02:11:41,200 --> 02:11:44,300
to more than a million people 
making it bigger than London or 

2433
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:47,200
Paris. 
Rethinking everything about how 

2434
02:11:47,200 --> 02:11:50,900
cities are built and planned was
necessary to handle that many 

2435
02:11:50,900 --> 02:11:53,800
people living in wooden 
buildings in a city that caught 

2436
02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:57,600
fire off often. 
The typical townhouse or macchia

2437
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:00,800
from the Edo period, had ideas 
about how to live in a city that

2438
02:12:00,800 --> 02:12:02,900
still affect Japanese 
architecture today. 

2439
02:12:03,800 --> 02:12:05,400
These buildings were long and 
narrow. 

2440
02:12:05,400 --> 02:12:09,000
Usually only 15 to 20 feet wide 
and going back from the street 

2441
02:12:09,000 --> 02:12:12,600
for 60 feet or more. 
Property taxes were based on how

2442
02:12:12,600 --> 02:12:13,900
much of the street front there 
was. 

2443
02:12:13,900 --> 02:12:16,600
So, people built deep and narrow
to save money. 

2444
02:12:17,500 --> 02:12:20,800
The buildings that came out were
like caves in the city with dark

2445
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:23,000
areas in the middle and light 
coming in, through the front 

2446
02:12:23,000 --> 02:12:26,300
door and back Garden. 
The front of a matcha was a shop

2447
02:12:26,300 --> 02:12:29,200
or Workshop, a semi-public 
space, where the households 

2448
02:12:29,200 --> 02:12:30,900
business and Street Life came 
together. 

2449
02:12:31,900 --> 02:12:34,300
A few steps up from the street 
level marked, the start of the 

2450
02:12:34,300 --> 02:12:37,700
buildings inside, you could do 
business in this threshold Zone 

2451
02:12:37,700 --> 02:12:39,000
without actually entering the 
house. 

2452
02:12:39,800 --> 02:12:42,900
As with many other parts of 
Japanese architecture, the line 

2453
02:12:42,900 --> 02:12:45,700
between public and private, 
wasn't a straight line, but a 

2454
02:12:45,700 --> 02:12:48,200
gradual change. 
The building stretched toward 

2455
02:12:48,200 --> 02:12:51,500
the back by the shop area. 
It was divided into rooms by 

2456
02:12:51,500 --> 02:12:54,700
sliding through Summa panels 
that were covered in thick paper

2457
02:12:54,700 --> 02:12:57,300
or fabric. 
These rooms have many uses 

2458
02:12:57,300 --> 02:13:01,400
during the day, they were living
spaces and at night futons were 

2459
02:13:01,400 --> 02:13:04,800
put out for sleeping. 
There wasn't much furniture and 

2460
02:13:04,800 --> 02:13:07,500
it was often easy to move a low 
table for eating. 

2461
02:13:07,500 --> 02:13:08,800
That could be moved out of the 
way. 

2462
02:13:08,800 --> 02:13:11,700
Chess for storage. 
That could be stacked or moved 

2463
02:13:11,700 --> 02:13:15,600
around the space itself could be
changed in any way, depending on

2464
02:13:15,608 --> 02:13:19,400
the time of day or year, a small
courtyard Garden at the very 

2465
02:13:19,400 --> 02:13:21,600
back of the macchia. 
Let in light and air to the 

2466
02:13:21,608 --> 02:13:24,900
building's deepest parts. 
These Gardens were very small. 

2467
02:13:24,900 --> 02:13:28,400
Sometimes only eight or 10 feet 
square but they were very 

2468
02:13:28,400 --> 02:13:31,700
important for making the long 
narrow buildings livable that 

2469
02:13:31,700 --> 02:13:35,700
little bit of sky that one tree 
and those few carefully placed 

2470
02:13:35,700 --> 02:13:39,000
Stones changed the whole 
character of the space making it

2471
02:13:39,000 --> 02:13:41,600
feel like it was connected to 
Nature even though it was in a 

2472
02:13:41,608 --> 02:13:44,400
busy city, the whole 
neighborhood of macchia gave the

2473
02:13:44,400 --> 02:13:47,900
city, a texture that Western 
cities don't have because the 

2474
02:13:47,900 --> 02:13:50,500
houses were so narrow. 
The streets were lined with 

2475
02:13:50,500 --> 02:13:53,400
different versions of the same 
thing which made the streets, 

2476
02:13:53,400 --> 02:13:55,100
look more interesting and 
boring. 

2477
02:13:55,800 --> 02:13:58,200
Because it was so small, 
everything was easy to get to on

2478
02:13:58,200 --> 02:14:00,400
foot. 
The fact that there were shops 

2479
02:14:00,400 --> 02:14:02,100
on the ground floors and homes 
above them. 

2480
02:14:02,100 --> 02:14:04,600
Meant that, neighborhoods were 
busy all day and night. 

2481
02:14:05,400 --> 02:14:07,200
Fire was always a threat to 
Edo's. 

2482
02:14:07,200 --> 02:14:11,200
Wooden building's, the city was 
hit by big fires all the time 

2483
02:14:11,200 --> 02:14:14,800
and sometimes they destroyed 
tens of thousands of buildings 

2484
02:14:14,800 --> 02:14:18,100
in just one day. 
The Japanese didn't build in 

2485
02:14:18,100 --> 02:14:20,400
stone because it was more 
expensive and less comfortable. 

2486
02:14:20,400 --> 02:14:23,800
Instead, they came up with a 
complicated system for 

2487
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:25,600
preventing and responding to 
fires. 

2488
02:14:26,400 --> 02:14:28,600
There were volunteer fire 
brigades in neighborhoods, 

2489
02:14:28,600 --> 02:14:31,900
building had thick walled, 
storehouses called Kura that 

2490
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:33,500
were fireproof and had heavy 
doors. 

2491
02:14:34,300 --> 02:14:36,000
Fire breaks were built into the 
streets. 

2492
02:14:36,000 --> 02:14:38,000
You always knew that fire would 
happen. 

2493
02:14:38,000 --> 02:14:40,800
So you built quickly and cheaply
enough that it wouldn't be a 

2494
02:14:40,800 --> 02:14:44,000
disaster to rebuild. 
The Cure is worth paying special

2495
02:14:44,000 --> 02:14:46,600
attention to because it shows a 
completely different way of 

2496
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:48,300
building in the larger wooden 
City. 

2497
02:14:48,900 --> 02:14:52,600
These storehouses were basically
boxes with thick Earthen walls 

2498
02:14:52,600 --> 02:14:55,900
that were covered in plaster and
had small windows that were 

2499
02:14:55,900 --> 02:14:59,100
sealed with heavy shutters. 
Families kept their most 

2500
02:14:59,100 --> 02:15:02,500
valuable things inside like 
documents, heirlooms and 

2501
02:15:02,500 --> 02:15:06,100
expensive Fabrics. the Curious 
thick walls might keep their 

2502
02:15:06,100 --> 02:15:09,400
contents safe even when the main
house burned down around the 

2503
02:15:10,100 --> 02:15:12,400
families would come back after 
the fire to find their 

2504
02:15:12,400 --> 02:15:15,700
Storehouse houses standing like 
white Island in a sea of Ash, 

2505
02:15:16,500 --> 02:15:19,100
But the pleasure quarters and 
teahouses, that thrive, during 

2506
02:15:19,100 --> 02:15:22,100
the long piece might be Edo's. 
Most unique architectural 

2507
02:15:22,100 --> 02:15:25,200
contribution. these 
entertainment districts created 

2508
02:15:25,200 --> 02:15:28,700
their own style of architecture 
with buildings, that had more 

2509
02:15:28,700 --> 02:15:32,400
details for SARS bigger, windows
and rooms that were meant for 

2510
02:15:32,400 --> 02:15:36,600
Gathering and Performing instead
of just living Yukio, which was 

2511
02:15:36,600 --> 02:15:39,400
captured in Prince and 
literature was a famous floating

2512
02:15:39,400 --> 02:15:41,800
World in Edo. 
It had its own unique 

2513
02:15:41,800 --> 02:15:44,800
architecture and spaces made 
just for a culture of high-class

2514
02:15:44,800 --> 02:15:47,600
entertainment. 
During the Edo period, the 

2515
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:50,900
Teahouse itself which we'll talk
about in more detail soon became

2516
02:15:50,900 --> 02:15:54,700
very popular. but the tea house 
is in cities were not the same 

2517
02:15:54,700 --> 02:15:58,100
as the ones for tea ceremonies 
These were places where people 

2518
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:00,700
could meet and talk about 
business where artists could 

2519
02:16:00,700 --> 02:16:03,900
gather and where Samurai could 
forget about their status for a 

2520
02:16:03,900 --> 02:16:05,800
night. 
The architecture showed this 

2521
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:09,200
flexibility by having rooms that
could be opened or closed and 

2522
02:16:09,200 --> 02:16:11,800
spaces that could go from 
private to public, depending on 

2523
02:16:11,800 --> 02:16:14,100
what was needed. 
During the Edo period 

2524
02:16:14,100 --> 02:16:16,500
townhouses. 
Also saw the full development of

2525
02:16:16,500 --> 02:16:18,700
the Tucker. 
Noma an Alcove that may have 

2526
02:16:18,700 --> 02:16:21,100
become the most important part 
of the Japanese home. 

2527
02:16:21,800 --> 02:16:25,100
The tokonoma was a small raised 
area with slightly different 

2528
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:26,900
floor, level and a decorative 
backing. 

2529
02:16:27,600 --> 02:16:30,100
The family would put a scroll 
and maybe a flower arrangement 

2530
02:16:30,100 --> 02:16:34,400
or a treasured object there. 
The tokenomic or storing things,

2531
02:16:34,400 --> 02:16:38,200
it was just for showing off a 
sign of the family's taste and 

2532
02:16:38,200 --> 02:16:41,100
refinement. 
What you put in your Tonka Noma 

2533
02:16:41,100 --> 02:16:43,299
said, a lot of about who you 
were and what you cared about. 

2534
02:16:44,200 --> 02:16:47,200
During this time to Tommy 
changed in a way that made floor

2535
02:16:47,200 --> 02:16:49,799
plans, the same all over Japan 
to Tommy. 

2536
02:16:49,799 --> 02:16:53,100
Mats came in standard sizes, 
which made it easy to get, how 

2537
02:16:53,100 --> 02:16:56,200
big a room would be a room. 
With six Maps was a room with 

2538
02:16:56,200 --> 02:16:58,700
six maths. 
Whether it was in Edo or Kyoto, 

2539
02:16:58,700 --> 02:17:02,100
the size of the mats did differ 
slightly by region, of course. 

2540
02:17:02,900 --> 02:17:05,900
Because of this standardization 
it was possible to make a lot of

2541
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:09,200
architectural Parts like screens
doors and Alcove pieces that 

2542
02:17:09,200 --> 02:17:11,299
could fit in any building that 
followed the rules. 

2543
02:17:12,100 --> 02:17:15,400
As you move around in bed to 
find the perfect spot, picture 

2544
02:17:15,400 --> 02:17:18,200
yourself in a townhouse from the
Edo period on a summer night. 

2545
02:17:18,900 --> 02:17:21,299
The shutters in the front are 
open to let in any Breeze from 

2546
02:17:21,308 --> 02:17:24,000
the street. 
People who live nearby walk by 

2547
02:17:24,000 --> 02:17:27,000
and talk to each other, the 
small garden at the back of the 

2548
02:17:27,000 --> 02:17:30,100
house is in the shade, and the 
single maple tree is a dark 

2549
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:33,400
shape against the deep blue sky.
You're sitting close to the 

2550
02:17:33,400 --> 02:17:39,600
tokenomic, a small world of 
meaning. 

2551
02:17:40,500 --> 02:17:43,799
The city with a million people 
is outside inside. 

2552
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:47,200
Is this carefully planned space?
That isn't too big but has 

2553
02:17:47,200 --> 02:17:49,400
everything you need to live a 
civilized life. 

2554
02:17:49,400 --> 02:17:52,000
To really get to know. 
Japanese architecture, you have 

2555
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:56,100
to go into a tea room, which a 
shih tzu, these small buildings,

2556
02:17:56,100 --> 02:17:59,100
which usually have only four and
a half to Tommy mats of floor. 

2557
02:17:59,100 --> 02:18:02,700
Space are the best example of 
how Japanese design ideas can be

2558
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:05,900
turned into buildings before we 
talk about the building's 

2559
02:18:05,900 --> 02:18:07,600
architecture. 
We should learn about the Tea 

2560
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:10,400
Ceremony which is what these 
buildings are for you. 

2561
02:18:10,400 --> 02:18:12,299
Do drink tea but that's not 
really the point. 

2562
02:18:12,299 --> 02:18:15,600
It's about making a temporary 
world of refined interaction. 

2563
02:18:15,600 --> 02:18:18,299
Whether the usual rules and 
worries of daily life don't 

2564
02:18:18,299 --> 02:18:21,600
matter anymore. 
In Stead there is only the pure 

2565
02:18:21,600 --> 02:18:24,000
present moment that the hosts 
and guests share. 

2566
02:18:24,000 --> 02:18:27,600
The architectures job is to set 
the stage for this experience 

2567
02:18:27,600 --> 02:18:30,400
and make it easier to have. 
Send a Riku. 

2568
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:32,700
A Team master. 
From the 16th century, who wrote

2569
02:18:32,700 --> 02:18:35,400
down many of the rules for tea, 
ceremonies changed, T 

2570
02:18:35,400 --> 02:18:38,700
architecture by moving it away 
from fancy buildings that were 

2571
02:18:38,700 --> 02:18:41,200
influenced by Chinese style and 
Toured buildings, that were 

2572
02:18:41,200 --> 02:18:44,799
almost radically, simple and 
focused on natural materials and

2573
02:18:44,799 --> 02:18:48,000
rough textures. 
Ricky's ideas about Japanese 

2574
02:18:48,000 --> 02:18:51,200
taste. 
Go far beyond tea, almost every 

2575
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:54,000
modern idea of Japanese taste 
can be traced back to what he 

2576
02:18:54,000 --> 02:18:56,799
said. 
Before you even walk in a tea 

2577
02:18:56,808 --> 02:18:59,500
room, starts to work, you walk 
through a garden path. 

2578
02:18:59,500 --> 02:19:02,900
Called a rogi, which is meant to
help you switch your mind from 

2579
02:19:02,900 --> 02:19:04,400
the outside world to the Tea 
Room. 

2580
02:19:04,407 --> 02:19:08,100
You might walk through a garden 
gate over Stepping Stones past a

2581
02:19:08,100 --> 02:19:11,000
bench where someone is waiting 
and then to a stone Basin where 

2582
02:19:11,000 --> 02:19:14,299
you can wash your hands and 
mouth, each part has both 

2583
02:19:14,299 --> 02:19:16,200
practical and psychological 
uses. 

2584
02:19:16,200 --> 02:19:18,299
You're not just walking to a 
building. 

2585
02:19:18,299 --> 02:19:21,299
You're slowly breaking your ties
to the outside world. 

2586
02:19:21,299 --> 02:19:24,400
The entrance to the Tea Room is 
meant to make you feel small, 

2587
02:19:24,400 --> 02:19:28,799
the nature of Gucci or crawling 
in entrance is only about two 

2588
02:19:28,799 --> 02:19:30,900
feet square. 
So even the most important 

2589
02:19:30,900 --> 02:19:32,799
guests have to Bow Low and crawl
through. 

2590
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:36,000
The samurai had to leave their 
swords out side because the 

2591
02:19:36,000 --> 02:19:37,900
opening was too small for them 
to go in with them. 

2592
02:19:37,900 --> 02:19:41,400
This forced humility set, the 
mood for the rest of the events.

2593
02:19:41,400 --> 02:19:44,200
There were no social hierarchies
in the Tea Room that were 

2594
02:19:44,200 --> 02:19:46,600
outside of it. 
There were only the host and the

2595
02:19:46,600 --> 02:19:49,700
guests drinking tea at first, 
glance the inside of a tea room.

2596
02:19:49,708 --> 02:19:53,100
Looks almost like a cave, the 
walls of rough clay mixed with 

2597
02:19:53,100 --> 02:19:56,400
straw show their texture. 
Well, Wooden post keep their 

2598
02:19:56,400 --> 02:19:58,800
bark or have a regularity that 
meant to be there. 

2599
02:19:59,800 --> 02:20:03,300
Sealing might be made of a mix 
of materials like bamboo reeds 

2600
02:20:03,300 --> 02:20:06,400
and wood to make a patchwork 
that looks random, but is 

2601
02:20:06,400 --> 02:20:10,000
actually carefully planned. 
Small windows with translucent 

2602
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:12,700
paper on them, let in natural 
light, which makes the room 

2603
02:20:12,700 --> 02:20:16,400
softly lit from the side. 
But this look of being rustic is

2604
02:20:16,400 --> 02:20:20,100
actually very sophisticated. 
Every part has been chosen with 

2605
02:20:20,100 --> 02:20:22,800
great care. 
There were hundreds of pieces to

2606
02:20:22,800 --> 02:20:25,200
choose from and that one with 
the bark still on. 

2607
02:20:25,200 --> 02:20:28,200
It was chosen. 
We looked at its slight curve, 

2608
02:20:28,200 --> 02:20:31,100
its unique texture and how light
hits its surface. 

2609
02:20:31,100 --> 02:20:34,200
And we decided that all of these
things were just right for this 

2610
02:20:34,200 --> 02:20:36,700
spot. 
The rough texture of the walls, 

2611
02:20:36,700 --> 02:20:40,100
may look random, but it creates 
a specific visual effect that 

2612
02:20:40,100 --> 02:20:44,100
Master plaster, spend Years 
Learning to make the token is 

2613
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:47,500
the main organizing principle of
the T room and it is even more 

2614
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:49,900
important here than in 
residential architecture. 

2615
02:20:51,100 --> 02:20:54,000
There is a scroll in the Alcove 
that was chosen just for this 

2616
02:20:54,000 --> 02:20:55,700
Gathering. 
It could be a piece of 

2617
02:20:55,708 --> 02:20:57,200
calligraphy or a landscape 
painting. 

2618
02:20:57,200 --> 02:20:59,900
The Scroll is more than just a 
decoration. 

2619
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:03,900
It sets the spiritual tone for 
the whole tea party when guests 

2620
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:06,000
come in. 
They look at the tokonoma right 

2621
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:08,500
away and read the scroll to find
out what this Gathering is all 

2622
02:21:08,500 --> 02:21:11,600
about everything in a tea room, 
is there to help with tea? 

2623
02:21:12,300 --> 02:21:14,800
The half that is sunk into the 
ground is where the water is 

2624
02:21:14,800 --> 02:21:17,800
heated, and it is set up so that
the host can perform the 

2625
02:21:17,800 --> 02:21:21,800
ceremony while City down. 
The door that the host uses to 

2626
02:21:21,800 --> 02:21:24,500
get in is separate from the door
that the guests used to get in, 

2627
02:21:24,500 --> 02:21:27,600
so the host can bring in t 
supplies without bothering the 

2628
02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:29,900
guests. 
The windows are placed just 

2629
02:21:29,900 --> 02:21:32,700
right so that the t-ball gets 
the right amount of light at the

2630
02:21:32,708 --> 02:21:34,700
most important times during the 
ceremony. 

2631
02:21:34,700 --> 02:21:37,900
Nothing is random every size 
material. 

2632
02:21:37,900 --> 02:21:41,100
And surface has been thought 
about tea, rooms aesthetic, 

2633
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:43,500
ideas, slowly, spread to all of 
Japanese architecture. 

2634
02:21:44,500 --> 02:21:47,800
The idea of Warby which means 
finding Beauty and simple things

2635
02:21:47,800 --> 02:21:50,200
and materials changed. 
How people thought about 

2636
02:21:50,200 --> 02:21:53,100
designing homes. 
People like to warn word and 

2637
02:21:53,100 --> 02:21:56,000
weathered Stone because of the 
idea of Sabi, which means, 

2638
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:58,600
appreciating the patina of age 
and the marks of use. 

2639
02:21:58,600 --> 02:22:01,500
Japanese architecture, became 
known for using natural 

2640
02:22:01,500 --> 02:22:04,000
materials in their natural state
without paint or other 

2641
02:22:04,000 --> 02:22:07,700
decorations tea rooms. 
Also perfected the idea of shaky

2642
02:22:07,700 --> 02:22:11,300
or bored scenery which is when a
building is designed to include 

2643
02:22:11,300 --> 02:22:15,800
views of the landscape around it
as part of its interior space, a

2644
02:22:15,800 --> 02:22:18,000
window that is carefully. 
Placed might frame a certain 

2645
02:22:18,000 --> 02:22:20,900
tree in the garden making that 
tree a part of the rooms 

2646
02:22:20,900 --> 02:22:24,300
designed the rooms character 
changes when the tree blooms or 

2647
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:27,900
changes color with the seasons. 
The line between architecture 

2648
02:22:27,900 --> 02:22:30,800
and Landscape becomes less clear
and more temporary the famous, 

2649
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:34,200
tyion T room, which was designed
by Ricky himself and his Still 

2650
02:22:34,200 --> 02:22:36,600
Standing. 
His only nine feet by nine feet,

2651
02:22:37,400 --> 02:22:40,000
In this small space, all of 
Japanese aesthetic. 

2652
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:43,500
Philosophy has shown the rough 
clay walls, the carefully uneven

2653
02:22:43,500 --> 02:22:45,700
posts. 
The small window that looks out 

2654
02:22:45,700 --> 02:22:48,100
onto a perfectly. 
Framed Garden View and the 

2655
02:22:48,100 --> 02:22:51,100
tokonoma with its subtle 
proportions all work together to

2656
02:22:51,100 --> 02:22:53,300
make a space. 
That feels both humble and deep 

2657
02:22:53,300 --> 02:22:56,900
rustic and refined and temporary
and eternal. 

2658
02:22:57,800 --> 02:23:00,600
Later, he Masters built on 
recuse work and made different 

2659
02:23:00,600 --> 02:23:03,800
styles of tea rooms that looked 
at different parts of tea room 

2660
02:23:03,808 --> 02:23:06,400
design. 
Some added more windows to let 

2661
02:23:06,400 --> 02:23:08,900
in more light. 
Some people tried out different 

2662
02:23:08,900 --> 02:23:12,100
materials or proportions but 
they all stuck to the main idea.

2663
02:23:12,800 --> 02:23:15,500
ah, Tea Room should be its own 
world, a place where Beauty 

2664
02:23:15,500 --> 02:23:19,200
becomes a way to connect with 
the divine The way tea rooms 

2665
02:23:19,200 --> 02:23:21,500
were designed had an effect on 
the way other types of 

2666
02:23:21,500 --> 02:23:24,700
building's. 
The sukiya style that came from 

2667
02:23:24,700 --> 02:23:28,100
tear architecture, used its 
ideas in house design, such as 

2668
02:23:28,100 --> 02:23:31,400
using natural materials making 
rooms that are the right size 

2669
02:23:31,400 --> 02:23:34,200
for people in state of grand 
displays and paying close 

2670
02:23:34,200 --> 02:23:38,900
attention to texture and Light. 
Exposed wooden ceilings alcoves 

2671
02:23:38,900 --> 02:23:42,200
for display and sliding paper 
screens are all things that are 

2672
02:23:42,200 --> 02:23:45,400
now thought of as typically 
Japanese, they all come from tea

2673
02:23:45,400 --> 02:23:48,600
remarker, as you get ready to 
sleep, picture yourself in a 

2674
02:23:48,600 --> 02:23:51,400
room at dusk. 
The rain is falling outside, 

2675
02:23:51,400 --> 02:23:55,000
making a soft sound on the roof.
You can barely see the garden 

2676
02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:57,700
through the small window. 
The stones and Moss are getting 

2677
02:23:57,708 --> 02:24:00,500
darker because of the moisture, 
the host just made tea with 

2678
02:24:00,508 --> 02:24:04,200
careful, practiced movements, 
the t-bolt of you and it's 

2679
02:24:04,200 --> 02:24:05,800
rough. 
Surface feels warm in your 

2680
02:24:05,808 --> 02:24:09,100
hands. 
In this small space, the whole 

2681
02:24:09,100 --> 02:24:10,800
universe is shrunk to this 
moment. 

2682
02:24:10,800 --> 02:24:15,700
The taste of tea, the sound of 
rain, and the way the light is 

2683
02:24:15,700 --> 02:24:18,500
fading. 
The room has everything it needs

2684
02:24:18,500 --> 02:24:22,300
and nothing, it doesn't. 
In its own quiet way. 

2685
02:24:22,300 --> 02:24:26,400
It's perfect. 
Japan had been closed off from 

2686
02:24:26,400 --> 02:24:29,100
the rest of the world for over 
200 years, but in the middle of 

2687
02:24:29,100 --> 02:24:33,100
the 19th century, it opened up 
The meeting changed Japanese 

2688
02:24:33,100 --> 02:24:35,900
architecture in ways that were 
both exciting and confusing. 

2689
02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:39,700
Suddenly a building style that 
had developed over 100s of years

2690
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:42,600
to reflect certain cultural 
values and deal with certain 

2691
02:24:42,600 --> 02:24:45,500
problems, had to learn how to 
use completely different 

2692
02:24:45,500 --> 02:24:48,700
architectural languages from 
Europe and America people who 

2693
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,300
were used to wooden buildings 
with paper screens and sliding 

2694
02:24:51,300 --> 02:24:54,800
doors must have thought that the
first western style buildings in

2695
02:24:54,800 --> 02:24:58,100
Japan were very strange. 
Building's Made of Stone or 

2696
02:24:58,100 --> 02:25:01,400
brick with glass windows, 
multiple stories with stairs 

2697
02:25:01,400 --> 02:25:05,100
inside rooms, that were only for
one thing and furniture that 

2698
02:25:05,100 --> 02:25:08,500
could not be moved or changed. 
All showed a very different idea

2699
02:25:08,500 --> 02:25:12,200
of what buildings were and how 
people should live in the The 

2700
02:25:12,200 --> 02:25:15,400
major government wanted Japan to
become a modern nation state, so

2701
02:25:15,400 --> 02:25:18,000
they actively promoted Western 
architecture as part of that 

2702
02:25:18,000 --> 02:25:20,800
process. 
They hired Architects from other

2703
02:25:20,800 --> 02:25:25,000
countries to design government 
buildings, Banks, train stations

2704
02:25:25,000 --> 02:25:27,400
and other buildings that needed 
to look modern and strong. 

2705
02:25:28,100 --> 02:25:30,700
These buildings intentionally 
copied Western Styles. 

2706
02:25:30,700 --> 02:25:34,500
Like Victorian, Gothic 
Renaissance, Revival and French 

2707
02:25:34,500 --> 02:25:37,100
baroque. 
Sometimes they did this in a way

2708
02:25:37,108 --> 02:25:39,100
that was so mixed up. 
That it was hard to tell where 

2709
02:25:39,100 --> 02:25:41,000
one style ended in another 
began. 

2710
02:25:41,000 --> 02:25:43,800
It must have been strange to 
walk through Central Tokyo 

2711
02:25:43,800 --> 02:25:47,400
during the Meiji period. 
There were brick banking houses 

2712
02:25:47,400 --> 02:25:50,200
with Corinthian columns next to 
traditional wooden temples and 

2713
02:25:50,200 --> 02:25:52,800
matcha. 
Buddhist temples had rules that 

2714
02:25:52,800 --> 02:25:55,600
curved while government 
buildings, had rules that slope 

2715
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:59,300
down like European ruse, There 
was an architectural Clash 

2716
02:25:59,300 --> 02:26:02,700
without synthesis, the different
buildings living in the same 

2717
02:26:02,700 --> 02:26:04,700
city. 
But not yet, learning how to 

2718
02:26:04,708 --> 02:26:07,600
talk to each other. 
Japanese architects who had 

2719
02:26:07,600 --> 02:26:10,100
studied in Europe and America 
had an interesting problem to 

2720
02:26:10,100 --> 02:26:13,100
solve how to make modern 
Japanese architecture that you 

2721
02:26:13,108 --> 02:26:16,000
used Western Building 
Technology, but still stay true 

2722
02:26:16,000 --> 02:26:19,700
to traditional aesthetic values.
Architects would spend the next 

2723
02:26:19,700 --> 02:26:23,100
hundred years, thinking about 
this question and it may still 

2724
02:26:23,100 --> 02:26:25,200
have an effect on Japanese 
architecture today. 

2725
02:26:26,200 --> 02:26:29,200
One of the first things people 
did was add Japanese decorative 

2726
02:26:29,200 --> 02:26:30,700
elements to Western building 
styles. 

2727
02:26:30,700 --> 02:26:34,400
You could have a brick building 
with European proportions and a 

2728
02:26:34,400 --> 02:26:37,800
Japanese style tiled roof or a 
stone building with towers that 

2729
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:41,300
look like pagodas. 
These hybrids often look strange

2730
02:26:41,300 --> 02:26:44,300
like someone wearing a business 
suit with traditional sandals. 

2731
02:26:44,300 --> 02:26:47,600
Each part was fine on its own 
but together, they were 

2732
02:26:47,600 --> 02:26:52,100
uncomfortable, Tokyo Station, 
which was finished in 1914, is a

2733
02:26:52,100 --> 02:26:54,200
good example of the 
architectural goals of this 

2734
02:26:54,200 --> 02:26:56,700
time. 
The station was a huge red 

2735
02:26:56,700 --> 02:26:57,900
brick. 
Building with European 

2736
02:26:57,900 --> 02:27:02,000
Renaissance style, including 
domes archers and detailed 

2737
02:27:02,000 --> 02:27:04,700
brickwork. 
It was designed by tatsuno 

2738
02:27:04,700 --> 02:27:06,300
Kingo. 
Who would study in London? 

2739
02:27:06,300 --> 02:27:09,300
It was supposed to show that 
Japan had become a modern 

2740
02:27:09,300 --> 02:27:12,100
country with infrastructure. 
That could compete with any 

2741
02:27:12,100 --> 02:27:15,400
Western power, but you could see
that Japanese sensibilities were

2742
02:27:15,400 --> 02:27:18,400
at work in the way it was and 
the way it looked, but the 

2743
02:27:18,400 --> 02:27:21,000
changes that were happening in 
residential architecture were 

2744
02:27:21,000 --> 02:27:22,900
more interesting than the big 
public building's. 

2745
02:27:23,700 --> 02:27:26,400
Middle-class Japanese homes 
started to mix Western and 

2746
02:27:26,400 --> 02:27:29,700
Japanese Styles, making hybrid 
spaces that showed how 

2747
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:32,100
Lifestyles were changing while 
still keeping traditional 

2748
02:27:32,100 --> 02:27:34,800
comforts. 
A house might have one western 

2749
02:27:34,800 --> 02:27:38,200
style room with chairs, tables 
and hardwood floors. 

2750
02:27:38,200 --> 02:27:41,600
This room was usually used for 
business or to welcome guests. 

2751
02:27:42,400 --> 02:27:45,100
The rest of the house would be 
traditional Japanese with tatami

2752
02:27:45,100 --> 02:27:48,200
mats and sliding screens. 
This wasn't just about how 

2753
02:27:48,200 --> 02:27:50,600
things looked or how they were 
worn different. 

2754
02:27:50,600 --> 02:27:53,300
Kinds of activities, really 
worked better in different kinds

2755
02:27:53,300 --> 02:27:56,300
of buildings. 
If you wore western clothes, you

2756
02:27:56,300 --> 02:27:58,700
want to chairs and tables that 
were Western Heights. 

2757
02:27:58,700 --> 02:28:01,900
But when they were at home, a 
lot of Japanese people like to 

2758
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:05,600
take off their tight western 
clothes put on a Yukata or 

2759
02:28:05,600 --> 02:28:08,300
kimono and sit onto Tammy the 
old-fashioned way. 

2760
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:12,000
You could live in both modes 
because you had both kinds of 

2761
02:28:12,008 --> 02:28:14,600
spaces, you could choose the 
right one for each activity. 

2762
02:28:15,600 --> 02:28:18,700
The engawa, a space between the 
inside and outside that looked 

2763
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:21,500
like a porch was a big part of 
traditional, Japanese 

2764
02:28:21,500 --> 02:28:24,300
architecture in Meiji period 
homes. 

2765
02:28:24,300 --> 02:28:28,400
It took on a new form sometimes 
it had glass windows around it, 

2766
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:31,400
making it look like a sunroom 
that kept the weather out, but 

2767
02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:34,600
still let you see the garden's. 
This change showed how 

2768
02:28:34,600 --> 02:28:37,700
traditional building Parts could
change to use new materials and 

2769
02:28:37,700 --> 02:28:41,100
Technologies while still doing 
their main job, Japanese 

2770
02:28:41,100 --> 02:28:43,600
architects, who were studying 
abroad started to notice 

2771
02:28:43,600 --> 02:28:44,300
something. 
Interesting. 

2772
02:28:45,300 --> 02:28:48,200
While they were learning how to 
build in the west Weston 

2773
02:28:48,200 --> 02:28:50,500
Architects were becoming 
interested in Japanese design. 

2774
02:28:51,500 --> 02:28:54,000
People were Amazed by the 
Japanese Pavilions at 

2775
02:28:54,000 --> 02:28:56,500
International exhibitions, 
Western Architects. 

2776
02:28:56,500 --> 02:29:00,000
And designers started to collect
Japanese prints study, Japanese 

2777
02:29:00,000 --> 02:29:03,500
garden and used Japanese design 
ideas in their own work. 

2778
02:29:04,500 --> 02:29:06,700
Japan wasn't just getting 
architectural ideas. 

2779
02:29:06,700 --> 02:29:09,700
It was also giving them this 
back and forth would eventually 

2780
02:29:09,700 --> 02:29:13,300
lead to more complex syntheses. 
Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial 

2781
02:29:13,300 --> 02:29:17,000
Hotel in Tokyo. 
Built in the 1920s tried to mix 

2782
02:29:17,000 --> 02:29:20,700
Western ideas about space with 
Japanese ideas, about beauty and

2783
02:29:20,700 --> 02:29:24,200
attention to materials. 
Wright wasn't Japanese, but his 

2784
02:29:24,200 --> 02:29:27,000
ideas for architecture showed 
how to honor both Traditions 

2785
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:28,500
without having to choose between
them. 

2786
02:29:29,800 --> 02:29:33,100
The terrible great Kanto 
earthquake of 1923 destroyed 

2787
02:29:33,100 --> 02:29:36,400
much of Tokyo and Yokohama but 
it also opened up new 

2788
02:29:36,400 --> 02:29:39,800
opportunities rebuilding the 
city made it possible to use, 

2789
02:29:39,800 --> 02:29:43,000
modern building methods on a 
larger scale such as reinforced,

2790
02:29:43,000 --> 02:29:47,300
concrete steel framing, and 
modern utilities, But it also 

2791
02:29:47,300 --> 02:29:49,700
made people think about what 
traditional architecture had 

2792
02:29:49,700 --> 02:29:53,600
lost and what should be kept. 
Some Architects started to talk 

2793
02:29:53,600 --> 02:29:55,400
about a more careful way to 
modernize. 

2794
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:58,200
They didn't want to just copy 
western style or keep 

2795
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:00,400
traditional architecture of the 
same to protect it. 

2796
02:30:00,400 --> 02:30:03,800
Instead, they wanted an 
architecture that used modern 

2797
02:30:03,800 --> 02:30:06,900
materials and building methods, 
but still understood and 

2798
02:30:06,900 --> 02:30:09,400
respected, traditional Japanese 
ideas about space. 

2799
02:30:10,400 --> 02:30:13,000
This wasn't just about making 
things look nice on the outside.

2800
02:30:13,000 --> 02:30:16,600
It was about deeper ideas, like 
how buildings fit into the 

2801
02:30:16,600 --> 02:30:20,400
landscape, how space is could be
flexible and changeable and how 

2802
02:30:20,400 --> 02:30:23,100
to use natural materials and 
light in creative ways. 

2803
02:30:24,500 --> 02:30:28,100
In the early 1900s, modernist 
architecture, spread around the 

2804
02:30:28,100 --> 02:30:30,200
world. 
It focused on clean lines. 

2805
02:30:30,200 --> 02:30:33,700
Honest, use of materials, and 
combining indoor and outdoor 

2806
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:36,500
spaces. 
Surprisingly, this style of 

2807
02:30:36,508 --> 02:30:39,000
architecture, had a lot in 
common with traditional Japanese

2808
02:30:39,000 --> 02:30:42,300
architectural values. 
Both Traditions valued 

2809
02:30:42,300 --> 02:30:45,700
Simplicity, over decoration, 
honest materials, over surface 

2810
02:30:45,700 --> 02:30:48,600
decoration, and fluid 
connections between buildings, 

2811
02:30:48,600 --> 02:30:52,000
and their surroundings, Japanese
Architects, started to see that 

2812
02:30:52,000 --> 02:30:55,200
some of the ideas behind 
modernism weren't completely new

2813
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:57,400
to them. 
In some ways they were similar 

2814
02:30:57,400 --> 02:30:59,600
to ideas that their own 
tradition had been working with 

2815
02:30:59,600 --> 02:31:02,600
400 of years. 
Steal and glass building with 

2816
02:31:02,608 --> 02:31:04,200
clean lines, and little 
decoration. 

2817
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:07,200
Wasn't that different from a 
traditional tea room, which used

2818
02:31:07,200 --> 02:31:09,700
natural materials and didn't add
extra decoration. 

2819
02:31:10,500 --> 02:31:13,500
Both were examples of aesthetic,
philosophies that put value on 

2820
02:31:13,500 --> 02:31:15,700
Essence. 
So over decoration and Clarity 

2821
02:31:15,700 --> 02:31:18,400
over confusion. 
This understanding would 

2822
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:21,500
ultimately result in some of the
most groundbreaking architecture

2823
02:31:21,500 --> 02:31:24,700
of the 20th century as Japanese 
Architects employed, 

2824
02:31:24,700 --> 02:31:27,800
contemporary materials, and 
methods to convey, traditional 

2825
02:31:27,800 --> 02:31:31,300
spatial ideas, in novel manners.
But that's a story for the next 

2826
02:31:31,300 --> 02:31:33,900
chapter. 
When we get to the present, As 

2827
02:31:33,900 --> 02:31:38,100
you settle deeper into sleep 
picture Tokyo in the 1920s, it 

2828
02:31:38,100 --> 02:31:40,400
was a city that was rebuilding 
itself and full of 

2829
02:31:40,400 --> 02:31:42,100
contradictions and 
possibilities. 

2830
02:31:42,100 --> 02:31:45,100
This is a traditional wooden 
house with one room. 

2831
02:31:45,100 --> 02:31:46,600
That looks like it belongs in 
the West. 

2832
02:31:47,500 --> 02:31:49,700
A concrete office building is 
trying to look like a French 

2833
02:31:49,700 --> 02:31:52,100
Palace. 
You can still see the roofs of 

2834
02:31:52,108 --> 02:31:55,000
the temples in the distance but 
they are now surrounded by 

2835
02:31:55,000 --> 02:31:56,100
buildings. 
That would have been 

2836
02:31:56,108 --> 02:31:59,200
Unthinkable. 
Just a few decades ago, it's a 

2837
02:31:59,200 --> 02:32:03,500
mess but it's also exciting and 
comfortable and full of promise.

2838
02:32:04,300 --> 02:32:07,600
A civilization is going through 
a huge change and trying to 

2839
02:32:07,608 --> 02:32:10,300
figure out how to stay the same 
while becoming something else. 

2840
02:32:10,300 --> 02:32:14,400
Japan's cities were ruined by 
World War Two, bombing had 

2841
02:32:14,400 --> 02:32:19,100
mostly destroyed Tokyo of Sokka 
and Nagoya, In the immediate 

2842
02:32:19,100 --> 02:32:21,800
aftermath of the war. 
All that was needed, was to put 

2843
02:32:21,800 --> 02:32:25,100
roofs over people's heads with 
whatever materials were on hand.

2844
02:32:25,100 --> 02:32:27,800
When people were living in 
temporary shacks and old 

2845
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:29,800
military buildings 
architectural. 

2846
02:32:29,800 --> 02:32:33,200
Philosophy, seemed like a 
luxury, but even in this dire 

2847
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:36,000
situation, some architectural 
elements remain the same. 

2848
02:32:36,800 --> 02:32:39,500
People still took off their 
shoes before going into homes. 

2849
02:32:39,500 --> 02:32:43,000
They still like to sit on the 
floor when they could the basic 

2850
02:32:43,000 --> 02:32:46,300
ideas about space in Japanese 
architecture, flexibility 

2851
02:32:46,300 --> 02:32:49,600
connection to Nature and the 
importance of threshold spaces 

2852
02:32:49,600 --> 02:32:53,200
stayed the same even though the 
buildings themselves were rough 

2853
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:56,100
and temporary as Japan's 
economy, got better and then 

2854
02:32:56,100 --> 02:33:00,700
exploded in the 1950s and 1960s,
a group of amazing Architects, 

2855
02:33:00,700 --> 02:33:03,400
came along, who would change how
people thought about modern 

2856
02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:06,100
architecture. 
These Architects had grown up 

2857
02:33:06,100 --> 02:33:08,200
with traditional Japanese 
buildings, and learned about 

2858
02:33:08,200 --> 02:33:12,200
Weston architectural principles.
Now, they had to make buildings 

2859
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:13,500
that were right for modern 
Japan. 

2860
02:33:13,500 --> 02:33:16,800
Their ideas would change 
architecture, all over the world

2861
02:33:16,800 --> 02:33:20,100
Kenzo tange could be the most 
well known person from this 

2862
02:33:20,100 --> 02:33:22,800
generation. 
His buildings were a mix of the 

2863
02:33:22,800 --> 02:33:26,400
brutal honesty of modernist 
Concrete Construction and ideas,

2864
02:33:26,400 --> 02:33:28,700
about space that came from 
traditional Japanese 

2865
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:31,500
architecture. 
The Hiroshima Peace Memorial 

2866
02:33:31,500 --> 02:33:35,900
Museum finished in 1955 raised 
its main structure on pillars, 

2867
02:33:35,900 --> 02:33:37,800
which made a covered space 
underneath. 

2868
02:33:37,800 --> 02:33:40,000
That was like the open ground 
floors of traditional 

2869
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:42,900
storehouses and let light and 
air flow through the building. 

2870
02:33:42,900 --> 02:33:46,100
Tang's work showed that modern 
materials like reinforced 

2871
02:33:46,100 --> 02:33:49,400
concrete could show traditional 
Japanese ideas about space. 

2872
02:33:49,400 --> 02:33:53,100
Like the mixing of inside and 
outside the use of modulus 

2873
02:33:53,100 --> 02:33:56,100
structural grids and the focus 
on horizontal rather than 

2874
02:33:56,100 --> 02:34:00,200
vertical lines, his buildings 
looked very modern, but their 

2875
02:34:00,200 --> 02:34:02,800
layout and relationship to the 
site and Landscape, made them 

2876
02:34:02,800 --> 02:34:06,500
feel Japanese in some way. 
The metabolist movement, which 

2877
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:09,900
started in the 1960s had an even
more radical idea. 

2878
02:34:10,800 --> 02:34:13,600
These Architects saw cities as 
living things that could grow 

2879
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:16,900
and change with residential 
units, that could be added to 

2880
02:34:16,900 --> 02:34:20,000
permanent infrastructure. 
Most of their biggest dreams, 

2881
02:34:20,000 --> 02:34:22,300
never came true. 
But there are ideas about 

2882
02:34:22,300 --> 02:34:26,200
flexibility and adaptability 
took traditional Japanese ideas 

2883
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:29,600
about reconfigurable space and 
applied them to cities and 

2884
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:32,300
Technology. 
The Knack in capsule Tower by 

2885
02:34:32,300 --> 02:34:36,700
kisho kurokawa, which was 
finished in 1972, was an example

2886
02:34:36,700 --> 02:34:38,700
of metabolist ideas in 
architecture. 

2887
02:34:39,500 --> 02:34:42,600
The building was made up of 
prefabricated modules, which 

2888
02:34:42,600 --> 02:34:44,800
were basically smaller 
apartments that were attached to

2889
02:34:44,800 --> 02:34:48,000
concrete cores. 
This was done so that capsules 

2890
02:34:48,000 --> 02:34:50,000
could be moved around or 
replaced as needed. 

2891
02:34:50,000 --> 02:34:53,400
It looked like science fiction, 
but it was based on the 

2892
02:34:53,400 --> 02:34:56,500
traditional Japanese idea that 
buildings are made up of parts 

2893
02:34:56,500 --> 02:34:59,300
that can be rearranged instead 
of being permanent monuments. 

2894
02:35:00,100 --> 02:35:03,200
At the same time residential 
architecture was changing in 

2895
02:35:03,200 --> 02:35:06,600
less obvious ways. 
After the war Japanese home 

2896
02:35:06,600 --> 02:35:09,700
started to have more Western 
features, like, real kitchens 

2897
02:35:09,700 --> 02:35:13,100
with running, water bathrooms 
with tubs, and showers and 

2898
02:35:13,100 --> 02:35:16,200
Central Heating. 
The way things were arranged in 

2899
02:35:16,208 --> 02:35:19,800
space often stayed very 
Japanese, a lot, of homes. 

2900
02:35:19,800 --> 02:35:22,300
Still had at least one 
traditional tatami room with 

2901
02:35:22,300 --> 02:35:26,100
sliding fusuma panels attack on 
Cove and adore. 

2902
02:35:26,100 --> 02:35:29,300
That led to a small garden, this
wasn't just Nostalgia or 

2903
02:35:29,300 --> 02:35:32,300
conservatives, and it was a real
preference for being able to 

2904
02:35:32,300 --> 02:35:34,700
move around and connect with 
traditional styles. 

2905
02:35:35,500 --> 02:35:38,700
At night, at Tammy room, could 
be a bedroom during the day. 

2906
02:35:38,700 --> 02:35:41,200
It could be a living room for 
special meals. 

2907
02:35:41,200 --> 02:35:43,900
It could be a dining room and 
for guests it could be a space. 

2908
02:35:44,800 --> 02:35:46,400
The Westland style rooms with 
furniture. 

2909
02:35:46,400 --> 02:35:48,300
That couldn't be moved around. 
Couldn't do this. 

2910
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:51,600
Some Architects started to look 
into how they could use modern 

2911
02:35:51,600 --> 02:35:55,400
materials and building methods 
to express, traditional ideas to

2912
02:35:55,400 --> 02:35:59,400
dou, Ando who became famous in 
the 1970s billed, buildings out 

2913
02:35:59,400 --> 02:36:01,500
of smooth concrete, glass and 
steel. 

2914
02:36:01,500 --> 02:36:05,100
That still had a traditional 
Japanese field of the His 

2915
02:36:05,100 --> 02:36:07,700
buildings, have enclosed 
Courtyards, carefully, framed 

2916
02:36:07,700 --> 02:36:10,900
natural light, and a peaceful 
quality that reminds one of 

2917
02:36:10,908 --> 02:36:12,800
Temple and Tea Room 
architecture. 

2918
02:36:13,600 --> 02:36:17,600
And those Church of the light 
which was finished in 1989 is a 

2919
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:19,100
great example of this 
combination. 

2920
02:36:19,100 --> 02:36:23,500
It's a small concrete Chapel 
with a cross that shines the 

2921
02:36:23,500 --> 02:36:27,200
cross was made by taking away 
things not adding them, the wall

2922
02:36:27,200 --> 02:36:30,400
has a cross-shaped opening that 
lets light in the room is very 

2923
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:33,800
simple and serious but it also 
has a lot of spiritual energy. 

2924
02:36:33,800 --> 02:36:37,200
It looks modern, but it also 
feels like it comes from the 

2925
02:36:37,200 --> 02:36:40,100
same design tradition that made 
tea rooms of years ago. 

2926
02:36:40,100 --> 02:36:43,100
The idea of March which we 
talked about earlier as charged 

2927
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:46,000
empty space was used in a new 
way in modern Japanese 

2928
02:36:46,000 --> 02:36:48,900
architecture. 
Architects designed buildings 

2929
02:36:48,900 --> 02:36:51,200
with holes and gaps that were 
just empty space. 

2930
02:36:51,200 --> 02:36:53,600
They were important parts of the
design. 

2931
02:36:53,600 --> 02:36:56,600
These empty spaces made the 
rhythm of the buildings let 

2932
02:36:56,600 --> 02:36:59,800
light and air in and gave people
a place to rest their eyes and 

2933
02:36:59,800 --> 02:37:03,200
think The connection between 
architecture and nature, which 

2934
02:37:03,200 --> 02:37:06,700
is so important to Japanese 
culture continued in new ways 

2935
02:37:06,700 --> 02:37:09,300
Architects. 
Couldn't always make traditional

2936
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:14,100
Gardens with a lot of people but
they found ways to add natural 

2937
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:17,800
elements like a single tree. 
In a courtyard, a water feature 

2938
02:37:17,800 --> 02:37:22,200
or even just views of the sky, 
that were carefully framed These

2939
02:37:22,200 --> 02:37:25,200
gestures recognize the human 
necessity for a connection with 

2940
02:37:25,200 --> 02:37:29,300
nature, even within entirely 
Urban environments, small, urban

2941
02:37:29,300 --> 02:37:31,700
homes, became a very interesting
type of architecture. 

2942
02:37:32,500 --> 02:37:35,500
Because land was so expensive in
Japanese cities, many 

2943
02:37:35,500 --> 02:37:39,100
residential lots were very small
less than 50 square meters. 

2944
02:37:39,100 --> 02:37:42,800
In some cases architects who had
to work with these limits. 

2945
02:37:42,800 --> 02:37:45,900
Came up with new ways to make 
spaces more livable by adding 

2946
02:37:45,900 --> 02:37:48,800
light are. 
And sometimes surprising spatial

2947
02:37:48,800 --> 02:37:51,100
experience, is these small 
homes. 

2948
02:37:51,100 --> 02:37:54,600
Often had Courtyards inside 
skylights spaces on more than 

2949
02:37:54,600 --> 02:37:57,100
one level and smart ways to 
store things. 

2950
02:37:57,100 --> 02:38:00,400
These small houses kept the 
traditional Japanese way of 

2951
02:38:00,408 --> 02:38:03,700
building homes, which was to 
make Rich spatial experiences 

2952
02:38:03,700 --> 02:38:07,500
within small physical limits. 
A traditional tea room showed 

2953
02:38:07,500 --> 02:38:09,500
that you don't need a lot of 
room to make a whole world. 

2954
02:38:09,500 --> 02:38:13,200
Modern tiny houses took this 
idea further by showing that 

2955
02:38:13,200 --> 02:38:16,700
careful design could make even 
the smallest spaces feel full 

2956
02:38:16,700 --> 02:38:20,600
and welcoming Modern, 
engineering's, earthquake, 

2957
02:38:20,600 --> 02:38:22,400
resistant. 
Building methods were added to 

2958
02:38:22,400 --> 02:38:25,300
Japan's traditional knowledge of
how to make structures that can 

2959
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:29,300
bend Modern buildings in Japan. 
Often have advanced dampening 

2960
02:38:29,300 --> 02:38:32,900
systems flexible joints, an 
extra structural support that. 

2961
02:38:32,900 --> 02:38:35,000
Let them Sway With seismic 
forces. 

2962
02:38:35,000 --> 02:38:38,400
Instead of fighting them, this 
high-tech method is similar to 

2963
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:41,100
the old idea of building wooden 
structures that could move with 

2964
02:38:41,100 --> 02:38:43,600
the Earth. 
As you start to feel sleepy 

2965
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:46,200
picture yourself walking through
Modern Tokyo. 

2966
02:38:46,200 --> 02:38:49,100
This is an old temple with 
wooden buildings that have been 

2967
02:38:49,100 --> 02:38:53,000
well cared for next to. 
It is a modern building made of 

2968
02:38:53,000 --> 02:38:56,900
glass and steel its ground floor
opens completely to the street 

2969
02:38:56,900 --> 02:39:00,200
making the line between inside 
and outside, less clear. 

2970
02:39:01,000 --> 02:39:04,800
This is a very modern take on a 
traditional idea, a small house 

2971
02:39:04,800 --> 02:39:08,400
across the street, has a tree 
growing through the middle of it

2972
02:39:08,400 --> 02:39:10,600
bringing nature into the middle 
of a busy city. 

2973
02:39:10,600 --> 02:39:14,800
The city is like a palimpsest 
with layers of history and new 

2974
02:39:14,800 --> 02:39:17,100
ideas. 
All in the same place the 

2975
02:39:17,100 --> 02:39:19,700
buildings from each time, period
seem to talk to each other. 

2976
02:39:20,500 --> 02:39:23,500
By the end of the 20th century. 
Something amazing had happened. 

2977
02:39:23,500 --> 02:39:27,600
Japanese architecture become 
influential all over the world 

2978
02:39:27,600 --> 02:39:31,400
in ways that went far beyond 
just unique details or Surface 

2979
02:39:31,400 --> 02:39:34,800
Beauty Architects, all over the 
world were looking at Japanese 

2980
02:39:34,800 --> 02:39:38,700
building's special ideas and 
design philosophies to find ways

2981
02:39:38,700 --> 02:39:41,300
to solve modern architectural 
problems. 

2982
02:39:41,300 --> 02:39:43,700
That Western Traditions, have 
not fully dealt with. 

2983
02:39:44,600 --> 02:39:47,400
Japanese Aesthetics had a big 
impact on the minimalism that 

2984
02:39:47,400 --> 02:39:49,500
became so popular in 
architecture around the world. 

2985
02:39:49,500 --> 02:39:53,200
Starting in the 1990s. 
The Japanese had been refining, 

2986
02:39:53,200 --> 02:39:56,400
the ideas behind clean lines, 
limited color, palettes 

2987
02:39:56,400 --> 02:40:00,300
carefully, chosen materials, and
empty space as a positive design

2988
02:40:00,300 --> 02:40:04,100
element for hundreds of years. 
Japan had been doing what the 

2989
02:40:04,100 --> 02:40:06,900
West thought was a radical new 
style since the 16th century, 

2990
02:40:06,900 --> 02:40:11,200
when T Masters started doing it.
The open floor plans that now 

2991
02:40:11,200 --> 02:40:14,100
popular in western homes. 
A similar to the ideas that 

2992
02:40:14,100 --> 02:40:16,300
Japanese homes have had for 
hundreds of years. 

2993
02:40:17,200 --> 02:40:20,400
Japanese architecture had these 
ideas long before they became 

2994
02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:21,900
popular in other parts of the 
world. 

2995
02:40:22,700 --> 02:40:25,500
That spaces could be flexible 
and serve more than one purpose,

2996
02:40:25,500 --> 02:40:28,400
that rooms could flow into each 
other, instead of being 

2997
02:40:28,400 --> 02:40:31,900
separated by walls and that a 
home should adapt to the needs 

2998
02:40:31,900 --> 02:40:34,100
of its occupants. 
Instead of forcing them to adapt

2999
02:40:34,100 --> 02:40:37,000
to fixed rooms. 
The focus on natural materials. 

3000
02:40:37,000 --> 02:40:40,200
That are honestly displayed, 
rather than painted over or 

3001
02:40:40,200 --> 02:40:43,300
hidden behind decorations. 
They came a defining feature of 

3002
02:40:43,300 --> 02:40:45,600
modern high-end architecture 
around the world. 

3003
02:40:46,700 --> 02:40:49,500
Architects started leaving 
concrete unpainted so that the 

3004
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:52,500
wood structure showed through, 
and they used Stone in ways that

3005
02:40:52,500 --> 02:40:55,700
showed off its natural beauty. 
This method wasn't taken 

3006
02:40:55,700 --> 02:40:59,100
directly from Japan, but the 
Japanese architectural tradition

3007
02:40:59,100 --> 02:41:01,600
of honest material. 
Expression did have an effect on

3008
02:41:01,600 --> 02:41:04,600
how architects around the world 
thought about materials and 

3009
02:41:04,600 --> 02:41:08,700
surfaces The relationship 
between the inside and outside 

3010
02:41:08,700 --> 02:41:11,900
that Japanese architecture, had 
always stressed became more and 

3011
02:41:11,900 --> 02:41:14,300
more important in modern 
architecture around the world. 

3012
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:18,200
In modern design, people wanted 
buildings with walls. 

3013
02:41:18,200 --> 02:41:21,500
That could open all the way 
rooms that led into Gardens and 

3014
02:41:21,500 --> 02:41:24,500
threshold spaces that were 
neither fully inside or outside.

3015
02:41:25,200 --> 02:41:28,000
The traditional ngawa had 
changed into modern Terraces 

3016
02:41:28,000 --> 02:41:31,500
balconies and transitional 
spaces that made buildings more 

3017
02:41:31,500 --> 02:41:32,800
interesting for people to 
experience. 

3018
02:41:33,700 --> 02:41:36,200
Japanese Architects had an 
impact on the world as well. 

3019
02:41:37,200 --> 02:41:40,500
In 1995 to Dao. 
Ando won the pritzker prize. 

3020
02:41:41,300 --> 02:41:43,700
The first of many Japanese 
Architects to win the most 

3021
02:41:43,700 --> 02:41:48,000
prestigious award in the field, 
kazuyo sejima and ruin his hours

3022
02:41:48,000 --> 02:41:51,100
company. 
Essay, NAA built building that 

3023
02:41:51,100 --> 02:41:54,700
were incredibly delicate and 
spatially complex and their work

3024
02:41:54,700 --> 02:41:56,800
had an impact on Architects all 
over the world. 

3025
02:41:57,700 --> 02:42:00,800
Shigeru ban was the first to use
paper tubes and other unusual 

3026
02:42:00,800 --> 02:42:03,500
materials in buildings that were
both structurally, Innovative 

3027
02:42:03,500 --> 02:42:06,600
and social responsible. 
It wasn't obvious that these 

3028
02:42:06,600 --> 02:42:08,900
Architects built buildings. 
That looked like traditional 

3029
02:42:08,900 --> 02:42:12,900
Japanese ones, their work didn't
have Pagoda Roos or Tori Gates 

3030
02:42:12,900 --> 02:42:17,200
but their buildings had spatial 
ideas, material sensibilities, 

3031
02:42:17,200 --> 02:42:20,200
and connections to sight and 
light that will more connected 

3032
02:42:20,200 --> 02:42:21,900
to traditional Japanese 
architecture. 

3033
02:42:23,000 --> 02:42:26,100
He showed that tradition isn't 
just about copying old Styles. 

3034
02:42:26,100 --> 02:42:30,300
It's also about understanding 
and building on basic ideas, the

3035
02:42:30,300 --> 02:42:33,500
idea of wabi-sabi which means 
finding Beauty and things that 

3036
02:42:33,500 --> 02:42:37,400
aren't perfect don't last or 
aren't finished became part of 

3037
02:42:37,408 --> 02:42:40,600
the global design vocabulary. 
It may have been overused in 

3038
02:42:40,600 --> 02:42:44,000
Western design circles, where it
was sometimes seen as just a 

3039
02:42:44,000 --> 02:42:46,700
style, instead of a complicated 
philosophical stance. 

3040
02:42:47,400 --> 02:42:51,000
But at its best, the world's 
love of wahbi-sabi showed a real

3041
02:42:51,000 --> 02:42:53,500
appreciation for Japanese 
aesthetic values that were 

3042
02:42:53,500 --> 02:42:57,000
different from the Western focus
on permanents Perfection and 

3043
02:42:57,000 --> 02:43:00,200
completion. 
The design of Japanese Gardens 

3044
02:43:00,200 --> 02:43:03,500
had a bigger and bigger effect 
on gardens around the world from

3045
02:43:03,500 --> 02:43:06,700
California to England. 
Modern showed how to use natural

3046
02:43:06,700 --> 02:43:10,200
materials, how to make spaces 
for thinking and how to make 

3047
02:43:10,200 --> 02:43:12,200
small versions of larger 
landscapes. 

3048
02:43:12,900 --> 02:43:15,200
The notion that landscape design
could be an art form. 

3049
02:43:15,200 --> 02:43:19,300
A sophisticated as architecture,
a belief rooted in Japanese 

3050
02:43:19,300 --> 02:43:21,400
tradition. 
Garnered broader acceptance. 

3051
02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:25,400
Best Japanese architecture was 
very aware of the environment. 

3052
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:29,400
It paid attention to Natural 
ventilation used local materials

3053
02:43:29,400 --> 02:43:32,200
and was carefully oriented to 
the Sun and wind. 

3054
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:35,100
These were all things that 
became important in 

3055
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:36,200
architecture. 
Around the world. 

3056
02:43:36,200 --> 02:43:39,900
Japanese architecture has always
been sustainable because it had 

3057
02:43:39,900 --> 02:43:43,200
to be Contemporary Architects, 
learned from these Traditions. 

3058
02:43:43,200 --> 02:43:45,300
How to build buildings that are 
better for the environment. 

3059
02:43:45,300 --> 02:43:48,700
The Japanese idea that 
architecture is not a permanent 

3060
02:43:48,700 --> 02:43:51,700
Monument, but something that can
be changed and rebuilt. 

3061
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:55,000
Challenged Western ideas about 
architecture and interesting 

3062
02:43:55,000 --> 02:43:57,800
ways. 
The 20-year rebuilding cycle of 

3063
02:43:57,800 --> 02:44:01,000
the estrine, which we talked 
about a long time ago, was a 

3064
02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:04,500
whole new way of thinking, about
preserving architecture instead 

3065
02:44:04,500 --> 02:44:07,100
of trying to keep building the 
same, it meant keeping 

3066
02:44:07,100 --> 02:44:09,200
tradition. 
Alive through constant renewal 

3067
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:12,600
This idea changed how people 
thought about cultural 

3068
02:44:12,600 --> 02:44:14,800
continuity and Architectural 
sustainability. 

3069
02:44:15,700 --> 02:44:18,300
Japanese culture had a big 
impact on the way people saw 

3070
02:44:18,300 --> 02:44:22,700
small-scale carefully details, 
architecture not every building 

3071
02:44:22,700 --> 02:44:26,900
had to be a big deal or a big 
statement and small Urban houses

3072
02:44:26,900 --> 02:44:29,700
or tea rooms where every detail 
had been carefully. 

3073
02:44:29,700 --> 02:44:32,900
Thought out the most beautiful 
architecture could happen. 

3074
02:44:33,800 --> 02:44:36,800
This recognition of small-scale 
Excellence changed how 

3075
02:44:36,800 --> 02:44:39,500
architects around the world, 
thought about residential and 

3076
02:44:39,500 --> 02:44:42,000
small scale. 
Projects Japanese Architects 

3077
02:44:42,000 --> 02:44:44,600
combined, traditional building 
techniques with modern materials

3078
02:44:44,600 --> 02:44:47,600
and methods. 
This gave other countries ideas 

3079
02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:50,700
for how to keep traditional 
building crafts alive while also

3080
02:44:50,700 --> 02:44:54,300
making modern buildings. 
Japanese architectural craft was

3081
02:44:54,300 --> 02:44:57,700
known for its careful, joinery 
attention to surface qualities 

3082
02:44:57,700 --> 02:45:01,600
and respect for materials. 
These things still affect how 

3083
02:45:01,600 --> 02:45:03,200
buildings are detailed and 
build. 

3084
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:06,200
As we near the end of our 
journey, through Japanese 

3085
02:45:06,200 --> 02:45:08,400
architectural history, we come 
to the present. 

3086
02:45:09,100 --> 02:45:13,000
What we see is not a complete 
preservation of tradition or a 

3087
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:15,800
complete break from the past, 
but rather a creative 

3088
02:45:15,800 --> 02:45:19,100
conversation between historical 
principles and modern needs that

3089
02:45:19,100 --> 02:45:22,000
is still going on. 
There is a fascinating tension 

3090
02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:25,600
in modern Japanese architecture.
Japan is still one of the most 

3091
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:28,300
architecturally Innovative 
countries in the world 

3092
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:31,800
Architects, their buildings that
are very creative and 

3093
02:45:31,800 --> 02:45:35,000
technically Advanced on the 
other hand, traditional building

3094
02:45:35,000 --> 02:45:38,500
types like temples shrines tea 
rooms and even some types of 

3095
02:45:38,508 --> 02:45:43,200
homes are still used today, not 
just as Museum pieces in Kyoto, 

3096
02:45:43,200 --> 02:45:45,900
you'll see Master Carpenters, 
still teaching apprentices, how 

3097
02:45:45,900 --> 02:45:48,900
to do traditional joinery, that 
doesn't use any nails. 

3098
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:52,300
These Craftsmen are not putting 
on historical re-enactments, 

3099
02:45:52,300 --> 02:45:55,000
they keeping temples and shrines
that are still used for 

3100
02:45:55,008 --> 02:45:58,000
religious purposes up to date, 
using the same methods that 

3101
02:45:58,000 --> 02:46:00,100
their ancestors used 100s of 
years ago. 

3102
02:46:01,000 --> 02:46:03,900
The knowledge is passed down 
from Master to Apprentice in an 

3103
02:46:03,900 --> 02:46:06,800
unbroken chain. 
Each generation, learns not from

3104
02:46:06,800 --> 02:46:08,500
books. 
But by working with tools and 

3105
02:46:08,500 --> 02:46:12,100
materials, there are definitely 
problems with these old crafts. 

3106
02:46:12,800 --> 02:46:15,500
Fewer young, people want to 
spend years learning how to do 

3107
02:46:15,500 --> 02:46:17,900
Temple, carpentry, or thatched 
Roofing. 

3108
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:22,100
The economic problems are real. 
But the tradition lives on. 

3109
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:25,900
Thanks in part to cultural 
Pride, religious necessity, and 

3110
02:46:25,900 --> 02:46:28,400
a growing understanding that 
these skills are irreplaceable. 

3111
02:46:28,400 --> 02:46:30,300
Knowledge about materials and 
construction. 

3112
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:34,000
At the same time, modern 
Japanese Architects, are still 

3113
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:36,600
pushing the limits. 
They build buildings that are 

3114
02:46:36,608 --> 02:46:40,400
incredibly delicate with walls, 
that seemed to dissolve and 

3115
02:46:40,400 --> 02:46:42,600
spaces that flow into each other
like water. 

3116
02:46:43,400 --> 02:46:46,000
They try out new materials and 
Technologies while still keeping

3117
02:46:46,000 --> 02:46:50,000
in touch with old ideas about 
space sufu, jimoto is one of the

3118
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:53,000
younger Architects. 
He makes buildings that blur the

3119
02:46:53,000 --> 02:46:57,100
lines between architecture and 
nature inside and outside and 

3120
02:46:57,100 --> 02:47:00,400
building and Landscape. 
Sometimes his buildings look 

3121
02:47:00,400 --> 02:47:03,500
more like abstract sculptures or
natural formations than regular 

3122
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:06,400
buildings but they are perfectly
livable spaces. 

3123
02:47:06,400 --> 02:47:10,000
There are modern evolution of 
traditional Japanese ideas about

3124
02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:11,600
how buildings and nature 
interact. 

3125
02:47:12,500 --> 02:47:16,200
King Goku's work is very modern 
but it also clearly draws on 

3126
02:47:16,200 --> 02:47:17,700
traditional Japanese 
architecture. 

3127
02:47:17,700 --> 02:47:21,000
He wants to know how modern 
methods can be used with 

3128
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:25,200
traditional materials, like wood
Stone and paper to make 

3129
02:47:25,200 --> 02:47:26,700
buildings. 
That feel like they come from 

3130
02:47:26,700 --> 02:47:28,700
the past without copying old 
styles. 

3131
02:47:29,500 --> 02:47:32,500
His buildings, often have fancy 
wooden screening systems that 

3132
02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:34,600
are modern versions of 
traditional features that 

3133
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:38,300
control light, give people 
privacy and make Rich visual 

3134
02:47:38,300 --> 02:47:40,600
textures. 
There is an endless stream of 

3135
02:47:40,600 --> 02:47:43,900
new houses being built in Japan 
because people there are still 

3136
02:47:43,908 --> 02:47:45,700
interested in small 
well-designed. 

3137
02:47:45,700 --> 02:47:49,600
Homes Tokyo's full of tiny Lots 
where Architects have to work 

3138
02:47:49,600 --> 02:47:52,500
within very strict limits to 
make amazing spatial 

3139
02:47:52,500 --> 02:47:55,100
experiences. 
These houses are in line with 

3140
02:47:55,100 --> 02:47:57,900
the Japanese tradition of making
a lot out of a little by 

3141
02:47:57,900 --> 02:47:59,800
carefully. 
Designing them, into just making

3142
02:47:59,800 --> 02:48:02,800
them big. 
The small modern homes often 

3143
02:48:02,800 --> 02:48:05,900
have features that are similar 
to traditional homes, like an 

3144
02:48:05,900 --> 02:48:08,500
internal Courtyard that lets 
light an air into the middle of 

3145
02:48:08,500 --> 02:48:11,600
the building a threshold space. 
That separates the street from 

3146
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:14,800
the home and a special room or 
alco for thinking and showing 

3147
02:48:14,800 --> 02:48:17,600
off. 
But they use modern materials 

3148
02:48:17,600 --> 02:48:20,200
and building methods, which 
makes the buildings feel both 

3149
02:48:20,200 --> 02:48:23,300
new and traditional. 
Japan has a unique way of 

3150
02:48:23,308 --> 02:48:26,600
keeping its old buildings in 
good shape preservation doesn't 

3151
02:48:26,600 --> 02:48:29,800
mean trying to keep building the
same over time instead. 

3152
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:31,800
It usually means rebuilding them
every. 

3153
02:48:31,800 --> 02:48:34,900
So often using traditional 
methods and materials, this 

3154
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:37,300
keeps not only the buildings 
themselves, but also the 

3155
02:48:37,300 --> 02:48:40,700
knowledge and skills needed to 
build them its preservation. 

3156
02:48:40,700 --> 02:48:45,100
Through practice, not through 
museums, the Japanese people as 

3157
02:48:45,100 --> 02:48:47,400
a whole stay connected to 
traditional architectural 

3158
02:48:47,400 --> 02:48:50,700
Spaces, by practicing tea, 
ceremonies going to temples and 

3159
02:48:50,700 --> 02:48:54,700
shrines and sometimes even in 
their own homes, a lot of modern

3160
02:48:54,700 --> 02:48:57,500
Japanese Homes and Apartments 
still have at least one tatami 

3161
02:48:57,500 --> 02:49:00,000
room. 
This is a place where people can

3162
02:49:00,000 --> 02:49:03,100
connect with traditional 
Aesthetics and practices even 

3163
02:49:03,100 --> 02:49:04,500
when they are in a modern 
setting. 

3164
02:49:05,200 --> 02:49:07,900
More and more Japanese 
architecture is being shaped by 

3165
02:49:07,900 --> 02:49:11,500
environmental concerns. 
Building practices that are 

3166
02:49:11,500 --> 02:49:14,200
strong and long-lasting are 
important because the country is

3167
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:17,500
prone to earthquakes, typhoons 
and other natural disasters. 

3168
02:49:18,800 --> 02:49:22,100
Modern Japanese architecture. 
Often uses both high-tech and 

3169
02:49:22,100 --> 02:49:24,900
traditional methods. 
For example, it might use 

3170
02:49:24,900 --> 02:49:28,200
Advanced seismic dampening 
systems and energy efficient 

3171
02:49:28,200 --> 02:49:30,900
mechanical systems as well as 
natural ventilation. 

3172
02:49:30,900 --> 02:49:33,300
Careful solar orientation and 
local materials. 

3173
02:49:34,000 --> 02:49:36,700
Japanese architecture is always 
trying to find a balance between

3174
02:49:36,700 --> 02:49:39,800
old and new other cultures can 
learn from this as they. 

3175
02:49:39,800 --> 02:49:43,000
Try to find ways to honor the 
past while also meeting modern 

3176
02:49:43,000 --> 02:49:45,900
needs. 
Japan's example, shows that 

3177
02:49:45,900 --> 02:49:49,000
tradition isn't just keeping 
things the same, it's a living 

3178
02:49:49,008 --> 02:49:51,900
practice that changes while 
still being true to its core 

3179
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:54,900
values. 
As you drift off to sleep, think

3180
02:49:54,900 --> 02:49:56,400
about all the Japanese 
architecture. 

3181
02:49:56,400 --> 02:50:00,300
We've seen tonight, the ancient 
forests, where it all began the 

3182
02:50:00,300 --> 02:50:03,800
Shinto shrines, that Mark sacred
places, the Buddhist temples 

3183
02:50:03,800 --> 02:50:07,000
that reach for enlightenment, 
the Palaces that open up to 

3184
02:50:07,000 --> 02:50:10,000
Gardens the castles that rise 
from Stone foundations. 

3185
02:50:10,000 --> 02:50:12,500
The Edo townhouses that make 
city life. 

3186
02:50:12,500 --> 02:50:16,200
Possible, the tea rooms that 
find Infinity and small spaces, 

3187
02:50:16,200 --> 02:50:19,900
the Meiji experiments with new 
forms the post-war Innovations 

3188
02:50:19,900 --> 02:50:23,400
and the modern Explorations that
are still going on today, every 

3189
02:50:23,400 --> 02:50:26,800
time period on what came before 
it and adapted to the needs of 

3190
02:50:26,800 --> 02:50:28,800
the time. 
There was no time that was 

3191
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:32,200
frozen, but there was no time 
that was completely lost the 

3192
02:50:32,200 --> 02:50:35,100
tradition lived on, because it 
kept changing and adapting while

3193
02:50:35,100 --> 02:50:37,700
still holding on to threads of 
continuity, that go back, 

3194
02:50:37,700 --> 02:50:42,600
hundreds of years, the house you
build in dreams and epilogue As 

3195
02:50:42,608 --> 02:50:45,300
you finally fall asleep, your 
mind might build fake buildings.

3196
02:50:45,300 --> 02:50:47,900
Out of all the architectural 
Parts, we've looked at tonight, 

3197
02:50:48,700 --> 02:50:50,800
maybe you're walking through a 
house that has parts from 

3198
02:50:50,800 --> 02:50:53,500
different times. 
Like a tea room that opens up to

3199
02:50:53,500 --> 02:50:56,700
a garden from the Edo period or 
a high-end palace with flowing 

3200
02:50:56,700 --> 02:50:59,600
spaces made from Modern 
materials, or a castle that 

3201
02:50:59,600 --> 02:51:02,100
looks strong, but is softened by
modern transparency. 

3202
02:51:03,400 --> 02:51:06,200
This dream architecture doesn't 
mix things up or contradict 

3203
02:51:06,200 --> 02:51:09,800
itself, it's completely fine. 
Because Japanese architecture 

3204
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:12,400
has always been about bringing 
together different influences 

3205
02:51:12,400 --> 02:51:15,900
and needs into a cohesive whole 
that serves human life while 

3206
02:51:15,900 --> 02:51:19,000
respecting deeper aesthetic and 
philosophical ideas. 

3207
02:51:20,500 --> 02:51:23,300
The lessons from the history of 
Japanese architecture, apply to 

3208
02:51:23,308 --> 02:51:26,400
more than just Japan. 
They remind us that buildings 

3209
02:51:26,400 --> 02:51:27,900
are more than just places to 
live. 

3210
02:51:27,900 --> 02:51:31,600
There are so ways for us to show
how we want to live what we 

3211
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:34,300
value and how we see our place 
in the natural world. 

3212
02:51:35,200 --> 02:51:37,800
They show that tradition and 
Innovation are not opposites, 

3213
02:51:37,800 --> 02:51:41,100
but Partners in a creative 
conversation that never ends. 

3214
02:51:41,900 --> 02:51:44,900
Japanese architecture, teaches 
you to be patient to think 

3215
02:51:44,900 --> 02:51:49,200
carefully about every detail to 
choose materials carefully and 

3216
02:51:49,200 --> 02:51:53,200
to let designs grow through 
repeated refinement, it values 

3217
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:56,100
restraint, which means that 
knowing what to leave out is 

3218
02:51:56,100 --> 02:51:58,100
often more important than 
knowing what to put in. 

3219
02:51:58,900 --> 02:52:02,000
It accepts that everything is 
temporary just like all 

3220
02:52:02,000 --> 02:52:05,500
buildings and other things made 
by people are temporary parts of

3221
02:52:05,508 --> 02:52:09,300
Nature's longer story. 
Japanese architecture teaches us

3222
02:52:09,300 --> 02:52:12,100
that the waist spaces are set up
can change how we feel. 

3223
02:52:12,900 --> 02:52:16,000
The light in a room, the feel of
a wall, the connection between 

3224
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:19,500
the inside and the garden, and 
the size of a space, all affect 

3225
02:52:19,500 --> 02:52:23,400
how we feel think and interact 
with other people architecture 

3226
02:52:23,400 --> 02:52:25,500
isn't just about building places
for people to live. 

3227
02:52:25,500 --> 02:52:29,600
It's also about making places 
where people can Thrive when you

3228
02:52:29,608 --> 02:52:32,408
wake up tomorrow you might see 
your own living space in a new 

3229
02:52:32,416 --> 02:52:35,300
way that Windows connection to 
the light in the morning. 

3230
02:52:35,300 --> 02:52:39,300
The line that separates rooms 
the things and textures that are

3231
02:52:39,300 --> 02:52:41,700
around you. 
The existence or non-existence 

3232
02:52:41,700 --> 02:52:44,700
of natural components. 
These aren't just things that 

3233
02:52:44,700 --> 02:52:46,800
are useful. 
There are also chances to make 

3234
02:52:46,800 --> 02:52:50,000
daily life more, beautiful, 
thoughtful and connected. 

3235
02:52:50,000 --> 02:52:53,100
You don't have to live in a 
traditional Japanese house to 

3236
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:54,600
learn from Japanese 
architecture. 

3237
02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:59,400
The rules can be used anywhere, 
less is more quality over 

3238
02:52:59,400 --> 02:53:03,800
quantity, connecting with nature
spaces that change to fit your 

3239
02:53:03,808 --> 02:53:07,400
needs on a materials, that get 
better with age, paying 

3240
02:53:07,400 --> 02:53:10,800
attention to light and Shadow 
and the power of empty space. 

3241
02:53:10,800 --> 02:53:14,500
You might put one flower. 
In a special place, making your 

3242
02:53:14,500 --> 02:53:18,200
own small version of a Tucson. 
You might move things around in 

3243
02:53:18,200 --> 02:53:20,000
a room to let in more natural 
light. 

3244
02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:21,900
You might just stop and take 
him. 

3245
02:53:21,900 --> 02:53:24,600
The architectural details of the
places you live in every day. 

3246
02:53:24,600 --> 02:53:27,800
These little things, keep the 
tradition alive in your own way.

3247
02:53:27,800 --> 02:53:31,400
It's not just about building's 
in far-off places or things that

3248
02:53:31,400 --> 02:53:33,500
happen in the past that make up 
the history of Japanese 

3249
02:53:33,500 --> 02:53:36,000
architecture. 
It's a living tradition that 

3250
02:53:36,000 --> 02:53:38,200
keeps changing. 
And you take part in it. 

3251
02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:41,100
Every time you think carefully 
about the places you make and 

3252
02:53:41,100 --> 02:53:43,600
live in. 
The master Carpenters of ancient

3253
02:53:43,600 --> 02:53:47,700
Japan, the teamsters refining, 
aesthetic, principles, and the 

3254
02:53:47,700 --> 02:53:50,000
modern Architects. 
Looking for new ways to build 

3255
02:53:50,000 --> 02:53:53,200
all contribute to an ongoing 
discussion about how people 

3256
02:53:53,200 --> 02:53:57,100
should live on the planet. 
As sleep takes over, let your 

3257
02:53:57,100 --> 02:53:59,800
last conscious thoughts, rest in
a place of perfect peace. 

3258
02:54:04,400 --> 02:54:05,900
You know how you sometimes? 
Catch yourself. 

3259
02:54:05,900 --> 02:54:07,500
Embellishing a story, just a 
little bit. 

3260
02:54:08,300 --> 02:54:11,000
Perhaps you incorporate a subtle
detail to enhance its appeal 

3261
02:54:11,000 --> 02:54:13,700
during dinner parties. 
Well, imagine if your entire 

3262
02:54:13,700 --> 02:54:15,800
profession was on doing exactly 
that. 

3263
02:54:15,800 --> 02:54:19,300
Except, instead of impressing 
your neighbors, you were fooling

3264
02:54:19,300 --> 02:54:22,400
entire kingdoms and occasionally
starting Wars by accident. 

3265
02:54:23,400 --> 02:54:26,300
Welcome to the wonderfully weird
world of medieval and 

3266
02:54:26,300 --> 02:54:29,100
Renaissance mapmaking. 
Where lying wasn't just 

3267
02:54:29,100 --> 02:54:31,200
acceptable? 
It was practically a job 

3268
02:54:31,208 --> 02:54:34,200
requirement. 
Picture yourself settling into a

3269
02:54:34,208 --> 02:54:37,200
comfortable chair by the 
fireplace, maybe with a cup of 

3270
02:54:37,200 --> 02:54:39,300
something. 
Warm, while we explore one of 

3271
02:54:39,308 --> 02:54:41,500
history is most Charming, 
professional scams. 

3272
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:46,400
Upon reflection that's precisely
the truth of the situation for 

3273
02:54:46,400 --> 02:54:48,500
centuries. 
The most respected cartographers

3274
02:54:48,500 --> 02:54:51,400
in Europe were essentially 
running elaborate cons and 

3275
02:54:51,400 --> 02:54:54,600
everyone just went along with it
because frankly nobody knew any 

3276
02:54:54,600 --> 02:54:57,700
better. 
You see back in the day and 

3277
02:54:57,700 --> 02:54:59,400
we're talking roughly from the 
12th century. 

3278
02:54:59,400 --> 02:55:03,000
All the way up to the 1600s 
making Maps was less about 

3279
02:55:03,000 --> 02:55:06,900
accuracy and more about filling 
up all that space on parchment. 

3280
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:10,700
Imagine you're a map maker in, 
save 1347. 

3281
02:55:11,500 --> 02:55:14,600
You have a beautiful piece of 
Vellum laid out on your desk and

3282
02:55:14,600 --> 02:55:16,400
you possess a clear 
understanding of the 

3283
02:55:16,400 --> 02:55:19,900
mediterranean's appearance. 
Sailors have navigated its 

3284
02:55:19,900 --> 02:55:23,700
waters for centuries you can 
draw Italy with your eyes closed

3285
02:55:23,700 --> 02:55:28,000
and the coastline of Spain holds
no Mysteries but then you get to

3286
02:55:28,000 --> 02:55:32,000
the edges the vast unknown 
awaits you and here's where 

3287
02:55:32,000 --> 02:55:34,700
things get intriguing because 
you can't just leave blank 

3288
02:55:34,700 --> 02:55:36,800
spaces. 
That would be admitting 

3289
02:55:36,800 --> 02:55:39,200
ignorance, medieval 
professionals had about as much 

3290
02:55:39,200 --> 02:55:41,400
tolerance for admitting. 
They didn't know something as 

3291
02:55:41,400 --> 02:55:44,600
your average teenager today. 
So what do you do? 

3292
02:55:44,600 --> 02:55:47,600
You make stuff up and not just 
little stuff. 

3293
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:51,000
We're talking about entire 
continents mythical islands and 

3294
02:55:51,000 --> 02:55:53,700
creatures that would make 
Hollywood monster design as weep

3295
02:55:53,700 --> 02:55:57,800
With Envy The best part everyone
expected you to do this. 

3296
02:55:57,800 --> 02:56:01,100
It wasn't considered fraud. 
It was considered filling in the

3297
02:56:01,100 --> 02:56:02,800
gaps with your best educated 
guess. 

3298
02:56:02,800 --> 02:56:06,100
Even if your education came 
entirely from having stories and

3299
02:56:06,100 --> 02:56:10,400
fever dreams take the Hereford 
Monday, created around 1300. 

3300
02:56:10,400 --> 02:56:14,200
This thing is gorgeous. 
A work of art that happens to 

3301
02:56:14,200 --> 02:56:17,100
also be a map. 
But if you tried to use it for 

3302
02:56:17,100 --> 02:56:20,000
navigation, you'd probably end 
up somewhere in the Atlantic 

3303
02:56:20,000 --> 02:56:22,800
having a chili very wet 
conversation with some very 

3304
02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:25,800
confused fish. 
The map maker included 

3305
02:56:25,800 --> 02:56:28,900
everything from the Garden of 
Eden, hopefully located in Asia 

3306
02:56:28,900 --> 02:56:31,700
to various monsters scattered 
around Africa. 

3307
02:56:31,700 --> 02:56:35,100
Because apparently mediaeval 
cartographers believed that the 

3308
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:38,300
further you got from Europe the 
more likely you were to run into

3309
02:56:38,300 --> 02:56:41,500
something with too many heads. 
The funny thing is, these 

3310
02:56:41,500 --> 02:56:43,500
weren't mistakes in the way we 
think of them today. 

3311
02:56:43,500 --> 02:56:45,900
These were deliberate creative 
choices. 

3312
02:56:47,000 --> 02:56:49,600
Medieval mapmakers operated 
under the assumption that the 

3313
02:56:49,608 --> 02:56:52,500
world was full of Wonders. 
And if they hadn't personally 

3314
02:56:52,500 --> 02:56:55,100
seen proof that a particular 
wander didn't exist in a 

3315
02:56:55,100 --> 02:56:58,600
particular place, well, it might
as well go on the map. 

3316
02:56:59,700 --> 02:57:03,400
It was really an optimistic lie.
The kind of fibbing that says 

3317
02:57:03,400 --> 02:57:05,500
sure there might be a unicorn 
over there. 

3318
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:08,000
Why not? 
And the customers loved it. 

3319
02:57:09,000 --> 02:57:12,000
King's and wealthy merchants 
didn't want boring accurate 

3320
02:57:12,000 --> 02:57:15,400
Maps, they wanted maps that told
stories maps. 

3321
02:57:15,400 --> 02:57:18,600
That confirmed everything they'd
heard about the Exotic edges of 

3322
02:57:18,600 --> 02:57:21,600
the world and map. 
Lacking monsters was devoid of 

3323
02:57:21,600 --> 02:57:24,000
imagination, which diminished 
its purpose. 

3324
02:57:25,100 --> 02:57:27,300
The quest wasn't just about 
filling space though. 

3325
02:57:28,100 --> 02:57:31,500
In a world where information 
travels slowly and often became 

3326
02:57:31,500 --> 02:57:34,600
thoroughly mangled medieval 
mapmakers operated. 

3327
02:57:35,700 --> 02:57:38,400
By the time a story about a 
distant land, had traveled from 

3328
02:57:38,400 --> 02:57:40,800
Explorer to Trader to scholar to
mapmaker. 

3329
02:57:40,800 --> 02:57:44,600
It had usually picked up so many
embellishments that it bore 

3330
02:57:44,600 --> 02:57:47,500
about, as much resemblance to 
reality as a fish story told by 

3331
02:57:47,500 --> 02:57:49,000
your uncle after his fourth 
beer. 

3332
02:57:49,900 --> 02:57:52,700
So, as you drift off tonight, 
remember that somewhere in 

3333
02:57:52,700 --> 02:57:55,400
history. 
There's a map maker who drew a 

3334
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:59,200
perfectly lovely Island that 
never existed, populated it with

3335
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:02,500
creatures that never lived and 
convinced half of Europe, that 

3336
02:58:02,500 --> 02:58:03,800
it was a real place worth 
visiting. 

3337
02:58:03,800 --> 02:58:07,300
And honestly, The world was 
probably somewhat more 

3338
02:58:07,300 --> 02:58:09,900
interesting for it. 
Now, you might be wondering how 

3339
02:58:09,900 --> 02:58:12,700
exactly one goes about lying 
professionally on maps without 

3340
02:58:12,700 --> 02:58:16,600
getting fired exiled or fed to 
whatever monsters you've been 

3341
02:58:16,600 --> 02:58:19,400
drawing in the margins. 
The answer is surprisingly 

3342
02:58:19,400 --> 02:58:21,700
simple. 
You don't call it lying. 

3343
02:58:21,700 --> 02:58:26,000
You call it interpretation of 
available sources or synthesis 

3344
02:58:26,000 --> 02:58:28,400
of traveler accounts. 
It's all about the marketing 

3345
02:58:28,400 --> 02:58:32,100
really, medieval and Renaissance
mapmakers had the technique down

3346
02:58:32,100 --> 02:58:34,400
to an art form. 
They take a grain of Truth. 

3347
02:58:34,400 --> 02:58:38,200
Maybe a Sailors story about 
seeing land on the horizon and 

3348
02:58:38,200 --> 02:58:41,200
grow it into a full-fledged 
continent, complete with cities 

3349
02:58:41,200 --> 02:58:45,100
rivers, and the occasional 
dragons, Think of it as the 

3350
02:58:45,100 --> 02:58:47,700
original version of making a 
mountain out of a molehill. 

3351
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:50,200
Except the molehill might not 
have existed either. 

3352
02:58:51,100 --> 02:58:53,600
The map making process back then
was part detective. 

3353
02:58:53,600 --> 02:58:55,900
Work Park. 
Creative writing and part 

3354
02:58:55,900 --> 02:58:59,400
wishful thinking You'd gather 
every scrap of information you 

3355
02:58:59,400 --> 02:59:04,500
could find ancient texts 
Travelers Tales other maps and 

3356
02:59:04,500 --> 02:59:06,300
wild guesses. 
From people who claim to know, 

3357
02:59:06,300 --> 02:59:09,300
someone who once met a guy who 
sailed somewhere vaguely in that

3358
02:59:09,308 --> 02:59:11,800
direction. 
Subsequently. 

3359
02:59:11,800 --> 02:59:13,900
You would arrange all the 
gathered information on your 

3360
02:59:13,908 --> 02:59:17,300
workbench and Endeavor to make 
sense of it, fully aware that a 

3361
02:59:17,300 --> 02:59:20,100
significant portion was likely 
an accurate in the remainder was

3362
02:59:20,100 --> 02:59:23,000
certainly dubious. 
But the best part is that 

3363
02:59:23,000 --> 02:59:25,500
everyone knew how the system 
worked and accepted it. 

3364
02:59:25,500 --> 02:59:28,500
If everyone was aware of the 
joke, it wouldn't be considered 

3365
02:59:28,500 --> 02:59:32,800
for King's commissioning Maps, 
weren't expecting GPS level 

3366
02:59:32,800 --> 02:59:36,300
accuracy, they wanted something 
impressive to hang on the castle

3367
02:59:36,300 --> 02:59:40,500
wall, something that would make 
visiting dignitaries go and are 

3368
02:59:40,500 --> 02:59:43,300
and maybe feel a little 
intimidated by the vast scope of

3369
02:59:43,300 --> 02:59:44,600
their host, geographical 
knowledge. 

3370
02:59:45,700 --> 02:59:48,400
The true experts devised, their 
own nuanced strategies, to 

3371
02:59:48,400 --> 02:59:51,400
mitigate their risks. 
They'd include little notes in 

3372
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:54,700
Latin that roughly translated 
meant things like this 

3373
02:59:54,700 --> 02:59:58,500
information comes from sources 
of questionable reliability or 

3374
02:59:58,500 --> 03:00:03,400
hear there might be dragons but 
honestly who knows. these 

3375
03:00:03,400 --> 03:00:06,200
disclaimers were usually written
in tiny script and tucked away 

3376
03:00:06,208 --> 03:00:08,800
in Corners where nobody would 
notice them unless they were 

3377
03:00:08,800 --> 03:00:12,600
specifically looking One of the 
most famous examples of 

3378
03:00:12,600 --> 03:00:15,500
organized cartographic. 
Creativity was the island of 

3379
03:00:15,500 --> 03:00:18,300
Brazil. 
Not Brazil, the country. 

3380
03:00:18,300 --> 03:00:21,000
It spelled differently and 
actually exists. 

3381
03:00:21,000 --> 03:00:24,200
No, we're talking about Brazil 
with an s. 

3382
03:00:24,200 --> 03:00:27,300
A mythical Island that appeared 
on maps of the North Atlantic 

3383
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:31,200
for over 500 years, it showed up
on different maps, in different 

3384
03:00:31,200 --> 03:00:33,500
locations. 
Sometimes round sometimes, 

3385
03:00:33,500 --> 03:00:36,800
Crescent shaped sometimes 
accompanied by smaller Islands. 

3386
03:00:36,800 --> 03:00:40,900
Sometimes flying solo Mapmakers 
continue to include it because 

3387
03:00:40,900 --> 03:00:44,500
their peers had done so and they
felt it was important to respect

3388
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:47,900
to establish precedent. 
The island had a whole mythology

3389
03:00:47,900 --> 03:00:50,400
built around it. 
Some claimed it was shrouded in 

3390
03:00:50,400 --> 03:00:52,500
mist and only appeared every 
seven years. 

3391
03:00:52,500 --> 03:00:56,600
Others said, it was inhabited by
an advanced civilization that 

3392
03:00:56,600 --> 03:00:59,600
had mastered invisibility, which
was certainly a convenient 

3393
03:00:59,600 --> 03:01:03,500
explanation for why nobody could
ever find the place Sailors. 

3394
03:01:03,500 --> 03:01:06,300
Occasionally claimed to have 
spotted it in the distance but 

3395
03:01:06,300 --> 03:01:08,900
somehow it always vanished 
before they could get close 

3396
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:11,000
enough to land. 
It's interesting how the 

3397
03:01:11,000 --> 03:01:14,500
situation unfolded what makes 
this story even more amusing? 

3398
03:01:14,500 --> 03:01:17,600
Is that people kept mounting 
expeditions to find Brazil? 

3399
03:01:17,600 --> 03:01:20,900
Well into the 18th Century, Real
Money changed hands. 

3400
03:01:20,900 --> 03:01:24,100
Real ships set sail, real 
Sailors. 

3401
03:01:24,100 --> 03:01:26,600
Spent real weeks. 
Searching empty ocean for an 

3402
03:01:26,608 --> 03:01:29,500
island that existed only in the 
collective imagination of the 

3403
03:01:29,500 --> 03:01:32,500
European map. 
Making Community it resembled a 

3404
03:01:32,500 --> 03:01:35,300
centuries, long game of 
concealment with no one, 

3405
03:01:35,300 --> 03:01:37,700
bothering to acknowledge that. 
One of the participants was 

3406
03:01:37,700 --> 03:01:41,000
purely fictional and that makes 
the themselves often seem to 

3407
03:01:41,008 --> 03:01:43,700
understand that they were in the
entertainment business as much 

3408
03:01:43,700 --> 03:01:46,700
as the information business. 
Their Maps were gorgeous. 

3409
03:01:46,700 --> 03:01:49,500
Works of art filled with 
elaborate Compass Rose's, 

3410
03:01:49,500 --> 03:01:51,700
decorative, borders, and sea 
monsters. 

3411
03:01:51,700 --> 03:01:54,200
That looked like, they'd been 
designed by someone who really 

3412
03:01:54,200 --> 03:01:57,300
enjoyed their work. 
These Maps serve not only as 

3413
03:01:57,300 --> 03:02:00,700
functional documents but also as
Conversation Pieces, status 

3414
03:02:00,700 --> 03:02:03,900
symbols and windows into a world
that Blended elements of reality

3415
03:02:03,900 --> 03:02:06,000
and fantasy. 
And you know what? 

3416
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:08,300
Maybe that wasn't such a 
negative thing. 

3417
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:11,500
In an age, when most people 
never traveled more than a few 

3418
03:02:11,508 --> 03:02:15,000
miles from where they were born,
these Maps offered glimpses of a

3419
03:02:15,000 --> 03:02:16,500
larger World filled with 
possibilities. 

3420
03:02:17,400 --> 03:02:19,400
While most of those 
possibilities were entirely 

3421
03:02:19,400 --> 03:02:22,400
fictional, they ignited the 
imagination in a manner that 

3422
03:02:22,400 --> 03:02:26,000
purely accurate Maps might not 
have sometimes an occasional 

3423
03:02:26,000 --> 03:02:29,300
creative embellishment makes 
life more interesting even if it

3424
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:31,500
occasionally leads to 
disappointment when you actually

3425
03:02:31,500 --> 03:02:34,400
try to visit the places that 
sounded so wonderful on paper. 

3426
03:02:34,400 --> 03:02:37,100
If you've ever wondered what 
happens when an entire 

3427
03:02:37,100 --> 03:02:39,100
profession decides to 
collectively, believe in 

3428
03:02:39,108 --> 03:02:42,500
something that doesn't exist. 
The story of antilia is a 

3429
03:02:42,500 --> 03:02:47,200
perfect case study this island 
which never was never could be, 

3430
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:50,600
and never should have been 
managed to appear on maps for 

3431
03:02:50,600 --> 03:02:54,200
over 200 years complete with 
details, coastlines, Inland 

3432
03:02:54,200 --> 03:02:56,900
cities and enough backstory to 
fill a novel. 

3433
03:02:57,600 --> 03:03:00,000
The legend went something like 
this way. 

3434
03:03:00,000 --> 03:03:03,900
Back in seven, eleven add. 
When the Moors conquered Spain, 

3435
03:03:03,900 --> 03:03:07,200
7 Bishops, fled across the 
Atlantic with their congregation

3436
03:03:07,200 --> 03:03:10,500
and founded Seven Cities on a 
Mysterious Island. 

3437
03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:15,100
These Bishops being resourceful 
types, supposedly built a 

3438
03:03:15,100 --> 03:03:18,200
thriving Christian civilization 
complete with gold, mine's 

3439
03:03:18,200 --> 03:03:21,700
Pearl, fisheries and excellent 
defensive capabilities that kept

3440
03:03:21,700 --> 03:03:23,300
them. 
Safe from both Moorish Invasion,

3441
03:03:23,300 --> 03:03:25,900
and whatever sea monster has 
happened to be in the 

3442
03:03:25,908 --> 03:03:29,100
neighborhood. 
Now you'd think that an island 

3443
03:03:29,100 --> 03:03:31,700
large enough to support Seven 
Cities and their surrounding 

3444
03:03:31,700 --> 03:03:35,600
farmlands would be pretty hard 
to miss, you'd be right but that

3445
03:03:35,600 --> 03:03:39,500
didn't stop map makers from Duty
including antilia on chart after

3446
03:03:39,500 --> 03:03:41,800
chart. 
Usually placing it somewhere in 

3447
03:03:41,800 --> 03:03:43,700
the Atlantic west of Portugal 
and Spain. 

3448
03:03:44,900 --> 03:03:47,400
The island migrated around a bit
from map to map. 

3449
03:03:48,100 --> 03:03:50,200
Apparently even imaginary 
Islands were subject to 

3450
03:03:50,200 --> 03:03:53,400
Continental Drift. 
The really impressive part was 

3451
03:03:53,400 --> 03:03:55,700
how detailed these depictions 
became over time. 

3452
03:03:56,500 --> 03:03:59,800
What started as a simple blob 
labeled Antilla gradually 

3453
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:03,500
evolved into carefully drawn, 
coastlines with Bays peninsulas 

3454
03:04:03,500 --> 03:04:06,300
and River mouths. 
Mapmakers added, the Seven 

3455
03:04:06,300 --> 03:04:09,100
Cities, each with its name and 
approximate location. 

3456
03:04:09,100 --> 03:04:12,700
Some even included Roads, 
connecting the cities because 

3457
03:04:12,700 --> 03:04:15,100
apparently mediaeval 
cartographers were thorough in 

3458
03:04:15,100 --> 03:04:17,900
their fiction. 
Portuguese Sailors, being 

3459
03:04:17,900 --> 03:04:21,000
practical, people occasionally, 
set out to find this convenient,

3460
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:24,200
Atlantic Paradise. 
After all, If there really was 

3461
03:04:24,200 --> 03:04:27,500
an Island full of Christians 
sitting on gold mines, it seemed

3462
03:04:27,500 --> 03:04:30,800
worth checking out. 
These Expeditions had a 

3463
03:04:30,800 --> 03:04:33,400
remarkable talent for almost 
finding antilia. 

3464
03:04:34,200 --> 03:04:36,600
Sailors would return with 
stories of seeing land in the 

3465
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:40,300
distance or finding beaches 
covered with mysterious sand or 

3466
03:04:40,300 --> 03:04:43,100
encountering, unusually, tame 
birds that must have come from 

3467
03:04:43,100 --> 03:04:46,900
some nearby civilization. 
No one ever succeeded in landing

3468
03:04:46,900 --> 03:04:50,300
on antilia but they achieved a 
tantalizingly close approach. 

3469
03:04:50,900 --> 03:04:53,000
The best part of these near 
discoveries was how they 

3470
03:04:53,000 --> 03:04:55,900
reinforced the Island's, 
existence in everyone's Minds. 

3471
03:04:56,600 --> 03:04:59,900
If Sailors were consistently 
almost finding antilia that was 

3472
03:04:59,908 --> 03:05:03,100
practically proof that it was 
out there somewhere. the fact 

3473
03:05:03,100 --> 03:05:06,500
that almost an actually are 
completely different things, 

3474
03:05:06,500 --> 03:05:09,700
didn't seem to bother anyone 
much, It was the geographical 

3475
03:05:09,700 --> 03:05:12,800
equivalent of my girlfriend 
lives in Canada technically 

3476
03:05:12,800 --> 03:05:15,500
unprovable but not technically 
impossible either. 

3477
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:18,800
Christopher Columbus. 
Knew about antilia. 

3478
03:05:19,400 --> 03:05:22,200
In fact, some historians think 
his calculations about the 

3479
03:05:22,200 --> 03:05:25,700
distance to Asia were partly 
based on the assumption that he 

3480
03:05:25,700 --> 03:05:28,400
could stop for supplies at this 
mythical Island on the way. 

3481
03:05:29,400 --> 03:05:32,700
Imagine his surprise when he 
kept sailing west and found a 

3482
03:05:32,700 --> 03:05:35,200
completely different set of 
continents in Stead. 

3483
03:05:35,900 --> 03:05:39,100
However, it is likely that 
accidentally discovering the 

3484
03:05:39,100 --> 03:05:42,000
Americas while searching for a 
fictional island is one of the 

3485
03:05:42,000 --> 03:05:43,800
more significant mistakes in 
human history. 

3486
03:05:44,800 --> 03:05:48,200
What's fascinating is how long 
until he persisted even after 

3487
03:05:48,200 --> 03:05:50,600
explorers? 
Started finding actual islands 

3488
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:53,900
in the Atlantic? 
Once explorers discovered at the

3489
03:05:53,900 --> 03:05:56,900
Azores and tillya, simply 
relocated further west. 

3490
03:05:57,800 --> 03:06:01,400
When the Caribbean islands were 
found and Tilia relocated again.

3491
03:06:02,100 --> 03:06:05,300
It was like a geographical game 
of musical chairs with the 

3492
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:07,900
mythical Island, always 
managing, to find a new empty 

3493
03:06:07,900 --> 03:06:10,400
spot on the map where it could 
theoretically exist. 

3494
03:06:11,600 --> 03:06:14,200
The island finally started 
disappearing from maps in the 

3495
03:06:14,208 --> 03:06:17,200
late 16th century. 
Not because anyone proved it 

3496
03:06:17,208 --> 03:06:20,000
didn't exist but because 
mapmakers were running out of 

3497
03:06:20,000 --> 03:06:23,400
empty, ocean to put it in. 
The Atlantic was getting crowded

3498
03:06:23,400 --> 03:06:26,600
with real islands and there 
wasn't room for Imaginary ones 

3499
03:06:26,600 --> 03:06:28,700
anymore. 
It was a practical decision 

3500
03:06:28,700 --> 03:06:32,400
rather than a philosophical one 
and until he didn't die because 

3501
03:06:32,400 --> 03:06:35,500
people stopped believing in it. 
It died because reality was 

3502
03:06:35,500 --> 03:06:38,900
taking up too much space. 
But even today you can find the 

3503
03:06:38,900 --> 03:06:41,600
remnants of this Century's long 
geographical fiction. 

3504
03:06:42,900 --> 03:06:45,600
Caribbean islands are still 
called the Antilles the name 

3505
03:06:45,608 --> 03:06:47,700
that comes directly from our 7 
City Island. 

3506
03:06:47,700 --> 03:06:51,000
That Never Was every time 
someone mentioned the Lesser 

3507
03:06:51,000 --> 03:06:53,600
Antilles or the Greater 
Antilles, their invoke, the 

3508
03:06:53,600 --> 03:06:56,200
memory of those seven Bishops 
and their imaginary Christian 

3509
03:06:56,200 --> 03:06:59,700
Paradise, his probably the most 
successful piece of medieval 

3510
03:06:59,700 --> 03:07:02,400
fake news in history. 
Outlasting, the civilization 

3511
03:07:02,400 --> 03:07:04,400
that created it by several 
centuries. 

3512
03:07:04,400 --> 03:07:06,900
Your likely, beginning to 
understand that medieval 

3513
03:07:06,900 --> 03:07:09,500
mapmakers had a relatively 
relaxed approach to factual 

3514
03:07:09,500 --> 03:07:11,800
accuracy, but we haven't yet 
discussed their. 

3515
03:07:11,800 --> 03:07:14,900
Most delightful creation, the 
decorative monster. 

3516
03:07:16,000 --> 03:07:18,900
If you don't populate, the vast 
unexplored regions on your map, 

3517
03:07:18,900 --> 03:07:21,200
with terrifying creatures. 
What's the purpose? 

3518
03:07:22,300 --> 03:07:25,000
The decoration wasn't just 
random doodling during slow 

3519
03:07:25,000 --> 03:07:28,300
afternoons at the cartography 
Shop, monster placement required

3520
03:07:28,300 --> 03:07:31,900
meticulous consideration of 
geography mythology and customer

3521
03:07:31,900 --> 03:07:34,800
expectations. 
You couldn't simply place a 

3522
03:07:34,800 --> 03:07:38,400
dragon anywhere and consider the
task complete different regions 

3523
03:07:38,400 --> 03:07:41,500
called for different types of 
fantastic formula and a 

3524
03:07:41,500 --> 03:07:43,800
professional mapmaker needed to 
know the difference between a 

3525
03:07:43,800 --> 03:07:46,600
good spot for a sea serpent and 
a prime location for a man 

3526
03:07:46,608 --> 03:07:50,300
eating plant. 
The phrase here be dragons, has 

3527
03:07:50,300 --> 03:07:53,400
become famous as a short hand 
for the unknown, but actual 

3528
03:07:53,400 --> 03:07:55,800
medieval Maps, rarely use those 
exact words. 

3529
03:07:55,800 --> 03:07:58,800
Most map makers were more 
creative in their warnings. 

3530
03:07:58,800 --> 03:08:01,600
They'd include detailed 
illustrations of whatever 

3531
03:08:01,600 --> 03:08:03,800
horrible creature. 
Supposedly lived in each 

3532
03:08:03,800 --> 03:08:07,200
unexplored region often with 
instructive little notes, about 

3533
03:08:07,200 --> 03:08:10,700
its feeding habits temperament 
and preferred method of 

3534
03:08:10,700 --> 03:08:14,800
devouring unwary Travelers. 
Africa was particularly, well, 

3535
03:08:14,800 --> 03:08:16,500
stocked with fascinating 
Wildlife. 

3536
03:08:16,500 --> 03:08:21,300
According to Medieval mapmakers,
The continent apparently hosted 

3537
03:08:21,300 --> 03:08:24,500
everything from Giants, who 
lived backwards, whatever that 

3538
03:08:24,500 --> 03:08:28,400
meant to trys of people, with 
their faces in their chests to 

3539
03:08:28,400 --> 03:08:30,000
animals that were basically 
Lions. 

3540
03:08:30,000 --> 03:08:32,400
But with human hands and of 
Paws. 

3541
03:08:33,500 --> 03:08:35,800
These weren't just random 
monster designs. 

3542
03:08:35,800 --> 03:08:39,000
They came from a long tradition 
of travel literature that had 

3543
03:08:39,000 --> 03:08:42,200
been enthusiastically 
embellished over generations of 

3544
03:08:42,200 --> 03:08:45,200
retelling. 
Classical authors who had never 

3545
03:08:45,200 --> 03:08:48,400
visited the places, they 
described provided, the source 

3546
03:08:48,400 --> 03:08:51,600
material for many of these 
creatures Pliny, the Elder 

3547
03:08:51,600 --> 03:08:55,200
writing in Rome in the first 
century compiled, a natural 

3548
03:08:55,200 --> 03:08:58,500
history filled with second-hand 
accounts of distant lands and 

3549
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:02,200
their exotic inhabitants. 
His work included, dog-headed 

3550
03:09:02,200 --> 03:09:06,000
men, people with backwards feet 
and various other anatomical, 

3551
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:09,000
impossibilities that medieval 
map makers, copied Faithfully 

3552
03:09:09,000 --> 03:09:12,000
onto their charts. 
Nobody seemed to question, 

3553
03:09:12,000 --> 03:09:13,900
whether Pliny might have been a 
bit gullible. 

3554
03:09:13,900 --> 03:09:17,800
Whether his sources might have 
been pulling his leg, Sea 

3555
03:09:17,800 --> 03:09:19,300
monsters were another growth in 
Industry. 

3556
03:09:19,300 --> 03:09:23,100
The ocean was vastly unexplored 
and perfect, for hosting 

3557
03:09:23,100 --> 03:09:25,400
creatures of any size and 
description. 

3558
03:09:25,400 --> 03:09:27,500
The mapmakers imagination could 
conjure up. 

3559
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:31,700
Some maps featured relatively 
modestly, serpents basically 

3560
03:09:31,700 --> 03:09:34,300
large snakes with fins and an 
attitude problem. 

3561
03:09:35,000 --> 03:09:37,900
Others depicted multi-headed 
beasts, the size of islands 

3562
03:09:37,900 --> 03:09:41,000
capable of creating World Pools 
by swimming in circles. 

3563
03:09:42,400 --> 03:09:44,500
The most famous sea monster of 
the cartographic. 

3564
03:09:44,500 --> 03:09:46,600
World was probably the cracker 
though. 

3565
03:09:46,600 --> 03:09:49,200
It went by various names 
depending on which map maker was

3566
03:09:49,208 --> 03:09:51,600
drawing. 
It This creature was typically 

3567
03:09:51,600 --> 03:09:56,100
depicted as an enormous octopus 
or squid, large enough to wrap 

3568
03:09:56,100 --> 03:09:59,000
its tentacles around entire 
ships and drag them down to 

3569
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:01,400
whatever, passed for the bottom 
of the medieval ocean. 

3570
03:10:02,300 --> 03:10:05,000
The Kraken had the advantage of 
being based on something real 

3571
03:10:05,000 --> 03:10:09,200
giant squids do exist, but the 
map makers versions were usually

3572
03:10:09,200 --> 03:10:12,100
about 10 times larger than 
anything that actually lived in 

3573
03:10:12,100 --> 03:10:14,700
the sea. 
What made these monster Maps? 

3574
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:18,200
Particularly entertaining was 
how specific they got about the 

3575
03:10:18,200 --> 03:10:21,600
creatures behaviors. 
It wasn't enough to just draw a 

3576
03:10:21,600 --> 03:10:23,100
dragon. 
You needed to include 

3577
03:10:23,100 --> 03:10:26,200
information about what the 
dragon 8, how it interacted with

3578
03:10:26,200 --> 03:10:28,900
local human populations and 
whether it was the sort of 

3579
03:10:28,900 --> 03:10:31,800
dragon that hoarded treasure or 
the sort that just enjoyed 

3580
03:10:31,800 --> 03:10:34,000
setting things on fire for 
recreational purposes. 

3581
03:10:34,000 --> 03:10:38,400
Some maps included details about
seasonal, migration patterns for

3582
03:10:38,400 --> 03:10:40,900
various monsters. 
As if these were real animals 

3583
03:10:40,900 --> 03:10:44,600
that someone had been carefully 
studying for years The economics

3584
03:10:44,600 --> 03:10:46,300
of monster Maps were pretty 
straightforward. 

3585
03:10:46,300 --> 03:10:49,800
Customers wanted their money's 
worth and a map covered with 

3586
03:10:49,800 --> 03:10:51,600
blank spaces didn't look like 
money. 

3587
03:10:51,600 --> 03:10:55,300
Well, spent Filming those spaces
with carefully researched and 

3588
03:10:55,300 --> 03:10:58,500
mythological creatures showed 
that the mapmaker had really 

3589
03:10:58,500 --> 03:11:01,300
done their homework, even if 
their homework consisted 

3590
03:11:01,300 --> 03:11:05,200
entirely of making things up a 
map with good monster coverage 

3591
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:08,200
looked authoritative 
comprehensive and worth 

3592
03:11:08,200 --> 03:11:10,500
displaying prominently in your 
Castle's main hall. 

3593
03:11:11,400 --> 03:11:14,600
The funny thing is some of these
imaginary creatures were more 

3594
03:11:14,600 --> 03:11:17,600
thoroughly documented than real 
animals that lived in places. 

3595
03:11:17,600 --> 03:11:21,200
Mapmakers could actually visit, 
you could find incredibly 

3596
03:11:21,200 --> 03:11:23,700
detailed descriptions of 
griffins and their nesting 

3597
03:11:23,700 --> 03:11:26,000
habits but good luck. 
Finding accurate information 

3598
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:29,100
about say regular European birds
that any map maker could have 

3599
03:11:29,100 --> 03:11:32,200
observed by walking outside. 
Their workshop running, a 

3600
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:35,300
successful map making business 
in medieval times required, a 

3601
03:11:35,300 --> 03:11:38,600
delicate balance between giving 
customers what they expected and

3602
03:11:38,600 --> 03:11:41,800
avoiding the kind of spectacular
failures that might damage your 

3603
03:11:41,800 --> 03:11:44,800
professional reputation. 
It was similar to fortune 

3604
03:11:44,800 --> 03:11:47,400
telling, but in stead of for 
telling the future, you were 

3605
03:11:47,400 --> 03:11:50,800
describing places that might or 
might not exist in locations 

3606
03:11:50,800 --> 03:11:54,000
that were probably completely 
wrong the most successful map 

3607
03:11:54,000 --> 03:11:57,800
makers developed what we might 
call the Strategic hedge ways of

3608
03:11:57,800 --> 03:12:01,500
including exciting exotic 
content while subtly protecting 

3609
03:12:01,500 --> 03:12:04,400
themselves from accusation of 
outright fabrication. 

3610
03:12:05,500 --> 03:12:08,400
They'd copy information from 
other respected Maps, which 

3611
03:12:08,400 --> 03:12:10,100
provided a kind of professional 
cover. 

3612
03:12:10,100 --> 03:12:13,100
If your map turned out to be 
wildly, inaccurate, you could 

3613
03:12:13,100 --> 03:12:15,900
always point to your sources and
suggest that any errors were 

3614
03:12:15,900 --> 03:12:19,500
inherited rather than invented. 
This process led to one of the 

3615
03:12:19,500 --> 03:12:21,800
most amusing aspects of medieval
cartography. 

3616
03:12:21,800 --> 03:12:24,900
The perpetuation of mistakes 
through what amounted to 

3617
03:12:24,900 --> 03:12:28,200
professional courtesy. 
If a respected map maker 

3618
03:12:28,200 --> 03:12:31,800
included a particular island or 
Monster or impossible River on 

3619
03:12:31,800 --> 03:12:34,400
their chart. 
Other mapmakers would often 

3620
03:12:34,400 --> 03:12:37,600
include the same feature even if
it didn't make much geographical

3621
03:12:37,600 --> 03:12:40,000
sense. 
Nobody wanted to be the one 

3622
03:12:40,000 --> 03:12:42,300
cartographer who left out 
something that everyone else 

3623
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:44,900
considered important. 
Even if everyone else was 

3624
03:12:44,900 --> 03:12:48,700
completely wrong about it. 
Price structure for medieval 

3625
03:12:48,700 --> 03:12:51,300
Maps, reflected, these 
realities, and intriguing ways 

3626
03:12:51,300 --> 03:12:54,600
basic maps, with just the 
essential geographical features 

3627
03:12:54,600 --> 03:12:57,700
were relatively affordable, but 
if you wanted the full treatment

3628
03:12:57,700 --> 03:13:02,100
complete with monsters, mythical
Islands, detailed illustrations 

3629
03:13:02,100 --> 03:13:05,400
and exotic place names, you paid
premium prices. 

3630
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:08,900
Essentially, the most expensive 
Maps were works of art, that 

3631
03:13:08,900 --> 03:13:12,000
incorporated geographical 
information, not just totally 

3632
03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:15,100
designed geographical documents 
wealthy customers often 

3633
03:13:15,100 --> 03:13:17,100
commissioned, custom maps that 
emphasized. 

3634
03:13:17,100 --> 03:13:19,500
Whatever regions or features 
they were most interested in. 

3635
03:13:20,300 --> 03:13:23,000
A merchant planning trade routes
might want extra detail in 

3636
03:13:23,000 --> 03:13:24,600
commercial ports, and shipping 
lanes. 

3637
03:13:24,600 --> 03:13:27,700
While a nobleman might prefer, 
elaborate illustration of his 

3638
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:30,200
family's coat of arms scattered 
across various continents. 

3639
03:13:31,200 --> 03:13:33,900
Some designers primarily 
designed Maps as Conversation 

3640
03:13:33,900 --> 03:13:37,500
Pieces prioritizing visual 
impact and entertainment value 

3641
03:13:37,500 --> 03:13:41,200
over geographical accuracy. 
The map making guilds that 

3642
03:13:41,208 --> 03:13:44,000
developed in major European 
cities, served partly as 

3643
03:13:44,000 --> 03:13:47,300
professional organizations and 
partly as quality control 

3644
03:13:47,300 --> 03:13:49,900
systems. 
They established standards for 

3645
03:13:49,900 --> 03:13:53,800
things like parchment quality 
ink formulations and artistic 

3646
03:13:53,800 --> 03:13:56,900
techniques, but they were 
remarkably flexible about 

3647
03:13:56,900 --> 03:14:00,500
accuracy requirements. 
A map could be completely wrong 

3648
03:14:00,500 --> 03:14:03,700
about the basic shape of 
continents and still earn Guild 

3649
03:14:03,700 --> 03:14:05,500
approval. 
As long as it was beautifully. 

3650
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:09,800
Executed on appropriately, 
prestigious sources competition 

3651
03:14:09,800 --> 03:14:13,300
between mapmaking centers, led 
to some creative approaches to 

3652
03:14:13,300 --> 03:14:16,200
marketing. 
Venetian Maps emphasized, their 

3653
03:14:16,200 --> 03:14:19,000
access to information from 
Eastern trade routes while 

3654
03:14:19,000 --> 03:14:21,100
Spanish Maps. 
Highlighted their expertise in 

3655
03:14:21,100 --> 03:14:24,800
that Atlantic exploration of 
Eventually English cartographers

3656
03:14:24,800 --> 03:14:27,400
promoted their developing 
expertise in Northern Waters 

3657
03:14:27,400 --> 03:14:30,700
while Portuguese map makers, 
asserted that they had unique 

3658
03:14:30,700 --> 03:14:33,900
knowledge of African coastlines.
Each Regional map, making 

3659
03:14:33,900 --> 03:14:36,800
tradition developed, its own 
signature style of educated 

3660
03:14:36,800 --> 03:14:41,200
guessing, The rise of printing 
in the 15th century democratized

3661
03:14:41,200 --> 03:14:44,000
mapped distribution that didn't 
necessarily improve map 

3662
03:14:44,000 --> 03:14:46,800
accuracy. 
If anything printing, made it 

3663
03:14:46,800 --> 03:14:50,100
easier for mistakes to spread 
quickly and widely a single 

3664
03:14:50,100 --> 03:14:52,800
inaccurate printed map could 
influence hundreds of other 

3665
03:14:52,800 --> 03:14:55,900
Maps, creating cascading errors,
that persisted for Generations. 

3666
03:14:57,200 --> 03:14:58,800
The same technology that should 
have made. 

3667
03:14:58,800 --> 03:15:02,500
Corrections easier actually made
widespread misinformation more 

3668
03:15:02,500 --> 03:15:05,200
durable. 
Customer feedback was rarely 

3669
03:15:05,200 --> 03:15:07,600
immediate enough to affect 
map-making practices 

3670
03:15:07,600 --> 03:15:10,800
significantly. 
If you bought a map that turned 

3671
03:15:10,800 --> 03:15:13,100
out to be wrong about the 
location of a particular Island,

3672
03:15:13,100 --> 03:15:15,700
you probably wouldn't discover 
the error for years. 

3673
03:15:15,700 --> 03:15:19,400
If ever, you might think you 
made navigation errors in the 

3674
03:15:19,400 --> 03:15:22,400
map being wrong. 
This built-in delay between 

3675
03:15:22,400 --> 03:15:24,500
creation and verification meant 
that map. 

3676
03:15:24,500 --> 03:15:27,700
Makers could maintain successful
careers based on information 

3677
03:15:27,700 --> 03:15:30,800
that was consistently 
spectacularly wrong. 

3678
03:15:31,800 --> 03:15:34,400
The most successful mapmakers 
learn to manage customers 

3679
03:15:34,400 --> 03:15:36,800
expectations with our 
explicitly, admitting the 

3680
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:40,200
limitations of their knowledge, 
They developed a professional 

3681
03:15:40,200 --> 03:15:43,400
vocabulary full of terms, that 
sounded authoritative while 

3682
03:15:43,400 --> 03:15:45,800
actually meaning your guess is 
as accurate as mine. 

3683
03:15:46,800 --> 03:15:48,700
Phrases. 
Like according to the most 

3684
03:15:48,700 --> 03:15:53,700
reliable sources and as reported
by experienced Navigators could 

3685
03:15:53,700 --> 03:15:56,300
cover a multitude of uncertainty
is without technically 

3686
03:15:56,300 --> 03:15:59,800
constituting fraud change came 
slowly to the world of 

3687
03:15:59,800 --> 03:16:02,800
mapmaking, partly? 
Because the old system works so 

3688
03:16:02,800 --> 03:16:05,900
well for everyone involved. 
Customers got beautiful, 

3689
03:16:05,900 --> 03:16:10,000
entertaining Maps, full of 
wonderful possibilities that 

3690
03:16:10,000 --> 03:16:12,900
make us got to exercise their 
creativity while earning steady 

3691
03:16:12,900 --> 03:16:16,900
livings Sailors got convenient, 
excuses for failed voyages. 

3692
03:16:16,900 --> 03:16:20,800
After all, if the monsters 
didn't attack you, those tricky 

3693
03:16:20,800 --> 03:16:23,900
currents around the mythical 
Island probably would But 

3694
03:16:23,900 --> 03:16:27,100
eventually, reality started 
intruding on this comfortable, 

3695
03:16:27,100 --> 03:16:30,400
arrangement. the problem began 
with Portuguese Sailors in the 

3696
03:16:30,408 --> 03:16:33,300
15th century who had the 
annoying habit of actually 

3697
03:16:33,300 --> 03:16:36,200
visiting the places they were 
supposed to visit and then 

3698
03:16:36,200 --> 03:16:39,000
coming back with inconveniently 
accurate reports about what 

3699
03:16:39,000 --> 03:16:42,400
they'd found their Instead of 
respectfully confirming the 

3700
03:16:42,400 --> 03:16:46,000
established geographical wisdom,
these explorers kept insisting 

3701
03:16:46,000 --> 03:16:48,700
that coastlines were shaped 
differently than the maps 

3702
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:52,300
suggested that certain islands 
didn't exist and that the 

3703
03:16:52,300 --> 03:16:54,100
monsters were surprisingly 
absent. 

3704
03:16:54,100 --> 03:16:58,000
From areas where they were 
supposed to be abundant, Vasco 

3705
03:16:58,000 --> 03:17:00,300
de Gamers Voyage around. 
Africa was particularly 

3706
03:17:00,300 --> 03:17:02,000
Troublesome for traditional 
mapmakers. 

3707
03:17:02,000 --> 03:17:04,700
Here was someone who had 
actually sailed around the 

3708
03:17:04,700 --> 03:17:08,700
entire continent map mapped its 
actual Coastline and returned 

3709
03:17:08,700 --> 03:17:12,100
with details information about 
what was really there. this kind

3710
03:17:12,100 --> 03:17:14,500
of first-hand knowledge was 
deeply and convenient for 

3711
03:17:14,500 --> 03:17:17,400
cartographers who had spent 
decades perfecting their 

3712
03:17:17,400 --> 03:17:20,700
artistic interpretations of 
African geography, based on 

3713
03:17:20,700 --> 03:17:24,100
centuries old second-hand 
accounts, The Spanish, 

3714
03:17:24,100 --> 03:17:26,900
exploration of the Americas 
created, similar problems, 

3715
03:17:26,900 --> 03:17:30,400
Columbus, and his successors 
consistently found new 

3716
03:17:30,400 --> 03:17:33,200
continents in areas where 
established Maps depicted empty 

3717
03:17:33,200 --> 03:17:35,900
Ocean's yet. 
They lacked The Taste to return 

3718
03:17:35,900 --> 03:17:40,600
tangible evidence of their 
discoveries, Gold exotic plants 

3719
03:17:40,600 --> 03:17:43,600
and Indigenous. 
People were much harder to argue

3720
03:17:43,600 --> 03:17:45,800
with than theoretical 
discussions about what might 

3721
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:49,100
exist in distant Waters. 
The Protestant Reformation 

3722
03:17:49,100 --> 03:17:53,000
introduced an unexpected twist 
to the situation medieval Maps, 

3723
03:17:53,000 --> 03:17:55,800
had often included religious 
elements, the Garden of Eden, 

3724
03:17:55,800 --> 03:17:59,500
various biblical locations, and 
Christian symbolism integrated 

3725
03:17:59,500 --> 03:18:03,600
with geographical features. 
As religious Authority became 

3726
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:05,400
more contested in some parts of 
Europe. 

3727
03:18:06,100 --> 03:18:08,700
The theological aspects of 
traditional map making came 

3728
03:18:08,700 --> 03:18:10,200
under scrutiny, along with 
everything else. 

3729
03:18:10,200 --> 03:18:13,500
Some reformers argued that 
mixing religious Doctrine with 

3730
03:18:13,500 --> 03:18:16,800
geographical information was 
inappropriate, which eliminated 

3731
03:18:16,800 --> 03:18:19,000
one of the traditional 
justifications for including 

3732
03:18:19,000 --> 03:18:22,800
speculative content on maps. 
The invention of more accurate 

3733
03:18:22,800 --> 03:18:25,300
navigation instruments. 
Gradually raised the standards 

3734
03:18:25,300 --> 03:18:29,800
for what constituted acceptable 
geographical information when 

3735
03:18:29,800 --> 03:18:32,300
sailors could determine their 
latitude with reasonable 

3736
03:18:32,300 --> 03:18:36,200
Precision maps that placed 
familiar locations of miles from

3737
03:18:36,200 --> 03:18:38,000
their actual positions became 
problematic. 

3738
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:42,300
The magnetic compass, the 
astrolabe and eventually, more 

3739
03:18:42,300 --> 03:18:45,300
sophisticated tools made it 
harder for mapmakers to hide 

3740
03:18:45,300 --> 03:18:47,600
behind the excuse, that 
navigation was inherently 

3741
03:18:47,600 --> 03:18:50,500
uncertain. 
Competition from, explorers 

3742
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:53,200
turned cartographers, put 
additional pressure on 

3743
03:18:53,200 --> 03:18:56,700
traditional, mapmakers people 
who had actually visited distant

3744
03:18:56,700 --> 03:18:58,500
places. 
Could produce Maps based on 

3745
03:18:58,500 --> 03:19:01,400
Direct observation rather than 
scholarly speculation. 

3746
03:19:02,100 --> 03:19:05,000
These Explorer cartographers 
didn't necessarily create more 

3747
03:19:05,000 --> 03:19:08,400
beautiful Maps, but their charts
have the compelling advantage of

3748
03:19:08,400 --> 03:19:10,300
actually working for navigation 
purposes. 

3749
03:19:11,200 --> 03:19:14,300
Although customers valued 
Beauty, those who intended to 

3750
03:19:14,300 --> 03:19:16,900
use their maps for real travel, 
placed a greater value on 

3751
03:19:16,908 --> 03:19:19,600
functionality. 
The printing industry's 

3752
03:19:19,600 --> 03:19:22,000
development, created, both 
problems and opportunities for 

3753
03:19:22,000 --> 03:19:25,600
mapmakers on one hand. 
The ability to produce printed 

3754
03:19:25,600 --> 03:19:28,900
Maps more quickly and cheaply 
than hand-drawn ones opened up 

3755
03:19:28,908 --> 03:19:31,800
new markets and increase the 
availability of geographical 

3756
03:19:31,800 --> 03:19:34,800
information. 
On the other hand printing, made

3757
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:37,700
it easier to compare maps from 
different sources which 

3758
03:19:37,700 --> 03:19:40,700
highlighted inconsistencies and 
errors that might have gone 

3759
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:43,000
unnoticed when each map was a 
unique manuscript. 

3760
03:19:43,900 --> 03:19:46,700
Scientific method was perhaps 
the most serious long-term 

3761
03:19:46,700 --> 03:19:50,600
threat to creative cartography. 
As Scholars began emphasizing 

3762
03:19:50,600 --> 03:19:54,700
direct observation, reproducible
experiments, and systematic 

3763
03:19:54,700 --> 03:19:56,700
skepticism of about received 
wisdom. 

3764
03:19:56,700 --> 03:20:00,000
The traditional approach to 
mapmaking looked increasingly 

3765
03:20:00,000 --> 03:20:04,100
unscientific Maps based on 
centuries old texts and 

3766
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:06,400
theoretical speculation didn't 
fit. 

3767
03:20:06,400 --> 03:20:09,300
Well with the new emphasis on 
empirical evidence and logical 

3768
03:20:09,300 --> 03:20:12,300
analysis. 
The transition wasn't immediate 

3769
03:20:12,300 --> 03:20:14,600
or complete. 
Even as more accurate 

3770
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:17,500
information became available, 
many mapmakers continued, 

3771
03:20:17,500 --> 03:20:20,400
including traditional elements 
alongside newer more reliable 

3772
03:20:20,400 --> 03:20:23,700
content. 
Some maps from the 16th and 17th

3773
03:20:23,700 --> 03:20:26,100
centuries. 
Shown almost schizophrenic split

3774
03:20:26,100 --> 03:20:28,800
between carefully, surveyed, 
coastlines, and mythical 

3775
03:20:28,800 --> 03:20:31,600
interior features. 
As if the cartographers couldn't

3776
03:20:31,600 --> 03:20:34,900
quite bring themselves to 
abandon the old ways entirely as

3777
03:20:34,900 --> 03:20:37,400
you settle in for the end of our
journey through the wonderfully,

3778
03:20:37,400 --> 03:20:40,900
deceptive world of medieval map 
making It's worth considering 

3779
03:20:40,900 --> 03:20:43,900
what we lost when cartography 
became a science in stead of an 

3780
03:20:43,908 --> 03:20:47,500
art form. 
Yes, modern maps are infinitely,

3781
03:20:47,500 --> 03:20:51,100
more accurate infinitely, more 
useful and infinitely, less 

3782
03:20:51,100 --> 03:20:54,000
likely to send you sailing off 
the edge of the world or into 

3783
03:20:54,000 --> 03:20:55,900
the waiting tentacles of a 
hungry crack. 

3784
03:20:55,900 --> 03:20:59,300
And But they're all so 
infinitely less likely to spark 

3785
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:02,400
your imagination, or make you 
wonder what might be waiting, 

3786
03:21:02,400 --> 03:21:06,500
just beyond the next Horizon. 
The Golden Age of creative 

3787
03:21:06,500 --> 03:21:09,100
cartography. 
Officially ended sometime in the

3788
03:21:09,108 --> 03:21:11,600
18th century when the 
combination of better 

3789
03:21:11,600 --> 03:21:14,900
instruments, systematic 
exploration and scientific 

3790
03:21:14,900 --> 03:21:18,000
rigor, made it impossible to 
maintain the old traditions of 

3791
03:21:18,000 --> 03:21:20,600
educated guessing and artistic 
interpretation. 

3792
03:21:21,300 --> 03:21:24,100
The last mythical Islands, 
disappeared from authoritative 

3793
03:21:24,100 --> 03:21:27,800
Maps, the sea monsters were 
relegated to decorative corners.

3794
03:21:27,800 --> 03:21:30,500
And the vast blank spaces 
labeled Terror. 

3795
03:21:30,500 --> 03:21:33,900
In cognito gradually filled with
disappointingly, real 

3796
03:21:33,900 --> 03:21:37,300
geographical features. 
But the influence of those 

3797
03:21:37,300 --> 03:21:40,400
centuries of cartographic, 
creativity lingered in 

3798
03:21:40,408 --> 03:21:43,500
unexpected ways. 
The Age of Exploration was 

3799
03:21:43,500 --> 03:21:46,500
partly motivated by maps that 
showed a world filled with 

3800
03:21:46,500 --> 03:21:50,800
wonderful possibilities islands 
of gold, passages to the Orient 

3801
03:21:50,800 --> 03:21:54,400
and lands inhabited by exotic 
peoples and fantastic creatures.

3802
03:21:55,400 --> 03:21:58,800
If the maps of Columbus's time 
had accurately depicted the vast

3803
03:21:58,800 --> 03:22:00,700
empty ocean. 
He would actually encounter, 

3804
03:22:00,700 --> 03:22:05,200
would he have sailed West? 
If generations of optimistic, 

3805
03:22:05,200 --> 03:22:09,300
cartographers hadn't inflated, 
the potential rewards with the 

3806
03:22:09,300 --> 03:22:12,500
great Voyages of Discovery of 
seemed worth the risk and 

3807
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:16,100
expense the mythology, created 
by medieval mapmakers became 

3808
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:19,700
embedded in European culture in 
ways that outlasted the maps 

3809
03:22:19,700 --> 03:22:22,500
themselves. 
Stories about antilia in 

3810
03:22:22,500 --> 03:22:26,200
Florence Spanish expectations 
about the Americas Legends of 

3811
03:22:26,208 --> 03:22:28,800
prestige, John's Christian 
kingdom shape, Portuguese. 

3812
03:22:28,800 --> 03:22:32,600
Exploration of Africa in Asia. 
The idea that the world's edges 

3813
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:35,700
were populated by monsters and 
Marvels became part of the 

3814
03:22:35,700 --> 03:22:39,400
European imagination creating a 
sense that exploration was not 

3815
03:22:39,400 --> 03:22:42,700
just about trade routes and 
territorial expansion, but about

3816
03:22:42,700 --> 03:22:46,300
discovering one's that would 
justify the greatest risks. 

3817
03:22:47,200 --> 03:22:50,200
It took centuries for some of 
the most persistent geographical

3818
03:22:50,200 --> 03:22:53,900
myths to completely vanish. 
The Northwest Passage a 

3819
03:22:53,900 --> 03:22:56,300
hypothetical Northern route, 
connecting the Atlantic and 

3820
03:22:56,300 --> 03:22:58,700
Pacific. 
Oceans appeared on maps for over

3821
03:22:58,700 --> 03:23:02,600
400 years before explorers 
finally confirmed that it didn't

3822
03:23:02,600 --> 03:23:04,500
exist. 
In any practical sense. 

3823
03:23:05,300 --> 03:23:08,800
Despite repeated evidence to the
contrary many Maps depicted 

3824
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:11,500
California as an island. 
Well, into the 18th century. 

3825
03:23:11,500 --> 03:23:15,600
These weren't simple mistakes, 
they were examples of wishful 

3826
03:23:15,600 --> 03:23:19,000
thinking, so powerful that it 
overrode contradictory evidence 

3827
03:23:19,000 --> 03:23:21,900
for Generations. 
The decorative elements of 

3828
03:23:21,900 --> 03:23:24,700
medieval maps of evolved into 
the artistic Traditions that 

3829
03:23:24,700 --> 03:23:26,800
still influence cartographic 
design today. 

3830
03:23:27,800 --> 03:23:31,400
Modern Maps may not include 
dragons or certains, but they 

3831
03:23:31,400 --> 03:23:34,800
still use artistic techniques 
developed by mapmakers, who 

3832
03:23:34,800 --> 03:23:37,600
understood that geographical 
documents needed to be visually 

3833
03:23:37,600 --> 03:23:39,200
appealing as well as 
informative. 

3834
03:23:40,000 --> 03:23:43,700
The elaborate Compass Rose's, 
decorative borders, and careful 

3835
03:23:43,700 --> 03:23:46,200
attention to typography. 
That characterized the best 

3836
03:23:46,200 --> 03:23:49,500
contemporary Maps can be traced 
directly back to mediaeval 

3837
03:23:49,500 --> 03:23:52,800
cartographers who knew that 
presentation mattered as much as

3838
03:23:52,800 --> 03:23:56,300
content. 
Most importantly, the medieval 

3839
03:23:56,300 --> 03:23:59,000
map making Traditions serves as 
a reminder of the complex 

3840
03:23:59,000 --> 03:24:01,000
relationship between information
and Truth. 

3841
03:24:02,300 --> 03:24:05,100
Those old cartographers weren't 
deliberately trying to deceive 

3842
03:24:05,100 --> 03:24:07,100
anyone. 
They were doing their best to 

3843
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:10,000
synthesize limited contradictory
information into useful 

3844
03:24:10,000 --> 03:24:13,400
documents for their customers. 
They filled gaps in their 

3845
03:24:13,400 --> 03:24:16,400
knowledge, with educated 
guesses, traditional stories and

3846
03:24:16,400 --> 03:24:18,600
reasonable assumptions that 
turned out to be wrong. 

3847
03:24:18,600 --> 03:24:22,200
In that sense, they weren't so 
different from Modern experts 

3848
03:24:22,200 --> 03:24:25,600
who extrapolate from incomplete 
data and make predictions about 

3849
03:24:25,600 --> 03:24:28,800
complex systems. 
They don't fully understand The 

3850
03:24:28,800 --> 03:24:31,400
next time you use GPS to 
navigate to someplace, you've 

3851
03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:34,600
never been before spare, a 
thought for the generations of 

3852
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:37,500
mapmakers who tackle the same 
basic problem with much less 

3853
03:24:37,500 --> 03:24:40,700
reliable information and much 
more Creative Solutions. 

3854
03:24:40,700 --> 03:24:44,400
They may have gotten the details
wrong, but they got the spirit, 

3855
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:47,300
right? 
The world is a big mysterious, 

3856
03:24:47,300 --> 03:24:50,100
wonderful place, full of 
possibilities. 

3857
03:24:50,100 --> 03:24:51,900
We have not discovered yet and 
wanders. 

3858
03:24:51,900 --> 03:24:55,100
We can't quite imagine in and if
you ever find yourself in a 

3859
03:24:55,108 --> 03:24:57,700
situation where you need to fill
in some gaps, in your knowledge 

3860
03:24:57,700 --> 03:25:00,900
with your best educated guests. 
Remember that your following in 

3861
03:25:00,900 --> 03:25:04,100
a long and honorable tradition. 
Just be careful not to include 

3862
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:07,300
any dragons in the margins. 
These days people tend to check 

3863
03:25:07,300 --> 03:25:11,300
those details sweet dreams and 
may your Maps where the 

3864
03:25:11,308 --> 03:25:14,900
geographical professional or 
personal lead to discoveries. 

3865
03:25:14,900 --> 03:25:17,500
That are at least as wonderful 
as the ones you imagine along 

3866
03:25:17,500 --> 03:25:25,000
the way. 
Imagine you're sitting around 

3867
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:28,700
Humanity's first controlled, 
fire may be 400,000 years ago 

3868
03:25:28,700 --> 03:25:32,900
give or take a few millennia. 
You're not quite a modern human 

3869
03:25:32,900 --> 03:25:35,200
yet, your brow Ridge is more 
pronounced. 

3870
03:25:35,200 --> 03:25:39,700
Your posture slightly different 
But your brain is asking the 

3871
03:25:39,700 --> 03:25:42,900
same questions to ask today, 
what is this? 

3872
03:25:42,900 --> 03:25:47,200
How does it work and most 
importantly, how can I use this 

3873
03:25:47,200 --> 03:25:50,400
to make my life better? 
Fire itself was already 

3874
03:25:50,400 --> 03:25:53,500
miraculous enough. 
Your ancestors had watched 

3875
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:56,000
lightning strikes for 
generations and seen the 

3876
03:25:56,000 --> 03:25:58,600
devastating and cleansing power 
of wildfire. 

3877
03:25:59,300 --> 03:26:02,800
But now, now they could carry 
this Elemental force in their 

3878
03:26:02,800 --> 03:26:06,900
hands feed. 
It control it and make it dance 

3879
03:26:06,900 --> 03:26:11,100
to human rhythms. 
The warmth alone would have been

3880
03:26:11,100 --> 03:26:15,500
revolutionary transforming caves
from Cold, Stone Chambers in to 

3881
03:26:15,500 --> 03:26:18,600
something approaching home's. 
But then something unexpected 

3882
03:26:18,600 --> 03:26:22,900
happened. someone, let's call 
her the world's first accidental

3883
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:27,100
Aroma therapist through some 
Greenwood onto the fire, maybe 

3884
03:26:27,100 --> 03:26:31,100
it was wet Sage or pine boughs 
or some, resonance branch that 

3885
03:26:31,100 --> 03:26:34,600
hadn't dried properly. 
The smoke that Rose wasn't, the 

3886
03:26:34,600 --> 03:26:39,400
usual grey plume, this smoke was
thick and aromatic and when it 

3887
03:26:39,400 --> 03:26:42,000
drifted past someone's face, 
something changed. 

3888
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:44,900
You have to understand that 
these early humans had no 

3889
03:26:44,900 --> 03:26:49,100
context for what we'd call 
relaxation, or stress relief. 

3890
03:26:50,000 --> 03:26:54,300
Life was an endless cycle of 
hunting Gathering voiding 

3891
03:26:54,300 --> 03:26:57,900
predators, and trying not to die
from infected wounds or bad 

3892
03:26:57,900 --> 03:27:00,600
weather. 
The concept of deliberately 

3893
03:27:00,600 --> 03:27:03,600
calming yourself would have 
seemed as alien as quantum 

3894
03:27:03,600 --> 03:27:08,500
physics. but when that fragrant 
smoke passed by muscles, that 

3895
03:27:08,500 --> 03:27:12,400
had been tense for days, 
suddenly loosened, Minds that 

3896
03:27:12,400 --> 03:27:14,700
had been vigilantly scanning for
danger. 

3897
03:27:14,700 --> 03:27:17,800
Found themselves drifting into 
something approaching piece, 

3898
03:27:17,800 --> 03:27:20,700
probably took generations to 
connect the dots. 

3899
03:27:21,500 --> 03:27:24,100
Fire Plus certain plants equals 
feeling different. 

3900
03:27:24,900 --> 03:27:27,200
But humans are pattern 
recognition machines. 

3901
03:27:27,200 --> 03:27:30,500
And eventually someone noticed 
that burning Gina per made the 

3902
03:27:30,508 --> 03:27:33,200
cave, smell clean and left 
people feeling lighter. 

3903
03:27:34,000 --> 03:27:37,200
Burning certain resins made 
everyone drowsy and content. 

3904
03:27:38,000 --> 03:27:41,500
Burning others seem to sharpen 
the mind or lift the spirits. 

3905
03:27:41,500 --> 03:27:45,200
These early experiments weren't 
down, writing, wouldn't be 

3906
03:27:45,208 --> 03:27:48,800
invented for thousands of years,
but they were passed down 

3907
03:27:48,800 --> 03:27:50,500
through demonstration and 
experience. 

3908
03:27:51,300 --> 03:27:53,800
The knowledge became embedded in
human culture. 

3909
03:27:53,800 --> 03:27:57,500
So deeply that by the time we 
invented writing smoking, 

3910
03:27:57,500 --> 03:28:00,600
various substances for various 
effects, was already an ancient 

3911
03:28:00,600 --> 03:28:02,600
practice. 
The interesting thing is that 

3912
03:28:02,600 --> 03:28:05,600
this discovery was almost 
certainly made independently and

3913
03:28:05,600 --> 03:28:07,400
dozens of different locations 
around the world. 

3914
03:28:08,200 --> 03:28:12,300
Humans in Africa, Asia Europe, 
and eventually the Americas all 

3915
03:28:12,300 --> 03:28:15,000
figured out that smoke could be 
more than just a byproduct of 

3916
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:17,700
fire. 
It could be a tool, a medicine, 

3917
03:28:17,700 --> 03:28:21,700
a pathway to Altered States Of 
Consciousness, or simply a 

3918
03:28:21,700 --> 03:28:24,000
moment of relief in otherwise 
Relentless lives. 

3919
03:28:24,000 --> 03:28:27,100
Consider the sensory experience 
for these early humans. 

3920
03:28:27,100 --> 03:28:30,600
They lived in a world that was 
simultaneously more Vivid and 

3921
03:28:30,600 --> 03:28:33,900
more limited than ours. 
No, artificial lights. 

3922
03:28:33,900 --> 03:28:36,000
Meant that fire was. 
The only thing holding back 

3923
03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:37,100
apps. 
Luke Darkness. 

3924
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:41,900
No processed foods meant every 
meal was an adventure in Wild 

3925
03:28:41,900 --> 03:28:45,800
flavors, and no air pollution 
meant that the smell of burning 

3926
03:28:45,800 --> 03:28:49,400
herbs, was a profound departure 
from the normal sense of Earth 

3927
03:28:49,400 --> 03:28:54,600
animals and unwashed humans when
aromatic Smoke Filled a cave, it

3928
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:58,100
transformed the space entirely. 
The flickering firelight would 

3929
03:28:58,100 --> 03:29:01,400
make the smoke visible as it 
Rose and swirls creating 

3930
03:29:01,400 --> 03:29:05,300
patterns that human eyes. 
The Vault to spot predators, and

3931
03:29:05,300 --> 03:29:09,700
prey couldn't help, but follow. 
The smell would announce itself 

3932
03:29:09,700 --> 03:29:13,100
immediately, overwhelming the 
caves normal odors with 

3933
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:15,100
something intentional and 
controlled. 

3934
03:29:15,700 --> 03:29:18,800
And The Taste because smell and 
taste are intimately. 

3935
03:29:18,800 --> 03:29:20,900
Connected would Linger on the 
tongue. 

3936
03:29:20,900 --> 03:29:24,500
A reminder, that this moment was
different from normal moments. 

3937
03:29:24,500 --> 03:29:28,000
Some of these early smoke 
experiments probably went badly,

3938
03:29:28,800 --> 03:29:32,900
Certain plants when burned 
produce toxic fumes that cause 

3939
03:29:32,900 --> 03:29:37,200
nausea headaches or worse? 
There must have been countless 

3940
03:29:37,200 --> 03:29:40,100
trial and error incidents that 
ended with everyone, stumbling 

3941
03:29:40,100 --> 03:29:42,300
out of a cave. 
Gasping for fresh air and 

3942
03:29:42,300 --> 03:29:45,000
wondering why their ancestors 
had recommended burning that 

3943
03:29:45,000 --> 03:29:48,600
particular plant. 
But Successes those plants that 

3944
03:29:48,600 --> 03:29:51,900
produced Pleasant calming or 
Consciousness altering smoke? 

3945
03:29:52,800 --> 03:29:56,300
Those got remembered and 
repeated by the time humans were

3946
03:29:56,300 --> 03:30:00,600
anatomically modern roughly 
300,000 years ago, the knowledge

3947
03:30:00,600 --> 03:30:03,400
of smoke and its effects was 
already an established part of 

3948
03:30:03,408 --> 03:30:06,800
human culture. 
Archaeological evidence shows 

3949
03:30:06,800 --> 03:30:10,500
that even the Neanderthals are 
close cousins who died out 

3950
03:30:10,500 --> 03:30:14,100
around 40,000 years ago. 
Used aromatic plants 

3951
03:30:14,100 --> 03:30:18,500
deliberately We found traces of 
medicinal herbs in their teeth. 

3952
03:30:18,500 --> 03:30:21,800
Suggesting they were either 
eating them or breathing their 

3953
03:30:21,800 --> 03:30:26,600
smoke for therapeutic purposes. 
This wasnt Superstition or 

3954
03:30:26,600 --> 03:30:29,900
primitive ignorance. 
These early humans were 

3955
03:30:29,900 --> 03:30:32,800
conducting empirical experiments
with their own consciousness. 

3956
03:30:33,900 --> 03:30:36,500
Gathering that certain 
substances could reliably 

3957
03:30:36,500 --> 03:30:40,600
produce specific effects. 
They were in their way, the 

3958
03:30:40,600 --> 03:30:44,500
world's first farmer colleges 
working without Laboratories or 

3959
03:30:44,500 --> 03:30:47,200
double blind studies. 
But with a deep intuitive, 

3960
03:30:47,200 --> 03:30:51,100
understanding of how plants and 
human bodies interact, the smoke

3961
03:30:51,100 --> 03:30:56,100
itself became a teacher, Watch 
how it rises always seeking the 

3962
03:30:56,100 --> 03:30:58,300
sky. 
Never moving straight but 

3963
03:30:58,300 --> 03:31:01,500
dancing and response to air 
currents, too subtle for human 

3964
03:31:01,500 --> 03:31:04,900
senses to detect. 
See how it gathers along the 

3965
03:31:04,900 --> 03:31:07,800
caves sealing. 
Creating a visible layer between

3966
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:11,700
Earth and Stone. 
Notice how it clings to hair and

3967
03:31:11,700 --> 03:31:14,500
clothing. 
Marking those who sat close to 

3968
03:31:14,500 --> 03:31:17,200
the fire with a lingering 
reminder of the experience. 

3969
03:31:17,200 --> 03:31:20,800
These observations would later 
become metaphors and spiritual 

3970
03:31:20,800 --> 03:31:24,200
Concepts Smoke Rises like 
prayers. 

3971
03:31:24,200 --> 03:31:29,400
Smoke connects, Earth to Sky 
smoke transforms, solid matter 

3972
03:31:29,400 --> 03:31:31,400
into something aetherial and 
temporary. 

3973
03:31:32,400 --> 03:31:36,200
But before the metaphors came, 
the simple physical reality, 

3974
03:31:36,200 --> 03:31:40,100
burning certain things, produces
smoke that makes you feel 

3975
03:31:40,100 --> 03:31:43,900
different. 
Feeling different can be exactly

3976
03:31:43,900 --> 03:31:46,400
what you need. 
Fast forward, several hundred 

3977
03:31:46,400 --> 03:31:49,900
thousand years humans have 
invented, agriculture built 

3978
03:31:49,900 --> 03:31:53,500
cities developed writing 
systems, and created the first 

3979
03:31:53,500 --> 03:31:57,100
civilizations where now in the 
ancient world of temples and 

3980
03:31:57,100 --> 03:32:01,800
Priests of organized, religion 
and institutionalized ritual and

3981
03:32:01,800 --> 03:32:03,900
smoke. 
Our old friend, from the cave, 

3982
03:32:03,900 --> 03:32:07,100
has become absolutely Central to
how humans interact with the 

3983
03:32:07,100 --> 03:32:10,800
Divine picture yourself in an 
ancient Egyptian temple around 

3984
03:32:10,800 --> 03:32:15,500
2000, BCE you've been awake 
since before, Dawn preparing for

3985
03:32:15,500 --> 03:32:18,900
Ceremony, that will honor the 
gods and hopefully secure Their 

3986
03:32:18,900 --> 03:32:20,500
Blessings for the coming 
Harvest. 

3987
03:32:21,400 --> 03:32:24,700
The temple itself is a Marvel, 
massive stone. 

3988
03:32:24,700 --> 03:32:28,700
Columns, carved with hieroglyphs
painted in colors that would 

3989
03:32:28,700 --> 03:32:32,400
seem garish by modern standards,
but that Shimmer beautifully and

3990
03:32:32,400 --> 03:32:35,000
Lamplight. 
But what hits you first before 

3991
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:38,400
you even enter the inner 
Sanctuary is the smell Incense 

3992
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:42,200
has been burning in this Temple 
for hours, maybe days, the 

3993
03:32:42,200 --> 03:32:45,000
priests know that the Sacred 
Space must be properly prepared,

3994
03:32:45,000 --> 03:32:48,100
and preparation means filling 
the air with fragrance. 

3995
03:32:48,100 --> 03:32:51,400
So thick you can almost see it 
the ancient Egyptians took their

3996
03:32:51,400 --> 03:32:55,700
incense seriously and by 
seriously I mean they built an 

3997
03:32:55,700 --> 03:32:59,600
entire economic system around 
it, they imported frankincense 

3998
03:32:59,600 --> 03:33:02,100
and myrrh from the mysterious 
Land of Punt. 

3999
03:33:02,100 --> 03:33:06,500
Probably modern Somalia, or 
Yemen paying enormous sums for 

4000
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:09,100
resins that were literally worth
their weight in gold. 

4001
03:33:10,200 --> 03:33:14,200
The famous reliefs at Daryl 
bihari show, Queen hatshepsut's 

4002
03:33:14,200 --> 03:33:17,600
expedition to punt, bringing 
back, living Myrtle trees, like 

4003
03:33:17,600 --> 03:33:22,300
Botanical trophies, why this 
obsession with aromatic smoke. 

4004
03:33:23,300 --> 03:33:26,100
The Practical answer is that 
temples were located in hot 

4005
03:33:26,100 --> 03:33:30,200
climates filled with animal 
sacrifices and attended by 

4006
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:33,100
crowds of people who bathed less
frequently than we do. 

4007
03:33:33,800 --> 03:33:37,400
Incense was among other things 
ancient world's most 

4008
03:33:37,400 --> 03:33:40,700
sophisticated air freshener. 
But that's only part of the 

4009
03:33:40,700 --> 03:33:42,900
story. 
The Egyptians believed that 

4010
03:33:42,900 --> 03:33:45,500
fragrant smoke was literally 
food for the Gods. 

4011
03:33:46,300 --> 03:33:50,500
When they burned incense before 
a statue of raw or Osiris, they 

4012
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:53,600
were just creating a pleasant 
atmosphere, they were providing 

4013
03:33:53,600 --> 03:33:58,100
sustenance to Divine beings, who
existed in a realm Beyond human 

4014
03:33:58,100 --> 03:34:01,200
sensei's. 
The smoke rising from the 

4015
03:34:01,200 --> 03:34:05,400
sentence was a bridge between 
worlds carrying prayers and 

4016
03:34:05,400 --> 03:34:08,300
offerings to places. 
Human's, couldn't reach the 

4017
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:11,200
physical effect of this constant
incense burning would have been 

4018
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:15,700
significant Ancient temples used
frankincense myrrh. 

4019
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:20,100
Styx and other resins that we 
now know contain cycle active 

4020
03:34:20,100 --> 03:34:23,000
compounds. 
Frankincense, for instance, 

4021
03:34:23,000 --> 03:34:26,400
contains tetrahydrocannabinol 
and other chemicals that can 

4022
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:30,000
produce mild Euphoria and 
reducing anxiety when burned in 

4023
03:34:30,000 --> 03:34:33,600
enclosed spaces. 
Stand in a temple filled with 

4024
03:34:33,600 --> 03:34:36,700
frankincense, smoke for hours 
and you're going to feel 

4025
03:34:36,700 --> 03:34:40,900
different Karma, more 
contemplative, perhaps more 

4026
03:34:40,900 --> 03:34:44,200
receptive to spiritual 
experiences, the priest 

4027
03:34:44,200 --> 03:34:47,200
understood this, even if they 
couldn't explain it in modern 

4028
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:51,500
pharmacological terms, they that
the right combination of incense

4029
03:34:51,500 --> 03:34:54,200
chanting. 
Drumming and ritual could induce

4030
03:34:54,200 --> 03:34:57,000
States Of Consciousness that 
felt like communication with the

4031
03:34:57,000 --> 03:35:00,000
divine. 
Whether these states actually 

4032
03:35:00,000 --> 03:35:03,200
involved Supernatural contact or
were simply altered brain 

4033
03:35:03,200 --> 03:35:04,900
chemistry is almost beside the 
point. 

4034
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:11,400
The experience was real profound
and reliably reproducible, a 

4035
03:35:11,400 --> 03:35:14,800
travel West to ancient Greece 
around 500 BCE. 

4036
03:35:14,800 --> 03:35:18,500
You're at the Oracle of Delphi, 
that famous Sanctuary where 

4037
03:35:18,500 --> 03:35:22,000
priestesses delivered prophecies
that Kings and Generals would 

4038
03:35:22,000 --> 03:35:25,500
stake their fortunes on. 
The Oracle sits in a small 

4039
03:35:25,508 --> 03:35:29,400
chamber, built over a geological
fault, a modern researchers have

4040
03:35:29,400 --> 03:35:30,600
discovered something 
fascinating. 

4041
03:35:31,600 --> 03:35:35,800
The fault releases ethylene, gas
a sweet smelling substance that 

4042
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:39,200
produces Euphoria and 
dissociative States in moderate 

4043
03:35:39,200 --> 03:35:41,700
concentrations. 
The Greeks didn't know about 

4044
03:35:41,700 --> 03:35:45,100
ethylene chemistry, but they 
certainly knew that the pythia 

4045
03:35:45,100 --> 03:35:49,200
The Prestige who served as the 
Oracle would breathe deeply from

4046
03:35:49,200 --> 03:35:50,800
the vapors rising from the 
earth. 

4047
03:35:50,800 --> 03:35:54,300
Then enter a trance State during
which she would speak the words 

4048
03:35:54,300 --> 03:35:56,400
of Apollo. 
They burned additional 

4049
03:35:56,400 --> 03:36:00,700
substances, Laurel leaves barley
and other materials to enhance 

4050
03:36:00,700 --> 03:36:03,500
the effect and create an 
atmosphere thick with smoke and 

4051
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:05,900
mystery. 
You can imagine standing in that

4052
03:36:05,900 --> 03:36:09,600
sacred Precinct waiting, your 
turn to consult the oracle. 

4053
03:36:10,500 --> 03:36:12,900
Smell of burning Laurel. 
Fills your nostrils. 

4054
03:36:12,900 --> 03:36:17,300
Sharp slightly medicinal 
Strangely compelling. 

4055
03:36:18,300 --> 03:36:21,400
The pythia's attendance, 
maintain the fires adding more 

4056
03:36:21,400 --> 03:36:23,300
leaves When the Smoke begins to 
thin. 

4057
03:36:24,100 --> 03:36:26,900
The whole process has been 
refined over centuries to 

4058
03:36:26,900 --> 03:36:30,700
produce maximum psychological 
and pharmacological effect when 

4059
03:36:30,700 --> 03:36:33,400
the pythia. 
Finally, speaks her words are 

4060
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:36,300
often cryptic and ambiguous 
famously. 

4061
03:36:36,300 --> 03:36:40,300
So, But in that smoke filled 
chamber with your own 

4062
03:36:40,300 --> 03:36:43,400
Consciousness, slightly altered 
by the atmosphere at compounds, 

4063
03:36:43,400 --> 03:36:46,900
you've been breathing. those 
ambiguous words, seem pregnant, 

4064
03:36:46,900 --> 03:36:50,800
with meaning, your mind, makes 
connections sees patterns and 

4065
03:36:50,800 --> 03:36:53,800
finds significance, that might 
not survive, exposure to clear, 

4066
03:36:53,800 --> 03:36:58,100
air, and sober reflection the 
Romans practical, as always took

4067
03:36:58,100 --> 03:37:01,900
incense culture and 
industrialized, it The imported 

4068
03:37:01,900 --> 03:37:05,400
so much frankincense and myrrh, 
that the trade routes carrying, 

4069
03:37:05,400 --> 03:37:07,900
these materials, became some of 
the most important economic 

4070
03:37:07,900 --> 03:37:12,800
arteries of the ancient world. 
Roman temples burned incense 

4071
03:37:12,800 --> 03:37:16,700
constantly not just during 
special ceremonies but as a 

4072
03:37:16,700 --> 03:37:19,200
regular offering to maintain 
good relations with the gods, 

4073
03:37:19,200 --> 03:37:23,700
but Romans also recognized the 
secular uses of aromatic smoke. 

4074
03:37:24,600 --> 03:37:27,700
Wealthy households burned 
incense to mask unpleasant, 

4075
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:30,400
odors and create an atmosphere 
of luxury. 

4076
03:37:31,600 --> 03:37:35,900
Roman Physicians, like Galen and
dioscorides wrote extensively 

4077
03:37:35,900 --> 03:37:38,600
about the medicinal properties 
of different incense, is 

4078
03:37:38,600 --> 03:37:41,600
recommending specific substances
for specific conditions 

4079
03:37:41,600 --> 03:37:48,100
headache, burning willow bark, 
anxiety camera Mi smoke in 

4080
03:37:48,100 --> 03:37:51,700
Omnia, Valerian or Poppy. 
The sensors themselves. 

4081
03:37:51,700 --> 03:37:56,500
Those ornate metal containers 
designed to burn incense became 

4082
03:37:56,500 --> 03:37:59,800
works of art. 
Some were simple, clay bowls 

4083
03:37:59,800 --> 03:38:03,400
others were elaborate bronze 
constructions with chains for 

4084
03:38:03,400 --> 03:38:07,700
carrying perforated Lids to 
control airflow and decorative. 

4085
03:38:07,700 --> 03:38:11,200
Elements that showed exactly how
important incentive become to 

4086
03:38:11,200 --> 03:38:14,400
Mediterranean culture across the
Mediterranean in ancient. 

4087
03:38:14,400 --> 03:38:17,900
Judea, incense played a central 
role in Temple worship. 

4088
03:38:18,900 --> 03:38:22,400
The book of Exodus describes a 
specific incense recipe. 

4089
03:38:23,200 --> 03:38:28,600
Stack tea on nature, galbanum 
and frankincense mixed in 

4090
03:38:28,600 --> 03:38:32,100
precise proportions. 
That was so sacred that making 

4091
03:38:32,100 --> 03:38:35,100
it for any purpose other than 
Temple worship was punishable by

4092
03:38:35,100 --> 03:38:38,200
exile. 
Cloud of incense smoke in the 

4093
03:38:38,200 --> 03:38:40,800
Temple's holy of holies was 
thought to Veil The Very 

4094
03:38:40,800 --> 03:38:44,500
presence of God, making the 
Divine bearable, to humanize 

4095
03:38:44,500 --> 03:38:49,500
this period. 
Roughly 3,000 BCE to 500 CE 

4096
03:38:49,500 --> 03:38:52,500
represents the high. 
Watermark of institutional, 

4097
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:56,700
incense culture in the ancient 
world Smoke at evolved from a 

4098
03:38:56,708 --> 03:39:00,600
cave, Discovery to a Cornerstone
of religious practice from an 

4099
03:39:00,600 --> 03:39:03,500
accidental finding to a 
deliberate technology for 

4100
03:39:03,500 --> 03:39:07,000
altering Consciousness, and 
creating Sacred Space, while 

4101
03:39:07,000 --> 03:39:10,200
priests were burning incense. 
And temples another group of 

4102
03:39:10,200 --> 03:39:13,100
professionals was discovering 
that smoke could heal the body 

4103
03:39:13,100 --> 03:39:15,800
as directly as it elevated, the 
spirit. 

4104
03:39:17,400 --> 03:39:20,900
The ancient Physicians those 
observers of human suffering who

4105
03:39:20,900 --> 03:39:24,700
combined empirical observation 
with theoretical Frameworks, 

4106
03:39:24,700 --> 03:39:28,000
that seemed both sophisticated 
and charmingly wrong by modern 

4107
03:39:28,000 --> 03:39:31,000
standards. 
Developed an entire branch of 

4108
03:39:31,000 --> 03:39:34,400
Therapeutics based on inhaling 
medicinal smoke. 

4109
03:39:34,400 --> 03:39:40,000
Let's visit ancient China around
200, BCE your suffering from a 

4110
03:39:40,000 --> 03:39:41,900
persistent cough. 
That's been keeping you awake at

4111
03:39:41,900 --> 03:39:45,100
night and your family is finally
scraped together enough money to

4112
03:39:45,100 --> 03:39:48,200
consult a physician. 
He's a learned man who has 

4113
03:39:48,200 --> 03:39:52,000
studied the classics understands
the flow of chi through the body

4114
03:39:52,000 --> 03:39:55,400
and has accessed to the 
accumulated, medical wisdom of 

4115
03:39:55,400 --> 03:39:59,400
centuries, after examining your 
tongue, checking your pulses at 

4116
03:39:59,400 --> 03:40:02,400
several points and asking 
detailed questions about your 

4117
03:40:02,400 --> 03:40:05,600
diet and daily routine. 
He nods thoughtfully. 

4118
03:40:06,800 --> 03:40:10,400
The problem he explains is an 
imbalance of energy in your 

4119
03:40:10,400 --> 03:40:13,600
lungs Complicated by excess 
dampness. 

4120
03:40:14,700 --> 03:40:18,300
The treatment requires a careful
combination of approaches, but 

4121
03:40:18,300 --> 03:40:22,000
one element will be therapeutic.
Smoke, The Physician produces a 

4122
03:40:22,000 --> 03:40:26,300
small bundle of dried herbs 
Mahal, a federal, some dried 

4123
03:40:26,300 --> 03:40:29,100
Mulberry leaf and other 
materials you don't recognize. 

4124
03:40:30,100 --> 03:40:31,600
He instructs you to burn these 
over. 

4125
03:40:31,600 --> 03:40:34,600
Charcoal and breathe. 
The resulting smoke deeply. 

4126
03:40:34,600 --> 03:40:38,000
Three times per day. 
Always facing East in the 

4127
03:40:38,008 --> 03:40:39,300
morning and West, in the 
evening. 

4128
03:40:40,200 --> 03:40:44,100
The ritual specification isn't 
arbitrary Chinese medicine 

4129
03:40:44,100 --> 03:40:46,100
viewed. 
The body as intimately connected

4130
03:40:46,100 --> 03:40:49,800
to Cosmic patterns and timing 
treatments to align with daily 

4131
03:40:49,800 --> 03:40:54,000
Cycles was thought to enhance 
their effectiveness, the herbs. 

4132
03:40:54,000 --> 03:40:56,300
He's prescribed actually work 
though. 

4133
03:40:56,300 --> 03:41:01,300
Not for the reasons he believes.
Ma Huang contains a fedrin a 

4134
03:41:01,300 --> 03:41:03,700
Broncho dilator that opens 
Airways and makes breathing 

4135
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:06,000
easier. 
The other herbs have 

4136
03:41:06,000 --> 03:41:08,700
antimicrobial and 
anti-inflammatory properties. 

4137
03:41:08,700 --> 03:41:11,500
That would genuinely helped her 
respiratory infection. 

4138
03:41:12,900 --> 03:41:15,600
The act of deliberately slowing 
your breathing to inhale, the 

4139
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:20,000
smoke probably helps too 
inducing a relaxation response 

4140
03:41:20,000 --> 03:41:22,200
that reduces stress related 
coughing. 

4141
03:41:22,200 --> 03:41:25,400
The Chinese weren't alone in 
developing smoke bass, 

4142
03:41:25,400 --> 03:41:30,300
Therapeutics in, Ancient India, 
ayurvedic Physicians created, 

4143
03:41:30,300 --> 03:41:32,600
elaborate systems of douma 
Panna. 

4144
03:41:33,400 --> 03:41:38,200
Therapeutic smoking. 
The sushruta samhita a medical 

4145
03:41:38,200 --> 03:41:43,100
texts, composed around 600 BC e,
describes specific herbs to be 

4146
03:41:43,100 --> 03:41:46,600
smoked for specific conditions. 
Asthma. 

4147
03:41:46,600 --> 03:41:49,000
Try mixture. 
That includes cannabis, and 

4148
03:41:49,000 --> 03:41:52,800
datura. 
Mental disturbances different 

4149
03:41:52,800 --> 03:41:55,400
combinations of aromatic, woods 
and resins. 

4150
03:41:56,000 --> 03:41:58,600
Even hiccups had their own 
prescribed smoke treatment, 

4151
03:41:58,600 --> 03:42:01,900
these ayurvedic Physicians. 
Understood something important. 

4152
03:42:02,800 --> 03:42:05,800
Different substances, produce 
different effects depending on 

4153
03:42:05,800 --> 03:42:09,700
how they're consumed. 
Cannabis eaten as food produces 

4154
03:42:09,700 --> 03:42:13,200
one set of effects. 
The same plant, smoke produces 

4155
03:42:13,200 --> 03:42:15,700
different, faster acting 
results. 

4156
03:42:16,600 --> 03:42:19,900
This wasn't Superstition. 
It was practical pharmacology 

4157
03:42:19,900 --> 03:42:23,200
based on careful observation the
Greeks and Romans also 

4158
03:42:23,200 --> 03:42:26,500
Incorporated therapeutic smoking
into their medical practice. 

4159
03:42:27,400 --> 03:42:30,700
HIPAA criti is the father of 
Western medicine, described 

4160
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:34,000
using smoke inhalation to treat 
gynecological problems. 

4161
03:42:34,700 --> 03:42:37,600
His reasoning was based on the 
theory that the uterus could 

4162
03:42:37,600 --> 03:42:40,600
wander through the body. 
A delightfully wrong idea, 

4163
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:44,300
called the wandering womb, and 
strong, smelling smoke would 

4164
03:42:44,300 --> 03:42:46,000
drive it back to its proper 
position. 

4165
03:42:47,200 --> 03:42:51,000
The theory was nonsense, but 
some of the herbs he recommended

4166
03:42:51,000 --> 03:42:53,400
had genuine and 
anti-inflammatory or muscle 

4167
03:42:53,400 --> 03:42:57,300
relaxing properties, that 
probably provided actual relief 

4168
03:42:57,300 --> 03:42:59,800
Galen. 
Probably the most influential 

4169
03:42:59,800 --> 03:43:03,600
physician of the ancient world 
wrote extensively about smoke 

4170
03:43:03,600 --> 03:43:06,500
Therapeutics. 
He distinguished between 

4171
03:43:06,500 --> 03:43:10,100
different types of smoke based 
on their properties, hot, or 

4172
03:43:10,100 --> 03:43:13,300
cold wet, or dry, subtle, or 
thick. 

4173
03:43:14,300 --> 03:43:17,200
A physician needed to match the 
qualities of the therapeutic. 

4174
03:43:17,200 --> 03:43:19,800
Smoke to the imbalance in the 
patient's body. 

4175
03:43:20,600 --> 03:43:24,600
Too much heat in the lungs, use 
cooling smoke from cucumber 

4176
03:43:24,600 --> 03:43:28,200
seeds or lettuce. 
Too much cold warming smoke from

4177
03:43:28,200 --> 03:43:31,100
Pepper or mustard. 
The interesting thing is that 

4178
03:43:31,100 --> 03:43:34,800
many of these ancient smoke 
remedies actually worked, even 

4179
03:43:34,800 --> 03:43:38,700
if the theoretical explanations 
were completely wrong, When you 

4180
03:43:38,708 --> 03:43:43,100
burn eucalyptus and breathe, its
Vapor, your congested sinuses do

4181
03:43:43,100 --> 03:43:46,900
clear not because your balancing
humors or just in your key. 

4182
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:50,400
But because you collect all is a
genuine expectorant and 

4183
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:53,900
decongestant. 
Ancient Physicians, didn't need 

4184
03:43:53,900 --> 03:43:57,500
to understand the chemistry to 
observe that it worked and to 

4185
03:43:57,500 --> 03:43:59,100
incorporate it into their 
practice. 

4186
03:43:59,100 --> 03:44:02,300
So ancient smoke therapies were 
surprisingly, sophisticated 

4187
03:44:02,300 --> 03:44:06,400
Greek, and Roman Physicians. 
Developed fumigation tents where

4188
03:44:06,408 --> 03:44:08,000
patients with respiratory 
problems. 

4189
03:44:08,000 --> 03:44:11,100
Could sit surrounded by 
therapeutic smoke from 

4190
03:44:11,100 --> 03:44:12,400
carefully. 
Chosen herbs. 

4191
03:44:13,400 --> 03:44:16,200
The dosage could be controlled 
by just adjusting ventilation. 

4192
03:44:16,200 --> 03:44:20,100
The duration of treatment was 
specified, precisely and 

4193
03:44:20,100 --> 03:44:22,600
patients were monitored for 
adverse reactions. 

4194
03:44:22,600 --> 03:44:26,300
In ancient Persia positions at 
the famous medical school in 

4195
03:44:26,300 --> 03:44:28,700
Gundam. 
Poor compiled extensive farmer 

4196
03:44:28,700 --> 03:44:32,200
payers that included detail 
description of therapeutic 

4197
03:44:32,200 --> 03:44:35,200
smoking. 
The categorized hundreds of 

4198
03:44:35,208 --> 03:44:37,900
plants by their effects. 
When burned and inhaled, 

4199
03:44:37,900 --> 03:44:41,200
creating reference works that 
Physicians could consult when 

4200
03:44:41,200 --> 03:44:45,100
treating specific conditions, 
the sensory experience of these 

4201
03:44:45,100 --> 03:44:47,400
treatments would have been 
significant in itself. 

4202
03:44:48,300 --> 03:44:51,900
Imagine suffering from some 
chronic condition joint pain. 

4203
03:44:51,900 --> 03:44:55,500
Respiratory problems or 
digestive issues and being 

4204
03:44:55,500 --> 03:44:57,700
prescribed. 
A treatment that involved in a 

4205
03:44:57,708 --> 03:45:01,300
warm room filled with aromatic 
smoke, while a physician 

4206
03:45:01,300 --> 03:45:05,000
monitors your response The 
relaxation induced by the 

4207
03:45:05,000 --> 03:45:08,700
setting, the attention from a 
respected healer, and the 

4208
03:45:08,700 --> 03:45:10,400
pleasant smell of the burning 
herbs. 

4209
03:45:10,400 --> 03:45:14,300
All of these factors would work 
together to produce, what modern

4210
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:18,200
medicine calls Placebo effects 
though that term doesn't quite 

4211
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:19,900
capture. 
The complexity of what's 

4212
03:45:19,900 --> 03:45:23,000
happening because here's the 
thing, about Placebo effects, 

4213
03:45:23,000 --> 03:45:26,400
they're real. 
When your brain believes healing

4214
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:29,800
as a curing, it triggers 
physiological, processes that 

4215
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:34,400
promote actual healing. 
Stress hormones, decrease immune

4216
03:45:34,400 --> 03:45:37,300
function, improves pain, 
perception changes. 

4217
03:45:38,100 --> 03:45:41,200
The ancient physicians may not 
have understood the mechanisms, 

4218
03:45:41,200 --> 03:45:45,100
but they understood that healing
involved, the whole person Body 

4219
03:45:45,100 --> 03:45:47,800
Mind and Spirit and that 
therapeutic. 

4220
03:45:47,800 --> 03:45:49,800
Smoke could address. 
All three aspects 

4221
03:45:49,800 --> 03:45:52,800
simultaneously. 
While Physicians were refining, 

4222
03:45:52,800 --> 03:45:56,400
therapeutic smoke into a medical
art and Priests were perfecting 

4223
03:45:56,400 --> 03:46:00,000
incense rituals Merchants were 
creating networks. 

4224
03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:03,200
That would carry aromatic 
substances across continents and

4225
03:46:03,200 --> 03:46:07,000
oceans. 
These trade routes, particularly

4226
03:46:07,000 --> 03:46:10,600
the famous Silk Road and the 
maritime spice route didn't just

4227
03:46:10,600 --> 03:46:14,100
transport Goods. 
The carried knowledge practices 

4228
03:46:14,100 --> 03:46:18,100
and entire cultural Traditions 
around smoke in its uses picture

4229
03:46:18,100 --> 03:46:20,500
yourself as a merchant in a 
caravan traveling. 

4230
03:46:20,500 --> 03:46:24,500
The Silk Road around 200 CE 
You've been on the road for 

4231
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:29,000
months, moving slowly from Oasis
to Oasis across the heart of 

4232
03:46:29,008 --> 03:46:31,700
Asia. 
Your camels are loaded with 

4233
03:46:31,700 --> 03:46:35,400
various Goods, but the most 
valuable light items are small 

4234
03:46:35,400 --> 03:46:42,700
light and Incredibly expensive 
resins herbs, and aromatic Woods

4235
03:46:42,700 --> 03:46:45,800
that will eventually be burned 
in temples, palaces and Wealthy 

4236
03:46:45,800 --> 03:46:49,100
homes across the known world. 
The economic of the incense 

4237
03:46:49,100 --> 03:46:53,200
trade were fascinating and 
sometimes absurd Frankincense 

4238
03:46:53,200 --> 03:46:56,700
and myrrh harvested from trees 
in southern Arabia, and the Horn

4239
03:46:56,700 --> 03:47:00,500
of Africa could increase in 
value by a factor of 50 or more.

4240
03:47:00,500 --> 03:47:04,500
By the time they reached Rome or
shangaan, Merchants could become

4241
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:07,500
wealthy from a single successful
Caravan though. 

4242
03:47:07,500 --> 03:47:11,300
They could also lose everything 
to Bandits sandstorms or simple 

4243
03:47:11,300 --> 03:47:15,000
miscalculations about market 
demand, but these Merchants were

4244
03:47:15,000 --> 03:47:18,800
carrying more than commodities. 
At each stop along the Route. 

4245
03:47:18,800 --> 03:47:21,900
They shared information about 
how different cultures used 

4246
03:47:21,900 --> 03:47:26,100
aromatic smoke. a Buddhist 
technique for burning incense 

4247
03:47:26,100 --> 03:47:29,100
learned in India, might be 
combined with Chinese theories 

4248
03:47:29,100 --> 03:47:32,100
about herbal properties and 
Persian aesthetic preferences to

4249
03:47:32,100 --> 03:47:37,000
create something entirely new 
The Silk Road was like a massive

4250
03:47:37,000 --> 03:47:41,300
slow motion cultural blender 
mixing practices and beliefs 

4251
03:47:41,300 --> 03:47:44,700
about smoke in to increase in 
complex combinations. 

4252
03:47:44,700 --> 03:47:49,100
Consider Sandalwood that 
aromatic wood from India that 

4253
03:47:49,100 --> 03:47:50,800
has been prized for thousands of
years. 

4254
03:47:51,800 --> 03:47:55,400
In its Homeland, Sandalwood was 
primarily a religious substance 

4255
03:47:55,400 --> 03:47:59,400
burned in Hindu and Buddhist 
Temple's to purify space and 

4256
03:47:59,400 --> 03:48:02,700
honor the divine. 
But as a traveled along trade 

4257
03:48:02,700 --> 03:48:06,300
routes at acquired, New Uses and
meanings Chinese Buddhists 

4258
03:48:06,300 --> 03:48:09,600
adopted Sandalwood incense but 
integrated it with Taoist 

4259
03:48:09,600 --> 03:48:11,400
practices and confusion 
Aesthetics. 

4260
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:15,500
Japanese culture eventually 
transformed incense appreciation

4261
03:48:15,500 --> 03:48:19,800
into codo. 
Literally the way of incense a 

4262
03:48:19,800 --> 03:48:24,000
ceremonial art form is refined 
as tea, ceremony, Islamic 

4263
03:48:24,000 --> 03:48:27,000
cultures Incorporated Sandalwood
into their own devotional 

4264
03:48:27,000 --> 03:48:29,200
practices. 
While developing new 

4265
03:48:29,200 --> 03:48:32,600
combinations with rows, Howard, 
and other aromatics. 

4266
03:48:33,500 --> 03:48:36,300
Christian churches began using 
it as an alternative to 

4267
03:48:36,300 --> 03:48:39,900
frankincense the same substance 
moving through different 

4268
03:48:39,900 --> 03:48:42,400
cultural. 
Contexts became multiple 

4269
03:48:42,400 --> 03:48:44,100
different things while remaining
itself. 

4270
03:48:45,200 --> 03:48:46,900
This is one of Smoke's, 
interesting? 

4271
03:48:46,900 --> 03:48:49,800
Properties. 
Its concrete enough to be a 

4272
03:48:49,800 --> 03:48:53,700
definite substance with specific
effects, but a femoral enough to

4273
03:48:53,700 --> 03:48:56,600
acquire, whatever symbolic. 
Meaning humans want to project 

4274
03:48:56,600 --> 03:48:59,100
onto it. 
The maritime spice routes that 

4275
03:48:59,100 --> 03:49:01,900
connected the Indian Ocean world
were equally important for 

4276
03:49:01,900 --> 03:49:05,000
spreading smoke. 
Kulture Arab traders sailing 

4277
03:49:05,000 --> 03:49:08,700
from East Africa, to India to 
South East, Asia carried, not 

4278
03:49:08,700 --> 03:49:12,200
just cinnamon cloves and pepper,
but also knowledge about 

4279
03:49:12,200 --> 03:49:16,200
aromatics and their uses. 
An Indonesian method for 

4280
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:18,800
processing benzoin. 
Resin might be combined with 

4281
03:49:18,800 --> 03:49:23,000
Indian ivic theories and Arab 
perfumery techniques to create 

4282
03:49:23,000 --> 03:49:26,100
new products and practices. 
Some of these aromatic 

4283
03:49:26,100 --> 03:49:30,200
substances traveled, astonishing
distance is, Camphor from 

4284
03:49:30,208 --> 03:49:32,400
Borneo. 
Found its way to Chinese temples

4285
03:49:32,400 --> 03:49:36,100
and European apothecaries. 
Hallows would from Southeast. 

4286
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:38,500
Asia became prized in Middle 
Eastern palaces. 

4287
03:49:39,300 --> 03:49:43,100
Dragons blood, resin from the 
Sakura islands off, Yemen 

4288
03:49:43,100 --> 03:49:47,000
traveled to China, India, Rome, 
and eventually Medieval Europe. 

4289
03:49:47,700 --> 03:49:52,100
Each substance carried with its 
stories practices and beliefs 

4290
03:49:52,100 --> 03:49:55,100
about smoke and its properties 
the Traders themselves. 

4291
03:49:55,100 --> 03:49:59,300
Often became experts in aromatic
substances, they needed to know,

4292
03:49:59,300 --> 03:50:02,600
not just market prices, but also
how to identify genuine 

4293
03:50:02,600 --> 03:50:07,000
materials versus Delta's, how to
store and transport delicate, 

4294
03:50:07,000 --> 03:50:10,200
resins, without losing their 
aromatic properties and what 

4295
03:50:10,200 --> 03:50:12,600
different customers in different
regions preferred. 

4296
03:50:13,500 --> 03:50:17,500
A successful incense Merchant 
was part chemist, Park cultural 

4297
03:50:17,500 --> 03:50:20,900
Anthropologist and part 
Logistics expert. 

4298
03:50:20,900 --> 03:50:24,700
These trade routes also spread 
Technologies for using aromatic 

4299
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:28,700
smoke. the sensor designs we 
discussed earlier those 

4300
03:50:28,700 --> 03:50:32,400
specialized containers for 
burning incense evolved through 

4301
03:50:32,400 --> 03:50:36,000
contact between different 
cultures Chinese designs 

4302
03:50:36,000 --> 03:50:39,800
influenced, Persian metal work 
in Indian temple practices, 

4303
03:50:39,800 --> 03:50:43,700
inspired Southeast Asian, 
Buddhist rituals Arabic 

4304
03:50:43,700 --> 03:50:45,500
Innovations in perfumery 
influenced. 

4305
03:50:45,500 --> 03:50:49,100
European approaches to aromatic 
substances by the medieval 

4306
03:50:49,100 --> 03:50:50,700
period. 
You could track cultural 

4307
03:50:50,700 --> 03:50:54,500
influence by following incense 
practices, When you see a 

4308
03:50:54,500 --> 03:50:57,500
particular way of blending 
aromatics, or a specific ritual,

4309
03:50:57,500 --> 03:51:00,700
use of smoke appearing. 
In a new region, you're usually 

4310
03:51:00,700 --> 03:51:03,800
seeing evidence of trade contact
and cultural Exchange. 

4311
03:51:04,500 --> 03:51:06,600
Smoke became a marker of 
cultural connection. 

4312
03:51:06,600 --> 03:51:10,200
A visible sign that ideas and 
practices were flowing between 

4313
03:51:10,200 --> 03:51:13,900
regions the economic importance 
of the incense trade, also 

4314
03:51:13,900 --> 03:51:18,200
shaped political relationships, 
Control over frankincense and 

4315
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:21,600
myrrh producing regions was 
contested by various Powers 

4316
03:51:21,600 --> 03:51:24,800
throughout ancient history. 
The Romans even launched 

4317
03:51:24,800 --> 03:51:28,400
military Expeditions into 
Arabia, partly to try to control

4318
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:31,500
incense supplies and reduce the 
enormous costs. 

4319
03:51:31,500 --> 03:51:35,700
They were paying to Arabian 
merchants The Expeditions failed

4320
03:51:35,700 --> 03:51:40,200
desert Warfare is hard but the 
attempt shows just how valuable 

4321
03:51:40,200 --> 03:51:42,300
these aromatic substances had 
become. 

4322
03:51:42,300 --> 03:51:46,400
What's remarkable is that this 
vast complex trade system 

4323
03:51:46,400 --> 03:51:51,100
existed primarily to serve human
desires for Pleasant smells and 

4324
03:51:51,100 --> 03:51:55,100
altered consciousness Yes, some 
aromatic substances had 

4325
03:51:55,100 --> 03:51:59,500
important medicinal uses and yes
incense played crucial roles in 

4326
03:51:59,500 --> 03:52:03,700
religious practices but at its 
core, the incense trade existed 

4327
03:52:03,700 --> 03:52:06,600
because humans across cultures 
agreed that filling the air with

4328
03:52:06,600 --> 03:52:10,300
fragrant smoke was worth 
enormous effort, and expense. 

4329
03:52:10,300 --> 03:52:13,400
This tells us something about 
human priorities. 

4330
03:52:13,400 --> 03:52:15,800
We're not purely practical 
creatures. 

4331
03:52:15,800 --> 03:52:18,300
Focused, only on immediate 
survival needs. 

4332
03:52:19,000 --> 03:52:23,200
We're also aesthetic beings who 
Value Beauty, pleasure, and 

4333
03:52:23,200 --> 03:52:26,600
experiences that Transporters 
Beyond ordinary consciousness. 

4334
03:52:27,900 --> 03:52:31,600
The ancient incense trade serve 
these deeper, human needs and 

4335
03:52:31,600 --> 03:52:34,200
Merchants became wealthy because
they understood something 

4336
03:52:34,200 --> 03:52:36,600
essential about what humans want
from Life. 

4337
03:52:36,600 --> 03:52:40,400
By now several thousand years 
into Humanity's relationship 

4338
03:52:40,400 --> 03:52:45,000
with aromatic smoke, something 
interesting, had happened, Smoke

4339
03:52:45,000 --> 03:52:47,000
hadn't just become a tool or 
commodity. 

4340
03:52:47,000 --> 03:52:51,000
It had become a language a 
system of symbols through which 

4341
03:52:51,000 --> 03:52:55,400
humans expressed ideas about the
sacred, the mysterious and the 

4342
03:52:55,400 --> 03:52:57,600
boundaries between different 
Realms of existence. 

4343
03:52:57,600 --> 03:53:00,500
Let's explore. 
How different cultures turn this

4344
03:53:00,500 --> 03:53:03,400
physical phenomenon into 
metaphor, and how those 

4345
03:53:03,400 --> 03:53:06,000
metaphors shaped human, 
understanding of Consciousness, 

4346
03:53:06,000 --> 03:53:10,900
devinity, and the structure of 
reality itself, starting in 

4347
03:53:10,908 --> 03:53:14,600
ancient, Mesopotamia, that 
cradle of civilization between 

4348
03:53:14,600 --> 03:53:18,600
the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
The Babylonians and Assyrians 

4349
03:53:18,600 --> 03:53:22,200
burned incense in their temples 
but they all carefully. 

4350
03:53:22,200 --> 03:53:24,300
Observe the patterns smoke made 
as it Rose. 

4351
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:29,700
Specialized priests Bahru. 
They were called practiced 

4352
03:53:29,700 --> 03:53:33,700
divination by smoke. 
Reading messages from the gods 

4353
03:53:33,700 --> 03:53:37,600
in how incense smoke curled 
drifted or suddenly changed 

4354
03:53:37,600 --> 03:53:40,100
Direction. 
This wasn't as arbitrary as it 

4355
03:53:40,108 --> 03:53:43,600
might sound. 
Smoke is exquisitely, sensitive 

4356
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:47,000
to air, currents, temperature, 
gradients, and subtle 

4357
03:53:47,000 --> 03:53:50,900
environmental factors that human
senses can't directly detect. 

4358
03:53:51,900 --> 03:53:55,500
The baru were essentially using 
smoke as a visualization tool 

4359
03:53:55,500 --> 03:53:59,200
for invisible atmospheric 
conditions, then interpreting 

4360
03:53:59,200 --> 03:54:01,500
these patterns. 
According to complex symbolic 

4361
03:54:01,500 --> 03:54:04,600
systems that have been refined 
over Generations. 

4362
03:54:05,500 --> 03:54:07,600
They were wrong about the God, 
sending messages. 

4363
03:54:07,600 --> 03:54:11,500
But right that smoke reveals 
information about the 

4364
03:54:11,500 --> 03:54:14,800
environment that would otherwise
be hidden, the symbolism was 

4365
03:54:14,800 --> 03:54:17,800
clear. 
Smoke connects the visible and 

4366
03:54:17,800 --> 03:54:20,000
invisible, the known and 
unknown. 

4367
03:54:20,000 --> 03:54:25,100
It emerges from the solid matter
of incense, or herbs transforms 

4368
03:54:25,100 --> 03:54:28,200
into something ethereal and 
disappears in to air. 

4369
03:54:29,100 --> 03:54:31,900
Travelling, perhaps to Realms 
Beyond human perception. 

4370
03:54:32,800 --> 03:54:35,900
This makes smoke a perfect 
metaphor for the Soul's Journey 

4371
03:54:35,900 --> 03:54:39,100
after death for prayers seeking 
Divine attention. 

4372
03:54:39,100 --> 03:54:43,600
And for any movement between 
material and spiritual Realms in

4373
03:54:43,600 --> 03:54:46,800
ancient China, smoke took on 
different, but related meanings.

4374
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:50,700
Dallas philosophers, watched 
incense smoke rising, and 

4375
03:54:50,700 --> 03:54:53,300
temples, and saw lessons about 
the nature of reality. 

4376
03:54:54,500 --> 03:54:58,400
The smoke follows its nature, 
they noted, it doesn't try to be

4377
03:54:58,400 --> 03:55:01,000
anything other than what it is 
doesn't resist. 

4378
03:55:01,000 --> 03:55:04,400
Its own transformational from 
visible to Invisible and doesn't

4379
03:55:04,400 --> 03:55:07,600
cling to any particular form or 
place this made. 

4380
03:55:07,600 --> 03:55:09,500
Smoke a teaching tool about 
wool. 

4381
03:55:09,500 --> 03:55:13,500
Way effortless action, and about
accepting change rather than 

4382
03:55:13,500 --> 03:55:16,800
fighting it. 
Chinese poets, wrote extensively

4383
03:55:16,800 --> 03:55:19,900
about incense smoke. 
Using it as a metaphor, for 

4384
03:55:19,900 --> 03:55:22,300
everything from romantic 
Longing, To political 

4385
03:55:22,300 --> 03:55:25,300
frustration to the transients of
life itself. 

4386
03:55:26,500 --> 03:55:30,600
Lie by one of China's greatest 
poets, wrote about smoke from 

4387
03:55:30,600 --> 03:55:34,400
his incense, burner twisting 
like dragon shapes, connecting, 

4388
03:55:34,400 --> 03:55:38,800
his writing desk to the realm of
Immortals, The smoke wasn't just

4389
03:55:38,800 --> 03:55:41,700
decoration. 
It was a visual representation 

4390
03:55:41,700 --> 03:55:45,300
of the connection between 
mundane reality and Transcendent

4391
03:55:45,300 --> 03:55:48,300
experience. 
That poetry sought to capture in

4392
03:55:48,300 --> 03:55:50,500
India. 
Smoke symbolism, became deeply 

4393
03:55:50,500 --> 03:55:52,500
embedded in both Hindu and 
Buddhist practice. 

4394
03:55:52,500 --> 03:55:57,700
The Sanskrit word Dumar smoke 
appears in countless religious 

4395
03:55:57,700 --> 03:56:02,400
texts, usually associated with 
transformation purification, and

4396
03:56:02,400 --> 03:56:06,400
the transition between states, 
When a Hindu cremation releases 

4397
03:56:06,400 --> 03:56:09,800
smoke into the sky. 
That smoke represents the 

4398
03:56:09,800 --> 03:56:12,300
deceased. 
Essence beginning its journey to

4399
03:56:12,300 --> 03:56:16,500
whatever comes next. 
When Buddhist monks burn incense

4400
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:19,000
the rising smoke. 
Visualizes. 

4401
03:56:19,000 --> 03:56:21,400
The rise of Merit from good 
actions. 

4402
03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:25,100
The dispersion of negative Karma
and the movement of 

4403
03:56:25,100 --> 03:56:27,800
Consciousness toward 
Enlightenment, the Buddha 

4404
03:56:27,800 --> 03:56:32,200
himself, apparently used as a 
teaching metaphor In various 

4405
03:56:32,200 --> 03:56:35,200
sutras, he compared clinging to 
impermanent things to try to 

4406
03:56:35,200 --> 03:56:38,400
grasp smoke. 
The harder, you squeeze the 

4407
03:56:38,400 --> 03:56:42,000
faster it escapes, and your left
with nothing, but perhaps a 

4408
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:45,300
lingering smell on your hands. 
The lesson was about 

4409
03:56:45,300 --> 03:56:49,200
non-attachment about recognizing
that everything like smoke is 

4410
03:56:49,200 --> 03:56:50,900
temporary and cannot be 
possessed. 

4411
03:56:50,900 --> 03:56:53,900
Native American cultures 
developed their own Rich. 

4412
03:56:53,900 --> 03:56:57,000
Smoke symbolism, though. 
We should be careful here about 

4413
03:56:57,000 --> 03:56:59,600
generalizing Cross of distinct 
cultures. 

4414
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:05,300
Many groups use smoke from 
sacred plants tobacco, Sage 

4415
03:57:05,300 --> 03:57:09,700
Sweetgrass in ways that combined
practical purposes with deep 

4416
03:57:09,700 --> 03:57:13,100
symbolic. 
Meaning Smoke might purify a 

4417
03:57:13,100 --> 03:57:16,300
space carry prayers to the 
spirit world, Mark the 

4418
03:57:16,300 --> 03:57:20,300
boundaries of sacred ground, or 
seal agreements between people's

4419
03:57:20,300 --> 03:57:23,300
the peace pipe sage and or 
ceremonial pipe. 

4420
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:28,000
Traditions found in many North 
American cultures treated smoke 

4421
03:57:28,000 --> 03:57:31,200
as a covenant, mediator. 
When former enemies, shared 

4422
03:57:31,200 --> 03:57:34,600
smoke from the same pipe, they 
were creating a physical and 

4423
03:57:34,600 --> 03:57:38,000
symbolic Bond. 
The smoke, they exhaled had been

4424
03:57:38,000 --> 03:57:41,100
inside their bodies mingling 
with their breath and blood 

4425
03:57:41,100 --> 03:57:44,400
sharing that smoke meant sharing
something essential. 

4426
03:57:45,900 --> 03:57:48,600
Breaking an agreement made over,
the pipe wasn't just political 

4427
03:57:48,600 --> 03:57:51,600
betrayal. 
It was spiritual violation in 

4428
03:57:51,600 --> 03:57:55,100
Islamic cultures, smoke a quiet,
meaning related to both Beauty 

4429
03:57:55,100 --> 03:57:58,200
and Transcendence. 
Persian, poetry frequently 

4430
03:57:58,200 --> 03:58:02,300
mentioned incense smokers as a 
symbol of devotion longing and 

4431
03:58:02,300 --> 03:58:04,700
the attempt to reach Beyond 
material limitations. 

4432
03:58:05,700 --> 03:58:09,100
Sufi Mystics sometimes used 
aromatic smoke as part of their 

4433
03:58:09,100 --> 03:58:13,200
practices seeing in its Rising 
movement and image of the souls 

4434
03:58:13,200 --> 03:58:17,900
aspiration toward God. 
The best smoked pure fragrant, 

4435
03:58:17,900 --> 03:58:20,500
Rising straight and true 
represented. 

4436
03:58:20,500 --> 03:58:24,600
The ideal spiritual State 
medieval European Christianity 

4437
03:58:24,600 --> 03:58:27,600
inherited. 
Its smoke, symbolism partly from

4438
03:58:27,600 --> 03:58:30,700
Jewish temple traditions and 
partly from broader Med training

4439
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:33,600
and cultures. 
The smoke of incense in a 

4440
03:58:33,600 --> 03:58:37,400
cathedral represented prayers 
rise to heaven, but it also had 

4441
03:58:37,400 --> 03:58:39,100
more practical symbolic 
functions. 

4442
03:58:39,100 --> 03:58:42,600
It marked Sacred Space as 
distinct from ordinary space. 

4443
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:47,000
Created an atmosphere for 
experiences of the numinous and 

4444
03:58:47,000 --> 03:58:49,800
literally Illustrated 
theological Concepts about 

4445
03:58:49,800 --> 03:58:52,800
mediation, between human and 
divine Realms. 

4446
03:58:52,800 --> 03:58:56,700
The writers of medieval mystical
texts often use smokers a 

4447
03:58:56,700 --> 03:58:59,000
metaphor for Spiritual 
experiences that couldn't be 

4448
03:58:59,000 --> 03:59:03,300
captured in ordinary language. 
How do you describe a vision of 

4449
03:59:03,308 --> 03:59:06,200
God? 
It's like seeing through smoke 

4450
03:59:06,200 --> 03:59:10,900
you perceive something, you 
know, something is there but you

4451
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:14,000
can't make out clear details and
the experience is inherently 

4452
03:59:14,000 --> 03:59:17,500
transitory Smoke became the 
language for describing and 

4453
03:59:17,500 --> 03:59:20,500
counters with the ineffable. 
What's interesting across? 

4454
03:59:20,500 --> 03:59:23,300
All these Traditions is how 
Smoke's physical properties? 

4455
03:59:23,300 --> 03:59:27,600
Its visibility combined with 
intangibility its upward 

4456
03:59:27,600 --> 03:59:31,700
movement and its gradual 
dissolution made it almost 

4457
03:59:31,700 --> 03:59:35,300
universally available as a 
metaphor for similar Concepts. 

4458
03:59:36,200 --> 03:59:39,000
Different cultures didn't arrive
at identical. 

4459
03:59:39,000 --> 03:59:42,300
Smoke, symbolism. 
But there are striking parallels

4460
03:59:42,300 --> 03:59:44,600
in how humans have interpreted 
this phenomenon. 

4461
03:59:44,600 --> 03:59:47,600
The color of smoke. 
Also acquired symbolic. 

4462
03:59:47,600 --> 03:59:52,100
Meaning white smoke was 
generally positive, Pure Clean 

4463
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:55,800
or suspicious. 
Black smoke, suggested something

4464
03:59:55,800 --> 04:00:00,500
wrong, dangerous or malevolent. 
Gray, smoke was ambiguous. 

4465
04:00:00,500 --> 04:00:05,100
Neither clearly good nor bad. 
These color associations, 

4466
04:00:05,100 --> 04:00:08,100
weren't arbitrary. 
They related to what actually 

4467
04:00:08,100 --> 04:00:10,000
produces different colored 
smoke. 

4468
04:00:10,700 --> 04:00:14,300
White smoke comes from clean 
burning aromatics and black 

4469
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:17,900
smoke from incomplete combustion
or impure materials. 

4470
04:00:19,000 --> 04:00:22,100
Humans turn these practical 
observations into symbolic 

4471
04:00:22,100 --> 04:00:25,600
systems, even the smell of smoke
to wait. 

4472
04:00:26,400 --> 04:00:30,600
Sweet, Smoke suggested, divine 
presence, spiritual Purity or 

4473
04:00:30,600 --> 04:00:34,500
successful ritual. 
Acrid smoke indicated, something

4474
04:00:34,500 --> 04:00:36,600
gone wrong. 
Either in the physical 

4475
04:00:36,600 --> 04:00:40,400
preparation of materials, or 
metaphorically in the spiritual 

4476
04:00:40,400 --> 04:00:44,900
state of the people involved. 
Smell that most Primal and 

4477
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:48,400
emotionally evocative of senses 
that came away of the 

4478
04:00:48,400 --> 04:00:52,100
evaluating, the quality and 
success of smoke bass practices.

4479
04:00:52,100 --> 04:00:55,700
While temples filled with 
incense smoke and Physicians. 

4480
04:00:55,700 --> 04:00:59,200
Prescribed therapeutic 
fumigation, another traditional 

4481
04:00:59,200 --> 04:01:03,500
was developing one more personal
more intimate and more focused 

4482
04:01:03,500 --> 04:01:06,200
on individual Consciousness than
Collective. 

4483
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:08,700
Ritual. 
This was the tradition of 

4484
04:01:08,700 --> 04:01:11,900
smoking from pipes. 
A practice that would eventually

4485
04:01:11,900 --> 04:01:15,300
Circle the globe and become one 
of Humanity's most widespread 

4486
04:01:15,300 --> 04:01:18,400
ways of altering Consciousness. 
The earliest pipes. 

4487
04:01:18,400 --> 04:01:21,700
We know about come from various 
places and probably represent 

4488
04:01:21,700 --> 04:01:24,900
independent invention rather 
than diffusion from a single 

4489
04:01:24,900 --> 04:01:28,200
source. 
Ancient people in Africa Asia 

4490
04:01:28,200 --> 04:01:32,000
and the Americas all developed 
pipe Technologies though they 

4491
04:01:32,000 --> 04:01:34,600
used them for different 
substances and invested them 

4492
04:01:34,600 --> 04:01:37,400
with different meanings. 
Let's start in the Americas 

4493
04:01:37,400 --> 04:01:41,200
where tobacco was first, 
domesticated and smoking first 

4494
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:42,900
became a complex cultural 
practice. 

4495
04:01:43,900 --> 04:01:47,500
Long before Europeans arrived in
indigenous peoples throughout 

4496
04:01:47,500 --> 04:01:51,400
North and South America, were 
cultivating tobacco and 

4497
04:01:51,400 --> 04:01:54,300
developing elaborate 
Technologies and rituals around 

4498
04:01:54,300 --> 04:01:56,600
smoking it. 
But here's something that often 

4499
04:01:56,600 --> 04:02:00,600
gets misunderstood these weren't
casual recreational practices 

4500
04:02:00,600 --> 04:02:04,200
when a Mayan priests smoked 
tobacco through a long read tube

4501
04:02:04,200 --> 04:02:07,700
or when a Cherokee Elder filled 
a ceremonial pipe with sacred 

4502
04:02:07,700 --> 04:02:11,100
tobacco mixed with other herbs, 
they were engaging in religious 

4503
04:02:11,100 --> 04:02:13,500
practice as serious as any 
Temple ceremony. 

4504
04:02:14,400 --> 04:02:17,900
The smoke from these pipes was 
medicine, Sacrament and 

4505
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:20,300
diplomatic tool all rolled into 
one. 

4506
04:02:20,300 --> 04:02:23,800
The physical experience of 
smoking tobacco through a pipe 

4507
04:02:23,800 --> 04:02:26,800
would have been intense. 
Far more so than modern 

4508
04:02:26,800 --> 04:02:29,800
cigarettes. 
Ancient tobacco varieties were 

4509
04:02:29,800 --> 04:02:33,500
significantly stronger than 
modern breeds and pipe smoking 

4510
04:02:33,500 --> 04:02:36,100
delivers nicotine more 
efficiently than modern smoking 

4511
04:02:36,100 --> 04:02:39,200
methods. 
The immediate effects mild, 

4512
04:02:39,200 --> 04:02:42,600
Euphoria slight. 
Nausea, dizziness altered 

4513
04:02:42,600 --> 04:02:44,900
perception. 
Would have reinforced the sense 

4514
04:02:44,900 --> 04:02:47,500
that something spiritually 
significant was occurring. 

4515
04:02:47,500 --> 04:02:51,100
Native American Pipe Traditions 
often, treated the pipe itself 

4516
04:02:51,100 --> 04:02:53,800
as sacred. 
Materials were chosen, 

4517
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:57,600
carefully, certain Woods 
specific stones and decorations 

4518
04:02:57,600 --> 04:03:01,800
that carried symbolic meaning. 
The process of filling lighting 

4519
04:03:01,800 --> 04:03:04,500
and smoking the pipe followed 
prescribed patterns. 

4520
04:03:04,500 --> 04:03:07,900
Smoke, might be offered to the 
Ford direction's to the Earth 

4521
04:03:07,900 --> 04:03:10,800
and Sky, or to ancestors or 
spirits. 

4522
04:03:11,700 --> 04:03:14,300
The entire practice was 
choreographed to create an 

4523
04:03:14,300 --> 04:03:17,000
experience, that was 
simultaneously, physical the 

4524
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:21,000
nicotine effects. 
Social pipes were often smoked 

4525
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:25,000
communally, and spiritual the 
ceremonial context, provided 

4526
04:03:25,000 --> 04:03:28,400
meaning in Asia different pipe 
Traditions developed around 

4527
04:03:28,400 --> 04:03:31,600
different substances. 
Chinese and Southeast Asian 

4528
04:03:31,600 --> 04:03:35,400
opium pipes represented a 
fascinating case study in how 

4529
04:03:35,400 --> 04:03:38,000
substance technology and culture
interact. 

4530
04:03:38,800 --> 04:03:42,300
Opium smoking, which became 
widespread in China during the 

4531
04:03:42,300 --> 04:03:45,800
17th and 18th. 
Centuries required, specialized 

4532
04:03:45,800 --> 04:03:50,000
equipment and technique. 
Pipes were often works of art. 

4533
04:03:50,600 --> 04:03:54,900
Bamboo stems with ceramic bowls.
Sometimes decorated with 

4534
04:03:54,900 --> 04:03:58,700
intricate carvings or inlays. 
The Opium smoking ritual was 

4535
04:03:58,700 --> 04:04:01,000
elaborate. 
The Opium had to be prepared. 

4536
04:04:01,000 --> 04:04:04,200
Cooked cleaned formed into 
pills. 

4537
04:04:04,200 --> 04:04:07,300
The pipe had to be held at the 
correct angle over a lamp. 

4538
04:04:07,300 --> 04:04:10,800
The smoker had to know exactly 
how to heat the Opium pill and 

4539
04:04:10,800 --> 04:04:14,100
when to inhale, Done correctly. 
The process. 

4540
04:04:14,100 --> 04:04:17,300
Produced a distinctive. 
Sweet smell and wave of 

4541
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:19,900
relaxation. 
That opium uses described as 

4542
04:04:19,900 --> 04:04:23,400
like floating on a warm sea. 
You should note here that opium 

4543
04:04:23,400 --> 04:04:26,300
addiction became a severe social
problem in 19th century. 

4544
04:04:26,300 --> 04:04:29,900
China with devastating 
consequences for individuals and

4545
04:04:29,900 --> 04:04:34,200
Society. but understanding the 
appeal requires acknowledging, 

4546
04:04:34,200 --> 04:04:38,000
the sensory and cycle of 
attractions of the tracks the 

4547
04:04:38,000 --> 04:04:42,400
ritual, The Taste the immediate 
relief from pain or anxiety and 

4548
04:04:42,400 --> 04:04:46,500
cleaned and the temporary escape
from difficult lives in the 

4549
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:51,700
Middle East and Central Asia 
waterpipes, who cursor's evolved

4550
04:04:51,700 --> 04:04:54,500
as a way to smoke tobacco and 
other substances with some of 

4551
04:04:54,500 --> 04:04:58,600
the harshness filtered out, The 
hookah represents sophisticated.

4552
04:04:58,600 --> 04:05:02,400
Engineering smoke is drawn 
through water which cools it and

4553
04:05:02,400 --> 04:05:05,500
removes some irritants. 
Then through a long tube to the 

4554
04:05:05,500 --> 04:05:08,800
smoker's mouth. 
Multiple people can smoke from 

4555
04:05:08,800 --> 04:05:12,900
the same hooker simultaneously. 
Making it a social technology as

4556
04:05:12,900 --> 04:05:16,600
much as a drug delivery system. 
Hookah smoking in traditional 

4557
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:19,500
Middle Eastern culture was 
allegedly practiced associated 

4558
04:05:19,500 --> 04:05:22,800
with coffee houses. 
Intellectual discussion and 

4559
04:05:22,800 --> 04:05:26,300
unhurried socializing You didn't
just smoke a hookah. 

4560
04:05:26,300 --> 04:05:29,400
You spent an evening at a hookah
lounge, talking philosophy or 

4561
04:05:29,400 --> 04:05:32,500
politics or everyday concerns 
with friends, while sharing 

4562
04:05:32,500 --> 04:05:37,000
flavored tobacco smoke, that 
tasted of Apple Rose or other 

4563
04:05:37,000 --> 04:05:40,900
aromatics? 
Practice created a specific kind

4564
04:05:40,900 --> 04:05:44,100
of social space slightly removed
from ordinary. 

4565
04:05:44,100 --> 04:05:47,200
Time were conversation could 
wander and people could relax 

4566
04:05:47,200 --> 04:05:50,500
European and American pipes 
smoking Traditions, which 

4567
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:55,100
developed primarily in the 16th 
through 19th centuries, created 

4568
04:05:55,100 --> 04:05:56,800
their own cultures around the 
practice. 

4569
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:01,400
Clay pipes, then Briar pipes 
became Technologies of 

4570
04:06:01,400 --> 04:06:04,800
contemplation. 
The ritual of choosing a backhoe

4571
04:06:04,800 --> 04:06:08,500
blend feeling the pipe properly,
lighting it with care, and 

4572
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:11,000
maintaining the burn through 
strategic puffing. 

4573
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:15,100
These actions required attention
and provided structure for 

4574
04:06:15,100 --> 04:06:20,100
thinking many scholars, writers 
and artists described pipe 

4575
04:06:20,100 --> 04:06:22,300
smoking as an aid to 
concentration and creativity. 

4576
04:06:23,400 --> 04:06:26,900
The gentle stimulation from 
nicotine combined with the 

4577
04:06:26,900 --> 04:06:30,200
meditative quality of the ritual
and the pleasant Taste of good 

4578
04:06:30,200 --> 04:06:34,100
tobacco created conditions that 
many found conducive to 

4579
04:06:34,100 --> 04:06:37,300
intellectual work. 
This wasn't just justification 

4580
04:06:37,300 --> 04:06:40,300
for a habit. 
There's evidence that moderate 

4581
04:06:40,300 --> 04:06:43,300
nicotine intake, can enhance 
certain cognitive functions, 

4582
04:06:43,300 --> 04:06:47,300
particularly sustained, 
attention the pipe itself became

4583
04:06:47,300 --> 04:06:50,700
a symbol in European and 
American culture of masculinity 

4584
04:06:50,700 --> 04:06:54,900
intellectuality Leisure or 
contemplation depending on 

4585
04:06:54,900 --> 04:06:57,600
context. 
Sherlock Holmes is Pike. 

4586
04:06:57,600 --> 04:07:01,800
Suggested his analytical mind. 
Father Christmas is pipe 

4587
04:07:01,800 --> 04:07:05,500
represented Jolly contentment. 
The pike smoking Professor 

4588
04:07:05,500 --> 04:07:09,100
became such a cultural archetype
that even people who never 

4589
04:07:09,100 --> 04:07:12,700
smoked recognized the stereo 
type, what United all these 

4590
04:07:12,700 --> 04:07:16,700
different pipe Traditions from 
Amazonian tobacco to Asian opium

4591
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:19,500
to European. 
Briar pipes was the intimate 

4592
04:07:19,500 --> 04:07:21,400
personal quality of the 
experience. 

4593
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:24,900
Unlike Temple incense. 
That filled a large space. 

4594
04:07:24,900 --> 04:07:27,900
For many people, unlike 
Physicians fumigations 

4595
04:07:27,900 --> 04:07:31,000
administers as treatment. 
Pipe smoking was about 

4596
04:07:31,000 --> 04:07:34,700
individual Consciousness, 
personal ritual and chosen 

4597
04:07:34,700 --> 04:07:38,100
moments of altered awareness. 
The pipe created a small 

4598
04:07:38,100 --> 04:07:40,600
immediate relationship between a
person and smoke. 

4599
04:07:40,600 --> 04:07:45,400
You can control every aspect 
what you smoke when you smoke 

4600
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:50,100
and how much you smoke The Smoke
Filled your mouth touched your 

4601
04:07:50,100 --> 04:07:53,900
tongue and entered your lungs or
in some traditions was only 

4602
04:07:53,900 --> 04:07:56,500
taking into the mouth. 
It was yours in a way that 

4603
04:07:56,500 --> 04:08:00,300
communal smoke wasn't this 
personal quality made pipes 

4604
04:08:00,300 --> 04:08:03,600
attractive for contemplation 
marking transitions between 

4605
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:07,400
activities and for creating 
small islands of ritual in 

4606
04:08:07,400 --> 04:08:11,100
otherwise unstructured time. you
could smoke a pipe while 

4607
04:08:11,100 --> 04:08:14,300
thinking through a problem, 
while grieving a loss or 

4608
04:08:14,300 --> 04:08:19,300
celebrating a success while 
simply watching the sun set, The

4609
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:22,600
smoke became a companion to your
thoughts. a physical 

4610
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:25,800
manifestation of the moment you 
were inhabiting different, 

4611
04:08:25,800 --> 04:08:28,800
cultures, develop different 
etiquette around pipe, smoking 

4612
04:08:29,800 --> 04:08:31,600
In some native American 
traditions. 

4613
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:34,300
Interrupting someone who was 
smoking, would be deeply 

4614
04:08:34,300 --> 04:08:37,700
disrespectful. 
The ACT demanded its own time 

4615
04:08:37,700 --> 04:08:41,000
and space in. 
Victorian England, pipe smoking 

4616
04:08:41,000 --> 04:08:44,600
was gendered male and confined 
to specific rooms or times, 

4617
04:08:44,600 --> 04:08:48,100
creating a whole architecture of
social rules about where. 

4618
04:08:48,100 --> 04:08:52,400
And when smoke was appropriate, 
In Middle Eastern coffee houses.

4619
04:08:52,400 --> 04:08:56,600
Hookah smoking was communal and 
conversational the pipe passed 

4620
04:08:56,600 --> 04:08:59,500
between friends. 
As freely as words, the sensory 

4621
04:08:59,500 --> 04:09:03,800
experience of pipe smoking 
varied enormously depending on 

4622
04:09:03,800 --> 04:09:07,500
what was being smoked and how 
Tobacco, could be sweet or 

4623
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:11,900
harsh, smooth or biting aromatic
or plain. 

4624
04:09:12,900 --> 04:09:16,200
Opium produced, a distinctive 
smell that became associated 

4625
04:09:16,200 --> 04:09:20,300
with real accusation and Escape.
Cannabis, which has been smoked 

4626
04:09:20,300 --> 04:09:23,500
in, various forms for thousands 
of years offered yet. 

4627
04:09:23,500 --> 04:09:27,600
Another sensory profile, Earth, 
Thea and more pungent than 

4628
04:09:27,600 --> 04:09:30,800
tobacco with quite different 
effect on Consciousness. 

4629
04:09:30,800 --> 04:09:34,700
What's interesting is how 
quickly pipe smoking spread once

4630
04:09:34,700 --> 04:09:38,800
global trade networks emerged in
the 16th and 17th centuries. 

4631
04:09:39,500 --> 04:09:42,700
Tobacco, which was completely 
unknown outside the Americas. 

4632
04:09:42,700 --> 04:09:47,400
Before 1492 had reached every 
inhabited continent within a 

4633
04:09:47,400 --> 04:09:49,900
century of European contact with
the new world. 

4634
04:09:50,800 --> 04:09:54,200
Pipes appeared in Africa, Asia 
Europe and Oceania with 

4635
04:09:54,200 --> 04:09:58,300
remarkable speed suggesting that
the practice answered some 

4636
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:02,400
widespread human need or desire.
This rapid spread wasn't just 

4637
04:10:02,400 --> 04:10:05,100
about nicotine addiction though.
That certainly played a role. 

4638
04:10:05,100 --> 04:10:08,800
It was also about the appeal of 
a personal ritual that could 

4639
04:10:08,800 --> 04:10:11,900
create moments of calm, in 
increasingly, complex, 

4640
04:10:11,900 --> 04:10:14,000
connected, and demanding 
societies. 

4641
04:10:15,300 --> 04:10:18,300
As the world modernized as 
traditional rhythms of 

4642
04:10:18,300 --> 04:10:20,200
agricultural. 
Life gave way to Urban. 

4643
04:10:20,200 --> 04:10:25,100
Industrial time the pipe offered
a portable personal technology 

4644
04:10:25,100 --> 04:10:27,400
for creating small moments of 
peace. 

4645
04:10:27,400 --> 04:10:30,700
Now, we approach more recent 
history that period from roughly

4646
04:10:30,700 --> 04:10:33,900
1700 to 1900. 
When the practice is we've been 

4647
04:10:33,900 --> 04:10:38,500
discussing underwent significant
transformational The Scientific 

4648
04:10:38,500 --> 04:10:41,800
Revolution was changing how 
educated people understood smoke

4649
04:10:41,800 --> 04:10:45,200
and its effects 
industrialization was changing 

4650
04:10:45,200 --> 04:10:48,100
how aromatic substances were 
produced and distributed. 

4651
04:10:49,200 --> 04:10:52,200
Colonialism was disrupting 
traditional practices while 

4652
04:10:52,200 --> 04:10:56,000
spreading them to new contexts. 
Let's consider how European 

4653
04:10:56,000 --> 04:10:58,700
expansion affected incense 
traditional worldwide. 

4654
04:10:59,700 --> 04:11:03,500
When Portuguese traders reached 
India and Southeast Asia, when 

4655
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:05,700
Spanish conquistadors, 
encountered American 

4656
04:11:05,700 --> 04:11:09,300
civilizations, and when Dutch 
Merchants established themselves

4657
04:11:09,300 --> 04:11:12,200
in Indonesia, they found 
elaborate sophisticated 

4658
04:11:12,200 --> 04:11:16,400
Traditions around aromatic 
smoke, some of these Traditions.

4659
04:11:16,400 --> 04:11:20,000
They adopted others they 
disrupted and still others. 

4660
04:11:20,000 --> 04:11:23,800
They tried to suppress Christian
missionaries for instance often 

4661
04:11:23,800 --> 04:11:27,100
viewed indigenous smoking 
practices with deep suspicion. 

4662
04:11:28,300 --> 04:11:31,700
Shamanic tobacco, use in the 
Americas look disturbingly like 

4663
04:11:31,700 --> 04:11:35,600
religious ritual, which of 
course, it was, and missionaries

4664
04:11:35,600 --> 04:11:39,400
work to suppress it as paganism.
That they had no problem with 

4665
04:11:39,400 --> 04:11:42,800
incense in their own churches, 
which was also a religious smoke

4666
04:11:42,800 --> 04:11:46,200
ritual but probably Christian 
and therefore acceptable this 

4667
04:11:46,200 --> 04:11:48,900
selective acceptance and 
rejection and created. 

4668
04:11:48,900 --> 04:11:53,200
Interesting hybrid practices in 
Latin America in indigenous 

4669
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:56,400
smoking Traditions mixed with 
Catholic incense used to create 

4670
04:11:56,400 --> 04:12:01,600
something new In India Hindu 
incense practices continued but 

4671
04:12:01,600 --> 04:12:05,800
also influenced British colonial
Culture by the Victorian era, 

4672
04:12:05,800 --> 04:12:10,300
wealthy British, homes routinely
burned in Indian incense, though

4673
04:12:10,300 --> 04:12:13,300
usually stripped of their 
original religious meanings and 

4674
04:12:13,300 --> 04:12:16,100
appreciated primarily for their 
exotic fragrance. 

4675
04:12:16,100 --> 04:12:20,100
The scientific study of smoke 
and its effects began in Earnest

4676
04:12:20,100 --> 04:12:23,500
during this period. 
Chemists started analyzing the 

4677
04:12:23,500 --> 04:12:25,900
compounds and various aromatic 
substances. 

4678
04:12:25,900 --> 04:12:30,100
Identifying specific molecules 
responsible for particular, 

4679
04:12:30,100 --> 04:12:33,800
smells or effects. 
Physicians began conducting 

4680
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:37,700
something resembling clinical 
trials testing, whether the 

4681
04:12:37,700 --> 04:12:40,300
therapeutic smoking actually 
worked for the conditions. 

4682
04:12:40,300 --> 04:12:44,000
It was prescribed to treat some 
traditional smoke remedies held 

4683
04:12:44,000 --> 04:12:46,300
up reasonably well under 
scientific scrutiny. 

4684
04:12:46,300 --> 04:12:50,000
Yes, eucalyptus smoke does help 
respiratory problems. 

4685
04:12:50,000 --> 04:12:53,400
We can now explain exactly why 
in terms of chemical 

4686
04:12:53,400 --> 04:12:56,200
constituents and their 
interactions with human 

4687
04:12:56,200 --> 04:12:59,600
respiratory tissues other 
traditional practices didn't 

4688
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:02,900
fare as well. 
No smoke from burnt goat hair 

4689
04:13:02,900 --> 04:13:06,200
will not cure epilepsy 
regardless of what ancient 

4690
04:13:06,200 --> 04:13:09,500
Physicians believed that this 
scientific understanding also 

4691
04:13:09,500 --> 04:13:13,900
strips of much of its mystery 
and symbolic power When aromatic

4692
04:13:13,900 --> 04:13:17,400
smoke become merely a delivery 
mechanism for specific chemical 

4693
04:13:17,400 --> 04:13:20,000
compounds. 
It loses something of its 

4694
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:22,400
capacity to carry, meaning 
beyond the physical. 

4695
04:13:23,400 --> 04:13:26,900
Therapy of smoke knowledge. 
Made practices more effective in

4696
04:13:26,900 --> 04:13:30,000
some ways while making them less
meaningful in others. 

4697
04:13:30,000 --> 04:13:33,900
Industrialization changed the 
incense trade dramatically. 

4698
04:13:34,800 --> 04:13:38,200
Instead of rare resins carried 
across continents by Caravan 

4699
04:13:38,200 --> 04:13:42,900
aromatic substances could be 
synthesized in factories or at 

4700
04:13:42,900 --> 04:13:45,500
least mass produced from 
Plantation grown materials. 

4701
04:13:45,500 --> 04:13:50,000
This made incense much cheaper 
and more widely available which 

4702
04:13:50,000 --> 04:13:53,600
was good for Access but not so 
good for the sense of precious 

4703
04:13:53,600 --> 04:13:57,300
Rarity that had surrounded 
aromatics for thousands of 

4704
04:13:57,300 --> 04:14:00,100
years. 
The 19th century also saw 

4705
04:14:00,100 --> 04:14:02,800
increasing concerns about 
smoking health effects 

4706
04:14:03,800 --> 04:14:06,900
Physicians who had once 
prescribed therapeutic smoking 

4707
04:14:06,900 --> 04:14:09,900
began noticing that heavy 
smokers seem to develop 

4708
04:14:09,900 --> 04:14:13,800
distinctive health problems. 
The connection between tobacco 

4709
04:14:13,800 --> 04:14:16,400
and various diseases was 
beginning to be recognized 

4710
04:14:16,400 --> 04:14:20,100
though, it would take until the 
mid-20th century before the full

4711
04:14:20,100 --> 04:14:23,400
scope of smoking. 
Health impacts became clear this

4712
04:14:23,400 --> 04:14:26,900
created an interesting 
Divergence Temple incense and 

4713
04:14:26,900 --> 04:14:29,200
aromatic smoke for atmosphere 
remained relatively 

4714
04:14:29,200 --> 04:14:32,400
uncontroversial. 
People recognized, you were 

4715
04:14:32,408 --> 04:14:35,000
inhaling enough smoke in these 
context to cause health 

4716
04:14:35,000 --> 04:14:38,000
problems. 
But Pike, smoking and specially 

4717
04:14:38,000 --> 04:14:41,700
cigarette smoking came under 
increasing scrutiny as evidence 

4718
04:14:41,700 --> 04:14:43,800
mounted. 
That regular smoke, inhalation, 

4719
04:14:43,800 --> 04:14:48,000
damaged lungs, and contributed 
to various diseases, the 

4720
04:14:48,000 --> 04:14:50,400
cigarette which became dominant 
in the 20th. 

4721
04:14:50,400 --> 04:14:54,400
Century represented a departure 
from older smoking traditions in

4722
04:14:54,400 --> 04:14:57,300
important ways. 
Cigarettes were Industrial 

4723
04:14:57,300 --> 04:15:01,600
Products, uniform mass produced 
and designed for quick 

4724
04:15:01,600 --> 04:15:04,600
consumption rather than 
contemplative ritual. 

4725
04:15:06,000 --> 04:15:09,900
The cigarette breaks, the pipe 
smoking session, same basic 

4726
04:15:09,900 --> 04:15:13,600
activity but compressed hurried 
and stripped of most ceremonial 

4727
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:16,300
elements where pipe smoking had 
required. 

4728
04:15:16,300 --> 04:15:18,900
Some skill and tension. 
You had to pack the pipe 

4729
04:15:18,900 --> 04:15:20,600
properly. 
Keep it lit and manage. 

4730
04:15:20,600 --> 04:15:23,400
The ash cigarette. 
Smoking was nearly effortless. 

4731
04:15:24,200 --> 04:15:27,800
Striker match. 
Inhale, exhale, repeat. 

4732
04:15:28,800 --> 04:15:31,900
This ease of use contributed to 
much higher consumption rates 

4733
04:15:31,900 --> 04:15:33,700
and consequently much worse, 
Health outcomes. 

4734
04:15:35,400 --> 04:15:38,800
Cigarette was Smoke, practice 
optimized for nicotine delivery 

4735
04:15:38,800 --> 04:15:43,200
rather than for ritual, 
contemplation or social bonding 

4736
04:15:43,200 --> 04:15:46,600
yet even cigarettes acquired 
their own rituals and meanings. 

4737
04:15:47,500 --> 04:15:50,300
The sharing of cigarettes 
between soldiers created bonds, 

4738
04:15:50,300 --> 04:15:54,800
the offered cigarette, became a 
social gesture, the lighting of 

4739
04:15:54,800 --> 04:15:58,100
someone else's cigarette had its
own etiquette and even romantic 

4740
04:15:58,100 --> 04:16:01,400
connotations. 
Humans, it seems will create 

4741
04:16:01,400 --> 04:16:04,700
ritual around any repeated 
practice, even in industrial 

4742
04:16:04,700 --> 04:16:07,300
ones. 
Meanwhile, incense Traditions 

4743
04:16:07,300 --> 04:16:10,800
continued to evolve in various 
directions, in Japan. 

4744
04:16:10,800 --> 04:16:13,600
Kodo. 
The way of incense became 

4745
04:16:13,600 --> 04:16:17,400
increasingly refined as an 
aesthetic practice separate from

4746
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:20,600
religious contexts. 
Practitioners learn to 

4747
04:16:20,600 --> 04:16:22,800
distinguish. 
Hundreds of different aromatic 

4748
04:16:22,800 --> 04:16:27,100
Woods to appreciate subtle 
differences in fragrance and to 

4749
04:16:27,100 --> 04:16:31,300
use incense as a focus for 
meditation and mindfulness. it 

4750
04:16:31,300 --> 04:16:34,700
was like wine tasting but for 
smoke and equally sophisticated 

4751
04:16:34,700 --> 04:16:39,000
in India, the ancient traditions
of incense making continued but 

4752
04:16:39,000 --> 04:16:42,600
also adapted to Modern Commerce 
Factories and cities like 

4753
04:16:42,600 --> 04:16:45,600
Bangalore produced incense 
sticks in enormous quantities, 

4754
04:16:45,600 --> 04:16:49,100
maintaining traditional 
formulations while using modern 

4755
04:16:49,100 --> 04:16:53,100
manufacturing techniques. 
Smell of Jasmine or Sandalwood, 

4756
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:55,600
incense became associated with 
Indian culture. 

4757
04:16:55,600 --> 04:17:00,100
Generally carried worldwide by 
the Indian diaspora Western 

4758
04:17:00,100 --> 04:17:04,100
counterculture movements in the 
1960s and seventies rediscovered

4759
04:17:04,100 --> 04:17:07,500
incense and brought it into 
mainstream Euro American 

4760
04:17:07,500 --> 04:17:10,700
culture. 
Young people burning nag Champa 

4761
04:17:10,700 --> 04:17:12,500
in their apartment were 
participating. 

4762
04:17:12,500 --> 04:17:16,700
Often unknowingly in Smoke 
Traditions that stretched back, 

4763
04:17:16,700 --> 04:17:21,200
thousands of years. 
The contexts have changed the 

4764
04:17:21,200 --> 04:17:23,400
hemeon flats rather than ancient
temples. 

4765
04:17:23,400 --> 04:17:27,300
But the basic practice of 
filling a space with aromatic 

4766
04:17:27,300 --> 04:17:28,700
smoke remained. 
The same. 

4767
04:17:28,700 --> 04:17:32,800
This period also saw renewed 
interest in indigenous smoking 

4768
04:17:32,800 --> 04:17:36,200
practices, particularly 
Ayahuasca ceremonies and similar

4769
04:17:36,200 --> 04:17:39,000
traditions. 
Some of this interest was 

4770
04:17:39,000 --> 04:17:40,900
respectful and carefully 
conducted. 

4771
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:45,700
Some of it amounted to cultural 
appropriation with sacred 

4772
04:17:45,700 --> 04:17:49,200
practices stripped from their 
original context and treated as 

4773
04:17:49,200 --> 04:17:52,600
recreational drug use. 
The distinction matters. 

4774
04:17:52,600 --> 04:17:56,300
There's a difference between 
participating meaningfully in a 

4775
04:17:56,300 --> 04:18:00,400
tradition and simply consuming 
exotic experiences, as you 

4776
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:03,300
Nestle deeper into your blankets
and notice how your own 

4777
04:18:03,308 --> 04:18:05,400
breathing is slowed while 
reading this story. 

4778
04:18:05,400 --> 04:18:08,800
Let's turn to what modern 
science has discovered about why

4779
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:11,700
smoke based practices affect as 
the way they do. 

4780
04:18:11,700 --> 04:18:15,400
Understanding the mechanisms, 
doesn't diminish The Experience,

4781
04:18:15,400 --> 04:18:20,000
if anything it reveals, how 
intuitive our ancestors were in 

4782
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:22,800
their observations, the human 
olfactory system. 

4783
04:18:22,800 --> 04:18:27,100
Your sense of smell is directly 
connected to the limbic system. 

4784
04:18:27,100 --> 04:18:30,500
Those ancient structures deep in
your brain that process in 

4785
04:18:30,500 --> 04:18:34,100
motion and memory. 
This is why certain smells can 

4786
04:18:34,100 --> 04:18:37,900
instantly transport you to 
Childhood the vote powerful 

4787
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:42,100
emotional responses, or creative
feelings of calm or anxiety. 

4788
04:18:43,600 --> 04:18:47,200
When you smell incense or 
aromatic smoke the molecules 

4789
04:18:47,200 --> 04:18:50,800
trigger, not just sensory 
perception, but emotional and 

4790
04:18:50,800 --> 04:18:53,700
memory response is that bypass 
conscious reasoning. 

4791
04:18:53,700 --> 04:18:57,200
Ancient people didn't know about
the limbic system but they 

4792
04:18:57,200 --> 04:18:59,800
certainly knew that certain 
smells made them feel certain 

4793
04:18:59,800 --> 04:19:02,300
ways. 
They were working with the same 

4794
04:19:02,300 --> 04:19:05,500
neurological architecture. 
We have today conducting 

4795
04:19:05,500 --> 04:19:08,200
empirical experiments and 
altering their own Consciousness

4796
04:19:08,200 --> 04:19:11,300
and carefully noting which 
plants produced which affects 

4797
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:14,000
modern. 
Chemistry is identified the 

4798
04:19:14,000 --> 04:19:16,900
specific compounds responsible 
for many traditional incense 

4799
04:19:16,900 --> 04:19:20,500
effects. 
Frankincense contains boswellic 

4800
04:19:20,500 --> 04:19:23,700
acids and other molecules that 
have genuine anti-inflammatory 

4801
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:27,000
and anxiolytic anxiety. 
Reducing properties. 

4802
04:19:27,900 --> 04:19:31,600
When burned frankincense 
releases these compounds in a 

4803
04:19:31,600 --> 04:19:34,100
form that can be absorbed 
through the respiratory system, 

4804
04:19:34,100 --> 04:19:38,000
producing measurable effects on 
brain, chemistry and emotional 

4805
04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:42,800
state, lavender, smoke contains 
lanole, and Lionel acetate 

4806
04:19:42,800 --> 04:19:46,100
compounds that have been shown 
in laboratory studies, to 

4807
04:19:46,100 --> 04:19:48,500
reduce, stress hormones, and 
promote relaxation. 

4808
04:19:49,400 --> 04:19:52,800
The Greeks and Romans who burned
lavender to promote, calmness 

4809
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:56,700
weren't just engaging in 
Superstition, they were using a 

4810
04:19:56,700 --> 04:20:00,700
substance that genuinely affects
human neurobiology and ways that

4811
04:20:00,700 --> 04:20:03,900
reduce anxiety. 
Similarly, the therapeutic 

4812
04:20:03,900 --> 04:20:07,800
smoking practices of ancient 
Physicians often prescribed 

4813
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:12,800
genuinely effective substances. 
When Chinese doctors recommended

4814
04:20:12,800 --> 04:20:15,100
smoking Moen for respiratory 
problems. 

4815
04:20:15,100 --> 04:20:17,900
They were unknowingly. 
Prescribing a feed dream. 

4816
04:20:17,900 --> 04:20:22,900
A powerful Broncho dilator. 
When Indian ayurvedic Physicians

4817
04:20:22,900 --> 04:20:26,400
prescribed, cannabis smoke, for 
various conditions, they were 

4818
04:20:26,400 --> 04:20:29,400
using a substance with 
documented effects on pain. 

4819
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:32,200
Nausea, and several other 
symptoms. 

4820
04:20:32,200 --> 04:20:36,100
Modern Neuroscience has also 
helped explain why ritual and 

4821
04:20:36,100 --> 04:20:38,600
setting matters so much for 
smoked based practices. 

4822
04:20:39,600 --> 04:20:42,100
The brain doesn't just respond 
to chemical compounds. 

4823
04:20:42,100 --> 04:20:45,500
It responds to expectations 
context and meaning. 

4824
04:20:46,500 --> 04:20:48,900
When you burn incense in a 
context, you've learned to 

4825
04:20:48,900 --> 04:20:51,800
associate with relaxation or 
spiritual experience. 

4826
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:55,600
Your brain begins producing the 
associated response before. 

4827
04:20:55,600 --> 04:20:59,100
You've even inhaled any smoke, 
this isn't just cycle. 

4828
04:20:59,100 --> 04:21:02,900
By the way, the expectation of 
relaxation triggers real. 

4829
04:21:02,900 --> 04:21:06,600
Measurable changes in brain 
chemistry, increase serotonin, 

4830
04:21:06,600 --> 04:21:10,900
and dopamine, and decreased 
quarters, all, and adrenaline A 

4831
04:21:10,900 --> 04:21:13,800
chemical compounds in the smoke 
then enhance and extend these 

4832
04:21:13,800 --> 04:21:16,500
changes creating a synergistic 
effect. 

4833
04:21:16,500 --> 04:21:19,500
That's more powerful than either
context or chemistry alone, 

4834
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:23,500
breathing patterns matter too 
and this is something ancient 

4835
04:21:23,500 --> 04:21:25,400
practitioners understood 
intuitively. 

4836
04:21:26,700 --> 04:21:29,800
When you deliberately slow and 
deepen, your breathing to inhale

4837
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:33,900
aromatic smoke, your activating,
your parasympathetic nervous 

4838
04:21:33,900 --> 04:21:37,700
system, the rest and digest mode
that counteract stress 

4839
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:41,300
responses, the compounds in the 
Smoke, enhance this effect. 

4840
04:21:42,300 --> 04:21:45,000
The breathing pattern itself is 
doing significant work. 

4841
04:21:45,000 --> 04:21:48,600
This explains why similar 
practices emerged in different 

4842
04:21:48,600 --> 04:21:53,700
cultures humans everywhere have 
the same basic neurobiology, the

4843
04:21:53,700 --> 04:21:57,700
same limbic system responses to 
aromatic compounds and the same 

4844
04:21:57,700 --> 04:22:01,000
parasympathetic relaxation 
response to slow breathing 

4845
04:22:01,800 --> 04:22:06,300
Ancient peoples in China, India 
Rome and the Americas 

4846
04:22:06,300 --> 04:22:10,000
independently discovered that 
burning certain plants and 

4847
04:22:10,000 --> 04:22:13,900
breathing the smoke deeply 
produce specific desirable 

4848
04:22:13,900 --> 04:22:17,000
effects because they were all 
working with the same human 

4849
04:22:17,000 --> 04:22:19,500
Hardware. 
Modern research has also 

4850
04:22:19,500 --> 04:22:22,400
revealed some unexpected 
benefits of certain aromatic 

4851
04:22:22,400 --> 04:22:24,700
compounds. 
Rosemary smoke. 

4852
04:22:24,700 --> 04:22:28,400
For instance, contains molecules
that appear to enhance memory 

4853
04:22:28,400 --> 04:22:31,900
and cognitive function. 
Studies of shown that people 

4854
04:22:31,900 --> 04:22:34,700
performing memory tasks in rooms
centered with Rose. 

4855
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:36,700
Marie performed better than 
control groups. 

4856
04:22:37,600 --> 04:22:40,500
Ancient peoples who burned Rose 
Marie while studying, or before 

4857
04:22:40,500 --> 04:22:44,100
important meeting's, may have 
been unwittingly using a genuine

4858
04:22:44,100 --> 04:22:47,600
cognitive. 
Interestingly, the communal 

4859
04:22:47,600 --> 04:22:51,900
aspects of smoke practices also 
have measurable effects. when 

4860
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:55,100
people participate in shared 
rituals whether religious 

4861
04:22:55,100 --> 04:22:58,800
incense ceremonies or communal 
pipes smoke smoking their stress

4862
04:22:58,800 --> 04:23:02,300
hormones, decrease their sense 
of social connection increases 

4863
04:23:02,300 --> 04:23:06,000
and various measures of 
well-being improve The smoke is 

4864
04:23:06,008 --> 04:23:09,200
part of this. 
But so is the ritual itself, the

4865
04:23:09,200 --> 04:23:12,900
shared experience and the sense 
of participating in something 

4866
04:23:12,900 --> 04:23:16,300
larger than yourself, The 
placebo effects we mentioned 

4867
04:23:16,300 --> 04:23:18,400
earlier. 
Turn out to be far more complex 

4868
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:19,800
and interesting than once 
thought. 

4869
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:23,800
Modern research shows that 
Placebo responses involve 

4870
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:27,200
genuine changes in 
neurotransmitter levels immune 

4871
04:23:27,200 --> 04:23:29,000
function and even gene 
expression. 

4872
04:23:30,000 --> 04:23:33,400
When ancient healers conducted 
elaborate smoke rituals for sick

4873
04:23:33,400 --> 04:23:36,600
patients, they were triggering 
healing responses that were as 

4874
04:23:36,600 --> 04:23:38,900
real as any pharmaceutical 
effect. 

4875
04:23:39,700 --> 04:23:42,500
Even if the mechanisms were 
completely different from what 

4876
04:23:42,500 --> 04:23:46,300
the healers believed there are 
also risks and modern science as

4877
04:23:46,300 --> 04:23:49,700
made these clearer than ever. 
Regular smoke, inhalation, 

4878
04:23:49,700 --> 04:23:53,600
regardless of the substance 
damages respiratory tissues and 

4879
04:23:53,600 --> 04:23:57,400
increases risks of various 
cancers and lung diseases. the 

4880
04:23:57,400 --> 04:24:00,600
difference between occasional 
ceremonial incense exposure in 

4881
04:24:00,600 --> 04:24:03,400
Daily tobacco smoking is 
enormous in terms of health 

4882
04:24:03,400 --> 04:24:07,600
outcomes Even aromatic smoke in 
high concentrations can be 

4883
04:24:07,600 --> 04:24:09,800
problematic for people with 
respiratory conditions. 

4884
04:24:09,800 --> 04:24:12,300
This creates an interesting 
tension. 

4885
04:24:13,300 --> 04:24:15,000
The practices we've been 
discussing. 

4886
04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:19,000
Do have genuine effects. 
Cycleogical neurological and 

4887
04:24:19,000 --> 04:24:22,200
social. 
But they also carry risks that 

4888
04:24:22,200 --> 04:24:24,800
increase with frequency and 
intensity of use. 

4889
04:24:25,500 --> 04:24:27,900
Ancient peoples. 
Generally use these practices 

4890
04:24:27,900 --> 04:24:31,100
more sparingly than modern 
recreational smokers, which 

4891
04:24:31,100 --> 04:24:34,300
likely limited health impacts 
while preserving the ritual and 

4892
04:24:34,300 --> 04:24:36,800
psychological benefits. 
The modern scientific 

4893
04:24:36,800 --> 04:24:40,000
understanding of smoke and its 
effect suggests that our 

4894
04:24:40,000 --> 04:24:43,100
ancestors were remarkably 
sophisticated observers of human

4895
04:24:43,100 --> 04:24:46,100
consciousness and the substances
that alter it. 

4896
04:24:46,900 --> 04:24:49,200
They couldn't explain the 
mechanisms in terms of 

4897
04:24:49,200 --> 04:24:52,700
neurotransmitters and receptor 
sites but they could reliably 

4898
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:56,100
predict that burning substance 
in context why would produce 

4899
04:24:56,100 --> 04:24:58,800
affect zeed? 
That's empirical science. 

4900
04:24:58,800 --> 04:25:02,800
Even without the theoretical 
Frameworks, we've added now as 

4901
04:25:02,800 --> 04:25:06,300
we move into the present day, 
the story of smoke becomes more 

4902
04:25:06,300 --> 04:25:10,000
personal and immediate You might
have your own experience as with

4903
04:25:10,000 --> 04:25:14,100
incense with the smell of wood 
smoke from a fireplace with the 

4904
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:18,600
lingering Aroma of sage or sweet
grass or with memories attached 

4905
04:25:18,600 --> 04:25:21,300
to particular sense that rise 
and curling wiste's. 

4906
04:25:21,300 --> 04:25:24,800
The relationship between modern 
people and aromatic smokers. 

4907
04:25:24,800 --> 04:25:27,600
Complicated, full of 
contradictions that would have 

4908
04:25:27,600 --> 04:25:30,900
baffled our ancestors. 
We know more about the chemistry

4909
04:25:30,900 --> 04:25:34,200
and health effects than any 
previous generation yet, we 

4910
04:25:34,200 --> 04:25:38,200
often use this knowledge poorly.
We have access to aromatics from

4911
04:25:38,200 --> 04:25:41,600
around the world at prices, that
would Astound ancient Merchants.

4912
04:25:41,600 --> 04:25:45,300
Yet, we often fail to appreciate
the depth of traditions behind 

4913
04:25:45,300 --> 04:25:47,400
them. 
Walk into most metaphysical 

4914
04:25:47,400 --> 04:25:51,200
bookstores, yoga studios, or 
wellness centers in the western 

4915
04:25:51,200 --> 04:25:54,900
world, and you'll find incense 
for sale often. 

4916
04:25:54,900 --> 04:25:59,300
Nag Champa from India, but also 
white sage bundles Palo. 

4917
04:25:59,300 --> 04:26:03,300
Santo sticks, copal resin and 
various other aromatics from 

4918
04:26:03,300 --> 04:26:07,300
Traditions worldwide. 
This represents unprecedented 

4919
04:26:07,300 --> 04:26:10,700
access to global smoke 
Traditions, but also races 

4920
04:26:10,700 --> 04:26:14,100
question about cultural 
appropriation sustainable 

4921
04:26:14,100 --> 04:26:17,700
harvesting and where the 
transplanted practice is retain 

4922
04:26:17,700 --> 04:26:20,600
their meaning, outside their 
original contexts. 

4923
04:26:21,300 --> 04:26:25,300
The white sage situation is 
particularly instructive. white 

4924
04:26:25,300 --> 04:26:29,200
sages sacred to various Native 
American people's, particularly 

4925
04:26:29,200 --> 04:26:34,000
in California and the south west
Smudging with white sage burning

4926
04:26:34,000 --> 04:26:35,500
bundles of the dried. 
Herbed. 

4927
04:26:35,500 --> 04:26:39,300
Purifier spaces is an important 
practice in these traditions. 

4928
04:26:40,200 --> 04:26:43,400
But commercial harvesting has 
put white sage populations under

4929
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:47,600
pressure and seeing their sacred
plants sold in every new age 

4930
04:26:47,600 --> 04:26:50,900
shop, understandably, bothers, 
many Native Americans. 

4931
04:26:50,900 --> 04:26:55,100
This is the smoke traditional 
encountering globalization and 

4932
04:26:55,100 --> 04:26:57,600
it's complicated. 
On one hand. 

4933
04:26:57,600 --> 04:27:00,800
People worldwide seeking calm 
and purification through 

4934
04:27:00,800 --> 04:27:04,400
aromatic, smoke are 
participating in fundamentally 

4935
04:27:04,400 --> 04:27:06,800
human practices that transcend 
culture. 

4936
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:09,800
On the other hand. 
There's something troubling 

4937
04:27:09,800 --> 04:27:13,200
about sacred Traditions being 
commodified and stripped of 

4938
04:27:13,200 --> 04:27:16,700
their contexts. 
The smoke Remains the Same but 

4939
04:27:16,700 --> 04:27:18,500
the meaning has changed in 
Translation. 

4940
04:27:18,500 --> 04:27:22,600
Meanwhile, incense traditions in
their homelands continue to 

4941
04:27:22,600 --> 04:27:26,800
evolve Visitor Buddhist temple, 
in Taiwan Thailand or Japan. 

4942
04:27:26,800 --> 04:27:30,600
And you'll find practices that 
combine ancient formulations 

4943
04:27:30,600 --> 04:27:34,400
with modern sensibilities. 
The incense might be made using 

4944
04:27:34,400 --> 04:27:37,100
traditional recipes but 
manufactured in climate 

4945
04:27:37,100 --> 04:27:40,600
controlled facilities with 
quality testing that ensures 

4946
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:44,000
consistent products. 
The rituals continue. 

4947
04:27:44,000 --> 04:27:46,900
But in buildings that have 
electric lights, air 

4948
04:27:46,900 --> 04:27:50,700
conditioning, and live stream 
services for distant devotees in

4949
04:27:50,700 --> 04:27:53,000
India. 
The incense industry has become 

4950
04:27:53,008 --> 04:27:57,000
a significant economic sector 
employing, thousands of people 

4951
04:27:57,000 --> 04:27:58,600
in traditional craft 
manufacturing. 

4952
04:27:58,600 --> 04:28:02,900
That's been modernized without 
being completely industrialized.

4953
04:28:03,700 --> 04:28:06,100
Families that have made incense 
for Generations. 

4954
04:28:06,100 --> 04:28:09,200
Now export their products 
globally while maintaining 

4955
04:28:09,200 --> 04:28:12,100
recipes and techniques passed 
down through the centuries. 

4956
04:28:12,100 --> 04:28:16,400
Its traditional adapting to 
modernity finding ways to 

4957
04:28:16,400 --> 04:28:20,200
continue that don't require 
rejecting change entirely the 

4958
04:28:20,200 --> 04:28:23,500
medical use of aromatic smoke as
largely disappeared in developed

4959
04:28:23,500 --> 04:28:26,600
countries, replaced by more 
reliable pharmaceutical. 

4960
04:28:26,600 --> 04:28:29,700
Approaches the doctor isn't 
going to prescribe therapeutic 

4961
04:28:29,700 --> 04:28:31,700
fumigation for your respiratory 
infection. 

4962
04:28:31,700 --> 04:28:34,500
They'll give you antibiotics or 
antivirals. 

4963
04:28:35,500 --> 04:28:39,100
That aroma therapy, the use of 
essential oils and aromatic 

4964
04:28:39,100 --> 04:28:43,100
compounds for cycle and Mild. 
Physical benefits has found a 

4965
04:28:43,100 --> 04:28:46,900
niche as complementary medicine,
essential oil, diffusers 

4966
04:28:46,900 --> 04:28:49,500
represent an interesting 
evolution of smoke practice, 

4967
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:52,200
instead of burning our aromatic 
substances. 

4968
04:28:52,200 --> 04:28:55,100
These devices vaporize essential
oils in water. 

4969
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:59,400
Creating a fragrant Mist that 
disperses through a room its 

4970
04:28:59,400 --> 04:29:02,900
smoke without combustion 
aromatics without Ash. 

4971
04:29:03,600 --> 04:29:06,600
And a sanitized version of 
ancient practices adapted for 

4972
04:29:06,600 --> 04:29:09,500
modern homes that have smoked 
detectors and fire codes. 

4973
04:29:09,500 --> 04:29:13,000
Does it work? 
Yes, and no. 

4974
04:29:14,200 --> 04:29:17,000
The aromatic compounds still 
affect the limbic system. 

4975
04:29:17,000 --> 04:29:20,700
Still produce psychological 
responses and still create 

4976
04:29:20,700 --> 04:29:24,100
Pleasant environments. 
But something is lost when you 

4977
04:29:24,100 --> 04:29:26,200
remove the visual element of 
smoke Rising. 

4978
04:29:27,100 --> 04:29:30,900
Slight edge of danger from 
working with fire and the 

4979
04:29:30,900 --> 04:29:34,300
ritualized aspects of preparing 
and lighting incense. 

4980
04:29:35,100 --> 04:29:38,400
The diffuser is more convenient 
and probably safer but 

4981
04:29:38,400 --> 04:29:41,800
convenience and safety are the 
only values that matter, the 

4982
04:29:41,800 --> 04:29:44,900
cigarette culture that dominated
much of the 20th century as 

4983
04:29:44,900 --> 04:29:48,100
finally, declining as health 
consequences, become undeniable 

4984
04:29:48,100 --> 04:29:50,800
and social acceptance of 
evaporate. 

4985
04:29:51,900 --> 04:29:54,200
Fewer people. 
Smoke cigarettes now than at any

4986
04:29:54,200 --> 04:29:56,100
time. 
Since the 1920s in most 

4987
04:29:56,100 --> 04:29:59,700
developed countries. 
This is undoubtedly good for 

4988
04:29:59,700 --> 04:30:03,000
public health but it's also 
removed one of the few remaining

4989
04:30:03,000 --> 04:30:05,500
widespread smoke practices from 
everyday life. 

4990
04:30:05,500 --> 04:30:09,000
Some of this void is being 
filled by cannabis legalization 

4991
04:30:09,000 --> 04:30:13,100
in various jurisdictions. 
As cannabis become legal for 

4992
04:30:13,100 --> 04:30:16,900
recreational, use New Traditions
and practices are emerging 

4993
04:30:16,900 --> 04:30:21,500
around its consumption. some of 
these Echo older Traditions, the

4994
04:30:21,500 --> 04:30:25,200
past joint as a social bonding 
ritual has parallels to passed 

4995
04:30:25,200 --> 04:30:29,000
pipes and various cultures 
Others are distinctly, modern 

4996
04:30:29,000 --> 04:30:32,400
vaporizes and Edibles 
representing, approaches to 

4997
04:30:32,400 --> 04:30:35,800
cannabis consumption, that 
minimize or eliminate smoke 

4998
04:30:35,800 --> 04:30:38,300
entirely. 
The use of incense and religious

4999
04:30:38,300 --> 04:30:43,100
and spiritual contexts continues
worldwide relatively unchanged 

5000
04:30:43,100 --> 04:30:45,300
by modernities other 
transformations. 

5001
04:30:46,000 --> 04:30:49,900
Walk into a Catholic Church 
during high mass visit a Hindu 

5002
04:30:49,900 --> 04:30:53,600
temple during Puja or attend. 
A Buddhist Meditation session. 

5003
04:30:53,600 --> 04:30:57,100
You'll encounter aromatic smoke 
being used for purposes, that 

5004
04:30:57,100 --> 04:31:00,400
would be instantly recognizable 
to practitioners from centuries 

5005
04:31:00,400 --> 04:31:03,100
ago. 
This continuity is remarkable 

5006
04:31:03,100 --> 04:31:06,800
given how much else has changed?
Interestingly, there's been a 

5007
04:31:06,800 --> 04:31:09,900
modern Revival of interest in 
contemplative practices 

5008
04:31:09,900 --> 04:31:12,600
generally and incense as 
followed along. 

5009
04:31:13,700 --> 04:31:16,700
Mindfulness meditation, which 
has become surprisingly 

5010
04:31:16,700 --> 04:31:20,700
mainstream in secular Western 
culture, often incorporates 

5011
04:31:20,700 --> 04:31:24,500
incense as a focus for attention
or simply as atmosphere. 

5012
04:31:25,700 --> 04:31:29,400
Practice has been stripped of 
religious associations but 

5013
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:33,500
retains the basic Insight that 
aromatic smoke can help create 

5014
04:31:33,500 --> 04:31:36,800
mental States conducive to Karma
weariness. 

5015
04:31:36,800 --> 04:31:41,100
The Japanese incense ceremony 
codo has even founded here at 

5016
04:31:41,100 --> 04:31:44,900
Japan though whether these 
practitioners fully appreciate 

5017
04:31:44,900 --> 04:31:47,600
the aesthetic and philosophical 
depth of the tradition is 

5018
04:31:47,600 --> 04:31:51,000
debatable. 
Still, the fact that people are 

5019
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:53,700
willing to spend hours learning 
to distinguish subtle, 

5020
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:57,700
differences and aromatic Woods 
suggest that ancient approaches 

5021
04:31:57,700 --> 04:32:00,500
to smoke. 
Appreciation can still resonate 

5022
04:32:00,500 --> 04:32:04,300
with modern sensibilities. 
Environmental concerns are 

5023
04:32:04,300 --> 04:32:06,700
adding New Dimensions to how we 
think about smoke. 

5024
04:32:07,500 --> 04:32:10,500
Burning incidents or anything 
else releases particular matter 

5025
04:32:10,500 --> 04:32:12,700
and various chemicals into the 
air. 

5026
04:32:13,600 --> 04:32:17,700
Indoor air quality has become a 
recognized Health concern and 

5027
04:32:17,700 --> 04:32:20,600
burning substances indoors 
regularly isn't great for it. 

5028
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:24,500
This creates another tension. 
The practice is that brought 

5029
04:32:24,500 --> 04:32:28,000
calm to countless Generations. 
Now faced questions about 

5030
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:30,200
whether they're worth the 
environmental and health costs. 

5031
04:32:30,200 --> 04:32:34,000
There's all the simple fact that
many modern people don't know 

5032
04:32:34,000 --> 04:32:38,000
how to safely work with fire. 
We've outsourced flame to gas. 

5033
04:32:38,000 --> 04:32:39,900
Stoves furnaces and pilot 
lights. 

5034
04:32:39,900 --> 04:32:43,700
Controlled automatic required. 
No attention. 

5035
04:32:44,600 --> 04:32:47,500
The idea of deliberately 
lighting something on fire and 

5036
04:32:47,500 --> 04:32:49,900
managing it while. 
It burns is foreign to people 

5037
04:32:49,900 --> 04:32:52,800
who've grown up with smoke 
detectors, the sound at the 

5038
04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:57,700
first hint of combustion. 
Ancient practice is assumed a 

5039
04:32:57,700 --> 04:33:00,900
comfort level with fire. 
That many modern people simply 

5040
04:33:00,900 --> 04:33:05,300
lack yet, the fundamental human 
responses to aromatic smoke have

5041
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:08,200
not changed. 
When you smell Sandalwood or 

5042
04:33:08,200 --> 04:33:11,800
frankincense, your brain, 
processes it using the same 

5043
04:33:11,800 --> 04:33:15,099
neural Pathways that lit up in 
an ancient Egyptians brain. 

5044
04:33:16,000 --> 04:33:19,500
When you watch smoke curl and 
Rise, you're seeing the same 

5045
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:22,700
patterns that fascinated 
Mesopotamian diviners. 

5046
04:33:23,800 --> 04:33:26,700
When you associate certain 
smells with calm or 

5047
04:33:26,700 --> 04:33:30,500
contemplation your participating
in conditioning processes, that 

5048
04:33:30,500 --> 04:33:33,800
humans have been using for 
Millennia as we approach the end

5049
04:33:33,800 --> 04:33:35,400
of our journey through Smoke's 
history. 

5050
04:33:35,400 --> 04:33:40,000
It's worth pausing to reflect on
why this matters, why the story 

5051
04:33:40,000 --> 04:33:43,300
of Humanity's relationship with 
aromatic smoke, deserves 

5052
04:33:43,300 --> 04:33:46,800
telling, and what it reveals 
about, who we are as a species 

5053
04:33:46,800 --> 04:33:50,300
have the most basic level. 
The story of smoke is a story 

5054
04:33:50,300 --> 04:33:54,400
about human curiosity and 
experimentation Our ancestors 

5055
04:33:54,400 --> 04:33:57,099
didn't have to figure out the 
burning certain plants produced 

5056
04:33:57,099 --> 04:34:00,700
Pleasant or interesting effects.
They could have just burned. 

5057
04:34:00,700 --> 04:34:03,400
What ever would was convenient 
and being content with warmth 

5058
04:34:03,400 --> 04:34:06,599
and Light? 
But humans don't work that way. 

5059
04:34:06,599 --> 04:34:12,700
We experiment. 
Observe remember and refine We 

5060
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:15,200
notice patterns and explore 
possibilities. 

5061
04:34:16,000 --> 04:34:19,099
We turn accidental discoveries 
into deliberate practices. 

5062
04:34:19,099 --> 04:34:22,099
The fact that humans in wildly 
different cultures 

5063
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:25,300
independently, discovered, 
similar uses for aromatic, smoke

5064
04:34:25,300 --> 04:34:28,400
tells us something about 
Universal human needs. 

5065
04:34:29,500 --> 04:34:33,200
Across every continent in 
climates from Arctic to Tropical

5066
04:34:33,200 --> 04:34:37,599
people sought ways to alter 
Consciousness creates Sacred 

5067
04:34:37,599 --> 04:34:40,900
Space. 
Mark important moments, find 

5068
04:34:40,900 --> 04:34:44,700
relief from pain or anxiety and 
connect with something Beyond 

5069
04:34:44,700 --> 04:34:48,900
everyday reality. 
Smoke became one tool among many

5070
04:34:48,900 --> 04:34:51,400
for meeting. 
These needs, this suggests that 

5071
04:34:51,400 --> 04:34:54,300
the desire for altered. 
Consciousness isn't a pathology 

5072
04:34:54,300 --> 04:34:57,900
or a weakness. 
But a fundamental aspect of 

5073
04:34:57,900 --> 04:35:01,500
human psychology. 
We're not meant to exist in one 

5074
04:35:01,500 --> 04:35:04,700
constant state. 
We need Variety in our 

5075
04:35:04,700 --> 04:35:09,099
experiences access to different 
modes of Consciousness and ways 

5076
04:35:09,099 --> 04:35:12,700
to step out, ordinary perception
and see from different angles. 

5077
04:35:13,900 --> 04:35:18,200
Aromatic smoke provided this for
most of human history which is 

5078
04:35:18,200 --> 04:35:21,900
why its practices spread so 
widely and persisted so long, 

5079
04:35:21,900 --> 04:35:25,599
the story of smoke is also a 
story about the tension between 

5080
04:35:25,599 --> 04:35:28,900
material and meaning. 
Smoke is a physical phenomenon, 

5081
04:35:28,900 --> 04:35:33,300
combustion producing particulate
matter, suspended in air. 

5082
04:35:34,099 --> 04:35:37,400
A human's of never been content 
to treated as merely physical. 

5083
04:35:38,099 --> 04:35:42,200
We've invested smoke with 
meaningless used as a language 

5084
04:35:42,200 --> 04:35:44,500
for Concepts. 
That can't be expressed in words

5085
04:35:44,500 --> 04:35:47,400
alone. 
And made it carry our hopes and 

5086
04:35:47,408 --> 04:35:51,000
prayers to Realms. 
We can't directly perceive this 

5087
04:35:51,000 --> 04:35:54,500
capacity to see beyond the 
purely physical to find meaning 

5088
04:35:54,500 --> 04:35:57,500
in natural phenomena to create 
symbol systems. 

5089
04:35:57,500 --> 04:35:59,400
That let us think about abstract
Concepts. 

5090
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:04,099
This is distinctly human. 
Other animals might enjoy 

5091
04:36:04,099 --> 04:36:08,000
Pleasant smells, but only humans
burn aromatics in specific 

5092
04:36:08,000 --> 04:36:10,800
contexts to deliberately alter 
their mental States. 

5093
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:13,800
While simultaneously expressing 
spiritual beliefs through the 

5094
04:36:13,800 --> 04:36:16,500
activist self. 
The global spread of smoke 

5095
04:36:16,500 --> 04:36:19,400
Traditions, through trade routes
tells us something about human 

5096
04:36:19,400 --> 04:36:22,200
connectivity. 
We tend to think of ancient 

5097
04:36:22,200 --> 04:36:25,900
people as isolated in their own 
cultures but the fact that 

5098
04:36:25,900 --> 04:36:28,700
frankincense from Southern 
Arabia ended up in Chinese 

5099
04:36:28,700 --> 04:36:32,599
temples that tobacco from the 
Americas reached Asia within 

5100
04:36:32,599 --> 04:36:35,700
decades. 
And that incense formula spread 

5101
04:36:35,700 --> 04:36:39,500
across continents, all this 
reveals networks of human 

5102
04:36:39,500 --> 04:36:42,300
connection that were 
surprisingly robust and 

5103
04:36:42,300 --> 04:36:45,099
far-reaching. 
These trade networks were not 

5104
04:36:45,099 --> 04:36:48,000
just about economics. 
They were about shared Human 

5105
04:36:48,000 --> 04:36:51,200
Experience is about the 
recognition that people in 

5106
04:36:51,200 --> 04:36:54,500
distant lands, were seeking 
similar things, calm 

5107
04:36:54,500 --> 04:37:00,099
transcendents healing and 
connection to the divine The 

5108
04:37:00,099 --> 04:37:02,900
merchant who carried 
frankincense from Arabia to Rome

5109
04:37:02,900 --> 04:37:04,700
was carrying more than a 
commodity. 

5110
04:37:05,400 --> 04:37:07,800
They were carrying one, 
culture's approach to these 

5111
04:37:07,800 --> 04:37:11,700
Universal needs and introducing 
it to people who would adapt it 

5112
04:37:11,700 --> 04:37:15,099
to their own purposes. 
The evolution of smoke practices

5113
04:37:15,099 --> 04:37:19,599
over time shows, human 
creativity and adaptability Same

5114
04:37:19,599 --> 04:37:23,200
basic principle. 
Burning aromatic substances and 

5115
04:37:23,200 --> 04:37:26,800
breathing or being present with 
the smoke has been endlessly 

5116
04:37:26,800 --> 04:37:30,700
varied and refined. 
From cave, fires to Temple 

5117
04:37:30,700 --> 04:37:34,800
sensors, to ceremonial pipes, to
Modern, incense sticks. 

5118
04:37:35,599 --> 04:37:38,500
Humans have found countless ways
to engage with this simple 

5119
04:37:38,500 --> 04:37:41,099
practice. 
Each variation reflecting 

5120
04:37:41,099 --> 04:37:44,500
different values Technologies 
and cultural contexts. 

5121
04:37:45,300 --> 04:37:47,400
There's something deeply 
Democratic about smoke 

5122
04:37:47,400 --> 04:37:50,400
practices. 
Unlike some technologies that 

5123
04:37:50,400 --> 04:37:54,700
require rare materials or expert
knowledge, almost anyone can 

5124
04:37:54,700 --> 04:37:58,000
burn our aromatic substances and
benefit from the experience. 

5125
04:37:58,900 --> 04:38:02,000
Yes, there are a laboratory 
Traditions that require years to

5126
04:38:02,000 --> 04:38:05,500
master, but the basic practice 
is accessible to everyone. 

5127
04:38:06,300 --> 04:38:09,900
This accessibility helps explain
why smoke practice is spread. 

5128
04:38:09,900 --> 04:38:13,800
So widely and persisted across 
huge different cities in wealth,

5129
04:38:13,800 --> 04:38:18,599
power and social organization. 
The modern decline of some smoke

5130
04:38:18,599 --> 04:38:21,099
Traditions, raises questions 
about what we're losing. 

5131
04:38:22,000 --> 04:38:25,500
Not just specific practices, but
a whole way of engaging with 

5132
04:38:25,500 --> 04:38:30,500
Consciousness ritual, and the 
material world. when we replace 

5133
04:38:30,500 --> 04:38:34,400
incense with room deodorizers, 
when we substitute essential 

5134
04:38:34,400 --> 04:38:38,300
old, diffusers for sensors, when
we eliminate smoke practices 

5135
04:38:38,300 --> 04:38:42,300
entirely due to health concerns,
what are we giving up along with

5136
04:38:42,308 --> 04:38:45,000
what we gain? 
This isn't a call to reject 

5137
04:38:45,000 --> 04:38:49,400
modernity or ignore legitimate 
health concerns but it is worth 

5138
04:38:49,400 --> 04:38:53,400
recognizing that our ancestors 
smoke practices emerged from and

5139
04:38:53,400 --> 04:38:57,000
spoke to genuine human needs 
that don't disappear just 

5140
04:38:57,000 --> 04:39:00,099
because we've developed new 
technologies, the need for 

5141
04:39:00,099 --> 04:39:02,800
ritual for moments of deliberate
harm. 

5142
04:39:02,800 --> 04:39:06,800
The sensory experience, is that 
anchor Us in the present, these 

5143
04:39:06,800 --> 04:39:08,700
persist, whether we acknowledge 
them or not. 

5144
04:39:08,707 --> 04:39:11,000
Perhaps, what's most remarkable 
is? 

5145
04:39:11,000 --> 04:39:15,400
How such a simple thing. 
Aromatic smoke could carry so 

5146
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:18,400
much weight across so many 
cultures and so many centuries. 

5147
04:39:19,300 --> 04:39:22,400
We've developed incredibly 
sophisticated Technologies 

5148
04:39:22,400 --> 04:39:26,400
mapped the human genome and sent
probes to the edge of the solar 

5149
04:39:26,400 --> 04:39:29,099
system. 
Yet something as basic as 

5150
04:39:29,099 --> 04:39:32,400
burning aromatic resins and 
breathing, the smoke can still 

5151
04:39:32,400 --> 04:39:36,700
produce experience that modern 
science fully explains but can't

5152
04:39:36,700 --> 04:39:40,000
quite replicate through. 
Any other means the smell of 

5153
04:39:40,008 --> 04:39:44,100
Frankincense or Sandalwood the 
site of smoke curling upward, 

5154
04:39:44,100 --> 04:39:47,400
the taste of aromatic Vapor on 
your tongue. 

5155
04:39:48,200 --> 04:39:52,200
These experiences connect you 
directly to humans who lived 

5156
04:39:52,200 --> 04:39:55,700
thousands of years ago, who 
found in the same smells and 

5157
04:39:55,700 --> 04:39:57,900
sights access to States Of 
Consciousness. 

5158
04:39:57,900 --> 04:40:02,400
They valued It's a form of time 
travel, not through technology 

5159
04:40:02,400 --> 04:40:05,300
but through shared experience 
across the centuries. 

5160
04:40:05,300 --> 04:40:08,900
As you finish this story and 
prepare for sleep, you might be 

5161
04:40:08,900 --> 04:40:11,600
more aware of the air. 
You're breathing the way sense. 

5162
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:14,500
Linger, in your room, and the 
quality of Stillness that can 

5163
04:40:14,500 --> 04:40:16,100
settle over a space in the 
evening. 

5164
04:40:17,500 --> 04:40:21,100
These awarenesses are part of 
what smoke practices cultivated.

5165
04:40:22,100 --> 04:40:24,500
Tension to subtle. 
Sensory experience is 

5166
04:40:24,500 --> 04:40:27,800
recognition that the invisible 
can be as important as the 

5167
04:40:27,800 --> 04:40:31,700
visible and understanding that 
Consciousness is not fixed, but 

5168
04:40:31,700 --> 04:40:35,400
fluid the story of smoke is in 
the end. 

5169
04:40:35,400 --> 04:40:39,300
Your story too. 
Whether you've ever burned in 

5170
04:40:39,300 --> 04:40:42,600
sense or not, whether you have 
any personal smoke practices or 

5171
04:40:42,600 --> 04:40:46,600
not, your part of a species that
has been exploring Consciousness

5172
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:51,700
seeking calm and finding meaning
in Rising wisps for hundreds of 

5173
04:40:51,708 --> 04:40:55,600
thousands of years that's worth 
remembering as you drift towards

5174
04:40:55,600 --> 04:40:57,800
sleep. 
You're not separate from this 

5175
04:40:57,800 --> 04:41:00,100
history. 
You're its latest chapter 

5176
04:41:00,100 --> 04:41:03,600
carrying forward, patterns of 
human experience that stretch 

5177
04:41:03,600 --> 04:41:07,000
back to those first cave 
dwellers, who threw aromatic 

5178
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:10,400
branches on their fires and 
discovered that the world could 

5179
04:41:10,400 --> 04:41:14,100
suddenly seemed different more 
spacious and more full of 

5180
04:41:14,100 --> 04:41:16,800
possibility. 
The practice is change. 

5181
04:41:16,800 --> 04:41:20,000
The substance is vary and the 
cultural context shift. 

5182
04:41:20,000 --> 04:41:23,500
But the underlying human, 
impulses remain constant. 

5183
04:41:24,300 --> 04:41:26,500
We seek moments of peace and 
difficult times. 

5184
04:41:26,500 --> 04:41:30,600
We create rituals to Mark the 
sacred and separate it from the 

5185
04:41:30,600 --> 04:41:33,500
mundane. 
We use our sensei's to Anchor 

5186
04:41:33,500 --> 04:41:37,700
ourselves in the present moment.
We explore altered state of 

5187
04:41:37,700 --> 04:41:39,700
consciousness because ordinary 
Consciousness. 

5188
04:41:39,700 --> 04:41:43,800
While necessary is not 
sufficient for a fully human 

5189
04:41:43,800 --> 04:41:48,000
life, smoke visible. 
Breath transformation made 

5190
04:41:48,000 --> 04:41:52,100
tangible, the boundary between 
solid and are serves all these 

5191
04:41:52,100 --> 04:41:55,100
purposes and more. 
It's been medicine and Sacrament

5192
04:41:55,100 --> 04:41:58,800
recreational therapy art form 
and spiritual practice. 

5193
04:41:58,800 --> 04:42:02,500
It's linked distant, cultures, 
and revealed, common Humanity. 

5194
04:42:03,400 --> 04:42:06,900
It's been studied by scientists 
and Mystics sought by Kings and 

5195
04:42:06,900 --> 04:42:10,400
available to peasants tomorrow. 
You might smell wood smoke from 

5196
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:14,300
a neighbor's fireplace or 
incense from a nearby Temple or 

5197
04:42:14,300 --> 04:42:17,000
simply the lingering Aroma of 
your evening tea. 

5198
04:42:17,800 --> 04:42:21,100
When you do, you might remember 
this story and recognize that 

5199
04:42:21,100 --> 04:42:24,000
your experiencing something 
humans have found meaningful for

5200
04:42:24,000 --> 04:42:25,600
longer than we've had written 
language. 

5201
04:42:26,500 --> 04:42:29,600
You might notice how the smell 
effects your mood, how you're 

5202
04:42:29,600 --> 04:42:32,700
breathing changes and how the 
moment feels slightly different 

5203
04:42:32,700 --> 04:42:36,000
from moments without that 
aromatic presence, or you might 

5204
04:42:36,000 --> 04:42:40,000
not, you might simply go about 
your day unaware of the ancient 

5205
04:42:40,000 --> 04:42:42,400
Traditions playing out in the 
background of Modern Life. 

5206
04:42:43,200 --> 04:42:46,400
Either way, the smoke will 
continue to rise carrying with 

5207
04:42:46,400 --> 04:42:49,700
it meaning and memories 
accumulated across Millennia. 

5208
04:42:49,700 --> 04:42:53,200
The practice is we've discussed 
face and uncertain, future 

5209
04:42:53,200 --> 04:42:58,400
climate, change urbanization, 
health concerns, and cultural 

5210
04:42:58,400 --> 04:43:00,900
shifts. 
All challenged traditional smoke

5211
04:43:00,900 --> 04:43:03,800
practices Some will adapt and 
continue. 

5212
04:43:03,800 --> 04:43:07,700
Others will fade a new forms. 
Will emerge that we can't yet 

5213
04:43:07,700 --> 04:43:11,500
predict But the human needs 
these practices, address aren't 

5214
04:43:11,500 --> 04:43:14,800
going anywhere, which suggests 
that some form of smoke. 

5215
04:43:14,800 --> 04:43:18,500
Traditional persist, as long as 
humans do perhaps future. 

5216
04:43:18,500 --> 04:43:21,700
Historians will look back at our
area, as the moment when 

5217
04:43:21,700 --> 04:43:25,500
Humanity's ancient relationship 
with aromatic, smoke underwent, 

5218
04:43:25,500 --> 04:43:29,600
its most dramatic 
transformation, Or perhaps, 

5219
04:43:29,608 --> 04:43:33,600
they'll see our time as just 
another adaptation in an ongoing

5220
04:43:33,600 --> 04:43:37,400
story that continues to unfold 
in ways, both familiar and 

5221
04:43:37,400 --> 04:43:39,700
surprising. 
What we can say with certainty, 

5222
04:43:39,700 --> 04:43:42,200
is that smoke has been a 
faithful companion to human 

5223
04:43:42,200 --> 04:43:45,400
consciousness for longer than 
any other deliberately sought 

5224
04:43:45,400 --> 04:43:48,700
altered state. 
Before alcohol, fermentation 

5225
04:43:48,700 --> 04:43:53,000
before Plant cultivation before 
writing or wheels or cities. 

5226
04:43:53,000 --> 04:43:56,700
Humans were burning aromatic 
substances and discovering that 

5227
04:43:56,700 --> 04:43:59,500
the right smoke at the right 
time could open doors to 

5228
04:43:59,500 --> 04:44:02,100
experience. 
That made life more bearable and

5229
04:44:02,100 --> 04:44:05,800
sometimes Transcendent. 
That's not a small thing that's 

5230
04:44:05,800 --> 04:44:08,700
evidence that humans have always
been more than just survival 

5231
04:44:08,700 --> 04:44:13,700
machines focused on food shelter
and reproduction Where 

5232
04:44:13,700 --> 04:44:17,100
meaning-making creatures 
Consciousness exploring animals,

5233
04:44:17,100 --> 04:44:19,800
being who seek? 
Not just to live but to 

5234
04:44:19,800 --> 04:44:23,600
experience living fully in all 
its varieties and deaths, as you

5235
04:44:23,600 --> 04:44:26,400
close your eyes and feel 
yourself beginning to drift into

5236
04:44:26,400 --> 04:44:28,800
sleep. 
Imagine for a moment, all the 

5237
04:44:28,808 --> 04:44:31,700
people are all the centuries who
have laying down at Days, end 

5238
04:44:31,700 --> 04:44:35,200
with the smell of aromatic 
smoke, still lingering in their 

5239
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:38,300
awareness. 
Roman priestesses after a day of

5240
04:44:38,308 --> 04:44:41,200
Temple service. 
Chinese Scholars. 

5241
04:44:41,200 --> 04:44:45,700
After evening study sessions. 
Native American Elders off to 

5242
04:44:45,700 --> 04:44:49,900
ceremonial pipe sharing. 
Medieval monks after even song. 

5243
04:44:50,700 --> 04:44:53,900
Victorian gentlemen after 
contemplative pipe smoking, 

5244
04:44:53,900 --> 04:44:56,900
you're part of that vast 
invisible Community. 

5245
04:44:56,900 --> 04:45:01,100
All the humans who have sought 
and found moments of Peace in 

5246
04:45:01,100 --> 04:45:05,500
sight or Transcendence through 
the simple Act of being present 

5247
04:45:05,500 --> 04:45:09,600
with aromatic smoke. 
The specific practices differ, 

5248
04:45:09,600 --> 04:45:13,500
the beliefs vary, and the 
cultural context shift. 

5249
04:45:14,600 --> 04:45:18,300
But the experience connects you 
across time to countless others 

5250
04:45:18,300 --> 04:45:23,600
who breathe deeply, watch, Smoke
Rise and felt something shift in

5251
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:26,800
their awareness sleep. 
Well, knowing that the air you 

5252
04:45:26,800 --> 04:45:29,700
breathe has carried, not just 
oxygen, but meaning for, as long

5253
04:45:29,700 --> 04:45:33,100
as humans have existed. 
The darkness that gathers around

5254
04:45:33,100 --> 04:45:36,600
you as you sleep once glowed 
with firelight and the 

5255
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:39,900
Stillness, you enter was filled 
with the scent of sacred smoke. 

5256
04:45:40,900 --> 04:45:44,500
You're not alone in this moment,
you're accompanied by ancestors 

5257
04:45:44,500 --> 04:45:47,000
Beyond counting, who found in 
Smoke something worth 

5258
04:45:47,000 --> 04:45:50,200
preserving, and passing down 
tomorrow will bring its own 

5259
04:45:50,200 --> 04:45:53,100
challenges and joys, its own 
moments of stress and peace. 

5260
04:45:54,100 --> 04:45:57,300
But you'll carry with you. 
Now, this story, this awareness 

5261
04:45:57,300 --> 04:45:59,300
that Karma has always been 
available. 

5262
04:45:59,300 --> 04:46:02,900
That humans have always found 
ways to create space for 

5263
04:46:02,900 --> 04:46:07,100
reflection and renewal and that 
something as simple as aromatic.

5264
04:46:07,100 --> 04:46:10,500
Smoke, has served as a bridge to
better states of mind for longer

5265
04:46:10,500 --> 04:46:13,700
than we can fully comprehend. 
And if you choose to light 

5266
04:46:13,700 --> 04:46:16,900
incense, or simply notice the 
center of wood, smoke drifting 

5267
04:46:16,900 --> 04:46:19,400
past your window. 
You'll do so, with deeper, 

5268
04:46:19,400 --> 04:46:21,400
understanding of what you're 
participating in. 

5269
04:46:22,200 --> 04:46:25,800
Not just a personal preference 
or a pleasant smell, but a 

5270
04:46:25,800 --> 04:46:28,700
practice that connects you to 
the oldest most persistent human

5271
04:46:28,700 --> 04:46:32,700
Traditions. 
The last Ember glows Fades and 

5272
04:46:32,700 --> 04:46:36,700
finally goes dark. 
The smoke Rises One Last Time, 

5273
04:46:36,700 --> 04:46:40,600
thinning, as it climbs becoming 
invisible, as it joins the air. 

5274
04:46:41,500 --> 04:46:52,000
the story continues even as this
telling ends rest now, Imagine 

5275
04:46:52,000 --> 04:46:54,800
standing at the edge of the 
world, as most ancient people's 

5276
04:46:54,800 --> 04:46:57,500
understood it. 
Not the dramatic Cliffs were 

5277
04:46:57,500 --> 04:47:02,300
ocean meets sky, but something 
subtle and more profound a place

5278
04:47:02,308 --> 04:47:05,200
where the familiar rules of day 
and night begin to falter. 

5279
04:47:06,200 --> 04:47:10,600
This is sash me, the homeland of
the Sashimi people stretching 

5280
04:47:10,600 --> 04:47:13,300
across what modern Maps, call. 
Northern Norway, Sweden, 

5281
04:47:13,300 --> 04:47:17,200
Finland, and the coop, peninsula
of Russia but Maps a recent 

5282
04:47:17,200 --> 04:47:20,300
inventions and borders are even 
more recent than that. 

5283
04:47:21,300 --> 04:47:24,900
Long before anyone Drew lines 
across this landscape before 

5284
04:47:24,900 --> 04:47:27,200
kingdoms. 
Claimed territories Nations, 

5285
04:47:27,200 --> 04:47:31,900
divided sovereignty, this land 
simply was The people who lived 

5286
04:47:31,900 --> 04:47:33,500
here. 
Understood it, not a separate 

5287
04:47:33,500 --> 04:47:37,600
countries, but as one continuous
World shaped by relationships 

5288
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:41,200
between mountains, rivers, winds
and the creatures who moved 

5289
04:47:41,200 --> 04:47:43,600
across it. 
The first thing you'd notice, if

5290
04:47:43,600 --> 04:47:47,600
you found yourself transported 
to ancient essay would be the 

5291
04:47:47,600 --> 04:47:51,500
light or rather, how light 
behaves differently here than 

5292
04:47:51,500 --> 04:47:55,200
anywhere else you've known. 
During winter months, the sun 

5293
04:47:55,200 --> 04:47:58,300
barely rises above the Horizon 
before sliding back down, 

5294
04:47:58,300 --> 04:48:01,800
creating a Perpetual. 
Twilight that painters of tried 

5295
04:48:01,800 --> 04:48:03,500
and fail to capture for 
centuries. 

5296
04:48:04,700 --> 04:48:08,300
The world becomes blue and 
silver with snow, reflecting 

5297
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:10,400
whatever, weak, light managers, 
to reach it. 

5298
04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:14,000
Creating an atmosphere that 
feels suspended between sleep 

5299
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:18,800
and waking, then summer arrives,
and the sun simply refuses to 

5300
04:48:18,800 --> 04:48:23,800
leave Circles, the sky like a 
persistent moth never quite 

5301
04:48:23,800 --> 04:48:26,300
setting. 
Casting Long Shadows, that 

5302
04:48:26,300 --> 04:48:28,300
rotate slowly around the 
landscape. 

5303
04:48:29,000 --> 04:48:32,400
This is the Midnight Sun. 
And if you've only experienced 

5304
04:48:32,400 --> 04:48:36,100
normal days and nights your 
entire sense of time begins to 

5305
04:48:36,100 --> 04:48:39,500
feel unreliable, your body 
doesn't quite know what to do 

5306
04:48:39,500 --> 04:48:42,800
with 24 hours of daylight. 
And you start to understand why,

5307
04:48:42,800 --> 04:48:45,600
the people who evolved here 
developed such different 

5308
04:48:45,600 --> 04:48:48,300
relationships with Thyme and 
seasons and those who lived 

5309
04:48:48,300 --> 04:48:51,300
further south, the landscape 
itself resists. 

5310
04:48:51,300 --> 04:48:54,800
Easy description. 
It's not the dramatic scenery of

5311
04:48:54,800 --> 04:48:57,100
postcards and tourism brochures 
though. 

5312
04:48:57,100 --> 04:48:59,200
It has its moments of Stark 
Beauty. 

5313
04:49:00,100 --> 04:49:03,900
Instead sapne me as 
characterized by kind of vast 

5314
04:49:03,900 --> 04:49:08,100
openness that makes you feel 
simultaneously insignificant and

5315
04:49:08,100 --> 04:49:11,600
deeply present. 
Rolling Tundra stretches to 

5316
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:13,600
Horizon. 
So distant, they seem like 

5317
04:49:13,600 --> 04:49:16,000
abstractions. 
Mountains. 

5318
04:49:16,000 --> 04:49:20,900
Rise, not as Jagged Peaks, but 
as warn ancient forms that have 

5319
04:49:20,900 --> 04:49:25,100
been shaped by ice and time into
something, almost gentle forests

5320
04:49:25,100 --> 04:49:28,900
here, gross, slowly, their trees
spaced apart, as if respecting 

5321
04:49:28,900 --> 04:49:31,600
each other's need for resources 
in this harsh environment, 

5322
04:49:32,700 --> 04:49:36,300
Between the trees you find moss.
That grows in cushions so thick,

5323
04:49:36,300 --> 04:49:40,700
you could sleep on them and 
people have for thousands of 

5324
04:49:40,700 --> 04:49:44,000
years. 
Lichens create patterns on rocks

5325
04:49:44,000 --> 04:49:47,800
like Natural Art installations, 
and then not just decorative. 

5326
04:49:47,800 --> 04:49:51,800
But crucial food sources for the
reindeer who are as essential to

5327
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:53,400
this story as the people 
themselves. 

5328
04:49:53,400 --> 04:49:59,000
Water is everywhere in summer 
lakes, rivers streams and 

5329
04:49:59,000 --> 04:50:01,000
marshes that make travel 
complicated. 

5330
04:50:01,000 --> 04:50:05,600
But create habitats for fish 
birds and insects that form the 

5331
04:50:05,600 --> 04:50:09,800
foundation of the ecosystem. 
In Winter that same water 

5332
04:50:09,800 --> 04:50:13,800
freezes solid enough to walk on 
transforming the landscape into 

5333
04:50:13,800 --> 04:50:17,400
something that looks simple but 
requires deep knowledge to 

5334
04:50:17,400 --> 04:50:21,000
navigate safely. 
What appears as flat white 

5335
04:50:21,000 --> 04:50:25,000
emptiness to outside as contains
a wealth of information to those

5336
04:50:25,000 --> 04:50:28,300
who know how to read it? 
The cold here is not like winter

5337
04:50:28,300 --> 04:50:30,900
in temperate climates. 
It's a presents. 

5338
04:50:30,900 --> 04:50:35,000
Almost a personality that 
demands respect and preparation.

5339
04:50:35,900 --> 04:50:39,600
Temperatures can drop to levels 
that feel almost theoretical if 

5340
04:50:39,600 --> 04:50:43,200
you've never experienced them. 
the kind of cold, where your 

5341
04:50:43,200 --> 04:50:47,400
breath freezes instantly were 
Exposed Skin can be damaged in 

5342
04:50:47,400 --> 04:50:52,200
minutes where metal becomes 
dangerous to touch, Yet people 

5343
04:50:52,200 --> 04:50:54,600
have not just survived here, but
thrived. 

5344
04:50:55,200 --> 04:50:58,100
Developing sophisticated 
Technologies and cultural 

5345
04:50:58,100 --> 04:51:00,800
practices that turn this 
challenging environment into 

5346
04:51:00,800 --> 04:51:03,100
home. 
This is the world that shaped 

5347
04:51:03,100 --> 04:51:06,900
the Sami people, and they in 
turn shaped it creating a 

5348
04:51:06,900 --> 04:51:09,800
relationship with the landscape.
That went Far Beyond Simple 

5349
04:51:09,800 --> 04:51:12,200
survival. 
They developed knowledge 

5350
04:51:12,200 --> 04:51:14,200
systems. 
So complex that modern 

5351
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:17,500
scientists are still discovering
how much they understood about. 

5352
04:51:17,500 --> 04:51:22,200
Ecology weather patterns, animal
behavior, and sustainable 

5353
04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:27,000
resource management. 
They created art music and 

5354
04:51:27,000 --> 04:51:30,900
spiritual practices that 
reflected the unique qualities 

5355
04:51:30,900 --> 04:51:33,900
of their Homeland as you settle 
deeper into your blanket. 

5356
04:51:33,900 --> 04:51:36,600
And tonight, try to imagine what
it would be like to measure your

5357
04:51:36,600 --> 04:51:40,300
year, not by months on a 
calendar but by the movements of

5358
04:51:40,300 --> 04:51:45,100
reindeer herds the arrival of 
migrating birds and the patterns

5359
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:49,400
of ice formation on lakes. 
The Sami people developed an 

5360
04:51:49,400 --> 04:51:53,500
entirely different way of Being 
Human, one adapted to conditions

5361
04:51:53,500 --> 04:51:55,900
that would seem impossible to 
most of us. 

5362
04:51:57,100 --> 04:52:00,900
And remarkably their way of 
life, persisted for thousands of

5363
04:52:00,900 --> 04:52:04,500
years, which says, something 
profound about both human 

5364
04:52:04,500 --> 04:52:07,900
adaptability, and the Deep 
wisdom that comes from truly, 

5365
04:52:07,900 --> 04:52:11,608
knowing a place to understand 
the tsaesci people, you need to 

5366
04:52:11,616 --> 04:52:14,900
travel back to a time when most 
of Northern Europe was not a 

5367
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:19,200
home for humans, but a massive 
sheet of ice sometimes, two 

5368
04:52:19,200 --> 04:52:22,400
miles, thick that have been 
slowly grinding across the 

5369
04:52:22,400 --> 04:52:24,600
landscape for tens of thousands 
of years. 

5370
04:52:25,500 --> 04:52:28,900
This was the last ice age, and 
if you could see it from space, 

5371
04:52:28,900 --> 04:52:32,600
Europe, would have looked like a
very different planet with 

5372
04:52:32,600 --> 04:52:36,400
glaciers covering everything 
from Scandinavia down to where 

5373
04:52:36,400 --> 04:52:40,000
London now sits but ice ages. 
Don't last forever though. 

5374
04:52:40,000 --> 04:52:41,500
They certainly take their time 
leaving. 

5375
04:52:42,900 --> 04:52:46,900
Around 11,700 years ago. 
Something shifted in Earth's 

5376
04:52:46,900 --> 04:52:49,300
climate. 
Maybe it was changes in the 

5377
04:52:49,308 --> 04:52:53,000
planets orbit, maybe it was 
variations and solar radiation 

5378
04:52:53,000 --> 04:52:55,500
or maybe it was a combination of
factors. 

5379
04:52:55,500 --> 04:52:58,900
Scientists are still debating. 
Whatever. 

5380
04:52:58,900 --> 04:53:01,500
The cause the ice began its slow
Retreat. 

5381
04:53:01,500 --> 04:53:05,000
Northwood revealing land that 
hadn't seen sunlight in 

5382
04:53:05,000 --> 04:53:07,000
Millennia. 
Now, here's where the story 

5383
04:53:07,000 --> 04:53:09,700
gets, interesting and ways that 
might help you appreciate just 

5384
04:53:09,700 --> 04:53:11,700
how remarkable the Sami people 
are. 

5385
04:53:12,400 --> 04:53:16,300
As the ice retreated, it didn't 
reveal a lush welcoming 

5386
04:53:16,300 --> 04:53:18,400
landscape ready for human 
habitation. 

5387
04:53:18,400 --> 04:53:23,600
Instead it exposed bare rock 
gravel and soil. 

5388
04:53:23,600 --> 04:53:27,500
So disrupted by glacial movement
that it was essentially sterile.

5389
04:53:28,400 --> 04:53:32,100
The land was like a blank slate.
Except without any of the 

5390
04:53:32,100 --> 04:53:35,900
Romantic connotations that 
phrase usually carries more like

5391
04:53:35,900 --> 04:53:39,200
a construction site after heavy 
machinery is torn everything up 

5392
04:53:39,200 --> 04:53:41,300
yet. 
Life is extraordinarily 

5393
04:53:41,300 --> 04:53:44,300
persistent. 
Within a relatively short time 

5394
04:53:44,300 --> 04:53:48,300
and by geological standards, a 
few thousand years as a blink. 

5395
04:53:48,300 --> 04:53:51,100
Plants began. 
Colonizing this new land. 

5396
04:53:52,000 --> 04:53:55,400
First came the lake in mosses 
those same species, you can 

5397
04:53:55,408 --> 04:53:59,200
still find incept today growing 
directly on rock and somehow, 

5398
04:53:59,200 --> 04:54:01,300
extracting enough nutrients to 
survive. 

5399
04:54:02,800 --> 04:54:06,900
Then came dwarf Birches and 
Willows tough little shrubs that

5400
04:54:06,900 --> 04:54:08,900
could handle the cold and the 
poor soil. 

5401
04:54:09,800 --> 04:54:13,500
Eventually, actual Forest began 
to establish themselves though. 

5402
04:54:13,500 --> 04:54:16,800
They remained sparse and stunted
compared to Forest further south

5403
04:54:16,800 --> 04:54:21,300
animals, followed the plants. 
Reindeer, which had evolved to 

5404
04:54:21,300 --> 04:54:24,400
thrive in cold climates found 
this new landscape. 

5405
04:54:24,400 --> 04:54:28,000
Perfect for their needs. 
The lichens That Grew everywhere

5406
04:54:28,000 --> 04:54:30,700
were exactly what their 
digestive systems were designed 

5407
04:54:30,700 --> 04:54:35,800
to process. 
Arctic foxes wolves Wolverines 

5408
04:54:35,800 --> 04:54:39,600
and various bird species. 
Also moved in creating 

5409
04:54:39,600 --> 04:54:43,200
functioning ecosystems in places
that have been frozen wastelands

5410
04:54:43,200 --> 04:54:46,600
just centuries before. 
And then came humans, the 

5411
04:54:46,600 --> 04:54:49,900
question of when exactly people 
first arrived in a sock me is 

5412
04:54:49,900 --> 04:54:53,400
one of those historical puzzles 
that keeps archaeologists awake 

5413
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:56,000
at night. 
The probably not in the soothing

5414
04:54:56,000 --> 04:54:58,200
way this bed time story should 
keep you awake. 

5415
04:54:59,400 --> 04:55:02,200
The early solid evidence of 
human presence, dates back about

5416
04:55:02,200 --> 04:55:07,300
10,000, to 11,000 years, placing
the first arrivals almost 

5417
04:55:07,300 --> 04:55:09,500
immediately. 
After the ice retreated enough 

5418
04:55:09,500 --> 04:55:12,400
to make the land accessible. 
Think about what this means. 

5419
04:55:13,800 --> 04:55:16,200
These weren't people wandering 
into a landscape that previous 

5420
04:55:16,200 --> 04:55:18,100
generations had taught them how 
to navigate. 

5421
04:55:19,000 --> 04:55:22,000
They were Pioneers moving into 
territory that no human had 

5422
04:55:22,000 --> 04:55:24,600
ever. 
Inhabited learning through trial

5423
04:55:24,600 --> 04:55:28,800
and error, and likely some 
tragic failures, how to survive,

5424
04:55:28,800 --> 04:55:30,900
and one of Earth's, most 
challenging environments. 

5425
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:34,600
They had to figure out which 
plants were edible, which 

5426
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:38,100
animals could be hunted, 
efficiently, how to stay warm 

5427
04:55:38,100 --> 04:55:42,200
when temperatures drop to deadly
levels and how to navigate in 

5428
04:55:42,200 --> 04:55:44,200
conditions, where Darkness 
lasted for months. 

5429
04:55:44,200 --> 04:55:47,900
The archaeological evidence from
these early periods is sparse 

5430
04:55:47,900 --> 04:55:50,600
partly because organic 
materials, don't preserve. 

5431
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:53,800
Well, even in cold climates and 
partly because these people 

5432
04:55:53,800 --> 04:55:57,000
moved frequently leaving behind 
minimal traces. 

5433
04:55:57,000 --> 04:56:00,700
What we do? 
Find a stone tools, the remains 

5434
04:56:00,700 --> 04:56:03,600
of temporary shelters and 
occasionally the bones of 

5435
04:56:03,600 --> 04:56:07,000
animals. 
They hunted and consumed These 

5436
04:56:07,000 --> 04:56:10,700
fragments tell a story of people
who are highly mobile following 

5437
04:56:10,700 --> 04:56:14,500
resources, seasonally and 
gradually developing specialized

5438
04:56:14,500 --> 04:56:15,800
knowledge about their 
environment. 

5439
04:56:15,800 --> 04:56:19,000
There's something almost 
meditative about imagining these

5440
04:56:19,000 --> 04:56:21,900
early inhabitants of sapne 
learning to read a landscape 

5441
04:56:21,900 --> 04:56:25,700
that offered few of obvious 
Clues to outside his He would 

5442
04:56:25,708 --> 04:56:28,700
have discovered which direction 
reindeer Heards moved with the 

5443
04:56:28,700 --> 04:56:32,500
seasons, which rivers had the 
best fishing and which valleys 

5444
04:56:32,500 --> 04:56:34,400
offered Shelter From the worst 
storms. 

5445
04:56:35,300 --> 04:56:39,300
Each generation added to this 
accumulated knowledge creating 

5446
04:56:39,300 --> 04:56:43,600
what we might call a database of
survival information, except it 

5447
04:56:43,600 --> 04:56:47,200
was stored entirely in human 
memory and passed down through 

5448
04:56:47,200 --> 04:56:50,900
observation and instruction by 
around 8,000 years ago, the 

5449
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:53,200
people living in set me had 
developed distinctive. 

5450
04:56:53,200 --> 04:56:55,900
Cultural practices that mark 
them as the ancestors of the 

5451
04:56:55,900 --> 04:56:59,300
Modern Family. 
They created a particular style 

5452
04:56:59,300 --> 04:57:02,400
of stone tools and weapons. 
They established patterns of 

5453
04:57:02,408 --> 04:57:05,600
seasonal movement that would 
continue for Millennia and they 

5454
04:57:05,600 --> 04:57:08,900
began developing the spiritual 
and cultural practices that were

5455
04:57:08,900 --> 04:57:12,500
Define SSB identity. 
One fascinating aspect of this 

5456
04:57:12,500 --> 04:57:15,100
early period, is that these 
people were not isolated from 

5457
04:57:15,100 --> 04:57:18,400
other human groups. 
Archaeological evidence shows, 

5458
04:57:18,400 --> 04:57:21,400
connections, and trade 
relationships with people's 

5459
04:57:21,400 --> 04:57:26,600
living further, south and east. 
They were exchanging goods ideas

5460
04:57:26,600 --> 04:57:30,200
and probably into marrying with 
neighboring groups yet, they 

5461
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:34,000
maintain distinct cultural 
practices shaped by their unique

5462
04:57:34,000 --> 04:57:36,100
environment. 
The climate during these 

5463
04:57:36,100 --> 04:57:40,400
Millennial wasn't stable. 
It fluctuated, sometimes warming

5464
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:43,500
enough that Forest, expanded 
significantly Northwood 

5465
04:57:43,500 --> 04:57:46,400
sometimes Cooling and forcing 
those forests back. 

5466
04:57:46,400 --> 04:57:50,000
South the people of South 
adapted to these changes 

5467
04:57:50,000 --> 04:57:53,600
adjusting their subsistence 
strategies and movement patterns

5468
04:57:53,600 --> 04:57:57,300
as needed. 
This flexibility, this ability 

5469
04:57:57,300 --> 04:58:00,100
to respond to changing 
conditions while maintaining 

5470
04:58:00,100 --> 04:58:03,700
cultural continuity would become
one of the defining 

5471
04:58:03,700 --> 04:58:08,200
characteristics of Sami culture.
As you doze off tonight, imagine

5472
04:58:08,200 --> 04:58:10,300
what it would have taken to be 
among those first. 

5473
04:58:10,300 --> 04:58:14,700
Humans pushing North into land 
still emerging from Ice, The 

5474
04:58:14,700 --> 04:58:19,100
courage required. 
Yes, but also the Curiosity, the

5475
04:58:19,100 --> 04:58:22,400
willingness to learn and the 
capacity to observe carefully 

5476
04:58:22,400 --> 04:58:26,800
and remember precisely these 
weren't Reckless adventurers but

5477
04:58:26,800 --> 04:58:30,400
careful students of their 
environment and their success 

5478
04:58:30,400 --> 04:58:32,900
laid, the foundation for a 
culture that would persist 

5479
04:58:33,700 --> 04:58:37,300
longer than most civilizations 
we consider ancient. 

5480
04:58:37,300 --> 04:58:40,600
Now, we come to one of those 
historical mysteries that as 

5481
04:58:40,600 --> 04:58:43,100
much about what people wanted to
believe as what actually 

5482
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:45,100
happened. 
For a long time. 

5483
04:58:45,100 --> 04:58:49,400
And by long time, we mean, well,
into the 20th century European 

5484
04:58:49,400 --> 04:58:53,000
scholars looked at the Sami 
people and decided, they must 

5485
04:58:53,000 --> 04:58:56,300
have come from somewhere else. 
Specifically many claim they 

5486
04:58:56,300 --> 04:59:00,900
came from Asia from Mongolia, 
migrating Westwood and Northwood

5487
04:59:00,900 --> 04:59:03,300
until they reached Europe's 
Arctic regions. 

5488
04:59:03,300 --> 04:59:07,300
This Theory became surprisingly 
popular despite having almost no

5489
04:59:07,300 --> 04:59:10,900
evidence supporting it. 
You might wonder why educated 

5490
04:59:10,900 --> 04:59:14,100
people would cling to such an 
idea and the answer tells us 

5491
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:16,800
more about European attitudes 
and about Sesame history. 

5492
04:59:17,900 --> 04:59:21,400
Essentially, many Europeans in 
the 18th and 19th centuries, had

5493
04:59:21,400 --> 04:59:24,600
a hard time accepting that. 
These Northern people had been 

5494
04:59:24,600 --> 04:59:26,400
in Europe just as long as anyone
else. 

5495
04:59:27,400 --> 04:59:29,900
The Sami looked different enough
from Southern Europeans. 

5496
04:59:29,900 --> 04:59:33,800
Had different cultural practices
and spoke languages that didn't 

5497
04:59:33,800 --> 04:59:35,700
sound like familiar European 
tongues. 

5498
04:59:35,700 --> 04:59:38,100
So surely they must be foreign 
arrivals. 

5499
04:59:38,100 --> 04:59:42,300
The Mongolian origin theory was 
based largely on superficial 

5500
04:59:42,300 --> 04:59:45,200
observations. 
Some Scholars thought certain 

5501
04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:48,100
submit physical features. 
Resembled Asian populations. 

5502
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:52,100
Others noted that Sami languages
belong to the uralic language 

5503
04:59:52,100 --> 04:59:55,900
family, which seemed exotic and 
Eastern to people whose 

5504
04:59:55,900 --> 04:59:58,800
linguistic knowledge didn't 
extend much Beyond Indo-European

5505
04:59:58,800 --> 05:00:02,100
languages. 
A few even pointed to reindeer 

5506
05:00:02,100 --> 05:00:03,900
herding as evidence of Asian 
origin. 

5507
05:00:03,900 --> 05:00:08,600
Since reindeer also found in 
Siberia is the thing though and 

5508
05:00:08,600 --> 05:00:11,500
this is where you should take a 
moment to appreciate how science

5509
05:00:11,500 --> 05:00:14,100
gradually correct 
misunderstanding. 

5510
05:00:15,100 --> 05:00:17,000
All of this was essentially 
wrong. 

5511
05:00:17,900 --> 05:00:21,300
Modern genetic studies, 
improved, archaeological 

5512
05:00:21,300 --> 05:00:24,700
techniques and better linguistic
analysis of Thoroughly 

5513
05:00:24,700 --> 05:00:26,600
demolished. 
The migration from Mongolia 

5514
05:00:26,600 --> 05:00:30,700
Theory, The actual story is both
more complicated and more 

5515
05:00:30,700 --> 05:00:34,600
interesting genetic research 
shows that the Sami people have 

5516
05:00:34,600 --> 05:00:37,700
been in northern Europe for 
thousands of years and a closely

5517
05:00:37,700 --> 05:00:41,200
related to other European 
population though, with some 

5518
05:00:41,200 --> 05:00:44,600
unique genetic markers that 
reflect their long adaptation to

5519
05:00:44,600 --> 05:00:48,100
our conditions. 
They didn't arrive from Mongolia

5520
05:00:48,100 --> 05:00:50,000
any more than Norwegians arrived
from China. 

5521
05:00:50,900 --> 05:00:54,000
There is genuinely European as 
anyone else on the continent 

5522
05:00:54,000 --> 05:00:57,000
just adapted to a different 
environment within Europe. 

5523
05:00:57,000 --> 05:00:59,800
But here's where things get 
genuinely FAS. 

5524
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:02,400
In ways that might keep you 
pleasantly pondering, as you 

5525
05:01:02,400 --> 05:01:05,600
drift towards sleep. 
While the sahmi aren't from 

5526
05:01:05,608 --> 05:01:08,800
Mongolia their deep ancestry 
does show connections to 

5527
05:01:08,800 --> 05:01:11,300
populations that spread across 
Northern Eurasia. 

5528
05:01:11,300 --> 05:01:14,200
During the end of the Ice Age, 
think of it like this. 

5529
05:01:15,300 --> 05:01:18,700
When the glaciers retreated 
people didn't just move north 

5530
05:01:18,700 --> 05:01:21,600
from southern Europe. 
They also move from various 

5531
05:01:21,600 --> 05:01:24,800
directions including from 
Eastern areas gradually 

5532
05:01:24,800 --> 05:01:27,700
spreading across the newly 
accessible Northern lands. 

5533
05:01:27,700 --> 05:01:31,400
So the Sami people like most 
populations have a complex 

5534
05:01:31,400 --> 05:01:34,000
ancestry that includes 
contributions from multiple 

5535
05:01:34,000 --> 05:01:37,500
groups that mixed and merged 
over thousands of years. 

5536
05:01:38,600 --> 05:01:40,800
Some of their ancestors, 
probably did come from Eastern 

5537
05:01:40,800 --> 05:01:43,500
regions. 
But this happened so long ago 

5538
05:01:43,500 --> 05:01:46,500
were talking about the period 
right after the Ice Age. 

5539
05:01:47,200 --> 05:01:50,400
That it's meaningless to call 
them Asian in any modern sense. 

5540
05:01:51,200 --> 05:01:54,100
By the time, anything resembling
modern ethnic identities, 

5541
05:01:54,100 --> 05:01:57,300
existed the same, he had been in
sapne me for Millennia, 

5542
05:01:57,300 --> 05:02:00,300
developing their distinctive 
culture in response to their 

5543
05:02:00,300 --> 05:02:03,600
specific environment. 
The uralic language family that 

5544
05:02:03,600 --> 05:02:08,700
includes a semi languages is in 
by groups in Russia and even as 

5545
05:02:08,700 --> 05:02:11,900
far as Hungary which has led to 
speculation about ancient 

5546
05:02:11,900 --> 05:02:14,900
migration. 
But languages can spread through

5547
05:02:14,908 --> 05:02:19,000
cultural contact trade and into 
marriage without requiring 

5548
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:23,500
massive population movements. 
The linguistic connections 

5549
05:02:23,500 --> 05:02:28,700
between Finnish, Sami Hungarian 
and various Siberian languages, 

5550
05:02:28,700 --> 05:02:32,800
reflect ancient relationships 
between people's across a vast 

5551
05:02:32,800 --> 05:02:35,600
Northern Zone. 
But they don't mean these groups

5552
05:02:35,600 --> 05:02:38,100
are all recent migrants from 
some single Homeland. 

5553
05:02:38,100 --> 05:02:41,100
What likely happened? 
And this is where Modern 

5554
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:44,900
scholarship has reached a rough 
consensus is that after the Ice 

5555
05:02:44,900 --> 05:02:47,700
Age, people spread across 
northern Europe, from multiple 

5556
05:02:47,700 --> 05:02:51,500
directions mixing and developing
distinct Regional cultures. 

5557
05:02:51,500 --> 05:02:55,300
The groups that ended up in sap 
mere adapted to Arctic 

5558
05:02:55,300 --> 05:02:58,800
conditions developing reindeer 
herding, specialized hunting 

5559
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:01,900
techniques and all the other 
practices we associate with 

5560
05:03:01,908 --> 05:03:05,600
their same culture. 
Their language is evolved within

5561
05:03:05,600 --> 05:03:08,000
the uralic family but developed 
unique features. 

5562
05:03:08,000 --> 05:03:11,900
Their genetic makeup, reflects 
this complex history of mixing 

5563
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:15,900
and adaptation the Persistence 
of the Mongolian myth tells us 

5564
05:03:15,900 --> 05:03:18,600
something important about how 
historical narrative work. 

5565
05:03:19,900 --> 05:03:23,000
Once an idea becomes established
even a wrong idea. 

5566
05:03:24,000 --> 05:03:26,100
It takes considerable effort to 
dislodge it. 

5567
05:03:26,800 --> 05:03:31,200
People wrote textbooks created 
Museum, exhibits and taught. 

5568
05:03:31,200 --> 05:03:34,600
Generations of students about 
SME origins in ways that 

5569
05:03:34,600 --> 05:03:37,700
reflected European biases rather
than evidence. 

5570
05:03:38,500 --> 05:03:42,000
It wasn't until genetic science 
became sophisticated enough to 

5571
05:03:42,000 --> 05:03:45,300
trace actual ancestry. 
That these myths could be 

5572
05:03:45,300 --> 05:03:48,600
definitively challenged. 
There's a lesson here about 

5573
05:03:48,600 --> 05:03:51,300
being skeptical of Tidy origin 
stories. 

5574
05:03:51,300 --> 05:03:55,200
Real history, is messy 
complicated and full of mixing 

5575
05:03:55,200 --> 05:03:58,500
and blending, that resists 
simple narratives about distinct

5576
05:03:58,500 --> 05:04:02,900
people's with pure Origins. 
The same art pure descendants of

5577
05:04:02,900 --> 05:04:05,200
anyone. 
They're the result of thousands 

5578
05:04:05,200 --> 05:04:09,200
of years of human adaptation to 
a specific environment during 

5579
05:04:09,200 --> 05:04:12,400
which various groups contributed
to their genetic and cultural 

5580
05:04:12,400 --> 05:04:14,300
heritage. 
Modern Army. 

5581
05:04:14,300 --> 05:04:17,000
People of had, to deal with the 
legacy of these false theories 

5582
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:20,000
which were often used to 
justify, treating them as 

5583
05:04:20,000 --> 05:04:23,200
somehow foreign to Europe, 
despite their presence in Sapp 

5584
05:04:23,200 --> 05:04:26,700
me for thousands of years. 
Reclaiming. 

5585
05:04:26,700 --> 05:04:29,900
Their actual history has been an
important part of asserting 

5586
05:04:29,900 --> 05:04:32,900
their rights and identity in 
contemporary Nordic countries. 

5587
05:04:32,900 --> 05:04:35,100
As you settle deeper into your 
pillow. 

5588
05:04:35,100 --> 05:04:38,300
Consider how long humans have 
been telling stories about where

5589
05:04:38,300 --> 05:04:40,600
they came from? 
And how those stories often 

5590
05:04:40,600 --> 05:04:45,000
reveal more about present 
concerns than past realities The

5591
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:48,100
same people's true Origins are 
less dramatic than migration 

5592
05:04:48,100 --> 05:04:51,900
myths, but more impressive. 
They're simply people who learn 

5593
05:04:51,900 --> 05:04:54,300
to thrive in one of the Earth's,
most challenging environments 

5594
05:04:54,300 --> 05:04:57,700
and maintained their distinct 
culture through Millennia of 

5595
05:04:57,700 --> 05:05:00,500
change languages are like 
Rivers. 

5596
05:05:00,500 --> 05:05:05,700
They flow Branch merge and carry
sediment from everything. 

5597
05:05:05,700 --> 05:05:10,400
They touch along their Journey. 
This sesame languages and yes 

5598
05:05:10,400 --> 05:05:13,600
that's plural because there are 
actually several related 

5599
05:05:13,600 --> 05:05:18,100
languages rather than a single 
Sammy tongue offer a perfect 

5600
05:05:18,100 --> 05:05:21,300
example of how humans create 
intricate systems of meaning 

5601
05:05:21,300 --> 05:05:24,200
that reflect both their 
environment and their history. 

5602
05:05:24,200 --> 05:05:27,800
First let's clear up that your 
Relic language, family business 

5603
05:05:27,800 --> 05:05:31,700
since we mentioned it early and 
it probably sounds exotic and 

5604
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:33,800
mysterious if you're not 
familiar with linguistic 

5605
05:05:33,800 --> 05:05:37,700
classifications The uralic 
languages include Finnish 

5606
05:05:37,700 --> 05:05:42,500
Estonian Hungarian and several 
languages spoken by smaller 

5607
05:05:42,500 --> 05:05:46,000
groups across Northern Russia. 
Along with the Sami language is 

5608
05:05:46,700 --> 05:05:51,500
If you speak English, French, 
Spanish, or most other European 

5609
05:05:51,500 --> 05:05:54,800
languages, these will sound 
completely foreign to you 

5610
05:05:54,800 --> 05:05:57,200
because they're not part of the 
Indo-European, family, that 

5611
05:05:57,200 --> 05:06:00,400
dominates, most of Europe. 
Were like languages work 

5612
05:06:00,400 --> 05:06:02,700
differently in ways that might 
hurt your brain if you think 

5613
05:06:02,700 --> 05:06:04,300
about them too hard before 
sleep. 

5614
05:06:04,300 --> 05:06:08,800
So, we'll keep this gentle. 
They use extensive case systems.

5615
05:06:08,800 --> 05:06:12,000
Meaning they change word endings
to show grammatical 

5616
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:15,200
relationships rather than 
relying on word order like 

5617
05:06:15,200 --> 05:06:18,000
English. 
Does they create compound words 

5618
05:06:18,000 --> 05:06:21,200
in ways that seem almost 
architectural building complex, 

5619
05:06:21,200 --> 05:06:24,000
concepts by stacking smaller 
pieces together. 

5620
05:06:24,800 --> 05:06:28,100
They have features that 
linguists find fascinating, but 

5621
05:06:28,100 --> 05:06:30,300
that don't really have 
equivalents in more familiar 

5622
05:06:30,300 --> 05:06:33,000
languages. 
The Sami languages, specifically

5623
05:06:33,000 --> 05:06:35,500
are divided into several 
distinct forms. 

5624
05:06:35,500 --> 05:06:39,700
Northern Sami is the largest 
spoken by probably around 20,000

5625
05:06:39,700 --> 05:06:42,500
people across Norway, Sweden and
Finland. 

5626
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:48,500
Then you have Southern Saint 
Louis and Inari, same sculpting 

5627
05:06:48,500 --> 05:06:52,300
and several others that are much
smaller with some having only a 

5628
05:06:52,300 --> 05:06:55,900
few hundred speakers remaining. 
These aren't just dialects their

5629
05:06:55,900 --> 05:06:57,700
distinct enough. 
The speakers of one seeing 

5630
05:06:57,700 --> 05:07:00,300
language can't necessarily 
understand because of another 

5631
05:07:00,300 --> 05:07:03,700
like Spanish and Italian being 
related but not mutually 

5632
05:07:03,700 --> 05:07:06,200
intelligible. 
What makes seeming languages 

5633
05:07:06,200 --> 05:07:09,100
particularly interesting is how 
precisely they've evolved to 

5634
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:12,300
describe their environment. 
You know how English speakers 

5635
05:07:12,300 --> 05:07:15,000
like to claim that? 
Inuit languages have dozens of 

5636
05:07:15,000 --> 05:07:18,400
words for snow that claim is 
exaggerated and based on 

5637
05:07:18,408 --> 05:07:22,100
linguistic misunderstanding but 
the underlying intuition isn't 

5638
05:07:22,100 --> 05:07:26,400
wrong language is do develop 
Rich vocabulary for things that 

5639
05:07:26,400 --> 05:07:30,700
matter to their speakers. 
Sami languages genuinely do have

5640
05:07:30,700 --> 05:07:33,600
remarkably detailed terminology 
for natural phenomena. 

5641
05:07:33,600 --> 05:07:36,300
That speakers need to 
distinguish for instance. 

5642
05:07:36,300 --> 05:07:39,500
There are specific words for 
different types of snow based on

5643
05:07:39,508 --> 05:07:42,700
how it falls. 
How old it is, what's underneath

5644
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:46,800
it, and how it affects travel? 
There are words for different 

5645
05:07:46,800 --> 05:07:50,400
stages of ice formation on lakes
and rivers crucial knowledge. 

5646
05:07:50,400 --> 05:07:53,200
When your survival might depend 
on accurately judging whether 

5647
05:07:53,200 --> 05:07:56,200
Isis safe to cross. 
There are terms for describing 

5648
05:07:56,200 --> 05:07:59,600
landscape features in ways that 
combine geography, where the 

5649
05:07:59,600 --> 05:08:03,800
patterns and seasonal changes 
into single Concepts, reindeer 

5650
05:08:03,800 --> 05:08:07,000
terminology is particularly 
elaborate There are words for 

5651
05:08:07,000 --> 05:08:10,900
reindeer of different ages, 
different Sexes, different coat,

5652
05:08:10,900 --> 05:08:14,900
colors and patterns, different 
behavioral characteristics and 

5653
05:08:14,900 --> 05:08:18,900
different roles within the herd.
A language where a single word 

5654
05:08:18,900 --> 05:08:22,900
can communicate a three-year-old
female reindeer with a 

5655
05:08:22,900 --> 05:08:26,100
particular pattern of White 
markings who leads the herd 

5656
05:08:26,100 --> 05:08:29,300
during Autumn. 
Migration might seem impossibly 

5657
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:33,300
specific to outside as but it 
represents exactly the kind of 

5658
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:35,600
precision you need, when you're 
in your entire livelihood, 

5659
05:08:35,600 --> 05:08:39,600
depends on understanding 
individual animals within herds 

5660
05:08:39,600 --> 05:08:43,300
of hundreds or thousands. 
The verbs systems in s h. 

5661
05:08:43,308 --> 05:08:47,800
Mean languages also reflect this
environmental specificity There 

5662
05:08:47,800 --> 05:08:50,000
are different verbs for types of
movement across different 

5663
05:08:50,000 --> 05:08:53,400
terrains and conditions 
traveling across fresh snow 

5664
05:08:53,400 --> 05:08:56,800
versus hard packed. 
Snow moving through Forest vs 

5665
05:08:56,800 --> 05:08:59,900
across open Tundra, and 
journeying in different seasons.

5666
05:09:00,900 --> 05:09:04,400
This isn't just vocabulary 
richness, it's an entire way of 

5667
05:09:04,408 --> 05:09:08,500
thinking about and categorizing 
experience that's fundamentally 

5668
05:09:08,500 --> 05:09:12,300
shaped by Arctic Life. 
Semi languages of traditionally 

5669
05:09:12,300 --> 05:09:15,900
been oral rather than written 
which influenced how they work. 

5670
05:09:16,800 --> 05:09:20,100
Without records languages tend 
to develop features that make 

5671
05:09:20,100 --> 05:09:23,300
them easier to remember and 
transmit accurately. 

5672
05:09:24,200 --> 05:09:28,300
This often means more regular 
patterns more systematic ways of

5673
05:09:28,300 --> 05:09:31,600
forming new words and more 
internal structure that helps 

5674
05:09:31,600 --> 05:09:33,400
speakers. 
Keep track of complex 

5675
05:09:33,400 --> 05:09:35,600
information without external 
AIDS. 

5676
05:09:35,600 --> 05:09:38,200
The introduction of written 
forms for secondary. 

5677
05:09:38,200 --> 05:09:42,100
Languages is relatively recent 
and has been Complicated by the 

5678
05:09:42,100 --> 05:09:45,500
fact that multiple Samuel 
languages exist across four 

5679
05:09:45,500 --> 05:09:48,600
different countries each with 
its own national language and 

5680
05:09:48,600 --> 05:09:52,300
writing system, standardizing 
spelling and grammar for 

5681
05:09:52,300 --> 05:09:55,900
languages that previously 
existed only in spoken form is a

5682
05:09:55,900 --> 05:09:59,000
delicate process that involves 
many linguistic and political 

5683
05:09:59,000 --> 05:10:02,900
decisions about whose dialect 
becomes the standard which 

5684
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:06,400
sounds get represented by which 
letters and how to Handle 

5685
05:10:06,400 --> 05:10:10,300
Variations between regions. 
One fascinating aspect of Sesame

5686
05:10:10,300 --> 05:10:13,900
linguistic culture is the joy 
We'll come back to this later 

5687
05:10:13,900 --> 05:10:15,500
because it deserves its own 
attention. 

5688
05:10:16,400 --> 05:10:19,000
But it's worth noting here that 
same me languages have 

5689
05:10:19,000 --> 05:10:22,200
specialized vocabulary and 
grammatical structures 

5690
05:10:22,200 --> 05:10:24,900
specifically for this unique 
form of musical expression. 

5691
05:10:26,000 --> 05:10:29,700
The way you describe and discuss
jokes in sa me, is itself. 

5692
05:10:29,700 --> 05:10:33,800
A specialized linguistic domain 
showing how language and culture

5693
05:10:33,800 --> 05:10:37,600
are inseparable, modern, Sashimi
languages, face challenges that 

5694
05:10:37,600 --> 05:10:41,600
many minority languages deal 
with Most sushmi people today 

5695
05:10:41,600 --> 05:10:45,200
also speak the national language
of their country Norwegian, 

5696
05:10:45,200 --> 05:10:49,400
Swedish Finnish or Russian and 
many young people grow up 

5697
05:10:49,400 --> 05:10:51,300
speaking. 
Those majority languages more 

5698
05:10:51,300 --> 05:10:55,600
fluently than a sage me. 
Education systems mass media and

5699
05:10:55,600 --> 05:10:57,900
economic pressures. 
All pushed toward dominant 

5700
05:10:57,900 --> 05:11:00,800
languages, making it 
increasingly difficult to 

5701
05:11:00,800 --> 05:11:02,800
maintain active, use of Sami 
languages. 

5702
05:11:02,800 --> 05:11:06,500
However there's been a 
remarkable revitalization effort

5703
05:11:06,500 --> 05:11:10,000
over the past few decades. 
The same me language, schools 

5704
05:11:10,000 --> 05:11:12,500
media, programming literature 
and even apps. 

5705
05:11:12,500 --> 05:11:16,000
And digital resources have been 
developed to help preserve and 

5706
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:19,100
promote these languages. 
Some children who didn't learn 

5707
05:11:19,100 --> 05:11:22,200
Sammy from their parents are now
learning it in school and 

5708
05:11:22,200 --> 05:11:24,400
there's growing recognition in 
Nordic countries. 

5709
05:11:24,400 --> 05:11:27,500
That same language is a valuable
cultural Treasures worth 

5710
05:11:27,500 --> 05:11:30,000
protecting. 
As you begin to drowns. 

5711
05:11:30,000 --> 05:11:32,600
Imagine what it would be like to
think in a language. 

5712
05:11:32,600 --> 05:11:36,500
So precisely adapted to a 
specific landscape that the 

5713
05:11:36,500 --> 05:11:39,300
language itself embodies 
thousands of years of 

5714
05:11:39,300 --> 05:11:41,100
accumulated, environmental 
knowledge. 

5715
05:11:42,000 --> 05:11:45,100
Every language shapes, how its 
speakers perceive and categorize

5716
05:11:45,100 --> 05:11:48,600
reality. 
But set me languages do this in 

5717
05:11:48,600 --> 05:11:51,300
ways that are particularly 
visible because their 

5718
05:11:51,300 --> 05:11:53,900
vocabularies and structures. 
So clearly, reflect their 

5719
05:11:53,900 --> 05:11:58,000
origins in Arctic survival and 
reindeer herding culture. 

5720
05:11:58,000 --> 05:12:01,600
If you really want to 
understand, Sami culture, you 

5721
05:12:01,600 --> 05:12:05,100
need to understand reindeer and 
not in the vague romantic way, 

5722
05:12:05,100 --> 05:12:08,300
that holiday decorations, 
present them, but as real 

5723
05:12:08,300 --> 05:12:12,800
animals with specific, behaviors
needs and relationships to the 

5724
05:12:12,800 --> 05:12:14,100
landscape. 
They inhabit. 

5725
05:12:15,000 --> 05:12:19,300
Reindeer or Caribou as they're 
called in North America are the 

5726
05:12:19,308 --> 05:12:23,100
only deer, species were both 
males and females grow antlers, 

5727
05:12:23,100 --> 05:12:25,600
which should immediately tell 
you, these aren't just 

5728
05:12:25,600 --> 05:12:27,800
decorative elements of the 
northern landscape. 

5729
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:31,300
But animals that have evolved 
elaborate social structures 

5730
05:12:31,300 --> 05:12:35,200
reindeer, herding isn't farming,
in any sense, that agricultural 

5731
05:12:35,200 --> 05:12:38,500
people would recognize, you're 
not confining animals to 

5732
05:12:38,500 --> 05:12:42,200
pastures feeding them crops or 
breeding them for specific 

5733
05:12:42,200 --> 05:12:45,500
traits. 
Instead traditional essay me 

5734
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:48,400
reindeer herding involved. 
Following semi-wild herds as 

5735
05:12:48,408 --> 05:12:51,000
they moved across the landscape 
and seasonal patterns, 

5736
05:12:51,000 --> 05:12:54,400
protecting them from predators, 
occasionally, hunting 

5737
05:12:54,400 --> 05:12:57,600
individuals, for food and 
materials, and gradually 

5738
05:12:57,600 --> 05:13:00,300
developing a relationship with 
the animals that was somewhere 

5739
05:13:00,300 --> 05:13:02,600
between wildlife management and 
animal husbandry. 

5740
05:13:02,600 --> 05:13:06,400
Imagine spending your entire 
life moving with the rhythms of 

5741
05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:09,800
these herds. 
In Winter, reindeer dig through 

5742
05:13:09,800 --> 05:13:13,400
snow to reach the lichens, they 
eat preferring different types 

5743
05:13:13,400 --> 05:13:16,300
of terrain depending on snow 
depth and lichen abundance. 

5744
05:13:17,100 --> 05:13:20,300
A spring approaches, they begin.
Migrating to a traditional 

5745
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:23,800
carving grounds, usually an 
areas that offer both grazing 

5746
05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:27,500
and protection from predators, 
some are seize the move into 

5747
05:13:27,500 --> 05:13:30,400
higher elevations or more. 
Northern latitudes to escape 

5748
05:13:30,400 --> 05:13:34,100
insects mosquitoes and warble 
flies that torment. 

5749
05:13:34,100 --> 05:13:37,700
Reindeer can drive entire herds 
into frenzy attempts, to find 

5750
05:13:37,700 --> 05:13:41,700
relief Autumn brings mating 
season when males compete 

5751
05:13:41,700 --> 05:13:45,000
dramatically for females 
clashing, their elaborate 

5752
05:13:45,000 --> 05:13:47,400
antlers in contests. 
That look choreographed. 

5753
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:49,600
But a deadly serious to the 
participant's. 

5754
05:13:50,300 --> 05:13:54,600
Then as temperatures drop and 
snow begins accumulating, the 

5755
05:13:54,600 --> 05:13:57,900
cycle continues with migration 
back to Winter pastures. 

5756
05:13:58,800 --> 05:14:01,200
The entire year is structured 
around these movements. 

5757
05:14:01,200 --> 05:14:04,500
And for thousands of years, the 
suspect people structured their 

5758
05:14:04,500 --> 05:14:08,000
lives around the same patterns. 
This isn't passive following of 

5759
05:14:08,000 --> 05:14:11,300
animals, traditional herders 
developed sophisticated 

5760
05:14:11,300 --> 05:14:14,000
knowledge systems about 
predicting, heard movements 

5761
05:14:14,000 --> 05:14:17,700
understanding reindeer behavior,
and managing their relationship 

5762
05:14:17,700 --> 05:14:20,800
with the animals. 
They knew which individuals in a

5763
05:14:20,800 --> 05:14:23,900
herd were leaders, that others 
would follow how to separate out

5764
05:14:23,900 --> 05:14:27,500
animals for various purposes 
without causing panic and how to

5765
05:14:27,500 --> 05:14:30,600
guide herds toward better 
grazing while making it seem 

5766
05:14:30,600 --> 05:14:34,300
like the reindeers own idea, the
materials provided by Reindeer 

5767
05:14:34,300 --> 05:14:38,100
made this lifestyle possible. 
Reindeer meat is lean and 

5768
05:14:38,100 --> 05:14:43,000
nutritious well adapted to cold 
climates the hides when properly

5769
05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:45,800
prepared create clothing and 
shelter materials. 

5770
05:14:45,800 --> 05:14:49,100
That provide insulation Superior
to almost anything else 

5771
05:14:49,100 --> 05:14:53,500
available in okta environments. 
Sinews become thread for sewing 

5772
05:14:53,500 --> 05:14:58,000
bones and antlers become tools, 
needles, and eventually 

5773
05:14:58,000 --> 05:15:01,700
decorative items. 
Even the milk, the reindeer a 

5774
05:15:01,700 --> 05:15:05,300
difficult to milk is Rich and 
nutritious Sami people developed

5775
05:15:05,300 --> 05:15:08,000
clothing technologies. 
That seem almost impossibly, 

5776
05:15:08,000 --> 05:15:09,500
well, adapted to their 
environment. 

5777
05:15:10,600 --> 05:15:14,100
The traditional gawky a tunic 
like garment with specific 

5778
05:15:14,100 --> 05:15:16,400
designs. 
Indicating the whereas region 

5779
05:15:16,400 --> 05:15:19,600
and family when made from 
reindeer hide and worn with 

5780
05:15:19,600 --> 05:15:21,800
other Hyde. 
Garments provides protection 

5781
05:15:21,800 --> 05:15:24,700
from cold that synthetic 
materials, still struggle to 

5782
05:15:24,700 --> 05:15:27,100
match. 
The secret is partly the 

5783
05:15:27,100 --> 05:15:30,800
material itself. 
Reindeer hair is Halo, providing

5784
05:15:30,800 --> 05:15:34,100
exceptional insulation and 
partly the knowledge of how to 

5785
05:15:34,100 --> 05:15:36,500
work it correctly living with 
reindeer. 

5786
05:15:36,500 --> 05:15:38,200
Herds meant living in temporary 
structures. 

5787
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:41,900
That could be moved as needed. 
The traditional love who 

5788
05:15:41,900 --> 05:15:45,800
somewhat similar to a teepee, 
could be erected quickly and 

5789
05:15:45,800 --> 05:15:48,900
provided surprisingly effective 
shelter, given its simple 

5790
05:15:48,900 --> 05:15:53,100
design. 
Later, Sami people adopted 

5791
05:15:53,100 --> 05:15:56,300
other, portable dwelling types, 
but the principle remained. 

5792
05:15:56,300 --> 05:15:59,000
The same. 
Your home needed to be mobile 

5793
05:15:59,000 --> 05:16:02,300
because you are always following
the herds, not all seemingly. 

5794
05:16:02,300 --> 05:16:03,900
People were reindeer, herders 
though. 

5795
05:16:03,900 --> 05:16:05,400
This is often how they're 
portrayed. 

5796
05:16:06,300 --> 05:16:09,300
Coastal semi groups, relied 
heavily on fishing and seal 

5797
05:16:09,300 --> 05:16:12,500
hunting developing entirely 
different skill sets and 

5798
05:16:12,508 --> 05:16:16,000
cultural practices adapted to 
Maritime environments. 

5799
05:16:16,700 --> 05:16:20,700
Forest, SME, hunted wild 
reindeer and other game trapped 

5800
05:16:20,700 --> 05:16:24,000
fur-bearing animals and gathered
resources from the boreal 

5801
05:16:24,000 --> 05:16:26,500
forests. 
These different Lifestyles, 

5802
05:16:26,500 --> 05:16:29,500
shared certain cultural 
elements, but were distinct 

5803
05:16:29,500 --> 05:16:31,600
enough. 
That speaking of the sahami way 

5804
05:16:31,600 --> 05:16:33,500
of life as a single thing as 
misleading. 

5805
05:16:33,500 --> 05:16:37,400
However, reindeer herding became
culturally significant beyond 

5806
05:16:37,400 --> 05:16:40,700
the communities that actually 
practiced it partly because it 

5807
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:44,200
was so visually distinctive and 
partly because it represented a 

5808
05:16:44,200 --> 05:16:48,000
form of livelihood that required
specific, territorial knowledge 

5809
05:16:48,000 --> 05:16:52,700
and rights. as Nordic States, 
expanded Northwood and began in 

5810
05:16:52,700 --> 05:16:56,800
pausing, their Authority on me, 
Reindeer herding became 

5811
05:16:56,800 --> 05:17:01,100
entangled with questions of 
land, use indigenous rights and 

5812
05:17:01,100 --> 05:17:04,200
cultural identity in ways that 
continue to this day, 

5813
05:17:04,200 --> 05:17:07,700
traditional herding, required 
intimate, knowledge of vast 

5814
05:17:07,700 --> 05:17:10,700
territories. 
Herders needed to know, not just

5815
05:17:10,700 --> 05:17:12,600
where reindeer would be at 
different times. 

5816
05:17:12,600 --> 05:17:15,900
But also, where Predators 
hunted, where weather patterns 

5817
05:17:15,900 --> 05:17:18,000
created? 
Dangerous conditions, where 

5818
05:17:18,000 --> 05:17:22,100
mushrooms and berries, grew for 
human foraging and how all these

5819
05:17:22,100 --> 05:17:23,900
factors varied from year to 
year. 

5820
05:17:24,900 --> 05:17:27,500
This knowledge could not be 
gained from books or Maps. 

5821
05:17:27,500 --> 05:17:31,300
It required years of direct 
experience and accumulated 

5822
05:17:31,300 --> 05:17:33,400
wisdom passed down through 
generations. 

5823
05:17:33,400 --> 05:17:38,100
The social organization around 
herding was complex Families and

5824
05:17:38,100 --> 05:17:40,900
larger King groups. 
Collaborated, in managing herds 

5825
05:17:40,900 --> 05:17:44,200
with intricate systems for 
determining ownership of 

5826
05:17:44,200 --> 05:17:46,400
individual animals within 
collectively. 

5827
05:17:46,400 --> 05:17:50,400
Managed herds. 
Reindeer, earmarks specific 

5828
05:17:50,400 --> 05:17:54,800
patterns of cuts and notches 
functioned like brands or tags 

5829
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:58,500
allowing herders to identify 
which animals belong to, which 

5830
05:17:58,500 --> 05:18:02,500
families even within mixed herds
of thousands decision-making 

5831
05:18:02,500 --> 05:18:05,700
about when to move where to 
graze and how to manage herds 

5832
05:18:05,700 --> 05:18:07,600
and involve consultation and 
Collective Agreement. 

5833
05:18:08,400 --> 05:18:11,800
This wasn't hierarchical system 
with single leaders issuing 

5834
05:18:11,800 --> 05:18:14,600
commands. 
But rather a consensus-based 

5835
05:18:14,600 --> 05:18:17,800
approach where experienced 
herders would share observations

5836
05:18:17,800 --> 05:18:21,200
and discuss options until 
General agreement emerged. 

5837
05:18:22,000 --> 05:18:24,400
It was a form of governance. 
Well adapted to mobile 

5838
05:18:24,400 --> 05:18:28,000
communities where cooperation 
was essential for survival as 

5839
05:18:28,000 --> 05:18:30,400
sleep. 
Creeps closer picture yourself 

5840
05:18:30,400 --> 05:18:34,000
moving across endless tundra in 
summer, following a herd of 

5841
05:18:34,000 --> 05:18:37,700
reindeer whose ancestors have 
made this same Journey for 

5842
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:42,100
Thousands of years. you 
recognize individual Animals by 

5843
05:18:42,100 --> 05:18:44,900
their markings and 
personalities, you know, which 

5844
05:18:44,900 --> 05:18:47,600
valleys will have the best 
grazing which streams are 

5845
05:18:47,608 --> 05:18:51,000
easiest to cross and where to 
find shelter of storms, develop,

5846
05:18:51,900 --> 05:18:54,700
Your entire existence is 
synchronized with the natural 

5847
05:18:54,700 --> 05:18:58,400
world in ways that Modern Life 
has made almost unimaginable for

5848
05:18:58,400 --> 05:19:01,900
most of us see me, spiritual 
Traditions developed in a world 

5849
05:19:01,900 --> 05:19:05,200
where the boundaries between 
human and non-human between 

5850
05:19:05,200 --> 05:19:08,900
physical and spiritual, but much
more permeable than most modern 

5851
05:19:08,900 --> 05:19:11,800
people experience. 
This was a primitive 

5852
05:19:11,800 --> 05:19:14,800
Superstition as early as 
European observers often 

5853
05:19:14,800 --> 05:19:18,500
characterized it but rather a 
sophisticated system for 

5854
05:19:18,500 --> 05:19:22,000
understanding and relating to a 
complex environment that 

5855
05:19:22,000 --> 05:19:25,600
demanded constant attention and 
respect at the center of 

5856
05:19:25,600 --> 05:19:30,600
traditional spirituality was the
Noida often translated as Sharma

5857
05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:33,700
though that term comes from 
Siberian cultures and doesn't 

5858
05:19:33,700 --> 05:19:35,600
perfectly capture the secondary 
concept. 

5859
05:19:36,400 --> 05:19:38,400
Annoyed. 
He served as intermediary 

5860
05:19:38,400 --> 05:19:41,500
between human communities, and 
the various spirits that 

5861
05:19:41,500 --> 05:19:45,200
inhabited, the landscape animals
weather and other natural 

5862
05:19:45,200 --> 05:19:48,300
phenomena. 
This role combined elements of 

5863
05:19:48,300 --> 05:19:51,500
what we might separately. 
Think of as priest, Dr. 

5864
05:19:51,500 --> 05:19:56,200
Counselor and weather forecaster
the no idea is primary tool was 

5865
05:19:56,200 --> 05:19:59,300
a special drum. 
Elaborately decorated with 

5866
05:19:59,300 --> 05:20:04,300
symbols representing various 
Spirits animals, landmarks and 

5867
05:20:04,300 --> 05:20:07,500
Concepts. 
These drums weren't just musical

5868
05:20:07,500 --> 05:20:11,500
instruments, but maps of 
spiritual geography, mnemonic 

5869
05:20:11,500 --> 05:20:14,800
devices, and coding, vast 
amounts of cultural, and 

5870
05:20:14,800 --> 05:20:18,000
practical knowledge. 
When in Norwegian performed 

5871
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:21,400
ceremonies, they would beat the 
drum in specific rhythms while a

5872
05:20:21,400 --> 05:20:25,600
small brass indicator moved 
across its surface supposedly 

5873
05:20:25,600 --> 05:20:29,000
Guided by spiritual forces to 
provide answers or guidance. 

5874
05:20:29,000 --> 05:20:33,200
Now before you write this off as
simple fortune, telling consider

5875
05:20:33,200 --> 05:20:36,600
what was actually happening. 
The Noida was someone who had 

5876
05:20:36,600 --> 05:20:39,700
spent years learning about 
weather patterns, animal 

5877
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:42,800
behavior, seasonal, changes and 
human psychology. 

5878
05:20:44,000 --> 05:20:47,300
The drum ceremony provided a 
framework for accessing this 

5879
05:20:47,300 --> 05:20:50,000
knowledge in ways that felt 
spiritually meaningful to the 

5880
05:20:50,000 --> 05:20:52,900
community. 
Whether you believe in literal 

5881
05:20:52,900 --> 05:20:56,900
Spirits, or see this as an 
elaborate system for organizing 

5882
05:20:56,900 --> 05:21:00,500
and accessing practical 
knowledge, it clearly worked as 

5883
05:21:00,500 --> 05:21:03,500
a decision-making tool for 
people facing real challenges, 

5884
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:07,500
semi spiritual Traditions, 
recognize numerous categories of

5885
05:21:07,500 --> 05:21:11,900
spirits and sacred beings. 
Natural features particular 

5886
05:21:11,900 --> 05:21:15,300
mountains, lakes, rock, 
formations or trees but 

5887
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:18,600
understood to have spiritual 
significance and required 

5888
05:21:18,600 --> 05:21:22,400
respectful treatment. 
Animals especially bears, and 

5889
05:21:22,400 --> 05:21:25,700
reindeer were believed to have 
their own spiritual Dimensions 

5890
05:21:25,700 --> 05:21:29,400
that humans need to acknowledge.
Even the Northern Lights. 

5891
05:21:29,400 --> 05:21:33,800
Those spectacular displays that 
paint Arctic Skies, but 

5892
05:21:33,800 --> 05:21:36,800
understood to have spiritual 
significance though. 

5893
05:21:36,800 --> 05:21:40,500
Interpretations of varied 
between regions the relationship

5894
05:21:40,500 --> 05:21:43,800
with these spiritual entities 
wasn't about Worship in the way 

5895
05:21:43,800 --> 05:21:45,900
many organized religions, 
understand it. 

5896
05:21:46,600 --> 05:21:49,600
Instead it was more about 
maintaining proper 

5897
05:21:49,600 --> 05:21:54,500
relationships, offering respect 
following certain protocols and 

5898
05:21:54,500 --> 05:21:57,600
avoiding offense. 
If you needed to hunt in a 

5899
05:21:57,600 --> 05:22:00,900
particular area, you might leave
an offering or perform a small 

5900
05:22:00,900 --> 05:22:03,800
ceremony and acknowledging the 
spirits of that place. 

5901
05:22:04,800 --> 05:22:08,100
If you had a successful hunt, 
you might perform rituals 

5902
05:22:08,100 --> 05:22:11,100
showing respect for the animals.
You'd killed and appreciation 

5903
05:22:11,100 --> 05:22:14,200
for their sacrifice bear. 
Ceremonies were particularly 

5904
05:22:14,200 --> 05:22:18,100
elaborate bears were seen as a 
specially powerful and sacred 

5905
05:22:18,100 --> 05:22:22,700
beings, and killing one required
extensive rituals before during,

5906
05:22:22,700 --> 05:22:26,600
and after the hunt, the Bear's 
Spirit needed to be honored and 

5907
05:22:26,608 --> 05:22:28,700
appeased. 
So it wouldn't take offense and 

5908
05:22:28,700 --> 05:22:32,400
cause problems for the hunters. 
He ceremonies involves specific 

5909
05:22:32,400 --> 05:22:36,700
songs offering and ways of 
handling, the Bears remains. 

5910
05:22:37,400 --> 05:22:41,100
To outside his, this might seem 
superstitious, but it functioned

5911
05:22:41,100 --> 05:22:45,300
as a conservation ethic in bears
were killed casually and that 

5912
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:47,900
hunting them remained special 
and relatively rare. 

5913
05:22:47,900 --> 05:22:52,300
This brings us to Joy one of the
most distinctive and beautiful 

5914
05:22:52,300 --> 05:22:56,200
aspects of Sami culture. 
Joey isn't exactly singing in 

5915
05:22:56,200 --> 05:22:58,400
the way, most western music uses
that term. 

5916
05:22:58,400 --> 05:23:02,700
It's more like a vocalized 
essence of a person place or 

5917
05:23:02,700 --> 05:23:05,800
thing. 
A musical encapsulation of its 

5918
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:07,900
spiritual and emotional 
qualities. 

5919
05:23:08,700 --> 05:23:11,900
You don't joke about something 
you joke about the thing itself.

5920
05:23:13,900 --> 05:23:17,400
A joy of a particular Mountain 
doesn't describe the mountain 

5921
05:23:17,400 --> 05:23:21,100
but attempts to capture its 
essential nature and sound 

5922
05:23:21,100 --> 05:23:24,900
traditional jokes, often use 
sounds that don't form words or 

5923
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:27,800
mix and vocables with occasional
words in ways that prioritize 

5924
05:23:27,800 --> 05:23:32,600
sound and feeling over literal. 
Meaning The melodic patterns can

5925
05:23:32,600 --> 05:23:35,400
seem strange to ears, accustomed
to Western musical structures. 

5926
05:23:35,400 --> 05:23:38,800
They don't follow familiar chord
progressions or rhythmic 

5927
05:23:38,800 --> 05:23:41,800
patterns, but instead create 
their own logic based on 

5928
05:23:41,800 --> 05:23:43,500
emotional and spiritual 
expression. 

5929
05:23:43,500 --> 05:23:47,300
Each person might have their own
joke created by someone who 

5930
05:23:47,300 --> 05:23:50,700
knows them well and attempts to 
capture their essence. these 

5931
05:23:50,700 --> 05:23:53,300
personal jokes weren't composed 
in the usual sense, but 

5932
05:23:53,300 --> 05:23:57,700
discovered The Joker would spend
time with the person observing 

5933
05:23:57,700 --> 05:24:01,600
and sensing their nature until 
the appropriate joke emerged. 

5934
05:24:02,400 --> 05:24:05,400
You might also have jokes for 
particular reindeer for 

5935
05:24:05,400 --> 05:24:10,200
significant places for important
events or for abstract Concepts,

5936
05:24:10,200 --> 05:24:13,800
like loneliness or Joy, joking. 
Was integral to spiritual. 

5937
05:24:13,800 --> 05:24:17,700
Practice is to storytelling to 
personal expression and to 

5938
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:21,600
maintaining cultural memory. 
Certain jokes might be hundreds 

5939
05:24:21,600 --> 05:24:25,600
of years, old passed down 
through generation carrying with

5940
05:24:25,600 --> 05:24:28,300
them accumulated associations 
and meaningless. 

5941
05:24:28,300 --> 05:24:31,100
Others might be created 
spontaneously in moments of 

5942
05:24:31,108 --> 05:24:34,400
strong, emotional or spiritual 
experience when Christian 

5943
05:24:34,400 --> 05:24:37,000
missionaries arrived in sapne. 
Me and will come to that 

5944
05:24:37,000 --> 05:24:40,000
difficult history. 
They specifically targeted, 

5945
05:24:40,000 --> 05:24:43,000
drums and joy King as Pagan 
practices that needed to be 

5946
05:24:43,008 --> 05:24:45,800
eliminated. 
Drums were confiscated and 

5947
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:49,900
burned noids were persecuted and
joy, King was forbidden. 

5948
05:24:51,100 --> 05:24:53,600
This wasn't just religious 
conversion but cultural 

5949
05:24:53,600 --> 05:24:57,200
suppression an attempt to 
eliminate spiritual practices 

5950
05:24:57,200 --> 05:25:00,200
that were inseparable from 
Sashimi identity and knowledge 

5951
05:25:00,200 --> 05:25:03,400
systems. 
Many drums were destroyed though

5952
05:25:03,400 --> 05:25:07,000
a few survive in museums today, 
mostly in Copenhagen and 

5953
05:25:07,000 --> 05:25:10,400
Stockholm where they were taken 
as Curiosities by collectors. 

5954
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:14,300
The surviving drums, a sacred 
objects to the Sami people. 

5955
05:25:14,300 --> 05:25:17,200
And there have been ongoing 
efforts to have them return to 

5956
05:25:17,200 --> 05:25:19,700
sap me. 
Looking at their intricate 

5957
05:25:19,700 --> 05:25:21,900
designs. 
You see in coded knowledge about

5958
05:25:21,900 --> 05:25:26,400
cosmology, geography seasons and
spiritual Concepts. 

5959
05:25:26,400 --> 05:25:30,400
Entire library of information 
compressed into decorated 

5960
05:25:30,400 --> 05:25:33,700
reindeer hide traditional essay 
me spirituality. 

5961
05:25:33,700 --> 05:25:37,900
Also involves sacred sites 
particular mountains, Cave 

5962
05:25:37,900 --> 05:25:41,900
Springs, or Stones were sermon 
is were performed and offerings 

5963
05:25:41,900 --> 05:25:45,100
left. 
These sites offer had natural 

5964
05:25:45,100 --> 05:25:48,900
features that made them feel. 
Numerous unusual rock formations

5965
05:25:48,900 --> 05:25:52,400
Echoes. 
That seemed like voices and 

5966
05:25:52,400 --> 05:25:55,300
springs with peculiar Colours or
temperature's. 

5967
05:25:56,200 --> 05:25:59,700
Archaeological excavations at 
the site reveal layers of 

5968
05:25:59,700 --> 05:26:04,400
offering spanning centuries. 
Carefully arranged antlers small

5969
05:26:04,400 --> 05:26:08,300
figurines carved from wood or 
bone and other items left by 

5970
05:26:08,300 --> 05:26:11,600
people seeking spiritual 
connection as you drift towards 

5971
05:26:11,600 --> 05:26:14,000
sleep. 
Imagine standing beneath the 

5972
05:26:14,000 --> 05:26:17,400
Northern Lights. 
Those ethereal curtains of green

5973
05:26:17,400 --> 05:26:20,600
and sometimes red or purple 
light that Ripple across the 

5974
05:26:20,600 --> 05:26:24,600
Arctic sky. 
To me, people, these weren't 

5975
05:26:24,600 --> 05:26:28,300
just atmospheric phenomena, but 
potentially dangerous Spirits or

5976
05:26:28,300 --> 05:26:32,600
energies that required respect. 
Children were warned not to wave

5977
05:26:32,600 --> 05:26:35,800
whistle or make noise when the 
light appeared less, they 

5978
05:26:35,800 --> 05:26:39,700
attract unwanted attention. 
This caution wasn't irrational 

5979
05:26:39,700 --> 05:26:43,600
fear but recognition that the 
world contains forces Beyond 

5980
05:26:43,600 --> 05:26:47,500
human control, a wisdom that 
modern society, sometimes 

5981
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:50,600
forgets for thousands of years 
SME. 

5982
05:26:50,600 --> 05:26:53,200
People lived in sapne without 
much interference from the 

5983
05:26:53,200 --> 05:26:57,000
kingdoms and Nations that were 
forming further south The 

5984
05:26:57,000 --> 05:27:01,400
Northern Territories were simply
too remote too harsh and two 

5985
05:27:01,400 --> 05:27:03,900
difficult to control for 
southern rulers to bother with. 

5986
05:27:04,800 --> 05:27:08,100
But this isolation couldn't last
forever and when it ended the 

5987
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:12,400
consequences would reshape Sami 
life in fundamental ways, the 

5988
05:27:12,400 --> 05:27:15,000
expansion of Scandinavian 
kingdoms and Northwood was 

5989
05:27:15,000 --> 05:27:18,900
gradual starting around the 
medieval period and accelerating

5990
05:27:18,900 --> 05:27:22,600
over subsequent centuries. 
Initially, this expansion was 

5991
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:26,600
more about extracting resources,
Furs fish, and eventually 

5992
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:28,800
minerals than about direct 
governance. 

5993
05:27:29,700 --> 05:27:33,700
Southern Traders would travel 
North exchange goods with sa me,

5994
05:27:33,700 --> 05:27:36,800
communities and return with 
valuable products for European 

5995
05:27:36,800 --> 05:27:39,300
markets. 
These early contacts weren't 

5996
05:27:39,300 --> 05:27:42,400
necessarily hostile. 
Trade could be mutually 

5997
05:27:42,400 --> 05:27:45,600
beneficial with sapni. 
People gaining access to metal 

5998
05:27:45,600 --> 05:27:48,900
tools grain and other Goods. 
Not readily available in Arctic 

5999
05:27:48,900 --> 05:27:52,700
regions, while Southern Traders 
acquired Furs and other Northern

6000
05:27:52,700 --> 05:27:54,900
products commanding high prices 
elsewhere. 

6001
05:27:55,900 --> 05:27:59,300
Some soft me individuals, became
wealthy through participation in

6002
05:27:59,300 --> 05:28:02,800
these trading networks and 
certain families established 

6003
05:28:02,800 --> 05:28:05,600
positions as intermediaries 
between their communities and 

6004
05:28:05,608 --> 05:28:08,900
Southern Traders. 
However, a Scandinavian 

6005
05:28:08,900 --> 05:28:10,900
kingdoms, grew more organized 
and Powerful. 

6006
05:28:10,900 --> 05:28:13,100
They began asserting 
sovereignty. 

6007
05:28:13,100 --> 05:28:15,600
Over territories. 
They had previously only visited

6008
05:28:15,600 --> 05:28:18,500
for trade. 
This assertion of control 

6009
05:28:18,500 --> 05:28:22,300
created immediate problems 
because it conflicted with Samir

6010
05:28:22,300 --> 05:28:24,600
concepts of land, use and 
territoriality. 

6011
05:28:25,500 --> 05:28:29,400
Sami people didn't own land in 
the way European legal systems. 

6012
05:28:29,400 --> 05:28:33,900
Understood ownership, Instead 
they had traditional use rights 

6013
05:28:33,900 --> 05:28:38,600
to specific territories based on
generations of custom family 

6014
05:28:38,600 --> 05:28:42,000
relationships and mutual 
agreements between communities 

6015
05:28:42,000 --> 05:28:46,700
when Swedish Norwegian Danish. 
And eventually, rational 

6016
05:28:46,700 --> 05:28:49,800
authorities began claiming these
territories and drawing borders,

6017
05:28:49,800 --> 05:28:53,400
they were imposing alien 
Concepts onto a landscape, that 

6018
05:28:53,400 --> 05:28:55,400
had been organized completely 
differently. 

6019
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,400
Reindeer migration routes 
suddenly crossed National 

6020
05:28:59,400 --> 05:29:02,800
boundaries, that meant nothing 
to the reindeer, but everything 

6021
05:29:02,800 --> 05:29:06,200
to authorities collecting taxes 
and enforcing regulations 

6022
05:29:06,200 --> 05:29:10,400
traditional fishing and hunting 
territories were declared Crown 

6023
05:29:10,400 --> 05:29:14,800
lands, requiring permissions and
fees that Sage me people had 

6024
05:29:14,800 --> 05:29:18,600
never previously needed taxation
was particularly problematic. 

6025
05:29:19,600 --> 05:29:22,900
Sami people found themselves 
paying taxes to multiple Kingdom

6026
05:29:22,900 --> 05:29:27,000
simultaneously. 
Swedish Norwegian and danish 

6027
05:29:27,000 --> 05:29:30,300
Norwegian authorities, each 
claim jurisdiction, over parts 

6028
05:29:30,300 --> 05:29:33,000
of soppy. 
And Sami people following 

6029
05:29:33,000 --> 05:29:35,700
reindeer, herds might cross 
these borders multiple times in 

6030
05:29:35,700 --> 05:29:40,000
a year. the kingdoms generally 
tolerated, this because saime 

6031
05:29:40,000 --> 05:29:43,700
taxes provided Revenue without 
requiring much administrative 

6032
05:29:43,700 --> 05:29:47,300
infrastructure, but it created 
hardships for people who 

6033
05:29:47,300 --> 05:29:50,000
suddenly owed obligations to 
multiple foreign powers 

6034
05:29:50,000 --> 05:29:53,500
Christian missionaries arrived, 
alongside or sometimes ahead of 

6035
05:29:53,500 --> 05:29:58,100
political expansion The spread 
of Christianity into Sage per 

6036
05:29:58,100 --> 05:30:02,000
meows was a complex process that
varied by region and period. 

6037
05:30:02,000 --> 05:30:05,300
But at universally involved 
pressure to abandon traditional 

6038
05:30:05,300 --> 05:30:09,400
spiritual practices. 
The persecution of Noida the 

6039
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:12,000
destruction of drums and the 
prohibition of joy. 

6040
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:15,100
King were all part of efforts to
replace the same spirituality 

6041
05:30:15,100 --> 05:30:18,200
with Christianity. 
Some such me people converted 

6042
05:30:18,200 --> 05:30:20,800
readily. 
Perhaps recognizing political 

6043
05:30:20,800 --> 05:30:23,900
advantages or finding elements 
of Christianity appealing. 

6044
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:29,000
Others maintain traditional 
practices and secret or created 

6045
05:30:29,000 --> 05:30:32,000
syncretic beliefs that Blended 
Christian and traditional 

6046
05:30:32,000 --> 05:30:34,500
elements. 
Many communities. 

6047
05:30:34,500 --> 05:30:37,800
Probably did both. 
Outwardly conforming to 

6048
05:30:37,800 --> 05:30:40,400
Christian expectations, while 
maintaining traditional 

6049
05:30:40,400 --> 05:30:44,700
practices privately. 
This created a divided spiritual

6050
05:30:44,700 --> 05:30:46,900
landscape. 
That still affects the same Amy 

6051
05:30:46,900 --> 05:30:49,400
Community. 
Today, he establishment of 

6052
05:30:49,400 --> 05:30:51,600
churches in September brought 
other changes. 

6053
05:30:52,700 --> 05:30:56,000
Sami people were required to 
attend Services, which meant 

6054
05:30:56,000 --> 05:30:58,700
building permanent Church towns,
where previously mobile 

6055
05:30:58,700 --> 05:31:01,000
population. 
Would gather at certain times. 

6056
05:31:01,700 --> 05:31:05,200
These Church towns became hubs 
for administration trade and 

6057
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:09,400
social interaction gradually, 
creating more settled patterns 

6058
05:31:09,400 --> 05:31:12,900
of life that conflicted with 
traditional Mobility schools, 

6059
05:31:12,900 --> 05:31:15,600
followed churches. 
And while education could 

6060
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:19,000
provide benefits, SME. 
Children often found themselves 

6061
05:31:19,000 --> 05:31:22,400
in institutions designed to 
eliminate their language and 

6062
05:31:22,400 --> 05:31:25,000
culture. 
Children were forbidden to 

6063
05:31:25,000 --> 05:31:28,300
speak, Sami languages punished 
for maintaining traditional 

6064
05:31:28,300 --> 05:31:32,100
practices and taught that their 
Heritage was inferior to 

6065
05:31:32,100 --> 05:31:37,200
dominant Norwegian, Swedish 
finish or Russian culture, This 

6066
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:40,400
pattern of forced assimilation 
through education continued. 

6067
05:31:40,400 --> 05:31:42,900
Well, into the 20th century and 
all four countries. 

6068
05:31:42,900 --> 05:31:46,200
The discovery of valuable 
resources in SAP mean 

6069
05:31:46,200 --> 05:31:49,100
intensified outside interests in
interference. 

6070
05:31:49,800 --> 05:31:53,100
Mining operations in Northern 
Sweden and Norway Timber 

6071
05:31:53,100 --> 05:31:56,400
harvesting in Finland and 
various resource extraction 

6072
05:31:56,400 --> 05:31:58,400
projects, all encroached on 
traditional. 

6073
05:31:58,400 --> 05:32:02,400
Essay me territories. 
These operations brought Nancy 

6074
05:32:02,400 --> 05:32:06,000
workers, created permanent 
settlements and disrupted, 

6075
05:32:06,000 --> 05:32:09,800
ecosystems that Sami livelihoods
depended on reindeer. 

6076
05:32:09,800 --> 05:32:12,300
Herding face particular 
challenges from resource 

6077
05:32:12,300 --> 05:32:14,100
extraction and land, use 
changes. 

6078
05:32:15,000 --> 05:32:19,500
Mining operations, dams for 
hydroelectric, power roads and 

6079
05:32:19,500 --> 05:32:22,600
eventual tourist developments, 
all fragmented, traditional 

6080
05:32:22,600 --> 05:32:24,700
migration routes, and grazing 
lands. 

6081
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:27,900
Reindeer, herders found 
themselves, an increasing 

6082
05:32:27,900 --> 05:32:31,600
conflict with landowners 
governments and corporations, 

6083
05:32:31,600 --> 05:32:34,800
who had different ideas about 
appropriate land, use legal 

6084
05:32:34,800 --> 05:32:39,100
Frameworks, gradually emerged to
regulate me rights, but these 

6085
05:32:39,100 --> 05:32:42,000
Frameworks typically reflected 
Southern assumptions about 

6086
05:32:42,000 --> 05:32:46,800
property economy and governance 
rather than traditional SME 

6087
05:32:46,800 --> 05:32:50,100
Concepts. 
In some regions, writes to herd 

6088
05:32:50,100 --> 05:32:53,400
reindeer became contingent on 
proving historical family 

6089
05:32:53,400 --> 05:32:57,800
connections to herding which 
created hierarchies within semi 

6090
05:32:57,800 --> 05:33:00,800
communities and excluded some 
people from traditional 

6091
05:33:00,800 --> 05:33:03,400
livelihoods the expansion of 
nation. 

6092
05:33:03,400 --> 05:33:06,400
States, also meant that sushmi 
people were increasingly 

6093
05:33:06,400 --> 05:33:10,900
identified by national 
citizenship Norwegian sahmi 

6094
05:33:10,900 --> 05:33:17,000
Swedish sahmi Finnish Army 
Russian Sami rather than as a 

6095
05:33:17,000 --> 05:33:20,100
unified people. 
These National identities, 

6096
05:33:20,100 --> 05:33:23,600
affected languages, legal 
rights, and cultural practices 

6097
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:27,200
creating divisions within what 
had previously been a more 

6098
05:33:27,200 --> 05:33:30,200
culturally unified region 
despite these pressures. 

6099
05:33:30,200 --> 05:33:35,000
Me communities, demonstrated 
remarkable, resilience, The 

6100
05:33:35,000 --> 05:33:37,000
adapted to New Economic 
realities. 

6101
05:33:37,000 --> 05:33:40,500
While maintaining core cultural 
practices developed new 

6102
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:43,700
strategies for preserving 
languages and traditions and 

6103
05:33:43,700 --> 05:33:46,800
eventually began organizing 
politically to assert their 

6104
05:33:46,800 --> 05:33:50,400
rights and interests. 
This resistance wasn't always 

6105
05:33:50,400 --> 05:33:54,100
loud or dramatic more often. 
It involved the quiet 

6106
05:33:54,100 --> 05:33:57,800
Persistence of speaking, Sami 
languages at home teaching 

6107
05:33:57,800 --> 05:34:01,600
children traditional skills and 
maintaining spiritual practices 

6108
05:34:01,600 --> 05:34:05,000
despite external pressure as you
grow drowsy. 

6109
05:34:05,000 --> 05:34:08,000
Imagine what it must have been 
like to watch your way of life, 

6110
05:34:08,000 --> 05:34:12,100
gradually hemmed in by borders 
regulations and demands from 

6111
05:34:12,100 --> 05:34:15,900
distant capitals. 
To have strangers arrived and 

6112
05:34:15,900 --> 05:34:18,600
declare they now own the land. 
Your family had used for 

6113
05:34:18,608 --> 05:34:22,400
generations to see your 
spiritual practices condemned as

6114
05:34:22,400 --> 05:34:25,700
devil worship to watch your 
children returned from school 

6115
05:34:25,700 --> 05:34:28,200
unable or unwilling to speak the
language. 

6116
05:34:28,200 --> 05:34:31,700
You raise them with the survival
of Sami culture through this 

6117
05:34:31,700 --> 05:34:35,000
period represents extraordinary 
determination and adaptability 

6118
05:34:35,000 --> 05:34:38,800
the 20th century brought both 
the greatest threats to 

6119
05:34:38,800 --> 05:34:42,200
assessment culture and the 
beginning of organized efforts 

6120
05:34:42,200 --> 05:34:47,000
to preserve and Revitalize it. 
This Paradox that the period of 

6121
05:34:47,008 --> 05:34:49,400
most intense pressure toward a 
simulation. 

6122
05:34:49,400 --> 05:34:53,100
Also saw the birth of modern 
semi political and cultural 

6123
05:34:53,100 --> 05:34:56,500
movements tells us something 
important about how cultures 

6124
05:34:56,500 --> 05:34:59,900
respond to existential 
challenges in the early Decades 

6125
05:34:59,900 --> 05:35:02,800
of the 1900s. 
A simulation policies 

6126
05:35:02,800 --> 05:35:06,100
intensified across all four 
countries, containing sapne me. 

6127
05:35:06,900 --> 05:35:09,900
The logic, if it can be called 
that was that indigenous 

6128
05:35:09,900 --> 05:35:12,800
populations would be better off 
abandoning their traditional 

6129
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:16,500
cultures and fully integrating 
into dominant societies. 

6130
05:35:17,400 --> 05:35:20,400
This wasn't presented as 
cultural destruction, but as 

6131
05:35:20,400 --> 05:35:23,700
modernization and Improvement, 
making it particularly 

6132
05:35:23,700 --> 05:35:26,700
Insidious, because it came 
wrapped in the language of 

6133
05:35:26,708 --> 05:35:30,000
progress and benevolence 
Norwegian authorities were 

6134
05:35:30,000 --> 05:35:32,400
particularly aggressive in their
assimilation efforts. 

6135
05:35:33,400 --> 05:35:35,800
Sammy children were sent to 
boarding schools, designed 

6136
05:35:35,800 --> 05:35:38,500
explicitly to eliminate their 
language and culture. 

6137
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:43,300
Teachers punished students for 
speaking Sage me and curricular 

6138
05:35:43,300 --> 05:35:47,200
presented Norwegian culture as 
Superior and S H metrics as 

6139
05:35:47,200 --> 05:35:51,500
backwards. similar policies 
operated in Sweden Finland and 

6140
05:35:51,500 --> 05:35:55,100
Soviet Russia each with their 
own variations but sharing the 

6141
05:35:55,100 --> 05:35:58,400
fundamental goal of cultural 
elimination land rights 

6142
05:35:58,400 --> 05:36:01,400
conflicts escalated, as Nordic 
countries developed, their 

6143
05:36:01,400 --> 05:36:04,800
Northern Territories, The altar 
damn controversy. 

6144
05:36:04,800 --> 05:36:08,500
In Norway, beginning in the 
1970s and continuing into the 

6145
05:36:08,500 --> 05:36:14,100
1980s became a watershed moment 
for Sammy political activism The

6146
05:36:14,100 --> 05:36:16,800
Norwegian government plan to Dam
the altar River for 

6147
05:36:16,800 --> 05:36:20,200
hydroelectric power which would 
flood traditional essay me 

6148
05:36:20,200 --> 05:36:23,000
territories and disrupt reindeer
herding. 

6149
05:36:24,200 --> 05:36:26,800
Semi activists and their allies 
staged. 

6150
05:36:26,800 --> 05:36:30,900
Dramatic protests including 
hunger, strikes and Civil 

6151
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:34,600
Disobedience, bringing 
International attention to SME 

6152
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:37,200
issues though, the dam was 
ultimately built the 

6153
05:36:37,200 --> 05:36:40,700
controversy, galvanized assume 
political Consciousness and 

6154
05:36:40,700 --> 05:36:43,400
demonstrated that governments 
could no longer make decisions 

6155
05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:46,600
about some me without facing 
organized semi resistance. 

6156
05:36:47,400 --> 05:36:50,600
It also led to institutional 
changes including the 

6157
05:36:50,600 --> 05:36:53,900
establishment of the sapne 
parliament in Norway in 1989. 

6158
05:36:54,700 --> 05:36:57,800
Followed by similar institutions
in Sweden and Finland. 

6159
05:36:57,800 --> 05:37:01,400
These Sami parliaments aren't 
Sovereign governing bodies but 

6160
05:37:01,400 --> 05:37:05,300
rather consultative assemblies 
with limited authority, over 

6161
05:37:05,300 --> 05:37:07,100
certain cultural and language 
matters. 

6162
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:11,100
They represent a compromise 
between SME demands for 

6163
05:37:11,100 --> 05:37:14,900
self-determination and Nordic 
States unwillingness to see 

6164
05:37:14,900 --> 05:37:18,900
substantial sovereignty. 
Their effectiveness is debated 

6165
05:37:18,900 --> 05:37:23,900
within sahi community's some see
them, as important steps towards

6166
05:37:23,900 --> 05:37:27,400
self-governance others as 
inadequate tokens, that provide 

6167
05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:30,000
the appearance of indigenous 
rights without real power. 

6168
05:37:30,000 --> 05:37:33,300
The late 20th century saw, 
remarkable efforts to 

6169
05:37:33,300 --> 05:37:37,000
revitalize, sessional languages,
particularly among younger 

6170
05:37:37,000 --> 05:37:40,500
Generations. 
Sami language, schools media 

6171
05:37:40,500 --> 05:37:44,500
programs books, and eventually 
digital resources were created. 

6172
05:37:45,300 --> 05:37:47,100
Young people who had grown up 
speaking. 

6173
05:37:47,100 --> 05:37:51,800
Only Norwegian, Swedish or 
Finnish began learning their 

6174
05:37:51,800 --> 05:37:54,700
ancestral. 
Languages sometimes becoming 

6175
05:37:54,700 --> 05:37:58,100
fluent enough to raise their own
children, as a semi speakers. 

6176
05:37:58,100 --> 05:38:01,600
This language, revitalization 
wasn't just about preservation, 

6177
05:38:01,600 --> 05:38:06,900
but about reclaiming identity. 
language carries culture in ways

6178
05:38:06,900 --> 05:38:10,700
that translations can never 
fully capture when people learn 

6179
05:38:10,700 --> 05:38:14,100
Sami languages, they access ways
of thinking about landscape 

6180
05:38:14,100 --> 05:38:19,100
animals seasons and 
relationships that are encoded 

6181
05:38:19,100 --> 05:38:21,000
in the languages structure and 
vocabulary. 

6182
05:38:22,100 --> 05:38:24,700
Revitalizing language means 
revitalizing. 

6183
05:38:24,700 --> 05:38:27,900
World Views. 
Joking experience to cultural 

6184
05:38:27,900 --> 05:38:30,200
Renaissance after centuries of 
suppression. 

6185
05:38:31,200 --> 05:38:35,300
Musicians like Mary Bowen and 
Neil suspect volcano began, 

6186
05:38:35,300 --> 05:38:38,300
incorporating traditional joint,
elements into contemporary 

6187
05:38:38,300 --> 05:38:41,800
music. 
Creating fusions that honor 

6188
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:43,500
tradition while exploring new 
possibilities. 

6189
05:38:44,800 --> 05:38:47,500
This brought joy King to 
International audience's and 

6190
05:38:47,500 --> 05:38:51,200
demonstrated its artistic 
Vitality Beyond its traditional 

6191
05:38:51,200 --> 05:38:55,600
contexts, modern Sammy artists, 
writers filmmakers, and 

6192
05:38:55,600 --> 05:38:59,200
musicians have created a vibrant
contemporary culture, that 

6193
05:38:59,200 --> 05:39:01,800
maintained connections to 
traditional practices. 

6194
05:39:01,800 --> 05:39:06,600
While engaging with global 
artistic movements Semi 

6195
05:39:06,600 --> 05:39:09,000
literature in multiple languages
has developed into a 

6196
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:11,400
sophisticated body of work, 
addressing everything from 

6197
05:39:11,400 --> 05:39:15,400
historical, trauma to 
contemporary identity to science

6198
05:39:15,400 --> 05:39:19,300
fiction. 
Say me visual artists of gained 

6199
05:39:19,300 --> 05:39:23,200
International recognition while 
maintaining distinctively, Sami 

6200
05:39:23,200 --> 05:39:26,700
aesthetic sensibilities. 
The rise of digital technology, 

6201
05:39:26,700 --> 05:39:30,000
and social media has created new
opportunities for secondary, 

6202
05:39:30,000 --> 05:39:33,000
cultural expression and 
political organizing. 

6203
05:39:34,000 --> 05:39:37,500
Sami people across National 
borders can now connect share 

6204
05:39:37,500 --> 05:39:40,800
resources and coordinate 
advocacy in ways that would have

6205
05:39:40,808 --> 05:39:45,200
been impossible in early eras. 
Young people can access up me 

6206
05:39:45,200 --> 05:39:48,100
language content on line. 
Participate in Virtual 

6207
05:39:48,100 --> 05:39:52,000
communities and encounter 
positive representations of semi

6208
05:39:52,000 --> 05:39:55,200
identity that counteract 
negative stereotypes. 

6209
05:39:55,200 --> 05:40:00,200
However, significant challenges 
remain Sami languages are still 

6210
05:40:00,200 --> 05:40:03,900
in dangered with some varieties.
Having very few fluent speakers 

6211
05:40:03,900 --> 05:40:06,300
left. 
Traditional livelihoods like 

6212
05:40:06,300 --> 05:40:10,400
reindeer herding face ongoing 
pressures from climate change, 

6213
05:40:10,400 --> 05:40:15,200
land, use conflicts and economic
changes racism, and 

6214
05:40:15,200 --> 05:40:18,600
discrimination continued though.
Then now more subtle than in 

6215
05:40:18,600 --> 05:40:22,600
early periods. many Sashimi 
people, particularly those 

6216
05:40:22,600 --> 05:40:25,900
living in urban areas, or with 
mixed Heritage, struggle with 

6217
05:40:25,900 --> 05:40:29,700
questions of identity, and 
belonging climate change poses, 

6218
05:40:29,700 --> 05:40:33,400
particularly serious threats to 
traditional s8b livelihoods and 

6219
05:40:33,408 --> 05:40:37,900
culture Warming temperatures are
altering snow patterns ice 

6220
05:40:37,900 --> 05:40:41,800
formation and vegetation in ways
that affect reindeer herding. 

6221
05:40:42,700 --> 05:40:45,700
Traditional ecological knowledge
developed over thousands of 

6222
05:40:45,700 --> 05:40:49,500
years, may become less reliable 
as the climate system shifts 

6223
05:40:49,500 --> 05:40:52,900
into new States. 
This isn't just an economic 

6224
05:40:52,900 --> 05:40:57,100
problem but a cultural crisis as
traditional practices become 

6225
05:40:57,100 --> 05:40:59,900
harder to maintain as sleep 
approaches. 

6226
05:40:59,900 --> 05:41:03,700
Consider the resilience required
to maintain cultural identity 

6227
05:41:03,700 --> 05:41:06,600
through a century of intense 
pressure toward a simulation 

6228
05:41:08,000 --> 05:41:10,600
Same people didn't just 
passively receive whatever 

6229
05:41:10,600 --> 05:41:14,500
policies governments, imposed, 
they resisted adapted and 

6230
05:41:14,500 --> 05:41:17,500
eventually organized effective 
political movements demanding 

6231
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:21,500
recognition and rights. 
The survival of a semi culture 

6232
05:41:21,500 --> 05:41:24,600
represents countless individual 
and collective decision to 

6233
05:41:24,600 --> 05:41:27,800
maintain traditions. 
Speaker languages, teach 

6234
05:41:27,800 --> 05:41:31,700
children, and refused to 
disappear today somewhere 

6235
05:41:31,700 --> 05:41:34,200
between 80,000 and 100,000 
people. 

6236
05:41:34,200 --> 05:41:37,800
Identified as Esme though, exact
numbers are difficult to 

6237
05:41:37,800 --> 05:41:40,700
determine because some countries
don't officially track 

6238
05:41:40,700 --> 05:41:44,200
indigenous identity. 
And because definitions of srmy,

6239
05:41:44,200 --> 05:41:49,000
identity vary, This population 
is distributed across Norway 

6240
05:41:49,000 --> 05:41:58,800
probably 40,060,000, Sweden, 
15,020,000 Finland 810,000 and 

6241
05:41:58,800 --> 05:42:03,500
Russia 2000 with these numbers 
representing rough estimates 

6242
05:42:03,500 --> 05:42:07,900
rather than precise counts. 
Modern say h me people live in 

6243
05:42:07,908 --> 05:42:12,600
cities and rural areas work in 
every imaginable profession and 

6244
05:42:12,600 --> 05:42:15,500
participate fully in 
contemporary Nordic societies 

6245
05:42:15,500 --> 05:42:18,600
while maintaining distinct 
cultural identities. 

6246
05:42:19,600 --> 05:42:22,400
The stereotypical image of sa 
army people. 

6247
05:42:22,400 --> 05:42:25,500
As reindeer herders in 
traditional dresses as 

6248
05:42:25,500 --> 05:42:27,300
misleading. 
Today, is, would be to imagine 

6249
05:42:27,300 --> 05:42:29,100
all Irish people as rural 
farmers. 

6250
05:42:30,000 --> 05:42:33,900
Sami doctors, teachers artists, 
politicians engineers and 

6251
05:42:33,900 --> 05:42:37,600
Professionals of every kind 
navigate between traditional 

6252
05:42:37,600 --> 05:42:41,300
culture and modern life in ways 
that are complex and individual.

6253
05:42:41,300 --> 05:42:45,900
Only a minority of people. 
Perhaps 10% are actually 

6254
05:42:45,900 --> 05:42:48,800
involved in reindeer hurting 
today, though, this practice 

6255
05:42:48,800 --> 05:42:53,100
retains enormous cultural 
significance Beyond its economic

6256
05:42:53,100 --> 05:42:56,100
importance. 
Reindeer herding has become not 

6257
05:42:56,100 --> 05:42:59,600
just a livelihood but a 
statement of cultural continuity

6258
05:42:59,600 --> 05:43:03,800
a living connection to tradition
stretching back thousands of 

6259
05:43:03,800 --> 05:43:07,300
years. 
Even assess me people who don't 

6260
05:43:07,300 --> 05:43:10,100
hurt reindeer often maintain 
emotional and cultural 

6261
05:43:10,100 --> 05:43:14,100
connections to the practice. 
The gakti traditional essay me 

6262
05:43:14,100 --> 05:43:16,900
clothing has become an important
symbol of cultural identity and 

6263
05:43:16,900 --> 05:43:19,400
pride. 
While most essay meet people 

6264
05:43:19,400 --> 05:43:21,600
were ordinary contemporary 
clothing and daily life. 

6265
05:43:21,600 --> 05:43:25,200
Many owned gawky for special 
occasions weddings 

6266
05:43:25,200 --> 05:43:28,800
confirmations. 
SAE National Day Celebrations 

6267
05:43:28,800 --> 05:43:32,800
and cultural events. 
The specific design of someone's

6268
05:43:32,800 --> 05:43:36,900
gawky indicates their family and
Regional Origins, making these 

6269
05:43:36,900 --> 05:43:38,900
garments, both beautiful and 
informative. 

6270
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:42,900
Creating a gakti is a 
significant cultural practice 

6271
05:43:42,900 --> 05:43:46,500
involving specialized knowledge 
about traditional designs 

6272
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:50,100
construction techniques and 
appropriate materials. 

6273
05:43:51,100 --> 05:43:54,900
Experience makers are respected 
culture bearers, who teach 

6274
05:43:54,900 --> 05:43:58,800
younger Generations, not just so
many skills but entire complexes

6275
05:43:58,800 --> 05:44:02,000
of cultural knowledge. 
When you see someone wearing a 

6276
05:44:02,000 --> 05:44:05,400
cacti, you're seeing the result 
of hundreds of hours of skilled 

6277
05:44:05,400 --> 05:44:08,900
work and the continuation of 
aesthetic Traditions developed 

6278
05:44:08,900 --> 05:44:13,400
over centuries National Day, 
celebrated on February 6th 

6279
05:44:13,400 --> 05:44:17,300
commemorates. 
The first Sammy Congress in 1970

6280
05:44:17,300 --> 05:44:21,000
and has become an important 
occasion for cultural 

6281
05:44:21,000 --> 05:44:23,200
celebration and political 
statement. 

6282
05:44:24,100 --> 05:44:26,800
On this day. 
So many people across a set. 

6283
05:44:26,800 --> 05:44:29,400
Me gather for ceremonies 
performance performances, 

6284
05:44:29,400 --> 05:44:32,600
political speeches, and 
community events. 

6285
05:44:33,900 --> 05:44:37,400
Schools in semi areas, teach 
about semi history and culture 

6286
05:44:37,400 --> 05:44:40,600
and the Sami flag with its 
distinctive. 

6287
05:44:40,600 --> 05:44:44,200
Circle representing the Sun and 
Moon against red, blue, green 

6288
05:44:44,200 --> 05:44:47,700
and yellow. 
Flies prominently education. 

6289
05:44:47,700 --> 05:44:50,600
About Sammy history and culture 
has improved significantly in 

6290
05:44:50,600 --> 05:44:55,000
recent decades though, gaps 
remain Nordic countries have 

6291
05:44:55,000 --> 05:44:58,300
beginner, acknowledging 
historical Injustice, including 

6292
05:44:58,300 --> 05:45:01,000
forced assimilation policies and
cultural suppression. 

6293
05:45:02,200 --> 05:45:05,400
Some schools now teaching 
languages and history as part of

6294
05:45:05,400 --> 05:45:09,400
regular in University programs 
in Sami Studies have been 

6295
05:45:09,408 --> 05:45:12,600
established. 
However, many challenges persist

6296
05:45:13,700 --> 05:45:16,700
the right to learn Sr. 
Me languages in school as often.

6297
05:45:16,700 --> 05:45:20,400
More theoretical than practical 
in many areas there aren't 

6298
05:45:20,400 --> 05:45:22,900
enough teachers or resources to 
provide adequate. 

6299
05:45:22,900 --> 05:45:27,100
Same language educational. 
Schools outside set me off and 

6300
05:45:27,100 --> 05:45:30,200
teach minimal or inaccurate 
information about saving people 

6301
05:45:30,200 --> 05:45:33,100
perpetuating stereotypes and 
ignorance. 

6302
05:45:34,000 --> 05:45:37,300
Many non Sammy citizens of 
Nordic countries, remain largely

6303
05:45:37,300 --> 05:45:40,200
unaware of Sami culture and 
history despite sharing 

6304
05:45:40,200 --> 05:45:43,700
territory land rights continue 
to be contentious issues. 

6305
05:45:44,500 --> 05:45:49,000
In Norway a landmark, 2005 Court
decision, the spots goguen. 

6306
05:45:49,000 --> 05:45:51,600
Case, affirmed that Sammy 
communities. 

6307
05:45:51,600 --> 05:45:54,900
Could have property rights based
on traditional use even without 

6308
05:45:54,900 --> 05:45:58,800
formal title, representing an 
important legal recognition of 

6309
05:45:58,800 --> 05:46:02,600
indigenous rights. 
However, disputes continue over 

6310
05:46:02,600 --> 05:46:06,600
mining wind farms and other 
development projects that affect

6311
05:46:06,600 --> 05:46:09,900
traditional territories, the 
extractive industries that have 

6312
05:46:09,900 --> 05:46:12,900
long been sources of conflict 
are now joined by seemingly 

6313
05:46:12,900 --> 05:46:15,000
Progressive environmental 
initiatives. 

6314
05:46:15,800 --> 05:46:19,000
Wind farms intended to reduce 
carbon emissions are being built

6315
05:46:19,000 --> 05:46:22,700
on traditional reindeer grazing,
lands, creating new conflicts 

6316
05:46:22,700 --> 05:46:24,900
between climate action and 
Indigenous rights. 

6317
05:46:26,000 --> 05:46:28,000
Solar panels and other 
renewable, energy. 

6318
05:46:28,000 --> 05:46:30,500
Infrastructure also create 
environmental impacts that 

6319
05:46:30,500 --> 05:46:33,500
affect. 
Esearch me Lively hoods. 

6320
05:46:34,400 --> 05:46:36,000
These conflicts illustrate how 
even? 

6321
05:46:36,000 --> 05:46:39,400
Well intentioned environmental 
policies can harm indigenous 

6322
05:46:39,400 --> 05:46:42,600
people's when implemented 
without adequate consultation 

6323
05:46:42,600 --> 05:46:47,600
climate change affects sahp in 
ways that combine local impacts 

6324
05:46:47,600 --> 05:46:51,100
with global implications. 
Warming temperatures are 

6325
05:46:51,100 --> 05:46:54,600
altering ecosystems making 
traditional ecological 

6326
05:46:54,600 --> 05:46:58,200
knowledge, less reliable. 
Snow patterns are changing 

6327
05:46:58,200 --> 05:47:01,700
affecting reindeer grazing and 
traditional winter travel. 

6328
05:47:02,600 --> 05:47:06,200
Thorong permafrost is 
destabilizing Landscapes and 

6329
05:47:06,200 --> 05:47:08,900
releasing greenhouse gases that 
accelerate warming. 

6330
05:47:09,900 --> 05:47:14,300
These changes threaten, not just
smeared livelihoods, but entire 

6331
05:47:14,300 --> 05:47:16,900
ways of relating to and 
understanding the environment. 

6332
05:47:16,900 --> 05:47:20,300
Yes, Amy communities are 
contributing to climate science 

6333
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:22,500
and Environmental Management 
through their traditional 

6334
05:47:22,500 --> 05:47:25,900
ecological knowledge. 
Scientists are increasingly 

6335
05:47:25,900 --> 05:47:29,000
recognizing that indigenous 
knowledge systems contain 

6336
05:47:29,000 --> 05:47:31,300
valuable information about 
long-term environmental 

6337
05:47:31,300 --> 05:47:35,300
patterns, species behavior, and 
ecosystem Dynamics. 

6338
05:47:36,200 --> 05:47:39,500
Collaboration between scientific
and traditional knowledge is 

6339
05:47:39,500 --> 05:47:41,800
producing. 
Insights neither could generate 

6340
05:47:41,800 --> 05:47:43,800
alone. 
See me, cultural production 

6341
05:47:43,800 --> 05:47:47,600
continues to evolve contemporary
semi music Rangers from 

6342
05:47:47,600 --> 05:47:50,600
traditional joy, King to 
electronic music to heavy metal,

6343
05:47:50,600 --> 05:47:53,900
all sometimes incorporating, 
same language and themes. 

6344
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:58,900
Films like the Pathfinder and 
semi blood have brought Sammy 

6345
05:47:58,900 --> 05:48:00,200
stories to International 
audiences. 

6346
05:48:00,200 --> 05:48:03,300
While reflecting zammy 
perspectives on history and 

6347
05:48:03,300 --> 05:48:07,400
identity, Visual artists are 
creating work that engages with 

6348
05:48:07,400 --> 05:48:11,000
traditional Aesthetics while 
exploring contemporary issues. 

6349
05:48:11,000 --> 05:48:14,400
The internet has enabled new 
forms of cultural expression and

6350
05:48:14,400 --> 05:48:17,900
Community Building. 
Social media platforms, host, 

6351
05:48:17,900 --> 05:48:20,800
active Sage me language 
communities, where people 

6352
05:48:20,800 --> 05:48:24,900
practice language skills, share,
cultural content and discuss 

6353
05:48:24,900 --> 05:48:28,900
contemporary issues. 
YouTube hosts, joic performance 

6354
05:48:28,900 --> 05:48:32,600
is language lessons and cultural
education. 

6355
05:48:33,300 --> 05:48:35,600
Apps teach. 
SF me languages to new 

6356
05:48:35,600 --> 05:48:39,800
generations. 
Digital technology often seen as

6357
05:48:39,800 --> 05:48:43,000
threatening to traditional 
cultures has become a tool for 

6358
05:48:43,000 --> 05:48:44,700
cultural preservation and 
Innovation. 

6359
05:48:44,700 --> 05:48:46,800
As you sink deeper into your 
pillow. 

6360
05:48:46,800 --> 05:48:49,900
Imagine what it means to 
navigate between traditional and

6361
05:48:49,900 --> 05:48:52,900
modern. 
Between indigenous identity and 

6362
05:48:52,900 --> 05:48:57,100
National citizenship and between
ancestral lands and contemporary

6363
05:48:57,100 --> 05:49:00,800
realities. 
Modern people live in this space

6364
05:49:00,800 --> 05:49:04,600
of negotiation maintaining 
connections to Traditions while 

6365
05:49:04,600 --> 05:49:08,300
fully participating in 20 first 
century life. 

6366
05:49:09,100 --> 05:49:12,500
Creating something that is 
neither purely traditional nor 

6367
05:49:12,500 --> 05:49:16,300
simply modern but uniquely their
own as our journey through 

6368
05:49:16,300 --> 05:49:17,200
Sammy. 
History. 

6369
05:49:17,200 --> 05:49:20,600
Draws to a close it's worth 
reflecting on what this story 

6370
05:49:20,600 --> 05:49:23,900
offers to those of us outside 
Sapp me the same people's 

6371
05:49:23,900 --> 05:49:27,900
experience contains lessons 
about resilience adaptation 

6372
05:49:27,900 --> 05:49:31,700
cultural survival and the 
complex relationships between 

6373
05:49:31,700 --> 05:49:34,900
humans and environments. 
The most fundamental lesson 

6374
05:49:34,900 --> 05:49:38,600
might be about time. 
Specifically about taking the 

6375
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:42,100
Long View. 
Sami culture is persisted for 

6376
05:49:42,100 --> 05:49:45,100
thousands of years, not through 
rigid adherence to unchanging 

6377
05:49:45,100 --> 05:49:48,900
Traditions but through flexible 
adaptation while maintaining 

6378
05:49:48,900 --> 05:49:52,800
core values and practices. 
This combination of continuity 

6379
05:49:52,800 --> 05:49:56,500
and change offers a model for 
cultural survival that other 

6380
05:49:56,500 --> 05:49:59,200
indigenous peoples. 
And minority cultures can learn 

6381
05:49:59,200 --> 05:50:02,500
from Sammy, traditional 
ecological, knowledge represents

6382
05:50:02,500 --> 05:50:05,500
accumulated wisdom from 
thousands of years of careful, 

6383
05:50:05,500 --> 05:50:09,800
observation and experimentation.
This isn't romantic or mystical 

6384
05:50:09,800 --> 05:50:13,200
its empirical knowledge, gained 
through generations of people 

6385
05:50:13,200 --> 05:50:16,900
who survival depended on 
accurately understanding their 

6386
05:50:16,900 --> 05:50:20,700
environment. 
Modern environmental science is 

6387
05:50:20,700 --> 05:50:23,200
rediscovering. 
What indigenous people's of long

6388
05:50:23,200 --> 05:50:26,300
known? 
But sustainable relationships 

6389
05:50:26,300 --> 05:50:30,400
with Landscapes required deep 
long-term knowledge that cannot 

6390
05:50:30,400 --> 05:50:34,100
be replaced by short-term 
technical assessments, the semi 

6391
05:50:34,100 --> 05:50:37,500
experience also illustrates how 
cultural destruction often comes

6392
05:50:37,500 --> 05:50:40,000
wrapped in the language of 
improvement and progress. 

6393
05:50:41,200 --> 05:50:44,400
simulation policies were 
Justified as helping me people 

6394
05:50:44,400 --> 05:50:49,000
by integrating them into modern 
societies, eliminating backward,

6395
05:50:49,000 --> 05:50:52,500
practices and providing 
opportunities for advancement 

6396
05:50:53,400 --> 05:50:56,400
This rhetoric of benevolent 
modernization has accompanied 

6397
05:50:56,400 --> 05:51:00,700
cultural destruction worldwide. 
Making it particularly Insidious

6398
05:51:00,700 --> 05:51:03,300
because perpetrators can 
convince themselves their 

6399
05:51:03,300 --> 05:51:07,300
helping recognizing this pattern
helps us identify similar 

6400
05:51:07,300 --> 05:51:09,300
Dynamics and contemporary 
contexts. 

6401
05:51:10,900 --> 05:51:14,200
When development projects 
promised to improve indigenous 

6402
05:51:14,200 --> 05:51:17,300
people's lives, while requiring 
them to abandon traditional 

6403
05:51:17,300 --> 05:51:21,900
practices When education systems
present, dominant cultures as 

6404
05:51:21,900 --> 05:51:25,300
inherently Superior, when 
economic systems make 

6405
05:51:25,300 --> 05:51:28,700
traditional livelihoods, 
increasingly difficult, these 

6406
05:51:28,700 --> 05:51:32,200
are continuations of patterns 
that nearly destroyed semi 

6407
05:51:32,200 --> 05:51:35,500
culture. 
The revitalization of SSH me 

6408
05:51:35,500 --> 05:51:38,900
languages and cultural practices
demonstrates that cultural loss 

6409
05:51:38,900 --> 05:51:42,300
isn't always permanent. 
Even after generations of 

6410
05:51:42,300 --> 05:51:46,300
suppression, when languages seem
nearly extinct and traditional 

6411
05:51:46,300 --> 05:51:50,200
practices have been largely 
abandoned recovery as possible 

6412
05:51:50,200 --> 05:51:53,600
if communities commit resources 
and effort to revitalization. 

6413
05:51:54,600 --> 05:51:57,800
This offers hope for other 
endangered cultures while also 

6414
05:51:57,800 --> 05:52:02,000
highlighting how much work such 
recovery requires seam is 

6415
05:52:02,000 --> 05:52:04,300
political organizing shows the 
importance of indigenous, 

6416
05:52:04,300 --> 05:52:07,100
people's having platforms to 
assert their own interests 

6417
05:52:07,100 --> 05:52:10,700
rather than depending on 
majority populations Goodwill. 

6418
05:52:12,000 --> 05:52:14,900
the establishment of semi 
parliaments, while imperfect 

6419
05:52:14,900 --> 05:52:19,600
created institutional 
recognition, Sami people as 

6420
05:52:19,600 --> 05:52:22,800
distinct political entities with
rights to consultation about 

6421
05:52:22,800 --> 05:52:26,600
matters affecting the This 
represents progress from early 

6422
05:52:26,600 --> 05:52:30,100
eras, when governments, simply 
imposed decisions without 

6423
05:52:30,100 --> 05:52:33,300
indigenous input. 
However, the limitations of 

6424
05:52:33,300 --> 05:52:36,400
these institutions, all so 
illustrate, ongoing challenges, 

6425
05:52:36,400 --> 05:52:40,500
consultative bodies without real
power can become tokens that. 

6426
05:52:40,500 --> 05:52:43,300
Give the appearance of 
indigenous rights without 

6427
05:52:43,300 --> 05:52:48,200
substantive self-determination. 
True decolonization requires, 

6428
05:52:48,200 --> 05:52:51,200
not just acknowledgment, but 
meaningful transfer of 

6429
05:52:51,200 --> 05:52:54,200
decision-making, authority. 
Over territories, resources and 

6430
05:52:54,200 --> 05:52:57,200
cultural matters. 
The seamy story reminds us that 

6431
05:52:57,200 --> 05:53:00,400
maps with clean borders, 
represent political aspirations 

6432
05:53:00,400 --> 05:53:04,500
more than cultural realities. 
HP doesn't respect National 

6433
05:53:04,500 --> 05:53:07,200
boundaries because it predates 
them by thousands of years. 

6434
05:53:08,300 --> 05:53:10,900
The idea that this landscape 
should be divided into 

6435
05:53:10,900 --> 05:53:15,400
Norwegian, Swedish Finnish, and 
Russian territories makes sense,

6436
05:53:15,400 --> 05:53:19,100
only from state-centered 
perspectives that ignore deeper 

6437
05:53:19,100 --> 05:53:21,500
cultural and ecological 
relationships with land. 

6438
05:53:21,500 --> 05:53:25,900
This has implications Beyond 
sap, me indigenous territories 

6439
05:53:25,900 --> 05:53:28,300
worldwide. 
A divided by Colonial borders 

6440
05:53:28,300 --> 05:53:30,700
that ignore traditional use 
patterns and cultural 

6441
05:53:30,700 --> 05:53:34,100
relationships. 
Addressing indigenous rights 

6442
05:53:34,100 --> 05:53:38,000
requires rethinking sovereignty,
and territorial control in ways,

6443
05:53:38,000 --> 05:53:40,800
that acknowledge multiple 
overlapping relationships with 

6444
05:53:40,800 --> 05:53:44,900
land rather than exclusive State
ownership, climate change, gives

6445
05:53:44,900 --> 05:53:49,100
these issues new urgently 
indigenous, peoples worldwide or

6446
05:53:49,100 --> 05:53:52,600
often most immediately affected 
by environmental changes because

6447
05:53:52,600 --> 05:53:56,200
their livelihoods remain closely
connected to land and ecosystems

6448
05:53:56,200 --> 05:53:58,600
yet. 
There are so least responsible 

6449
05:53:58,600 --> 05:54:01,100
for causing climate change and 
typically have the least 

6450
05:54:01,100 --> 05:54:04,200
influence over policies. 
Addressing it climate Justice 

6451
05:54:04,200 --> 05:54:08,400
requires centering indigenous 
voices and respecting indigenous

6452
05:54:08,400 --> 05:54:11,700
rights as essential components 
of environmental responses. 

6453
05:54:11,700 --> 05:54:15,300
The same experience also offers 
perspective on identity in the 

6454
05:54:15,300 --> 05:54:19,200
modern world, Many people today,
navigate multiple cultural 

6455
05:54:19,200 --> 05:54:22,200
identities feel. 
Torn between traditional and 

6456
05:54:22,200 --> 05:54:25,100
modern and struggle with 
questions of belonging and 

6457
05:54:25,100 --> 05:54:27,800
authenticity. 
So many people have been 

6458
05:54:27,800 --> 05:54:30,200
negotiating. 
These tensions for Generations, 

6459
05:54:30,200 --> 05:54:33,100
developing sophisticated 
approaches to maintaining 

6460
05:54:33,100 --> 05:54:37,200
cultural identity while fully 
participating in contemporary 

6461
05:54:37,200 --> 05:54:40,100
societies. 
There's no single answer to how 

6462
05:54:40,100 --> 05:54:44,100
this negotiation works. some 
army people, maintain strong, 

6463
05:54:44,100 --> 05:54:47,500
connections to traditional 
practices, others engage 

6464
05:54:47,500 --> 05:54:51,400
primarily with cultural identity
through language, art or 

6465
05:54:51,400 --> 05:54:54,200
political activism Still others 
feel. 

6466
05:54:54,200 --> 05:54:57,400
So my identity more as Heritage 
than active practice. 

6467
05:54:58,300 --> 05:55:01,400
All of these approaches are 
valid ways of being some me in 

6468
05:55:01,408 --> 05:55:05,100
the Contemporary world and the 
diversity of some me experience 

6469
05:55:05,100 --> 05:55:08,500
is mirrors the diversity. 
Found in all cultural groups. 

6470
05:55:08,500 --> 05:55:11,800
Perhaps most importantly, the 
Sashimi story reminds us that 

6471
05:55:11,800 --> 05:55:15,500
indigenous people's are not 
historical artifacts or romantic

6472
05:55:15,500 --> 05:55:18,700
remnants of the past. 
But contemporary people, dealing

6473
05:55:18,700 --> 05:55:21,700
with current challenges while 
maintaining connections to deep 

6474
05:55:21,700 --> 05:55:25,800
history. 
Tendency to view indigenous 

6475
05:55:25,800 --> 05:55:29,600
cultures as belonging to the 
Past interesting for what they 

6476
05:55:29,600 --> 05:55:33,200
can tell us about human history,
but not really part of the 

6477
05:55:33,200 --> 05:55:36,400
modern world. 
He's both inaccurate and harmful

6478
05:55:36,400 --> 05:55:38,800
Sami. 
People are active, participants 

6479
05:55:38,800 --> 05:55:42,200
in contemporary Nordic 
societies, contributing to 

6480
05:55:42,200 --> 05:55:46,700
science, Arts politics and every
other field while maintaining 

6481
05:55:46,700 --> 05:55:50,400
distinct cultural identities. 
They're not asking for 

6482
05:55:50,400 --> 05:55:53,700
permission to continue existing 
but asserting their rights to 

6483
05:55:53,700 --> 05:55:57,300
maintain their cultures 
languages and livelihoods on 

6484
05:55:57,300 --> 05:56:01,300
their own terms. 
This distinction matters is the 

6485
05:56:01,300 --> 05:56:04,100
difference between treating 
indigenous peoples as subjects 

6486
05:56:04,100 --> 05:56:08,300
of policy and recognizing them 
as people's within herent rights

6487
05:56:08,300 --> 05:56:11,400
to self-determination as you 
drift towards sleep. 

6488
05:56:11,400 --> 05:56:15,100
Imagine the Northern Lights 
painting, the sky of the Arctic 

6489
05:56:15,100 --> 05:56:19,200
tundra the same lights. 
That the SR me people have 

6490
05:56:19,200 --> 05:56:23,700
watched for thousands of years. 
Imagine reindeer moving across 

6491
05:56:23,700 --> 05:56:27,800
landscapes in patterns older 
than recorded history, Guided by

6492
05:56:27,800 --> 05:56:31,300
instincts and traditions that 
have sustained both animals and 

6493
05:56:31,300 --> 05:56:34,600
people through climatic shifts 
and human upheaval. 

6494
05:56:35,700 --> 05:56:39,000
Imagine languages that carry 
within them entire ways of 

6495
05:56:39,000 --> 05:56:42,300
knowing the world. 
Passed from grandparents to 

6496
05:56:42,300 --> 05:56:45,100
grandchildren, despite 
everything that tried to break 

6497
05:56:45,100 --> 05:56:48,400
that chain of transformation. 
The story of the Sami people is 

6498
05:56:48,400 --> 05:56:50,400
ultimately a story about 
persistence. 

6499
05:56:51,200 --> 05:56:55,700
Not passive endurance, but 
active, creative survival, that 

6500
05:56:55,700 --> 05:56:59,800
adapts to changing circumstances
while maintaining core identity.

6501
05:57:00,800 --> 05:57:04,100
It's a story about the human 
capacity to create meaning 

6502
05:57:04,100 --> 05:57:07,500
community and culture even in 
challenging environments. 

6503
05:57:08,700 --> 05:57:12,100
It's a story about relationships
between people and places that 

6504
05:57:12,100 --> 05:57:15,900
develop over thousands of years 
and create bonds that political 

6505
05:57:15,900 --> 05:57:19,400
boundaries cannot erase. 
And it's a story that continues 

6506
05:57:19,400 --> 05:57:23,000
tomorrow Sammy children will 
wake up in Norway Sweden, 

6507
05:57:23,000 --> 05:57:26,100
Finland and Russia. 
Some will speak Swahili 

6508
05:57:26,100 --> 05:57:29,700
languages and some won't. 
Some will participate in 

6509
05:57:29,700 --> 05:57:34,300
reindeer herding, most won't. 
Some will wear gakti and some 

6510
05:57:34,300 --> 05:57:37,400
will wear ordinary clothes. 
But all will be part of a 

6511
05:57:37,400 --> 05:57:40,200
cultural continuity that 
stretches back to the end of the

6512
05:57:40,200 --> 05:57:43,800
Ice Age and all will contribute 
to shaping what Sami culture 

6513
05:57:43,800 --> 05:57:46,600
becomes in the future that 
future is being written. 

6514
05:57:46,600 --> 05:57:49,700
Now in decisions about land, use
and climate policy. 

6515
05:57:49,700 --> 05:57:54,300
In schools teaching Sami 
languages in families passing 

6516
05:57:54,300 --> 05:57:57,500
down, traditional knowledge in 
artists, creating new 

6517
05:57:57,500 --> 05:58:01,400
expressions of cultural identity
and in political activists 

6518
05:58:01,400 --> 05:58:06,000
demanding rights and recognition
The story, we've traced tonight 

6519
05:58:06,000 --> 05:58:08,200
isn't finished, it's just the 
portion. 

6520
05:58:08,200 --> 05:58:10,700
We can see from our present 
moment sleep. 

6521
05:58:10,700 --> 05:58:14,000
Well, knowing that human 
cultures are more resilient than

6522
05:58:14,000 --> 05:58:14,900
we sometimes. 
Imagine. 

6523
05:58:15,700 --> 05:58:18,800
That connection to place and 
tradition can survive attempts 

6524
05:58:18,800 --> 05:58:21,500
at destruction. 
And that every culture story 

6525
05:58:21,500 --> 05:58:24,700
contributes to the broader human
Narrative of adaptation, 

6526
05:58:24,700 --> 05:58:30,000
creativity and survival. 
The Sami people's Journey from 

6527
05:58:30,000 --> 05:58:32,800
the end of the Ice Age to the 
present day is remarkable. 

6528
05:58:32,800 --> 05:58:36,500
Not because they're exotic or 
different, but because they 

6529
05:58:36,500 --> 05:58:39,300
demonstrate human capacitors, we
all share. 

6530
05:58:40,300 --> 05:58:43,300
To observe carefully, adapt 
creatively. 

6531
05:58:43,300 --> 05:58:47,600
Remember deeply and persists 
stubbornly in the face of 

6532
05:58:47,600 --> 05:58:49,100
whatever challenges arise.